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OUTLINE MAP 

OF" "THE 

UNITED STATES 

SPECIALLY ENGRAVED 

FOR 

WEBSTER'S CONDENSED 

DICTIONARY. 

50 1C0 200 300 *00 




FLAGS OF VARIOUS NATIONS 




Portugal 



Salvador. 



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FLAGS OF VARIOUS NATIONS 



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Denmark. Merchant. "Ecuador. France. H Germanv. Merchant. 



.^irx: 



Great Britain,Merchant." <*8$ »$$* 



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Greece. Guatemala. 





before Annexation. 



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Italy. 




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No'-.-..,' 






Wtb$tet'$ €ont>en0e& SDictionarp 

A 

CONDENSED DICTIONARY 

OF THE 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 

GIVING THE CORRECT 

SPELLING, PRONUNCIATION AND DEFINITIONS OF WORDS 

BASED ON 

THE UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY 

OF 

NOAH WEBSTER, LL.D. 

EDITED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF 

NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D. 

President of Yale College 
BY 

DORSEY GARDNER 

WITH NEARLY FIFTEEN HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS 
ALSO AN 

APPENDIX COMPRISING 

A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD; SPECIAL DICTIONARIES OF 

CHRISTIAN, CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL, AND FAMOUS HISTORICAL 

NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES ; LISTS OF BUSINESS AND LAW 

TERMS, OF FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES, OF ABBREVIATIONS; 

A VARIETY OF INFORMATION AS TO WEIGHTS AND 

MEASURES, COINS, UNITED STATES HISTORY 

AND STATISTICS, PARLIAMENTARY ORDER, 

PATENTS, COPYRIGHT, DECLARATION 

OF INDEPENDENCE, CONSTITUTION, 

SIMPLIFIED SPELLING, ETC., ETC. 




CHICAGO 

THE REILLY & BRITTON CO. 

SPRINGFIELD^ MASS. : G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 

1909 






Copyright, 1884, 
BT G. & C. MERRIAM & CO. 

Copyright, 1906, 
By G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 

Copyright, 1909, 
By G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 



Web. Cond. Diet. 






Btectrotyped by Houghton Mifflin Company 



3 

PREFACE. 



Thb purpose of this -volume is to supply, in as compact a form as is consistent with clearness. 
the orthography, pronunciation, meaning, and etymology of all English words which are likely U 
be encountered by the general reader or the student. Words of an exclusively technical or scien- 
tific nature are in general omitted, — both to reserve space for the adequate treatment of word* 
in general use, and because the limited class of persons who desire information of this kind would 
in any case refer to encyclopedias or glossaries devoted to an especial field. 

Although the book is small, it will be found to contain a more copious vocabulary and fuller' 
definitions of the essential words, than many dictionaries of greater bulk. The illustrations, which 
have been profusely used wherever they could aid the understanding of the subject, will be found 
in many cases to afford a clearer explanation than could be given by the use of words. 

Arrangement Of Words. — The great condensation of the book is due in part to the exclusion 
of definitions of derived words, which are in fact self-explanatory as soon as the root-word is 
thoroughly defined. For instance, under the vocabulary word Blame (p. 51), Blamable is de- 
fined, but not Blamableness or Blamably ; Blameless, but not Blamelessly or Blameless- 
ness ; Blameworthy, but not Blameworthiness : the words, however, are given ; also their 
pronunciation is invariably indicated by accents, or by respelling when necessary ; so also is the 
part of speech, by the conventional signs uniformly employed. — But the principal saving of space 
is due to the system of referring words, formed upon a common prefix, to the first of these words 
which occurs alphabetically ; explaining there the prefix fully and once for all ; and then leaving 
the etymology of the root-word to be ascertained by reference to the uncompounded word in its 
proper place in the vocabulary. For example, the inseparable prefix In-, having a negative for;e, 
is fully accounted for in its regular alphabetical place, and its etymology under the next follow- 
ing word, Inability ; its euphonic changes (into i- before gn- ; il- before I- ; im- before m and p ; 
and ir- before ?-) are described ; and then reference is made to the five vocabulary words under 
which such formatives are grouped : viz. : — 

Ignoble, covering 24 words, and occupying | of a eolunm. 

Dlandable, covering 25 words, and occupying | of a column. 

Immaculate, covering 187 words, and occupying 3^ columns. 

Inability, covering 661 words, and occupying 12| columns. 

Irrational, covering 72 words, and occupying 1^ columns. 

Total ... . 969 words, occupying 17| columns. 

In the Unabridged Dictionary the corresponding words, as ascertained by measurement, fill 147 
»f its much ampler columns; and — by reason of the strictly alphabetical arrangement of that 
work — extend over 65 pages (words of different derivation being of course intermingled with 
Jhem). as against 8f pages of this volume. 

Another similar economy, which has effected the saving of much space, is illustrated by,the 
following entry (p. 42) : — 

Be-, prefix, has sometimes an intensive force, as bes-prinkle. Prefixed to nouns or adjectives, it often has 
the meaning to make, and transforms them into verbs : thus Bedim, Befool, mean to make dim, to make a 
fool of. Sometimes it has the meaning of by, as Beside. For words beginning with Be- not found in this vo- 
cabulary, see the original word : thus, for Bedaub, Bedim, etc.. see Daub, Dim, etc. 

A like saving has been effected in the case of many of these prolific prefixes. Thus, Re-, with 
its form Red-, having been accounted for (p. 471), the generality of words so constructed are 
disposed of by the note : " It may be prefixed to almost any verb and many substantives, the word 
eo formed being usually self-explanatory/' Still, when a oifference in either pronunciation or 



IV PREFACE. 



meaning has taken place, both forms are given and defined : for instance, Rec'Ollect' and Re- 
collect' are combined in a single paragraph (p. 474), as being of identical derivation; but their 
widely divergent meanings are adequately denned ; while their etymology is left to be sought 
under Collect. 

System Of Grouping. — A saving similar to that made by associating words having the same 
prefix has been accomplished by consolidating into one paragraph words derived from the same 
root, provided they have the same initial letter. Thus, under the noun Air (p. 11) are given, 
first, the direct derivatives, the verb, To Air, the noun Airing, adjective Airy, adverb Airily, 
noun Airiness ; then follow, alphabetically, the derived compounds — viz. : AirTiath, -bed, 
-bladder, etc., — of which there are 16 ; and the result is that 21 words are adequately accounted 
for in 42 lines, although a space equal to 5 of these lines is given to an illustration showing the 
construction of an Air-pump ; whereas the corresponding words occupy just 200 lines of the broader 
columns of the Unabridged. Again, under Water (p. 6G8), this book covers 51 words in 188 lines, 
or about 2 columns, including 6 illustrations ; while in the Unabridged the word and its deriva- 
tions fill 7f columns, or 837 lines. — It must be explained, however, that, while words of identical 
etymology have been thus systematically grouped, great care has been taken to indicate the dif- 
ference between words having the same spelling and pronunciation, but a different etymology. 
Thus, on page 551, there are 4 separate paragraphs headed Sound, both the meaning and origin 
of these words and their derivations being totally distinct. There are also 3 entirely different 
words, Smack (p. 543), yet of the same pronunciation. This point is dwelt upon because, in many 
elaborate dictionaries, words from totally different sources and of dissimilar meanings have been 
grouped as if they were of identical origin — which is hopelessly confusing to a student of the 
language. — It should, however, be understood that only words having the same initial letter are 
thus associated ; but reference is made to cognate words, if they begin with a different prefix or 
compound, so as to show their common origin, however widely they may be separated alphabeti- 
cally. For instance, the paragraph Stand (p. 563) includes 22 words and phrases which fall alpha- 
betically under stand- ; and these fill but 73 lines, or about three quarters of a column, although 
17 of these lines are devoted to the matter of etymology. That is, the etymologies are, traced 
from the Anglo-Saxon, Old High German, Gothic, Icelandic, Dutch, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit : 
then follow references (marked *. rt. — " from the same root as ") to 42 cognate words derived 
from the French and Latin, to 11 from the Greek, and to 31 from various sources, — to 84 differ- 
ent words in all. To trace out the significance of this group of allied words, the student should 
examine each of them, with its derivatives. For example, in the case of Stand, its derivatives 
Understand. Understanding, etc., are grouped among the 67 words associated under the leading 
word Under ; as are Withstand, etc., under With. But it is only under the stem-word — in this 
case Stand — that the etymologies have been printed in full, a note under each of the cognate 
words making a reference to the passage in which they are given. By this system many pages 
have been saved in the aggregate, although the etymologies are set forth with an almost unprece- 
dented fullness in some one place, to which reference is clearly made under each derived word. 

Pronunciation. — The marks indicating pronunciation have been made as few and as simple as 
is consistent with clearness and precision. The leading word of each paragraph is respelled pho- 
netically ; but subsequent words within the paragraph are respelled only in instances where the 
pronunciation changes, or where for any reason it might be doubtful.* — An unmarked vowel, 
followed by a consonant in the same syllable, is short (as am, end, in, odd, sun) : an unmarked 
vowel forming a syllable by itself, or ending a syllabic, is long, or has its name sound (as a, be, 
di-al, no, fu-el, by) ; but a, not under the accent, forming or ending a syllable*, has a brief sound 
of a in far, or in some cases a brief sound of long a in fate. Vowel sounds which are not thus ex- 
plained by their position, also the sounds of such consonants as have more than one sound, are 
marked in accordance with the key-line at the foot of each two adjoining pages. The diacritical 
marks there employed are self-explanatory, with the exception of that which designates the nasal 
sound illustrated in the key-line by the French word 6on6on. This n indicates that the preceding 
vowel is nasal, but care should be taken that the back part of the tongue is not pressed against 
the palate as is done in producing the English ng. For example, in making the French sound 
on we may proceed as if about to say ong (as in song), but stop before the sound ng is produced. 
Similarly the other French nasal vowels can be produced. 

* Where alternative pronunciations are given for the leading word, the choice between them is understood 
to apply to the subsequent words in the paragraph, unless these are otherwise marked. For instance, in the 
paragraph Retroact (p. 488), the pronunciation of the firet two syllables of all words in the paragraph may 
be either re~'tro- or ret'ro-. 



PREFACE. V 

For the sake of brevity, the second part of a compound word in the body of a paragraph is not 
respelled, if its true pronunciation is given in its alphabetical place in the vocabulary : thus, in 
the paragraph Sheep (p. 527), the compounds Sheep-walk, Sheep's-eye, are presumed to require 
no respelling, since the few persons unaware of the pronunciation of the second word in the com- 
pound can seek it in its own place in the vocabulary. But in cases where there is a deviation 
from the sound of the original word, this is indicated by respelling, — as in Housewife, under the 
vocabulary word House (p. 265). — In the large class of verbs and verbal adjectives spelled alike 
and terminating in -ate (as Degenerate, Duplicate, Elaborate), the attempt has not been made 
to mark the different quantity of the a in the final syllable, which is always given its long sound, 
as found in the verb ; but, in fact, it has a less prolonged sound in the adjectives, derived adverbs, 
and abstract nouns — approximating or falling into that of short e. 

The Etymologies. — In tracing out the etymology of words, it has been the plan of the editor 
to indicate the source from which they in fact made their way into the English language, even 
though forms more closely resembling the modern English may be found in other tongues than 
those to which they are here attributed. Thus, sea terms may generally be held to come from the 
Scandinavian languages, less frequently from the Spanish and Portuguese, and only rarely from 
the French, although the modern form of the English term, modified by Norman and French in- 
fluence, may appear on hasty consideration to have come from France. On the other hand, many 
words, both mediaeval and modern, which have to do with law, dress, letters, art, science, eti- 
quette, etc., are by many lexicographers attributed to the Latin and Greek, whereas they unques- 
tionably reached England by way of France ; and, where there has seemed to be a certainty or a 
reasonable presumption that this was the case, the French has here been indicated as the proxi- 
mate, the Greek, Latin, or Italian, as the remoter source of the word. — The editor has consulted 
and freely used the results found in the most approved works on the derivation of English words. 
He has availed himself of the store of etymologies contributed by Professor Mahn to Webster's 
Unabridged Dictionary, and also of the admirable Etymological Dictionary recently published by 
Professor Skeat. 

It is, perhaps, superfluous to explain that, where simply an initial is given in the place usually 
devoted to an etymology, the word so accounted for has simply been adopted into the English 
without change from the language indicated ; — thus, on pp. 1, 2, of the vecabulary occur these 
etymologies: "Aard-vark [D., earth-pig.];" " Abdomen [L.] ; " " Abib [Heb.] ; " "Abren- 
VOir [F.]," — where it is to be understood that these words have been appropriated, without 
change in spelling, from the Dutch, Latin, Hebrew, and French, respectively, — the meaning be- 
ing also identical unless otherwise indicated. 

The editor's thanks are due to Mr. Zenas W. Bliss, of The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., for 
many valuable suggestions and criticisms made while the book was passing through the press 
under his critical eye. 

The Appendix. — After the conclusion of the vocabulary, there is given an Appendix, which 
contains : — 

I. A Pronouncing Vocabulary of Biblical, Classical, Mythological, Historical, and Geographical 
Proper Names. 

II. Abbreviations used in Writing and Printing. 
HE. Arbitrary Signs used in Writing and Printing. 

Most of these sections require no explanation. But of the one devoted to proper names — in- 
cluding those which occur in Biblical, Classical, Egyptian, Hindoo, Modern, and Norse history 
and literature — the editor may explain that, after much inquiry, he was unable to find that such 
a collection had ever been made. Accordingly, starting upon the foundation of the Classical and 
Biblical vocabularies of Webster's Unabridged, and gathering from a variety of sources the names 
which occur in other literatures, he formed the consolidated Pronouncing Vocabulary of Proper 
Names (pp. 692-785). In this, the origin and pronunciation of all proper names which the reader 
is likely to encounter are indicated by the same system of marking employed in the body of the 
book. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. 



« adjective. 

abbr abbreviate <L 

abl . ablative. 

ace accusative. 

adr..<, adverb. 

Agric... Agriculture. 

Alg ....Algebra. 

Am., Amor.. ..America, American. 

Anat <=.. Anatomy. 

An tiq .Antiquities. 

aor aorist. 

appl applied to. 

Ar Arabic. 

Arch...^ Architecture. 

Arith.... Arithmetic. 

Armor Armorican (^Bret- 
on). 

AS. Anglo-Saxon. 

Astrol Astrology. 

Astron Astronomy. 

Bav Bavarian. 

Bib Biblical. 

Bohem Bohemian. 

Bot Botany. 

Braz Brazilian. 

Carp Carpentry. 

Catal Catalan. 

Celt Celtic. 

Cf. Confer (compare). 

Chald Chaldee. 

Ckem Chemistry. 

Chin Chinese. 

Civ Civil. 

Colloq., coll. ... Colloquial, colloqui- 
ally. 

Com Commerce, Com- 
mon. 

comp compound, com- 
pounded. 

compar comparative. 

Conch Conehology . 

conj conjunction. 

oontr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 

Copt Coptic. 

Corn Cornish. 

corresp corresponding to. 

corrupt corrupted, corrup- 
tion. 

2> Dutch. 

Dan Banish. 

dat dative. 

dial. dialect. 

dim diminutive. 

disting distinguished.as dis- 
tinguished from. 

E English, East. 

Eccl Ecclesiastical. 

Eccl. Hist Ecclesiastical His- 
tory. 

e. g exempli gratia (for 

example). 

Elec. Electricity . 

Eng.t England, English. 

Engin Engineering. 

Entom. Entomology. 

equiv equivalent. 

esp especially. 

etym etymology. 

F. French. 

/. feminine. 

Fig Figurative, figura- 
tively. 

Fort Fortification. 

fr from. 

t'req ......frequentative. 



Fries. Friesic. 

fut future. 

O German. 

Oa Gaelic. 

Qalv Galvanism. 

gen generally, genitive. 

Oeog Geography. 

Geol Geology. 

Oeom Geometry. 

Goth Gothic. 

Or Greek. 

Oram Grammar. 

H. High. 

Heb Hebrew. 

Her Heraldry. 

Hind Hindostanee. 

Hist History. 

Hort Horticulture. 

Hung Hungarian. 

Ic Icelandic. 

Ichth Ichthyology. 

i.e id est (that is). 

imp It . . . .imperfect. 

incept inceptive. 

inf. infinitive. 

ititens intensive. 

inter y interjection. 

lr Irish. 

It Italian. 

Join.... Joinery. 

L Latin, Low. 

LO Low German. 

LL Low Latin. 

lit literally. 

Lithuan Lithuanian. 

M. Middle. 

m masculine. 

Mach Machinery. 

Malay ..Malayan. 

Mar Maritime. 

Math Mathematics. 

ME Middle English. 

Mech Mechanics. 

Med Mediqine. 

Metal Metallurgy. 

Metaph Metaphysics. 

Meteor Meteorology. 

MHG Middle High Ger- 
man. 

Mil Military. - 

Min Mineralogy. 

Mus Music. 

Myth Mythology. 

N. New, North. 

n noun. 

Nat. Hist Natural History. 

Naut.... Nautical. 

neut neuter. 

iVCrr New Greek. 

NL.. New Latin. 

Norm. F. Norman French. 

Norw Norwegian. 

Numis.... Numismatics. 

O Old. 

Obs Obsolete. 

OB Old Dutch. 

OF Old French. 

OHO. .... Old High German. 

OL.... ..Old Latin. 

Ottoman,.... ...Onomatopoetic, 

named from its 

sound. 
Opt... ......... Optics. 



oriff.- ■ original, originally. 

Ornith Ornithology. 

OS Old Saxon. 

P participle. 

P- a participial adjectiva 

Taint Painting. 

Paleon Paleontology . 

pass passive. 

Pathol Pathology. 

perh perhaps. 

Pers Persian. 

pers person. 

pert pertaining. 

Pg Portuguese. 

Philos Philosophy. 

Photog Photography. 

Phren Phrenology. 

Physiol Physiology. 

pi plural. 

PID Piatt Dutch. 

Poet Poetry, poetical. 

Pol Poliah. 

Polit. Econ.... Political Economy. 

p.p participle past. 

p. pr participle present. 

pref. prefix. 

prep preposition. 

vret preterit. 

Print Printi ng. 

pr iv privative. 

prob probably. 

pron pronunciation, pro- 
nounced; pronoua 

prop properly. 

Pros Prosody. 

Prov Provincial. 

Proven ProvengaL 

q. v quod rt'c?e(whichseej 

Rhet Rhetoric. 

Rom Roman. 

R. Cath Roman Catholic 

RR Railroads. 

Russ Russ. 

S Saxon, South. 

Scot Scotland, Scottish. 

Script Scripture, scriptural 

Sculp Sculpture. 

sing singular. 

Skr Sanskrit. 

Slav Slavonic. 

Sp Spanish. 

s.rt from the same rootas 

superl superlative. 

Surg Surgery. 

Surv Surveying. 

Sw Swedish. 

Syr Syriac. 

term termination. 

Theol Theology. 

Trans Translation. 

Turk Turkish. 

Typog Typography. 

JJ. S United States. 

v verb. 

vb.n verbal noun. 

v.i verb intransitive. 

v.t verb transitive. 

W. Welsh, West. 

Wallach Wallachian. 

Zobl Zoology. 

— equal Co, the same aa 



CONDENSED DICTIONARY 

OF 

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



A. An adjective, commonly called the indefinite arti- 
cle, and signifying: one or any, but less emphati- 
cally: it is a contraction of the Anglo-Saxon an, one, 
and is used before words beginning with a consonant 
sound. See An. — (,21ns.) The nominal of the sixth 
tone in the model major scale (that in C), or of the 
first tome of the minor scale, which is named after 
it the scale in A minor. — A sharp (Af). the name 
of a musical tone intermediate between A and B. — 
A flat (A fc), the name of a tone intermediate be- 
tween A and G. — AA. (Med.) A sign written after 
the names of medicines in a prescription, denoting 
an equal quantity of each. [Contrac. of Gr. ana, 
throughout, of each.] — A 1, a-wun. An underwrit- 
er's registry mark for seaworthy vessels of the first 
or highest class, inferior grades being indicated by 
A 2, A 2|, etc. ; first-rate ; prime. 

Aard-vark, ard'vark, n. A plantigrade mammal of 
South Africa, allied to the armadillo, and feeding 
on ants. [D., earth-pig.] — Aard-wolf, ard'wdolf , n. 
A digitigrade carnivorous quadruped of South Af- 
rica. [D., earth-wolf.] 

Aaronic, a-ron'ik, Aaron'ical. -ik-al, a. Pertaining 
to Aaron or to his priestly office. 

Ab, ab, n. The 5th month of the Israelitish eccles. 
year, corresponding nearly with August. [Syriac] 

Abaca, ab'a-ka, n. Manilla hemp. [Native name.] 

Aback, a-bak r , adv. (Saut.) Backward, as of sails 
caught in reverse by a change of wind. [AS. on- 
base, on or at the back.] — Taken aback. Taken by 
surprise, unexpectedly baffled. 

Abacus, ab'a-kus, n. A calculating-frame with sliding 
counters, for compu- 



ting. (Arch.) The up- 
per plate upon the cap- 
ital of a column, sup- 
porting the architrave. 
[L.] — Ab'acist. -sist, 
n. One who computes 
bv an abacus. 



CCCOCCCCC- 



-oeoooooec 



<zi~: 



Abacus. 



Abaft, a-baff, prep. (Xaut.) Towards the stern 
from ; back of. [AS. on and beseftan, after.] 

Abalienate, ab-al'yen-at, v. t. (Law.) To transfer 
» v i tx - tle of " ^~" ab ' * rom > and alienus, foreign.] — 
Abal'iena'tion, -shun, n. Act of abalienating. 

Abandon, a-ban'dun, v. t. [abandoned (-ban'aund), 
-dONiNG.] To give up whollv and finallv; to relin- 
quish; forsake; forego. [F. abandonner,' fr. L. ad, 
to, and L,L. bandum, proclamation.] — Aban'doned. 
-dund, p. a. Given up entirelv, as to a vice ; de- 
praved ; reprobate. — Abandonee', -dun-e', n. 
(J^aw.) One to whom a thing is abandoned. — 
Aban'doner, n. One who, etc. — Abandonment, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. ; desertion. —Aban- 
don, a-baN-d6N / ', n. Complete absorption in some 
object or_emotion. [F.] 

Abase, a-bas', v. t. [abased (-bast'), abasing.] To 
bring low, as to the ground ; to cast down ; degrade. 
[F. abaisser, fr. L-L. bassus, low.J — Abase'ment, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Abash, a-bash' v. t. [abashed (-bashf), abashing.] 
To strike with sudden shame or fear ; to confuse; 
confound. [OF. esbahir, to astonish, fr. ex, out, and 
hah .'] — Abasb/ment. n. Confusion from shame. 



ABEAM 

Abate, a-baf, v. t. To bring down or reduce to a 
lower state, number, degree, etc.; to dirninish; les- 
sen. (Law.) To cause to fail. a-, i writ; to destroy, 
as a nuisance.— v. i. To decrei-e, become less ui 
i strength, subside: to fail, as a writ. [L. ab and bau 
I nere, to strike.] — Abate'ment. n. Act of abating; 
deduction: mitigation; discount. — Abaf able, a.~ 
Abat'er, -or, -er, n. 
Abatis, Abattis. ab'a-tis, orab-a-:>', n. (Fort.) A row 
of sharpened branches of trees turned outward for 
defense. [F.. fr. abattre, to beat down.] 
Abattoir, ab-at-war'. n. A slaughter-house. [F.] 
Abatvoix. ab-a-vwa', n. A sounding board over a pul- 
pit or rostrum. [F. abattre and vouc, voice.] 
Abb, ab, n. Yarn for the warp of a woolen fabric. 

[AS. a6. ob.] — Abb-wool, n. Wool for the abb. 
Abba, ab'ba, n. A Syriac word meining/ar/jer, used 

in some churches of a religious superior. 
Abbot, ab r but, n. The head of a society of monks. 
: governor of an abbey. [L. abbas, abbatis. Set 
Abba.] — Ab'botehip, n. The state or office of, etc 
! — Ab'bacy, -si, n. The condition or privileges of, 
| etc. — Ab'bess. n. The governess of a nunnery. — 
Ab'bey, -bT, n. ; pi. Ab'beys. A residence of monks 
1 or nuns: monastery; a church attached to a monas- 
tery. — Abba/tdal. -ba'shal, a. Pert, to an abbey. — 
Abbe, ab'ba, n. Orig. an abbot : now an ecclesiastic 
without charge, devoted to teaching, literature, etc. 
[F.] 
Abbreviate, ab-bre'vT-at, v. t. To make shorter : to 
; reduce by contraction or omission ; to abridge. [L. 
ab and Sreviare, to shorten.] — Abbre'via'tion. n. 
j Act of abbreviating : the form to which a word or 
\ phrase is reduced by contraction or omission. (Mus.) 
A dash through the stem of a note, dividing it into 
quavers, semi-quavers, etc. — Abbre'viator,-ter. n. 
One who, etc. — Abbre'viatory, a. Abbreviating ; 
shortening. — Abbre'viature, -chur, n. An abridg- 
• ment : compend._ 

, Abdicate, ab'dl-kat, v. t. To give up right or claim 
' to : to withdraw from : to relinquish, as sovereign 
j authority. [L. ah and dicare. fr. dicere, to say.] — 
Ab'dicant, -dicator, -er, n. One who, etc. — Abdi- 
ca'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Ab'dicative, -tiv, a, 
I Causing, or implying abdication. 
I Abditory, ab'dl-to-rt, n. A place for secreting or stor- 
ing goods. [L. abditorium.'] 
Abdomen, ab-do'men, «. (Anat.) The belly. (Entom.) 
j The posterior of the sections into T vhich the body is 
! divided. [L.] — Abdom'inal. a. Pert, to, etc. — re. 
! Fish, like salmon, etc., with ventral fins back of 
the pectoral. — Abdominous, -nus, a. Having a 
big belly. — Abdom / ino-thorac , ic. -ras'ik, a. Pert, 
to the abdomen and thorax or chest. 
Abduce. ab-dus' [abduced (-dust r ), -ducing], Ab- 
i duct. -dukf. v. t. T© take away by stealth or by 
unlawful force. [L. ab and ducere, ductum, to lead.] 
— Abduc'tion. n. Act of , etc. : a carrying away, esp. 
] of a person, by fraud, stealth, or force. — Abduc'tor, 
: n. One who, etc. (Anat.) A muscle which draws 
a part from the median line of the body. — Abdu'- 
cent, -sent, a. Separating : drawing back. 
Abeam, a-bem', adv. (Jfaut.) On the beam; at right 
angles to the keel. 



am, tame, far, pass or opera, fare; end. eve. tSrm: Ttn, Ice: 8dd, tone, §r; 
sun. cube, full; moon, foot; cow, oil; linger or ink, t&en, boNboN, chair, get 



ABECEDARIAN 



ABROACH 



Abecedarian, a'be-se-dalY-an, n. One who teaches 
or who learns the A, B, C, or letters of the alphabet. 

Abed, a-bed/, adv. In bed ; ou the bed. 

Abele, a-beK, Abel-tree, S'bel-tre, n. The white pop- 
lar. — A'belmosk, n. The musk-mallow. 

Aberrance, ab-er'ans, n Deviation from rectitude. 
[L. aberrans, fr. ab and errare, to wander.] — Aber- 
rant, a. Straying from right ; exceptional ; abnor- 
mal. — Aberra'tion, n. Act of wandering, esp. from 
truth or moral rectitude, or from the natural state 
(Med.) Partial alienation of mind. (Astron.) A small 
periodical change of position in a heavenly body. 

Abet, a-bef, v. t. To encourage, aid, further ; — 
used chiefly in a bad sense. (Law.) To encourage 
to commit a crime. [OF. abeter, to deceive.] — 
Abet'ment, n. Aet of abetting; support. — Abet'ter, 
-tor, -er, n. One who, etc. ; an accomplice ; accessary. 

Abeyance, a-ba'ans, n. State of suspension, or tem- 
porary extinction with the expectation of revival, 
f F. beer (obs. i-erb), to gape, expect.] 

Abhor, ab-hdr', v. t. [abhorred (-hSrd'), -horsing.] 

— To regard with horror ; to dislike or hate ex- 
tremely ; to detest. [L. ab and horrere, to bristle, 
shudder.] — Abhorrence, -hSrlens, n. Great hatred. 

— Abnor'' rent, a. Detesting; contrary; repugnant; 

— with to. — Abherler, -hSr'gr, n. One who, etc. 
Abib, a'bib, n. The 1st month of the Jewish eccle- 
siastical year. [Heb.] 

Abide, a-bid' v. i. [abode (-bod'), abiding.] To con- 
tinue in a place; to dwell; to continue firm or stable. 

— v. t. To endure or bear; to await firmly. [AS. 
abidan, to abide.] — Abid'er, n. One who abides. — 
Abode'', n. Place of residence; dwelling. 

Abietin, -tine, a-bi'e-tin, n. (Chem.) A resinous sub- 
stance obtained from turpentine. — Abi'etite, -tit, 
n. (Chem.) A substance resembling ma nnite found 
in the leaves of the silver fir. — AVietlc, o. Pert, 
to the rir-tree. [L. abies, abietis, fir-tree.] 

Abigail, ab'Y-gal, n. A lady's waiting-maid. 

Ability, a-bil'Y-tl, n. Power to act, whether physical, 
moral, intellectual, conventional, or legal ; might ; 
talent; efficiency. [L. habilitas. See Able.] 

Abintestate, ab-in-tes'tat, a. (Laiv.) Inheriting the 
estate of one dying without a will. 

Abiogenesis, ab'l-o-jen'e-sis, Abiogeny, -oj'e-nT, n. 
Production of life from inorganic matter. [Gr. 
a priv., bios, life, and genesis, genos, origin.] — 
Abiog'enist, n. A believer in, etc. 

Abirritate, ab-ir'rt-tat, v. t. (Med.) To diminish the 
sensibility of; to debilitate. — Abir'rita'tive, -tiv, a. 
Wanting in irritation; debilitated. — Abir / rita /> tion, 
n. Want of strength. 

Abject, ab'jekt, a. Sunk to a low condition ; mean; 
worthless; groveling. — n. One in a miserable state. 

Sj. abjectus, fr. ab and jacere, to throw.] — Abjec'- 
on, n. Meanness of spirit ; baseness. — Ab'jectly, 
adv. — Ab'jectness, n. 
Abjudicate, ab-joo'di-kat, v. t. To give away in judg- 
ment. — Abjudica'tion, n. Act of, etc. [L. ab and 
judicare.] 
Abjure, ab-joor' v. t. [abjured (-joordO, -JURiNG.] To 
renounce under oath, or with solemnity. [L. ab 
and./wrare, to swear.] — Abjur'er, n. One who, etc. 

— Abjuralion, n. Act of, etc. — Abjur'atory, a. 
Containing abjuration. 

Ablactation, ab'lak-ta'shun, n. The weaning of a 
child ; a method of grafting now called inarching. 
[L. ab and lac, Metis, milk.] 

Ablaqueate, ab-la'kwe-at, v. t. To lay bare or expose. 
[L. ablaqueare.\— Ablaquea'tion, n. Actor process 
of laying bare the roots of trees. 

Ablative, abla-tiv, a. (Oram.) Applied to the 6th 
case of Latin nouns, in which words signif ying car- 
rying away or taking from, are used. [L. ablativus, 
fr. ab and ferre, latum, to carry.] 

Ablaut, iiblowt, n. A change of the root-vowel in a 
word, —esp. to denote change of tense in a verb, oi 
number in a noun, etc.: as, get, gat, got; man, men. 
[G., fr. ablauten, to be modified.] 

Ablaze, a-blaz', adv. In a blaze; highly excited. 

Able, a'bl, a. [abler ; ablest.] Having ability of 
any kind ; possessing sufficient power, means, skill, 
etc., to accomplish some end; qualified; efficient; ef- 
fective. [L. nabilis, fr. habere, to have, hold.] — 
Ably, a'blY, adv. — A'ble-bod'ied, -bod'id, a. Hav- 
ing a sound, strong body ; robust. 

Ablegate, able-gat, n. An ecclesiastic charged with 
the duty of installing a cardinal. [L. ab and legare, 
legaivan, to send with a commission.] 

Ablepsy, ablep-sY, n. Want of sight; blindness. [Gr. 
« priv. and blepein, to see.] 



Ablution, ab-lu'shun, n. Act of cleansing or wash- 
ing ; religious purification ; water used in cleans- 
ing. [L. ablutio, f r. ab and lucre, to wash.] — Ablu- 
ent, a. Cleansing ; purifying. — n. (Med.) A 
puritier of tiie blood; a detergent. 

Abnegate, ab'nt>gat, v. t. To deny and reject. [L. 
abneyare.] — Abnegalion, n. Denial and renuncia- 
tion. — Abnega'tor, -ter, n. One who, etc. 

Abnormal, ab-ndr'mal, a. Contrary to rule, law, or 
system ; irregular. [L. ab and norma, rule.]— Ab- 
normality, -nor'mity, n. State or quality of be- 
ing, etc. ; irregularity ; deformity. — Abnor'mably, 
-mally, adv. 

Aboard, a-bord', adv. In a vessel; on board, —prep. 
On board of. 

Abode, a-bod'. See under Abide. 

Abolish, a-bollsh, v. t. [abolished (-boKisht), -ish- 
ing.] To do away with utterly; to put an end to, 
destroy, make void, annul. [L. abolere.] — Abol'- 
ishable. o. Capable of being, etc. — Abollsher , n. 
One who, etc. — Abolishment, ». Act of, etc.— 
Abolition, -lish'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
a doing away with forever, — esp. of slavery. — Abo- 
li'tionlsm, -lish'un-izm, n. The principles or meas- 
ures of an abolitionist. — Abolilionist, n. One who 
favors abolition, — esp. of slavery. — Aboli lionize, 
-Iz, v. t. To imbue with the principles of the abo- 
litionists. 

Abomasum, ab-o-ma'sum, -ma'sus, n. The fourth 
stomach of a ruminant animal. |L., fr. ab and 
omasum, tripe.] 

Abominate. a-boni'Y-nat, v. t. To turn from, as omi- 
nous of evil ; to detest, abhor. [L. abominare. fr. 
ab and omen, a portent.]— Abominable, -na-bl, a. 
Execrable; hateful; shocking. — Abominably, adv. 
— Abom'ina'tion, n. Act of abominating; an object 
of disgust. 

Aboriginal, ab-o-rij'T-nal. a. First original; primitive. 

— n. First or original inhabitant. — Aborigines, 
-nez, n. pi. The original inhabitants of a country. 
[L. ab and origo, origin.] 

Abort, a-bdrf, v. i. To miscarry in birth. [L. abor- 
tus, fr. aboriri, to fail, fr. ab and oriri, to rise, to 
be born.]— Abor'tion, n. Act of miscarrying; an 
immature product of conception ; anything which 
fails to come to maturity. — Abor'tive, -tiv, a. Im- 
mature; ineffectual; pert, to or causing abortion. 

— Aborlively, adv. — Abor'tiveness, n. — Abor- 
ticide, -sld, n. One who destroys, or the act of de- 
stroying, the life of a fetus before birth ; feticide. 
[L. cseaere, to kill.] 

Abound, a-bownd', v. i. To be in great plenty ; to be 
prevalent ; to possess in abundance, — usually with 
in or with. [L. abundare, fr. ab and unda, wave, 
steam, crowd.] — Ahun'dance, n. Overflowing full- 
ness ; plenty ; riches. — Abun'dant, a. Fully suffi ■ 
cient ; exuberant ; ample. — Abun'dantly, adv. 

About, a-bowt', prep. Around ; surrounding ; near; 
concerning ; on the point of. — adv. Aronnd ; here 
and there; nearly. (AS. abutan.] 

Above, a-buv', prep. Higher in place than ; superior 
to. — adv. Overhead ; in a higher place ; before in 
order of place ; higher in rank or power. [AS. 
abufan, fr. an, on, be, by, and ufan, upward.] — 
Above'board, -bord, adv. Not concealed; openly. 

— Above'-ground. Alive ; not interred. 
Abracadabra, ab'ra-ka-dab''- »„„.„.„.„„. 

ra, n. A cabalistic word, Vr r a Va n a b R 
formerly used as a charm, VeraAdab 
arranged in the form of a A /b R a c A D V 
AKefa-brad', v. t. To WrYcV 

rub or wear off . [L. ab and A „ A r 

radere, to scrape, shave.]— » „ R » 

Abra'dant, n. That which A B R 

abrades; esp. powder used 
in grinding and polishing. " 

— Abra'sion, -zhun, n. A 

rubbing or scraping off; substance worn off by at- 
trition. 

Abreast, a-brest'. adv. Side by side on a line. 

Abreuvoir, a'bre'vwar', n. A joint between stones 
in a wall. [F.] 

Abridge, a-brij', v. t. [abridged (-brijd'), abridg- 
ing.] To bring within less space ; to shorten, esp. 
by using fewer words ; to deprive , cut off ; — with 
of. (Math.) To reduce to a more simple expression. 
[F. abre'ger, fr. L. abbreviate.] — Abridgement, n. 
A shortening or diminution ; restriction ; a work 
abridged or epitomized ; summary; synopsis. 

Abroach, a-broch', adv. Broached; letting out 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, eve, tSrm; In. Ice; »dd, tone, dr; 



ABROAD 

liquor ; in a state to be diffused. [From a, on, and 
OF. broche, spigot.] 

Abroad, a-brawd', adv. At large ; unconfined; out 
of a house or other inclosure; in foreign countries. 

Abrogate, ab'ro-gat, v. t. To annul by an authori- 
tative act ; to abolish; revoke ; repeal. [L. ab and 
rogare, rogatum, to ask] — Abrogation, n. Act of, 
etc. — Ab'rogative, -tiv, a. Tending to, etc. 

Abrupt, ab-rupt', a. Broken ; steep ; sudden ; un- 
connected. [L. ab and rumpere, ruptum, to break.] 
— Abruptly, adv. — Abrup'tion, n. A sudden 
breaking oft ; violent separation of bodies. — Ab- 
ruptness, ». Steepness; suddenness; great haste. 

Abscess, ab'ses, n. A collection of pus or purulent 
matter in an accidental cavity of the body. [L. abs, 
away, and cedere, cessum, to go.] 

Abscind, ab-sind', v. t. To cut off. [L. ab and scin- 
dere, scissum, to rend, cut.]— Abscission, -sizh'un, n. 
A cutting off. (Rhet.) A figure of speech, by which 
the speaker stops abruptly, as supposing the matter 
sufficiently understood. 

Absciss, abSis, n.; pi. Abscisses, ab'sis-ez. Ab- 
scissa, -sisSa, n. ; pi. Lat. Abscissae, -sis'se, Eng. 
Abscissas, -saz. (Geom.) One of the elements of 
reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred 
to a system of fixed rectilineal coordinate axes. [L. 
ab and scindere, scissum, to cut.] 

Abscond, ab-skond'', v. i. To secrete one's self; to 
decamp ; — used esp. of persons evading legal pro- 
cess. [L. ab, abs, and condere, to lay up.] — Ab- 
sconder, n. One who, etc. 

Absent, abSent, a. Withdrawn from, or not present 
in, a place ; inattentive to what is passing. [L. ab- 
sens, fr. abesse, to be away.] — AbSence, n. A being 
absent ; want; inattention to things present.— Ab'- 
eently, adv. In an absent manner ; with the 
thoughts elsewhere. — Absent', v. t. To take or 
withdraw to such a distance as to prevent inter- 
course—Absentee'', n. One who absents himself 
from his country, office, post, duty, etc., esp. a land- 
holder who lives away from his estate. — Absentee'- 
ism, n. State or habit of an absentee. — Absent Sr, 
n. One who absents himself. 

Absinthe, abSinth, n. A cordial of brandy tinc- 
tured with wormwood. fF., fr. L. absinthium, worm- 
wood.] — Absin'tnate, n. (Chem.) Absinthic acid 
combined with a base. — Absin'thiate, -tM-at, v. t. 
To impregnate with wormwood. — Absin'thian, a. 
Of the nature of, etc. 

Absolute, abSo-lut, a. Freed from any limitation or 
condition; uncontrolled; arbitrary; unlimited; un- 
conditioned; finished; perfect; total; complete. [L. 
ab and solvere, solutum, to loose.] — Absolutely, adv. 
In an absolute manner ; positively ; arbitrarily. — 
Absoluteness, n. Quality of being absolute; com- 
pleteness; arbitrary power. — Absolutism, n. Ab- 
solute government or its principles.— Absolutist, n. 
An advocate of absolutism. — Ab'solutistlc, a. Be- 
longing to absolutism. 

Absolve, ab-solv', v. t. [absolved (-solvd'), -solv'- 
JNG.] To set free or release from, as from obligation, 
debt, responsibility, penalty, etc. ; to exonerate, ac- 
quit. HL absolvere. See Absolute.]— AbsoluSien, n. 
{Civ. Law.) An acquittal. (Rom.Cath. Church.) A 
remission of sin. — Absolutory, a. Absolving. — 
AbsolvSr, n. One who, etc. — AbsolvSble, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. — AbsolvStory, a. That ab- 
solves. 

Absorb, ab-sdrb' v. t. [absorbed (-sorbd'), -sorb- 
jno.] To drink in, suck up, imbibe as a sponge, 
swallow up, or overwhelm; to engross wholly. [L. 
ab and sorbere, to suck in.] — Absorb'abillty, n. 
Capacity of being, etc. — AbserbSble, a. Capable 
of being, etc. — AbsorbSnt, a. Sucking up; imbib- 
ing.— n. A substance or a bodily organ which ab- 
sorbs. — Absorp'tioo, n. Act or process of being 
absorbed and made to disappear; engrossment or 
occupation of mind. — Absorp'tive, -tiv. a. Having 
power to absorb. — Absorptivity, n. 

Abstain, ab-stan', v. i. [abstained (-stand'), -stain- 
ing.] To forbear, or refrain, voluntarily ; esp. 
from indulgence of passions or appetites. — v. t. To 
hinder ; to withhold from. [L. abs and tenere, to 
hold.] — Abstinence, n. The act or practice of ab- 
staining. — AbStiueut, a. Refraining from indul- 
gence; temperate. 

Abstemious, ab-ste'mY-us, a. Sparing in the free use 
of food and strong drinks; temperate. [L. abstemivs, 
fr. abs and temetum, strong wine.] — Abstemiously, 
adv. — Abstemiousness, n. 

Absterge, ab-stSrj', v. t. [absterged (-sterjd'), 



ACANTHUS 

-sterging.] To make clean by wiping; to cleanse 
by lotions, etc. [L. abs and tergere, to wipe.] — 
Abster'gent, a. Serving to cleanse; detergent. — 
Absterse', -stSrs', v. t. To cleanse by wiping. — 
AbsterSion, -shun, n. Act of, etc. — AbsterSive, 
-siv, a. Having the quality of cleansing. 

Abstract, ab-strakf, v. t. To draw from or separate; 
to epitomize or reduce; to purloin. [L. abs and tra- 
here, tractum, to draw.] — Abstract, a. Distinct 
from something else; separate; withdrawn from the 
concrete, or from particulars ; difficult ; abstruse; 
refined. — n. A summary, or epitome ; an abridg- 
ment. — AbstractSd, p. a. Separated : absent in 
mind. — AbstractSdly, Abstractly, adv. By itself; 
in a separate state. — Abstract Sdness, n. State of 
being abstracted. — Abstraction, n. Act of abstract- 
ing or separating, or state of being separated; act ol 
considering separately what is united in a complex 
object; an abstract or theoretical notion; a purloin- 
ing. — Abstractitious, -tish'us. a. Drawn from other 
substances, esp. from vegetables, without fermenta- 
tion.— Abstractive, a. Having the power of ab- 
stracting.— AbStractness, n. State of being abstract. 

Abstruse, ab-stroosl a. Hidden ; has-d to he under- 
stood. [L. abstrudere, abstrusum, to thrust away.] 

— Abstrusely, adv. Not plainly ; darkly. — Ab- 
struse'ness, n. 

Absurd, ab-serd', a. Obviously inconsistent with 
reason or common sense ; foolish ; preposterous ; 
ridiculous. [L. ab and surdus, indistinct, harsh- 
sounding; also deaf.] — Absurdity, n. Anything 
absurd. — AbsurdSiess, n. — Absurdly, adv. 

Abundance. See under Abound. 

Abuse, a-buz', v. t. [abused, (-buzd'), abusing.] 
To make ill use of; to misuse; to treat rudely: to 
maltreat; to revile. [L. ab and uti, usus, to use.] — 
Abuse, a-bus', n. Ill use ; a corrupt practice or 
custom; rude language; reproach; insult. — Abu'- 
sive, -siv, a. Employing or containing abuse; scur- 
rilous; opprobrious; misapplied. — AbuSively, adv. 

— AbuSiveness, n. 

Abut, a-buf, v. i. To terminate or border; to be 
contiguous. [F. aboutir, f r. bout, end.] — Abut'ment. 
n. That on which a thing abuts. {Arch.) The solid 
support of a bridge, etc., at the end. — Abut' tal, n. 
The butting or boundary of land. 

Abutilon, a-bulY-lon, n. (Bot.) A genus of shrubs, 
commonly known as Indian mallows. [Arab.] 

Abyss, a-bis r , n. A bottomless gulf; hell, or the bot- 
tomless pit. [G. a priv. and bussos, bottom.] — 
Abysmal, a-biz'mal, a. Bottomless; unending.— 
Abyssal, -bisSl, a. Belonging to, or resembling, 
an abyss. — AbysSic, a. (Geol.) Pert, to an abyss; 
esp. to strata which formed the bottom of a deep sea. 

Acacia, a-kaShl-a, n. (Bot.) A genus of leguminous 
trees and shrubs, usually with thorns and pinnate 
leaves. [Gr. akaJcia, fr. ake, point.] — AcScin, -cine. 
-sin, n. The inspissated juice of several species or 
acacia; gum arabic. 

Acacio, a-kaShl-o, n. A heavy wood of the same 
family with the red mahogany. 

Academy, a-kad'e-ml. n. A garden near Athens 
(named from Academus) where Plato taught; hence, 
Plato's school of philosophy ; a kind of higher 
school or seminary ; an institution for the promo- 
tion of art or science. [Gr. akademeia!}— Academic, 
-ical, a. Of or relating to a higher institution of 
learning. —Academic, n. A follower of Plato ; a 
student in a college, university, etc. — Academics, 
n. (Met.) The Platonic philosophy. — Academ'- 
ically, adv. — Ac'ademiSian. -mishSn, n. A mem- 
ber of an academy, or learned society ; esp., of the 
French Academy. — Academicism, -sizm, n. The 
mode of instruction, esp. in fine arts, practiced in 
academies. 

Acaleph, akS-lef, n. (Zobl.) A radiate marine animal; 
a sea-nettle; a jelly-fish; —so called from its sting- 
ing power. [Gr. akalephe, a nettle.] 

Acanthus, a-kanlhus, n. ; pi. Eng. Acanthuses, Lat. 
Acanthi. (Arch.) An 
ornament resembling 
the foliage or leaves of 
the acanthus, as in 
Corinthian capitals. 
(Bot.) A genus of 
herbaceous prickly 
plants. [Gr. akanthos, 
fr. ake, point, and an- 
thos, flower.] — Acan- 
thaceous, -thaShus, a. 




Armed with prickles, 



Acanthus. 



sun, cube, full; moon, fotit; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, bosboN. chair, eel. 



ACATALEOTIC 



ACCOUNT 



as a plant. —Acan / thocar' , poU8, -kar'pus, a. (Bot.) 
Having the fruit covered with spines. [Gr. karpos, 
fruit.] — Acanthocephalan, -sef'a-lan, n. (Zobl.) 
A species of intestinal worm, having its proboscis 
armed with spines. [Gr. kephale, head.] — Acan'- 
thopod. n. (Zool.) A species of insect having spiny 
Legs. [Gr. pous, podos, foot.] — Acanthopodioui, 
-po'dt-us, a. (Bot.) Having spinous petioles. — 
Acanthop'teryglous, -te-rij'T-us, a. Thorny-finned, 
—applied to an order of fishes. [Gr. pteron, wing, fin.] 
Acatalectic, a-kat-a-leklik, a. (Pros.) Not defective; 

— said of a verse which has the complete number of 
syllables. [Gr. akatatektos.] 

Acataleptic, a-kat-a-lep'tik, a. Incapable of being 
certainly comprehended. [Gr. a priv. and katalam- 
banein, to seize.] 

Acauline, a-kaw'lin, Acaulous, -lus, a. Having no 
stem, but flowers resting on the ground. [Gr. a priv. 
and kaulos, stalk.] 

Accede, ak-sed', v. i. To agree or assent; to beeome a 
party, by agreeing to the terms of a treaty or con- 
vention. [L. accedere, accession, fr. ad and cedere, 
to go.] — Access, ak-ses' or ak'ses, n. A coming to ; 
near approach ; admittance ; the way by which a 
thing may be approached; increase; addition. — Ac- 
ces'sory, -sary, a. Accompanying ; connected as a 
subordinate. — n. Something connected as a sub- 
ordinate. (Law.) One who is implicated in a felo- 
nious offense, though not present at its perpetration. 
[The spelling accessary is generally preferred in the 
law sense.] — Accessorial, -so r rT-al, a. Pert, to an 
accessory. — Acces'sorily, adv. — Acces'soriness, n. 

— Accessible, a. Easy of access or approach. — 
Accessibility , ?i. — Acces'sion, -sesh'un, n. Act of 
acceding and becoming joined; increase; that which 
is added. (Law.) A mode of acquiring property, 
by which the owner has a right to certain additions 
or improvements. Act of arriving at a throne, an 
office, or dignity. (Med.) The commencement of a 



Accelerate, ak-seKer-at, v. t. To quicken the motion 
or action of ; to hasten ; expedite. [L. ad and cele- 
rare, to hasten.] — Acceleration, -a'shun, n. A has- 
tening. — Accel'erative, -tiv, Accel'eratory, a. 
Quickening. — Accelerator, -ter, n. One who, or 
that which, etc. 

Accent, ak'sent, n. Superior force of voice upon 
one or more syllables of a word : a mark used in 
writing to indicate this stress; a peculiar modulation 
of the voice. (Mus.) A slight stress upon a tone to 
mark its position in the measure. (Math.) A mark 
upon a letter or number, to distinguish magnitudes 
of similar kind, but differing in value. [F., fr. L. ac- 
centus, It. ad and cantus, song.] — Accent, ak-sent', 
v. t. To express or note the accent of; to pronounce 
or mark with, etc. — Accent'or, -er, n. (Mus.) A 
leader. — Accenfuable, -u-a-bl, a. Capable of being, 
etc.— Accent'ual, a. Relating to, etc.— Accenfuate, 
v. t. To mark or pronounce with, etc.; to bring 
prominently into notice ; to make conspicuous. — 
Accentuation, n. Aet of placing accents in writing, 
or of giving accent to them in speaking. (Eccl.) 
Pitch and modulation of the voice in reading parts 
of the liturgy. 

Accept, ak-sept', v. t. To receive with a consenting 
mind ; to admit and agree to. (Com.) To receive as 
obligatory, and promise to pay. [L. acceptare, fr. 
ad and capere, to take. J — Acceptable, a. Worthy, 
or sure of being accepted ; pleasing to a receiver ; 
agreeable ; welcome. — Accept'ableness, -ability, 
n. — Acceptably, adv. — Acceptance, n. Fa- 
vorable reception. (Com.) An assent and engage- 
ment to pay a bill of exchange when due; the bill 
itself when accepted. (Law.) An agreeing to the 
act or contract of another. — Aecepfant, n. One 
who accepts. — Accepta'tion, n. Meaning or sense. 
— Aocept'er, n. A person who accepts ; esp. one 
who accepts a bill of exchange. 

Access. See under Accede. 

Accident, ak'st-dent, n. An unexpected event; cas- 
ualty; contingency, pi. (Gram.) The properties 
and qualities of the parts of speech. (Log.) An unes- 
sential property or quality. [F., fr. L. accidens, -den- 
tis, falling to, fr. ad and cadere, to fall.] — Acci- 
dental, a. Happening by chance, or unexpectedly ; 
non-essential; fortuitous; contingent; incidental.— 
n. A casualty. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, or natural, oc- 
curring not at the commencement of a piece of mu- 
sic as the signature, but before a particular note. — 
Accident/ ally, «dv. — ACcidence, n. A book con- 
taining the rudiments of grammar. 



Accipiter, ak-sip'T-ter, n. A rapacious bird, as an 
eagle, hawk, etc. (Surg.) A bandage over th« 
nose. — Accipltrine, -trin, a. Pert, to, etc. [L., fr. 
accipere, to seize.] 

Acclaim, ak-klani'", v. t. [acclaimed (-klamdl, 
-claiming.] To meet with applause; to salute. [L. 
ad and clamare, to cry aloud.] — Acclaim'', AccLv 
ma'tion, -ma'shun, n. A shout of assent or appro- 
bation. — Acclam'atory, a. Expressing applause. 

Acclimate, ak-kli'mat, Acclimatize, v. t. [acclima- 
tized (-tizd), -tizing.] To habituate to a climate 
not native. — Accli'matable, a. Capable of being 
acclimated. — Acclima'tion, -cli'matiza'tion, -cli '• 
mature, -ma-chur, n. Process of becoming, or state 
of being, etc. 

Acclivity, ak-klivl-tY, n. A slope, considered as 
ascending, — opp. to declivity ; rising ground. [L. 
ad and clivus, rising ground.] — Acclivous, -kli'vus, 
a. Rising with a slope. 

Accolade, ak-ko-lad / ', n. The ancient ceremony of 
conferring knighthood, comprising a tap with a 
sword on the shoulder. [L. ad and collum, neck.] 

Accommodate, ak-kom'mo-dat, v. t. To render fit, or 
correspondent; adapt; to furnish with something 
needed; to reconcile. [L. ad, con, with, and modus, 
measure.] — Accom'modating, a. Affording accom- 
modation ; helpful. — Accorn'moda'tion, ». Act of 
fitting, or state of being fitted ; whatever supplies 
a want ; adjustment of differences; reconciliation. 
(Com.) A loan of money. — Accommodation note. 
One given by the maker to accommodate the receiv- 
er, who is to provide for it when due. — -train. One 
which stops at minor or way stations, making less 
speed than express trains. — Accorn'moda'tor, -fer, n. 

Accompany, ak-kum'pa-nY, v. t. [accompanied 
(-kum'pa-nid), -nying.] To go with as companion 
or associate. ( Mus.) To perform the accompaniment. 
[F. accompagner.] — Accom'paniment, n. Some- 
thing that accompanies; an addition by way of orna- 
ment. (Mus.) A part performed by instruments 
accompanying voices ; also, the harmony of a figured 
bass. — Accom'panist, n. (Mus.) The performer 
who takes the accompanying part. 

Accomplice, ak-kom'plis, n. A co-operator or asso- 
ciate. (Law.) An associate in a crime. [L. ad and^ 
complex, interwoven, fr.plicere, to fold.] 

Accomplish, ak-kom'plish, v. t. [accomplished 
(-plisht), -plishing.] To finish, complete, bring to 
pass, fulfill, realize. [F. accomplir, fr. L. ad and 
complere, to fill up.] — Accomplished, -plisht, p. a. 
Complete and perfected; esp., complete in acquire- 
ments. — Accomplishment, n. Act of accomplish- 
ing ; acquirement: attainment. 

Accompt, ak-kownf. See Account. 

Accord, ak-k&rd', n. Concurrence of opinion, will, 
or action; consent; harmony of sounds; concord; 
voluntary or spontaneous motion. (Law.) An 
agreement between parties in controversy, which 
bars a suit. — v. t. To make to correspond; to har- 
monize; to concede. — v. i. To be in accordance; to 
agree. (Mus.) To agree in pitch and tone. [L. ad, 
and cor, cordis, heart.] — Accordance, n. Agree- 
ment. — Accord' ant , a. Corresponding ; consonant ; 
agreeable. — Accord'antly, adv. — According, p. a. 
In harmony with; suitable. — Accordingly, adv. In 
accordance with. 

Accordion, ak-k6r'dY-un, n. A small keyed wind 
instrument, with me- 
tallic reeds. 

Accost, ak-kost r , v. t. 
To address; to speak 
first to. [Li. ad and 
costa, rib, side.] — Ac- 
cost'able, a. Easy of 
access; affable. _ Accordion. 

Accouchement, ak-koosh-maN', n. Delivery in child- 
bed. [F.] — Accoucheur, ak-koo-shSr / ', n. A man 
who assists women in childbirth ; a man-midwife. — 
Accoucheuse, -shez', n. A midwife. 

Account, ak-kownf, n. A reckoning; a statement of 
debts and credits; a statement of reasons, causes, 
grounds, etc.; a relation or description; importance; 
reason; consideration; sake. — v. t. To reckon or 
compute; to hold in opinion; to estimate. — v. i. 
To render a relation of particulars; to constitute a 
reason; to render reasons or answer for. [L. ad and 
computare, to reckon.] — Accountable, a. Liable to 
be called to account and to suffer punishment ; 
amenable ; responsible. — Accountability, -aBle- 
ness, n. State of being, etc. — Accounfant, n. One 
who keeps, or is skilled in, accounts. — Account 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, eve, term; Tn, Ice; 5dd, tone, 8r; 



ACCOUFLE 



ACOUSTIC 



current. A statement showing the Dr. and Cr. sides 
of a business transaction. 

Accouple, ak-kup'l, v. t. To join together: to couple. 

Accentor, Accoutre, ak-koo't6r, r. t. [ACCOUTEREDor 
-coutred (-koVtSrd), -tering or -tring (-koo'- 
tring).] To furnish with dress, equipage, or equip- 
ments, esp. those of a soldier. [F. accoutrer.]—Ac- 
cou' torments, -trements, n. pi. Dress; equipage; 
trappings; esp. for military service. 

Accrementition, ak / kre-men-tish''un, n. {Physiol.) A 
process of generation in which an organic part sep- 
arates from the parent part, and becomes a distinct 
being. — Accrementitial, -tish'al, a. [L. accremen- 
tum, fr. accrescere, to increase.] 

Accredit, ak-kred'it, v. t. To give trust or confidence 
to; to receive, as an envoy, and give him credit and 
rank; to send with credentials; to procure credit 
for. [L. ad and credere, creditum, to believe.] 

Accretion, ak-kre'shun, n. An increase, esp. the in- 
crease of organic bodies by the internal accession of 
parts; increase by accession externally; growing 
together of parts naturally separate. [L. ad and 
crescere, to grow.] — Accres'cence, -kres'ens, n. 
Gradual growth. — Accres'cent, a. Increasing. — 
Accre'tive, -tiv, a. Growing by accretion. 

Accrue, ak-kroo', v. i. [accrued (-krood'), -cruing.] 
To increase; to arise; to be added, as increase, profit, 
or damage. I F. accrue, increase, L. ad and crescere, 



grow. J — Accru'ment, n. 
ubat 



Accubation, ak-ku-ba'shun, n. A reclining on a couch, 
as practiced by the ancients at meals. [L. ad and 
cubare, to lie down.] — Accumbent, ak-kum'bent, 
a. Leaning, as the ancients did at meals. — Accum'- 
bency, n. [L. ad and cumbere, to lie down.] 

Accumulate, ak-ku'mu-lat, v. t. To heap up in a 
mass; to collect or bring together. — v. i. To grow 
to a great size, number, or quantity; to increase 
greatly. [L. ad and annulare, to heap.] — Accu mu- 
la'tion, n. Act of accumulating; state of being ac- 
cumulated; that which is accumulated; mass; heap. 
— Accumulative, -tiv, a. Causing accumulation; 
cumulative. — Accumulator, -ter, n. One who, or 
that which, etc.; ^sp. power, etc., in machinery. 

Accurate, ak'ku-rat, a. In careful conformity to 
truth, or to a standard, rule, or model; correct; pre- 
cise. [L. ad and curare, f r. cura, care.] — Ac'cu- 
rately, adv. — Ac'curacy, -ra-sT, -rateness, -rat-nes, 
n. Precision resulting from care; correctness. 

Accurse, ak-kers', v. t. [accursed (-kerst'), accurs- 
ing.] To devote to destruction; to imprecate evil 
upon; to curse. [AS. a and cursian, to curse.] — 
Accursed, p. p. a. (part. pron. ak-kersf, a. ak- 
kers'ed ) Doomed to destruction or misery; worthy 
of a curse; detestable; execrable. 

Accuse, ak-kuz', v. t. [accused (-knzdO. -casing.] 
To charge with a crime, offense, or fault; to arraign; 
censure ; impeach. [L. accusare, fr. ad and causa, 
cause, lawsuit.] —Accusation, -za'shun, n. Act of, 
etc. ; that of which one is, etc. — Accusative, a. Pro- 
ducing or containing, etc. (Gram.) Applied to the 
case of nouns, on which the action of a verb termi- 
nates or falls. —Accu'satively, adv. — Accu'satory, 
a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Accus'er, «. 

Accustom, ak-kus'tum, v. t. [accustomed (-kus r - 
tumd), -toming.] To make familiar by use ; to 
habituate or inure. — Accus 'ternary, a. Usual ; cus- 
tomary. — Accus'tomarily, adv. 

Ace, as, n. A single point on a card, die, etc.; the 
card or die so marked ; a very small degree; a trifle. 
[L. as, unity, unit, pound.] 

Aceldama, a-sel'da-ma, n. A field purchased with the 
bribe which Judas took ; hence called the field of 
blood. [Heb. khekk, field, and dam, blood.] 

Acephalous, a-sefa-lus, a. Without a head ; headless. 
(Bot.) Having the style spring from the base, instead 
of the apex. (ProsS Deficient at the beginning, as 
a line of poetry. [Gr. a priv. and kephale, head.] — 
Acepb/alan, n. (Zool.) A mollusk. 

Acerb, a-serb', a. Sour with bitterness. [L. acerbus.] 
— Acerbity, -itude. n. Sourness of taste, with bitter- 
ness and astringency ; harshness of manners. 

Aceric, a-sSr'ik, a. Pertaining to. or obtained from, 
the maple; as, aceric acid. [L. acer. a maple tree.] 

Acescent, a-ses'ent, a. Turning sour; readilv becom- 
ing tart or acid. [L. acescere, to turn sour.] — Aces'- 
cence. -cency, n. 

Acetabulum, as'e-tab'u-lum, n. One of the suckers 
in the arms of the cuttle-fish. (Anat.) The socket of 
the hip-joint. [L., a vinegar cruet, cup.] — AcetaV- 
nlif era, n. pi. Cuttle-fishes having arms furnished 
with suckers. [L.ferre, to carry.] 



Acetic, a-set'ik or -sefik, a. (Chem.) Composed of 
four parts each of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 
Acetic acid is the pure acid of vinegar. [L. acetum, 
vinegar.] — Acetate, as'e-tat, Ac'etite. -tit, n. A salt 
formed by acetic acid united with a base. — Ace'- 
tous, -tus, a. Sour ; causing acetification. — Acet'- 
ify, v. t.ori. [acetified (-fid), -fyixg.] To turn into 
acid or vinegar. [L.facere, to make.] — Acet'iftca'- 
tion, n. — Acetim'eter, n. An instrument for ascer- 
taining the strength of vinegar, etc. [L. meirum, 
measure.] — Acetim'etry, n. Art of ascertaining, etc. 
—Acetylene, a-sgt'I-len, n. (Chem.) A colorless 

fas, consisting of two atoms of carbon and two of 
ydrogen, with a peculiar, unpleasant odor. It is 
formed by the action of water on calcium carbide. 

Ache, ak, v. t. [ached (akt), aching.] To have, or be 
in, continued pain; to be distressed. — n. Continued 
pain, opp. to sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain. 
[AS. aete, an_ache, acan, Gr. achein. to ache.] 

Achieve, a-chev', v. t. [achieved (-chevd'), achiev- 
ing.] To carry on to a final close ; to complete, ac- 
complish, realize, f F. achever, fr. chef, head, end, 
L. caput.']— Achievable, a. — Achiev'anee, n. — 
Achieve , ment, a. Act of achieving ; accomplish- 
ment ; a great or heroic deed ; feat. (Her.) An es- 
cutcheon or ensign armorial. — Achiev'er, n. 

Achor. a'kor, n. A cutaneous disease on the head; 
scald-head. [L. and Gr.] 

Achromatic, ak-ro-mafik, a. (Opt.) Free from color; 
not showing color, from the decomposition of light. 
[Gr. a priv. and chroma, color.] — Achrematicity, 
-tis'T-tT, Acnro , 'matism. n. State of being achro- 
matic. — Achro'matiza'tion, n. Act of rendering, 
etc. ; deprivation of color. — Achro'inatopsy. n. 
Inability to distinguish colors ; color-blindnes* ; 
Daltonism. [Gr. opsis. sight.] 

Acicular, a-sikMi-lSr, a. Slender, like a needle; needle- 
shaped. [L. acicula, dim, of acvs. needle.] — Acic'- 
ularly, adv. — Acic'ulate, -ulated, a. Acicular. — 
Acic'ulite, -lit, n. Needle-ore ; an ore of bismuth, 
found in quartz, in long thin crystals. 

Acid, as'id, w. A sour substance. (.Chem.) A sub- 
stance having the properties of combining with 
alkalies and alkaline oxides, and of reddening 
most blue vegetable colors, and usually with a 
strong, sharp taste. — a. Sour, sharp, or biting to 
the taste ; tart. [L. acidus, fr. acuere. to make 
sharp.] — Acidity. Ac'idness. n. Quality of being, 
etc. — Acid'ify, v. t. [acidified (-fid), -fving.] To 
make acid; esp. to convert into an acid, by chemical 
combination. [L. facere, to make.] — Acid'ifiable, a. 

— Acid'ifica'tion, n. — Acidif'ic, a. Producing acid- 
ity.— Acid'in'er. n. (Chem.) A principle accessary 
to produce acidity. — Acidim'eter, n. An instru- 
ment for ascertaining the strength of acids. [Gr. 
metron, measure.] — Acid'ulous, a. Slightly sour ; 
sub-acid : sourish. [L. acidulus, dim. of acidus.] 

— Acid'ulate, v. t. To make slightly acid.— Acid''- 
ulent, a. Somewhat aeid; sour; cross. 

Aciniform. a-sin'I-fdrm, a. Formed like a cluster of 
grapes or a grape-stone; full of small kernels. [L. 
acinus, grape, grape-stone, and forma, form.] 
Acknowledge, ak-nol'ej, v. t. [acknowledged (-ejd), 
-edging.] To own, avow, admit; to recognize; to 
own with gratitude; to own. etc., in a lesal form; 
to concede, confess, allow. [Prefix a, and Ixioivl- 
edge.] —Acknowledgment, n. Act of, etc.; some- 
thing given or done in return for a favor; a declara- 
tion of one's own act, to give it legal validity. 
Aclinic, a-klin'ik, a. Without inclination; — said of 
the magnetic equator, on which the magnetic needle 
is horizontal. [Gr. a priv. and klinein, to incline.] 
Acme, ak'me, n. The highest point: crisis. [Gr.] 
Acne, ak'ne, n. A small hard pimple. [Gr.] 
Acolyte, ak'o-llt, -lyth, -lith. n. A companion ; asso- 
ciate. (Astron.) An attendant star. (Eccl. Hist.) 
An inferior church servant. [Gr. akolouthein, to lol- 
low.] 
Aconite, ak'o-nit, n. Wolf's-bane, a poison. — Acon'"- 
itine, -tin, n. The alkaloid of. etc. [Gr. akoniton.] 
Acorn, a'kern, n. The seed or fruit of an oak. [AS. 

secern, fr. secer, a field.] 
Acotyledon, a-kot'1-le'don, n. A plant having no seed- 
i lobes, or cotyledons. [Gr. a priv. and kotuledon.] — 
j Acotyledonous, -led r o-nus, a. Having either no 
I seed-lobes or such as are indistinct. 
Acoustic, a-kow'stik, or -koo'stik, a. Pert, to hear- 
ing, or to the doctrine of sounds. [Gr. akoustikos, 
I fr. akouein, to hear.] — Acou'stics, n. The science 
! of sounds. — Acoustically, adv. — Acoustician, 
i -tish'an, n. One versed in, etc. 



ean, cube, full; moon, fotrt; eow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ACQUAINT 

Acq u ai nt , ak-kwanf, v. t. To make familiar; to com- 
municate notice to ; to apprise ; to iniorm. [OF. 
acointer.] — Acquaintance, n. State oi being ac- 
quainted; familiar knowledge; a person or persons 
well known. — Acquaintanceship, n. Familiarity; 
fellowship; intimacy. 
Acquiesce, ak-wT-es r , v. i. [acquiesced (-wY-esf), 
-escing (-eslng.)] To rest satisfied; to concur, as- 
sent, compty. j~L. ad and quiescere, fr. quies, rest.] 
— Acquiescent, a. — Acquiescence, -cency, n. Si- 
lent assent. 

Acquire, ak-kwlr', v. t. [acquired (-kwlrd'), -quie- 
ING.J To gain, usually by one's own labor or exer- 
tions; to attain, earn, win. [L. ad and quserere, 
quaesitum, to seek.] — Acquir'able, a. — Acquire'- 
ment, Acquisition, -zish'un, n. Act of acquiring; 
thing acquired; attainment; gain. — Acquisitive, 
-kwiz'Y-tiv, a. Disposed to make acquisitions. — Ac- 
quisitively, adv. — Acquisitiveness, n. State or 
quality of being acquisitive. (Phren.) The organ 
supposed to give rise to this desire. 

Acquit, ak-kwif, v. t. To set free; to release, esp. 
from an obligation, accusation, suspicion, etc.; to 
clear, absolve ; (reflexh-elu) to bear or conduct one's 
self. [OF. acquiter, to settle a Glaim, fr. L. quietus, 
discharged, free. ) — Acquit'ment, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. — Acquitlal, n. (Laio.) Deliverance 
from a charge, by a jury or court. — Acquittance, 
n. Acquitment; a writing which is evidence of a dis- 
charge; a receipt in full. 

Acre, a'ker, n. A piece of land containing 160 square 
rods, or 43,560 square feet. [AS. secer, L. ager, 
Gr. agros, field.] — Acreage, a'ker-ej, n. A sum 
total of acres. —Acred, a'kerd, a. Possessing acres; 
landed. 

Acrid, aklid, a. Of a biting: taste; sharp; harsh. [L. 
acer, acris, sharp.] —Ac lidness, Acridity, w. A 
sharp quality; pungency. —Ac 'rimony, Ac'ritude, 
n. Quality of corroding or dissolving; sharpness; 
severity ; asperity, tartness. — Acrimo'nious, a. — 
Acrimo'niously, adv. 

Acritochromacy, ak'rt-to-kro'ma-sT, n. Inability to 
distinguish between colors ; color-blindness ; Dal- 
tonism. [Gr. a priv., krinein, to separate, and 
chroma, color.] 

Acroamatic, ak'ro-a-matlk, Acroatlc, a. Meant 
only to be heard; oral; abstruse. [Gr. akroasthai, to 
hear.] 

Acrobat, aklo-bat, n. One who practices high vault- 
ing, rope-dancing, etc. — Acrobatic, a. [Gr. akros, 
on high, and bainein, to go.] 

Acrogen, ak1o-jen,ra. A kind of cryptogamous plant, 
which increases by growth at the extremity, — such 
as ferns, etc. — Acrogenous, a-kroj'e-nus, a. [Gr. 
akros, extreme, and gignesthai, to be born.] 

Acronycal, a-kronlk-al, a. (Astron.) Rising at sun- 
set and setting at sunrise, as a star; — opp. to cos- 
mical. [Gr. akros and nux, nuktos, night.] 

Acropolis, a-krop'o-lis, n. The higher part of a Gre- 
cian city; the citadel or castle; esp. the citadel of 
Athens. [Gr. akros and polis, city.] — Ac'ropoll- 
tan, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Across, a-kros', prep. From side to side of; quite 
over; in a direction opposed to the length of. —adv. 
From side to side; crosswise, [a, on, and cross.] 

Acrostic, a-kroslik, n. A composition, usually in 
verse, in which the first or the last letter of every 
line, or of every word, read collectively, form a 
name or sentence. — a. Of or pert, to, etc. [Gr. 
akrostichon, fr. akros and stichos, line.] — Acros'- 
tically, adv. 

Acrotism, aklo-tizm, n. (Med.) A defect of pulsa- 
tion. [Gr. a priv. and krotos, the pulse.] 

Act, v. i. To exert power; to be in action or motion ; 
to behave or conduct; to demean one's self. — v. t. 
To perform, esp. on the stage ; to feign ; to assume 
the office or character of. — n. That which is done 
or doing; deed; a decree, edict, law, judgment, etc.; 
any instrument in writing to verify facts ; one of 
the principal divisions of a play ; a state of reality, 
or real existence, as opposed to a possible existence; 
a state of preparation. [L. agere, actum, to put in 
motion.] — Acting, p. a. Discharging the duties of 
another. — n. The performance of an assumed part. 
— Action, ak'shun, n. Exertion of power, or the 
effect of power exerted; motion produced; agency; 
thing done; a deed ; conduct ; demeanor ; series of 
events forming the subject of a play, poem, etc. 

iOrat.) Gesticulation. (Law.) A suit or process. 
Com.) A share in the stock of a company. (Paint. 
tf Sculp.) The position of the several parts qf the 



6 ADD 

body. (Mil.) An engagement between troops. — 
Actionable, a. (Law.) Liable to a suit. — Action- 
ably, adv. — Ac'tionary, -tionist, n, (Com.) A stock- 
holder in a company. — Active, -iv, a. Having the 
power or quality of acting; engaged in action; ener- 
getic ; busy ; practical. (Oram.) Expressing 
tion — ■ 
ject. 



tion or transition of action from an agent to an ob- 

iect. — Actively, adv. — Actlveness, Activity, 

Actor, akt'er, n. One who acts ; esp. on the 



stage. — Act'ress, n. A female actor. — Act'ual. a. 
Existing in act; real: carried out, — opp. to potential, 
virtual, theoretical, etc.; exist-in;; at present. — Act'- 
ually, adv. — Actuality, Act'ualness, n. — Act'ual- 
ist, n. One who considers actually existing facts or 
conditions, — opp. to idealist — Act'ualize, v.t. To 
make actual. — Actualization, n. — Act'uary, n. 
A registrar; a manager of a joint-stock company, 
esp. of an insurance company. — Act'uate. v. t. To 
put into action; incite to action. — Actuation, n. 

Actinia, ak-tin'T-a, n. ; pi. Actix'ix, -i-e. The sea- 
anemone, which has ray-like tentacles surrounding 
its mouth. [Gr. aktis, aktinos, a ray.] — Actinlform, 
a. Having a radiated form. [L. .forma, form.] 

Actinism, aklin-izm, n. A property in the solar rays 
which produces chemical changes, as in photog- 
raphy. [Gr. aktis.] — Actinic, a. Of or pert, to, etc. 
— Actin'ograph, -graf, n. An instrument for re- 
cording variations in the actinic force of sunlight. — 
Actin'ogram, n. The record made by an actino- 
graph. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — Actinom'eter. 
n. An instrument for measuring the intensity of 
actinic rays. [Gj. metron, measure.] 

Aculeate, a-kule-at, a. (Bot.) Having sharp points; 
pointed; — used of 
prickles fixed in the bark, 
opp. to thorns growing ^ 
from the wood. [L. acu- 
leus, dim. of acus, nee- 
dle.] Aculeate Stem. 

Acumen, a-ku'men, n. Quickness of perception or 
discernment; penetration of mind ; acuteness ; per- 
spicuity. [L., fr. acuere, to sharpen, fr. acus!] — 
Acu'minate. v. t. To render sharp or keen. — v. i. 
To end in a sharp point. — a. Having a long, taper- 

incr nr»ir»t — Ijtn'minAno n Annminntp _ A/>n'- 



mination, n. A sharpening ; termination in, etc. 

Acupression, ak'u-presh'un, Acupressure, -presh'Sr, 
n. (Surg.) The arresting of hemorrhage from an 
artery, etc. , by passing a needle through the wounded 
vessel. [L. acus and premere, pressum, to press.] — 
Acupuncture, -punk'chur, n. (Med.) The intro- 
duction of needleslnto the living tissues for reme- 
dial purposes. [L. pungere, punctum, to prick. J 

Acute, a-kut', a. Sharp at the end ; pointed ; having 
nice discernment; shrewd; having quick sensibility; 
high, or shrill. (Med.) Having symptoms of sever- 
ity, and coming speedily to a crisis: — opp. to chronic. 
[L. acutus.] — Acutely, adv. — Acute'ness, n. 

Adage, ad'ej, n. A saying which has obtained credit 
by long use; maxim: proverb; aphorism. [F.] 

Adagio, a-da'jo, a. (Mus.) Slow ; moving leisurely 
and gracefully. — n. A piece of slow music. [It.] 

Adamant, ad'a-mant, n. A stone imagined to be of 
impenetrable hardness ; — hence a diamond or other 
very hard substance. [Gr. adamas, -mantos, very 
hard stone or metal, fr. a priv. and daman, to tame, 
subdue.] — Ad'amante'an, -man tine, -tin , a. Hard 
as, or made of, etc. — Adamantine spar. A very 
hard variety of corundum. — Adamantoid, n. A 
diamond-like crystal, bounded by forty-eight equal 
triangles. 

Adam's-apple, ad'amz-ap'pl, n. A species of citron, 
also of banana; the projection formed by the thy- 
roid cartilage in the neck. 

Adansonia, ad-an-so'nY-a, n. The African calabash- 
tree; baobab. m _ ■ ....... 

Adapt, a-dapf, v. t. To make fit or suitable; to suit; 
adjust; attune. [L. ad and aptare, to fit.] — Adapf- 
able, a. Capable of being adapted. — Adaptabil- 
ity, Adapt 'ableness, n. — Adaptation, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. — Adapt'er, 7t. One who adapts. 
(Chem.) A receiver with two necks ; an adopter. 

Add, ad, v. t. To join or unite, as one sum to another; 
to subioin, annex. [L. ad and dare, to put, give.] — 
Ad'dible, -dable, a. - Addibillty, n. - Ad'ditive, 
-tiv, a. Addible. — Ad'der, n. One who or that 
which adds ; an adding machine, abacus. — Addi- 
tion, -dish'un, n. Act of adding: thing added; in- 
crease; augmentation. (Math.) The branch of anttu 
metic which treats of adding numbers. (Mus.) A. 
dot beside a note showing that its sound >s to be 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare - end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6i ; 



ADDER i 

lengthened one half. (Law.) A title annexed to a 
man's name. — Additional, a. Added ; more. — 
Additionally, adv. — Adden'dum, n. ; pi. Adden'- 
da, -da. A thing to be added; an appendix. [L.] 

Adder, ad'der, n. A venomous serpent. [AS. astior.] 

Addict, ad-dikf. v. U To apply habitually; to ac- 
custom; to devote. [L. ad and dicere, dictum, to 
say.] — Addict'edness, Addiction, -dik'shun, n. 

Addle, ad'dl, a. Putrid; corrupt; producing nothing; 
barren. — v. t. To make addle, corrupt, or morbid. 
[AS. adela, mud.] 

Address, ad-dres', v. t. [addressed (-dresf), -dress- 
ing.] To prepare or make ready ; to direct words or 
discourse to; to apply to by speech, petition, etc.; to 
direct in writing, as a letter; to woo. (Cow.) To 
consign to another, as agent or factor. — n. A formal 
application, speech, discourse, etc. ; manner of speak- 
ing; skill; dexterity; tact; direction of a letter, or 
the name, title, and residence of the person ad- 
dressed. In plu., attention in the way of courtship. 
[F. adresser, fr. L. dirigere, directum, to direct.] 

Adduce, ad-dus', v. t. [adduced (-dust'), -ducing.J 
To bring forward, present, cite, quote. [L. ad and 
ducere, ductum, to lead.] — Addu'cent, Adduc'tive, 
a. Bringing forward or together. — Adduc'tion, n. 
Act of, etc. — Adducible, -dus'T-bl, a. Capable of 
being, etc. — Adduc'tor, -ter, n. (Anat.) A muscle 
which draws one part of the body toward another. 

Adenology, ad-e-nol'o-jT, n. (Anat.) The doctrine of 
the glands, their nature, and uses. [Gr. aden, gland, 
and logos, discourse.] — Adenog 'raphy , n. A treatise 
on the glands. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Adenof- 
omy, n. Dissection of, etc. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] — 
Ad'enose, -nos, -nous, -nus, a. Gland-like. — 
Adeni'tis, n. Inflammation of the lymphatic glands. 

Adept, a-depf, a. Well-skilled; completely versed; 
proficient, —n. One who is adept in any art. [L. 
adipisci, adeptum, to arrive at.] 

Adequate, ad'e-kwat, a. Equal, proportionate, or cor- 
respondent ; fully sufficient ; requisite. [L. adse- 
quare, adsequatum, to make equal to.] — Ad'equate- 
ly, adv. — Ad'equateness, Ad'equacy, -kwa-sl, n. 

Adfected. See Aefected, under Affect. 

Adhere, ad-her', v. i. [adhered (-herd'), -hering.J 
To stick fast or cleave; to become united; to be at- 
tached or devoted, abide by. [L. ad and hserere, to 
stick.] — Adher 'ence, Adher'ency, n. Quality or 
state of adhering; steady attachment. — Adherent, 
a. United with or to ; sticking. — n. One who 
cleaves to or supports some person or cause; partisan; 
follower. — Adher'ently, adv. — Adhesion, -he'- 
zhun, n. Act or state of sticking; the force with 
which distinct bodies adhere when their surfaces are 
brought in contact. — Adhesive, -he'siv, a. Sticky ; 
tenacious, as glutinous substances. — Adhe'sively, 
adv. — Adhesiveness, n. Quality of adhering. 
(Phren.) The orean supposed to be the seat of a 
tendency to social or personal attachment. 

Adhortatory, ad-hOr'ta-to-rT, a. Containing counsel 
or warning. [L. ad and hortari, to incite.] 

Adieu, a-dQ', adv. Good-by; farewell. — n. A fare- 
well. [F. a JDieu, (I commit you) to God.] 

Adipose, ad'T-pos, Ad'ipous, -pu6, a. Pert, to, or 
consisting of, animal fat ; fatty. [LL. adiposus, 
fr. adeps, fat.] — Ad'ipocere, -ser, n. A soft, unc- 
tuous, waxy substance, into which animal flesh is 
changed by immersion in water or spirit, or by 
burial in moist places. [L. adeps and cera, wax.] — 
Adipocerous, -pos'er-us, a. Of or pert, to, etc. — 
Adipocerate.-pos'er-at, v. t. To convert into, etc. — 
Adi pocera'tion, n. — Ad'ipocer'iform, a. Having 
the appearance of, etc. [L. forma, form.] 

Adit, ad'it, n. A horizontal or inclined entrance into 
a mine; a drift; passage; approach. [L. ad and ire, 
Hum, to go.] 

Adjacent, ad-ja'sent, a. Lying near to; contiguous, 
but not touching. [L. ad and jacere, to lie.] — Ad- 
ja'cently, adv. — Adja'cency, n. State of being, etc. 

Adjective, ad'jek-tiv, n. (Gram.) A word used with 
a substantive, to describe, limit, or define it, or to 
denote some property of it. [L. adjectinim, fr. ad 
^rid. jacere, to throw.] — Ad'jectively, adv. — Ad- 
jectival, -ti'val or ad'jek-tiv-al, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Adjoin, ad-join', v. t. [adjoined (-joind'), -joining.] 
To join or unite to. — v. i. To be contiguous, in 
contact, or very near. [L. ad and jungere,junctum, 
to ioin. J — Adjunct, ad'junkt, n. An appendage; a 
colleague. — a. Added; united. — Adjunct'ly, adv. 
— Adjunction, n. Act of joining; thing joined.— 
Adjunctive, -tiv, a. Joining ; tending to join. — n. 
One who, or that which, etc. — Adjunc'tively, adv. 



ADMONISH 



Adjourn, ad-jSrn', v. t. [adjourned (-jgrnd'), -JOUBN- 
ing.] To put off to another time; to postpone; de- 
fer; prorogue. — v. i. To suspend business for a 
time ; to close the session of a public body. [F. 
ajourner, f r. jour, day. J — Adjourn'ment, n. Act of 
adjourning ; postponement ; the interval during 



which business is suspended. 
Adjudge, ad-juj', v. t. [adjudged (-jujdO, 
To award or decree ; to sentence. [OF. 



ADJUDGED (-jUJdO, -JUDGING.] 



ajuger. 



fr. 




L. ad and judicare, to judge.] — Adjudgement, n. 

— Adjudicate, ad-joo'dl-kat. v. t. To try and de- 
termine; to adjudge. — Adjudication, n. Act of ad- 
judicating; sentence; judgment; decision. 

Adjunct. See under Adjoin. 

Adjure, ad-joor', v. t. [adjured (-joord'), -juring.] 
To charge, command, or entreat solemnly, as if 
under oath. [L. ad and jurare,juratum, to swear.] 

— Adjuration, n. Act of adjuring; the form of 
oath. — AdjUT'er, n. One who, etc. 

Adjust, ad-jusf, v. t. To make exact or conforma- 
ble ; to fit, regulate, set right. [L. ad and justwi, 
right.] — Adjust'er, n. — Adjustable, a. — Adjust'- 
ment, n. Act of, etc.; arrangement; settlement. 

Adjutant, ad'jothtant, n. A military officer who as- 
sists the commanding offictr 
in issuing orders, keeping 
records, etc. ; a large species 
of stork, found in India. 
[L. ad and juvare, jutum, 
to help.] — Ad'jutancy, n. Of- 
fice of an adjutant. — Adju'- 
tor, -joc/ter, n. A helper.— Ad- 
ju'trix, n. A female helper. 

— Ad'juvant, a. Helping. 

— n. An assistant. (Med.) 
A remedy. 

Admeasure, ad-mezh'dor, v. t. 
[admeasured (-mezh'6t)rd), 
-measuring.] To take the 
dimensions of; to apportion. 

— Admeasurement, -6~or- 
ment, Admen'sura'tion, n. 
Act or process of, etc.; di- 
mensions. — Admeas'urer, Adjutant. 
n. One who, etc. 

Administer, ad-min'is-ter, v. t. [administered (-terd> 
-tering.] To manage; to dispense; to give or tender. 
(Law.) To settle, as an estate. — v. i. To contribute; 
to bring aid. (Law.) To perform the office of ad- 
ministrator. [L. ad and ministrare, -tratum, to 
serve.] — Admin / iste' rial, a. Pert, to admistration. 

— Admin'istrable, a. Capable of being, etc. —Ad- 
ministration, n. The act of administering; the 
executive partof the government; distribution; the 
persons collectively intrusted with executing laws 
and superintending public affairs. (Law.) .Manage- 
ment of the estate of one deceased. — Admin'istra'- 
tive, -tiv, a. Administering. — Admln'istra'tor, n. 

— Admin'istra'torship. n. Office of, etc. — Admin'- 
istra'trix, n. A woman who administers. 

Admiral, ad'mi-ral, n. A naval officer of the highest 
rank; the ship which carries him. [ Ar. amir-al-bdhr, 
commander of the sea.] — Ad'miralship, n. Office 
of, etc. — Ad'miralty, n. The body of officers who 
manage naval affairs ; the building where they 
transact business. — Courts of admiralty. Courts 
having cognizance of maritime questions. 

Admire, ad-mlr', v. t. [admired (-mird'), -miring.] 
To regard with wonder or surprise, mingled with 
approbation, reverence, or affection; to estimate or 
prize highly, — v. i. To wonder; to marvel. [L. 
ad and mirari, to wonder.] — Admir'er, n. One 
who admires; a lover. — Ad'mirable, -mT-ra-bh. a. 
Worthy of admiration ; rare; excellent; surpassing. 

— Ad'mirably, adv. — Ad'mira'tion, n. Wonder; 
esp. wonder mingled with esteem, love, etc. 

Admit, ad-mit', v. t. To grant entrance to ; to receive 
as true; to concede, allow; to be capable of. [L. ad 
and mittere, missum, to allow to go. J — Admittedly, 
adv. Confessedly.— Admiftance, n. Act of ad- 
mitting. (Law.) The giving possession of property. 
— Admis'sible, -sT-bl, a. Worthy of being admitted. 

— Admis'sibil'ity, n. Quality of, etc. — Admis'sive, 
-siv, a. Conceding. —Admission, -mish'un, n. Act 
of admitting; permission to enter; access; the grant- 
ing of a position not fully proved. 

A dmix , ad-miks', v. t. To mingle with something else. 
[I>. ad and miscere, mixtum, to mix,] — Admixtion, 
-miks'chun, n. A mingling of bodies. —Admix'- 
ture, -ehot>r, n. A mixing; what is mixed. 

Admonish, ad-mon'ish, v. t. [admonished (-isht), 



sun, cube, full : moon, fo"ot ; oow. oil ; linger ar ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ADNASCENT 



8 



ADYTUM 



-ishing.] To reprove gently: to counsel against 
wrong; to instruct, warn, advise. [L. ad and monere, 
to remind, fr. mens, mind.] — Admon'isher, Ad- 
monition, -nish'un, n. Gentle reproof; advice.— 
Admon'itive, -Y-tiv, -itory, a. Containing admoni- 
tion. — Admon'itively, adv. — Admonitor, -ter, n. 
One who admonishes. 
Adnascent, ad-nas'ent, a. Growing to or on some- 
thing else. [ii._adnasa, adnatus, to grow to or on.] 

— Ad'nate, -nat, a. (Bot.) Growing close to a stem. 
Ado, a-doo r , n. Bustle; trouble; labor; difficulty. [Pre- 
fix a, for to,_and do.] 

Adobe, a-do'ba, n. An unburnt, sun-dried brick. [Sp.] 
Adolescent, ad-o-les'ent, a. Growing; advancing 

from childhood to maturity. [L. ad and olescere, to 

grow.] — Adoles'cence, -ens, -cency, -en-st, n. Youth; 

the years from 14 to 25 in men, and 12 to 21 in women. 
Adopt, a-dopf, v. t. To select and take as one's own 

when not so before. [L. ad and optare, to choose. J 

— Adopfer, n. One who adopts. (Chem.) A re- 
ceiver with two necks. — Adoption, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; receiving as one's own what 
is not natural. (Theol.) Man's acceptance, through 
God's grace, on justification by faith. — Adopfable, 
a. Capable, or worthy, of being, etc. — Adoptive, 
-iv, a. Adopted; adopting. 

Adore, a-dor', v. t. [adored (a-dord'), adoring.] To 
worship with profound reverence; to love intensely. 
[L. ad and orare, to pray, fr. os, oris, mouth.] — 
Ador'er, n. A worshiper; a lover. — Ador'able, a. 
Worthy of, etc. — Ador'ableness, n. — Ador'ably, 
adv.— Adoration, n. Worship paid to a divine being; 
homage to one in high esteem. 

Adorn, a-dora', v. t. [adorned (a-dOmd'). adorning.] 
To render beautiful; to decorate; embellish; set-off; 
ornament, f L. ad and ornare, to deck.] — Adorn'- 
ment, n. Ornament; embellishment. 

Adosculation, ad-os'ku-la'shun, n. (Bot.) The im- 
pregnation of plants by farina falling on the pistil; 
a species of ingrafting. (Physiol.) Impregnation 
by external contact, without intromission. [L. ad 
and osculari, to kiss.] 

Adown, a-down',prep. Down; toward the ground. — 
adv. Downward. 

Adrift, a-drift', a. or adv. Floating at random; at 
large. [Prefix a and drift.] 

Adroit, a-droif, a. Possessing or exercising skill or 
dexterity; ready in invention or execution; expert; 
clever, f Fr. a droit, to the right.] — Adroitly, adv. 

— Adroifness, n. 

Adry, a-dri/, a. Thirsty; in want of drink. 

Adscititious, ad'sl-tish'us, a. Taken as supplemental; 
additional. [L. adsciscere, to take knowingly.] 

Adulation, ad-u-la'shun, n. Servile flatterv; syco- 
phancy. [ L. adulari, to flatter.] — Ad'ula^tor, -ter, 
n. A servile flatterer. — Ad'ulatory, a. 

Adult,' a-dult', a. Having arrived at mature years, 
or to full size and strength. — n. A person or thing 
grown to maturity. _[L. adultus.] —Adult 'ness, n. 

Adulterate, a-dul'ter-at, v. t. To debase or make im- 
pure by admixture of baser materials; to contam- 
inate; to corrupt, —a. Tainted with adultery; de- 
based. [L. adulterare, fr. ad and alter, other.] — 
AduFteration, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — 
Adulterant, -terator, n. One who, or that which, 
etc. — Adultery, n. Violation of the marriage-bed. 
(Script.) Violation of one's religious covenant.— 
Adulterer, n. A man guilty of adultery. — Adul'- 
teress, n. A woman, etc. — Adulterine, -In or -in, 
a. Proceeding from adultery. — n. A child born in, 
etc. — Adulterous, a._ Pert, to, or guilty of, etc. 

Adumbrate, ad-um'brat, v. t. To shadow faintly 
forth; to typify. [L. adumbrare, fr. ad and umbra, 
shade.]— Adum , 'brant, a. Giving a faint shadow. — 
Adumbration, n. Act of, etc.; a faint resemblance. 

Aduncous, a-dun'kus, a. (Bot.) Crooked : bent in 
the form of a hook. [L. aduncus.] — Aduncity, -dun'- 
st-tt, n. Hookedness. 

Adust, a-dusf, a. Burnt or scorched; hot and fiery. 
[L. adustus.] 

Advance, ad-vans', v. t. [advanced ^-vanst'), -van- 
cing.] To bring forward ; to raise in rank ; to ac- 
celerate the growth or progress of ; to help on ; to 
offer or propose; to supply beforehand; to pay for 
others, in expectation of re-imbursement. — v. i. To 
move forward; to improve; to rise in rank, etc. — n. 
Act of advancing; approach; improvement. (Com.) 
Additional price or profit; a tender; an offer; a fur- 
nishing of something before an equivalent is re- 
ceived; money or goods thus furnished. — a. Be- 
fore in place or time;— used for advanced; as, an 



advance-guard. [F. avancer, fr. avant, before, for- 
ward, L. ante.] — Advanced, -vansf, p. p. Pro- 
gressive; imbued with novel ideas. —Advance 'ment, 
n. Act or state of, etc.; improvement; promotion; 
payment in advance. — Advan'cer, n. A promoter. 

— Advan'cive, -siv, a. Tending to, etc. 
Advantage, ad-van'tej, n. An v state, condition, etc., 

favorable to some desired end; superiority of state, 
or that which gives it; benefit; profit. —v. t. [ad- 
vantaged (-tajd), -taging.] To benefit, to pro- 
mote. [F. avantage, fr. avant.] — Advan'tage- 
ground, n. Ground that gives advantage; vantage- 
ground. — Advantageous, -ta'jus, a. Being of, or 
furnishing, etc.; profitable; beneficial. — Advanta'- 
geously, adv. — Advanta'geousness, w. 

Advent, ad'vent, n. A coming; approach; esp. the 
coming of Christ ; a season of devotion including 
four Sundays before Christmas. ( L. ad and venire, 
ventum, to come.] — Adventitious, -tish'us, a. Added 
extrinsically; accidental; casual. (Bot.) Out of the 
usual place. — Adventitiously, adv. — Adventive, 
-tiv, a. Accidental ; adventitious. — Adventual, 
-chot>-al, a. Pert, to the season of Advent. 

Adventure, ad-ven'chdor, n. Hazard ; risk ; chance ; 
an enterprise of hazard ; a remarkable occurrence; 
a thing sent to sea at the sender's risk. — v. t. [ad- 
ventured (-chot>rd), -Turing.] To put at hazard; to 
risk; to run the risk of attempting. — v. i. To try 
the chance ; to dare. [OF. aventure, fr. LL. adven- 
tura, an adventure.] — Adven'turer, n. One who, etc. 
—Adventuresome, -sum, a. Incurring hazard; bold. 

— Adventurous, a. Inclined to adventure; daring; 
attended with risk. — Adventurously, adv. — Ad- 
ven'turousness, n. 

Adverb, ad' verb, n. (Gram.) A word modifying the 
sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb. 
[L. ad and verbum, word, verb.] — Adver'bial, a. 
Relating to or like, etc. — Adver'bially, adv. — Ad- 
ver'bialize, v. t. To give the force or form of, etc. 

Adverse, ad' vers, a. Acting in a contrary direction ; 
conflicting; unfortunate. [L. ad and vertere, versum, 
to turn.] — Ad'versely, adv. — Ad'verseness, n. — 
Adver'sity, n. An event or series of events attended 
with misfortune; affliction; distress. — Ad'versary, 
n. One who is opposed; antagonist; foe. — a. Ad- 
verse ; antagonistic — Adver'sative, -tiv, a. Not- 
ing opposition or antithesis between connected prop- 
ositions ; — applied to the conjunctions but, however, 
iiet, etc. — n. An adversative word. 

Advert, ad-verf, v. i. To turn the mind or attention ; 
to regard, observe. [L. ad and vertere, to turn.] — 
Advertence, -tency, -ten-sT, n. Attention; consid- 
eration. — Adver'tent, a. Attentive; heedful. 

Advertise, ad-ver-tiz', v. t. or i. [advertised 
(-tlzd r ), -tising.] To inform or apprise; to make 
known through the press. [OF. advertir, fr. L. 
ad and vertere.] — Advertisement, -vSrtiz-ment, 
or -ver-tiz'ment, n. Information ; public notice 
through the press. — Advertiser, -tiz'er, n. 

Advise, ad-viz'. v. t. [advised (-vizdO, -vising.] To 
counsel; to give information to; to apprise; to ac- 
quaint, consult. — v. i. To deliberate ; to weigh. 
well, or consider. [F. aviser. fr. L. ad and videre, 
visum, to see.] — Advis'able, a. Fit to be advised; 
expedient. - - Advis'ably, adv. — Advis 'ableness, n. 
Fitness ; propriety. — Advis'edly, adv. With full 
knowledge ; purposely. — Advistdness, n. Deliber- 
ate consideration. — Advise'inent, n. Counsel; con- 
sultation ; consideration. — Advis'er, n. One who, 
etc.; a counselor. — Advi'sory, a. Having power 
to advise; containing advice. —Advice, ad-vis r , ». 
An opinion offered, as worthy to be followed; sug- 
gestion; information as to the state of affairs ; coun- 
sel; intelligence. 

Advocate, ad > vo-kat, n. One who pleads a cause; esp. 
one who pleads the cause of another before a tri- 
bunal. — v. t. To plead in favor of; to maintain by- 
argument; to defend, support, vindicate. [OF. ad- 
vocat, an advocate, fr. L. ad and vocare, vocatum, to 
call.] — Ad'vocacy, -ka-st, Advocation, n. Act of, 
etc.; intercession. 

Advowson, ad-vow'zun, n. (Eng. Law.) The right 
of presenting or nominating to a vacant benefice. 
[OF. advouson. Law L. advocatio, fr. L. ad and 
vocare.] — Advowee, -vow-e', or Advow'er, n. One 
who presents, etc. 

Adynamic, a / dT-nam / 'ik, a. (Med.) Of weak vital 
powers; feeble. [Gr. a priv. and dunamis, power.] 

Adytum, ad'I-tum, n. ; pi. Ad'yta, -ta. (Arch.) A 
secret apartment, esp. the place of the oracles in an- 
cient temples. [L.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, t§nn ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, or ; 



ADZ 



AFFRAY 



Adz, Adze, adz. n. A carpcnter'6 tool for 



chipping. [AS. adesa. 
ff.dile. Edile. ' ' 




, e'dTl, re. An officer in ancient 
Rome who cared for public buildings, 
streets, public spectacles, etc. [L. 
sedilis, fr. secies, temple.] 

ffigilops, ej'I-lops, re. An abscess in 
the corner of the eye. [Gr. aix, 
goat, and ops, eye.] 

ffigia, e'jis, re. A shield, esp. Mi- 
nerva's shield ; anything that pro- 
tects. [Gr. aig is, goat's skin, a 
shield covered with it.] < 

A;elian, e-o'lY-an, a. Pert, to ^olia 
or AColis, in Asia Minor ; pert, to 
ASolus, god of the winds; pert, to, * QZ 

or produced by, the wind. — .ffiolian 
attachment. A contrivance for converting a piano- 
forte into a wind instrument. — iEolian harp. A box 
on which are stretched strings, on which the wind 
produces musical notes. — Alolic, e-ollk, a. Pert, to 
2E©lia. 

ffion, Eon, e'on, re. A great, indefinite, or infinite, 
space of time. [Gr. aion, an age, eternity.] 

Aerate, a'Sr-at, v. t. To impregnate or combine with 
carbonic acid gas; to supply with common air or with 
oxygen; to change by exposure to fresh air. [L. and 
Gr. aer, air.] — Aera'tion, re. Act or process of, etc. ; 
exposure of soil to the action of the air. — Aerial, 
a-e'rf-al, a. Pert, to the air, or atmosphere; consist- 
ing of, inhabiting or frequenting, or existing in, the 
air ; high ; lofty. — Aerification, a'e-r-i-fi-ka'shun, 
n. Act of aerifying. — A'eriform, a. Having the 
form of air, as gas. — A'erify, -ft, v. t. To change 
into an aeriform state. — Ae'robies, a'er-o-bez, re. pi. 
Infusoria which require the presence of oxygen to 
act as ferments. [Gr. bios, life.] — A'erog'noBy, re. 
The science of the properties of air. [Gr. gnosis, 
knowledge.]— A'erogram, n. A message sent by 
wireless telegraphy. [Gr. gramma, a written char- 
acter.] — A'eroglaphy, re. A description of the 
air. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — A'erolite, re. A 
etone falling from, etc. ; meteoric stone. [Gr. lithos, 
etoue.] — A'erofogy, n. Science of the air and its 
phenomena. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — A'eroman'cy, 
n. Divination by the air, winds, etc. [Gr. manteia, 
prophesying.] — A'erora'eter, re. An instrument 
for measuring the weight or density of gases. [Gr. 
metron, measure.] — A'erom/etry, re. Art or science 
of ascertaining the mean bulk of gases. — A'ero- 
naut', -nawt, n. An aerial navigator ; balloonist. 
[Gr. nautes, sailor.] — A'eronautlc, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — A'eronautlcs, n. Science or art of sailing in 
a balloon. — A'eronaut'ism, re. The practice of. 
etc. — A'eropho'bia, -fo'bir-a, re. (Med.) Dread 
of a current of air. [Gr. phobos, fear.] — A'ero- 
phyte 7 , -fit, re. A plant deriving support from air. 
[Gr. phuton, plant.] — A'eroplane, n. A flying ma- 
chine, or a plane for experiments on flying, which 
floats in the air only when propelled through it. 

— A'e'ros'copy, -os'ko-pT, re. Observation of the 
atmosphere. [Gr. skopein, to look out.] — Aero- 
statics, re. Science of the equilibrium of elastic 
fluids, or of bodies sustained in them ; science of 
aerial navigation. — A'erostat'ic, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Aerie, elT or alt. re. The nest of an eagle or other 
bird of prey. _[F. aire, LL. area, nest of, etc.] 

ffruginous, e-roo'jY-nus, a. Pert, to, or partaking of, 
copper-rust. [L. serugo, copper-rust.J 

Esthetic, Esthetic, es-thetlk. a. Pert, to aesthetics. 

— Aesthetics, n. sing. The theory or philosophy of 
taste ; science of the beautiful in nature and art. 
[Gr. aisthetikos, fr. aisthanesthai, to perceive.] 

ffisthesiometer, es'the-st-om'e-ter, n. An instrument 
to measure the degree of sensation in the skin. [Gr. 
aisthesis, sensation, and metron, measure.] 

Etiology, elT-ol-o-jY, n. Science of the causes of phe- 
nomena. [Gr. aitia, cause, and logos, description.] 

Afar, a-far', adv. At a great distance; remote. 

Affable, af'fa-bl, a. Ready to converse ; easy of ac- 
cess ; courteous : complaisant ; condescending. [L. 
ad and f'ari. to speak.] —Affably, adv.— Affabif - 

. 1?^' n - j. Q ualit y of being, etc.; urbanity; civility. 

Affair, af-far'. n. Business ot anv kind ; esp. public 
business. (Mil.) An engagement of troops. [F. 
affaire, L. ad andfacere, to make, do.] 

Affect, af-iekf, v. t. To act upon ; to produce a 
change in ; to influence, aim at, desire, imitate, put 
on a pretense of. [L. afficere, affectum, fr. ad and 
facere.] — Affecta'tion, re. Assumption of what is 
not natural ; false pretense. — Affecfed. p. a. As- 



suming or pretending to possess, etc.; assumed arti- 
ficially. (Alg.) Compounded; containing different 
powers of the unknown quantity (written also Ad- 
fected).— Affect'edly. adv. In an affected manner. 

— Affecfedness, re. — Affecfer, re. — Affecting, p. 
a. Having power to move the passions; pathetic. 

— Affect'ingly. adv. — Affec'tion, n. An attribute, 
quality, or property, inseparable from its subject; 
inclination of the mind toward a particular object; 
love; attachment. (Med.) Disease. — Affedionate, 
a. Having or proceeding from, etc. ; tender; fond ; 
warm-hearted. — Affec'tionately, adv. — Aflec'- 
tioned, -shund, a. Inclined ; disposed ; affected.— 
Affective, -iv, a._ Affecting, or exciting emotion. 

Affettuoso, af-fet-too-o'zo. (Mm.) A direction to ren- 
der notes soft or affecting.— adv. Tenderly. [It.] 

Affiance, af-ffans, n. Plighted faith; marriage con- 
tract; trust; confidence. — v. t. [affianced (-anst), 
-ancing.] To betroth ; to pledge fidelity in mar- 
riage, promise marriage to, give confidence to, trust. 
[F. fiancer, to betroth, L. ad and fides, faith.] — 
Affi'anoer, n. One who makes a marriage contract 
between parties. — Affi'ant, re. (Law.) One who 
makes affidavit. — Affida'vit, n. (Law.) A declara- 
tion, signed and made upon oath. [L., he made oath.] 

Affiliate, af-fil'Y-at, v. t. To adopt as a son, receive 
into fellowship ; to ally ; to receive into a society 
as a member. (Law.) To assign an illegitimate 
child to the father. [L . ad and films, son.] — Affili- 
able, a. Capable of being, etc. — AffiTia'tion, n. 
Adoption; association in the same family or society; 
assignment of an illegitimate child to the father. 

Afflnage, affin-ej, n. A refining of metals. [F.] 

Affinity, af-fin'T-tt, n. Relationship by marriage; 
close agreement; conformity; connection. (Chem.) 
That attraction which takes place, at an insensible 
distance, between particles, and forms compounds. 
(Spiritualism.) A person for whom one of the oppo- 
site sex feels a passionate attachment. [L. ajfinitas, 
f r. ad and finis, border.] 

Affirm af-fgrm", v. t. [affirmed (-fermd'), -firm- 
ing.] To confirm, establish, or ratify; to assert posi- 
tively, aver. — v. i. To declare positively. {Law.) 
To promise, before a magistrate or tribunal, to tell 
the truth, under pain of perjury. [L. ad and firm- 
are, fr. firmus, firm.] — Affirm/able, a. Capable of 
being, etc. — Affirm'' ance, re. Confirmation: ratifica- 
tion.— Affirnfant, re. One who, etc. (Law.) One 
who affirms instead of taking oath. — Affirma'tion, 
n. Act of, etc. ; that which is asserted ; ratifica- 
tion. (Law.) Declaration by one conscientiously 
unable to make oath.— Affirnfative, -tiv, a. Affirm- 
ing, — opp. to negative; confirmative; ratifying.— 
n. A word expressing assent; an affirmative propo- 
sition; that side of a question which affirms or 
maintains, — opp. to negative. — Affirnfatively, adv. 

— Affirm/or, re. 

Affix, af-fiks', v. t. [affixed (-fixf), -fixing.] To 
add at the end; to attach or connect; to fix or fasten 
in any manner; to subjoin, annex. [L. ad and 
figere, fixum, to f asten.] — Affix, affiks, re. A syl- 
lable or letter joined to the end of a word; a suffix. 

— Affixion, -fik'shun, re. Act of affixing; addition. 

— Affixture, -fiks'chotir, n. That which is, etc. 
Afflatus, af-fla'tus, re. A breath or blast of wind; 

communication of divine knowledge; the inspira- 
tion of a poet. [L., fr. ad and flare, flatum, to 
breathe.] — Afflalion, re. A breathing on. 

Afflict, af-flikt', v. t. To strike down; to overthrow; 
to give continued pain; to cause to suffer dejection, 
grief, or distress; to trouble, harass. [L. ad and fij- 
gere,flictum, to strike.] — Afflict'er, n. — Afflicting, 
a. Causing pain ; grievous ; distressing. — Affliction, 
-flik'shun, re. Cause of continued pain, state of be- 
ing afflicted; sorrow; adversity. — Afflictive, -iv, a. 
Giving or causing, etc — Affiictlvely, adv. 

Affluent, affloo-ent, a. Wealthy; plentiful. — re. A 
stream flowing into a river or lake. [L. ad and fiuere, 
fluxum, to flow.] —Affluence, -ens, -ency, n. Abund- 
ance, esp. of riches ; opulence. — Affluently, adv. 

— Afflux, affluks, Affluxion, -fluk'shun. re. Act of 
flowing to; that which flows to. 

Afford, af-ford', v. t. To yield or produce; to give, 

grant, sell, or expend, with profit or without loss; 

to impart ; confer. [F. aff'orer, to set a price on, fr. 

L. ad and forum, market-place, court.] 
Afforest, af-for'est, v. t. To turn into forest. — Af- 

foresta'tion, n. Act or process of, etc. 
Affray, af-fra', re. {Law.) Fighting in a public 

E lace, causing fear; a tumultuous assault : quarrel; 
rawl. [F. effrayer, to terrify, L. fragor, a crash.] 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, lien, boNboN, chair, get. 



AFFREIGHT 10 

Affreight, af-frat', v. t. To hire, as a ship, to trans- 
port goods or freight. — Affreignt'ment, n. The en- 
gagement or chartering, etc. 

Affright, af-frlt', v . t. To impress with sudden fear; 
to appall, shock, alarm, n. Sudden and great fear; 
terror. [AS. qfyrhtan.] — Affright'edly, adv. 

Affront, af-frunt', it. Any reproachful or contemptu- 
ous action; offense. — v. t. To offend by manifest- 
ing disrespect ; to insult, provoke, outrage. [F. af- 
fronter, fr. L. ad and frons, frontis, forehead, front.] 
— Affront'er, n. — Affrontlve. -iv, a. Abusive, in- 



AGGRESS 



suiting. — Affront / ingly, adv. 

" fuz', v. t. To pour out; to sprinkle 



fundere, fusum, to pour.] — Affusion, -fu'- 
zhun, n. Act of, etc., as in baptism. (Med.) Pour- 
ing water on the body, as a remedy in disease. 

Afield, a-feld', adv. To, in, or on the field ; out of the 
way. 

Afire, a-flr', a. or adv. On fire. 

Aflame, a-flain', adv. In flames; glowing with light. 

Afloat, a-flot', adv. In a floating state; passing from 
place to place; unfixed; without guide or control. 

Afoot, a-fcSot', adv. On foot: in action; in a condition 
for action. 

Afore, a-for', adv. or prep. Before. — Afore'going, 
a. Going before; foregoing; previous. — hand, adv. 
Beforehand; before. — -mentioned, -shund, adv. 
Spoken of or flamed before. — thought, -thawt, a. 
Premeditated. — time, adv. In time past; of old. 

Afoul, a-fowl', a. or adv. Not free; entangled. 

Afraid, a-frad', a. Struck with fear or apprehen- 
sion; timid, [p. p. of obs. affray, to frighten.] 

Afresh, a-fresh', adv. Anew; over again. 

Africander, af-rY-kan'dSr, n. One born in Africa, but 
not of African descent. 

Afrit, af-rit', Afrite, -ret', Afreet', n. (Moham. Myth.) 
A powerful evil jinnee or demon. 

Afront, a-frunt', adv. In front. 

Aft, aft, adv. or a. (Naut.) Astern, or toward the 
stern ; abaft. — Fore and aft. From one end of the 
vessel to the other. [AS. aeftJ] 

After, aft'er, prep. Behind in place; later in time; 
moving toward from behind; in pursuit of; in im- 
itation of; according to the influence of; in relation 
to. — adv. Subsequently. — a. Later; subsequent. 
(Nattt.) More aft, or toward the stern. [The adjec- 
tive after is often combined with a following noun, 
forming compounds, but retaining its signification. 
Some of the following words are of this kind; but 
in some after seems rather to be a separate word.] 
[AS. pefter.] — Aft'ermost, -most, a. Hindmost.— 
Aft'erward, -wards, -wurdz, adv. In later or suc- 
ceeding time ; subsequently. — Aft'er-birth, -berth, 
n. The placenta, cord, and membranes inclosing 

the fetus, which come away after delivery. clap, 

n. An unexpected subsequent event. crop, n. 

A second crop. — damp, n. Choke-damp; carbonic 
acid gas following the explosion of fire-damp in 
mines. — glow, n. A kind of second twilight, some- 
times following sunset. — math, n. A second crop 
of grass in the same year; rowen. — noon', n. Time 

from noon to evening. pains, n. pi. Pains after 

delivery, caused by the after-birth, or by clots. — 
-piece, n. A piece performed after a play. — sails, 
n. pi. (yaut.) The sails on the mizzen mast and 

its stays. — state, n. The future life. thought, 

-thawt, n. Something thought of after an act; later 
thought or expedient. 

Aga, a'ga, n. A Turkish commander or chief officer. 
[Per. ak, aka, lord.] 

Again, a-gen', adv. Another time; once more; in re- 
turn; back. —Again and again. Often; repeatedly. 
[AS. ongegn.]— Against, 
a-genst', prep. Abreast 
of ; apposite to ; in op- 
position to; in prepara- 
tion for. 

Agalaxy, ag-a-laks'T, n. 
(Med.) Failure to se- 
crete milk after child- 
birth. [Gr. apriv. and 
gala, galaktos, milk.] 

Agama, ag'a-ma, n. A 
vegetable-eating lizard 
of Guinea. [Native 
name.] 

Agamic, a-gam'ik, a. 
Produced by the fe- 
male without the male. 
— Agamous, ag'a-mus, 
a. (Bot.) Having no 




Agama aculeata. 




visible organs of fructification. [Or. a priv. and 
gamos, marriage.] 

Agape, ag'a-pT, n. : pi. Ag'ap^e, -a-pe. A love-feast, 
or feast of charity, among the primitive Christians. 
[Gr., fr. agapan, to love.] 

Agape, a-gap', adv. Gaping, as with wonder. [Prefix 
a and gape.'] 

Agaric, ag'a-rik, n. (Bot.) A family of fungi, includ- 
ing musnrooms; an excrescence growing on the trunk 
of trees, used for tinder, in dyeing, and in medicine; 
touchwood. — Agaric mineral. A deposit of carbon- 
ate of lime. [Gr. agarikon.] 

Agate, ag'et, n. A precious stone, variety of quartz. 
(Print.) A kind of type, larger than pearl and small- 
er than nonpareil; —in England called ruby. [Gr. 
achates, fr. the river Achates.^ 
flgP"Thi8 line is printed 
in the type called agate. 
Agatine, -tin, a. Pert, to 
or resembling, agate.— Ag'- 
atize, -Hz, v. t. [agatized 
(-tlzd), -tizing.] To con- 
vert into, etc. — Ag'aty, -tT, 
a. Of the nature of, etc. 

Agave, a-ga've, n. A genus 
of plants ; the American 
aloe, or century plant, from 
the juice of wnich the liq- 
uor pulque is made, [i., 
fr. Gr. agauos, noble.] 

Age, aj, n. Whole duration 
of a being; the part of one's 
lif e.previous to a given time ; 
the latter part of life; legal 
maturity ; a particular pe- 
riod of time in history; the Agaver 
people of a particular period; hence, a generation; a 
century ; era.— v. i. To grow old ; to show marks of age. 
[F. age, OF. aage, edage, L. setas.~\ — Aged, a'jed, a. 
Advanced in age ; old ; ancient. — n. pi. Old persons. 
— Agedly, a'jed-lt, adv. Like an aged person. 

Agendum, a-jen'dum, n. ; pi. Agen'da, -da. Some- 
thing to be done; a memorandum-book ; a ritual or 
liturgy. [L.] 

Agent, a'jent, n. A person or thing that acts or has 
power to act ; one intrusted with the business of an- 
other ; a substitute ; a deputy ; a factor ; an active 
power or cause. [L. agens, agentis. fr. agere, to do.] 

— A'gentship, n. The office of an agent; agency. — 
A'gency, a'jen-sT, n. Quality or state of, etc. ; instru- 
mentality; office or duties of, etc.; bureau of, etc. 

Agglomerate, ag-glom'er-at, v. t. To wind into a 
ball ; to gather into a mass. — j;. t. To collect into a 
ball. [L. ad and glomerare, f r. glomus, ball.] — Ag- 
glom'era'tkm, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Agglutinate, ag-glu'tt-nat, v. t. To glue or cause to 
adhere ; to unite by causing adhesion. [L. ad and 
glutinare, fr. gluten, glue.] — Agglu'tina'tion, n. 
Act of uniting, or state of being united. (Lang.) 
Union of several words in one compound vocable. — 
Agglu'tina'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to unite. — Agglu'- 
tinant, a. Uniting.— n. A viscous adhesive substance. 

Aggrandize, ag'gran-diz, v. t. [aggrandized (-dlzd), 
-dizing.] To enlarge; to make great or greater in 
power, rank, honor, etc. ; to augment ; exalt ; in- 
crease. [L. ad and grandis, great.] — Aggrandize- 
ment, -gran'diz-ment, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. — Ag'grandi'zer, n. One who, etc. 

Aggravate, ag'gra-vat, v. t. To make worse, more 
severe, more enormous; to enhance; to give an ex- 
aggerated representation of; to provoke or irritate; 
to tease. [L. ad and gravis, heavy. 1 — Aggravation, 
-va'shun, n. Act of, or that which, etc. ; exagger- 
ated representation; provocation ; irritation. 

Aggregate, ag'gre-gat, v. t. To bring together ; to 
collect into a sum or mass ; to accumulate, pile. 

— a. Formed by parts collected. (Law.) United 
in one body corporate. — n. An assemblage of par- 
ticulars; sum total ; lump. [L. ad and grex, gregis, 
flock.] — Ag'gregately, adv. — Aggregation, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. — Ag'gregative, -tiv, a. 
Causing aggregation ; collective. — Ag'grega'tively, 
adv. — Ag'gregator, -t5r, n. One who, etc. 

Aggress, ag-gres', v. t. [aggressed (-gresf), -gress- 
ino.] To make a first attack ; to begin a quarrel. — 
n. Attack. [L. ad and gredi, gressum, to step.] — 
Aggres'sion, -gresh'un, n. First attack ; act lead- 
ing to controversy; invasion; encroachment. — Ag- 
gres'sive, -siv, a. Tending to, etc. — Aggres'sively, 
adv. — Aggres'siveness, n. — Aggrei'sor, -s5r, n. 



am. fame, far, pass or operA, fare ; 6nd, ire, tgrm ; tn. Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



AGGRIEVE 



11 



AIR 



Aggrieve, ag-grev', v. t. [aggrieved (-grevd'). -griev- 
ing.] To give pain to ; to afflict ; to oppress or in- 
jure ; to harrass. [L. ad and gravis, heavy.] — Ag- 
griev'ance, n. Injury; grievance. 

Aggroup, ag-groop', v. t. To bring together, group. 

Aghast, a-gasf, a. or adv. Struck with amazement; 
stupefied with sudden fright or horror. [AS. gses- 
tan, to terrify.] , 

Agile, aj'il, a. Quick of motion; nimble; lively; 
brisk. [L. agUis. fr. agere, to act.] — Ag'ileneas, 
Agility. a-jil'T-tT, n. Quality of being, etc. 

Agio, a 'jT-o, n. ; pi. A'gios, -oz. (Com.) Difference 
in value between metallic and paper money, or be- 
tween different coinages ; premium ; sum given 
above the nominal value. [It. aggio, agio, exchange, 
diseount.J — A'giotage, n. Maneuvers of specula- 
tors to raise or depress the funds; stock-jobbing. 

Agiat, a-jist / \ v. i. To take another's cattle to graze. 
[OF. gtste. place to lie down in, fr. L. jacere, to 
lie.]— Agistment, n. (Law.) Taking and feeding 
of other s cattle ; price paid for such feeding. 

Agitate, aj'T-tat, v. t. To move with a violent irreg- 
ular action ; to shake ; to disturb or exeite ; to dis- 
cuss earnestly ; to consider on all sides; to revolve, 
debate. [L. agitare, to put in motion.]— Agite/tien, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; perturbation of 
mind ; discussion. — Agito/tive, -tiv, a. Having 
power or tendency to, etc. — Agita'tor, -tSr, n. 

Aglow, a-glo', adv. Hot; bright with warmth; glowing. 

Aglutition, ag-lu-tish , un, n. (Pathol.) Inability to 
swallow. [Gr. a priv. and L. glutire, glutitum, to 
swallow.] 

Agnail, agonal, n. Inflammation round a nail; a whit- 
low. [AS. angnsegl, f r. ange, compressed, nsegl, nail.] 

Agnate, ag'nat, a. (Law.) Related on the father's 
side. — n. A male relation by the father's side. [F. 
agnat, fr. L. ad and nasci, natuni, to be born.] — 
Agna'tion, n. Descent in the male line. — Agna'tie, 
a. Pert, to, etc. 

Agnomen, ag-no'men, a. A name added, among the 
Romans, in celebration of 6ome exploit. [L.] 

Agnottlc, ag-nos'tik, a. Professing ignorance ; in- 
volving no dogmatic assertion ; leaving undeter- 
mined. — n. One who, etc. [Gr. a. priv. and gnos- 
tikos, knowing, fr. gignoskein, to know.]— Agnos- 
ticism, n. The condition of neither affirming nor 
denying, on the score of ignorance. (Theol.) The 
doctrine that the existence of a personal Deity can be 
neither asserted nor denied, proved nor disproved, 
because of the limits of the human mind, or of the 
insufficiencv of evidence, — opp. to atheism and to 
theism; also, the belief of a Christian sect of the 
third centurv, that God did not know all things. 

Agnus Dei, ag v nus del 
cake of wax bearing 
the figure of a lamb ; 
also a prayer begin- 
ning with these words. 
[L., lamb of God.] 

Ago, a-go', adv. or a. 
Past; gone. [AS. 
agan, to pass away.] 

Agog, a-gog', a. or "adv. 
Highly excited by 
eagerness after an o re- 
ject. [W. g og, activity, 
fr. gogi, to agitate.] 

Agoing, a-go'ing, p. pr. 
In motion ; going ; 
ready to go. 

Agony, ag'o-nY, n. Pain 
that causes writhing Agnus Dei. 

or contortions of the body, like those in athletic con- 
tests : anguish: pang. [Gr. agonia, causing writhing, 
fr. agon, contest.] — Ag'onist, n. One who con- 
tends for theorize in public games. — Ag'onism, 
-nizm, n. Contention for, etc.— Agonistic, -ical. a. 
Relating to prize-fighting, or to bodilv or mental 
contest — Ag'onize, v. i. [agonized" (-nlzd), -ni- 
zing.] To writhe with agony; to suffer anguish. — 
v. t. To distress: to torture. — Ag'onizingly. adv. 

Agrarian, a-gra'rT-an, a. Relating or tending to 
equal division of lands. (Bot.) Growing wild. —n. 
One who favors equal division of property [L. 
agrarim, fr. ager, afield.] — Agra'rianiam, n". Equal 
division, etc. ; the principles ot agrarians. 

Agree, a-gre', v. i. [agreed (-gred"), agreeing.] 
To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action ; to 
yield assent, come to terms, resemble. (Gram.) To 
correspond in gender, number, case, or person. [F. 
agrier, fr. gri, good- will; L. gratve, pleasing.] — 



(Bom. Cath. Church.) A 




Agree 'able, a. Suitable; in pursuance or accord- 
ance ; pleasing ; ready to agree. — Agree'abillty, 
Agree'ableness, n. Quality of being, etc. — Agree'- 
ably, adv. — Agree'ment, n. A state of, etc. ( Oram.) 
Concord of one word with another in gender, num- 
ber, etc. (Law.) Union of minds in a thing done or 
to be done ; a bargain, compact, or contract. 

Agrestic, a-gres'tik, -tieal, a. Pert, to the fields; un- 
polished; rustic. [L. agrestis,ir. ager, field.] 

Agriculture, ag'rT-kul-cho"or, n. The art or science of 
cultivating the ground; tillage; husbandry. — Ag- 
ricultural, a. — Agriculturist, n. One skilled in, 
etc. [L. ager, field, and cultura, cultivation.] 

Agrimony, ag'rl-mo-ni, n>. A wild plant having yel- 
low flowers. [LL. agrimonia.] 

Agrin, a-grin', adv. In the act of grinning. 

Agriology, ag-ri-eKo-ji, n. The comparative study of 
human customs, esp. of men in their natural state. 
— Agriol'ogist, n. A student of, etc. [Gr. agrios, 
wild, fr. agros, field, and logos, discourse.] 

Agrostis, a-groslis, n. (Bot.) A genus of grasses; 
bent-grass; red-top. [Gr. agrostis, grass.] — Ag'ros- 
toglaphy, Ag'rostorogy, n. A description of the 
grasses; that part of botany relating to the grasses. 
[Gr. graphein, to write; logos, discourse.] 

Aground, a-grownd', adv. On the ground; stranded. 

Agrypnia. a-grip'nT-a, n. (Med.) Sleeplessness. -- 
Agrypnotlc, a. Preventing sleep. — n. Anything 
whicn, etc [Gr. agrupnos, sleepless.J 

Ague, a'gu, n. Chilliness; an intermittent fever, at- 
tended by alternate cold and hot fits. — A'guish, a, 
[F. aigu, sharp, L. acutus.] 

Agynous, ajl-nus, a. (Bot.) Having fecundating, 
but not fruit-bearing, organs; male. [Gr. a priv. and 
gune, woman.] 

Ah, a, interj. An exclamation, expressive of surprise, 
pity, contempt, joy, pain. etc. [F., L.] — Aha, 
a-ha', interj. An exclamation expressing triumph, 
contempt, or simple surprise. 

Ahead, a-hed', adv. Farther forward; onward. 

Ahoy, a-hoi', interj. A sailor's call to attract attention. 

Ahull, a-hul', adv. "With the sails furled, and the 
helm lashed on the lee side. 

Ai, a'e, n. The three-toed sloth, named from its cry. 

Aid, ad. v. t. To support, by furnishing means to 
effect a purpose or prevent evil ; to assist, succor, 
befriend, —n. Help; the person or thing that aids; 
an aid-de-camp. [F. aider, fr. L,. adjvtare, to 
help.] — Aid'ance, n. Assistance; help. — Aid-de- 
camp, ad'de-kaN, n. ; pi. Aids-de-camp, adz-. (Mil.) 
One who assists a general officer in his military 
dutt^ [F.] — Aid'er, n. — Aid'ful. -ful, a. 

Aigret, a'gret, Aigrette'', n. The small white heron; 
the egret; a tuft, as of feathers, diamonds, etc. 
(Bot.) The feathery down of a thistle. [F.] 

Aiguille, a'gweel, n. A sharp rock or mountain top. 
[F., a needle, fr. L. acicula, dim. of acus.] 

Ail, al, v. t. [ailed (aid), ailing.] To affect with 
pain, physical or mental; to trouble, —v. i. To 
feel pain; to be troubled. — Ail, Ail'ment, n. Slight 
disease; indisposition; pain. [AS. eglan, to paini] 

Ailantus, a-lanlus, n. A genus of trees, native of 
India and China; — commonly, but improperly, 
spelt ailanthiis. [Malay, ailanto, 1. e., tree of heaven.] 

Ailurua, a-lu'rus, n. The panda, a carnivorous quad- 
ruped of India, similar to the raccoon. [Gr. ailouros, 
a cat.] 

Aim, am, v. i. [aimed (amd), aiming.] To point with 
a missive weapon : to direct the intention or pur- 
pose. — v. t. To direct or point, as a weapon; to di- 
rect to a particular object, — n. The pointing or 
directing to an object, with a view to hit or affect 
it; the point to be hit, or affected; intention; direc- 
tion ; end; endeavor. — Aimless, a. — Aimlessly, 
adv. [OF. sesmer, fr. L. sestimare, to estimate.] 

Air, ar, n. The fluid we breathe; the atmosphere; a 

fas, as, fixed air; a light breeze; look or mien. 
Mus.) A melody or tune. — n. pi. An affected, vain 
manner. — v. t. [aired (ard), airing.] To expose 
to the air ; to ventilate. [F., fr. L. and Gr. aer.] — 
Airing, n. Exposure to air; an excursion in the 
open air. —Airy, arl, a. Pert, to, made of, or re- 
sembling air; high in air; exposed to the air; un- 
substantial: frivolous; lively. (Paint.) Having the 
light and aerial tints true to nature. — Airily, adv. 
In an airy manner; gayiy.— Airiness, n. Openness 
to the air; levity; gayety.— Air 'bath, n. An ar- 
rangement for drying substances in air of any de- 
sired temperature. — bed, n. An air-tight bag, in- 
flated, and used as a bed. bladder, n. An organ 

in fishes, containing air, by which their buoyancy 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



AISLE 



12 



ALE 




is regulated. brake, n. (Mach.) A contrivance 

for stopping' the motion of car-wheels by the use of 

compressed air. brick; n. An iron box of the 

size of a brick, built into walls for ventilation. — 
-cells, n. pi. Cavities for air in the leaves, stems, etc., 
of plants ; minute bronchial cells, in animals ; air- 
sacs. — drain, n. A space round the walls of a build- 
ing, to prevent dampness.— -gun, n. A gun discharged 
by the elastic force of air. — -hole, n. An opening 
for air: a hole produced by a bubble of air. — plant, 
n. A plant apparently nourished by air only; an 

epiphyte. poise, -poiz, n. 

An instrument foT ascer- 
taining the weight of the 
air -pump, n. A ma- 
chine for exhausting the air 
from vessels. — sacs, n.pl. 
Receptacles for air in the 
bodies of birds, which com- 
municate with the lungs, 
and render the body spe- Air-pump. 

cifically lighter. shaft, n. A passage for air into a 

mine. tight, a. Impermeable to air. — trunk, n. 

A ventilating shaft, opened from the ceiling to the 

root. vessels, n. Vessels in plants or animals, 

which convey air. 

Aisle, II, n. (Arch.) The wing of a building; a lateral 
division of a church, separated from the nave by 
piers; a passage in a church, etc, into which pews or 
scats open. — Aisled, ild, a. Having aisles. [F., 
a, wing, fr. L. ala.] 

Ait. at, Eyot, i'ot, n. A small island. [Icel. ey, islanu.] 

Aitiology, i-tT-ol'o-jT, n. The doctrine of efficient, as 
opposed to final, causes. [Gr. aitia, a cause.] 

Ajar, a-jar', adv. Partly open, as a door. [AS. an 
cyrre, on the turn.] 

Akee, a-ke', n. A tree of Guinea, transplanted to the 
West Indies and South America; its fruit. 

Akimbo, a-kim'bo, a. With elbow bent outward. [W. 
cam, crooked, and E. bow.] 

Akin, a-kin', a. Related by blood; allied by nature. 

Alabaster, aKa-bas-ter, n. (Min.) A compact variety 
(if sulphate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture. — a. 
Pert, to, or resembling, etc. [Gr. alabastron.] 

Alack, a-lak', Alackaday, a-lak'a-da, interj. Excla- 
mations expressive of sorrow. 

Alacrity, a-lak'rT-tT, n. Cheerful readiness: ardor; 
live'jivess; promptitude. [L. alacritas, fr. alacer, al- 
acris, lively. ]— Alac'rify, -rt-fl, ?>. t. To make lively. 

Alamode, al-a-mod', adv. According to the mode or 
fashion. — n. A thin, glossy, black silk. [F.] 

Alantine, a-lan'tin, n. A starchy substance; inuline. 

Alarm, a-larm', w. A summons to arms; a notice of 
approaching danger; surprise with fear or terror; ap- 
prehension ; a mechanical contrivance for awaking 
persons from sleep. — r. t. [alarmed (a-larmd / '), 
alarming.] To call to arms for defense; to fill with 
apprehension ; to disturb. — Alarmingly, adv. — 
Alarm'ist, n. One who intentionally excites alarm. 
[F. alartne, fr. It. all' arme, to arms!]— Alarm'-bell, 
n. A bell that gives notice of danger. — -clock, 
«. A clock made to ring at a particular hour. — 
-gauge, -gaj, n. A contrivance applied to boilers to 
show when the steam is too strong or water too low. 

post, n. A place to which troops repair in case of 

alarm. watch, n. A watch that can be set to 

strike at a particular hour. —Alarum, a-la/rum, n. 
Same as Alarm; —applied to a contrivance attached 
to a clock for calling attention. 

Alary, aKa-rY, a. Wing-like. [L. ala, a wing. ] — 
Alate, a'lat, A'lated, a. Winged; having expan- 
sions like wings. 

Alas, a-las', interj. An exclamation expressive of sor- 
row, pity, concern, 
or apprehension of 
evil. [F. hdlas, L. 
ah! and I ass us, 
weary.] 

Alb, alb, n. Ai, ec- 
clesiastical vest- 
ment of white lin- ~™- 
en.— Alb -Sunday, ^^ 
n. Low-Sunday, the ^$Sp 
first Sunday "after ^jf?" 
Easter, when per- «=l fi== 
sons newly bap- 
tized wore albs in 
church. [L. albus, ,,,.„„„ 

white.] Albatross. 

Albatross, al'ba-tros, n. A very large web-footed sea- 
bird of the Southern Ocean. [Pg. alcatraz.] 



IfiiiHfet. 



&fe 



Albata, al-ba'ta, n. German silver, an alloy of cop- 
per, zinc (or tin), and nickel. 

Albeit, awl-be'it, conj. Although; be it so; notwith- 
standing. 

Albelen, aKbe-len, n. A fish of the trout species. 

Albertype, aKber-tlp, n. A picture printed from » 
gelatine plate prepared by means of a photographic 
negative. [From Albert, of Munich, the inventor.] 

Albescent, al-bes'ent, a. Becoming white ; whitish. 
[L. albescere, to grow white.] — Albes'cence, n. The 
act of becoming, etc. 

Albicore, aKbT-kor, n. A sea fish of the tunny or 
mackerel kind. [F.J 

Albification, aPbl-l'T-ka'shun, n. Act of whitening, or 
making white. [L. albas, white, and facere, to 
make.] 

Albigenses, al'bi-jen'sez, n. pi A party of reformers, 
who separated from the church of Rome in the 
12th century; — so called from AM, in Languedoc. 

Albino, al-bi r no, n. ; pi. Albi'nos. A person or ani- 
mal having preternatural whiteness of skin, flaxen 
hair, and pink iris. [L. albus.] — Albinism, aKbi- 
nizm, n. State or condition of . etc. (Bot.) A whitish 
condition of the leaves and other parts of plant*. — 
Albinis'tic, Albinofic, a.- Affected with albinism. 

Albion, al'bT-un, n. A poetic name of England,— 
from its white chalk cliffs. [L. albus.) 

Albolith, aKbo-lith, n. A kind of artificial stone. 

Albora, a.l-bo'ra, n. A kind of itch or leprosy. 

Albugineous, al-bu-jin'T-us, a. Pertaining to the white 
of an egg, and hence to the white of the eye. 

Album, aKbum. n. A blank book, for the insertion of 
autographs, photographs, literary memorials, etc. 
[L., a white tablet, fr. albus.] 

Albumen, al-bu'men, n. (Rot.) Nourishing matter 
found in seeds. (I'hysiol.) A substance existing 
nearly pure in the white of egg, and its chief com- 
ponent. [L., fr. albus.] — Albu'inenize, -Iz, v. t. 
(Photog.) To cover or impregnate with, etc. — 
Albumin'iform, o. Formed like, or resembling, etc. 

— Albu / minim / 'eter, n. An instrument to ascertain 
the quantity of albumen in a liquid. — Albu'minum, 
n. (Chem.) Substance of cells inclosing the white 
of eggs. — Albu'minoid, n. pi. A substance resem- 
bling albumen; a proteid. — Albu'minous, a. Pert, 
to, etc. 

Alburnum, al-ber'num, n. The white and softer part 
of wood next to the bark; sap-wood. [L., fr. albus.] 

Alcahest, Alkahest, aKka-hest, n. A pretended uni- 
versal solvent or menstruum of the alchemists. 

Alcaid, al-kad', n. In Spain, the governor of a castle, 
fort, or the like; a jailer or warden. 

Alcalde, al-kaKde, n. In Spain, a magistrate or judjre. 

Alcedo, al-se'do, n. A perching bird; kingfisher. [L.] 

Alchemy, al'ke-ml, n. Occult chemistry: an ancient 
science which aimed to transmute base metals into 
gold, find the universal medicine, etc. [Ar. al-kimid, 
Gr. chemeia, fr. cheein, to pour.] — Alchemic, -ical, 
a. Relating to alchemy. — Alchem'ically, adv. — 
Al'chemist, n. One versed in, etc. — Alchemist'- 
ical, a. 

Alcohol, aKko-hol, n. Pure or highly rectified spirits; 
ardent spirits in general. [Ar. al-kahdl or at-kohl, 
kahnl, fine powder of antimony. The meaning has 
-been extended from "fine powder" to "rectified 
spirit."] — Al'coholate, -at, n. A salt containing, 
etc. — Alcoholic, a. Pert, to, etc. — Al'coholism, 
n. (Med.) A diseased condition of the system, 
from continued use of alcoholic liquors. — Al'co- 
holize, v. t. To convert into alcohol. — Alcoholo- 
meter, Al / coholom , 'eter, n. An instrument for de- 
termining the strength of spirits. 

Alcoran. See Koran. 

Alcove, al'kov or al-kov r , n. A recess, or part of a 
room, separated from the rest by a partition. [F., 
fr. Ar. al-qobbah, tent, vault.] 

Aldehyde, al'de-hid, n. A volatile liquid produced 
by the oxidation of alcohol. [From al(cohol), L. de, 
from, and hyd(rogen), i. e., alcohol from which 
hydrogen has been taken.] 

Alder, awl'der, n. A tree or shrub of several varieties. 
LAS. air, L. alnus.] 

Alderman, awl'der-man, n. ; pi. Al'dermen. A mag- 
istrate or officer of a city or town corporation. _[ Ah. 
ealdorttmn,fr. ealdor, an elder. — Alderman 1c, «. 

— AV dormancy, Aldermanship, n. Office of alder- 
man. 

Ale, al , n. A liquor made from malt by fermentation ;' 
an English country festival, so called from the liquor 
drunk. [AS. ealu.] — Ale -Conner, -kon'ner, n. An 
inspector of ale-house measures. hoof, -hot>f, n. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare- £nd- eve. terno .• in. Ice: Bdd, tone, or; 



ALEE 



IS 




Alembic. 
Alertly, adv. 



Ground-ivy, formerly used in making ale, instead of 
hops. — -house, n. A place where 
ale is retailed. — -wife, n. A 
woman who keeps an ale-house. 

Alee, a-le', adv. (Naut.) On the 
side opposite to the side on which 
the wind strikes, [a, on, and lee, 
fr. AS. hied, shelter.] 

Alembic, a-lem'bik, n. A chemi- 
cal vessel, formerly used in dis- 
tillation. [Ar. alanbiq, a still, fr. 
(Jr. anibix, cup, eup of a still.] 

Alert, a-lert', a. Watchful ; vigi- 
lant ; moving with celerity. — 
Upon the alert. Upon the watcli 

— Alert'ness, n. Briskness; watchfulness; prompt- 
itude; nimbleness. [It. all', on the, and erta, erect.] 

Alethiology, al'e-thi-ol'c-ji, n. The science of truth 
and evidence. [Gr. aletheia, truth, and logos, dis- 
course.] 

Alethoacope, a-leth'o-skop, n. An instrument for 
viewing pictures by means of a lens, so as to present 
them in their natural proportions. [Gr. alethes, 
true, and skopein, to view.] 

Alewife, al'wif, n. ; pi. AleIyives, -wTvz. An Ameri- 
can tish resembling a herring. [Ind. aloof.) 

Alexandrine, aKegz-aii'drin, n. A verse of twelve syl- 
lables, or six iambic feet; — so called from a French 
poem on the life of Alexander. 

Alexipharmic, a-leks'T-far'niik, a. That expels or 
resists poison; antidotal. [Gr. alexein, to keep off, 
and pharmakon, drug, poison.] — Alexiterlc, -ical, 
-tgr'T-kal, a. Resisting poison. 

Alfalfa, al-f all a, n. A perennial plant, allied to clover. 
[Sp.] 

Alga, al'ga, n. ; pi. Alo.e, al'je. A grand division of 
crvptogamic plants, embracing sea-weeds. [L.l — 
Al'goid, a. Resembling, etc. — Algol'ogist, n. One 
versed m , etc. — Al'gous, -gus, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Algarot, al'ga-rot, n. An emetic powder, prepared 
from antimony. [From Algarotti, its inventor.] 

Algebra, alle-bra, n. (.Math.) That branch of an- 
alysis which investigates the relations and properties 
of numbers by means of letters and other symbols. 

— Algebraic, -bralk. -ical, a. Pert, to, or performed 
by, etc. — Algebraically, adv. By means of, etc. — 
Al'gebraist, n. One skilled in, etc. [Ar. jabara, to 
bind together, consolidate.] 

Algid, aKjid, a. Chilled with cold. — Al'gide, -jid, a. 
Characterized by great coldness, said of certain dis- 
eases. — Algidity, n. — Algiflc, -jif Ik, a. Produ- 
cing cold. — Al'gor, -g6r, n. {Med.) Unusual cold- 
ness; chill at the onset of fever. [L. algidus, cold.] 

Algorism, al'go-rizm, Algorithm, -rithm, n. (Math.) 
The art of computing in any particular way. [Sp. 
algoritmo.] 

Alguazil, al-ga-zeK, n. A Spanish officer of justice. 

Alias, ail-as, adv. Otherwise; otherwise called; — a 
term used in legal proceedings to connect the differ- 
ent names of a party who has gone by two or sev- 
eral, and whose true name is doubtful.— n. (Law.) 
A second or further writ issued after one has expired 
without effect ; an assumed name. [L.] 

Alibi, al'T-bi, n. (Law.) When one on trial for crime 
shows that he was elsewhere when the act was com- 
mitted, he is said to prove an alibi ; hence, the de- 
fense under which this proof is made. [L., else- 
where.] 

Alien, aKyen, a. Not belonging to the same country; 
foreign; different in nature. — n. A foreigner; a 
foreign-born resident of a country, in which he has 
not citizenship. [L. alienus, foreign, fr. alius, other.] 

— Alienability, n. Capacity of being alienated. — 
State of being an 

T Po convey or transfer to 
another, as title, property, or right; to make indif- 
ferent er averse ; to estrange. — a. Estranged. — 
AFiena'tion, n. (Law.) A transfer of title, or legal 
conveyance of property, to another. State of being 
alienated or transferred ; estrangement, as of the 
affections ; derangement ; insanity. — Alienator, 
-ter, n. One who, etc. — Aliene, al-yen', v. t. To 
eonvey_ or transfer, as property; to estrange. —Al- 
ienee, al-yen-e', n. One to whom a thing is sold. 

— Alienism, al'yen-izm, n. State of being an alien. 
Alienist, al'yen-ist, n. A physician who makes a 

specialty of insanity. — a. Relating to insanity. [F. 
nhe'nitfe, fr. n^we/insane, fr. L. aFius, other.l 
Aliferous, a-lifer-us, a. Having wings. [L. ala, a 
wing, and ferre, to carry.] — Al'iform, al'T-, a. 
Having the shape of a wing. [L. forma, shape.] 



Alienable, a. — Alienage, 
alien.— Alienate, v. t. To 



Alight, a-lif, v. i. To get down or descend, as from 
on horseoack; to dismount; to fall or descend, and 
settle, or lodge. [AS. Khtan, gelihtan.) 

Alight, a-lit r , a. Lighted; burning. 

Align, a-lln', v. t. [aligned (-lTnd')< aligning.] To 
adjust or form by a line, as troops. — v. i. To form 
inline. — v. t. (Engin.) To layout the ground-plan, 
as of a road. [L. ad and linea, line.] — Align'ment, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; line of adjustment. 
(Engin.) Ground-plan of a road. [F. aligivement .\ 

Alike, a-lTk', a. Having resemblance; similar; with- 
out difference. — adv. [AS. onlic, antic] 

Aliment, al'T-ment, n. That which ieeds or supports; 
food; support: nutriment. [L. alimentum, fr. alere, 
to feed.] — Aliment'al, -ary, o. Pert, to, etc. — 
AFimentalion, n. Act or power of affording, etc.; 
state of being, etc. — Alimentlveness, ». (Pkren.) 
The organ of appetite for food or drink. [See 
Phre-nology.] 

Alimony, al'T-mo-ni, n. An allowance made to a 
wife out of the estate of a husband from whom she 
is separated. [L. alimonia, fr. alere.] — Alimo'- 
nious, -nt-us, a. Affording food; nourishing. 

Aliped, al'Y-ped, a. Wing-footed. — n. An animal 
having toes connected by membranes serving as 
wings, as the bat. [L. ala and pes, pedis, foot. ) 

Aliquant, al'Y-kwant, a. Not dividing another num- 
ber without a remainder. [L. aliquantus. some, 
moderate, from alius, other, and quantus, how great.] 

Aliquot, aKt-kwot, a. Dividing exactly, or without 
remainder. [L. aliquot, some, several, aliquoties, 
several times.] 

Alive, a-livl a. Having life; not dead; susceptible. 

Alizarine, a-liz / 'a-rin, n. A coloring principle in mad- 
der. [Alizari. Eastern commercialname for madder.] 

Alkahest. See Alcahest. 

Alkali, al'ka-li or -IT, n. (Chem.) One of a class of 
caustic bases, which are soluble in water and alco- 
hol, unite with oils and fats to form soap, neutralize 
and change reddened litmus to blue. [Ar. al-qali, 
ashes of glasswort.] — Alkalify, al-kaKt-fi or aKka- 
li-fi, v. t. [alkalified (-fid), -fying.] To form or 
convert into, etc. — v. i. To become changed into, 
etc. — Alkaligenou3, -lij'e-nus, a. Producing, etc 

— Alkalim'eter, n. An instrument to ascertain the 
strength or purity of, etc. [Gr. metron, measure.] — 
Alkalim'etry, n. Art of ascertaining, etc. — AK- 
kaline, -lin or -lm, a. Having the qualities of, etc. 

— Alkalinity, n. Quality which constitutes, etc. 

— Alkalizalion, n. The act of rendering alkaline 
by impregnating with, etc. — Al'kalize, -iTz, v. t. 
To alkalify. — ATkaloid, n. (Chem.) A salifiable 
base existing in some vegetables as a proximate prin- 
ciple. — Alkaloid'al, o. 

Alkoran, aKko-ran, n. The Mohammedan Bible; a 
tower of a mosque in which the Koran is read. 

All, awl, a. Every one; the whole.— adv. Wholly; 
altogether. — n. The whole number, quantity, or 
amount ; the total. [AS. eall, al.) — All in all. 
Every thing desired. — All along. Continually: 
regularly. — All that. A collection of similar things; 
et csetera. — All -fools' -day. The 1st of April, when 
it is a custom to play tricks, or make fools. —All- 
fours. A game of cards, containing four changes. 
To go on all fours, to move on four legs, or on two 
legs and two arms or hands. — All-hail. All health; 
a phrase of salutation. — All-hallow, -hallows, -hal- 
lowmas. All-Saints'-day. — All-hallow-tide. The 
time near All-Saints'. — All-Saints'-day. The first 
day of November, a feast in honor of all the saints. 

— All-souls' -day. The second of November, a Ro- 
man Catholic solemnity, when the souls of the faith- 
ful are prayed for. — Allspice. An aromatic berry 
of the West Indies. — All-sufficient. Sufficient for 
everv thing. — All told. All counted; including the 
whole number. — At all. A phrase of enforcement 
or emphasis, signifying, in the least; under any cir- 
cumstances. 

Allah, alia, n. Arabic name of the Supreme Being. 

Allantoine, al-lanlo-in, n. A substance found in the 
allantoic fluid; allantoic acid.— AUantoid, al-lan'- 
toid or allan-toid, Allantois, al-lanlois or allan- 
tois, n. A thin membrane, situated between the 
chorion and amnion, around the fetus. [Gr. alias, 
gut, and eidos, shape.] — Allantoic, a. Pert. to. etc. 

Allay, al-la', v. t. [allayed (-lad'), allaying.] To 
put at rest, appease, abate, mitigate, or subdue 
[Partly fr. AS. alecgan, to lay down, depress ; 
partly fr. F. allier, to ally, mix.] — Allay'er, n. 
He who, or that which, allays. — Allay' ment, n 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which, etc. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, font ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ALLAY 



14 



ALMIGHTY 



Allay. See Alloy. 

Allege, al-lej', v. t. Jalleged (-lejd'), alleging.] 
To bring forward with positiveness ; to produce, as 
an argument, plea, or excuse, f L. ad and Ugare. 
re'abie, re. Capable 



,«,, #.. Capable of 
e-ga'shun, re. Positive 



to send, dispatch.] — Allege 
being, etc. — Allegation, al-l 
declaration 

Allegiance, al-le'jans, n. Obligation of a subject to 
his prince or government ; loyalty. [L. ad and 
Ugare, to bind.] 

Allegory, aKle-go-rl, n. A story in which the direct 
and literal meaning is not the real or principal one, 
but images forth some important truth; figurative 
description. [Gr. allegoria: alios, other, and ago- 
reuein, to harangue.] — Allegoric, -gSr'ik, -ical, a. 
In the manner of, etc. : figurative. — Allegor'ically, 
adv. — Allegor'icalness, n. — AKlegorist, n. One 
who teaches by, etc.. — Al'legorize, -nz, v. t. [al- 
legorized (-rlzd), -rizing.] To form or turn into, 
etc. ; to understand in an allegorical sense. — v. i. 
To use, etc. — Allegoriza'tion, n. 

Allegretto, al-la-gret r to, a. (Mus.) Quicker than an- 
dante, but not so quick as allegro. [It.] 

Allegro, al-la'gro, a. (Mus.) Quick, brisk, lively. — 
n. A quick, sprightly strain or piece. [It.] 

Alleluiah, al-Ie-lu'ya, n. Praise to Jehovah. [See 
Halleluiah.] 

Allemande, al-le-mand', n. A German waltz. (Cook- 
ery.) A white sauce. [F., German.] 

Alleviate, al-le'vl-at, v. t. To make light or easy to be 
borne; to remove in part; to make easier; to lessen, 
mitigate, assuage, allay. [L. ad and levis, light.] — 
Alleviation, n. Act of, etc. ; mitigation. — AUe'- 
viative, -tiv,a.and n. That, or that which, alleviates. 

Alley, aKIT, n. ; pi. Alleys, al'lYz. A walk in a gar- 
den; a narrow passage, as distinct from a public 
street. [F. allege, fr. alter, to go.] — A large marble. 
[A contr. of alabaster.] 

Alliaceous, al-lY-a'shus, a. Pert, to garlic; having the 
smell or properties of, etc. [L. allium, garlic] 

Alliance. See under Ally. 

Alligate, aKIY-gat, v. t. To tie together; to unite. 
[L. ad and Ugare, to bind.] — Alliga'tion, n. (Arith.) 
A rule relating to the compounding of different in- 
gredients, or ingredients of different qualities or 
values. 

Alligator, al-li-ga'tSr, n. A large carnivorous am- 
phibious reptile, of 
the Saurian family, 
peculiar to America. 
[Corrup. fr. Sp. el 
lagarto, the lizard.] 

AUineate, al-lin'i-at, 
v.t. (Surv.) Toad- 
just to a line ; to 
align. See Align. 

AlliBJon, al-lizh'un, n. 
A striking against. 
[L. ad and Isedere, to 
dash against. Alligator. 

Alliteration, al-lit'gr-a'shun, re. Repetition of the 
same letter at short intervals. — AUit'erative, -tiv, 
a. Pert, to, etc. [L. ad and litera, letter.] 

Allocate, al'lo-kat, v. t. To place, set apart, allot. 
[L. ad and locare, to place.] — Allocation, n. Act 
of putting one thing to another ; admission of an 
article of account; allowance made upon an account. 

— Allocatur , n. (Law.) Allowance of a thing or 
proceeding, by a court or judicial officer. [LL., it is 
allowed.] 

Allocution, al-lo-ku'shun, re. An address ; esp. by the 
pope to his clergy. [L. ad and locutus. spoken.] 

Allodium, al-lo'dt-um, re. (Law.) Freehold estate; 
land which is the absolute property of the owner. 
[LL., fr. OG. 6d, ot, AS. ead, possession, property.] 

— Allo'dial, a. (Law.) Pert, to, etc.; free of rent 
or service, — opp. to feudal,. 

Allonge, al-lunj', re. A thrust with a sword. [F., fr. 

allonger, to lengthen, L. longus, long.] 
Allopathy, al-lop'a-thY, n. Employment of medicines 

to produce effects opposite to those resulting from 

disease; the ordinary practice, as opp. to homeopathy. 

[Gr. alios, other, aim pathos, suffering.] — Allop''- 

athist, al-lop'a-thist. Allopath, n. A practitioner of , 

etc. — Allopathic, a. Pert, to, etc. — Allopatb/- 

ically, adv. 
Alloquy, al'lo-kwl, n. A speaking to, but not with, 

another or others, — opp. to colloquy. ; — AHo'quial, 

a. [L. ad and loqui, to speak.] 
Allot, al-lot'. v. t. To divide or distribute, as by lot; 

to distribute in parts; to grant, as a portion; to give, 




assign, apportion. — Allotment, n. Act of allotting; 
part allotted. — Allottee, -te', n. One to whom a 
thing is allotted. [OF. allotir, fr. E. lot.] 

Allotropism, al-lot'ro-pizm, Allofropy, -pi, tt. 
(Chem.) The property of existing in two or more 
conditions which are distinct in their physical or 
chemical relations: as carbon, which appears under 
the forms of charcoal, graphite, and diamond. [Gr. 
alios, other, and tropos, way, fr. trepein, to turn.] — 
Allotrop'ic, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Allotriophagy, aWo-trl-of'a-ji, re. (Med.) Depraved 
appetite ; longing for unsuitable food. [Gr. allotrios. 
belonging to another, strange, and phagein, to eat.] 

Allow, al-low', v. t. [allowed (-lowd'), -lowing.] 
To give, afford, or yield; acknowledge; abate or de- 
duct;grant license to; permit; show, or prove to be; 
to approve of, justify. — v. i. To make abatement. 
[F. atlouer, fr. L. ad and locare, to place.] — Allow' - 
able, a. Capable of being, or proper to be, etc. — 
Allowably, adv. — Allowance, n. Act of, etc. ; 
permission or license ; that which is allowed ; a 
stated quantity. (Naut.) A limited quantity of 
meat and drink, when provisions fall 6hort ; abate- 
ment. (Com.) A deduction from the gross weight 
of goods. — v. t. [allowanced (-anst), -ancing.] 
To put upon allowance. 

Alloxan, al-loks'an, n. (Chem.) A product of the ox- 
idation of uric acid. [From all(antoine) and ox- 
(alic).] — Allox'anate, -at, n. A combination of 
alloxanic acid and a base. — Alloxanlc, a. Pert, 
to, etc., — applied to an acid obtained by the action 
of soluble alkalies on alloxan. — Alloxan 'tin, -tine, 
-an'tin, n. A substance produced by acting upon 
uric acid with warm and dilute nitric acid. 

Alloy, al-loi / \ v. t. [alloyed (-loid r ), -loying.] 
To reduce the purity of, by mixing with a less valua- 
ble metal; to abate, impair, or corrupt, — n. Any 
compound of two or more metals ; a baser metal 
mixed with a finer ; evil mixed with good. [F. h 
la tot"=L. ad legem, according to law. This word 
has been confounded with allay, and the significa- 
tion of the latter attributed to it.] — Alloy'age, re. 
Act of alloying; mixture of different metals. 

Allude, al-lud', v. i. To refer to something not directly 
mentioned; to hint by remote suggestions; to have 
reference, advert to. [L. ad and ludere, to play.] — 
Allusion, -lu'zhun, n. Indirect reference. (Rhet.) 
A figure by which something is applied to, or under- 
stood of, another, on account of some similitude be- 
tween them. — Allu'sive, -siv, a. Hinting at; ref er- 
ring to. — Allu'sively, adv. — Allu'siveness, n. 

Alluminor, al-lu'mY-ner, n. One who paints, giving 
light and ornament to letters and figures; a limner. 
[L. illuminator, fr. lumen, light.] 

Allure, al-lur'', v. t. [allured (-lurd'"), alluring.] 
To try to draw to; to tempt by offers : to entice, se- 
duce. [L. ad and lure, fr. OF. leurre, a bait.] — Al- 
lure' ment, n. That which allures. — Allur'er, n. 
A tempter. 

Allusion. See under Allude. 

Alluvium, al-lu'vf-um, -vion, n. ; pi. Allu'via, -vY-a. 
(Geol.) Deposits of earth, sand, etc., made by rivers, 
floods, etc., upon land not permanently submerged. 
[L. ad and luere, to wash down.] — All*' vial. a. 
Pert, to, contained in, or composed of, etc ; washed 
ashore or down a stream; of fresh-water origin. 

Ally, al-H', v. t. [allied (-lid''), allying.] To 
unite, or form a connection between. — n. ,• pi. Al- 
lies, al-liz'. One united by compact, marriage, or 
any tie; a confederate. [L. ad and Ugare, to bind.] 
— Alliance, al-li'ans, n. State of being allied; a 
union or connection of interests; the compact or 
treaty which is the instrument of allying ; persons 
or parties allied; league; confederacy; coalition. 

Allyl, al'lil, n. (Chem.) An organic radical, existing 
esp. in garlic and mustard. [L. allium, garlic, and 
Gr. hule, wood, element.] 

Almagest, al'ma-jest, n. A book of problems in as- 
tronomy and geometry, drawn up by Ptolemy. [Gr. 
megistos, greatest, and Ar. article al, the.] 

Alma Mater, al'ma ma'tSr. A college or seminary 
where one is educated. [L., fostering mother.] 

Almanac, awl'ma-nak. ». A calendar of days, weeks, 
and months. [Gr. olmenache.] 

Almandine, aKman-din, n. (Min.) The red variety 
of garnet, translucent or transparent. [L. alaban- 
dina, fr, Alabanrfa, in Caria.l 

Alme, Almeh, al'mf, n. In Egypt, a dancing-girl. 
"Ar. 'alimeh, fr. 'alima, to know.] 

nty, awl-mifY, n. God; the Supreme Being.— 
' 'aving all power. 



am, fSme, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, 5ve, term ; Tn, Tee : Odd. tone. 6r < 



ALMOND 



15 



AMACRATIC 



Almond, a'mund, n. The fruit of the almond-tree; 
one of the glands called tonsils, at the base of the 
throat. ILL. amandola, corrup. fr. L. amygdala.] 

Almost, awl'most, adv. Nearly; for the greatest part. 

Alms, amz, n. pi. Any thing gratuitously given to re- 
lieve the poor; a charitable donation. [AS. almes, 
fr. Gr. eleemosune, fr. eleein, to have pity.] — Alms'- 
house, n. A house for the poor; poor-house. —Al- 
moner, al'mun-er. n. One who distributes alms for 
another. — Al'monry, n. A place for, etc. 

Alnage, al'nej, n. A measuring by the ell. [OF. 
alne, fr. L. ulnn, elbow.] 

Aloe, al'o, n. ,- pi. Aloes, aKoz. (Bot.) A genus of 
evergreen herbaceous plants. —;>/. (Med.) The in- 
spissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a 
purgative. [L. and Gr. aloe.] — Al'oetlc, -ical, a. 

Aloft, a-loft', adv. On high. (Naut.) In the top: at the 
mast-head; above the deck. [Icel. a lo/>t. in the air.] 

Alone, a-lon', a. Apart from, or exclusive of, others; 
single; solitary, [all and one.] 

Along, a-long', adv. In a line with the length ; length- 
wise; in a line, or with a progressive motion ; onward; 
in company; together, —prep. By the length of, as 
disting. fr. across. [AS. and, toward, and lang, 
long.] — Along'side. adv. By the side of a ship. 

Aloof, a-loof", adv. At or from a distance, but within 
view; apart, —prep. At or to a distance from ; away 
from. [D. te loef, to windward.] 

Alose. alos, n. The American shad. [F., fr. L. alosa.] 

Alouchi, Aluchi, a-lu'che, n. A compound resin ob- 
tained from Madagascar. 

Aloud, a-lowd r . adv. With a great noise; loudly. 

Alow, a-lo', adv. In a low place ; not aloft. 

Alp, alp, n. Avery high mountain; — esp. in the 
mountain ranges of Switzerland. [Celtic] — AK- 
pine, -pin or -pin, Al'pen, a. Pert, to or like the 
Alps; lofty. — Al'penstock, n. An iron-pointed 
staff used in climbing the Alps. [G. stock; a stick.J 

Alpaca, al-pak'a, n. An animal of Peru, having long, 
hne, woolly hair; a species of 
llama; a thin cloth made of al- 
paea wool mixed with silk or cot- 
ton. [Orig. Peruvian name.] 

Alpha, alia, n. The first letter of 
the Greek alphabet, used to de- 
note first. (Astron.) Used to des- 
ignate the brightest star in a con- 
stellation.— Al'phabet, n. The 
letters of a language arranged in 
order. [Gr. alphabetos, fr. alpha 
and beta, the first two Greek let- 
ters.] — Alphabet, Alphabetize, Alpaca. 
-Iz, v. t. [alphabetized (-Izd), -tizing.] To ar- 
range in the order of an alphabet. — Al'phabeta'- 
rlan, n. A learner of the alphabet; abecedarian. — 
Alphabetic, -ical, a. Of, pertaining to, or arranged 
in the order of, etc. — Alphabet Icafiy, adv. 

Alphonsin, al-fon'sin, n. (Surg.) An instrument for 
extracting bullets from wounds. 

Alquifou, aKkT-foo, n. An ore of lead, potters' ore. 

Already, awl-redl, adv. Before this time; now. 

Alaike, al'sik or al'sek, n. A kind of clover. [From 
Alsike, a parish of Sweden.] 

Also, awKso, adv. or conj. In like manner; likewise; 
too; in addition to. [From all and so.] 

Alt, alt, a. or n. ( Mus?) The higher part of the scale. 
[L. altus. high.] 

Altar, awller, n. An elevated place on which sacri- 
fices are offered to a deity; in Christian churches, 
the communion table. [L. altare, altar, fr. same 
root as altus.] — Al'tarage, n. Profits of priests from 
offerings. — cloth, n. The covering of an altar. — 
-piece, n. A painting over the altar; entire decora- 
tion of an altar. 

Altazimuth, al-tazl-muth, n. An instrument at- 
tached to telescopes for taking azimuths and alti- 
tudes at the same time. See Azimuth. 

Alter, awller, v. t. [altered (-terd), -tering.] To 
make some change m; to vary; to change entirely or 
materially. — v. z. To become, in some respects, dif- 
ferent; to change. — Al'tered, part. a. (Geol.) Ap- 
plied to strata that have been changed since their de- 
Eosition by heat, moisture, etc. [LL. alterare. fr. 
i. alter, another.] — Al'terable, a. Capable of bei ng 
altered.— Al'terableness, -ability, n. — Al'terably. 
adv. — Al'terant, a. and n. Same as alterative.— 
Alteration, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
change; the change made. — Alterative, -tiv, a. 
(Med.) Having power to restore the healthy func- 
tions of the body without sensible evacuations. — n. 
An alterative medicine. 




Altercate, aller-kat, v. i. To contend in words; to 
wrangle. [L. altercari, fr. alter.] — Alterca'tion, n. 
Warm contention; controversy; wrangle. 

Alternate, al-ter'nat, a. Being t>y turns; one follow- 
ing the other in succession ; reciprocal, n. — That 
which happens by turns ; vicissitude ; a substitute. 
[L. alternare, altematiim, to do by turns, fr. alter.] 

— Alternate, aller-nat or al-ter'nat, v. t. Toper- 
form in succession; to cause to succeed by turns; to 
change reciprocally. — v. i. To happen or to act by 
turns.— Alternately, adv.— Alternation, n. Recip- 
rocal succession. (Math.) Changes or alterations of 
order in numbers; permutation.— Alternative, -tiv, 
a. Offering a choice of two things. — n. That which 
may be chosen or omitted: a choice of two things. — 
Alternatively, adv. — Alter'nativeness, n. Quality 
or state of being, etc. (Biol.) Alternate generation; 
a form of reproduction in which development from 
eggs alternates with that from buds, the individuals 
arising in the two methods differing from one an- 
other; metagenesis. — Alter'nant, a. (Geol.) In 
alternating layers. 

Althea, al-the'a, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants includ- 
ing the marsh-mallow and hollyhocks. [Gr. althaia, 
fr. althein, to make to grow, to heal.] — Althe'in, 
n. (Chem.) An alkaline substance existing in the 
marsh-mallow; asparagine. 

Althorn, alt'h6rn, n. A musical instrument similar 
to the saxhorn. [Alt and horn.] 

Although, awl-tho , conj. Grant all this; be it so; 
suppose that; notwithstanding. 

Altiloquence, al-til'o-kwens, n. Lofty speech; pomp- 
ous language. [L. altus, high, and loquentia, a 
speaking.] 

Altimeter, al-tim'e-ter, n. An instrument for taking 
altitudes by geometrical principles. — Altim /, etry, 
n. Art of, etc. — [L. altus and metrum, measure.] 

Altisonant, al-tis'o-nant, -onous, -nus, a. High sound- 
ing; pompous. [L. altus and sonans, sounding.] 

Altitude, allY-tud, n. Height ; perpendicular eleva- 
tion above the ground, or above a given level. 
(Astron.) Elevation of a celestial object above the 
horizon. [L. altitudo. fr. altus.] 

Alto, alio, n. (Mus.) The part sung by the lowest 
female voices, between tenor and soprano ; m in- 
strumental music, the tenor. 

Altogether, awl'to-getfi'er, adv. With united action; 
without exception: completely. [All and together.] 

Alto-relievo, aFto-re-le'vo. -rilievo, -re-le-a'vo, n. 
(Sculp.) High relief; the figure standing out from 
the background. [It. alto rilievo.] 

Altruism, allroo-izm, n. Regard for others; devotion 
to the interests of others; unselfishness; opp. to 
egotism. — Al'truist, n. One who, etc. — Altruistic, 
a. [F . altruisme ; L. alter.] 

Aludel, al'u-del, n. A chemical pot open at each end. 
used in sublimation. [Prob. of Arabic origin.] 

Alum, aKum, n. A double sulphate of alumina and 
potassa. [L. alumen.] — Aluminate, a-lu'ml-nat, v. 
t. (Engraving.) To wash with alum-water, to pre- 
vent lines from running.— Aluminlform, n. Formed 
like alumina. — Alu'mina, -ml-na, AFumine, -min, 
n. (Min.) One of the earths, having two parts 
of aluminum and three of oxygen.— Aluminifer- 
ous, -nif'er-us, a. Producing or containing alum. 

— Aluminium, Alu'minum, n. The metallic base of 
alumina; a very light white metal, not easily oxid- 
ized. — Alu'minous, a. Pert, to, or containing al- 
um, or alumina. — Al'umish, n. Of the nature of 
alum. — Al'um-stone, n. A mineral containing alum. 

Alumnus, a-lum'nus, n. ; pi. Alum'ni, -ni. A pupil; a 
graduate of a college, etc. [L., fr. alere, to nourish.] 

Alva, al'va, n. A plant of the pondweed order, dried, 
and used for stuffing beds and upholstery. 

Alveary, al'vT-a-rY, n. A bee-hive; the hollow of the 
external ear. [L. alvearium, fr. alvus, belly, bee- 
hive.] — Alveolus, al-ve'o-lus, n. ,• pi. Alve'oli. A 
cell in a honey-comb; the socket in the jaw in which 
a tooth is fixed. [L., small cavity, dim. of alveus, fr. 
alvus.] — Al'veolar, -lary, a. Pert, to or resembling 
tooth-sockets. — Al'veolate, a. Pitted like honey- 
comb. — Alvine, aKvin, a. Pert, to the lower belly 
or intestines. 

Alway , awl'wa, Al'ways, adv. Perpetually ; regularly 
at stated intervals; invariably. [All and way, pi. 
ways.] 

Am, the first person singular of the verb to be in the 
indicative mode, present tense. 

Amacratic, am-a-kratlk. a. Pert, to a lens which 
unites all the chemical rays into one focus. [Gr. 
ama, together, and kratos, strength.] 



sBn, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil : linger or ink- then, boNboN, chair, get 



AMADOU 



16 



AMENDE 



Amadou, am'a-doo.n. A spongy, combustible prep- 
aration of agaric growing on old trees. [F., tinder.) 

Amain, a-mah', adv. Violently; suddenly. (Naut.) 
Suddenly, or at once. [AS. a, maegen, strength.] 

Amalgam, a-mal'gam, n. A compound of mercury, 
or quicksilver, with another metal; a mixture of 
different things. [Gr. malagma, any emollient, fr. 
malassein, to make soft.] — Amalgamate, -gamize, 
v. t. To compound or mix. — v. i. To unite in 
an amalgam; to coalesce, as a result of growth. — 
AmaFgama'tion, n. Actor operation of, etc.; esp. 
the process of separating gold and silver from their 
ores by mixing them with mercury; the blending of 
different things or races. — Amalgamator, -master, 
n. A machine for producing an amalgam. 

Amanuensis, a-man^u-en'sis, n. ; pi. -enses, -sez. One 
who writes what another dictates, or copies what 
is written; a copyist. [L. a manu, by hand.] 

Amaranth, am'a-ranth, n. ( Bot. ) A genus of annual 
plants, with flowers and foliage of various colors and 
leaves that last long without withering; an imaginary 
flower that never fades; a purplish color. [Gr. ani- 
arantos, fr. a priv. and rnarainein, to wither. — Am- 
aranthine, -ranth r in, a. Of or pert, to, etc.; not fad- 
ing ; purplish. 

Amaryllis, am-a-ril'lis, n. (Bot.) A bulbous plant, 
with large, lily-like flowers of various colors. [Name 
of a country girl in Theocritus and Virgil.] 

Amasi, a-m-a/sY, n. A preparation of soured milk 
used in Central Africa. 

Amass, a-mas', v. t. [amassed (a-masf), amassing.] 
To collect into a mass or heap; to accumulate, pile 
up, gather. — Amass'able, a. Capable of being, etc. 
— Amass'ing, n. Act of accumulating; what has 
been accumulated. — Amass'ment, n. Accumula- 
tion. [LL. amassare, fr. L. massa, mass.] 

Amassette, a-mas-set', n. An implement used by art- 
ists to collect paint on the stone. [F.] 

Amasthenic, am-as-then'ik, a. Uniting all the chem- 
ical rays into one focus, — said of a lens; amacratic. 
[Gr. ama, together, and sthenos, force.] 

Amateur, am-a-ter', n. One who cultivates a study or 
art, without pursuing it professionally. [F., fr. 
L. amator, lover, fr. amare, to love.] — Amateurish, 
a. Inclined to be an amateur. 

Amative, am'a-tiv, a. Full of love ; amorous ; ama- 
tory. — Am'ativeness, n. (Phren.) Supposed seat of 
sexual desire; propensity to love. [See Phrenol- 
ogy] — Amato'rial, Am'atory, a. Relating to, in- 
duced by, or expressive of, love. 

Amaurosis, am-aw-ro'sis, n. (Med.) A loss or decay 
of sight, without visible defect in the eye, usually 
from loss of power in the optic nerve. —Amaurotic, 
-rot'ik, a. Pert, to, etc. [Gr. amauros, dark, dim.] 

Amaze, a-maz', j;. t. [amazed (-mazd'), amazing.] 
To confound with fear, sudden surprise, or wonder; 
to confuse with terror and astonishment. — n. As- 
tonishment ; perplexity. [Prefix a and maze.] — 
Ama'zedly, -ed-11, adv.— Ama/zedness, n. — Amaze '- 
ment, n. A feeling of surprise and wonder ; per- 
plexity from, etc.; admiration; confusion. -Ama'- 
zingly, adv. In an amazing degree. 

Amazon, am'a-zon, n. One of a fabulous race of fe- 
male warriors, on the coast of the Euxine; a warlike 
or masculine woman; a virago. [Gr., fr. a. priv. and 
mazos, a breast, from the fable that the Amazons cut 
off the right breast, to use weapons more freely.] — 
Amazo'man, a. Pert, to or resembling, etc. ; belong- 
ing to the River Amazon, or to the surrounding 
country. — Am' azon ant. (Entom.) A warlike spe- 
cies of ants. — Am'azonite, -it, Am'azon stone. 
(Min.) A variety of feldspar, found near the Ama- 
zon River, also in the Ural Mountains in Siberia, 
and in Colorado._ 

Ambages, am-ba'jez, n. A circuit of words; a circum- 
locution. [L., fr. ambi, around, and agere, to go.] 

Ambassador, am-bas'sa-der, n. An envoy of the 
highest rank sent to a foreign government. — Am- 
bas'sadress, n. A female ambassador ; the wife of 
an ambassador. [F. ambassadeur, fr. LL. ambax- 
iare, to announce.] — Ambassado'rial, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Am'bassage, -bassy, -si, n. Embassy. 

Amber, am'ber, n. A yellow fossil resin, rendered 
electric by friction.— a. Of, resembling, or of the 
color of, amber. [Ar. 'anbar.] — Am'ber-pine, n. 
A tree producing, etc. — Am'ber-seed, n. Musk- 
seed. 

Ambergris, am'ber-gres, n. A fragrant substance 
used in perfumery, etc. It is a morbid secretion 
of the intestines of the sperm-whale. [Amber and 
F. grts, g»ay.] — Am'breine, -bre-in, n. The active 



' principle of ambergris. — Am'breic, a. — Am'brite, 
-brit, n. A fossil gum-resin resembling amber, found 
in New Zealand. 

Ambidexter, am-bi-deks'ter, n. One who uses both 
hands equally well; a double-dealer. [L. ambo, both, 
and dexter, right (hand).]— Am'bidexter'ity. -ter'- 
T-tT, n. Power of using, etc. ; double-dealing. — Am- 
bidex'trous, -trus, a. — Ambidex'trousness, n. 

Ambient, am'bf-ent, a. Encompassing; surrounding. 
[L. ambiens, p. pr. of ambire, to go around.] 

Ambiguous, am-big'u-us, a. Doubtful or uncertain, 
esp. in respect to signification. [L. ambiguus, fr. 
ambigere, to wander about irresolutely. — Ambig'u- 
ously, adv. — Ambig'uousness, Ambiguity, n. 

Ambit, am'bit, n. Circuit or compass. ■ [L. ambitus.] 

Ambition, am-bish'un, n. Eager desire of preferment, 



superiority, power, etc. ; aspiration ; greediness. [L. 
ambit io, a gomgaround, esp. of candidates for offic 
to solicit votes?] — Ambi'tious, -shus, a. Possessing, 



controlled by, springing from, or indicating, ambi- 
tion. — Ambi'tionless, a. — Ambi'tiously, adv. — 
Ambi'tiousness, n. 

Amble, am'bl, v. i. To move, as a horse, by lifting 
together the two legs on one side; to pace; to move 
affectedly. — n. Gait of a horse. [L. ambidare, to 
walk.] — Am'bler, n. A horse which paces. 

Amblyopy, am^bli-o-pl, n. Obscurity of sight; incip- 
ient amaurosis. [Gr. amblus, dim, and ops, eye.] 

Ambreine. See under Ambergris. 

Ambrosia, am-bro'zha, n. (Myth.) The food of the 
gods, which conferred eternal youth. (Bot.) A 
genus of plants, including rag-weed, hog-weed, etc. 
[Gr., fr. a priv. and brotos, mortal.] — AmbrCBial, 
-zhal, a. Of, or pert, to, etc.; delicious. 

Ambrosian, am-bro'zhan, a. Pert, to St. Ambrose. 

Ambrotype, am^bro-tip, n. A picture taken on a pre- 
pared glass, in which lights are represented in silver, 
and shades by a dark background, visible through 
the unsilvered portions of the glass. [Gr. ambrotos, 
immortal, and tupos, impression.] 

Ambry, am'brT, n. An almonry ; a pantry. [OF. 
armarie, repository for arms.] 

Ambsace, amz'as, n. A double ace. [OF. ambes, 
ambs, L. ambo, both, and ace.] 

Ambulance, am'bu-lans, n. (Mil.) A flying hospital 
to follow an army in its movements. [L. ambulare, 
to walk.] — Am'bulance cart, n. A vehicle, for 
wounded persons. — Am'bulant, a. Walking; mov- 
ing from place to place. — Ambulation, n. Act of, 
etc. — Am'bulato'ry, a. Able or accustomed to, etc. 
(Law.) Not fixed in its legal character, but capable 
of being altered, as a will. — n. Part of a building 
intended tor walking in, esp. a place inclosed by a 
colonnade or arcade, as a portico. 

Ambury, am'bu-rT, An'bury, n. A soft swelling on a 
horse, full of blood. _[AS. ampre, crooked vein.] 

Ambuscade, am , bus-kad, n. A lying concealed, to 
attack an enemy by surprise ; a concealed place 
from which to attack ; ambush. — v. t. To lie in 
wait ; to attack from ambush. [It. imboscata, to set 
in bushes, fr. in and bosco, LL. boscus, a wood ; 
E. bush.] — Am'bush, -bo"6sh, n. Act of attacking, 
etc.; an ambuscade; troops concealed, etc. — v. t. [am- 
bushed (-b<36sht), ambushing.] To lie in wait for; 
to surprise; to place in ambush. 

Ameer, Amir, a-mer'. Same as Emeer, Emir. 

Ameliorate, a-meKyo-rat, v. t. To make better; to im- 
prove, —u. i. To grow better; to meliorate. [L. ad 
and meliorare, to make better.] — Amelioration, 
n. — Ameliorative, -tiv, a. Producing, etc. 

Amen, a'men' (in singing pron. a'men'). An ex- 
pression used at the end of prayers, meaning, So be 
it. [Gr. andHeb.] 

Amenable, a-me'na-bl, a. Liable to be brought to 
account or punishment; responsible; willing to yield; 
submissive. [F. amener, to lead to, fr. LL. minare, 
to conduct.] — Ame'nably, adv. — Amenability, 
Ame'nableness, n. State of being, etc. 

Amend, a-mend', v. t. To change for the better; to cor- 
rect, reform. — v. i. To grow better. [F. amender. 
L. a, from, and rnendum, fault.] — Amend 'able, a. 
Capable of being, etc. — Amend'atory, a. Con- 
taining amendment; corrective. — Amend'er, n. — 
Amend'ment, n. An alteration for the better: cor- 
rection of faults; reformation by quitting vices: in 
public bodies, an alteration in a bill or motion by 
adding, changing, etc. (Law.) Correction of im 
error in a writ or process. — Amends', n. sing. and. 
pi. Compensation for loss or injury ; satisfaction ; 
equivalent. 

Amende, a-maNd', n. A fine ot punishment; repara- 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 



AMENITY 



AMPHIPROSTYLE 



[L. 



t: m : retraction. — Amende honorable, -on'o^ra'bl. 
Public recantation or apology lor injury. [F.] 
Amenity, a-men'Y-tT, n. Agreeablene>s in situation, 

.mate, manners, etc. [L. amcenus, pleasant.] 
Ameaomania, a-men'o-ma'nl-a, n. A kind of insan- 
which the patient has agreeable delusions. 
■ namus and mania, madness.] 
Ameaerrhoea, a-men'or-re'a. n. ( Pathol. ) Absence 
■ >t the menstrual discharge. [Gr. a priv., men. 
month, and rhein, to flow.] 
Ament, am'ent, n. (Bot.) A species of inflorescence 
mg of a scaly 
sort of spike, as in the 
alder, birch, etc. ; a 
catkin. — Amenta'- 
C8 0U8. -ta'shus, a. 
Producing catkins. Ament. 

(L. amentum, thonzor strap.] 
Amentia, a-men'shT-a, n. Imbecility; idiocy 

fr. Gr. a priv. and L. mens, mentis, mind.] 
Amerce, a-mersl v. t. [amerced (-mersf), amer- 
cing.] To punish by a pecuniary penalty fixed by 
the court; to punish^ in general. [OF. amercier, to 
tine, L. merces, wages.]— Amerce'able, a. Liable 
to, etc.— Amerce'ment, n. {Law.) Pecuniary pen- 
alty inflicted at the discretion of the court. — A- 
mer'cer, n. 
American, a-mer'T-kan, a. Pert, to America, — esp. to 
the United States, —n. Native of, etc., formerly 
applied to the aboriginal inhabitants; but now to 
descendants of Europeans born in America, esp. in 
the United States. [From Amerigo Vespucci.] — 
Americanism, -izm, n. Word, phrase, or idiom pe- 
culiar to America ; regard of Americans lor their | 
country or its interests. — Americanize, -Tz, v. t. j 
[-ized (-Izd), -izixg.] To render American. 
Americim, a-mer'T-sim, n. A South American liz- 
ard. 
Ametabolic, a-met'a-bol'ik, a. (Zool.) Pert, to insects 
which remain wingless and undergo no evident met- 
amorphosis. [Gr. a priv. and meiabole, change.] 
Amethyst, am'e-thist, n. A subspecies of quartz, of a 
bluish violet color. [Gr. arnethustos, remedy for 
drunkenness, the stone supposed to have this pow- 
er.] — Amethyst'ine, -in, a. Pert, to, composed of, 
or resembling, etc. — Amethysfoline, -lin, n. Vol- 
atile fluid found in cavities of the amethyst. 
Amiable, a'mT-a-bl, a. Worthy of love; deserving of 
affection; charming. [L. amabilis, fr. amare, to 
love.] — A'miableness. -billty, n. — A'miably, adv. 
Amianth, am'T-anth. Amianthus, am/T-an-thus, n. 
(Min.) An incombustible flax-like mineral sub- 
stance, which may be wrought into cloth and paper. 
[Gr. amiantos (hthos), unsoiled (stone), fr. a priv. 
and miainein, to stain .] — Annan' thiform [L. forma, 
shape] and Amian'thoid [Gr. eidos, form], a. Re- 
sembling, etc. 
Amicable, am' T-ka-bl, a. Harmonious in mutual in- 
tercourse; friendly; peaceable. [L. amicus, friend.] 
— Am'icabUlty, Amlcableness, n. — Ami'cabiy, 
adv. 
Amice, am'is, Amlct. n. A loose flowing garment 
worn by pilgrims. (Eccl.) A piece of embroidered 
linen, worn on the head like a hood, or on the should- 
ers like a cape. [L. amicire, amictwn, to wrap about.] 
Amid, a-mid'. Amidst'', prep. In the midst or middle ; 
surrounded by ; among. [AS. a and middan, mid- 
dle.] 
Amidships, a-mid'ships, adv. Half-way between the 

stem and the stern. 
Amiss, a-mis', a. Wrong: faulty: out of order; im- 
proper. — adv. Wronsly, etc. " [AS. a and mission, 
to miss.] 
Amity, am'T-fl, n. Friendship ; harmony ; good un- 
derstanding. [F. amitie, fr. ami, L. amicus, friend.] 
Amm onia, am-mo'nT-a, n. A volatile alkali of a pun- I 
gent smell; spirit of hartshorn. [From salammoniac, 
first obtained near the temple of Jupiter Amman, bv I 
burning camel's dung.] — Ammo , niac, -niacal. -id/- | 
a-kal, a._ Of, or pert, to, etc. — Ammc'niac. or Gum ! 
ammo'niac, n. (Med.) Concrete juice of an umbel- 
liferous plant, from Persia. [Gr. ammoniakon, gum 
said to distill from trees near the temple of Jupiter ' 
Amnion.] — Ammo /- niated, a. Combined with am- 
monia, — used of metallic salts. — Ammo'nic. a. Of, [ 
or pert, to, ammonia. 
Ammunition, am-mu-nish'un, n. Military stores for 
attack or defense; articles used in charging^ fire-arms 
j nd ordnance; as powder, balls, shot, etc. ft. ad, for, I 
and munitio, defense, fr. munire, to defend.] 
Amnesty, am'nes-tY, n. A general pardon of offenses 

sun, cube, full ; moon, f<36t ; cow, oil ; I 
2 



against government. [Gr. umnestia, a forgetting, fr. 
a priv. and mirnneskeiii. to remember.] 

Amnion, am'ni-on, Am'aios, n. (Anat.) The inner 
membrane covering the fetus. (Bot.) The cover- 
ing of the embryo of the seed. [Gr., fr. amnos, a 
lamb, so called "from its softness to the touch.] 

Amoeba, a-me'ba, n. (Zool.) An animalcule capable 
of numerous changes of form. — Amce'biform. 
Amoe'boid. a. Resembling, etc. — Amoe'bous.-'ous, 
a. Of, or pert, to, etc. [Gr. amoibe. a change.] 

Amcebaean. am-e-be'an, a. Alternately answering. 
[Gr. amoibaios, alternate, fr. ameibein, to change.] 

Among, a-miing', Amongst, a-mungst', prep. Mixed 
or mingled with; associated with; making part of the 
number of. [AS. amang, fr. gemaug, mixture.] 

Amontillado, a-mon'til-la'do, n. A dry sherry. [Sp.J 

Amorous, am'o-rus, a. Inclined to love ; prone to 
,-exual enjoyment; enamored: in love; of, or caused 
by, love. [L. amor, love. J — Am'oreusly, adv. — 
Amorousness, n. 

Amoroso, am-o-ro'so. n. A lover, — adv. (Mus.) Lov- 
ingly; tenderly. [It.] 

Amorph, arn'orf, n. (C hem. and Min.) A body with- 
out crystalline structure. — Amor'phism, n. A state 
of being, etc., as in glass, opal, etc. [Gr. a priv. and 
morphe, form.] — Amor'phous, -lus, a. Having no 
determined form: of no particular character; anom- 
alous. — Amor'photae, -fo-te. n. pi. (Astron,) Stars 
not comprised in any constellation. 

Amortize, a-mor'tlz, v. t. (Law.) To alienate in 
mortmain. [LL. amortisare. fr. L. mors, mortis, 
death. J — Amortdza'tion. Amortizement, -tiz-ment, 
n. (Law.) Act or right ol alienating lands to a cor- 
poration, considered as transferring them to dead 
hands, or in mortmain ; extinction of debt, esp. by 
a sinking fund. 

Amount, a-mownt', v. i. To rise or reach by accumu- 
lation ; to come in the aggregate ; to be equivalent. 

— a. Sum total: effect, substance, or result. [F. 
mooter, to ascend, fr. L. ad and mans, montem, 
mountain.]_ 

Amour, a-moor', n. A love intrigue. [F., fr. L. amor, 
love.] 

Ampere, o^'par', -pere, am-par', n. The unit of 
electric current. [Fr. a French electrician.] 

Amphibious, am-flb'1-us, a. Able to live in the air and 
water; adapted for living, etc.; partaking of two na- 
tures. — Amphibiously, adv. — Amphiblousness, 
n. [Gr. amphi. on both sides, and bios, life.] — Am- 
phibla, -I-a. n. pi. (Zool.) The class of reptiles 
which includes the saurians. — Amphibian, n. An 
amphibious animal. —Amphibian, -ial. a. Of, or 
pert, to, etc. — Amphiblolite. -lit. n. Fossil remains 
of an amphibious_animal. [Gr. hthos, stone.] 

Amphibole, am'fi-bol, n. (Geel.) Hornblende, which 
is easily mistaken for augite. — Amphibolic, -bollk, 
a. [Gr. amphibolos, ambiguous, equivocal.] — Am- 
phib'olite, -lit, n. Hornblende ; trap-rock. [Gr. 
hthos, stone.] 

Amphibology, am-fi-boKo-jT, n. A phrase, proposi- 
tion, etc., susceptible of more than one interpreta- 
tion. [Gr. amphibolos and logos, speech.] — Am- 
phibological. -loj'Y-kal, a. Of doubtful meaning. 

— Amphibolous, -lus, a. Capable of two meanings. 
Amphibrach, amli-brak, n. (Anc. Pros.) A foot of 

three syllables, the middle one long, the first and 
last short. [Gr. amphibrachus. short at both ends.] 

Amphicar'pic, -carpous, am-ft-car / pus. a. (Bot.) Bear- 
ing fruit of two kinds. [Gr. amphi and karpos, fruit.] 

Amphictyons, am-fiklY-unz, n. pi. A council of dep- 
uties from the different states of ancient Greece. — 
Amphic'tyonlc, a.— Amphic'tyony, -fiklT-o-nt. n. 
A league of neighboring states. [Gr. Amphiktuones, 
prob.'fr. amphrktiones, neighbors.] 

Amphigean, am-fij'e-an, a. Extending over all the 
zones of the earth. [Gr. amphi and ge, the earth.] 

Amphigory, am-fig'o-rl, n. Nonsense verses; a rig- 
marole, with apparent meaning, but really meaning- 
less. [F. amphigouri, Gr. amphi and guros, circle.] 

— Amphigorlc, a. Nonsensical: absurd. 
Amphilogy, am-fil'c-iY, n. Amphibology ; partial 

truth; a truth so stated that its opposite might seem 
equally true. [Gr. amphi and logos, discourse.] 

Amphimacer, am-nm , 'a-ser, n. (Anc. Pros.) A foot of 
three syllables, the middle one short, and the others 
lone. *[Gr. amphtmakros, long on both sides.] 

Amphipneusta, am-fip-mi'sta. n. pi. (Zool.) Perren- 
nib--ancliiate amphibians, having both gills and 
lungs. [Gr. amphi and pnein, to breathe.] 

Amphiprostyle. am-fiplo-stll, n. A double prostyle, 
or an edifice with columns in front and behind. 



tger or ink, Aen, boh'boN, chair, get. 



AMFHISBiENA 



18 



ANALECTIC 




but not on the sides. — Amphip'rosty'lar, a. [Gr. 
ampki and prostulos, with columns in front] 

Amphisbaena, am-fis-be'na, n. A kind of serpent 
which appears, from the thickness of its tail, to have 
two heads, and to be able to move in either direction. 
[Gr. amphisbaina, fr. amphi and bainein, to go.] 

Amphiscians, am-fish'T-anz, Amphiscii, -fish/l-I, re. 
pi. (Geog.) Dwellers between the tropics, whose 
shadows are cast to the north, or to the south, ac- 
cording to the position of the sun. [Gr. amphit- 
kios, throwing a shadow both ways, fr. amphi and 
skia, shadow.] 

Amphitheater, -tre, am-fT-the'a-tgr, w. An oval or 
circular edifice, having rows of seats one above an- 
other, around the arena; the highest gallery in a 
theater. — Am'phitheat'rical, a. [Gr. amphi and 
theatron, fr. theasthai, to see.] 

Amphora, am'fS-ra, re. An ancient two-handled earth- 
en vessel. [L., fr. Gr. amphi and 
phorein, to bear.] 

Ample, am'pl, a. Large in size ; of 
great extent or bulk; fully sufficient. 
jXi. ampins.] — Am'plitude, -tud, re. 
State of being, etc.; extent of capacity 
or intellectual powers, or of means, or 
resources. (Astron.) An arc of the 
horizon between true east or west and 
the center of the rising or setting sun 
or star. (Gun.) The range of a body 
thrown. (Magnetism.) The arc of 
the horizon between the sun or a star, 
at its rising or setting, and the east or 
west point of the horizon, by the com- 
pass. — Amply, adv. — Amplify, am'. 

pll-fl, V. t. [AMPLIFIED (-fid), -FYING.] A m „y, nr 

To render larger, more extended, or Am P nora - 
more intense. (Rhet.) To treat copiously. — ©, i. 
To grow or become large; to dilate. [L. facere, to 
make.]— Am'plifica'tion, re. — Am'pEative, -plY-a- 
tiv, Am'plinca'tive, a. Serving or tending to, etc. 
— Am'plifLer, -n-er, re. 

Ampulla, am-pulla, re. An ancient flask or bottle, 
having a narrow neck and big bel- 
ly; a drinking cup. (Bot.) A hol- 
low leaf. (Anat.) A dilatation in 
the semi-circular canals of the ear. 
HL.] — Ampullaceous, -la'shus, a. 
Bottle-shaped. 

Amputate, am'pu-tat, v. t. To cut 
off, as a limb. — Amputation, re. 
[L. amb, about, and putare, puta- 
tum, to prune.] AmDulla 

Amuck, a-muk', re. Act of killing; F 

slaughter. — adv. Wildly; indiscriminately.— To 
run amuck. To rush out frantically, attacking all 
comers, as is done by fanatics in the East. [Malay, 
amok.] 

Amulet, am'u-let, n. Something worn to prevent 
evil ; a charm inscribed with mystic characters. [F. 
amulette, L. amuletum, At. hamala, to carry.] 

Amuse, a-muz', v t. [amused (-muzd'), amusing.] 
To entertain agreeably; to keep in expectation, de- 
lude, divert. [F. amuser.] — Amuse'ment, re. That 
which, etc. ; pastime. — Amu'ser, re. — Amu'sive, -siv, 
a. Capable of, etc. — Amu'slvely, -singly, adv. 

Amygdalate, a-mig'da-lat, a. Made of almonds. — re. 
Ah emulsion made, etc. [Gr. amugdalon, almond.] 
— Amyg'daline, -lin, a. Pert, to, etc. — re. A crys- 
talline principle obtained from bitter almonds. — 
Amyg'dalif'erous, a. Producing almonds. (Min.) Ap- 
plied to a geode with a movable kernel. [L./erre, to 
bear.] — Amyg'daloid, re. A variety of trap-rock, 
with imbedded almond-shaped minerals. — Amyg- 
daloid'al, a. Resembling amygdaloid. [Gr. eiaos, 
form.] 

Amylaceous, am-Y-la'shus, a. Pert, to starch. — Am'- 
ylene, -T-len, re. A hydro-carbon of anaesthetic prop- 
erties. — AmyKic, a. Of or from starch. [Gr. amulon, 
starch.] 

An, a. Commonly called the indefinite, article. It 
signifies owe or any, but less emphatically, and is used 
before a vowel sound. [AS. an, ane, Goth, ains, 
L. unus.] 

An, core/. If. [Ohs.] [See And.] 

Ana, a'na, re. (Med.) An equal part of each. [Gr.] 

Ana, a'na. A suffix to names denoting a collection of 
memorable sayings. Thus, Scaligerana is a book of 
sayings by Scaliger. Sometimes used alone as a 
noun. [Neut. pi. termin. of L. adjectives in -anus.'] 

Anabaptist, an-a-bap'tist, re. (Eccl. Hist.) One who 
denies the validity of infant baptism, and maintains 




that those so baptized ought to be baptized again. — 
Anabaptis'tic, a. — Anabap'tism, n. The doctrine 
of, etc. [Gr. ana, again, and baptizein, to baptize.] 

Anabasis, a-nab'a-sis, re. Lit., a going up; esp., Cyrus' 
invasion of Asia; agreat military expedition. (Med.) 
The first period, or increase of a disease. — Anabatic, 
a. [Gr. ana, up, and basis, going.] 

Anacathartic, an'a-ka-thar'tik, a. Exciting dis- 
charges from the mouth and nose. — re. A medicine 
having this property: — opp. of cathartic. [Gr. 
ana, upward, kutharsis, purging.] 

Anacnoret, Anachorite. See Anchoret. 

Anacharis, au-ak'a-ris, re. (Bot.) A fresh- water weed 
which obstructs navigation : waterweed. [L., fr. 
ana, as if for an priv. ; and charts, grace.] 

Anachorism, an-ak'o-rizm, n. A practice or expres- 
sion differing from the usage of the country in which 
it is employed. [Gr. ana, against, and choros, a 
country.] 

Anachronism, an-ak r ro-nizm, n. An error in chro- 
nology, by which events are misplaced in regard to 
each other. [Gr. ana, against, and chronos, time.] 
— Anach'ronisfic, a. Involving, etc. 

Anaclastics, an'a-klas'tiks, re. That part of optics 
concerning thejefraction of light; dioptrics. 

Anaclisis, an'a-kle'sis, n. (Med.) Position taken by a 
sick person in bed. [Gr. ana, back, and kline, bed.] 

Anacoluthon, an'a-ko-lu'thon, re. (Rhet.) Want of 
sequence in the parts of a sentence, when one part 
has a different grammatical construction from an- 
other. — Anacolu / 'thic, -thical, a. — Anacolu'thic- 
ally, adv. [Gr. an priv. and akolouthein, to follow.] 

Anaconda, an-a-kon'da, re. A large snake of the Boa 
family, which lives in South America. 

Anacreontic, a-nak're-on'tik, a. Pert, to, or after the 
manner of, the Greek poet Anacreon. — re. A poem 
in praise of love and wine. 

Anacrusis, an-a-kroo'sis, n. (Pros.) A prefix of unac- 
cented syllables to a verse beginning with an accented 
syllable. [Gr. ana, up, and krouein, to strike.] 

Anadem, an'a-dem, re. A garland ; fillet ; chaplet. 
[Gr. anadema, fr. anadein, to tie up, to wreathe.] 

Anadiplosis, aD'a-dt-plo'sis, re. (Rhet.) A repetition 
of words in a sentence or clause, at the beginning of 
the next. [Gr., fr. ana, again, and diploun, to double.] 

Anadrom, an'a-drom, re. A fish that periodically 
leaves the sea to ascend rivers.— Anad'ro-mous, -mus, 
a. [Gr. ana, upward, and dromos, a running.] 

Anaemia, a-ne'mT-a, re. (Med.) Deficiency of blood in 
the system. — Anae'mic, a. [Gr. aw priv. and haima, 
blood.J— Anaemot'rophy, -ft, w. Lack of nourish- 
ment in the blood. [Gr. trophe, nourishment.] 

Anaesthesia, an-es-the'zht-a, Anaesthe'sis, re. (Med.) 
Entire or partial loss of perception; insensibility pro- 
duced by disease or by inhaling ether, chloroform, 
nitrous oxide gas, etc. [Gr. are priv. and aisthesis, 
feeling.] — Anaesthetic, a. Capable of rendering 
insensible by being inhaled; characterized by insen- 
sibility. — re. That which produces, etc. — Anaes'- 
thetize, v. t. To produce, etc. 

Anaglyph, an'a-ghf, re. An embossed or chased or- 
nament, worked in relief, — when raised on stone a 
cameo, when sunk an intaglio. [Gr. ana, up, and 
gluphein, to engrave.] — Anaglyph'ic, -ical, Ana- 
glyp'tic, a. Relating to the art of carving, engra- 
ving, enchasing, or embossing plate. 

Anagoge, Anagogy, an'a-go-jt, re. An elevation of 
mind; mystical interpretation of the Scriptures; ap- 
plication to the New Testament of types and alle- 
gories of the Old; one of four modes of Scriptural in- 
terpretation, the others being literal, allegorical, and 
tropological. (Med.) Rejection through the mouth 
of Dlood from the lungs. [Gr. anagoge, fr. ana, up, 
and agein, to lead.] — Anagogetical, -jetl-kal, Ana- 
gogical, -goj'T-kal, a. Mysterious ; spiritual. — Ana 
gog'ically, adv. — Anagogics, -goj Iks, re. pi. Mys- 
tical interpretations, esp. of the Scriptures. 

Anagram, an'a-gram, re. A transposition of the let- 
ters of a name, forming a new word. [Gr. ana, back, 
again, and gramma, a letter.] — An agrammafic, 
-ical, a. Pert, to, or making, an anagram. — An'a- 
grammat'ically, adv. — An agrammatism, n. Act 
or practice of, etc. — An^grarn'matist, re. A maker 
of, etc. — An'agram'matize, v. t. To transpose, so 
as to form, etc. — v. i. To make anagrams. 

Anagraph, an'a-graf, n. A commentary. [Gr. ana. 
up, and graphem, to write.] 

Anal, a'nal, a. Belonging to or near the anus or open- 
ing at the lower extremity of the alimentary canal. 

Analectac, an-a-lek'tik, a. Collecting or selecting; 
made up of selections. — An'alocts, Analec'ta, 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; TCn, Tee ; 5dd, tSne, 6r : 



ANALEMMA 



19 



ANCHOVY 



-lekla. n. pi. A collection of literary fragments. 
[Gr. ana, up, and legein, to gather.] 

Analemma. an-a-lem'ma. n. (Geom.) A projection 
of the sphere on the plane of the meridian; an in- 
strument of wood or brass, showing this projection 
of the sphere, and having a horizon fitted to it. A 
tabular mark on a terrestrial globe, to notify the 
sun's declination on any day in the year. [Gr. ana- 
lemma, a support, fr. analambanein, to take up.] 

Analapsis, an-a-lep'sis, n. {Med.) Recovery; conva- 
lescence. [Gr., fr. analambanein.'] — Analep'tic, a. 
Corroborating; invigorating; giving strength after 
disease. — n. Restorative medicine. 

Analogy, an-aKo-jI, re. A likeness in some respects, 
between things otherwise different. {Geom.) Equal- 
ity, proportion, or similarity of ratios. [Gr. ana, 
similar to, logos, ratio, proportion.] — Analogical, 
a. According to, or founded on, analogy. — Analog'- 
ically, adv. — Analoglcalness, re. Quality of being, 
etc.— Anal'ogism, -jizm, re. Argument from cause to 
effect; investigation by analogy. — Anal'ogize, -jlz, 
v. t. To explain or consider by, etc. — Analogous, 
-gus,a. Correspondent. — Analogously, adv.— An'- 
alogue, -log, re. — Anal'ogon, re. A thing analogous 
to some other thing. 

Analysis, an-al'IC-sis, re. ; pi. Anai/tses, -sez. A reso- 
lution of any thinginto its constituent elements; — 
opp. to synthesis. ((Jhem.) Separation of a compound 
into its constituents. {Logic.) The tracing of things 
to their source; resolving of knowledge into its orig- 
inal principles. {Math.) The resolving of problems 
by reducing them to equations. [Gr. analusis, fr. 
analuein, to unloose.] —Analyst, an'a-list, re. One 
who, etc. — Analytic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or fond of, 
et* — Analytically, adv. — Analytics, re. The 
science of analysis. — An'alyze, -liz, v. t. [ana- 
lyzed (-llzd), -lyzing.] To separate into component 
parts ; to resolve into first principles or elements. — 
Analyzable -Hz'a-bl, a. — Capable of being, etc. — 
An'alyzer. re. 

Anamnesis, an-am-ne'sis, n. 
{Rhet.) A recalling something 
omitted. — Anamnes'tie, -nes- 
tik, a. Aiding memory. [Gr. 
ana, again, and mnesis, remem- 
brance.] 

Anamorphism, an-a-mor'fizm, re. 
A progression from one type to 
another; anamorphosis. [Gr. 
ana, again, and morphe, form.] 
— Anamorphosis, -m6r'fo-sis 
or -m3r-fo'sis, re. {Persp.) A 
distorted representation of an 
image on a plane or curved sur- 
face, which, viewed from a cer- 
tain point, or by reflection from 
a mirror, appears in proportion. 
(Bot.) A morbid or monstrous 
development, or change of 
form, or degeneration. 

Ananas, a-na'nas, re. The pine- 
apple. [Malay, nanaz, ananas.] 

Anandrous, an-an'drus, a. {Bot.) 
Without stamens. [Gr. a priv. 
and aner, andros, a man.] 

Anapaest, an'a-pest, re. {Pros.) 
" Li " 





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Anamorphosis. 



In Greek and Latin versification, a foot of three syl- 
ables, the first two short, the last long; in English 
versification, a foot having two unaccented syllables, 
followed by an accented one ; — the reverse of the 
dactyl. [Gr. nnnpaistos, struck back, i. e., a dactyl 
reversed or struck baek, fr. anapaiein, to strike back.] 
— Anapaestic, -ical, a. 

Anaphora, a-nafo-ra, re- {Rhet.) Repetition of words 
at the beginning of two or more successive clauses. 
(Med.) Discharge of blood or purulent matter by 
the mouth. [Gr., fr. ana. up, an&pherem, to carry.] 

Anaphrodisia. an-af'ro-dizh'Y-a, re. Impotence; ab- 
sence of sexual appetite. TGr. are priv. and aphro- 
disia, sexual pleasure, Aphrodite, goddess of love.] 

Anaplasty, an'a-plas-tl, re. (Surg.) The art of re- 
storing lost parts or the normal shape. — Anaplas'- 
tlc, a. [Gr. ana, again, and plassein, to form.] 

Anapodeictic. an'a-po-diklik. a. That cannot be 
shown; undemonstrable. [Gr. are priv. and apo- 
deiktikos, demonstrable.] 

Anaptotic, an-ap-totlk, a. ( Gram.) Losing inflec- 
tion, — said of languages which lose inflection, as 
the English. [Gr. ana, back, and ptosis, inflection.] 

Anarchy, an'ark-T, re. Want of government in soci- 
ety ; confusion. [Gr. anarchos, without head or 



chief, fr. an priv. and arche, beginning.] — Anarch, 
an'ark, re. Author of, etc. — Anarchic, -ical, a. 
Lawless. — An'archist, re. One who promotes, etc. 

— An'archize, -Iz, v. t. To create anarchy in. 
Anarthropoda, an-ar-throp'8-da, re. (Zo'61.) Annulose 

animals which have no joints or limbs, as worms. 
[Gr. are priv., arthron, joint, and ports, podos, foot.] 

Anasarca, an'a-sar'ka, re. (Med.) Dropsy of the cel- 
lular tissue. — Anasarcoos, -sark'us, a. Dropsical. 
[Gr. ana, throughout, and sarx, sai-kos, flesh.] 

Anastasis, an-a-sta'sis, re. (Med.) A rising up from 
sickness; recovery; a translation of humors to a su- 
perior part. [Gr. ana, up, and histanai, to stand.] — 
Anastatic, a. Pert, to a method of printing from 
zinc plates, having raised characters. 

Anastomosis, a-nas'to-mo'sis, re. ; pi. -moses, -mo'sez. 
Inosculation of vessels, or the opening of one vessel 
into another. [Gr., fr. anastomoun, to furnish with 
a mouth.] — Anastomotic, -motlk, a. Pert. to. or 
characterized by, etc., —re. A medicine designedto 
open the mouths of vessels. — Anas'tomose, -moz, 
v. i. [anastomosed (-mozd), -mosino.] (Anat. (f 
Bot.) To inosculate; to unite as by anastomosis. 

Anastrophe, a-nas'tro-fi, re. (Rhet.) Inversion of 
the natural order of words. [Gr., fr. anastrephein, 
to turn back.] 

Anathema, a-nath'e-ma. re. (Antiq.) An offering to 
a deity, hung in a temple ; a curse pronounced by 
ecclesiastical authority ; person or thing anathema- 
tized. [Gr., fr. anatithenai, to dedicate, from ana, 
up, and tithenai, to set.] — Anath'ematize, -tlz, v. t. 
[anathematized (-tlzd), -matizino.] To denounce 
with curses. — Anathfi'matiza'tion, re. Act of, etc. 

Anatine, an'a-tin, a. Pert, to ducks. [L. anas, duck.l 

Anatomy, a-nat'o-mY, re. Art of dissection : science oi 
the structure of animal bodies; act of dividing any 
thing, to examine its parts; thing dissected; a skele- 
ton. [Gr. ana, up, and te.mnem, to cut.] — Ana- 
tomic, -ical, a. — An'atomleally, adv. — Anat'o- 
mism, -mizm, re. Application of the principles of 
anatomy, as in art. — Anat'omist, re. One who dis- 
sects, oris skilled in, etc.— Anat'omiza'tien, re. Act 
of, etc. — Anat'emize, v. t. [anatomized (-mlzd), 
-mixing.] To dissect; to lay open the interior struc- 
ture of; to analyze. 

Ancestor, an'ses-tSr, re. One from whom a person is 
descended; forefather; progenitor. [L. antecessor, 
he who goes before.] — Ances'tress, re. A female 
ancestor. — Ancestral, -seslral, a. Relating to, or 
descending from, etc. — An'cestry, -trT, re. A series 
of ancestors; lineage; birth or honorable descent. 

Anchor, ank'e'r, re. An iron instrument for holding 
a vessel at rest in water ; a firm 
support ; that which gives stability 
or security, —v. t. [anchored 
(-erd), anchoring^ (tfaut.) To 
place at anchor. To fasten; to fix 
in a stable condition. — v. i. To 
cast anchor; to come to anchor; to 
stop; to fix or rest. [L. anchora; 
Gr. angkura, fr. angle, a hook.] — 
Anch'orable, a. Fit for anchorage. 

— Aneh'orage, -ej, re. Aplace where 
a ship can anchor; the anchor and flukes; rfrf.arms. 
all necessary tackle for anchoring; 

duty imposed on ships for anchoring in a harbor. 

— Anch'ored, -5rd, a. (Heraldry.) Shaped as a 
cross with e-xtremities turned back like flukes of an 
anchor; written also ancred and ancree". — Ancn'or- 
gronnd, re. Ground suitable for anchoring. — hold, 
re. The hold which the anchor takes; security. — 
-ice, re. Ice at the bottom of streams, and thus anch- 
ored to the ground ; ground-ice. smith, re. A 

maker of anchors. — At anchor or Riding at anchor, 
said of a ship kept from drifting by the anchor. — To 
cast, or drop, anchor. To sink the anchor in the sea 
to hold the ship from drifting. — To cat the anchor. 
To draw it up to the cat-head. — To fish the anchor. 
To raise the flukes by an appliance called a flsh. — 
To shoe ihe anchor. To cover the flukes. — To sioeep 
the anchor. To drag for a lost anchor. — To weigh 
anchor. To raise it from the bottom. —Anchor 
comes home when it drags from its hold. — Bower 
anchor. One of medium size, carried at the bow of a 
ship. — Kedge anchor. One of small size. — Sheet 
anchor. One of the largest and strongest kind. 

Anchoret. ank'gr-et, -©rite, -Tt, n. A hermit; recluse. 
— Anchoretlc, a. [Gr. anachoretes, fr. ana, back, 
and chorein, to retire.] — Ancb/oress, n. A female 
hermit. 

Anchovy, an- cho'vi, re. A small sea-fish of the herring 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ANCHYLOSE 



20 



ANGUISH 



family. [Sp. anchova ; Biscayan anchuva, drv.] — 

Ancho'vy pear. A West India fruit, 
knchylose, an'kY-los, v. t. [anchylosed (-lost), 

-losing.) To unite or fix immovably: stiffen. [Gr. 

angkuloun, to crook, stiffen.] — Anchylo'sis, n. An 

immovable condition of a joint. — Anchylot'ic, a. 
Ancient, an'shent, a. Old; of former times; advanced 

m years; pristine; antiquated; obsolete. — n. pi. 

Those who lived in former ages, opp. to the moderns ; 

very old men. [F. ancien, LL. antianus, fr. L. 

ante, before.] — An'ciently, -IT, adv. In old times. 

— An'cientry, -rl, n. The honor of ancient lineage; 
gentry; aristocracy. 

Ancillary, an'sil-la-f Y, a. Subservient or subordinate, 
like a handmaid. [L. ancilla, a female servant.] 

Ancipital, an-sip'Y-tal, a. (Bot.) Compressed, and 
forming two opposite angles, as a stem of blue- 
grass. [L. anceps, ancipitis, two-headed, fr. am, for 
and), on both sides, and caput, head.] 

Ancony, an r ko-nY, n. {Iron Works.) A piece of 
half- wrought iron, bar-shaped in the middle, but un- 
wrought at the ends. [Prob. fr. Gr. angkon, elbow.] 

And, conj. A particle wnich expresses the relation of 
addition, and connects words or sentences. [AS.] 

Andante, iin-dan'ta, a. (Mus.) Rather slow; less 
slow than largo , more slow than allegretto. — n. A 
movement or piece in andante time. — Andantino, 
-te'no, a. Slow, but quicker than andante. [It.] 

Andean, an-de'an, Andine, an'din, a. Pert, to the 
Andes mountains. 

Andiron, and'T-um, n. A utensil for supporting 
wood in a fire-place; a fire-dog. [AS. brand-isen, 
brand-iron, or E. hand-iron or end-iron.] 

Androgynal, an-droj'Y-nal, -ynous, -nus, a. Having 
both sexes; hermaphroditical; having mental char- 
acteristics of both sexes. (Bot.) Bearing both stam- 
iniferous and pistillii'erous flowers. [Gr. androgynos, 
fr. aner, man, and gune, woman.] 

Android, an'droid, Androi'des, -dez, n. A machine in 
human form, which performs motions of a man. — 
An'droid, a. Resembling man. [Gr. aner and eidos, 
form.] 

Androphagi. an-drofa-ji, n. Man-eaters; anthropo- 
phagi. — Androph'agous, -gus. Inclined to canni- 
balism. [Gr. aner and phagein, to eat.] 

Anecdote, an'ek-dot, n. A particular or detached 
fact; incident; story; tale. [Gr. anekdotos, not pub- 
lished, from an priv. and ekdidonai, to give out.] — 
Anecdo'tal, -dofic, -dot'ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Anemo-dynamometer, an'e-mo-din-a-mom'e-ter, n. An 
instrument for 
measuring the 
force and velocity 
of the wind. [Gr. 
anemos, wind, du- 
namis, force, and 
metron, measure.] 

— A n e m'egraph, 
-graf, n. An in- 
strument for regis- Anemometer, 
tering the force of 

the wind. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Anemog'raphy, 
-ft, n. A description of the winds. [Gr. graphe, 
description.]— Anemol'ogy, -jY, n. Doctrine of , or 
treatise on, etc. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Anemom'- 
eter, n. Same as Anemo-dynamometer.— Anemom / '- 
etry, n. Measurement by means of an anemometer. 
[Gr. metron, measure.] — Anem'oscope, n. A weather- 
cock, esp. a contrivance for bringing down the indi- 
cations of a wind-vane to a dial below. [Gr. skopein, 
to view.] 

Anemone, a-nem^o-nY, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants 
of the crowfoot family; wind-flower. [Gr.. fr. an- 
emos, wind, which strips off its leaves.] 

Aneroid, an'e-roid, o. Dispensing with the use of 
quicksilver. — n. A portable barometer, which dis- 
penses, etc. [Gr. a priv.. neros, wet, and eidos. form.] 

Anetic. an-et'ik, a. (Med.) Lessening pain; ano- 
dyne. [Gr. anetikos, relaxing, fr. aneinai, to loosen.] 

Aneurism, an'u-rizm, n. (Anat.) A soft tumor, 
arising from dilatation or rupture of the coats of an 
artery. [Gr. aneunrsma, fr. aneurunein. to widen.] 

Anew, a-mi', adv. Newly; over again; afresh. 

Anfractuous, an-frakt'u-us, a. Winding ; full of 
turnings. [L. anfractus, a turning, fr. an for amb 
and frangere.fr actum, to break.] — Anfractuos'ity, 
-tT, n. State of being., etc. 

Angel, an'iel, n. A spirit, or spiritual being; an an- 
cient gold coin of England, bearing the figure of an 
angel, —a. Resembling, or belonging to, etc. [Gr. 
anggelos, messenger.] — Angel'ic, -ical, an-jeK- 




C AE, right angle; 
CAD, acute angle ; 
B A E, obtuse an- 
gle. 



inr 



ik-al, a. — Angel'ically, adv. — Angel'icalness, n. 

— Angelology, -ol'o-jY, n. Doctrine of angelic beings. 
[Gr. logos,_d}scourse.~\ 

Angel-fish, an'jel-fish, n. A species of shark, named 
from its large wing-like pectoral fins. 

Anger, an'ger, n. A strong passion or emotion of 
the mind ; indignation ; resentment ; wrath ; rage. 

— v.t. [angered (-gerd), angering.] To excite to 
anger; to provoke, displease. — An'gry, -grT, a. In- 
flamed, as a sore; touched with or showing anger; 
indignant; furious; choleric. — An'gerly, An'grily, 
-gri-ll, adv. [L. angor, strangling.] 

Angina, an-ji'na, n. Inflammation of the throat. [L.] 

— Angina Pectoris, -pek'to-ris, n. A distressing af- 
fection of the chest. [L.] 

Angiography, an-jT-og'ra-fT, w. (Med.) A description 
of the vessels in the body. [Gr. anggeion, vessel, and 
graphe, description.] — An'gioKo-gy, -ji, n. Trea- 
tise or discourse on, etc. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — An- 
giofomy, -mi, n. Dissection of , etc. [Gr. tome, cut- 
ting.] 

Angle, an'gl, n. A corner. q 

(Geom.) The difference of 
direction of two lines in the v 
same plane that meet or tend 
to meet in a point; or the dif- 
ference of direction of two 
planes intersecting, or tending E 
to intersect, each other. Fish- 
ing tackle. — v. i. [angled 
(an'gld), angling.] To fish 
with line and hook ; to use 
some bait or artifice ; to in- 
trigue. [Gr. angkulos, bent fr. 

angkos, a bend or hollow.] — Angle of incidence. 
(Opt.) The angle which a ray of light makes with 
a perpendicular to that point of the surface of any 
medium on which it falls. —Angle of refraction. The 
angle which a ray of light refracted makes with a 
perpendicular to that point on which it falls. — A 
right angle. One formed by a right line falling on 
another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90°. — An ob- 
tuse angle. One greater than a right angle. — An 
acute angle. One less than a right angle. — Oblique 
angles. Angles that are either acute or obtuse.— Fa- 
cial angle. See under Face. — Visual angle. The 
angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight 
lines drawn from the extreme points of an object to 
the center of the eye. — An'gler, n. One who fishes 
with a hook. (Ichth.) A kind of fish; the fishing- 
frog. — An'gle-bar. -iron, n. A rolled bar of iron 
of an angular shape, for the edges 
of iron safes, etc.; or to connect 
the side-plates of iron boilers, etc. 

— Angular, an'gu-ler, a. Having , 
an angle or angles; pointed; form- 
ing an angle ; sharp and stiff in 
character. — An'gularness, -ler- 
ness, Angular'ity, -lar'Y-tY, n. 
Quality of being, etc. — An'gu- 
larly, -ler-lY, adv. With angles; in 
the direction of the angles.— An'- 
gulated, -la-ted, a. Formed with angles. — An'gulose, 
-los, a. Full of angles. 

Anglican, an'glY-kan, a. English; pert, to England. 

— w. A member of the church of England; esp. of 
the high-church or ritualistic party. [AS. An- 
gles, Engles, L. Angli, the Angles, the English.] — 
An'glicanism, n. Attachment to England or Eng- 
lish institutions, — esp. to the English church; the 
principles of the English church.— An'glicisn^-sizm, 
n. An English idiom or expression. — An'glicize, 
-siz, v. t. [anglicized C-sizd),-ciziNG.] To render 
comformable to English idiom or analogies. — An- 
glo, an'glo. A prefix meaning English. —Anglo- 
American. A descendant from English ancestors, 
born in America, or pert, to the descendants of Eng- 
lishmen in America. ma'nia. Excessive rever- 
ence for England or English institutions. — -Nor- 
man. Pert, to the English Normans, or an English 

Norman. phobia. Fear or hatred of England. — 

-Saxon. Pert, to the Saxons who settled in England; 
the language of the English Saxons. 

Anglice, an'glY-se, adv. In English; in the English 

manner. [L.] 
Angor, an'gnr, n. Intense bodily pain. [L.] 
Angry. Angrily. See under Anger. 
Anguilliform, an-gwiKY-form, a. In the form of, or 

like, an eel. [L. anguilla, eel, and forma, form.] 
Anguish, an'gwish, n. Extreme pain; agony; grief. 

[L. angustia, fr. angere, to press together.] 

fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; find, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; »dd, tone, &r; 





Angle-iron. 



ANGULAR 



21 



ANOTTA 



Angular, Angularity. See under Angle. 

Anhelation. an he-la'shun, n. Short breath: difficult 
respiration. [L. anhelare, to breathe with diffi- 
cult-.] 

Anhydride, an-hi'drid, n. {Chem.) An oxide of non- 
metallic bodies, — which may be formed from an 
acid by abstracting water. — Anhy'drite. -drit. n. 
(Mm.) Gypsum which contains no water. — An- 
hy'drous, -drus, a. Destitute of water. [Gr. an 



priv. undhudor, water.] 
jiil, an'il, n. (Bot.) A shrub whose 



Anil, an'il. n. (Bot.) A shrub whose leaves and stalks 
yield indigo. — Anile, anil, n. A dark blue color. 

— Aniline, an'i-lin or -fin, n. A dyeing material 
obtained from indigo, also from benzole in coal tar. 

— a. Pert, to dyes made from aniline. [Ar. an-nil, 
the indago plant.] 

Anile, an'il, a. Old womanish; imbecile. — Anil'ity. 
-ml-i-tt, An'ileness, -Tl-nes, n. Dotage. [L. anus, old 
woman.] 

Animadvert, an'T-mad-verf, v. 1. To turn the mind 
with intent to notice; to consider by way of crit- 
icism or censure; to remark, comment. " [L. ani- 
mus, mind, ad, to, and verters, to turn.] — Animad r - 
version, -ver'shun, n. Remarks by way of criti- 
cism, etc. ; strictures ; blame. — Animadver'sive, 
-siv. a. Having the power of perceiving. — An'imad- 
ver'ter. n. 

Animal, an'i-mal, n. An organized living being hav- 
ing sensation and power of voluntary motion; an 
irrational being, as disting. fr. man. — a. Of. or rela- 
ting to. animals; pert, to the merely sentient part of 
a creature; consisting of the flesh "of animals. [L., 
f r. anima, breath, soul, animus, mind ; Gr. anemos, 
wind.] — An'imal-flow'er, n. A name for some 
zoophvtes. — An'imalism, n. State of mere animals: 
brutishness. — Animal'ity, -T-tl, n. State of animal 
existence. — An'imalize. -Tz, v. t. [animalized 
(-Tzd), -IZIVG-] To rive animal life or properties to; 
to convert into animal matter by assimilation; to ren- 
der or regard as merely animal: to supply, as a coun- 
try, with animals. — An'imaliza'tion, "n. Act of, 
etc. 

Animalcule, an-Y-mal'kul. -culum, n. ; pi. -cula, -la. 
An animal invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. 
[AnimaicuUe, as if from a Lat. singular animalcula, 
is a barbarism.] [L.. dim. of animal.] — Animal'- 
cular. -culine, -lin, a. Pert, to, etc. — Animal'culist, 
n. One versed in the knowledge of, etc. 

Animate, an'T-mat, v. t. To give natural life to ; to 
enliven, inspire, prompt, incite.— a. Alive. [L. ani- 
inare, f r. anima.] — An'imated, p. a. Endowed with 
animal life; full of life: spirited; lively. — Anima / '- 
tion. n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; vivacity; 
spirit: sprightliness. 

Anime. an'Y-mi, n. A resin used to make varnish. [Sp.] 

Animosity, an'T-mos'i-tY, n. Violent hatred: active 
enmity: rancor; malignity. [L. animositas.] 

Animus^ an'T-mus, n. Intention; spirit : temper. [L.] 

Anise, an'is, n. A plant bearing aromatic seeds. [Gr. 
anison.] 

Ankle, an'kl, n. The joint which connects the foot 
with the leg. [AS. ancleow, dim. of anke, bent, 
neck.] — Anklet, n. An ornament for the ankle. 

Annals, an'nalz, n. pi. A history of events in chro- 
nological order; a series of historical events; an an- 
nual publication. [L. annalii (sc. liber), fr. annus, 
year.] — An'nalist. n. A writer of annals. — An- 
nalisx'ic, a. Pert, to, or after the manner of. etc. 

Annats, an'nats. n. pi. (Eng. Eccl. Law.) The first 
year's profits of a preferment; first-fruits. [L. annus.] 

Anneal, an-neK, v. t. [annealed (-netd'). axxeal- 
ino.1 To heat nearly to fluidity and then cool 
slowly, to render less brittle ; to temper. [AS. 
anzelan, to burn, kindle.] To heat, as glass, in 
order to fix colors. [OF. neeler, nieler, to enamel, 
LL. nir/ellare, to blacken, L. niger, bl?ek.] 

Annelata. -ellata, an-nel'a-ta, Annel'ida, An'nelids, 
n. pi. Artieulate animals having bodies formed of 
small rings, as worms. [L. anneVus, a little ring.] 

Annex, an-neks', v. t. [anxexed (-neksf). axxex- 
ixg.] To unite at the end; to affix: to add: to con- 
nect, esp. as a consequence, —n. An extension of a 
building ; a subsidiary building ; an addition to a 
document. [L. ad and" nectere, nexum, to fasten to- 
gether.] — Annexation, -a'shun. Annexion, -nek r - 
shun.n. Act of annexing; addition; union. (Laio.) 
Union of property with a freehold, forming a fix- 
ture. — Annexa'tionist, n. An advocate of. etc.— 
Annex'ibie, a. That may be, etc. — Annex'ment, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.: thing annexed. 

ite. an-ni'hl-lat, v. t. To cause to cease to be; 



to destroy the form or properties of. [L. ad, to, 
and nihil, nothing.] — Anni'hilable. a. Capable or 
being, etc. — Anni'Mla'tion. n. Aet of , or state of 
being, etc. : destruction. — Anni hila'tionist, n. 
(Theol.) One who believes that eternal punish- 
ment consists in annihilation: a destructionist. — 
Anni'hilatory. -rT. a. Tending to, etc. ; destructive. 

Anniversary, an-nY-ver'sa-rT, a. Returning with the 
year at a stated time. — n. A day celebrated each 
year. [L. annus, year, and veriere, to turn.] 

Annomination, an-nom'i-na'shun, n. A pun; a para- 
nomasia ; alliteration. [L. ad and noiuen, a name.] 

Annona. an-no'na, n. A year's production or increase; 
hence, provision s_f or a'year's use. [1,., fr. annus.] 

Annotate, an r no-tat, v. i. To make annotations or 
comments. [L. ad and notare, to mark.]— Annota'- 
tion,-ta'shun, n. A remark, note, or commentary on 
some passage of a book. — Anno'tatory, -to-rf , a. 
Containing annotations. — An'notator, -ter, n. A 
commentator. 

Annotto, an-not'to, Arnat'to. Arnot'to, n. A yellow- 
ish-red vegetable dyeing material. 

Announce, an-nowns"', v. t. [announced (-nownsf), 
announcing.] To give first notice of ; to make 
known, publish, advertise. [L. ad and nundare, to 
report, fr. mincius, messenger.] — Announce'ment. 
n. Act of, etc. ; declaration. — Announ'cer, n. 

Annoy, an-noi r , v. t. [annoyed (-noid'), annoying.; 
To injure or disturb by repeated acts ; to incom- 
mode, vex, plague. [F. ennuyer, fr. L. in odio, in 
hatred.] — Annoy'ance, n. Act of, or state ol being, 
etc.: that which annoys. — Annoy'er, n. 

Annual, an'u-al, a. Returning or happening every 
year; yearly; performed in a year; lasting only one 
year or season. — n. A thing'happening yearly; a 
work published once a year; a plant that lasts but 
one year or season. [L. annualis, fr. annus, year.] — 
An'hually, adv. 

Annuity, an-nu'Y-tY, n. A sum of money, payable 
yearly. [LL. ayinuitas, fr. amius.] — Annuitant 
n. One who has an annuity. 

Annul, an-nuK, ». t. [annulled (-nuldO, annul- 
ling.] To make void or of no effect ; to repeal. 
nullify, set aside. [LL. onnullare, fr. L. ad, to, and 
milium, nothing.] — Annul 'ment, n. Act of, etc. 

Annulet, an'u-let. n. A little ring. (Arch.) A small 
flat fillet, encircling a column, etc. (Her.) A litth 
circle borne as a charge in coats of arms. [L. an- 
nulus, a ring.]— An'nular, -lary, a. Ring-shaped 
banded or marked with circles, dots, etc. — An'nu- 
lated.a. Having rings or belts. — An'nulose, -los. 
a. Furnished with, or composed of, rings. 

Annumerate, an-nu'mer-at, v. t. To add to a num- 
ber. — Annumeration, -a'shun, n. [L. ad and 
numerare, to number.] 

Annunciate, an-nun'shT-at, v. t. To announce. [L. 
ad and nunciare, to report.] — Annuncia'tion, n. Act 
of, etc. ; a festival, celebrated March 25th, in memory 
of the angel's announcement to the Virgin Mary. — 
Annun'ciator. -ter. n. 

Anode, an'od, n. The positive pole of an electric bat- 
tery. [Gr. ana, up, and hodos. way.] 

Anodyne, an'o-dln, n. Medicine which allays pain. 

— a. Assuaging pain. [Gr. an priv. and odvrie, pain.] 
Anoint, a-noinf, v.t. lo pour oil upon; to rub with 

unctuous substances: to consecrate, by unction ; to 
smear or daub. \L. in and rmguere, to smear.] — 
Anoinfed. n. The Messiah. — Anoint'er, n. — 
Anoinfment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Anomaly, a-nom'a-lY, -alism, -lizm, n. Deviation 
from common rule or analogv; irregularity. (As- 
tron.) Angular distance of a planet from its perihel- 
ion, as seen from the sun : angle measuring appar- 
ent irregularities in the motion of a planet. [Gr. an, 
priv. and homalos, even.] — Anomalist'ic, -ical, a. 
Irregular. (Astrqn.) Pert, to the angular distance 
of a planet from its perihelion. — Anom^alous, -lus, 
a. Abnormal. — Anom^alously. adv. 

Anon, a-non', adv. Quickly; immediately; at an- 
other time: asrain. [AS. on an, in one (moment).] 

— Ever and anon. Xow and then: frequently: often. 
Anonymous. an-non'T-mus, ". Wanting a name ; 

without the real name of the author : nameless. 

[Gr. an priv. and onoma, name.] — Anon'ymously. 

adv. — An'onyme. -nim, n. An assumed name — 

Anonymity. -nim'T-tT, n. State of being, etc. 
Anorexia, an-o-reks'T-a, An'orexy, n. (Med.) Want 

of appetite. [Gr. an priv. and oreris, desire.] 
Another, an-urh'er, a. Not the same; different; on« 

more: anv other. [From an, a, one, and other.] 
Anot'ta. See Annotto. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ANOXJSCKTS 



22 



ANTHROPOGENY 




Anourous, Anurous, an-oo'rus, a. Without tails, as 
frogs. [Gr. an priv. and oura, tail.] 

Ansated, an'sa-ted, a. Having a handle. [L. ansa, a 
handle.] 

Anserine, an'sSr-In, -serous, -us, a. Pert, to, or like a 
goose, or its skin; silly. [L. anser, goose.] 

Answer, an'sgr, v. t. [answered (-serd), answer- 
ing.] To speak or write in return to; to refute; to 
be or act in return to. — v. i. To make response; to 
be accountable, liable, or responsible; to be or act 
in return; to conform; to suit. — n. Something 
said, written, or done, in return; a mathematical so- 
lution. [AS. andswarian, fr. and, against, and swe- 
rian, to affirm.] — An'swerable, a. Capable of be- 
ing answered ; obliged to answer ; liable to pay, 
indemnify, or make good ; responsible ; suitable ; 
equivalent. — An'swerableness, n. Quality of be- 
ing, etc. — An'swerably, adv. — An'swerer, n. — 
An'swerless, a. That cannot be answered; having 
no answer. 

Ant, ant, w. An emmet; a pismire. [For amt, a contr. 
of E. emmet.] 

— Anfbear, 
-b a r, -eater, 
-et'er, n. An 
animal that 
feeds upon 
ants. - -eggs, 
n. pl.The iar- 
vse of ants, 
which are in- 
cased in sacs 
resembling 
eggs. — -hill, 
n. A nest of 
ants. Anteater. 

Antacid, ant-as'id.Antiac'icLn. (Med.) A remedy for 
acidity of the stomach, as an alkali or absorbent. 

Antagonist, an-tag'o-nist, n. One who contends with 
another; adversary; opponent. [Gr. antagonizesthai, 
f r. anti, against, and agon, contest.] — Antagonistic, 
-ical, a. — An'tagonist'ically, adv. — Antagonism, 
-nizm, n. Opposition of action ; counteraction or 
contrariety of things or principles. — Antagonize, 
-niz, v. t. To act in opposition; to contend. 

Antalgic, an-taKiik, a. Alleviating pain. [Gr. anti 
and algos, pain.J 

Antanaclasis, an-tan'a-kla'sis, n. (Rhet.) A play 
upon words; repetition of words beginning a sen- 
tence, after a parenthesis. [Gr., fr. anti and anakla- 
sis, a bending back and breaking.] 

Antanagoge, an-tan'a-go'jT, n. (Rhet.) A reply to an 
adversary by recrimination. [Gr. anti and anagoge, 
a leading up.] 

Antaphrodisiae, ant'af-ro-diz'Y-ak, a. (Med.) Less- 
ening venereal desire. — n. Anti-venereal medicine. 
[Gr. anti, against, and aphrodisiakos. venereal, fr. 
Aphrodite, Venus, goddess of love.] — Ant'aphro- 
dific, a. Abating venereal appetite ; efficacious 
against venereal disease. — n. A medicine which, etc. 

Antarctic, ant-ark'tik, a. Opposite to the northern 
or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to 
the region near it. f Gr. anti and arktos, bear, the 
constellation called Northern Bear.] 

Antarthritic, ant'ar-thrifik, a. Counteracting gout. 

— n. A remedy for, etc. [Gr. anti and arthritis, 
gout.] 

Antecede, an-te-sed', v. t. To go before in time. [L. 
ante, before, and cedere, to go.] — Antece'dence, 
-dency, n. Act or state of, etc. ; precedence. — Ante- 
cedent, a. Going before ; prior ; previous. — n. 
That which, etc.; pi. the earlier events of one's life. 
( Gram.) The noun to which a relative refers. 
(Logic.) The first of two propositions in an enthy- 
meme; the first and conditional part of a hypothet- 
ical proposition. (Math.) The first of two terms 
of a ratio. — Antecedently, adv. Previously. — An- 
tecessor, -ser, n. One who goes before; a leader; 
one who possessed land before the present possessor. 

Antechamber, an'te-cham'ber, An'teroom, -room, n. 
A room leading to the chief apartment. 

Antecommunion, an'te-com-mun'yun, n. The part 
of the Anglican liturgy which precedes the conse- 
cration of the elements in the communion. 

Antecursor, an'te-kSr'ser, n. A forerunner. 

Antedate, an'te-dat, n. A date before the true time. 

— i\ t. To date before the true time; to anticipate; 
to take before the true time. 

Antediluvial, an'te-dl-lu'vT-al, Antedilu'vlan, a. Be- 
fore the deluge. — Antedilu'vian, n. One who lived 
before the flood. [L. ante and diluvium, deluge.] 




Antelope, an'te-lSp, n. A ruminant quadruped, in 

termediate between the deer and 
goat. [Gr. anthalop$.~\ 

Antelucan, an-te-lu'kan, a. Before 
light, — applied to assemblies ot 
the early Christians, held before 
daybreak, to avoid persecution. 
[L. ante and lux, light.] 

Antemeridian, an / te-me-rid /, T-an, 
a. Before noon. 

Antemundane, an-te-mun'dan, 
Before the creation of the world. Antelope. 

Antenatal, an-te-na'tal, a. Before birth. 

Antenna, an-ten'na, n. ; pi. Anten'NjE, -ne, a. (Zobl.) 
A movable, articulated org;m of sensation, attached 
to the heads of insects and Crustacea. [L., sail- 
yard.] — Anten'nal, a. 

Antenuptial, a n-te-nup'shal, a. Before marriage. 

Antepaschal, an-te-pas'kal, a. Before Easter. 

Antepast, an'te-past, n. A foretaste. [L. ante and pa* 
cere, pastum, to feed.] 

Antepenult, an'te-pe-nult', An'tepenult'i-ma, », 
(Pros.) The last syllable but two of a word. [L. 
ante, psene, almost, and ultimus, last.] — An'tepe- 
nult'imate, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Antephialtic, ant'ef-T-aKtik, a. (Med.) Preventing 
nightmare, f Gr. anti and ephialtes, nightmare.] 

Anterior, an-te'rT-or, a. Before in time or place; for- 
mer; foregoing. [L. compar. of ante, before.] — Ante'- 
riorly, adv. — Anteriority, -or'l-tl, n. Precedence. 

Anteroom. See Antechamber. 

Anthelion, ant-hel'yun, n. ; pi. Anthel'fa, -I-a. A 
luminous appearance on a cloud opposite the sun. 
[Gr. anti, over against, and helios, sun.] 

Anthelmintic, an-thel-min'tik, a. (Med.) Destroy- 
ing or expelling worms, — n. A vermifuge. [Gr. 
anti, against, ana helmins, helminthos, worm.] 

Anthem, an'them, n. Church musie adapted to pas 
sages from the Scriptures; a motet. [Gr. antiphona, 
fr. anti and phone, sound.] 

Anthemorrhagic, ant'hem-or-raj'ik, a. (Med.) Tend- 
ing to stop hemorrhage. [Gr. anti, haima, blood, 
and rhegnunai, to burst.] 

Anther, another, w. (Bot.) That part of the stamen 
containing the pollen. [Gr. anthe- 
ros, flowery, fr. anthos, flower.] — 
An'theral, a. Pert, to, etc. — Anther- 
iferous, -gr-us, a. Producing, etc. 
[L. ferre, to bear.] — Anther'iform, e & 
-ther'Tr-form, a. Having the form of, 
etc. [Li. forma, form.] 

Anthesis, an-the'sis, n. (Bot.) The 
opening of a flower. [Gr. bloom, fr. 
anthos, flower.] — Anthog'raphy, n. 
Description of flowers. [Gr. graph- 
ein, to write.] — AnthoKogy, n. A 
discourse on flowers; collection of 
flowers ; a collection of beautiful 
passages from authors. [Gr. legein, 
to gather.] — Antholog'ical, -loj'- 
ik-al, a. — An'thoid, a. Resembling 
a flower. [Gr. eidos, form.] 

Anthony's Fire, an'to-niz -fir, n. The 
erysipelas. 

Anthracite, an'thra-slt, n. A hard dd, filaments; 
mineral coal. [Gr. anthrax, coal.] — ee, anthers. 
Anthracific, a. Pert, to, etc. — An'thracene, -sen, 
-cine, -sin, n. (Chem.) A solid hydrocarbon pro- 
duced in distilling coal-tar; paranaphthaline. — An- 
thracom'eter, n. A machine for determining the 
amount of carbonic acid. [Gr. metron, measure.] — 
Anthrac'onite, n. Marble which takes a coal-black 
luster when polished. 

Anthropogeny, an-thro-poj'e-nY, n. The development 
ot man. [Gr. anthropos, man, and genos, birth.] — 
Anthrepog'raphy, n, (Phys. Geog.) The distribu- 
tion of the human race. [Gr. graphe, description.] 
— An'thropoid, a. Resembling man. [Gr. eidos, 
appearance/] — Anthrop'olite, ». A petrification 
of the human body. [Gr. lithos, stone.] — Anthro- 
pology, -jT, n. The natural history of the human 
species ; science of man, considered in his entire 
nature. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Anthropometry, 
n. The art of measuring the human body. [Gr. 
metron, measure.] — An'thropomor'phism, -m6r r - 
fizm, ». Representation of the Deity as having hu- 
man form or attributes. —An'thropomor'phite, -fit* 
n. A believer in, etc. — Anthropomorphous, -fus, a. 
Resembling a man. [Gr. morji/ie, form.] — An'thro- 
po'path'ical, a. Subject to human passions. — An'- 
thropop'athism, -pop'athy, -thl, n. Ascription of 




am, fane, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd. eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, t5ne, 6r ; 



ANTIACID 



23 



ANY 



human passions to the Supreme Being. [Gr. pathos, 
affection, passion.] — An'thropoph'agi, -pof'a-jl, re. 
) pi. Man-eaters; cannibals. — Anthropoph'agy, -jY, 
re. Cannibalism. [Gr. pfiagein, to eat.] — Anthropot'- 
omy, re. The anatomy, or dissection, of the human 
body. [Gr. temnem, to cut.] 

Antiacid. See Antacid. 

Antic, an'tik, a. Odd ; fanciful ; fantastic ; ludi- 
crously wild. — n. A buffoon ; odd appearance. — 
An'ticly, adv. [From antique.} 

Anticathode, an'tr-kath'od, n. (Phys.) The part of 
a vacuum tube opposite the cathode. 

Antichrist, anlY-krist, re. An adversary of Christ; 
the man of sin. — Antichristian, -kris'chun, re. An 
opposer of Christianity. — a. Opposing, etc. 

Anticipate, an-tis'Y-pat, v. t. To take or do before 
another, so as to prevent him; to take up beforehand, 
or before the proper time ; to foresee ; to expect. 
fii. ante, before, and capere, to take.] — Anticipa- 
tion, -pa'shun, re. Act of, etc.; previous view or 
impression; foretaste; preconception; forethought. 
— Anticipative, -t.is'Y-pa-tiv, a. — Anticipator, re. 
—Anticipatory, a. Taking before time. 

Anticlimax, an-tl-kli'maks, n. A sentence in which 
the ideas fall, or become less important, at the close. 
[Gr. anti, and klimax, staircase, fr. klinein,to slope.] 

Anticlinal, an-tT-kli'nal, a. Marking inclination in op- 
posite directions. — re. The crest-line from which 
strata dip in opposite directions; the anticlinal axis. 
[Gr. anti and Ktlncin.] 

Antidote, an'tT-dot, n. That which tends to counter- 
act poison, etc.— Antidotal, -dot leal, a. — Anti- 
do'tally, -dotlcally, adv. [Gr. untidoton, fr. dido- 
nai, to give.] 

Antifebrile, un-tY-feblil or -fe'bril, a. Abating fever, 
—re. A medicine to cure fever. 

Antigalactic, an'tY-ga-laklik, a. Diminishing the 
secretion of milk. [Gr. gala, galaktos, milk.] 

Antilithic, an-tY-lithlk, a. Preventive of stone in 
the bladder. [Gr. Uthos, stone.] 

Antilyssic, an-tY-lis'sik, a. Used to counteract hydro- 
phohia. [Gr. lussa, rage, madness.] 

Antimacassar, an'tY-ma-kas'sSr, re. A cover to pro- 
tect chairs, etc., from dirt. [From Macassar hair- 
oil.] 

Antimason. an'tY-ma'sn, re. One opposed to Freema- 
sonry. — Antima'sonry, re. Opposition to, etc. 

Antimonarchic, an'tY-mo-narklk, -ical, a. Opposed 
to monarchy. 

Antimony, anIY-mo-nY, re. A whitish, brittle metal 
used in medicine and the arts. [LL. antimonium.] 
— Antimo'nial, a. Of or pert, to, etc. — re. A prep- 
aration of, etc. 

Antinomy, anIY-no-mY or -tin'o-mY, n. Opposition of 
one law or rule to another; a thing contrary. [Gr. 
anti and nomos, law.] — Antino'mian, re. (Eccl. Hist.) 
One of a sect said to maintain, that, under the gospel 
dispensation, the moral law is of no obligation, —a. 
Pert, to, etc. — Antinc'raianism, n. Tenets of, etc. 

Antipapal, an-tY-pa'pal, -papistic, -ical, a. Opposing 
the papacy or popery. 

Antipathy, an-tip'a-thY, re. Aversion at the presence 
of a particular objeet ; dislike ; contrariety. {Nat. 
Phil.) A contrariety in the properties or affections 
of matter. [Gr. pat/ws, suffering, affection.] — An'- 
tipathetlc, -ical, a. Having, or produced by, etc. 

Antiperiodic, an'tY-pe'rY-odlk, a. (Med.) Preventing 
the return of intermittent diseases. 

Antipestilential, an'tY-pes'tY-len'shal, a. Counteract- 
ing infection. 

Antipharmic, an'tY-f ar'mik, a. Destroying the effect 
of poison. [Gr. pharmakon, poison.] 

Antiphlogistic, an'tY-flo-jislik, a. ( Chem^ Opposed 
to the doctrine of phlogiston. {Med.) Counteracts 
ing inflammation. — n. Medicine or diet which, etc. 
[Gr. phlogizein, to burn.] 

Antiphon, anlY-fon, Antiphony, -tif 'o-nY, re. {Mus.) 
An anthem or psalm sung in alternate parts; a re- 
sponse. — Antipn'onal, Antiphonlc, -phonlcal, a. 
— Antiph'onal, n. A book of antiphons or anthems. 
[Gr. antiphonos, fr. phone, voice.] 

Antiphrasis, an-tif'ra-sis, re. {Rhet.) Use of words in 
a sense opposite to their proper meaning; ironv. — 
Antiphrastic, -fraslik, -tical, a. — Antiphraslic- 
ally, adv. [Gr. anti and phrazein, to speak.] 

Antiphthisic, an'tY-tizIk, a. Relieving or curing 
phthisis. [Gr. phthisis, consumption.] 

Antiphysic, an-tY-fizIk, a. Contrary to nature; un- 
natural. [Gr. phusiSj nature.] — {Med.) Relieving 
flatulence; carminative. [Qr. phusan, to inflate.] 

Anaplastic, an-tY-plas'tik, a. Diminishing plastici 



ty. (Med.) Unfavorable to healing; preventing 
granulation. [Gr. plastikos, fr. plassein, to form.] 

Antipode,_ anlY-pod, re.; pi. Antipodes, -podz or 
-tip'5-dez. One of those who live on opposite sides 
of the globe, and whose feet are directly opposite. 
[Gr. antipous, ir.j>ous,podos, foot.] — Antip'odal, a. 

Antipope, an'tY-pop, n. One who usurps the popedom. 

Antiprelatical, an'tY-pre-latlk-al, a. Adverse to pre- 
lacy. 

Antique, an-tek', a. Old; ancient; of old fashion; 
made in imitation of antiquity. — re. Anything 
very old; a remnant of antiquity; relic. [F., L. 
antiguus, fr. ante, before.] — Antique'ness, re. — 
Antio/uity, -tik'wY-tY, re. Ancient tunes, or their 
people ; great age. pi. Remains of, etc. — Antiqua- 
rian, -kwalY-an, a. Pert, to antiquity. — re. An anti- 
quary. — Antiqua'rianism, n. Love of, etc. — Anti- 
quary, re. One versed in, etc. — An'tiquate, -kwat, 
v. t. To make obsolete, old, or void. — Antiquated, 
p. a. Grown old, or out of fashion; out of use. 

Antisabbatarian, an / tY-sab / b3-ta / 'rY-an,o. Opposed to 
the observance of the Sabbath. — re. One who, etc. 

Antiscians, an-tish/Y-anz, Antiscii, -tish'Y-I, re. pi. 
(Geog.) Dwellers on different sides of the equator, 
whose shadows* at noon are cast in contrary direc- 
tions. [Gr. anti, opposite, and skia, shadow.] 

Antiscorbutic, an'tY-skSr-bulik, -bu'tical, a. {Med.) 
Counteracting scurvy. 

Antiscriptural, an-tY-skrip / ch6t>r-al, a. Not accordant 
with Scripture. 

Antiseptic, an-tY-seplik, a. Opposing putrefaction. 
— n. A substance which resists or corrects, etc. 

Antislavery, an-tY-:da / 'ver-Y, a. Opposed to slavery. 

Antisocial, an-tT-so'shal, a. Adverse to society or 
hostile to its existence. 

Antispasmodic. an / ti-bpaz-mod' r ik, Antispastic, an-tt- 
spaslik, a. {Med.) Causing a revulsion of fluids or 
humors; counteracting spasm. [Gr. antispasis, a 
drawing back, fr. span, to draw.] 

Antisplenetic, an'tY-sple-nefik, a. Counteracting 
diseases of the spleen. 

Antistrophe, an-tislro-fY, re. (Rhet.) Repetition of 
words in an inverse order; the turning^ of an adver- 
sary's plea against him. (Anc. Lyric Poetry.) Part 
of a song or dance, around the altar, performed by 
turning from left to right, in o/>p. to the strophe, 
which was from right to left; the stanza of an ode 
following the strophe. — Antistrophic, -strof Ik, a. 
Pert, to, etc. [Gr. strophe, a turning.] 

Antithesis, an-tith'e-sis, n. ; pi. -uses, -sez. (Rhet.) 
An opposition of words or sentiments in the same 
sentence; contrast; anything directly opposed to an- 
other. [Gr., fr. thesis, a setting.]— Antithetic, -thet'- 
ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Antithet- 
ically, adv. 

Antitoxic, an'tY-tQkslk, a. Counteracting poison. — 
An'titox'in, re. A substance (sometimes the product 
of a micro-organism and sometimes naturally present 
hi an animal), capable of counteracting or produ- 
cing immunity from certain diseases. 

Antitrades, an'tY-tradz, re. The higher winds in the 
tropics, which blow in a direction contrary to the 
trade winds. 

Antitrinitarian, an'tY-trinl-talY-an, a. Opposing 
the doctrine of the Trinity. — An'trtrin'ita'rianism, 
re. Opposition to, etc. 

Antitype, anlY-tip, re. That which is prefigured by 
the type; thus the paschal lamb was a type of which 
Christ is the antitype. — Antityplcal, -tip'Y-kal, a. 
Pert, to, etc. ; explaining a type. — Antityplcally, 
adv. 

Antler, antler, re. A deciduous growth of bone on 
the head of a cervine animal, resembling horns in 
cattle. [OF. antoiUier, prob. fr. 1.. ante, before.J — 
Antlered, -lerd, a. Having, etc. 

Antonomasia, an'to-no-ma'zY-a, re. Use of a proper 
name for an appellative, as "a Cicero" for a great 
orator; conversely, the use of a name denoting rank, 
office, etc., for him who holds it, as " his majesty " 
for the king. [Gr., fr. anti, instead, and onomazein, 
to name.] — An'tonomas'tically, adv. 

Anus, alius, n. The lower orifice of the bowels. [Li.J 

Anvil, an'vil, re. An iron block, upon which metala 
are hammered and shaped. [AS. onfilt, anfilte, fr. 
ore and fyllan, to strike down.] . 

Anxious, ank'shus, a. Greatly concerned or sohcu 
tous, esp. about something uncertain; accompanied 
with anxiety; disturbed; uneasy. [L. annus, fr. 
angere, to torture.] —Anxiously, adv. — Anxloua- 
ness, Anxi'ety, ang-zi'e-tY, re. State of being, etc. 

Any, en'Y, a. One out of many, indefinitely; some; 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



AONIAN 



24 



APOSTLE 




an indefinite number or quantity. — adv. To any 
extent ; at all. [AS. anig, senig, fr. an, ein, one.] 

— An'ybody, -bod-Y, >i. Any one person out of 
many ; a person of importance. — how, adv. In any 
case; at any rate. — wise, adv. In any degree. — 
-where, -whar, adv. In any place. — whither, 
-hwitb/Sr, adv. To any place. 

Aonian, a-o'nY-an, a. Pert, to the Muse6, or to Aonia. 

Aorist, a'o-rist, n. (Gram.) A tense in Greek, which 
expresses an action as completed in indeterminate 
past time. [Gr. aoristos, fr. a priv. and horos, limit.] 

— Aoristlc, a. Pert, to, etc.; indefinite. 

Aorta, a-6r1a, n. The great artery from the heart. 
| Gr. aorte, fr. aeirein, to lift.] — Aort'al, -ic, a. Pert, 
to, etc. — Aortilis, n. {Med.) Inflammation of, etc. 

Apace, a-pas', adv. Quickly; nastily; fast. 

Apagoge, ap-a-go'je, n. (Logic.) The proving a 
tiling indirectly by showing the impossibility of the 
contrary thing. [Gr.. fr. apagein, to lead away.] — 
Apagogical, -gojlk-at, a. Proving by, etc. 

Apart, a-part', adv. Separately; aside; in a state of 
separation, exclusion, or of distinction; in two or 
mare parts; asunder. [F. apart, aside; L. ah or o, 
from, and parts, partis, a part.] — Apart'ment, n. 
A room in a building or house. 

Apathy, ap'a-thY, n. Want, or a low degree, of feel- 
ing; indifference; unconcern. [Gr. apatheia, fr. a 
pnv. and pathos, suffering.] — Apathetic, a. — Ap- 
athetically, adv. — Ap'athist, n. One who is, etc. 

Ape, ap, n. A quadrumanous mammal having teeth 
like man, and neither tail nor 
cheek pouehes; one who imi- 
tates servilely, like the ape; 
a dupe. — v. t. [aped (apd), a 
aping.) To imitate servilely; | 
to mimic. [AS. apa, Skr. kapi.~] ^ 
— Ap'er, n. One who. etc. — ^ 
Ap'ery, n. Practice of, etc — 1 
Apish, a. Having the quali- 
ties of an ape; inclined to imi- 
tate; foppish; affected; tri- Ape. 
fling; insignificant. — Aplshly, adv. — Aplshness, 
n. Mimicry; foolery; foppery. 

Apeak, a-pek', adv. On the point; in a posture to 
pierce. (Naut.) Perpendicular. 

Apepsy, a-pep'sT, n. (Med.) Defective digestion; 
indigestion. [Gr. apejitos, undigested.] 

Aperient, a-pe'rY-ent, a. (Med.) Having the quality 
of opening; laxative. — n. Laxative medicine. [L. 
aperire, apertum, to open.] —Aperitive, -pfirl-tiv, a. 
Deobstruent ; aperient. — Aperture, ap'er-chcibr, n. 
An opening through solid substance; a hole. 

Apetalous, a-pefal-us, a. (Bot.) Having no petals. 

Apex, a'peks, n. ; pi. A'pexes; L. pi. ApIces, ap'Y- 
sez. The top, tip, or summit of any thing. [L.] — 
Apical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Apic'ulate, a. Pointed. 

Apharesis, Apheresi3, a-ier'e-sis, n. (Gram.) The 
taking of a letter or syllable from the beginning of 
a word. [Gr. apo, from, and hairein, to take.] 

Aphasia, ai-a'zhY-a, Aphasy, afa-zY, n. (Med.) Loss 
of the power of speech, or of memory of words, with- 
out loss of intelligence or injury to the vocal organs. 
[Gr. a priv. and phanai, to speak.] — Apha r sic, a. 
Pertaining to, or affected by, etc. 

Aphelion, a-fel'yun, a. ; pi. Aphelia, -felY-a. (As- 
tron.) That point of a planet's or comet's orbit 
most distant from the sun, the opposite point being 
the perihelion. [Gr. apo, from, and helios, sun.] 

Aphis, a'fis, n. ; pi. Aphides, afY-dez. (Entom.) 
The vine-fretter, or plant-louse. [NL.] — Aphidiv- 
orous, af-Y-div'er-us, a. Feeding on the aphis, as the 
lady-bug. [L. vorare, to devour.] 

Aphony, afo-nY, n. (Med.) Loss of voice. [Gr. o 
priv. and phone, voice.] 

Aphorism, afo-rizm, n. A precept or principle ex- 
pressed m a few words; axiom; maxim: adage. [Gr. 
aphorismos, fr. apo and horos, a boundary.] — Apb/- 
orist, n. A writer of, etc. — Aphoristic, -istlcal, a. 
Having the form of, etc. — Aphoristlcally, adv. 

Aphrodisiac, af-ro-dizl-ak, a. (Med.) Excitingvene- 
real desire. [Gr. aphrodisiakos, fr. Aphrodite, Ve- 
nus, the goddess of love.] 

Aphthong, aflhong or aplhong, n. A letter or com- 
bination of letters having no sound. [Gr. a priv. 
and phthongos, sound.] 

Aphyllous, afll-lus or a-fillus, a. (Bot.) Destitute 
of leaves. [Gr. a priv. and phutton, leaf.] 

Apiary, a'pY-a-rY, n. A place where bees are kept ; 
bee-house. [L. apiarium, fr. apis, bee.] — A'pianst, 
n. One who keeps, etc. — Apicul'ture, -chot>r, n. 
Rearing of bees. [L. cultnra, cultivation.] 



or written in 



Apices. See Apex. 

Apiece, a-pes' adv. To each; each by itself. 

Aplanatic, ap-lan-atlk, a. Free from spherical aber- 
ration, — said of lenses. [Gr. a priv. and planasthai. 
to wander.] — Aplan'atism, -tizm, n. 

Aplomb, a'ploN, n. Assurance; self-possession. [F 
a, to, and plomb, lead; perpendicularity.] 

Apnoea, ap-ne'a, n. Want of breath; suffocation. 
[Gr. a priv. and pnein, to breathe.] 

Apocalypse, a-pok'a-lips, n. Revelation; disclosure; 
the last book in the Bible. [F., Gr. apokalupsis, fr 
apo and kaluptein, to cover.] — Apoc'alyp'tic, -lyp'- 
tical, a. Containing or pertaining to, etc. — Apoc'- 
alyp'tically, adv. 

Apocope, a-pok'o-pe, n. The cutting off of the last 
letter or syllable of a word. [Gr., fr. apo. from, and 
koptein, to cut.] — Apoc'opate, v. t. To cut off, 
etc. 

Apocrypha, a-pok'rY-fa, n. pi. Books whose inspira- 
tion is denied, and which are excluded from the 
canon of the Scripture. [Gr. apo and kruptein. to 
hide.] — Apoc'ryphal, -fat, a. Pert, to, etc. ; not 
canonical; of uncertain credit; spurious. — Apoc'- 
ryphally, adv. — Apoc'ryphalness, n. 

Apode, ap'od, n. An animal that has no feet; a fish 
having no ventral fins.— Ap'odal, a. [Gr. a priv. 
and ports, podos, foot.] ' 

Apodeictic, ap-o-diklik, Apodeic'tical, also Apodic'- 
tic, -dYk-tik, Apodidical, a. Evident beyond con- 
tradiction. [Gr. apo and deiknunai, to show.] 

Apodosis, a-pod'o-sis, n. (Gram.) The consequent 
clause or conclusion in a conditional sentence, ex- 
pressing the result. [Gr., fr. apo, from, back again, 
and didonai, to give.] 

Apogee, ap'o-je, n. (Astron.) The point in the orbit 
of the moon most distant from the earth. [Gr. apo, 
from, and gaia, ge, earth.] — Apoge'a 

Apology, a-poro-jY, n. Something said c 
defense or justification; expressed regret for some 
in iurious remark or act; excuse; anything provided 
by way of substitute ; a makeshift. [Gr. apologia, 
fr. apt and legein, to speak.] — Apologetic, -jetlk, 
-getlcal, a. Excusatory or defensive. — Apologet'- 
ics, n. (Theol.) The defense of the Scriptures, 
and evidence of their divine authority. — Apd'o- 
gist, -jist, n. One who makes an apology. — Apolo- 
gize, -jiz, v.i. [apologized (-jizd), -gizing.] To 
make, etc. — Ap'ologue, -log, n. A moral fable. [Gr. 
apologos, tale, fr. apo and logos, speech.] 

Aponeurosis, ap'o-nu-ro'sis, n. ; pi. -roses, -ro'sez. 
(Anat.) A membrane connecting a muscle and a 
tendon, or surrounding a muscle. [Gr.] — Aponeu- 
rotic, a. — Aponeurot'omy, n. Dissection of, etc. 
[Gr. apo, neuron, tendon, and tome, a cutting.] 

Apophlegmatic, ap'o-fleg-matlk, a. (Med.) Exciting 
discharges of phlegm or mucus from the mouth or 
nostrils. [Gr. apo and pJdegma.] 

Apophthegm, ap'o-them. See Apothegm. 

Apoplexy, ap'o-plek-sY, n. A disease characterized 
by sudden loss of sense and voluntary motion, usu- 
ally caused by pressure on the brain. [Gr. apo, from, 
away, and plessein, to strike.] — Apoplec'tic, -plec'- 
tical, a. Of, pert., or predisposed to, etc. 

Aposiopesis, a-po'sY-o-pe'sis, n. (Rhet.) An abrupt 
breaking off, as if the speaker was unable or un- 
willing to say what he had in mind. [Gr. apo, from, 
and siopan, to be silent.] 

Apostasy, a-pos'ta-sl, n. Total desertion of one's faith, 
principles, or paj-ty. [Gr. apostasia, fr. apo and stenai, 
to stand.] — Apos'tate, -tat, n. One who has for- 
saken, etc. — a. False, renegade. — Apos'tatize, ■ tiz, 
v.i. [-tatized (-tizdO, -tizing.] To abandon, etc. 

Aposteme, ap'os-tem, n. An abscess ; a sore filled 
with purulent matter. [Gr. apostema, fr. apo and 
histemai, to stand.] — Aposlemate, -mat, v. i, T« 
form into, etc. — Apostematous, -tem'a-tus, a. 

A posteriori, a pos'te-rY-oli. (Logic.) Reasoning a 
posteriori derives propositions from observation of 
facts, or principles and definitions from general- 
izations from facts, or infers causes from effects ; — 
the reverse of a priori. (Philos.) Knowledge a pos- 
teriori is derived from facts through induction or 
experiment. [L.] 

Apostle, a-pos'sl, n. A person sent forth to execute 
some important business ; one of the twelve disci- 
ples of Christ sent forth to preach the gospel. [Gr. 
apostolos, fr. apo and stellem, to send.j — AposUe- 
ship, n. The office, etc. — Apos'tolate, -to-lat, n. 
Mission ; apostleship. — Apostolic, -tollk, -icaL 
a. Pert, to an apostle or to the apostles, their times, 
spirit, or doctrines. — Apostollcally, adv. — A pot- 



am, fame, far, pass &>• opera, fare ; find, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



APOSTROPHE 



25 



APPRAISE 



tol'icism, -sizm, -tolieity, -lis'T-tt, n. State or qual- 
ity of being apostolical. 
Apostrophe, a-pos'tro-fl, n. (Rhet.) A turning away 
from the real auditory, and addressing an imaginary 
one. (Gram.) Contraction of a word by omitting 
letters; the mark ['] denoting contraction. [Gr., fr. 
apo and strophe, a turning.] — Apostrophic, -strof 'ik, 
a. Pert, to, etc. — Apostropb/ically, adv. — Apo3 / '- 

[-PHIZED (-t l/.d), -PHIZlXG.j To 



tropbize. -fiz, v. 

address by apostrophe; to contract by omitting, etc. 

Apothecary, a-poth'e-ka-rl, a. One who prepares 
drugs for medicinal use. [Gr. apotheke, repository.] 

Apothegm, Apophthegm, ap'o-them, n. A short, pithy, 
and instructive saying ; a precept ; maxim. [Ap- 
othegm is now the prevalent spelling.] [Gr. apo- 
phthegma, fr. apo and phthengomai, to speak plainly.] 

— Ap'othegmafic, -ical, a. In the manner of, etc. 

— Apotheg'matist, n. A collector or maker of, etc. 
Apethem, ap'o-them, n. (Math.) The perpendicular 

from the center to a side of a regular polygon. [Gr. 
apo and thema, fr. tiihenai, to place.] 
Apotheosis, ap-o-the'o-sis, n. Act of elevating a 
mortal to the rank of the gods. [Gr., fr. apo, away 
(from mortals), and theos, god.] — Apothe'osize, -slz, 



_t. To deify. 
Apozem, ap'o-zem, n. {Med.) A deeoction. 
fr. apo and zeia, to boil.] 



*s 



[Gr. 



Appall, ap-pawl r , v. t. [appalled (-pawld'), appal- 
ling.] To depress with fear; daunt, terrify, — v. i. 
To occasion fear. [E. and W. pall, fr. W. pallu, 
to fail; fr. same root as fail, fall. \ — Appal'ment, n. 

— Appallingly, adv. 

Appanage, ap'pan-aj, n. Land assigned by a sovereign 
prince t© his younger sons; means of sustenance. 
[F. apanage^ fr. L. ad, to, and panis, bread.] — Ap- 
pan'agist, -jist, n. One who receives, etc. 

aratus, ap-pa-ra'tus, n. ; pi. -ratus or -ratuses. 
_ lings provided as means to some end; a set of im- 
plements. [L., fr. ad and parare, to make ready.] 

Apparel, ap-par'el, n. Covering for the body ; clothing; 
raiment; vestment. — v. t. [appareled o/--elled 
(-eld), -eling or -elling.] To dress; to cover with 
something ornamental; to embellish. [F. apareil.] 

Apparent. See under Appear. 

Appeal, ap-pel', n. (Law.) Removal of a cause or suit 
to a superior judge or court for reexamination or 
review ; right of appeal ; a summons to answer to a 
charge. A call for proof or decision, or to grant a 
favor; resort; recourse. — v. i. [appealed (-peld r ), 
-pealing.] (Law.) To remove a cause, etc. To re- 
fer to another; to call on for aid. — v. t. (Law.) To 
remove, etc.; to charge with a crime; to accuse. 
[L. appellare, appellatum, fr. ad and pellere, to 
drive.]— Appeasable, a. Capable of being, etc. — 
Appellant, -petulant, n. One who appeals. — Ap- 
perlate, -lat, a. Belonging to, or having cognizance 
of, appeals. — Appellation, n. Name by which one 
is called; title; address. — Appel'lative, -tiv, a. Pert. 
to a common name.— n. A common, as distinguished 
from a proper, name. — Appel'latively, adv. — Ap- 
pellatory, a. Containing an appeal.— Appellee 1 ', 
n. (Law.) The defendant in, etc.; one who is ap- 
pealed, or prosecuted, by a private man for a crime. 

— Appellor, -16r', n. One who institutes an appeal, 
or prosecutes another for crime. 

Appear, ap-per', v. i. [appeared (-perd'), appear- 
ing.] To come or be m sight; to become manifest;' 
to seem, in opposition to reality. [L. apparere, fr. 
ad and parere, to come forth.] — Appear'ance, n. 
Act of, etc.; thing seen; phenomenon; semblance, 
or apparent likeness; personal presence; exhibition 
of the person; air; manner; mien. — Appear'er, n. 
—Apparent, ap-par'ent, a. Capable of being seen, 
or easily seen; plain; certain; evident; appearing to 
the eye, but not true or real; seeming.— Apparently, 
adv. — Appar'entness, n. — Apparition, -rish'un, n. 
Appearance ; thing appearing ; a preternatural ap- 
pearance; ghost; specter. — Appari'tional, a. — Ap- 
paritor, -ter, n. An officer who serves the process 
of a spiritual court. 

Appease, ap-pez', v. t. [appeased (-pezd r ), -peasing.] 
To make quiet, pacify, compose, calm. [F. ap- 
paiser, f r. L. ad and pax, peace.] — Appeas'able, a. 
Capable of being, etc. — Appeas'ableness, n. — Ap- 
pease'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ap- 
peas'er, n. One who, etc. — Appea'sive, -pe'siv, a. 
Having power to, etc. — Appea'sively, adv. 

Append, ap-pend', v. t. To hang or attach; to add, 
as an accessory; to annex. [L. ad and pendere, to 
hang.] — Append' age. n. Something added as sub- 
ordinate. — Append'ant, n. Thing appended. —a. 



Hanging; annexed. — Appendicitis, ap-pend'T-al''- 
tis, n. (Med.) Inflammation of the appendix. — Ap- 
pendlcle, -t-kl, n. A small appendage. — Appen- 
dicular, a. Pert, to, etc. ; esp. (Ann/.) said of 
parts of the skeleton attached to the axial column, 
as the limbs. — Appendic'ulate, -lat, «. (Hot) llav- 
ing an appendage, as a leaf with lobes attached to 
thepetiole. — Append'ix, n. ; pi. -ixes ; L. pi. -ices, 
-T-sez. Something added ; a concomitant ; literary 
matter added to a book. (Anat.) A slender blind 
process of the caecum in man and some animals; — 
called also vermiform appendix. 
Apperception, ap-per-sep'shun, n. (Metaph.) Per- 
ception that reflects upon itself; self-consciousness. 
[F., fr. L. ad and_perciperc, -ceptum, to perceive.] 
Appertain, ap-per-tan'. v. i. [-tained (-tand'), -tain- 
ing.] To belong, relate. [L. ad and peHinere, to 
pertain.] — Appurtenance, n. That which, etc.; an 
adjunct. — Appur'tenant, a. Belonging to by right. 
Appetence, ap'pe-tens, -tency, n. Strong natural de- 
sire; sensual appetite; tendency to seek or select. 



[L. appetentia, f r. ad and petere, to seek.] — Ap'pe- 
tent, a. Very desirous. — Ap'petite, -tit, n. Desire 
of gratification; esp. desire for food or drink. — Ap'- 



petize, -tlz, v. i. To create or whet, an appetite. 

Applaud, ap-plawd', v. t. or i. To praise by clapping 
the hands, acclamation, etc.; to commend; extol; cry 
up ; magnify. [L. ad and plau-lere, to clap the 
hands.] — Applaud'er, Applause, -pl-awz', ?i. Act of 
applauding; approbation publicly expressed; com- 
mendation. — Applausive, -plaw'siv, a. 

Apple, ap'pl, n. A well-known tree and its fruit; the 
pupil of the eye. [AS. seppelA — Ap'ple-blight. 
-blit, n. The aphis, or plant-louse. — -bran 7 dy, 

-jack, n. Brandy made from, etc. but'ter, n. 

Cider apple-sauce boiled down to the consistency of 

butter. galls, -gawlz, n. pi. The commercial 

name for Dead Sea apples. — Apple of discord. A 
subject of contention or jealousy. — A. of the eye. 
The pupil. — A. of Sodom. Fruit beautiful without, 
but composed of dust and ashes. 

Applique, ap-plek', a. Having a pattern which has 
been cut out and transferred to another foundation, 
as in a kind of lace. [F. appliquer, to put on.] 

Apply, zp-pW, v. t. [applied (-plld'), -plying.] To 
lay or place; to put, Dring, or carry; to use for a par- 
ticular purpose; to engage and employ diligently. — 
v. i. To suit or to agree; to have recourse. [L. appli- 
care, fr. ad and plicare, to hold.] —Applicable, a. 
Capable of being applied. — Appli'ably, adv. — 
Appli'ance, n. Act of applying, er thing applied; 
instrument or means. — Applicable, a. Capable or 
fit to be, etc ; suitable. — Ap'plicably, adv. — Ap'- 
"y of being, 
petitioner, 
pplied to some use. — Applicat- 
ion, n. Act of applying or laying on, in a literal 
sense; the thing applied; act of making request; act 
of fixing the mind; intenseness of thought. — Ap'"- 
plicative, -tiv, -catory, -to-rt, a. Applying.— n. That 
which applies. 

Appoggiatura, ap-pod'ja-too'ra, n. (Mus.) A passing 
tone preceding an essential tone or an accented part 
of a measure. [It.] 

Appoint, ap-point', o. t. To fix; to establish; to consti- 
tute, prescribe, allot, assign, equip. — v. i. To deter- 
mine; to ordain. [OF. appoint er, fr. L. ad anipunc- 
tum, point.] — Appoint'able, a. Capable of being, 
etc.— Appointee 7 , n. One who is, etc.— Appointor. 
n. One who, etc. — Appoint'ment, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. ; stipulation ; arrangement ; es- 
tablished order; pi. whatever is appointed for use 
and management. — Apportion, ap-pSr'shun, v. t. 
[-tioned (-shund), -tioning.] To divide and assign 
in just proportion. [L. ad and portio, portion.] — 
Ap'por'tioner, n. One who, etc.— Apportionment. ??. 

Apposite, ap'po-zit, a. Very applicable ; fit ; rele- 
vant; pat. (L. ad and ponere, position, to plnce.] — 
Ap'positely, adv. — Ap'positeness, -sitien. -zish'un, 
n. Act of adding; accretion. (Gram.) The state 
of two nouns (one of which explains the other) put 
in the same case, without a connecting word be- 
tween them. — Apposi'tional, a. 

Appraise, ap-praz*, v. t. [appraised (-prazd'), ai 
praisin 



pUcabiSity, Ap'plicableness, n. Quality 
etc. — Ap'plicant, n. One who, etc. ; a pi 
— Ap'plicate, a. Applied to some use. — Applica' 



ap-praz 
G.J To estimate the worth o£ esp. by per- 
sons appointed for the purpose. — Apprais'al, V A 
valuation by authority. — Appraise"ment, ?*. — Ap- 
praiser, n. One who, etc.: esp. one appointed and 
sworn to fix values. [Sometimes pronounced and 
written, apprize, apprizal, etc.] [L. ad and pretium, 
value.] 



siin, cube, fixll ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, Dondon, chair, get. 



APPRECIATE 



26 



ARBITER 



Appreciate, ap-preShT-at, a. t. To set a price on ; 
to estimate, esteem, value. To raise the value of. 
[Americanism.] — v. i. To rise in value. [L. ad and 
pretium.] — Appreciable, a. Capable of being, etc. 

— Appreciation, n. A just valuation; increase of 
value. —Appreciative, -tiv, -ciatory, -rT, a. Hav- 
ing just appreciation. — Appreciatively, adv. 

Apprehend, ap-pre-hend r , v. t. To seize or lay hold 
of; to understand; to entertain suspicion or fear 
of; to arrest, conceive, imagine, dread. •=- v. i. To 
be of opinion; to believe. [L. ad and prehendere, to 
seize.] — ApprehendSr, n. — Apprehensible, a. 
Capable of being, etc. — Apprehension, -shun, n. 
Act of seizing; a taking by legal process ; a taking 
in the mind; conception; opinion; faculty by which 
ideas are conceived; distrust or fear of future evil. 

— Apprehensive, -siv, a. fearful ; suspicious ; per- 
ceptive.— Apprehensively, adv. — ApprehenSive- 
ness, n. 

Apprentice, ap-prenlis, n. One bound to another to 
learn a trade or art. — v. t. [apprenticed (-tist), 
-ticing.] To bind out as, etc. [F. apprenti, a 
learner , fr. apprendre, to learn, fr. L. ad and pre- 
hendere.'] — Apprenticeship, n. The condition of, 
etc. ; his time of service. 

Apprise, ap-priz', v. t. [apprised (-prlzd'), -prising.] 
To inform; to give notice, verbal or written; to ac- 
quaint, make known, communicate. [F. apprise, 
judicial notification, fr. apprendre, to learn, teach.] 

Apprize. See Appraise. 

Approach, ap-proch'', v. i. [approached (-procht'), 
-proaching.J To come or go near; to approximate. 

— v. t. To place near; to come near to. — n. Act or 
opportunity of, etc.; access; passage by which build- 
ings are approached, pi. {Fort.) Works covering ad- 
vances towards a fortress [L. ad, and propriare, to 
draw near, fr. prope, near.] — Approach Sole, a. 
Accessible. — Appreacb/ableness, n. 

Approbate, ap'pro-bat, v. t. To express or manifest 
approbation of. [Bare.] [L. approbare, approba- 
tum, fr. ad and probus, good.] — Approbation, n. 
Act of approving; consent, on the ground of propri- 
ety; approval; liking; attestation. — Ap'proba'tory, 
-rT, -bative, -tiv, a. Approving, or implying ap- 
probation. — Approve, -prooV, v. t. ("approved 
(-proovdO, -proving.] To be pleased with; to think 
well of ; to commend; to sanction officially. [OF. 
approver, fr. L. ad and probus.] — ApprovSble, a. 
Worthy of, etc. — ApprovSl, n. Act of, etc. ; appro- 
bation. — ApprovSr, n. One who, etc. — Approv'- 
ingly, adv. 

Appropinquity, ap-pro-pink / 'wt-tT, n. Nearness. [L. 
ad and proplnquitas, fr. Iwope, near.] 

Appropriate, ap-pro'prt-at, v. t. To set apart for a 
particular purpose, or for one's self ; to assign. — a. 
Set apart for a particular use or person; belonging 
peculiarly; fit; pertinent. [L. ad and propritis, one's 
own.] — Appropriable, a. Capable of being, etc. — 
Appropriately, adv. — Appro 'priateness, n. — Ap- 
pro'pria'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; thing, esp. money, set 
apart. — Appro'priator, -ter, n. One who, etc. 
(Law.) One who has an appropriated benefice. 

Approve. See under Approbate. 

Approximate, ap-proks'T-mat, a. Near to. (Chem.k 
Math.) Nearly correct. — v. t. To carry or advance 
near; to cause to approach. — v. i. To come near; ap- 
proach. [L. ad and proximus, nearest, fr. prope.] 

— Approximately, adv. — Approximation, n. A 
coming near.— Approximative, a. Approaching. 

Appulse, ap'puls or ap-puls', n. A striking against; 
a touching, or very near approach. — Appal Sion, 
-shun, n. A striking against by a moving body.— 
AppulSive, -siv, a. Striking against. — Appal' - 
sively, adv. [L. ad and pellere, pulsum, to drive.] 

Appurtenance. See under Appertain. 

Apricot. a'prT-kot, n. A fruit allied to the plum. 
[Fr. abricot, fr. Ar. al-birquq, L. prsecoqua, fr. prse, 
beforehand, and coquere, to ripen, cook.] 

April, a'pril, n. The fourth month of the year. [L. 
Aprilis, from aperire, to open, as the month in which 
the earth opens for new truit.l — April fool. One 
sportively imposed upon on the first day of April. 

A priori, a prt-o'ri. Reasoning a priori deduces con- 
sequences from definitions formed or principles as- 
sumed, or infers effects from causes previously 
known ; — the reverse of a posteriori. [L.] 

Apron, a'purn or a'prun, n. A cloth, or piece of 
leather, worn before the body, to protect the clothes. 
[OF. naperon, fr. LL. napa, cloth.] 

Apropos, ar/ro-po', adv. Opportunely ; seasonably ; 
by the way; to the purpose. [F.] 




Aps, aps, n. The wood of the white poplar. 

Apse, aps, n. (Arch.) The domed part of a church 
where the altar is placed. [L. 
and Gr. apsis, arch, vault.] — 
Apsis, apSis, n. ; pi. -sides, 
dez. (Astron.) One of the two 
points in an elliptical orbit which 
are at the greatest and least dis- 
tance from the central body. 
(Arch.) An apse. A P S1S - 

Apt, a. Fit ; suitable ; having a tendency ; liable ; 
ready; quick; qualified ; dexterous. [L. aptus, fr. 
apere, Gr. haptein, to fit.] — Aptitude, -tud, n. 
Disposition or tendency; readiness in learning; do- 
cility. — Aptly, adv. — Apt'ness, n. 

Apteral apler-al, a. (Entum.) Destitute of wings. 
(Arch.) Having no columns along the sides, but 
only in front.— Ap'terous, -us, a. (Entom.) Apteral. 
— Ap'teryx, -iks, n. (Omith.) A bird of New Zea- 
land, of the ostrich family, having only rudimentary 



wings and no tail. [Gr. a priv. and pteron, wing.] 
.ptote, ap'tot, n. ( Gram.) An indeclim 
[Gr. a priv. and ptotos, fallen, declined.] 



An indeclinable noun. 



Aqua, a'kwa, n. Water ; — a Latin word used in 
chemistry, in significations determined by words 
annexed. — A. fortis, fSrlis. Nitric acid. — A. ma- 
rine, ma-ren', or marina, -ri'na. A variety of beryl, 
so called on account of its sea-green color. — A. regia, 
re'jT-a. Nitro-chloro-hydric acid. — A. vitae, vi" te. 
Water of life ; brandy. — Aquapuncture, -punk'- 
chde-r, n. The introduction of water subcutaneously, 
to relieve pain. [L. pungere, punctum, to prick.] — 
Aqua'rium, n. ; pi. -ria. An artificial pond for rear- 
ing aquatic plants; glass tank for aquatic animals. 

— Aquatic, -kwatlk, -ical, a. Pert, to, inhabiting, 
or frequenting, water. — Aquatics, n. pi. Aquatic 
sports, — as swimming, rowing, etc. — AS^uatint, 
-tints, n. A method of etching by aqua fortie, 
producing an effect resembling a water-color or In- 
dia ink drawing. [It. aequo, tmta, dyed water.] — 
Aqueduct, ak'we-dukt, n. An artificial conduit for 
water. [L. ducere, ductum, to lead.] — Aqueous, 
a'kwe-us, a. Of the nature of, or abounding with, 
etc.; watery ; made by means of water. —Aqueous 
huSaor. A transparent fluid, forming part of the eye. 

— Aquiform, a'kwY-f6rm, a. In the form of water. 
Aquiline, ak'wt-lln or -lin, a. Belonging to the eagle; 

curving; hooked ; prominent, like the beak of an 
eagle. [L. aquila, eagle.] 
Arab, arSb, n. A native of Arabia; 
a street vagabond ; a gamin. — Ara- 
besque, ar'a-besk, n. A species of or- 
namentation after the Arabian man- 
ner, intermingling foliage, fruits, etc., 
with other objects. — a. In the man- 
ner of the Arabians ; relating to the 
style of ornament called arabesque. — 
Arabian, a-ra'bl-an, Arabic, arS-bik, 
a. Pertaining to Arabia or Arabians. 

— ArSbic, n. The language of, etc. — 
ArSbism, n. An idiom of the lan- 
guage of, etc. — ArSbist, n. One 
versed in Arabic literature. 

Arable, ar'fc-bl, a. Fit for tillage or plow- 
ing; plowed. — [L. arare, to plow.] 

Arachnida. a-rak'nT-da, n. pi. (Zool.) 
The genus of spiders. — Arach'noid, 
-noid, a. Resembling a spider's web. 
(Anat.) Pert, to a thin membrane between the dura 
mater and pia mater. (Bot.) Having loose fibers, 
like cobwebs. [Gr. arachne, spider.] — Araneous, 
a-ra'ne-us, a. Resembling a cobweb; thin and del- 
icate. [L. aranea, spider, spider's web.] 

Arbalest, ar'bal-est, -balist, -balet, -blast, Arcubalist, 
ar'ku-ba-list, n. A cross-bow, — Arbalister, Arcubal- 
ister,-bal1st-eror-ba-list / er, n. A cross-bowman. [L. 
arcuballista, f r. arcus, bow, and ballista, a military 
engine for projectiles, f r. Gr. ballein, to throw.] 

Arbiter, ar'bi-ter, Arbitralor, n. One empowered 
to judge and determine, without control; an um- 
pire; one chosen by parties in controversy to de- 
termine their differences. [L.] — Arbitrable, a. 
Arbitrary ; determinable.— Arbitrage, -trej, n. Judg- 
ment by an arbiter, esp. as to traffic in stocks or 
differing values in different markets. — Arbit ra- 
ment, n. Will; determination; award of arbitrators. 

— Arbitrary, -tr6r-t, o. Depending on will or dis- 
cretion ; despotic ; bound by no law ; tyrannical; 
imperious; capricious. — Arbitrarily, adv. — Ax' - 
bitrate, -trat, v. t. To hear and decide, as arbitrators. 

— v. i. To decide ; to judge or act as arbitrator.— 




Arabesque. 



am, fame, far. pass or opera, fare ; find, eve, tSrin : Xo Ice : 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



ARBOR 



27 



ARGAND LAMP 



Arbitra'tion, re. Determination by, etc. — Arbitra'- 
trix, Arlritress, n. A female arbiter. 
Arbor, ar'ber, n. A bower; a seat shaded by trees. 
(Mach.) A spindle or axis. [L., a tree.] — Arbo'reous, 
-re-us, Arbo'real, a. Belonging to, growing on, or of 
the nature of, trees. — Arbores'cence, -sens, n. Re- 
semblance of, etc. — Abores'cent, a. Resembling, 
etc. — Ar'boret, n. A small tree; a shrub. — Arbo- 
re'tum, n. t. A place for cultivating trees and shrubs. 

— Ar'boricuFture, -kuKchdor, re. Art of cultivating, 
etc. — Ar'boricur tural, a. — Arboriculturist, re. 
One who, etc. — Ar'borist, re. One who makes trees 
his study. — Ar'boriza'tion, n. A tree-like appear- 
ance, e«p. in minerals. — Ar'borize, -iz, v. t. To form 
tree-like appearances in. — Ar'borous, -ber-us, a. 
Formed by trees. 

Arbuscle, ar'bus-sl, re. A dwarf tree. — Arbus'cular. 

Arbuie, ar'but, Arbu'tus, re. The strawberry tree, an 
evergreen shrub, whose berry resembles the straw- 
berry. [L. arbutus, akin to 
arbor.} 

Arc, ark, re. Part of the cir- 
cumference of a circle or ^ rC- 
curve. [L. arcus, bow, arch.] 

— Arc light. Electric light produced by passage of 
a powerful current of electricity between carbon 
points. — Arc'ograph, -graf, re. An instrument for 
drawing arcs without using a central point. [Gr. 
graphein, to write.] — ArCuate, -at, -uated, a. Bent 
like a bow. — Arc'ua'tion, n. A bending; convexity. 

Arcade, ar-kad", re. A series of arches; a walk arched 

above; a range of shops along an arched passage. 

[F., fr. L. arcus.] 

Arcanum, ar-ka'num, re. ; pi. -na, -na. A secret, f L.] 

Arch, arch, a. Cunning or sly; mischievous in sport; 

roguish. [AS. ag, earg, bad, idle.] — Arch 'Iy, adv. 

— Arcb/neas, re. 

Arch, arch, a. Chief; of the first class; principal; — 
used as a prefix in compounded words, most of 
which are self-explaining ; as, arch-apostle, arch- 
conspirator, etc. [AS. prefix arce-, erce-, L. and Gr. 
archi-, fr. same root as Gr. arehein, to be first.] — 
Arch-angel, ark-an'jel, re. An angel of the highest or- 
der. — angelic, -an-jel''-, a. Pert, to, etc. — -bishop, 
arch-bish'op, re. A chief bishop; a metropolitan. — 

— bish'opric, re. The jurisdiction or diocese of, etc. — 
-deacon, arch-de'kn, re. An ecclesiastical dignitary 
next in rank below a bishop. — dea'conry, -dea'con- 
ahip, re. The office and jurisdiction of, etc. — duke, 
arch-, re. A grand duke; chief prince; now, strictly, 
a son of an Emperor of Austria. — duke'dom, re. 
The jurisdiction of an arch-duke or arch-duchess. — 

-du'eal, «. Pert, to an archduke. duch/ess, re. A 

princess of the house of Austria. — -ducb/y, re. 
Territory or jurisdiction, etc. — en'emy. arch-, n. 
The devil, —fiend, arch-fend', re. The chief of fiends. 
— Archidiaconal, ark'T-di-ak'o-nal, a. Pert, to an 
archdeacon. — Archiepiscopacy, ark'Y-e-pis'ko-pa- 
sT, re. Estate of an archbishop. — Arch iepis^copal, 
a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Arch, arch, re. A curve line or part of a circle; any 
work in that form, or covered , 

by an arch.— v. t. or i. [arched — £-*■ 
(archt), arching.] To form 
an arch 
bow, arcn. 

arch'ez kortT An English ec 
clesiastical court of appeal.— 

— Arcb/way, re. Passage un- 
der an arch. 

Archaean, ar-ke'an, a. Ancient. 
(Geol.) Pert, to the earliest 
geological period, including 
the azoic and eozoic ages. [Gr. 
archaios, aneient, fr. arche, be- 
ginning.] — Archaeology, ar- 



[F. arche, L. arcus, 
;h.] — Arches court, 




Arch. 



ke-oKo-jT, re. The science of antiquities; a treatise 
on antiquities or ancient usages, customs, etc. [Gr. 
logos, discourse.] — Ar'chaeolog'ical, a. Relating to, 
etc.— ArchaeoKogiat, re. One versed in, etc. —Ar- 
chaic, ar-ka r ik, -ieal, a. Ancient, antiquated. — Ar'- 
chaism, -izm, re. An ancient or obsolete word or 
idiom; antiquity of style or use. 
Archer, arch'er, re. A bowman. [F., fr. L. arcus, 
a bow.] — Arch^ery, re. Art of shooting with a bow. 
» The original pattern of a 



Archetype, ar'ke-tip, 



work; the model from which a thing is made. [Gr. 
arche and tupos, stamp, pattern.] — Ar'chetypal, a. 
Original. 
Archil, arTefc-re. A violet dye obtained from sev- 
eral species o? lichen. [F. orcheil.} 




Archimedes' Screw. 



Archimedean, ar'kt-me-de'an, a. Pert, to Archim- 
edes. — A. screw, or 
Archimedes' screw. 

An instrument for 
raising water, 
formed by winding 
a flexible tube 
round a cylinder in 
the form of a screw. 
Archipelago, ar-kl- 
pel'a-go, re. Any 
body of water inter- 
spersed with isles; a group of isles. - Archipelagic, 
-ailk, a. [Gr. prefix archi- and pelagos, sea.] 

Architect, ark'Y-tekt, re. One who plans and super- 
intends the construction of a building; one who 
contrives or builds up. [Gr. prefix archi- and tek- 
ton, workman.] — Architect Ive, -iv, a. Adapted to 
use m architecture. - Ar'chitectonlc, -tonlcal, a. 
Pert, to, or skilled in, etc. — Ar'chitecton'ios, re. 
The science of, etc.— Arehitect'ress, re. A female 
architect. — Architecture, -tek'choor, re. The art or 
science of building; frame or structure; workman- 
ship. — Architectural, a. Of. or pert, to, etc. 

Architrave, ar'kl-trav, re. (Arch.) Lower division of 
an entablature, the part resting immediately on the 
column ; an ornamental molding. [Gr. and L. 
prefix archi- and It. trave, L. trabs, beam.J 

Archives, ar'kivz, re. pi. Place in which public rec- 
ord? are kept; rtcords preserved as evidence of facts. 
[F., L. archivum, Gr. archeion, residence of a mag- 
istrate.] — Ar'chMst, -kt-vist, re. The keeper of, etc. 

Archivolt, ar'ki-volt, re. (Arch.) The inner contour 
of an arch, or a band with moldings running over 
the arch-stones, and bearing upon the imposts. [Gr. 
and L. prefix archi- and It. volto, vault.] 

Archon, ar'kon, re. A chief magistrate in ancient 
Athens. [Gr., f r. arehein, to rule.] 

Arctic, ark'tik, a. Northern; lying far north. [Gr. 
arktos, bear, the Northern Bear constellation.] — 
Arc'tics, re. pi. Warm water-proof winter overshoes. 
— Arctic circle. A lesser circle 23 e from the north 
pole. 

Arcubalist. See under Arbalest. 

Ardent, ar'dent, a. Hot or burning; much engaged; 
intense ; fierce; vehement; fervent. [L. araere, to 
burn.] — Ar'dently, adv. — Ar'dency, re. Eagerness ; 
zeal; neat. — Ardor, ar'der, n. Heat; warmth of 
passion or affection; eagerness. [L.] 

Arduous, ard'u-us, a. High or lofty; attended with 
great labor, like climbing heights; difficult. [L. ar- 
duvs, steep.] — Ard'uously, adv. — Ard 'uousness, re. 

Are, ar. Present indie, pi. of the substantive verb, ety- 
mologically a different word fr. be, am, or was. 

Are, ar, re. (Metric Syst.) A measure of surface; 100 
sq. meters, or 119.6 so. yards. [F., fr. L. area.} 

Area, a're-a, re. Any plane surface; the inclosed space 
around a building; a sunken space around a base- 
ment. ( Geom.) Superficial contents of any figure. 
[L.] 



Arefy, ar'e-fl, v. t. To dry. [L. arere, to be dry, and 
' 'tao 
ness. 



facere, to make.] — Arefac' 



Act of, etc. ; dry- 



Arena, a-re'na, n.; pi. Are'nas, -naz; L. pi. Are'nje, 
-ne. (Rom. Antiq.) The area in an amphitheater, for 
gladiators, etc., which was covered with sand; any 
place of public eontest [L., sand, sandy place.] — 
Arenaceous, -na'shus, a. Of the nature of sand; 
friable. — Ar'enated, a. Ground into sand. 

Areola, a-re'o-la, re. ; pi. -olm, -le. An interstice or 
small space; the colored ring around the nipple, also 
around certain vesicles. — Are'olar, a. Pert, to, or 
like, etc. ; filled with, etc. — Are'olate, -lat, a. 
Marked by, etc. — Areolalion, re. A small space 
bounded by something of different texture, color, 
etc. [L., dim. of area.} 

Areometer, a-re-om'e-ter, re. An instrument for meas- 
uring the specific gravity of fluids. [Gr. araios, 
thin, rare, and metron, measure.] — Areom'etry, re. 
Act of measuring, etc. 

Areopagus, ar-e-op'a-gus, re. A tribunal at Athens, 
held on a hill named for Ares, or Mars. [Gr. Ares and 
pagos, hill.] — Areop'agite, -jit, re. A member of, etc. 

Aretaics, ar-e-talks, re. sing. (Moral Philos.) Sci- 
ence of virtue, — contrasted with eudsemonics, the 
science of happiness. [Gr. arete, virtue.] 

Argal, ar'gal, Ar'gol, re. Unrefined or crude tartar, 
[bee Argil.] 

Argand lamp, ar'gand. A lamp having a hollow wick 
under a glass chimney, producing a strong light. 
" burner, 



[Invented by Aime Argand.} — A. 



A ring- 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ARGENT 



28 



ARQUEBUSE 



shaped gas-burner, admitting a current of air through 
the center. 

Argent, ar'jent, a. Silvery; bright like silver. — n. The 
white color on a coat of arms. [L. argentum, silver, 
f r. Gr. argon, white.] ■— Argent'al, -gentle, a. Of, 
or pert, to, silver. — Ar'gentan, w. German silver. — 
Argentif ereus, -us, a. Containing, etc.— Ar'gen- 
tlne, -tin, a. Pert, to, resembling, or sounding like, 
etc.: silvery. — n. {Min.) A silicious variety of 
carbonate of lime, having a silvery- white luster. 
White metal coated with silver. — Ar'gentite, -tit, n. 
Sulphide of silver; vitreous silver; silver glance. 

Argil, ar'jil, n. (Min.) Clay or potter's earth ; some- 
times pure alumina. [L. argilla, Gr. argillos, white 
clay, fr. argos.] — Argillaceous, -la'shus, a. Of the 
nature of, etc. — Argilliferous, -er-us, a. Produ- 
cing, etc.— Ar'gilloid, a. Resembling, etc. — ArgiK- 
lous, a. Clayey. 

Argive, ar'jiv. a. Pert, to Argos, in Greece. 

Argonaut. ar /, go-nawt, n. One who sailed to Colchis 
with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the golden fleece. 
(Zobl.) The nautilus. [Gr. nautes, sailor.] — Argo- 
nautlc, a. Pert, to the Argonauts. — Argosy, ar'- 
go-sT, n. A large ship. 

Argot, ar-gol n. The secret language of thieves, 
tramps, etc.; flash; cant. [F., prob. cor. of jargon.] 

Argue, ar'gu, r. i. [argued (-gild), -guing.] To 
use arguments ; to reason; to contend in argument, 
dispute. — v. t. To debate or discuss, prove, persuade 
by reasons. [L. arguere.) — Ar'guer, n. — Argu- 
ment, n. A proof or means of proving ; process of 
reasoning; subject-matter, or abstract of the subject- 
matter, of a discourse, writing, picture, etc. — Argu- 
ment'al, a. Belonging to, consisting in, etc. — Ar- 
gumentation, n. Process or act of, etc. — Argu- 
mentative, -tiv, a. Containing or addicted to, etc. 

— Argumen'tum ad homlnem. Unexpected conse- 
quences pressed against a man, from his own prin- 
ciples or conduct. [L.J 

Arhythmous, a-rith'mus, a. {Med.) Without rhythm 
or regularity, as the pulse. [Gr. a priv. and ruth- 
mos, rhythm.] 

Aria, alT-a, n. (Mus.) An air or song; a tune. [It., 
fr. L. wir, the air.] — Arietta, -et'ta, Ariette, -ef, 
n. A little aria. [It., dim. of ana.] —Ariose, ar't-os, 
o. Characterized by melody, as disting. fr. harmony. 

Arian, a'rY-an, o. Pert, to Arius, or his doctrines. — 
«. A believer in Arius's doctrine, that Christ was 
only a superangelic being. — A 'nanism, -izm, n. 
Doctrine of, etc. 

Arid, arid, a. Dry ; parched up with heat. [L. 
aridus, fr. arere, to be dry.] — Aridity, Arldness, 
n. Absence of moisture: dryness. 

Aright, a-rTf, adv. Rightly ; without mistake. 

Arise, a-riz', v. i. [arose (-roz'), arising (-rlzlng), 
arisex (-rizn')-] To come or get up higher ; to 
mount, ascend, rise; to come into action, being, or 
notice: to proceed, issue, spring. [AS. arisan.] 

Aristocracy, ar-is-tok'ra-sT, n. A form of govern- 
ment, in which the supreme power is vested in a 
privileged order: nobility or chief persons in a state. 
[Gr. arista?, best, and kratein, to rule.] — Aristocrat, 
-rislo-krat or arls-, n. One who favors, etc. ; a proud 
or haughty person. — Aristocratic, -ical, a. Of, or 

Eert. to, etc.— Aristocratically, adv. — Aris'tocrat- 
im, n. Habits or principles of, etc. 
Aristotelian, ar'is-to-tell-an, a. Pert, to Aristotle, 

a Greek philosopher. — n. A follower of, etc. 
Arithmancy, arlth-man'sY or a-rith'man-sT, n. The 
foretelling of future events, by means of numbers. 
[Gr. aritnmo?, number, and manteia, divination.] 

— Arithmetic, n. Science of numbers; art of com- 
putation by figures. —Arithmetical, a. According 
to, etc. — Arithmetically, adv. — Ar / ithmeti / 'cian, 
-tish'an, n. One skilled in, etc. — Arithmometer, 
/(. An instrument to facilitate arithmetical calcu- 
lations; an abacus. [Gr. metron, measure.] 

Ark, ark, ». A chest, such as contained the Jews' ta- 
bles of the covenant; Noah's vessel during the del- 
uge; a large boat for transporting bulky articles. [L. 
area, AS. ai-fc.] 

Arm, arm, n. The limb between the shoulder and 
the hand ; anything resembling an arm, as the 
branch of a tree, or an inlet of water from the sea; 
power ; might. (Naut.) The end of a yard; part 
of an anchor. ( Mil.) A branch of the military ser- 
vice; an instrument of warfare. — n. pi. Instru- 
ments or weapons of offense or defense ; deeds or 
exploits of war. {Her.) Ensigns armorial. — v. t. 
[armed (amid), armixg.] To furnish with weap- 
ons ; to add strength, force, etc.; to furnish with 




means of defense. — v. i. To be provided with means 
of attack or resistance; to take arms. [AS. arm, L. 
annus, Gr. annos, shoulder.] — Arm'chair, -char, 
n. A chair with arms to support the elbows. — 
-hole, -hoi, n. The cavity under the shoulder; arm- 
pit: a hole for the arm in a garment. pit, n. The 

hollow under the shoulder. — Arm'ful, n. ; pi. -fuls. 
As much as the arms can hold.— less, a. Without 
arms, —like, a. Of the form of, etc. — Coat of arms, 
n. (Her.) A habit worn by knights over armor; an 
armorial device. — Stand of arms, n. A complete set 
for one soldier. — Small arms, n. Those not requir- 
ing carriages. — Ar'mament, n. A body of forces 
equipped for war ; arrangements for defending a 
fortification ; ships' guns and munitions. — Ai"'- 
mature, -ma-chur, n. Armor. {Magnetism.) Apiece 
of iron connecting the poles of a magnet, or electro- 
magnet, to complete the circuit. [L. armatura, fr. 
armare, to arm.] — Ar'miger, -mT-ier, n. (Her.) 
One entitled to armorial bearings. [L. arma, arms, 
and gerere, to carry.] — Armip'otent, a. Powerful 
in arms. [L. potens, powerful.] — Arlnistice, -tis, ». 
A temporary cessation of arms; a truce. [L. stare, 
to stand still.] — Armlet, n. A small arm. as of the 
sea; a kind of bracelet. — Arm'or, -§r, n. Defensive 
covering for the body or for ships. [ME. armure.] 

— Arnror-bear''er, n. One who carries another's 
armor or arms; an esquire. — Ar'morer, n. One who 
makes or has charge of, etc. — Armo'rial, a. Belong- 
ing to armor, or to a family escutcheon. — Arlnory, 
n. A place where arms, etc., are kept or manufac- 
tured. (Her.) Science of coat-armor. 

Armada, ar-ma'da or -ma'da, n. A fleet of armed 

ships; esp. the Spanish fleet sent against England, 

a. d. 1588. [Sp.] 
Armadillo, ai'ma-dillo, 

n. (Zobl.) An animal 

of South America, hav- 
ing the body encased 

in bony plates. [Sp., 

dim. of arma do, ' 

armed.] 
Armillary, ar'mil-la-rT, 

a. Pert, to, or resem- Armadillo. 

bling, a bracelet or ring ; consisting of rings or circles. 

— A. sphere. An instru- 
ment consisting of rings, all 
circles of the same sphere, 
representing the circles of 
the celestial sphere. — Ar'- 
millate, -lated, a. Furnished 
with bracelets. [L. armilla, 
bracelet.] 

Arminian, ar-min'T-an, n. A 
follower of Arminius, who 
denied predestination and 
kindred doctrines.— a. Pert, 
to Arminius or his princi- . 
pies. — Arminlanism, n. 
The tenets of, etc. 

Armure, ar'rmlr, n. A wool- 
en fabric, twilled, or woven 
with ribs on the surface. [F.j 

Army, arlnY, n. A body of men armed and orgaa 
ized for war ; a great number; a host. [F. arme'e, 
fr. L. armare, to arm.] — Ar'my-worm, -werm, n. 
A voracious caterpillar, appearing in large hosts. 

Arnica, ar'nY-ka, n. (Hot.) A plant used in medicine 
as a narcotic and stimulant. — Ar'nicine, -ni-sin, 
n. A bitter resin, the active principle of arnica. 

Arnotto. See Annotto. 

Aroma, a-ro'ma, n. The fragrant quality in plants. 
[Gr.] —Aromatic, ar-o-matlk, -ical, a. Pert, to, or 
containing, etc.; fragrant; spicy. — Aromatic, n. A 
plant, drug, or medicine, fragrant, and usually pun- 
gent in taste. — Aromatize, -ro^ma-tiz or ar'o-ma-tlz, 
v. t. [aromatized (-tizd), -tizing.] To impregnate 
with. etc. — Aro'matous, -tus, a. Containing aroma. 

Around, a-rownd', prep. On all sides of ; about ; 
from one part to another of. —adv. In a circle; on 
every side ; at random ; here and there. 

Arouse, a-rowz', v. t. [aroused (-rowzdO. arous- 
ing.] To awaken suddenly, excite, animate. 

Arpeggio, ar-ped^jo, n. (Mus.) The production of 
the tones of a chord in rapid succession, and not 
simultaneously. [It., fr. arpa, harp.] 

Arpent, ar'pent, n. A French land measure, used 
in Louisiana, where it contains 4,088 sq. yards. [F.] 

Arquebuse, ar'kwe-bus, n. A hand-gun, fired from a 
hook or rest. [D. haak, hook, and bus, gun.] — Ar'- 
quebusier, -bus-er', n. A soldier armed with, etc. 




Armillary Sphere. 



am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, or 



ARRACK 



29 



AS 



Arrack, ai 'rak, n. A spirit obtained from rice or the 
cocoa-nut tree, etc. [Ar. araq, fr. araqa, to sweat. J 

Arraign, ar-ran', v. t. [arraigned (-rand'). -kaign- 
ixg.J (Law.) To call or set to answer at the bar of 
a court; to call in question, impeach, censure. [L. 
act and ratio, reason.] — Arraign'ment, n. 

Arrange, ar-ranj', v. t. [arranged (-ranjd'), -rang- 
ing.] To put or place in proper order; to adjust or 
settle. [F. arranger, fr. rang, rank.] — Arrange'- 
ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; result of ar- 
ranging; classification; preparatory measure; settle- 
ment ; adjustment by agreement. (Mus.) Adapta- 
tion of a composition to voices or instruments for 
which it was not written; a piece so adapted. 

Arrant, ar'rant, a. Very bad; notorious. [Arghand, 
p. pr. argh, to be cowardly, fr. AS. earg, timid.] 

Arras, ar'ras, n. Tapestry; hangings, —made first at 
Arras in the Netherlands. 

Array, ar-ra', n. Order; disposition in regular lines; 
posture for fighting; an orderly collection; dress; 
raiment. {Law.) A ranking of a jury as impan- 
eled in a cause; the panel itself; the whole body of 
jurors summoned to attend the court, — v. t. [ar- 
rayed (-rad'), -raying.] To dispose in order; to 
deck or dress. (Law.) To set in order, as a jury; 
to call them man by man; to draw out, arrange, en- 
velop. [OF. arrai, fr. rai, order.] 

Arrear, ar-rer', n. sing.. Arrears', n. pi. That which is 
behind in payment, or remains unpaid, though due. 

— Arrear'age, -ej, n. The part of a debt unpaid. 
Arrect, ar-rekt' ? Arrect'ed, a. Lifted up; raised; 

erect. [L. amgere, arrectum, to raise.] 
Arrest, ar-rest', v. t. To check or hinder the motion 
or action of. (Law.) To take or apprehend by au- 
thority. To seize on and fix ; to obstruct, delay, 
check^ stop. — n. (Law.) The taking or apprehend- 
ing of a person; any seizure, or taking by power; 
hindrance. [L. ad and restare, to remain.] (Far.) 
A scurfiness of the back part of the hind leg of a 
horse. — Arresfment, n. (Law.) An order by a 
judge to detain. — Arresta'tion, n. Act of arresting. 

— Arret, ar-ref or ar-ra', n. (F. Law.) A judg- 
ment, decision, or decree of a court or of parliament ; 
an edict ; a seizure of persons or goods. [F.] 

Arris, ar'ris, n. (Arch.) The edge formed by two 
surfaces meeting, whether plane or curved. [L. 
arista, beard of an ear of grain, bone of a fish.] 

Arrive, ar-riv', v. i. [arrived (-rivd'), -riving.] 
Lit., to come to the shore; to come; to gain or com- 
pass an object by effort, practice, study, etc. [F. 
arriver, fr. LL. a/lnpare, fr. L. ad and ripa, shore.] 

— Arri'val, re. Act of arriving; attainment or gain- 
ing of any object; person or thing arriving. 

Arrogate, ar'ro-gat, v. t. To claim unduly; to as- 
sume. [L. arrogare, to claim as one's own, fr. ad 
and rogare, to ask.] — Arroga'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

— Abrogative, -tiv, a. Arrogant. — Ar'rogance, re. 
Undue assumption of importance; haughtiness. — 
Ar'rogant, a. Assuming undue importance; over- 
bearing ; presumptuous. — Arrogantly, adv. 

Arrow, arlo, n. A pointed weapon to be shot from a 
bow. [AS. arewe.~] — Ar'row-head'ed, -hed'ed, a. 
Shaped like the head of an arrow;— esp. applied to 
the wedge-shaped, or cuneiform, alphabetical char- 
acters found in inscriptions at Persepolis, Nineveh, 
Babylon, etc. — Ar'rowroot, -root, re. A tropical 
plant, and the starch which it yields. — wood, -wdod, 
n. A straight-stemmed shrub from which American 
Indians make arrows. — Arrowy, ar'ro-T, a. Con- 
sisting of, formed like, or resembling, etc. 

Arsenal, ar'se-nal, re. A public establishment for the 
manufacture or storage of arms and military equip- 
ments. [Sp., fr. Ar. darcinah, house of industry.] 

Arsenic, ar'se-nik. n. (Min.) A metal of a steel gray 
color, and brilliant luster. (Com.) Arsenious acid ; 

— a virulent poison, called also oxide of arsenic, 
white arsenic, and ratsbane. [Gr. arsenikon, fr. 
arre>i, male, on account of its strength.] — Arsen"- 
iate, -I-at. n. A salt of arsenic acid.— Ar'senite, -it, 
n. A salt of arsenious acid. — Arsenic, -ical. a. 
Composed of, or containing, etc. — Arsenlcate. v. t. 
To combine with, etc. — Arse'nious, -nl-us, a. Com- 

. posed of, or containing, etc. — Arseni'uretted, -sen'- 
uretted, a. Combined with, etc. 

Arsis, ar'sis, n. (Pros.) The part of a foot marked by 
a greater stress of voice. [Gr., fr. airein, to raise.]' 

Arson, ar'sn, n. (Law.) Malicious burning; of build- 
ings or ships, [li. ardere, arsum, to burn.] 

Art, art. Second person sing., indie, mode, pres. 
tense, of the verb to be, but from were. [AS. eart.~] 

Art, art, re. Employment of means to accomplish an | 



end; a system of rules for performing actions, — 
opp. to science: power of performing certain actions, 
acquired by experience, study, etc.: cunning; arti- 
fice; deceit: duplicity. [L. ars, artis, fr. Gr. arein, 
to fit together.] — Artlul, -ful, a. Made, per- 
formed with, characterized by, or using a rt or skill ; 
practicing stratagem ; crafty^ — Arffully, adv. — 
Art'fulness, n. — Ar'tifice, -tl-fis, re. Artiul or skill- 
ful contrivance; device; finesse; deception; fraud. 
[L. ars apd/acere. to make.] — Artificer. -tifT-ser, 
n. A skillful workman in some art; one who con- 
structs and contrives. — Artificial, -fish'al, a. 
Made or contrived by art; factitious; hence, feigned; 
fictitious; cultivated; not indigenous. — Artifi''- 
cially, adv. — Artifi'cialness, -ciallty, ar-tt-fish'Y- 
al'I-tT, n.— Artisan, -zan, n. One skilled in any 
mechanical art ; a handicraftsman. — Art'ist, n. 
One who professes _and practices one of the liberal 
arts. — Artiste, ar-tesf, n. One who is dexterous 
and tasteful in almost any art. [F.] — Artistic, 
-ical, a. Pert, to, or characterized by. art ; made in 
the manner of an artist. — Artless, a. Free from 
art, craft, or stratagem: ingenuous; contrived with- 
out skill or art; inartificial. — Artlessly, adv. 
"Without art; naturally. — Artlessness, n. — Arf- 
union, -un'yun, n. An association for encouraging 
artists. 

Artery, arler-T, re. One of the vessels which convey 
the blood from the heart to all parts of the body; an 
important channel of communication. [Gr. arteria, 
fr. airein, to raise, lift.] — Arterial, -te'rT-al, a. 
Pert, to orcontained in. etc.— Arte'rialize, v. t. [-ized 
(-Tzd),-iziNG.] To communicate the qualities of ar- 
terial blood to. — Arte'rializa'tion. re. — Arte'ri- 
ofomy, -mT, n. (Anut.) The opening of an artery 
to let blood : dissection of, etc. [Gr. iome, a cutting.] 

Artesian, ar-te'zhan. a. Pert, to Artois (L. Artesium), 
in France. — A. wells. Wells bored into the earth to 
reach water, which flows from internal pressure. 

Arthritis, ar-thri'tis, re. (Med.) Any inflammation 
of the joints, esp. the gout. [Gr., f r. arthron, a joint.] 

— Arthritic, -thritlk, -ical, a. Pert, to, or affect- 
ing, the joints. — Arthrography, -f I, n. A descrip- 
tion of, etc. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] 

Artichoke, arll-chok, n. An esculent plant resemb- 
ling a thistle. [It. articiocco.~\ —Jerusalem a. A spe- 
cies of sunflower, bearing a tuber like the potato. 
[Jerusalem, corrup. of It. girasole, sunflower.] 

Article, ar'tT-kl, re. A distinct portion of any writing, 
consisting of particulars; a clause in a contract, ac- 
count, treaty, etc; a distinct part; a particular com- 
modity or substance. (Gram.) One of the three 
words, a, an, the. — v. t. [articled (-kid), -cling.] 
To set forth in distinct articles; to bind by articles 
of covenant or stipulation. — v. i. To agree by ar- 
ticles; to stipulate. fF., fr. L. articulm, dim. of ar- 
tus, anoint.]— Artic'ulate, a. (Nat. Hist.) Formed 
with joints. Distinctly uttered: clear. — n. (Zobl.) 
An animal having the body and members jointed. 

— v. t. To joint; to unite by a joint; to form into 
elementary sounds. — v. i. To utter articulate 
sounds ; to enunciate. [L. articvlare, articvlatum, 
to join, to utter distinctly, fr. art i cuius.} — Artic'- 
ular, a. Of, or pert, to, joints. — Artic'uiately, adv. 
Distinctly ; clearly. — Artic / ula" , tion, n. (Anat.) 
Junction of the bones of a skeleton. (Bot.) Con- 
nection of the parts of a plant bv joints, as in pods; 
one of the joints, as in cane and maize; one of the 
parts between joints. Utterance of the elementary 
sounds of language. — Artic'ulator, -ter, n. One 
who joints; esp. one who puts together a skeleton; 
a distinct speaker. 

Artillery, ar-tiller-T, n. Offensive weapons of war; 
cannon; great guns: ordnance; the body of men in 
charge of cannon, etc.; the science of artillery and 
gunner}'. [LL. artillaria, fr. L. an. ..vtis, art.] — 
Artillerist, n. One skilled in, etc. 

Arundinaceous, a-run'dl-na'shus, a. Pert, to, or re- 
sembling, a reed or cane. [L. arundo, reed.] — Ar'- 
undin'eous, -T-us, a. Abounding in reeds. 

Aruspice, a-rus'pis, Harus'pice, n. A priest, in an- 
cient Rome, who foretold the future by inspecting 
entrails of victims killed in sacrifice. [L. ai-uspexT\ 

— Arus'picy, -pI-sT, n. Prognostication by, etc. 
Aryan, ar'yan or ar'T-an, a. Pert, to an ancient 

people of Central Asia, from whom are supposed to 
descend the Celtic, Teutonic, Sclavonic, and other 
races ; Indo-European or Indo-Germanic. [Skr.' 
arya, excellent, honorable.] 
As, az, adv. Like: similar to; of the same kind with; 
while; during: in the idea, character, nature, or 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boxbox, chair, get. 



ASAFETIDA 



30 



ASSAULT 



condition of; for instance; by way of example; 
thus. [AS. eal swa, just so, just as, al swa, als.] — 
As if, or as though. Of the same kind, or in the 
same manner, that it would be if. — As for, or as to. 
In regard to, with respect to. — As it were. A phrase 
used to apologize for some expression, which might 
seem inappropriate or incongruous. —As well. Also; 
too; besides. — As yet. Until now. 

Asafetida, -foetida, as-a-fet'T-da, n. A fetid inspis- 
sated sap from India, used in medicine. [Per. azd, 
name of the plant, and L. foetidus, stinking.] 

Asbestos, as-bes'tus, -bes'tos, n. (Min.) A fibrous 
variety of hornblende and pyroxene, making an 
incombustible cloth. [Gr. a priv. and sbennunai, to 
extinguish.] — Asbes'tiform, a. Having the struc- 
ture of, etc. — Asbes'tine, -tin, a. Pert, to, etc. 

•Ascend, as-send', v. i. To mount; to go up: to rise. — 
v. t. To go or move upward upon; to climb. [L. 
ad and scandere, to climb, mount.] — Ascend 1 ' able, 
a. Capable of being ascended. — Ascend'ant, a. 
Above the horizon; superior; predominant, — re. 
Superior influence; an ancestor. (Astrol.) The 
horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which 
rises above the horizon at the time of one's birth. — 
Ascend'ency, re. Authority; sway; control. — As- 
cen'sion, n. Act of ascending; esp. the elevation of 
our Savior to heaven. — Ascen'sional, a. Relating 
to, etc. — Ascen'sion day. The day on which our 
Savior's ascension is commemorated. — Ascent', re. 
The act of rising; way by which one ascends; an 
eminence or high place; the angle which an object 
makes with a horizontal line; inclination. 

Ascertain, as-ser-tan', v. t. [ascertained (-tand'), 
-taining.] To make certain; to establish: to find 
out for a certainty. [L. ad and cerium, sure.] — 
Ascertain 'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — As'- 
certain'ment, re. A making or gaining certainty. 

Ascetic, as-set'ik, re. One who practices undue rigor 
or self-denial in religious things, —a. Unduly rigid 
or self-denying. [Gr. askein, to exercise. | — Asceti- 
cism, -sizm, n. The practice of ascetics. 

Ascii, ash'T-I, Ascians, ash'yanz, re. pi. (Geog.) In- 
habitants of the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, 
a vertical sun, and hence no shadow at noon. [Gr. 
a priv. and s/cia, shadow.] 

Aseitic, as-sit'ik, -ical, a. Tending to dropsy of the 
abdomen. [Gr. askos, belly.] 

Ascribe, as-krlb", v.t. [ascribed (-krlbd'). ascrib- 
ing.] To attribute to, as a cause or quality; to im- 
pute; to assign. [L. ad and scribere, to write.] — 
Ascrib'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — As'cript, 
a. Written by the side of another character. — As- 
crip'tion, re. Act of ascribing; thing ascribed. 

Asexual, a-seks'u-al, a. Having no distinct sex. [a 
priv. and L. sexualis, sexual.] 

Ash, re. A genus of forest trees, or their wood. [AS. 
sesc] — Asb/en, a. Made or formed of ash-wood; of 
the color of ashes; ashy. — Asb/ery, -Sr-T, re. A 
place for putting ashes : a place where potash is 
made.— Asb/es, -ez, n.pl. Earthy or mineral particles 
remaining after combustion; —among chemists, and 
in composition, used in the sing., as, bone-ash, pearl- 
ash ; the remains of what is burnt; remains of a dead 
body.— Ash- Wednesday, -wenz'dT. The first day of 
Lent. — Asb/y, -T, a. Ash-colored; like ashes. 

Ashamed, a-shamd r , a. Affected by shame; abashed 
or confused by guilt, impropriety, etc. [AS. dsca- 
mian, to mnke ashamed, fr. scamu, shame.] 

Ashlar, Ashler, ash'ler, re. Free-stones as they come 
from the quarry ; hewn stones for facing walls. [OF. 
aiselle, dim. of ais, L. assis, plank.] — Ash'lering, re. 
The setting of ashlar facing; partition timbers in 
garrets reaching from floor to rafters. 

Ashore, a-sh5r', adv. On or to shore; on the land. 

Aside, a-sid', adv. On, or to, one side; apart. — re. A 
remark in an undertone or by way of parenthesis. 

Asinine. See under Ass. 

Ask, ask, v. t. or i. [asked (askt), asking.] To re- 
quire; to inquire, petition, beg, claim, demand, inter- 
rogate. [AS. ascian, acsian.~] — Aak/er, re. One who 
asks. — (Zool.) A water newt, eft. [AS. athexe.] 

Askance, as-kans', Askant', adv. Obliquely ; side- 
ways; toward one corner of the eye. [OF. a scanche, 
on the slope, obliquely, It. schiancio, slope.] 

Askew, a-sku r , adv. Sideways; askant; awry. [Icel. 
d ska, on the skew, Dan. skjev, wry, oblique.] 

Aslant, a-slanf, adv. At a slant; obliquely. 

Asleep, a-slep', adv. In a state ox sleep; at rest; dead. 

Aslope, a-slop', adv. With a slope or descent. 

Asomatous, a-so'ma-tus, a. Without a material body ; 
incorporeal. [Gr. a priv. and soma, body.] 




Asp, asp, Asp'ic, re. A small, 
hooded, poisonous serpent. 
[Gr. and L. aspis.] 

Asparagus, as-par'a-gus, n. A 
culinary plant. [Gr. ana, up, 
and spargan, to swell with sap.] 
— Aspar'agine, -jin, n. ( Chem.) 
A crystalline substance in the 
juice of asparagus. — Aspar''- 
tic acid. An acid obtained 
irom asparagine. 

Aspect, as'pekt, re. Look; mien; 
air; appearance to the eye or 
the mind ; position in rela- 
tion to the points of the com- 
pass. (Astrol.) The situation -\.sp. 
of one planet or star with re- 
spect to another. [L. ad and spicere, to look.] 

Aspen, as'pen, n. (Bot.) A species of poplar. — a. 
Pert, to the aspen. [AS. sesp, asps.] 

Asperate, as'per-at, v. t. To make rough. [L. osper, 
rough.] — As'perifo'lious, a. (Bot.) Having rough 
leaves. [L. jolium, loaf.] —Asperity, -per'Y-ti, re. 
Roughness of surface, taste, or sound; harshness 
of spirit and language; acrimony; moroseness. 

Aspermatous, a-sperma-tus, Asper'mous, -mus, a. 
( Bot.) Without seeds. [Gr. a priv. andsperma, seed. 

Asperse, as-pers', v. t. [aspersed (-persf), aspers- 
ing.] To bespatter with foul reports or injurious 
charges ; to calumniate, slander, defame. [L. ad and 
spargere, to strow, scatter.] — Asper'sion, -shun, 
re. A sprinkling, as of water or dust, in a literal 
sense ; spreading of calumnious reports; calumny. 

Asphalt, as-falt', -phaUtum, re. Mineral pitch; com- 
pact native bitumen. [Gr. as])haltos.] — Asphalt'ic, 
a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. 

Asphodel, as'fo-del, re. (Bot.) A perennial plant of 
the lily species; daffodil. [Gr. asphodelos.] 

Asphyxia, as-fiks'T-a, -phyx'y, -T, re. (Med.) Apparent 
death, or suspended animation. [Gr. a priv. and 
sphuris, throbbing pulse.] — Asphyx'ia'tion, re. The 
process of producing, or state of, asphyxia. 

Aspic. See Asp. 

Aspire, as-pir', v. i. [aspired (-plrdO, aspiring. 1 
To desire with eagerness; to long; to rise. [L. ad 
and spirare, to breathe, to blow.] — Aspir'ant, a. 
Aspiring; ardently desirous of rising. — Aspir'ant, 
Aspir'er, re. One who seeks eagerly. — Aspirate, 
as'pl-rat, v. t. To pronounce with a breathing or 
full emission of breath. —re. A letter marked with 
a note of breathing; a mark of aspiration ( ' ) used 
in Greek; the rough breathing; anon-vocal conso- 
nant. — a. Pronounced with a rough breathing. 
— Aspira'tien, n. Pronunciation of a letter with a 
strong emission of breath; strong wish or desire. — 
Aspira'tor, -ter, re. (Med.) An instrument for draw- 
ing out fluids from cavities of the body, — as pus, 
blood, etc. (Chem.) An apparatus for passing air 
or gas through liquids, by suction. 
To ■' 



Asquint, a-skwint' 



the corner of the eye; 



obliquely. [See Askance.] 
Ass, ass, re. (Zool.) A quadruped of the horse family, 

having long, slouch- 
ing ears. A dull, 

stupid fellow; a dolt. 

[AS. assa, L. asinusJ 

— Asinine, as'I-nln 

o. Belonging to, or' 

having the qualities 

of, an ass ; stupid ; 

obstinate. 
Assafetida, re. See 

Asafetida. 
Assagai, Assagay, as'- 

sa-aa, re. A dart or - 

spear used by certain ' 

African tribes. [Sp. 

azaguyu.] 
Assail, as-saK, v. t. 

[assailed (-said'), 

assailing.] To attack with violence; to attack with 

a view to change feelings, conduct, etc.; to assault, 

beset, fall upon. [L. ad and salire, to spring.] — As- 

saiUable, a. Capable of being, etc. — AssaU'ant, 

n. One who, etc. —a. Assaulting, etc. — Assail / er, re. 
Assassin, as-sas'sin, re. One who kills or attempts to 

kill by secret assault. [Ar. hashishin, one who has 

drunk of the hashish.] — Assas'sinate, v. t. To 

murder by, etc. — Assas' sina'tion, n. Act of, etc. 
Assault, as-sawlf, re. A violent attack with blows, 

weapons, etc., or with words, arguments, appeals. 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in. Ice ; Odd, tone, 5r ; 



ASSAY 



31 



ASTER 



and the like; invasion ; incursion ; onset; charge. 
{Law.) An attempt or offer to beat another, but 
without touching his person: if the blow takes ef- 
fect, it is a battery. — v. t. To attack with, etc. [L. 
ad and saltus, a leaping, fr. satire.] — Assaulfable, 
a. Capable of being, etc. — Assault'er, n. 

Assay, as-sa', n. (Chem.) Determination of the 
quantity of any metal, esp. gold or silver, in an ore 
or alloy; the substance to De assayed; a trial of 
weights and measures. — v. t. {assayed (-sad'), 
assaying.] To subject to chemical examination, 
etc. — v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. [L. exa- 
gium, a weighing, a balance,] — Assay 'er, n. One 
who tries or examines metals. 

Assemble, as-sem'bl, v. t. [assembled (-sem'bld), 
-BLING.J To bring or call together; to convene; to 
congregate. — v. i. To meet or come together, to con- 
vene. [L. ad and simul, together.] — Assem'blage, 
-blej, n. Act of assembling; collection of individ- 
uals, or of particular things. — Assem'bly, -bit, n. A 
company collected in one place, usually for some 
common purpose; meeting, group. 

Assent, as-sent', n. The act of assenting, admitting, 
or agreeing to any thing; consent. — v. i. To admit 
a thing as true; to express agreement, concurrence, 
or concession. [L. ad and sentire, to feel, think.] — 
Assentation, n. Assent by way of flattery or dis- 
simulation ; adulation. — Assenta'tor, -ter, n. A flat- 
terer or dissembler. — Assenfer, n. One who assents. 

Assert, as-serf, v. t. To affirm positively; to aver, 
maintain, vindicate. [L. ad and serere, sertum, to 
join together.^ — Assertion, -sgr'shun, n. Act of as- 
serting; vindication. — Assertive, -iv, a. Positive; 
affirming confidently. — Assert'or, -er, n. — Assert- 
ory, -er-t, a. Affirming; maintaining. 

Assess, as-sea', v. t. [assessed (-sesf), -sessing.] To 
tax; to value for taxation ; to determine, fix, estimate. 
[LL. assessare, fr. L. assidere, to sit by.] — Assess- 
able, a. Liable to be assessed. — Assessment, n. 
Act of, etc.; valuation; sum charged. — Assessor, 
-er, n. One appointed to assess persons or property. 

— Assesso / 'rial, a. Pert, to assessors. 

Assets, as' sets, n. pi. Property in possession or 
money due, as opp. to liabilities. [F. assez, fr. L. ad 
and sat, satis, enough.] 

Asseverate, as-seVer-at, v. t. To affirm solemnly. [L. 
ad and severus, serious.] — Assev'era'tion, n. 

Assibilation, as-sib't-la-shun, n. (Gram.) A making 
sibilant ; change of a dental or guttural consonant 
into a sibilant. [L. ad and sibilare, to hiss.] 

Assiduous, as-sid'u-us, a. Constant in attention ; sed- 
ulous; persevering; indefatigable. [L. ad and sed- 
ere, to sit.] — Assid'uously, adv. — Assiduousness, 
n. — Assiduity, -I-tt, n. Constant application. 

Assiento, as-st-en'to, n. A contract by Spain with 
other powers to furnish slaves for Spanish Amer- 
ica. [Sp., fr. asentar, to make an agreement.] 

Assign, as-sln', v. t. [assigned (-sind'), assign- 
ing.] To appoint, allot, apportion; to fix, desig- 
nate. (Law.) To transfer, or make over to an- 
other ; to transfer to, and vest in assignees, for the 
benefit of creditors. — n. (Law.) One to whom 
property is transferred. [L. assignare, fr. ad and 
signum, mark.] — Assign'' able, a. Capable of being, 
etc. — Assignation, -sig-na'shun, n. Act of, etc.; 
an appointment to meet at given time and place. 

— Assignee, as-sl-ne', n. One to whom something is 
assigned. — Assignor, as-sin'er, ». One who, etc. — 
Assign'ment, n. An allotting to a particular person 
or use. (Law.) A transfer of title hy writing; writ- 
ing by which an interest is transferred; transfer of 
a bankrupt's property to assignees, for creditors. — 
Assignor, -st-n3r , n. (Law.) One who assigns or 
transfers an interest. 

Assignat, as-in-ya', n. Paper currency, issued by the 
revolutionary government of France, based on secu- 
rity of the lands of the state. [F.] 

Assimilate, as-sim't-lat, v. t. To cause to resemble; 
to convert into a like substance. — v. i. To become 
similar. [L. ad and similare, fr. similis, like.] — 
Assim 'liable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Assim'i- 
la'tion, n. Act of assimilating ; state of resem- 
blance or identity ; conversion of nutriment into 
the substance of the body. — Assim'ilative, -tiv, a. 
Having power of assimilating. 

Assist, as-sisf, v. t. To give support to; to succor.— 
v. i. To help; to attend. [L. art and ststere, to stand.] 

— Assistance, 7i. Aid; relief. — Assist 'ant, a. Help- 
ing; auxiliary. — n. One who assists. 

Assize, as-slz', n. Lit, a sitting ; an order or regula- 
tion, esp. about the weight of bread, etc. (Law.) 



Periodical sessions of the superior courts in the 
counties of England, — usually in the pi. — v. t. 
[assized (-sizd'), -sizing.] To fix the weight, 
measure, or price of, by authority. [L. assidere, to 
sit by. See Assess.] — Assiz'er, n. One who as- 
sizes, or Axes weights, rates, etc. 
Associate, as-so'sh£at, v. t. To join in company as a 
friend, companion, partner, etc.; to unite in the same 
mass. — i'. i. To unite in company. — a. Closely 
connected. — n. A companion; a mate. [L. ad and 
socius. companion.] — Asso'ciabil'ity, -sha-bil't-tt, 
-bleness, n. Quality of being capable of association. 

— Asso'ciable, a. Capable of being, etc.; compan- 
ionable; liable to be affected by sympathy. — As- 
so'cia'tion, -sht-a'shun, n. Union ; connection) un- 
ion of persons in a society for some particular pur- 
pose.— Asso'cia'tional, a. Pert, to an, etc. — Asso'- 
cia'tionalism, n. (Philos.) Doctrine of associational- 
ists. — Asso'cia'tionalist. n. (Philos.) One who 
explains the higher functions and relations of the 
soul by the association of ideas. — Associative, -tiv, 
a. Tending or pertaining to association. 

Assonant, as'so-nant, a. Resembling in sound. 
(Pros.) Pert, to the rhyme called assonance; not 
consonant. [L. a>1 and sonare, to sound.] — Asso- 
nance, n. Resemblance of sounds; a kind of imper- 
fect rhyme. 

Assort, as-s6rt', v. t. To distribute into classes; to 
furnish with all sorts. [L. ad and sortiri, fr. sors, 
lot.] — Assortment, n. Distribution into classes; 
things assorted. 

Assuage, as-swaj', v. t. ("assuaged (-swajd'), assua- 
ging.] To soften; to allay or lessen, as pain or grief; 
to appease, soothe, alleviate. [L. ad and suavis, 
sweet.] — Assuage 'ment, n. Abatement; mitigation. 

— Assua'ger, n. He who, or that which, assuages. — 
Assua'sive, -siv, a. Softening; easing. 

Assuetude, as'swe-tad, n. Custom; habit. [L. as- 
suescere, assuetum, to accustom to.] 

Assume, as-sum', v. t. [assumed (-sumd'), assuming.] 
To take, or take upon one's self; to take for granted, 
or without proof ; to pretend to possess. — v. i. To 
be arrogant; to claim unduly. [L. ad and sumere, to 
take.] — Assum'er, n. An arrogant person. — As- 
sum'ingly, adv . — Assump'tion, -sum'shun, n. Act 
of assuming; supposition; thing supposed. (Logic.) 
The minor proposition in a categorical syllogism. 
(Eccl.) A festival in honor of the ascent of the Vir- 
gin Mary into heaven. — Assump'tive, sum-tiv, a. 
That is or may be assumed. — Assump'sit, n. (Law.) 
A promise or undertaking, founded on a considera- 
tion; an action to recover damages for non-perform- 
ance of contract. [Pret. of L. assumere.] 

Assure, a-shoor', v. t. [assured, (-shobrd'), assur- 
ing.] To make sure-or certain; to confirm; to as- 
sert; insure. (Law.) To covenant to indemnify for 
loss. [L. ad and seevrus, seeure.] — Assur'anee, n. 
Act of assuring: adeclaration inspiring credit; free- 
dom from doubt; firmness of mind; intrepidity; im- 
pudence; insurance; a contract to pay on occasion of 
a certain event, as loss or death. (Law.) Evidence of 
conveyance of property. — Assur'edly, adv. Cer- 
tainly; without doubt. — Assuredness, n. State of 
being, etc. — Assur'er, n. One who, etc. 

Assurgent, as-ser'jent, a. (Lot.) Rising upward ob- 
liquely. [L. assurgere^to rise up.] 

Astatie, a-stat'ik, a. (Electro-magnetism.) Not tak- 
ing a definite position or direction; without polarity. 
[Gr. a priv. and histanai, to stand.] 

Astel, as'tel, n. (Mining.) A ceiling of boards, to 
protect persons in a mine. 

Aster, as'tSr, n, (Bot.) A genus of plants with radi- 
ated compound flowers. [Gr., 6tar. ] — As'terisk, «. 
The mark [*] in printing and writing. [Gr. asteris- 
kos, dim. of aster.] — As'terism, -izm, n. A small 
cluster of stars. (Printing.) Three asterisks [***] 
directing attention to a particular passage, tpr. 
asterismos, f r. aster.] — As'teroid, n. (Astron.) One 
of the small planets revolving between Mars and 
Jupiter. [Gr. eidos, form.] —Asteroid 'al, a. Pert. 
to, etc. — As'tral, a. Belonging to the stars; starry. 

— As'tra! Lamp, n. An Argand lamp having the 
oil in a flattened ring. — Astrog'raphy, n. A de- 
scription of the stars. [Gr. grapKein, to describe.] — 
Astrog'eny, -troj'-, n. The creation or evolutions 
of the heavens. [Gr. genos^ birth.] — As'trolabe, -lab, 
n. An instrument for taking the altitude of the sun 
or stars at sea. [Gr. lamhanein, labein, to take.] — 
Astrol'atry, n. Star-worship. [Gr. latreia, worship.] 

— Astrol'ogy, -jt, n. Science of predicting events 
by the aspects of the stars. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ASTESN 



32 



ATROCIOUS 



Judicial astrology pretended 
to foretell the iate of nations 
and individuals. — Natural 
(tstrology predicted events of 
nature, such as the weather, 
etc. — AstroKoger, -jer, n. 
One who pretends to foretell 
events, etc. — Astrologic, 
-lojlk, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 
— Astron'omy, n. Science 
of the heavenly bodies. [Gr. 
nomos, law, rule.] — Astron'- 
omer, n. One versed in as- 
tronomy. — Astronomic, 
-ical, a. Pert. to. etc. — As- 
tronomically, adz 




Astrolabe. 
Astern, a-stern', adv. In, at, or toward, the hinder 



part of a ship; behind a shii 

Asternal, as-ter'nal, a. Noting the floating ribs, 
which do not join the breast-bone. [Gr. a pnv. and 
■sternon, breast-bone.] 

Asthenic, as-thenlk, a. Characterized by debility. 
[Gr. a priv. and sthenos, strength.] 

A3thma, as'mior az'ma, n. Disordered respiration, 
with cough and difficult breathing. [Gr., fr. aein, 
to hlow.j — Asthmatic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or af- 
fected by, etc. 

Astigmatism, a-stiglna-tizm, n. Defective vision, 
front the rays of light not converging at one focus. 
[F. astigmatisms, fr. Gr. a priv. and stigma, a point.] 

Astir, a-ster', adv. In motion or action. 

Astonish, as-tonlsh, v. t. To strike dumb with sud- 
den fear, terror, surprise, or wonder; to amaze. [L. 
ad and tonare, to thunder.] — Aston'ishing, a. Of 
a nature to excite astonishment; surprising; won- 
derful; admirable; marvelous. — Aston'ishment, n. 
Confusion of mind from, etc. 

Astound, as-townicr, v. t. To astonish. [AS. dstunian.] 

Astraddle, a-strad'dl, adv. With the legs across a 
thing, or on different sides of it. [Freq. of stride.] 

Astragal, aslra-gal, n. A molding around the top 
or bottom of a column or a cannon. [See Mold- 
ing.] [Gr. astragalos, ankle-bone.] — Astrag'aloid, 
a. Shaped like the ankle-bone. [Gr. eidos, form.] 

Astray, a-stra', adv. Out of, or from the right way ; 
wrong. 

Astrict, as-trikt 1 ', v. t. To constrict ; to contract. 
[L. ad and stringere, strictum, to draw tight, strain.] 
— Astridion, n. — Astringe. as-trinj', v. t. [as- 
tringed (-trinjdO, astringixg.] To bind fast, 
constrict, contract. — Astrin'gency, n. Quality 
of being astringent. — Astrin r gent, a. Binding; 
strengthening; — opp. to laxative, —n. A medicine 
causing vital contraction in the organic textures. 

Astride, a-stniK, adv. With the legs apart. 

Astute, as-tuf, a. Critically examining or discern- 
ing; shrewd; subtle; sagacious. [L. astutus, shrewd, 
astus, craft.] — Astutely, adv. — Astuteness, n. 

Asunder, a-sun'der, adv. Apart; separately. 

Asylum, a-si'lum, n. ; pi. Eng. Asy'lums, L* Asy'la, 
-la. A place of refuge; an institution for protection 
or relief, for the deaf and dumb, insane, etc. [L., 
Gr. asulon, fr. asulos, inviolable.] 

Asymmetry, a-sim'me-trT, n. Want of proportion be- 
tween the parts. [Gr. a. priv. and $ummetria.~\ 

Asymptote, aslm-tot, sometimes pron. a-simlot, n. 
{Math.) A line which approaches nearer and nearer 
to some curve, but, though infinitely extended, 
would never meet it. [Gr. a priv., sun, with, and 
ptotos, falling.] — Asymtotle, -ical, a. 

Asyndeton, a-sin'de-ton, n. (Rhet.) A figure which 
omits the connective, as, veni, vidi, vici (I came, 
saw, conquered). [Gr. a priv. and sundetos, bound to- 
gether.] — Asyndetic, a. Lacking connectives. 

At, prep, denoting presence or nearness in place or 
time (at home, at one o'clock); hence, relations of 
situation, condition, etc. (at war, at your service); 
after verbs of motion, direction towards (to run at). 

Atabal, afa-bal, n. A kettle-drum ; a tabor. [Ar. 
•at-'tabl, drum.] 

Ataghan, afa-gan, Yafaghan, n. A long Turkish 
dagger. [Turk. gatagdn.J 

Atavism, afa-vizm, n. Reappearance of a disease, 
etc., in a family, after having disappeared for one or 
more generations. [L. atavtts, ancestor.] 

Ate, at, pret. of Eat. See Eat. 

Atelier, at'lt-a or a-tel'ya, n. An artist's workroom; 
studio. [F.] 

Athanasian, ath-a-na'zhan, a. Pert, to Athanasius, 
bishop of Alexandria, or his doctrines. 

Atheist, alhe-ist, n. One who denies the existence 



of God. [Gr. a priv. and theos, god.]- 
isbelief in, etc. — Atheistic, -ical, a. 




A 'theism, n. 

Disbelief "in, etc. — Atheistic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 
impious. — Atheistlcally, adv. 

Athenenm, -naeum, ath-e-ne'um, n.; pi. Eng. Athene'- 
ums, L. -n^:a, -ne'a. A literary or scientific associa- 
tion ; a public library and reading room. [Gr. Ath- 
enai&n, the temple of Athene, or Minerva, at Athens.] 

Athenian, a-theliT-an, a. Pert, to Athens, in Greece. 

At her ma-nous, a-therlna-nus, a. (Chem.) Not trans- 
mitting heat. — Ather'mancy, -si, n. Impermeabil- 
ity to heat. [Gr. a priv. and therma, heat.] 

Athirst, a-therst', a. Thirsty; having keen desire. 

Athlete, athlet, n. A contender for victory in trials 
of strength. [Gr. athletes, fr. athlon, prize.] — 
Athletic, -letlk, a. Pert, to wrestling, boxing, 
and other manly exercises; strong; vigorous. 

Athwart, a-thwawrf, prep. Across. — adv. Sidewise ; 
in a manner to cross and perplex. 

Atilt, a-tilf, adv. In the position of one making a 
thrust; with one end raised. 

Atlas, atlas, n. A collection of maps in a volume; 
a volume of plates or 
tables; a kind of silk- 
satin; a kind of large 
drawing paper. 
(Auat.) The first 
vertebra of the neck. 
[Atlas, a Greek 
demigod, said to 
bear the world on 
his shoulders, and 
whose figure was 
printed on the title- 
pages of old atlas- 
es.] — Atlante'an, a. 
Pert, to or resemb- 
ling Atlas. — Atlan- 
tes, -lanlez, n. pi. 
Figures of men, used 
as columns to sup- 
port entablatures. — 
Atlan'tic, a. (Geog.) 
Pert, to the Atlantic 
Ocean, or to the isle 
of Atlantis; descend- 
ed from Atlas. 

Atmosphere, at'mos-fer, n. (Physics.) The aeriform 
fluid surrounding the earth ; pressure of the air on 
a unit of surface ; a gaseous medium. [Gr. atmos, 
vapor, and sphaira, sphere.] — Atmospheric, -fe'r'"- 
ik, -ical, a. Relating to, existing in, or dependent 
on, etc. 

Atoll, a-toK, n. A ring-shaped coral island surround- 
ing a lagoon. [Malay, ator, order, rank.] 

Atom, at'om, n. An ultimate or constituent particle 
of matter; a molecule; anything extremely small. 
[Gr. atomos, fr. a priv. and temnein, to cut.] — 
Atomic, a-tomlk, -ical, a. Relating to, or con- 
sisting of , atoms. — At'omism, n. The doctrine of, 
etc. — Afomist, n. One who holds to the atomical 
philosophy. — At'omize, v. t. To reduce to atoms 
or to fine spray, — said of liquids. — Afomizer. n. 
(Med.) An instrument for converting liquids into 
spray for inhalation, local anaesthesia, etc. 

Atone, a-ton', v. i. [atoned (-tond'), atoning.] To 
stand as an equivalent ; to make reparation, com- 
pensation, etc.; to expiate. — v. t. To reconcile; to 
answer or make satisfaction for. [From at one, i. 
e., to be, or cause to be, at one.] — Aton'able, a. — 
Atone'ment, n. Reconciliation ; reparation made 
by giving an equivalent for an injury. (Theol.) 
The expiation of sin made bv Christ. — Aton'er, n. 

Atony, at'o-nT, n. (Med.) Want of tone; weakness 
of the organs, esp. of such as are contractile. [Gr. 
a priv. and tonos, tone, strength.] — Atonic, a. 
(Med.) Characterized by atony. (Gram.) Unac- 
cented ; destitute of vocality; surd. — n. (Gram.) 
a word that has no accent; an element of speech, 
produced by the breath alone. (Med.) A remedy 
for organic excitement or irritation. 

Atop, a-top', adv. At or on the top; above. 

Atrabilarian, at-ra-bT-la'rT-an, -rious, a. Affected 
with melancholy. [L. atra bills, black bile.] — At- 
rabillar, -yar, -bilious, -vus, a. Hvpochondriac. 

Atramental, at-ra-menlal, -tons, -tus, a. Black; inky. 
[L. atramentum, ink, fr. ater, black.] 

Atrium, alri-um, n. ; pi. Atria, alrf-a. (Arch.) 
An open space before a church. (Anat.) An auricle 
of the heart. [L., a court or entrance hall.] 

Atrocious, a-tro'shus, a. Extremely heinous; enor- 
mously wicked ; flagrant. [L. atrox, fierce.] — Atro'- 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, tare ; end, eve, term ; In Tee ; Odd, tone, 6r 



ATROPHY 



33 



AUGITE 



ciously, adv. — Atro'ciousness, Atrocity, a-tros'- 

1-tT, n. Enormous wickedness or cruelty. 
Atrophy, afro-fT, n. A wasting away from lack of 

nourishment. [Gr. atrophia, ir. a priv. and treph- 

ein, to nourish.] 
Atropia, a-tro'pT-a, Atro'pina. At'ropine, -rc-pin, n. 



(Client.) A very poisonous alkaloid extracted from 
the Atropa belladonna, or deadly nightshade. [Gr. 
Atropos, one of the Fates.] — Afropism, n. (Med.) 



A diseased condition produced by using belladonna 
Attach, at-tach", v. t. [attached (-tachf), attach 
inc.] To bind, fasten, or tie; to take by legal 



thority; to lry hold on, by force or by moral influ- 
ence; to affix, gain over, win. — v. i. To adhere. [F. 
dtacher; E. tack, to fasten.] — Attach'able, a. Ca- 



v. i. [attitudinized (-nlzd), -nizinq.] To 
assume affected attitudes. 

Attollent, at-tol'lent, a. Lifting up; raising. [L. ad 
I and tollere, to lift.] 

Attorney, at-ter'nT, n. ; pi. Attob'xeys. (Law.) One 
legally appointed by another to transact business for 
him. [OF. atorne', fr. L. ad and tornare. to turn.] — 
Power of attorney. A document bv which one is 
authorized to transact business for another. — At- 
torneyship, n. Office of, etc. — Attorn'ment, n. 
(Law.) Agreement of a tenant to acknowledge the 
purchaser of the estate as his landlord. 

Attract, at-trakf, v. t. To draw or cause to tend to 
ward; to cause to adhere or combine; to allure; to 



pable of being, etc. — Attachment, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; a passion or affection; that by 
which one thing is attached to another; an adjunct. 
(Civ. Law.) A seizure by legal process ; the writ 
commanding such seizure. — Attache", at-fa-sha', n. 
One attached to the suite of an ambassador. [F.] 

Attack, at-tak' v. t. [attacked (-takf), attack- 
ing.] To fall upon with force or with unfriendly 
words; to assail, invade. (Chem.) To begin to de- 
compose, by chemical agents. — n. A falling on with 
violence, or with calumny, satire, etc.; onset; in- 
road; charge. [F. attaquer, a form of attache):] 

Attain, at-tan', v. i. [attained (-tand'.), attain- 
ing.] To come or arrive, by motion or efforts; to 
reach, — v.t. To achieve; to gain; to equal. [L. 
attinere, to hold to. and attingere, to touch.]— At- 
tain'able, a. Capable of being, etc. [Improperly 
used for obtainable, procurable.] — Attainability, 
Attain 'ableness, n. — Attain'ment, n. Act of, etc., 
that which is, etc. ; proficiency in knowledge. 

Attaint, at-tanf, v. i. To stain ; to disgrace. (Law.) 
To taint or corrupt, as blood; to taint, as the credit 
of jurors giving a false verdict, —n. A stain; spot. 
(Law.) A writ to inquire whether a jury has given 
a false verdict. (Far.) A wound on a horse's leg, 
made by over-reaching. [F. atteindre, fr. L. attin- 
gere, to touch.] — Attaint' ment, n. State of being at- 
tainted. — Attainfure, Attain'der, n. ( Com. Law.) 
Stain, forfeiture, and corruption of blood on con- 
demnation for certain crimes. Act of attainting. 

Attemper, at-tem'per, v. t. [attempered (-perd), 
-Peking.] To reduce, modify, or moderate, by mix- 
ture: to soften; to mix in just proportion; to make 
suitable; to adapt. [L. ad and temperare, to soften.] 

Attempt, at-temf, v. t. To make trial of; to make 
an attack upon. — v. i. To make an effort or an 
attack. — n. An essay, trial, or endeavor. [L. ad 
and tentare, to try.] — Attempt'able, a. 

Attend, at-tend', v. t. To go or stay with; to wait on, 
accompany; to be united or consequent to. — v. i. To 
pay attention with a view to perceive, understand, or 
comply; to heed; to listen; to wait or be in waiting. 
[L. art and tendere, to stretch (the mind).] — At- 
tendance, n. Act of, etc.; persons attending; a train; 
a retinue. — Attend'ant, a. Present, or in the train ; 
accompanying or immediately following, as conse- 
quential. (Law.) Depending on, or owing duty or 
sen-ice to. — n. One who, or that which, etc. — At- 
tenf, a. Attentive. — Atten'tion, n. Act of attend- 
ing or heeding; act of civilitv; care; respect: regard; 
notice. — Attentive, -iv, "a. Full of attention ; 
mindful; civil; polite. — Attentively, adv. — At- 
tent'iveness, n. 

Attenuate, at-ten'u-at, v. t. To make thin, or less 
viscid; to make slender; to draw out or extend in 
length, —v. i. To become thin, slender, or fine: to 
lessen. [L. ad and tenuare, fr. tenuis, thin.] —At- 
tendant, a. Thinning. — n. (Med.) A medicine 
that dilutes the fluids; a diluent. — Attenua'tion, n. 
Act of making thin or fine; pulverization. 

Attest, at-test', v. t. To bear witness to; to give proof , 
of: to call to witness. [L. ad and testari, fr. testis, 
witness.] — Attesta'tion, n. Testimony; esp., offi- 
cial testimony. — Attest'or, n. One who attests. 

Attic, at'tik, a. Pert, to Attica, in Greece, or to its prin- 
cipal city, Athens.— n. (Arch.) A story in the upper 
part of a house; a garret. —Attic wit, Attic salt. A 
poignant, delicate wit. — Attic style. A style pure, 
classical, and elegant. — Attic purity. Special purity 
of language. — At'ticism, -sizm, ». Style or idiom 
used by the Athenians. 

Attire, at-tir', v. t. [attired (-tird'), attiring.] 
To dress, array, adern. — n. Clothes: dress; horns I 
of a buck. [OF. atirer. fr. AS. tir, splendor.] 

Attitude, at'tl-tud. n. Postu-e or position. [F.. fr. 
LL. aptitwlo, fr. L. aptus. suited, fitted.] — Attitu'- 



mvite; to engage. [L. ad and trahere, tractum, t« 
draw.] — Attractable, a. Capable of being, etc. — 
Attract'abil'ity, n. — Attract'ile, -il, a. Having 
power to attract. — Attraction, -trak'shun, w. 
(Physics.) An invisible power in a body by which it 
draws any thing to itself; the power in nature tend- 
ing to draw bodies together or to produce cohesion, 
and resisting separation. Act of attracting: power 
or act of alluring, inviting, or engaging. — Attract- 
ive, -iv, a. Having the power of. etc.: enticing: in- 
viting. — n. That which, etc. — Attract 'ively, adv. 
— Attract 'iveness, n.— Attractiv'ity, n. Quality 
or degree of attractive power. —Attract 'or. -er, n. 
One who, etc. — Aftrahent, n. That which, etc. 
Attribute, at-trib'ut, v. t. To consider »3 belonging 
to; to ascribe to; to impute, refer, charge. [L. ad 
and ti-ibuere, to bestow.]— Attribute. aftrT-but, n. 
A thing that maybe attributed; inherent quality; 
essential or necessary property. — Attrib'utable. a. 
Capable of being attributed.— Attribution, « . 
Act of attributing: quality attributed. — Attrib'u- 
tive, -tiv, a. Relating to, or expressing, an attribute. 
— 11. A word denoting an attribute or quality. 
Attrite, at-trif, a. Worn by rubbing or friction. [L. 
ad and terere, triturn, to rub.] — Attrite'ness, n. 
State of being, etc. — Attrition, -trish'un, n. Act of 
wearing by friction: abrasion: state of being worn. 
Attune, at-tun', v. t. [attuned (-tund r ), attuning.] 

To put in tune, arrange fitly, make accordant. 
Auburn, aw'bern, a. Eeddish brown. [LL. albur- 

nus, fr. L. attnts, white.] 
Auction, awk'shun, n. A public sale of property to 
the highest bidder; a vendue. [L. audio, fr. avgere, 
auctum, to increase.]— _Auc /- tionary, a. Belonging 
to. etc. — Auctioneer', -er', n. The person who sells, 
etc. — v.t. To sell by auction. 
Audacious, aw-da'shus", a. Contemning restraints of 
law, religion, or decorum; bold in wickedness. [L. 
audax,audacis,fr. audere. to dare.] — Audaciously, 
adv. — Audaciousness, -dacity, -das'i-tl, n. Dar- 
ing spirit or confidence; venturesomeness; presump- 
tuous impudence; hardihood: boldness; effrontery; 
contempt of law or moral restraint. 
Audible, aw'di-bl, a. Capable of beir.? heard. [L. 
uudire, auditum, to hear.] — Audibility. Au'dible- 
ness. n. Quality of being, etc. — Au'dibly, adv. — 
Au'dience, n. Act of hearing: admittance to a hear- 
ing: an assembly of hearers. — Au'dit, n. An ex- 
amination, esp. of accounts, with the hearing of the 
parties concerned, by proper officers, —v. f. To ex- 
amine and adjust, as accounts. — Au'ditor. -er, n. 
A hearer or listener: one authorized to adjust ac- 
counts. — Au'ditorship. n. Office of, et:. — Au'di- 
tory. a. Pert, to the sense of hearing. — n. An as- 
sembly of hearers; audience. — Au'ditress, n. A fe- 
male hearer. — Audita) Hum, n. The part of a the- 
ater, etc., occupied by the audience. [L] — Au'di- 
phone, -fon, n. An acoustic instrument fur enabling 
aeaf persons to hear by means of vibrations trans- 
mitted through the teeth. 
[Gr. phone, voice.] 
Augean, aw-je'an, a. Pert, 
to Augeus or his stable, 
containing 3,000 oxen and 
unclean ed for 30 years ; 
filthy. 
Auger, aw'ger, n. A car- 
penter's boring tool : an in- 
strument for perforating 
soils or roeks. [AS. nafe 
gar, lit. a nave-borer.] 
Aught, awt, n. A whit; any 
thing; any part. [AS. 
awiht, fr. a, one, and wiht, 
thing.] 
Augite, aw'jit. n. A green- 
ish mineral, consisting Auger. 




sQn, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bouboN, chair, get. 



AUGMENT 



34 



AUTOMATON 



'. *. ao enlarge or increase; to 
r. — v. i. To grow larger. [L. 
2, to increase.] — Auglnent, n. 
ition ; increase. (Gr. Oram.) 



Chiefly of silica, magnesia and lime, and occurring 
in lavas, trap, basalt, etc.; pyroxene. [Gr — 
fr. auge, brightness.] 
Augment, awg-menf, v. t. To enlarge or increase; to 
swell; to make bigger. 
augmentare, fr. augere, 
Enlargement by addition 

A sign of past time: it is either a syllable prefixed to 
a word, or an increase of the quantity of the initial 
vowel. — Augmenfable, a. Capable of being, etc. 

— Augmentation, n. Act of, etc. ; state of being, etc. ; 
thing added. (Mus.) In counterpoint and fugue, a 
repetition of the subject in tones of twice their origi- 
nal length. — Augmenfative, -tiv, a. Having the 
quality of, etc. 

^ogur, aw'ger, n. (Rom. Antiq.) One who foretold 
future events by the actions of birds, or by other 
signs. One who pretends to foretell future events 
by omens; a soothsayer. — v. i. [auguked (-gerd), 
auguking (-ger-ingj).] To conjecture by signs or 
omens; to prognosticate. — v. t. To predict or fore- 
tell; to betoken. [L.; prob. a Tuscan word.] — Au r - 
gural, a. Pert, to, etc. — Au'gurate, v. i. and t. 
To augur. — Auguralion, n. Act or practice of, 
etc.— Augu'rial, a. Of or relating to, etc. — Au'- 
gurship, n. Office of, etc. — Au'gury, n. Foretell- 
ing of events, etc.; an omen; prediction. 

August, aw-gust', a. Creating extraordinary respect 
and veneration; grand; imposing; majestic. [L. 
augustus, f r. augere, to increase.] — August'ness, n. 

Au'guet, aw'gust, n. The eighth month of the year. 
[L., named in honor of Cassar Augustus.) — Augus'- 
tan, a. Pert, to Augustus or to his times. The 
Augustan age of any literature is the period of its 
highest state of purity and refinement. 

Augustine, aw-gustln, Auguatinlan, n. (Eccl. 
Hist.) A monk of an order named from St. Agus- 
tine ; Austin friars ; White friars. — Au'gustinlan, 
n. One who follows St. Augustine in maintaining 
that grace is effectual from its nature, absolutely 
and morally, not relatively and gradually. 

Atrk, awk, n. A sea-bird of the Alca family, includ- 
ing the penguin and 
puffin. [Prov. E. alk, 
NL. alca.) 

Aulie. awlik, a. Pert, 
to a royal court. — n. 
The ceremony of con- 
ferring the degree of 
doctor of divinity. [Gr. 
aule, hall, court.] 

Aunt, ant, n. A father's 
or mother's sister. [OF. 
ante, L. amita.~\ 

Aura, aw'ra, n. ; pi. 
Avrje, aw're. Any 
subtile, invisible fluid, 
supposed to Sow from 
a body. [L., air.] — 
Au'ral, a. Pert, to the 
air, or to an aura. 

Aural, aw'ral, a. Be- 
longing to the ear. [L. 

n Wr One ea s r k!lIed A X ?fe Great A <*- W*» im P™™-> 
orders of the ear. — Aulicle, -rT-kl, n. (Anat.) 
The external ear: see Ear; one of two muscular 
sacs at the base of the heart, resembling the ex- 
ternal ear of some quadrupeds. A kind of ear- 
trumpet. [L. auricula, dim. of auris.] — Auric'- 
ula, n. A species of primrose ; the bear's ear. — 
Auric'ular, a. Pert, to the ear, or to the sense of 
hearing; told in the ear; secret; recognized by 
the ear; received or traditional. (Med.) Pert, to 
the auricles of the heart. — n. A circle of feathers 
surrounding the opening of a bird's ear ; the little 
finger. — AuriCulate, Au'riform, a. Ear-shaped. 

— Au'riscope, -skop, n. (Med.) An instrument for 
examining the Eustachian tube. — Auris'copy, n. 
Examination with, etc. [Gr. skopein, to view, ex- 
amine.] 

Aurated, aw'ra-ted, a. Resembling gold. [L. aura- 
tus.] — Aureola, aw-re'o-la, Aureole, awle-51, n. 
The circle of rays, with which painters surround 
the body of Christ, saints, etc. [L. aureolis, of gold, 
dim. of aureus, golden.] 

Auriferous, aw-rii-Sr-us, a. Yielding or producing 
gold. [L. aurum, _gpld, and/erre, to bear.] 

Aurin, Aurine, awlin, n. (Chem.) A red coloring 
matter produced by heating phenol with oxalic acid 
and strong sulphuric acid, — used as a dye-stuff. 




Aurochs, awloks, n. (Zobl.) The Bos urus, or bison, 
of Poland. [Gr.] 

Aurora, aw-ro'ra, n. The dawn of day; redness of 
thesky before sunrise; a species of crowf oot. — Au- 
ro'ra borealis. A luminous meteoric phenomenon, 
supposed to be of electrical origin; northern lights. 
— A. australis. Southern lights. — Auro'ral, a. 
Pert, to, or like, etc. [L., fr. aweahora, golden hour.] 

Auscultation, aws-kul-ta'shun, n. Act of listening. 
(Med.) A method of distinguishing diseases, esp. 
in the thorax, by observing sounds, esp. by means 
of the stethoscope. [L. auscultatio, a listening.] — 
Ausculta'tor, -ter, ra. — Ausculta'tory. a. — Aus'cul- 
tate, -tat, v. t. (Med.) To examine by auscultation. 

Auspicate, aw'spY-kat, v. t. To give a favorable turn 
to in commencing. [L. auspicare, fr. auspex, a bird 
seer, diviner.] — Au'spice, -spis, n. ; pi. Au'spices, 
-spY-sez. Omen; augury; protection extended; fa- 
vor shown; patronage.— Aaspicial, -spish'al, a. Pert, 
to auspices. — Auspicious, -spish'us, a. Having 
omens of success or favorable appearances; lucky; 
propitious. — . Auspi'ciously, adv. 

Austere, aw-ster', a. Sour with astringency; severe 
in modes of judgment, living, or acting; rigid; harsh; 
rough; stern. [Gr. austeros. J— Austerely, adv. — 
Austere'ness, -sterity, -stSr'I-tt, n. 

Austral, aw'stral, a. Of or tending to the south ; 
southern. fL. auster, the south wind.] 

Australian ballot, aws-tralt-an-. (Law.) A system of 
voting, originally used in South Australia, in which 
the secrecy of the vote is compulsory and an official 
ballot is furnished by the government. 

Authentic, aw-then'tik, -tical, a. Of approved au- 
thority ; to be relied on ; true; certain; genuine. 
(Mus.) Having an immediate relation to the tonic, 
in distinction from plagal, having a correspondent 
relation to the dominant below the tonic. [Gr. au- 
thentikos, fr. authentes, one who does by his own 
hand.] — Authen'tieally, adv. With marks of cred- 



Qu 

Auti 



ibility . — Authenticate, v.t. To establish by proof , 
to render authentic ; to prove to be genuine. — 
Authen'ticalion, n. — Authenticity, -tis'I-tY, n. 
"uality of being, etc. 

;hor, aw'ther, n. The beginner, former, or first 
mover of any thing; the creator; one who writes a 
book. [L. auctor, fr. augere, to increase, produce.] 
— Au'thoress, n. A female author.— Authorship, 
n. State of being, etc.— Authoritative, -th5r'I-ta-tiv, 
a. Having authority, or an air of authority ; pos- 
itive. — Authoritatively, adv. — Authority, n. 
Legal or rightful power; dominion; persons exer- 
cising command — chiefly in the pi. ; influence of 
character, office, station, etc.; testimony; witness: 
the person who testifies; a precedent, decision of a 
court, official declaration ; a book, containing pre- 
cedents, etc. ; the name of its author. — Authoriza'- 
tion, ft. Establishment by authority. — Au'thorlae, 
v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To clothe with author- 
ity, empower, legalize; to establish by authority; to 
give authority, credit, or support to. 

Auto, awlo. An abbrev. of automobile, used as a pre- 
fix with the meaning of self --moving, self-propelling ,' 
as, an autocar, an autotruck, etc. ; hence, an auto- 
mobile car, carriage, truck, etc. [Gr. autos, self.] 

Autobiography, aw'to-bi-ogla-ft, n. A memoir of a 
person written by himself. [G. autos, self, bios, life 
and graphein, to write." 
who writes, etc, 
or containing, 

Autochthon, aw-tolc'thon, n. one sprung f.„„ 
same soil he inhabits; an aboriginal or native; that 
which is original to a country. [Gr., from the land 
itself, fr. autos, self, and chthon, land.] — Autoch* 
thonlc, -tochlhonous, -nus, a. Indigenous ; abo- 
riginal; native. 

Autocrat, awlo-krat, n. An absolute sovereign; a 
title of emperors of Russia; one invested with inde- 
pendent power and unaccountable for his actions. 
[Gr. autos and kratos. strength.] — Autoc'racy,-sY, n. 
Independent or self-derived power ; uncontrolled 
right of governing in a single person; right of self- 
government in a state. — Autocratic, -ical v a. 

Auto-da-fe, aw-to-da-fa, n. ; pL Autos-da-fe, -toz-. 
Punishment of a heretic by burning, in conformity 
with a judgment of the Inquisition; the sentence 
then read. [Pg., act of faith.] 

Autograph, awlo-graf, n. One's own handwriting; 
an original manuscript. [Gr. autos and graphein, to 
write.] — Autographic, -IcaL, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Automaton, aw-tom'a-ton, n. ; pi. -atons; L.pl. -ata, 
-ta. A machine moved by interior machinery which 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



AUTONOMASY 



35 



AWE 



imitates actions of men or animals? any self-moving 
machine. [Gr. auios and maein, to strive after, move.] 
— Automatic, -ical. a. Pert, to, or performed by, 
an automaton; self-acting; esp. applied to machine- 
ry, in which movements commonly made by hand 
are made by the machine itsalf ; not depending on 
the will; acting involuntarily. 
Automobile, aw'to-mo'bU, a. Containing means of 
propulsion within itself; self-propelling; as, an auto- 
mobile torpedo; an automobile car. — n. An auto- 
mobile vehicle. [Gr. auios, self + L. momlis, mobile.] 



ATert, a-vgrt', v. t. To turn or cause to turn off, 
aside, or away. — v. i. To turn away. [L. ab, a, from, 
and vertere, to tura.l — Avert'er, n.— Averse, a-vers', 
a. Turned away; having a repugnance or opposi- 
tion of mind; disinclined; reluctant. — Averse'ly, 
adv. — Averse'ness, n. — Aversion, -ver'shun, n. 
Opposition or repugnance ; dislike ; contrariety of 
nature; cause of repugnance; disgust; antipathy. 

Aviary, a'vY-a-rY, n. An inclosure for keeping birds. 
[L. aviarium, fr. avis, a bird.] — A'vicuPture, -chur, 
Care of birds. [L. avis and cultura, culture.] 



Autonomy, aw-ton'o-mY, n. Power or right of self- Avidity, a-vid'Y-tY, n. An intense desire; strong ap- 

government; man's power, as possessed of reason, to j petite ; eagerness. [L. aviditas, fr. avidus, eager.] 

give law to himself. [Gr. autos and 7iomos, law.]— Avocation, av-o-ka'shun, n. Act of calling aside, or 



Auton'omist, n. An advocate of, etc 

Autoplaslry, aw-to-plas'tY, n. (Surg.) The artificial 
repairing of lesions by transplanting healthy flesh 
from a neighboring part. [Gr. autos and plassein, to 
mold, form.] — Autoplastic, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Autopsy, aw'tep-sT, n. Personal observation or ex- 
amination. (Med.) Post-mortem examination. [Gr. 
autos and opsis, sight.] 

Autotype, aw'to-tip, n. A photograph made by au- 
totypy. — Autotypy, -tot'i-pY or -to-ti'pY, n. A 
photographic method of making transcripts of pic- 
tures, Dy potassium bichromate as a chemical agent. 
[Gr. auios and tupos, an impression, image.] 

Autumn, aw'tum, n. The third season of the year; 
the season between summer and winter; fall. [L. 
autumnus, fr. augere, to increase, to furnish abun- 
dantlv.] — Autum'nal, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Auxiliar, awg-zil'yar, -iliary, -ziFya-rY, a. Helping; as- 
sisting; aiding; subsidiary. [L. auxiharis, fr. augere, 
to increase.] — Auxiliary, n. A helper; an assist- 
ant; esp., in the pi. , foreign troops in the service of 
a nation at war. ( Gram.) A verb helping to form 
the moods and tenses of other verbs. (Math.) A 
quantitv introduced to facilitate some operation. 

Avail, a-val', v. t. [availed (-vald'), availing.] To 
profit; to assist; to promote. — v. i. To be of use; 
to answer the purpose. — n. Advantage; use; ben- 
efit; —pi., profits or proceeds. TL- ad and valere, to 
be strong, to be worth.] — Available, a. Capable 
of being used to advantage : profitable; able to ef- 
fect the object: valid. — Availably, adv. — AvaiTa- 
bU'ity, Avail'ableness, n. 

Avalanche, av-a-lunsh', n. A snow-slip; a mass of 
snow, ice, or earth sliding down a mountain. [F 
fr. L. ad, to, and vallis, .valley.] 



diverting; the business that ealls off. [Improperly 

used for vocation.] [L. avocatio, fr. ab, a, from, 

and vocare, to call.] 
Avocet, -cette, 

av'o-set, n. An 

aquatic bird. 

[P. avocette.] 
Avoid, a-void', v. 

t. To keep at a 

distance from ; 

to make void ; 

to annul or va- 
cate ; to shun. 

defeat or evade, J 
as a plea. — v. Lr^s 
(Law.) To be- = 
come void, va- 
cant, or empty. 
[OF. esveudier, 
rr. L. _ ex, out, 
and viduare, to 
empty.] — A- 
void'able, a. — Avoid'ance, n. Act of avoiding or 
of annulling; act of becoming, or state of being, va- 
cant. — Avoid' er, n. One who avoids: one who car- 
ries anything away, or a vessel in which things are 
carried away. — Avoidless, a. Unavoidable. 

Avoirdupois, av'er-du-poiz', n. or a. A weight in 
which a pound contains 16 ounces, or 7,000 Troy 
grains. [F. avoir dupoids, to have (a fixed) weight.] 

Avouch, a-voweh /r , v. t. [avouched (-vowchf), a- 
vouching.] To declare positively, maintain, sup- 
port. [OF. vocher, fr. L. vocare, to call.] — Avoucb/- 




Avocet. 



[avowed (-vowd"). avowing.] 
To declare openly; to own; to acknowledge; to < 



| able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Avoucb/er, n 

Avant-courier, a-voN'koo-re'r, v. One sent in advance | Avow, a-vow', v. t. [avowed (-vowd"). avowi 
to give notice of another's approach. [F., fr. avant, 
before, and courier, fr. courir, to run.] — Avant- 
guard, a-vant'gard, n. The van or advanced body 
of an army; vanguard. [F. avant and E. guard."} 

Avarice, av'a-ris, n. Excessive love of money or gain; 
cupidity ; greediness ; covetousness. [L. avaritia, 
fr.avere, to covet.] — Avari'cious, -rish'us, a. Act- 
uated bv avarice; parsimonious; miserly; niggardly. 
— Avari'ciously, adv. — Avari'ciousneeB, n. 

Avast, a-vasf, interj. (Naut.) Cease ; hold ; stop. 
[Corrupted fr. D. hand vast, holdfast.] 

Avatar, av-a-tar', n. An incarnation or metamor- 
phosis of a deity among the Hindoos. [Skr. ava- 
tara, descent.] 

Avaunt, a-vant, interj. Begone. [F. en avant, forward.] 

Ave-Mary, a've-ma'rY, n. A Latin praver to the Virgin 
Mary, beginning Ave Maria [Hail, Mary]. 

Avenaceous. av-e-na'shus. a. Relating to oats. [L. 
avena, oats.] — Av'enage, -ej, n. Rent paid in oats. 

Avenge, a-venj', v. t. [avenged (-venjd')., aven- 
ging.] To vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on the 
wrong-doer; to revenge. [OF. avengier, fr. L. vin- 
dicare, to avenge.] — Avengier, n. 

Avenue, av'e-nu, n. An entrance; way; passage; an 
alley or walk, usually shaded by trees; a wide street. 
[F. ( fr. adventre, to come to.] 

Aver, a-ver', v. t. [averred (a-verd'), averring.] 
To declare positively : to asseverate, affirm, protest; 
avouch. [F. averer, fr. L. ad and verus, truth.] — 
Aver'ment, n. Act of averring; positive assertion; 
verification; establishment by evidence. (Lata.) 
Offer to justify or prove what is alleged. 

Average, av'Sr-ej, a. Medial ; containing a mean 
proportion; according to the laws of average. 



fess. (Law.) To acknowledge and justify, as an 
act done. [F. avouer, fr. L. vovere, votwn, to vow.] 

— AvewaObile, a. — Avow'aL n. An open or frank 
declaration. — Avow'ediy. adv. Openly. —Avowee', 
re. An advowee; one who has the right to present to 
a benefice. — Avow'er, n. One who avows. — Avowt- 
ry, -rY, n. (Law.) Act of a distrainer of goods, who, 
in an action of replevin, avows and justifies the 
taking in his own right. 

Avulsion, a-rul'shun, n. A tearing asunder; a frag- 
ment torn off. (Law.) Sudden removal of land 
from one man's estate to another's by an inundation, 
current, etc. [L. a, ab, and vellere, vulsum, to pluck.] 

Avuncular, a-vun r ku-lar, a. Of or pert, to an uncle. 
[L. avunculus, uncle.] 

Await, a-waf, v. t. To wait or look out for ; to ex- 
peet; to be ready for. 

Awake, a-wak', v. t. [awoke, awaked (-waktO, 
awaking.] To arouse from sleep, or a state resemb- 
ling sleep; to put into action. — v.i. T© cease to 
sleep, etc. — a. Not sleeping; wakef ul._ [AS. prefix d 
and wacan, to wake.]— Awaken, awak'n, v.t.&L 
[-exed (-end), -ening.] To awake. [AS. awacnan.] 

— Awak'ener, n. 
Award, a-wawrd r , v. t. To give by judicial determina- 
tion; to assign by sentence; to adjudge. — v.i. To 
determine; to make an award.— n, A judgment, 
sentence, or final decision ; esp. decision of arbitra- 
tors; paper containing such decision. [OF. estcar- 
deir.~] — Award'er, n. One who awards ; a judge. . 

Aware, a-w^r', a. Watchful; vigilant; hence, ap- 
prised; cognizant. [AS. gewser.\ 
i Awash, a-wosh/, a. Washed by the waves or tide. 
A contribution to a general loss: a mean proportion; j Away, a-wa'. adv. Absent; at a distance; continu- 
medial quantity: a medial estimate or general state- ou sly. without intermission. — interj. Begone. [AS. 
ment from a comparison of specific eases ; duty j onweg, dwegJ] 

payable to shipmasters on goods. — v. t. [aver- Awe, aw, n. Profound fear with admiration or rever- 
aged (-ejd), -aging.] To reduce to a mean; to pro- j 
portion. — w. i. To be or form a medial sum or 
quantity. [LL. overturn.] 



ence; dread; veneration. 



•:.t. [AWED(awd), AW- 
ING.] To strike with etc. [AS. ege, oga, Goth, agis.] 
— Aw'ful, a. Striking, or filling with, etc.— Aw r - 



efin, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get. 



AWEATHER 



36 



BACCALAUREATE 



fully, « ; . — Aw'fulnesB, n.— Awe'atruck, a. Im- 
pressed with awe. 

Aweather, a-wetib/er, adv. (JVaut.) On the weather 
side, or toward the wind; opp. to alee. 

Aweigh, a-wa', adv. (Naut.) Drawn out of the ground, 
and hanging; atrip, — said of the anchor. 

Awhile, a^whiK, adv. A space of time ; for some 
time; for a short time. 

Awkward, awk'werd, a. Wanting dexterity ; with- 
out skill: bundling; ungraceful; clumsy; uncouth. 
[ME. awl; auk. contrary, wrong, and term, -ward.] 

— Awfwaxdly, adv. — Awk'wardness, n. 

Awl, aWi, n. A pointed instrument for making small 
holes. [AS. set, alA 

Awn, awn, n. The bristle or beard of barlev, oats, 
grasses, etc. [Goth, ahana, chaff.] — Awn'less, a. 

Awning, awning, n. Acovering.fr. sun, rain, etc. [D. 
havenung, shelter, or Per. dwan, thing suspended.] 

Awoke'. See Awake. 

Awry, a-ri^, a. or adv. Turned or twisted toward one 
side ; asquint. [AS. writhan, to writhe, twist.] 

Ax, Axe, aks, n. An instrument for hewing timber, 
chopping wood, etc. [AS. eax, sex, Gr. axine.] 

Axial. See Axis. 

Axil, aks'il, Axilla, -ilia, n. The armpit. (Bot.) 
The angle between the upper side of a branch or 
leaf, and a stem or branch. [L. axilla.'] — Axlllar, 
Ax'illary, a. Pert, to the armpit. (Bot.) Situated 
in, or rising from, the axilla. 

Axiom, aks'i-um, n. A self-evident and necessary 
truth or proposition; an established principle; max- 
im; aphorism; adage. [Gr. axioma, fr. axios, worthy.] 

— Axiomatic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or having the nature 
of, etc. — Axiomatlcally, adv._ 

Axis, aksls, n. j>L; Axes, aks'ez. The straight line 
on which a body revolves. (Anat.) The second 
vertebra of the neck; a tooth-like process, on its up- 
per surface, serving as a pivot on which the first 
vertebra turns. (Bot.) The central £m^\ 
part or column ot a plant, around 
which the other parts are disposed. 
A central or medial line between cor- 
responding parts. [L.] — Axial, -T-al, 
a. Pert, to, or like, etc. — Axiferous, 
-us, a. (Bot.) Consisting of an axis, 
without leaves or other appendages. 
[L. ferre, to bear.] — Axle, aksl, n. T 
A shaft, rod. bar, or spindle forming the a - Axle - 
axis of a pulley, drum, or wheel. — Axletree, n. A 
transverse bar'connecting the opposite wheels of a 




carriage. — Ax'unge, -unj, n. Wheel-grease ; the 
firmest part of the fat of animals. (Phar.) Hog's 
lard prepared for medical use. [L. axunga, fr. axis 
and ungere, to grease.] 

Ay, Aye, aT, adv. Yes; yea; — a word expressing assent. 
— n. An affirmative vote; a voter in the affirmative. 

Ayah, a'ya, n. In India, a native nurse or waiting 
maid. (Sp. ana, governess.] 

Aye, a, adv. Always; continually. [AS. a, aa, Gr. aet.] 

Aye'-aye, afaf, n. (Zo'ol.) A nocturnal quadruped 
found i n Mada- 
gascar, so called 
from its cry. 

Azalea, a-zale-a, n. 
A genus of flower- 
ing plants. [Gr. 
azaleas, dry, the 
plant growing best 
in dry ground.] 

Azimuth, az'T- 
muth, n. An arc, 
of the horizon : 
tercepted between : 
the meridian of 
the place and a ver- 
tical circle passing 
through the cen- 
ter of any object. 
[Ar. as-samt, pi. 
as-sumut, a way or Aye-Aye. 

path.] —A. compass. A compass resembling the mar- 
iner's compass, but with a, more accurate graduation 
of the card, and vertical sights. — Magnetical A. An 
arc of the horizon, intercepted between the vertical 
circle passing through any object and the magnetic 
meridian. — Azlmuthal, a. 

Azoic, a-zolk, a. Destitute of animal life. [Gr. a 
priv. and zoe, life.] — Azote, a-zof, n. (Chem.) A 
gas unfit for respiration; nitrogen. — Azotic, -zotlk, 
a. Pert, to; formed or consisting of, etc. — Az'otize, 
-tiz, v. t. [azotized (-tlzd), azotizing.] To impreg- 
nate with, etc.; to nitrogenize. — Azo'tous, -tus, a. 
Nitrous, as azotom acid. 

Azure, azh'er or a'zher, a. Of a sky-blue; cerulean. 
— n. The blue color of the sky ; the blue vault 
above. (Her.) Blue, represented in engraving by 
horizontal lines. [Per. laja,ward r blue.] — Az'urite, 
-It, n. (Min.) Blue carbonate ot copper. 

Azygous, az'I-gus, a. (Anat.) Without a fellow or 
corresponding part. [Gr. a priv. and zeugon, a yoke.] 




B, be. The 2d letter in the English alphabet ; a vocal 
labial consonant, the correlative of p. It is etymo- 
Jogically convertible with m, p, /, v, and w. (Mus.) 
The nominal of the 7th tone in the model major 
scale (scale of C major), or of the 2d tone in its rela- 
tive minor scale (scale of A minor). — B flat (Bb.) 
The tone or half step, or semitone lower than B. 

Baa, ba, n. Theory of sheep. — v. i. To cry or bleat, etc. 

Babbitt metal, ba.b'bit-mefal. An alloy of tin, cop- 
per, and antimony. [From the inventor.] 

Babble, bab'bl, v. i. [babbled (bab'bld), -bling.] 
To utter words imperfectly or unintelligibly ; to 
prate ; to chatter; to make a constant murmuring 
noise, as a stream running over rocks, —v. t. To 
prate; to utter. [Imit. of ba, ba, a child's first effort 
at speech, with freq. suffix -le; or freq. of blab.] — 
Bab'ble, Bab'blement, n. Idle talk; senseless prate; 
unmeaning words. — Bab'bler, n. An idle talker; 
a tell-tale. (Ornith.) A thrush-like bird, having 
chattering notes. 

Babe, bab, Baby, ba'bt, n. An infant; a doll. — a. 
Pert, to, or resembling, an infant. — v. t. [babied 
(ba'bid), babying.] To treat like a child. [W., 
Ga., and Ir., baban, W. mab, a son.] — Ba'byhood, 
-ho"6d, n. State of being, etc. — Ba'byish, a. Like, 
etc. ; childish. — Ba'by-farm, -farm, n. A place 

for boarding infants. farming, n. Business of 

keeping, etc. — house, -hows, n. A toy house for 
children's dolls, —-jumper, -iurap'Sr, n. An elastic 
suspensory support for a child. 

Babel, ba'bel, n. A confused combination of sounds; 



disorder. [Babel, where men's speech was con- 
founded.] 

Baboo, Babu, bamboo, n. A title of respect among the 
Hindoos. [Bengalee, prince, master.] 

Baboon, bab-oon / ', n. A large 
species of monkey. 

Baby. See under Babe. 

Babylonian, bab-Y-loliI-an, n. 
An inhabitant of Babylo- 
nia; an astrologer, — the 
Chaldeans having affected 
skill in astrology. — Babylo'- 
nian, -lo'nish, -Ionic, a. 
Pert, to, or made in, etc.; tu- 
multuous ; disorderly. — 
Bab'ylonite, -it, n. The cu- 
neiform character. 

Bac, Back, bak, n. (Brewing 
and Distilling.) A tub or ves- 
sel for cooling, straining, and 
mixing the wort, etc. A fer- 
ry-boat for carriages, cattle, i 
etc. [F. bac, ferry-boat, D. 
bak, tray, bowl.] 

Baccalaureate, bak-ka-law / '- 
re-at, n. The degree of bach- uaDOon. 

elor of arts. — a. Pert, to, etc. [WL.baccalaureus, 
bachelor of arts, f r. L. bacca lauri, bay berry, wreaths 
of which the bachelors wore.] —Baccalaureate ser- 
mon. A farewell discourse to a graduating class at 
college. 




am, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Tee ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



BACCARA 



37 



BAIL 



Baccara, Baccarat, Dak-ka-ra'. n. Frencn card game. 

Baccate, bak'kat, a. (Bat.) Pulpy, like a berry. [L. 
baccatus, f r. bacca, berry.] — Bac'cated, a. Having 
many berries. — Bacciferoua, -sif 'er-us, a. Produ- 
cing berries. [L.ferre, to bear.] — Bac'ciform, -sl- 
form, a. Formed like, etc. 

-Bacchanal, bak'ka-nal, -nalian, -na'lT-an, n. A dev- 
otee of Bacchus; one prone to drunken revels. — «. 
Pert, to reveling in intemperate drinking. [L. Bac- 
chus, god of wine.] — Bac'chanals, -nalz, -nalia, 
-na'lT-a, n. pi. Feasts in honor of Bacchus; drunken 
revels. [L. Bacchanalia, the feast of Bacchus.] — 
Bacchant, -kanf, n.; L.pl. Bacchantes, -kan'tez. 
A priest of Bacchus; a bacchanal; a reveler. —Bac- 
chante, -kanf, n. A priestess of Bacchus ; a fe- 
male bacchanal. — Bac'chic, -kik, -chical, a. Pert, 
to, etc.; jovial with intoxication ; drunken. 

Bachelor, bacb/e-le'r, n. A man who has not married; 
one who has taken the first degree at a college or 
university; a young knight. [OF. bacheler, fr. LL. 
baccalanus, farm-servant, bacca. cow.] — Bachfe- 
ler's-bufton, -buftn, n. A herbaceous perennial 
plant. 

Bacillus, ba-siKliis, n. ; pi. Bacilli, -li. A variety of 
bacterium. [L. bacillum, little stick.] 

Back, bak, n. The upper or hinder part of an animal; 
part opp. to the front; the rear; outward or upward 
part of a thing, as opp. to the inner or lower part; 
part opp. or most remote; part out of sight. — a. In 
the rear ; remote. — adv. To the place whence one 
came; to or toward a former state, condition, etc.; 
away from the front ; again ; in return. — v. t. 
[backed (bakt), backing.] To get upon the back 
of; to support or strengthen by aid; to force back- 
ward; to furnish with a back. — v. i. To move or 
go back. [AS. base] — To back out, or b. down, to 
withdraw from an engagement.— To b. round, said 
of the wind when it shifts against the sun's course, 
indicating^ more bad weather. — To b. an anchor. 
(Naut.) To lay down a small anchor ahead of a 
large one, to which it is fastened. — To b. astern. In 
rowing, to manage the oars in a direction contrary 
to the usual method. — To b. the oars, or back water. 
To row backward. — To b. the sails. To arrange them 
eo as to take out the wind, and cause the ship to move 
astern. — To b. up. To support or sustain. — Back'- 
er, n. One who, or that which, backs or supports 
another. — Back'ing, n. Act of supporting and en- 
couraging ; act of breaking a horse to the saddle ; 
preparation of a book for its cover, in binding. — 
Backs, n. pi. (Leather Dealing.} Leather from the 
stoutest ox-hides. — Back'ward, -wards, adv. With 
the back in advance ; toward the back ; on the back, 
or with the back downward; toward or in past time; 
from a better to a worse state ; in a reverse manner 
or direction ; eontrarily. — Back'ward, a. Unwil- 
ling; averse ; dull of apprehension; late or behind- 
hand. — Back'wardly, adv. — Backwardness, n. 
Aversion ; reluctance. — Backwardation, n. A 
broker's term for the allowance made for carrying I 
over stocks to another day, instead of settling 
at once. — Back'bite, -bit, v. t. To speak evil of I 
in the absence of the persen traduced. — v. i. To 
reyile the absent. — Back'biter, n. — Back'bone, I 
-bon, n. The spine; firmness; spirit; grit. — door, j 
-d6r, n. A door at the back of a building or cham- 
ber ; a private passage ; indirect way. ground, 

n. Ground in the rear ; a place of obscurity or 
shade. (Art.) The part of a picture behind,and i 
subordinate to, the foreground. — handed, a. With | 
the hand turned backward ; indirect ; oblique. — adv. ' 
With the hand, etc. — house, n. A building behind ! 
a main building; a privy. — -log, n. A larare stick, 
forming the back of a fire. — piece, -pes, -plate, -plat, 
n. Armor covering the back, —-side, n. Hinder 
fart of any thing; the rear. — sight, -sit, rt. (Sum.) i 
The first reading of the leveling staff. — slide, -slid', j 
v. i. [backslid (-slYd), p. p. -slid'den, -slid ; 
-sliding (-slld'ing).] To iall back or off ; to apos- I 
tatize. — slid'er, n. One who, etc.: a renegade.— j 
-staff, n. An instrument for taking the altitude of I 
heavenly bodies. — -stairs, -starz, n. pi. Stairs at 
the back of the house; a private or indirect way. — 

-stair, a. Indirect: illegitimate; undue. stays, 

-staz, n. pi. (Naut.) Ropes from the top-mast 
heads to both sides of a ship, to support the mast. — 
-stream, n. A current flowing up-stream. — sword, 
-sord, n. A sword with one sharp edge. — water, I 
-waw-ter, n. Water held back, as in a stream, by | 
some obstruction : water thrown back by the turn- j 

ing of a water-wheel, etc. — woods, -w<56dz. u. pi. \ 




Indian Badger. 



| Forests or partly cleared ground on the frontier* of 
! a newly settled country. — woods'' man, n. An in- 
l habitant of, etc. 
Backgammon, bak-gam'mon, n. A game plaved by 
two persons, upon a tray, with checkers and dice.— 
! v. t. To defeat one's opponent, before he has moved 
his counters from the first quarter of the board. 
[Prob. Dan. bakke, a tray, and gammen, game.] 
Backshish, -sheesh, bak'shesh, n. In Eastern coun- 
tries, a present or gratuity. [Pers. bakhshish, fr. 
bakhshidan, to give.] 
Bacon, ba'kn, n. Hog's flesh salted or pickled and 

smoked. [OF.; OD. bak, pig.] 
Baconian, ba-ko'nT-an, a. Pert, to Lord Bacon, or to 

his system of philosophy. 
Bacterium, bak-te'rT-um, n. ; pi. Bacteria, -a. 
(Biol.) A microscopic vegetable organism, belonging 
to the Algffi, usually in the form of a jointed rodlike 
filament and found in putrefying organic infusions. 
Bacteria multiply very rapidly. Certain species are 
active agents in fermentation, while others apoear 
to be the cause of certain infectious diseases. [Gr. 
bakterion. a staff.] — Bacteriology, -ol'o-jT, n. The 
science relating to bacteria- 
Bad, bad, a. [comp. worse (wers), superL worst, 
(werst).J Wanting good qualities ; evil ; vicious. 
[Prob. fr. Celtic] — Bad'dish, a. Somewhat bad. 

— Badly, adv. — Bad'ness, n. 
Bad, Bade. See Bid. 

Badge, baj, n. A distinctive mark worn on the person. 

[OS. bag, bog, a ring, LL. baga, ring, ornament.] 
Badger, baj'er, n. 

A burrowing 

quadruped akin 

to the bear.— v. t. 

[badgered 

(baj'erd), -er- 

ing.] To follow 

up, as the badger 

is hunted; to 

pester or worry. 

[OF. bageard.] 
Badigeon, ba-drj'un or -dizh'un, n. A mixture of 

plaster and freestone, to fill holes in statues; or of 

sawdust and glue, to fill defects in joiner's work; a 

kind of cement. [F.] 
Badinage, bad-e-nazh', n. Light or playful discourse. 

[F., fr. badiner, to joke.] 
Baffle, baf'fl, v. t. [baffled (-fid), -fling.] To treat 

with mockery; to check by shifts and turns ; to 

balk ; to frustrate, elude, foil. [Scot, bauchle, bachle, 

fr. Ic. bagr, a struggle.] — Baffler, n. 
Bag, n. A sack or pouch, to hold or convey any thing. 

— v. t. [bagged (bagd), bagging.] To put into a 
bag; to seize or entrap.— v. i. To swell like a 
full bag. [AS. bselg, Gothic balgs, Ga. baig, bag, 
pouch.] — Bag'ging. n. Cloth or materials for bags. 

— Bag'gy, -gl, a. Bulged out, like a bag. — Bag'- 
man, n. One who carries a bag; a commercial trav- 
eler. — -pipe, n. A Scot- . 
tish musical instrument, 
consisting of a leathern 
bag, and of pipes, into 
which air is pressed 
by the performer. — 
-pi'per, n. One who 
plays on, etc. — wig, n. 
A kind of wig worn in 

_ the 18th century. 

ba-gas', n. Su- 



gr,. : ,~: 



trifle; thing of no importance; a game played with 
balls on a board having holes at one end. [F., fr. It. 
bagatella, a trifle.] 

Baggage, bag'ej, n. The tents, clothing, utensils, etc., 
of an army; trunks, bags, etc., for travelers; lug- 
gage. [F. bagage, fr. OF. bague, bundle.] — n. A 
strumpet; a playful, saucy young woman. [F. ba- 
gasse, It. bagascia, a worthless woman.] — Bag'- 
gage-mas'ter, n. One in charge of pa^ieagers' bag- 
gage on railroads, boats, etc. 

Bagging. See under Bag. 

Bagnio, ban'yo, n. A bath-house; a brothel. [It., fr. 
Jj.balnewn. bath.] 

Bah, ba, interj. An exclamation of disj-ist »r con- 
tempt; pah. 

Bail, bal, r. t. [bailed (bald), bailing.] <La,io.) To 



gar-cane after beine 

ed 

, fr. Sp. 6 

gazo, trash.] 



crushed, usually driec 
for fuel. [F., fr. Sp. 6a- 
sn." 



Bagatelle, bag'a-tel, n. A 




sun, cube, full ; moon, f 6"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboiv, chair, get. 



BAIT 



38 



BAMBOO 



set free from arrest, security being given for the ap- 
pearance of the person bailed ; to deliver, upon a 
contract that the trust shall be executed. To free 
from water. — n. (Law.) One who procures a pris- 
oner's release by becoming surety for his appear- 
ance in court; the security given. The handle of a 
kettle, etc. [OF. bailer, to keep in custody, fr. L. 
bajulare, to bear a burden.] — Bail'able, a. That 
may be, etc.— Bail'bond.w. (Law.) A bond given 
by prisoner and surety, to insure the prisoner s ap- 
pearance in court; special bail in court to abide the 
judgment.— Bailee, bal-e',n. (Law.) One to whom 
goods are committed in trust. — Bail/er, -or, -er, n. 
(Law.) One who delivers goods to another in trust. 
— Bail'iff. n. A sheriff's deputy, appointed to make 
arrests, collect fines, summon juries, etc. — Baili- 
wick, ». (Law.) The precincts in which a bailiff 
has jurisdiction. [OF. baillie, jurisdiction of a bail- 
iff, and AS. -wic, station; L. vicus, a village.] — 
Bail'ment, n. (Law.) Delivery of goods in trust. 

Bait, bat, n. Thing used to catch fish, etc.; a lure; 
enticement ; temptation ; refreshment taken on a 
journey. — v. t. To put on or in, as on a hook, trap, 
etc., to allure game; to feed upon the road; to pro- 
voke and harass. — v. i. To stop for refreshment on 
a journey. [AS. batan, Ic. beita, to make to bite.] 

Baize, baz, n. A coarse woolen stuff, with long nap. 
[OF. bai, a reddish brown, _fr. LL. badius.] 

Bake, bak, v. t. [baked (bakt), baking.] To heat, 
dry, and harden; esp. to prepare for food, in a close 
place heated. — v. i. To do the work of baking; to 
be baked. [AS. bacan.] — Bake-house, -hows, n. A 
house for baking. — Ba'ker, n. One who bakes 
bread, biscuit, etc.; a portable tin oven. — Baker's 
dozen. Thirteen in number. — Ba'kery, -Sr-f, n. A 
place for baking; bakehouse. — Backing, n. Quan- 
tity baked at once. 

Bakhshish. See Backshish. 

Balance, bal'ans, n. An apparatus for weighing bod- 
ies; what is needed to equalize two quantities; act 
of comparing or weighing; an equipoise or just pro- 
portion; a regulating wheel In a watch. (Astron.) 
A sign in the zodiac , called Libra. [Improperly 
used for remainder.'] — v. t. [balanced (-anst), 
-ancing.] To bring to an equipoise; to weigh in a 
balance ; to render equal ; to compare in relative 
force, value, etc.; to settle and adjust, as an account. 
(Dancing.) To move toward, and then back from, 
reciprocally, —v. i. To be in equipoise; to hesitate. 
(Dancing.) To move toward, etc. [F., fr. L. bilanx, 
bilancis, having two scales, f r. bis, twice, and lanx, 
dish, scale.] — Bal'ancer, n. One who balances, or 
uses a balance. — Bal'ance-sheet, n. (Book-keeping.) 
A paper giving a balance of accounts. 

Balcony, bal'ko-nY, n. A gallery on the outside of a 
building. [It. balcone.] 

Bald, bawld, a. Destitute of natural covering, as of 
hair, feathers, foliage, etc.; destitute of ornament; 
unadorned. [Ga. and Ir. bal, spot, freckle, W. 
bali, whiteness on a horse's forehead.] — Baldly, 
adv. — Bald'ness, n. — Bald'faced, -fast, a. Having 
a white face, as a horse. — Bald 'pate, -pat, n. A 
bald head; bald person. 

Baldachin, bal'da-kin, n. (Arch.) A canopy-like 
structure, an ornament over 
doors, thrones, etc. [Fr. Bal- 
dach, or Bagdad, whence 
came silks for canopies.] 

Balderdash, bawl'dSr-dash, n. 
A worthless mixture, esp. 
badly mixed liquor; a sense 
less jargon of words; ribald 
ry. [Dan. balder, noise, clat 
ter, and daske, to slap, flap v 

Baldric, bawl'drik, n. A war- 
rior's girdle. [OHG. balder- 
ich, AS. belt, L. balteus, gir- 
dle.] 

Bale, bal, n. A bundle' of 
goods corded for transporta- 
tion. — v.t. [baled (bald), 
baling.] To make up in a 
bale. [F., a ball, pack, HG. 
balle, a ball, round body.] — 
Bal'ing-press, n. A press for 
compressing hay, cotton, etc., 
into bales. 

Bale, bal, n. Misery; calamity ; sorrow. [AS. bealu, 
balu.] — Bale'-fire, -fir,n. A signal-fire; alarm-fire.— 
Bale'ful, a. Full of misery; calamitous; woful; sad. 

Bale, v. t. To free from water. See Bail. 




Baldachin. 



Baleen, ba-len', n. Horny plates in the whale's 
mouth ; whalebone in plates. [F. baleine, whale, 
whalebone. L. balsena, a whale.] 

Balister. See Ballista. 

Balize, ba-lez', u. A pole raised on a bank, as a guide 
to mariners. [F., f r. pal, stake, L. palus.] 

Balk, bawk, n. An unplowed ridge or strip; a great 
beam or rafter; a hindrance ; disappointment.— v. 
t. [balked (bawkt), balking.] To leave un- 
touched in plowing; to disappoint; frustrate. — v. i. 
To stop abruptly in one's course. [AS. balca, a heap, 
OS. balko,a. beam.] — Balk'er, n. One who balks; 
one who signals the movements of shoals of fish. — 
Balk'y, a. Apt to turn aside or stop abruptly. 

Ball, bawl, n. Any round body; anv round or protu- 
berant part of the body; a familiar game. — v. i. 
[balled (bawld), balling.] To form, as snow, into 
balls, as on the feet. [OF. baUe, OHG. balla, palla.) — 
Ball and socket joint. A joint in which a baM moves 
within a socket, giving motion in every direction. — 
Ball '-cartridge, -kart-rii, n. A car- 
tridge containing a bullet. cock, 

n. A contrivance which admits wa- 
ter to a cistern, but is shut by a float- 
ing ball, when the cistern is full. — 
-proof, a. Impenetrable by bullets. 
— valve, n. (Mach.) A ball in a 
cup with a hole in its bottom, opera- 
ting as a valve. — vein, -van, n. (Min- 
ing.) A sort of iron ore, found in 
loose circular masses. 

Ball, bawl, n. A social assembly for 
dancing. [F. bal, fr. LL. ballare, to . B * u * • * 
dance.] - Ballad, baKlad, n. A pop- socket J° mt - 
ular song in simple verses. [Proven, ballada (It. bal- 
lata), a dancing song, fr. LL. ballare.]— Ballet, 
balla, n. A theatrical exhibition with music, dan- 
cing, etc. [F., dim. of bal.] 

Ballast, ballast, n. {Naut.) Any heavy substance 

E laced in the hold of a vessel, to steady it. Gravel, 
roken stone, etc., solidifying the bed of a railroad. 
— v. t. To furnish with, etc. [D ; Dan. bag, be- 
hind, in the rear, and last, burden.] 

Ballista, bal-lisla, pi. -t^e, -te, Ballster, Ballister, 
balls-tSr or -lislgr, n. A machine like a cross-bow, 
used anciently in war to throw stones. [L. ballista, 
fr. Gr. ballein, to throw.] — Ballistic, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Ballis'tics, n. sing. The science of projectiles. 

Balloon, bal-loon', n. A bag, of silk or other light 
material, filled with hydrogen gas or heated air, so 
as to rise and float in the atmosphere. (Arch.) A 
ball or globe on the top of a pillar. (Chem.) A 
spherical glass receiver. [Augm. of OF. balle. See 
Ball.] — Ballooning, n. A broker's term for tempo- 
rarily raising the prices of stocks by fictitious sales, 
etc. — Balloonist, n. An aeronaut. 

Ballot, ballot, n. Orig., a ball used in voting; a writ- 




ten or printed vote; act of voting by balls or tickets; 

ide b 
Bal y 



ng I 
amount of votes cast. — v. i. To vote or decide by 



ballot. [F. ballote, dim. of balle. See Ball.] 
lot-box, n. A box for receiving ballots. 

Balm, bam, n. An aromatic plant ; resinous sap of 
certain trees; a fragrant ointment; anything which 
heals, or soothes or mitigates pain. — v. t. To anoint 
with balm; to assuage. [F. baume, fr. Gr. balsamon, 
juice of the balsam tree.]— Balm 'y, -T, a. Having 
the qualities of balm; aromatic; soothing; produ- 
cing balm. — Balmily, adv. — Balsam, bawrsam, n. 
An aromatic resinous substance, containing an es- 
sential or volatile oil. (Bot.) A species of tree; an 
annual garden plant ; balsamine. (Med.) A mix- 
ture of natural balsams and other articles. — Bal- 
samic, -ical, Bal'samous, -sa-mus, a. Containing 
or resembling, etc. — Balsamic, n. That which has 
the properties of, etc. — Balsamiferous, -us, a. Pro- 
ducing, etc. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Bal'samine, -min, 
n. (Bot.) The touch-me-not, or garden balsam. 

Balmoral, bal-mor'al, n. A thick woolen petticoat; a 
kind of shoe. {Balmoral Castle, Scotland.] 

Baluster, bal'us-ter, n. (Arch.) A small column or 
pilaster, supporting the rail of a staircase, etc.; the 
lateral part of the volute of the Ionic capital. [Im- 
properly called ban'nister.] [F. balustre, fr. Gr. bal- 
austion, flower of wild pomegranate.] — BaKustrade, 
-trad, n. A row of balusters, joined by a rail. 

Balzarine, bal'za-ren, n. A dress material of mixed 
worsted and cotton. 

Bam bam, n. An imposition; cheat. — v. t. To cheat, 
wheedle. [Prob. contr. of bamboozle.] 

Bamboo, bam-boo', n. A kind of reed growing in 
tropical countries. [Malay.] 



am, fame, -far, pass or opera, fare j end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 8r,' 



BAMBOOZLE 



39 



BAR 



Bamboozle, bam-boo'zl, v. t. To play tricks upon. 
[Said to be of Gipsy origin.] 

Ban, ban.n. A public proclamation or edict ; inter- 
diction ; curse, (.pi-) Public notice of a marriage 
proposed. — v. t. To curse; to execrate. [AS. ge- 
bann, a proclamation, OHG. ban, a summons.] 

Banana, ba-na'na, n. A species of the plantain-tree, 
and its fruit. [Sp.] 

Band, band, n. That with which a thing is bound or 
fastened. (Arch.) A flat, low molding; a continu- 
ous tablet or series of ornaments : the molding 
which encircles Gothic pillars and small shafts. See 
Molwkg. Means of union between persons ; a 
linen neok ornament worn by clergymen; a com- 
pany united in design^esp. a body of armed men, or 
of musicians. — v. t. To bind, tie, or mark with a 
band; to unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. 
— v. i. To confederate. [AS. bend, bindan, to bind; 
G. bande, a gang, binden, to bind.] — Band'age, -ej, 
n. A fillet or swathe, for binding up wounds, etc. — 
v. t. [bandaged (-ejd), -aging.] To bind with, etc. 
— Bandeau, ban'do, n. ; pZ.-deaux, -doz. A narrow 
band or fillet; ahead-dress. [F.] — Band'let. -elet,n. 
(Arch.) A little band; fiat molding. — Band'box, n. 
A light paper box. — Ban 'dog. n. A large dog; 
mastiff, [band, i. e., bound, and dog.] —Band-mas- 
ter, n. The conductor of a band of music. 

Bandana, -danna, ban-dan'na, n. A kind of silk or 
cotton handkerchief. [Sp. bandana.'] 

Banderole, ban'de-rol, n. A small flag carried on 
ships* masts or on military weapons. [F., fr. ban- 
diere, banner.] 

Bandit, ban'dit, n.; pi. -dits or -ditti, -diftT. A 
lawless fellow ; brigand ; outlaw. [It. bandito, fr. I 
bandire, to banish, fr. LL. bannum, OHG. ban.] 

Bandoleer, ban-do-ler', n. A leathern belt, over the 
right shoulder, worn by ancient musketeers to sus- 
tain their firearms; a leather case for powder. [F. 
bandouliere, fr. bande, band.] 

Bandoline, ban'do-lin, n. A gummy preparation for 
holding the hair in place. _ 

Bandore, ban'dor or ban-dor', n. A musical instru- 
ment similar to a guitar. [Gr. pandoura, a musical 
instrument, invented by Pan.] 

Band'rol, Ban'nerol. See Banderole. 

Bandy, ban'dT, n. A hooked club for striking a ball; 
the game played with it. — v. t. [bandied (ban'- 
did), bandying.] To beat to and fro, as a ball; to 
give and receive reciprocally ; to exchange, toss 
about, agitate. [F. bander, to bind, to bend (a bow), 
also to bandv at tennis.] — Ban'dy-leg, n. A crooked 
leg. — Bandy'-legged, -legd, a. 

Bane, ban, n. A deadlv poison ; a cause of injury or 
destruction; ruin. [AS. bona, murderer.] — Bane / '- 
ful, a. Noxious. —Bane'rully, adv. — Bane'fulness, 
m. — Bane' wort, -wgrt, n. Deadly nightshade. 

Bang, bang, r. t. [banged (bangd), banging.] To 
beat, as with a club ; to handle roughly. — n. A 
blow. [Ic. hang, a hammering.] 

Bang, Bangue, bang, n. A narcotic and intoxicating 
drug made from Indian wild hemp (Cannabis In- 
dica). [Pers. bang, hashish.] 

Bangle, bap/gL, n. An ornamental ring worn upon 
the arm, also upon the ankles in India and Africa. 
[Hindoo bangri, bracelet.] 

Banian, Banyan, ban'yan or ban-yan , n, A Hindoo 
merchant; a morning gown; 
the Indian fig tree, whose 
branches drop shoots which 
take root and form new 
stems. [Skr. banij, merchant, 
banijya, trade; markets be- 
ing held under the shade of 
the trees.] — Banian days. 
(Naut.) Day 8 in which sail- 
ors have no flesh meat. 

Banish, ban'ish, v. t. [ban- 
ished (-isht), -ISHING.] To 
condemn to exile ; to drive 
awav ; expel. [OF. banir. 
See Bandit.]— Ban'iaher, n. 
of, or state of being, etc. 

Ban'ister. See under Baluster. 

Banjo, ban'jo, n. A stringed instrument, resembling 
the guitar and tamborine. [Corrupt, of bandore.] 

Bank, hank, n. A ridge of earth ; steep acclivitv: a 
flat; a shoal; abench of rowers in a galley. (Con;.) 
Money deposited by a number of persons for a par- 
ticular use ; prace for depositing money; a com- 
pany concerned in a bank. — v. t. [banked (bankt), 
banking.] To raise a mound or dike about; to in- 




Banian tree. 
Ban'ishment, n. 



Act 



close or fortify with a bank; to cover, as a fire, with 
ashes, etc. — v. i. To deposit money in a bank; to 
carry on banking. [AS. banc, bank, mound, OHG. 
panch, bank, bench, MHG. banc, bench, table, F. 
bangue, money-changer's table.] — Bank/able, a. 
Receivable at a bank, as bills ; discountable, as 
notes. — Bank' er, n. One who keeps a bank: one 
who receives and remits monev, negotiates bills of 
exchange, etc. — Bank'ing, n. Business of a banker. 
— Bank'-bill, n. In Amer., a promissorv note of 
a bank payable to bearer on demand; a bank note. 
In Eng., a note or bill of exchange, of a bank, pay- 
able to order. — -book, n. Book for recording bank 

accounts. note, n. A promissory note issued by 

a bank, payable to bearer on demand, intended to 
circulate as money. — stock, n. A 6hare or shares 
in the capital stock of a bank. 

Bankrupt, bank'rupt, n. A trader who breaks or 
fails; one unable to pav his debts. — a. Unable to 
pay debts; insolvent. — v. t. To break in trade; to 
make insolvent. [F. banqueroutte. a becoming bank- 
rupt, fr. It. banca. bench, and rotta, broken, fr. L. 
rumpere, ruptitm, to break]. — Bank'ruptcy, -sT, n. 
State of being, or act of becoming, etc. 

Banner, ban'nSr, n. A militarv ensign: standard of 
a prince or state: pennon. [F. banniere, bandiere, 
fr. LL. bandum, standard, MHG. band, a band, strip 
of cloth.] — Ban'neret, n. A knight oi the class next 
below a baron, and entitled to bear a banner. [F.; 
dim. of banner.] — Ban'nerel, n. A little flag. 

Bannock ban'nok, n. A cake made of oat, rye, pea, 
or barley meal. [Ga. bonnach.] 

Banna, banz, n. pi." Notice given in church of an in- 
tended marriage. [See Ban.] 

Banquet, bank'wet. n. A feast: entertainment. — v. t. 
To treat with, etc. — v. i. To regale one's self, feast. 
[F., a feast, dim. of banc, table.] — Ban'queter. n. 

Banquette, ban-kef, n. (Fort.) A raisea way inside 
of a parapet, from which to fire upon the enemy. 
(F., dim. of banc] 

Banshee, ban'she, Benshie, ben'she, n. An Irish 
fairy that warns of impending death. [Ga. & Ir. 
bean, woman, and sith, fairy.] 

Bantam, ban'tam, n. A small variety of fowl, prob. 
fr. Bantam, in Java. 

Banter, ban'tgr, ». r. [bantered (-terd), -tering.] To 
play upon in words and in good humor ; to rally, 
ridicule, deride. — n. Humorous railery, pleasantry. 
[Prob. slang, or fr. bandy.] — Ban'terer, n. 

Bantingism, ban'ting-izm, n. The reducing of corpu- 
lence by a diet excludingfarinaceous, saccharine, or 
oily matter. [Fr. Win. Banting, of London.] 

Bantling, banfling, n. A small child; an infant. [Fr. 
band and suffix -ling — one in swaddling bands.] 

Banyan. See Banian. 

Baobab, ba'o-bab, n. The largest known tree in the 
world, a native of trop- 
ical Africa. [Native 
name, in Senegal.] 

Baptism, bap'tizm, n. 
Act of baptizing; the 
application of water, as g 
an initiation into the 
visible church of 
Christ. [OF. baptiser, 
fr. Gr. baptizein, hap- 

Sa-^rto.^- B - bab - 

Bap'tist, n. One who administers, etc.; esp. John, 
the forerunner of Christ: as a contr. of Anabaptist, 
one who rejects infant baptism, and considers im- 
mersion essential. — Bap'tistery, -tgr-1, n. A place 
where, etc.— Baptist'ic, -ical. a. Pert. to. etc. — 
Baptize. -Hz', v. i. [baptized (-tizdO, -tizing.] To 
administer baptism to; to christen. — Bapti'zer, n. 
Bar, bar, n. A long piece of wood, metal, etc., esp. 
as used for obstruction; any obstacle which hinders 
or defends: a barrier; a bank at the mouth of a riv- 
er or harbor. (Law.) The railing about the place for 
counsel in courts of justice: the plaoe in court for 
prisoners; the legal profession; a special plea con- 
stituting a sufficient answer to the plaintiff s action. 
Any tribunal: the counter of a tavern, etc., over 
which liquors are sold. (Her.) A horizontal mark 
across the escutcheon. 
(Mm.) Aline drawn per- 
pendicularly across the 
staff. — v. t. [barred 
(bard), barring.] To 
fasten with a bar : to 
hinder; prevent ; to ex- 




Measure. 


Measure. 




1 




1 




1 




1 



Bar. Double Bar. 



sun, cube, lull ; moon, f<J6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boNboN, chair, get. 



BARB 



40 



BAROUCHE 



eept ; to cross with stripes or lines. TOF. barre, 
W. bar, Ga. .and Ir. baiva.] — Barrage, bar'rej, 
n. A mound or dyke, to raise the waters of a 
river. [F.] — Barricade, bar'rY-kad', n. (Mil.) A 
defensive fortification to check an enemy: any bar, 
obstruction, or means of defense. — v. t. To fortify 
with any slight work. [F., f r. Sp. bamcada, f r. bar- 
rica, a barrel.] — Bar'rier, -rY-er, n. (Fort.) A kind 
of fence, to stop an enemy. A fortress on the frontier 
of a country; any obstruction: limit or boundary 
[F. barrvere, fr. barre.] — Bar'rier-reef, n. A coral 
reef, parallel to a shore, usually of an island, and 
inclosing a lagoon. — Barrister, n. A counselor ad- 
mitted to plead at the bar. — Bar'-iron, bar'I-ern, n. 
Iron in long pieces, hammered or rolled out of pud- 
dle-balls, made from pigs. — keeper, -tender, n. One 
who sells liquor at a bar. — maid, n. A woman who, 
etc. — shot, n. Cannon-shot, consisting of a bar, 
with balls at the ends. — Bar'ring-out, n. Act of 
fastening 1 school-room doors against a school-master. 

Barb, barb, n. Beard, or that which resembles it; the 
point that stands backward in an arrow, fish-hook, 
etc.; armor anciently worn by horses, set with iron 
spikes. — v. t. To furnish with barbs; to clothe, as a 
horse, with _armor. [F. b&rbe, L. barba, beard.] — 
Bar'bate, -bat, a. (Bot.) Bearing lines, spots, or 
tufts of hair ; bearded. — Bar'bated, a. Having 
barbed points. — Bar'bel, n. A process appended to 
the mouth of certain fishes ; a fresh-water fish, hav- 
ing four such barbs; superfluous flesh growing in a 
horse's mouth. — Bar'ber, n. One who shaves the 
beard, and cuts and dresses the hair, of others. — 
v. t. To shave and dress the hair of. 

Barb, barb, n. A horse of the breed originating in 
Barbary; a pigeon, orig. fr. Barbary. 

Barbacan, -bican, bar'bY-kan, it. '(Fort.) An ad- 
vanced work defending the entrance to a castle or 
city. An opening in the wall of a fortress for guns. 
[OF. barbacane.] 

Barbarian, bar-ba'rY-an, n. A man in his rude, unciv- 
ilized state; a cruel, savage, brutal man. — a. Pert, 
to, or resembling savages; rude; inhuman. [L. bar- 
bants, Gr. barbaros.] — Barbaric, -bar'ik, a. For- 
eign; pert, to, or resembling, etc. — Bar'barism, -ba- 
rizm, n. An uncivilized state or condition; speech 
contrary to the idioms of a language. — Barbarity, 
-bar'Y-tY, n. Manners of a barbarian; savageness; 
cruelty. — Bar'barize, -riz, v. i. To become barba- 
rous; to use a foreign or barbarous mode of speech. 

— v. t. To make barbarous. — Bar'barous, -rus, a. 
Uncivilized : cruel ; contrary to the idioms of a lan- 
guage. — Barbarously, adv.— Bar'barousness, n. 

Barbate, See under Barb. 

Barbeeue, bar'be-ku, n. A hog, ox, etc., roasted 
whole; an open-air entertainment at which animals 
are roasted whole. — v. t. [barbecued (-kud), -cu- 
ing.] To dress and roast whole. [Prob. fr. F. barbe- 
d-nueue, from snout to tail.] 

Barberry, bar'ber-rY, Berberry, ber'ber-rl, n. (Bot.) 
A hedge plant, bearing berries used for preserves. 
[F. and LL. berberis, fr. Ar. barbaris.] 

Barbet, bar-bef. n. A curly-haired variety of dog; 
a kind of bird having bristles at the base of the 
beak; a species of worm, which feeds on the aphis. 
[F., fr. barbe, beard, long hair.] 

Barbette, bar-bef, n. (Fort.) A mound of earth 
bearing guns to fire over the top of the parapet. See 
Casemate. [F.] 

Barbican. SeeBARBACAN. 

Bard, bard, n. A Celtic minstrel; a poet. [Ga. and Ir.; 
W. bardd.] — Bardic, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Bare, bar, a. Without covering ; naked ; with the 
head uncovered ; destitute ; empty ; mere; simple. 

— v. t. [bared (bard), baring.] To strip off the 
covering of; to make naked. [AS. bier.]— Under 
larepoles. (JYaut.) Having no sails set. — Bare'ly, 
■IT, adv. Only; nearly; nakedlv. — Bare'ness, n.— 
Bare'back, a'dv. On the bare back, as of a horse; 
without a saddle. — -faced, -fast, a. With the face 
uncovered; without concealment: shameless; impu- 
dent. — facedly, -fast-It, adv. — facedness, n. — foot, 
a. &adv. With the feet bare. — footed, -foot-ed, a. 
Having, etc. — headed, -hed-ed, a. Having the head 
uncovered. — legged, -legd, a. With the legs bare. 

Bare. The old preterit of bear; now bore. See Bear. 
Barege, ba-razh/, n. A thin dress stuff, of worsted or 

silk and worsted. [F. Bareges, a town in France.] 
Bargain, biir'gen, n. An agreement concerning the 

.sale of property ; any agreement or stipulation ; a 

gainful transaction ; contract ; purchase. — v. t. 

[bargained (-gend), -gaining.] To transfer for a 




Bark. 



consideration. — v. i. To make a contract; to agree. 
[OF. bargqigner, to chaffer, fr. LL. barcaniare, to 
change about, shuffle.] — Bargainee, -gen-e r , n. 
(Laio.) The party in a contract who agrees to re- 
ceive property sold. — Bargainer, n. The party 
who stipulates to sell and convey, etc. — Bargain- 
or, -gen-6r r , n. (Laiv.) One rrho makes a contract. 

Barge, barj, n. A pleasure boat; a large boat for pas- 
sengers or goods. [OF. barge, L. and Gr. bans, a 
flatEgyptian row-boat, Coptic bari, boat.] — Bargee, 
bar-je' Barge'man, ?;. One who manages a barge. — 
-master, n. Proprietor of, etc. 

Barilla, ba-ril'la, n. (Bot.) A sea-shore plant yield- 
ing soda. (Com.) Alkali produced from the plant; 
impure soda, from ashes of sea-shore plants. [Sp.] 

Baritone. See Barytone. 

Barium, ba'rY-um, n. The metallic basis of baryta. 
[Gr. barus, heavy.] 

Bark, bark, n. The exterior covering of a tree; the 
rind. — v. t. [barked (barkt), barking.] To strip 
the bark from: to peel; to cover or inclose with 
bark. [Sw. & Dan.] — Bark/bound, -bownd, a. Hav- 
ing the bark too firm or close. —Bark 'er, n. One 
who strips trees of, etc. — Bark'ery, -er-Y, n. A tan- 
house. — Bark'y, -Y, a. Of, or containing, etc. 

Bark, bark, n. The noise made by a dog. — v. i. To 
make the noise of dogs; to clamor. [AS. beorcan, 
Ic. berkja, to bark.] — Bark'er, n. One who, etc. 

Bark, Barque, bark, n. (Naut.) A three-masted ves- 
sel, having fore and 
main masts rigged 
as a ship, and the 
mizzen as a schoon- 
er ; any small ves- 
sel. [F. barque; Sp., 
Ital., & LL. barca. 
See Barge.] — 
Bark'entine, -ten, 
n. A three-masted 
vessel, with fore- 
mast rigged like a 
ship, main and miz- 
zen masts like a 
schooner. 

Barley, bar'lY, n. A grain, of the grass family, used 
for making malt. [AS. bse.rlic, fr. bere, barley, and 
lie, for lee, a plant.] — Barley -brake, -break, -brak, 
n. A game, played round stacks of grain. — corn, 
n. A grain of barley, about £ inch in length ; a 

measure of length. sugar, -shug'er, n. Sugar 

boiled till brittle (formerly with a decoction of bar- 
ley), and candied. — water, -waw'ter, n. A decoc- 
tion of barley. 

Barm, barm, n. Foam rising upon fermenting malt 
liquors, used as leaven in oread. [AS. beorma.] — 
Barm'y, -Y, a. Containing barm or yeast. 

Barn, barn, n. A building for storing grain, hay, etc.; 
also for stabling cattle and horses. [AS. berern, 
bern, fr. bere, barley, and em, a storage place.] 

Barnacle, bar'na-kl, n. A shell-fish. [L. bemacula.'] 
— A species of goose found in the northern seas. 
[Perh. fr. LL. Hiberniculse, Irish birds.] — pi. (Far.) 
An instrument to put upon a horse's nose, to con- 
fine him. A pair of spectacles. [Prov. F. berniqites, 
OF. bericles, spectacles, fr. L.beryllus, crystal, from 
which spectacles were made.] 

Barometer, ba-rom'e-ter, n. An instrument for de- 
termining the weight of the atmosphere, changes of 
weather, or height of an ascent. TGr. baros, weight, 
and metron, measure.] — Barometric, -rical, a. Pert, 
to, or made by, etc. — Baromefncally, adv. — 
Barom'etry, -e-trY, n. Measurement by, etc. — Baro- 
scope, bar'o-skop, n. An instrument showing 
changes in the weight of the atmosphere. [Gr. sko- 
pein, to view.] — Baroscop'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or 
determined by, etc. 

Baron, bar'un, n. In Eng. the lowest title of nobility; 
one ranking between a viscount and baronet. (Law.) 
A husband. [F. baron, OF. and OHG. bar, L. vir, a 
man.] (Cooken/.) A double sirloin. — Bar'onage, n. 
The whole body of barons or peers; the dignity of, 
etc.; the land which gives title to, etc. — Bar'oness. 
n. A baron's wife or lady . — Baro'nial, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Bar'ony, n. The lordship, honor, or fee of, 
etc.— Bar'onet, n. A dignity next below a. baron 
and above a knight. [Dim. of baron.] — Baronet- 
age, n. The collective body of, etc. ; the state of, 
etc.— Bar'onetcy, n. The rank of, etc. 
Barouche, ba-roosh', ». A four-wheeled carriage, with 
a falling top. [It. buroccio, chariot, fr. L. birotvs, 
two-wheeled.] 



am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, Sr ; 



BARQUE 



41 



BASTE 



Barque. See Bark. 

Barrack, bar'rak, n. {Mil.) A hut or house for soldiers, 
t-sp. in garrison. [F. baraque, fr. It. baracca, a tent.] 

— Barracoon, bar'ra-koon', n. A slave warehouse, 
or an inclosifre for slaves. 

Barrator, bar'ra-ter, n. An encourager of litigation ; 
a shipmaster who commits fraud in its management. 
[LL. baratator, a deceiver, fr. baratare, to deceive. 
See Barter.] — Barratrous, -trus, a. (Law.) 
Tainted with, etc. — Barratry, -trt, n. (Law.) 
Practice of encouraging law-suits. (Com.) A fraud- 
ulent breach of duty by a ship-master or mariners. 

Barrel, bar'rel, n. A round, bulgy vessel or cask; 
the quantity contained in it, —varying from 31£ to 
.36 gallons; any hollow cylinder. — v. t. [barreled 
(-reld), -reling.] To put or pack in, etc. [OF. bareil, 
f r. barre ; W. baril, fr. bar ; Ga. baraill, f r. barra, 
bar, — barrels being made of bars or staves.] 

Barren, bar'ren, a. Incapable of producing offspring: 
producing nothing; sterile; dull; empty. — n. Ele- 
vated lands, producing small trees, but not timber. 
[OF. baraigne.] — Barrenly, adv. — Barrenness, n. 

Barricade, Barrier, Barrister. See under Bar. 

Barroque, bar-i-ok', n. Inharmonious and untasteful 
architecture; rococo. [F., fr. L. verruca, a wart.] 

Barrow, bar'ro, n. A hand-carnage. [AS. berewe, 
fr. beran, beoran, to bear.] — A hog, esp. a male hog 
castrated. [AS. bearg, Skr. baraha, hog.] —A mound 
raised over graves, esp. of those fallen in battle. [AS. 
beorg, beorh, hill, mound, f r. beorgan, to shelter.] 

Barsac, bar'sak, n. A kind of Sau'terne wine. 

Barter, bar'ter, ?•. i. [bartered (-tgrd), -tering.] 
To traffic by exchanging one commodity for another. 
— v.t. To exchange,~or give in exchange.— n. Actof, 
practice of, etc.; thing given in exchange; dealing; 
traffic. [OF. bareter. to cheat, to exchange, barat, 
fraud, barter.] — Bar'terer, n. 

Bartizan, bar'tT-zan', n. A small overhanging tur- 
ret, projecting from angles of towers, parapets, etc. 
[It. bertesca, a kind of parapet.] 

Baryphony, ba-rif 'o-nl, n. (Med.) Difficulty of speech. 
[Gr. bar us. heavy, and phone, voice.] 

Baryta, ba-ri'ta^. (Mia.) The heaviest of the earths. 

— Bary'tes, -tez, a. Sulphate of baryta; heavy -spar. 

— Barytic, -rit'ik, a. Pert, to, formed of, or con- 
taining, etc. — Bary'tum, Ba'rium, -rT-um, n. A 
metal, the base of baryta. _ [Gr. barus.] 

Barytone, Baritone, bar'T-ton, a. (Mus.) Grave and 
deep. (Gr. Gram.) Not marked with an accent 
on the last syllable. — n. (Mus.) A male voice be- 
tween bass and tenor. (Greek Gram.) A word 
unmarked on the last syllable, the grave accent be- 
ing understood. [Gr. barus and tonos, tone.] 

Basal. See under Base, n. 

Basalt, ba-sawlf, n. (Min.) A rock of igneous origin, 
usually of a greenish-black color. A kind of black 
porcelain. [L. basaltes (an African word), Ethio- 
pian marble.] — Basaltic, a. Pert, to, formed of, or 
containing, basalt. 

Bas-bleu. ba-ble' or ba-bloo', n. A literary lady; a 
blue-stocking. [F. bas. stocking, bleu, blue.] 

Base, bas, a. Of humble birth and low degree ; il- 
legitimate by birth; low in value or estimation; 
morally low; unworthy; mean; vile; not refined; 
deep or grave in sound. (Law.) Not held by hon- 
orable service. [F. bas, fern, basse, It. basso. LL. 
bassus.J — Base'ly, adv. In a base manner; illegit- 
imately.— Base'ness, n. — Base-born, 
-born, a. Born of low parentage, or out 
of wedlock. — Base or Bass, bas, a. 
(Mus.) Deeporgravein sound. — n. The 
lowest musical part ; the gravest male 
voice. —Bassist, n. A singer of base. 

— Basso, bas'so, n. The bass part; 
one who sings it. [It.] — Bassoon, bas- 
soon', n. (Mus.) A wind instrument, 
resembling a flute, having a very low 
note. [F. baeson, fr. bas ; It. bassone, fr. 
basso.] — Bassoon'ist.rt. A performer 
on, etc. — Bass-viol, bas'vi'ol, n. (Mus.) 
A stringed instrument for the bass part; 
violoncello. — Bas-relief, ba-re-lef, 
Bass-relief, bas're-lef, Bas'so-rilie'vo, 
-re-le-a'vo, n. Sculpture, whose figures 
do not stand out far from the ground on 
which they are formed. [F. relief. It. 
riliero, fr. L. relevare, to raise, lift up.] 

— Base'ment, n. (Arch.) The lowest 
story of a building. [It. bassamento.] 

Base, has, n. The bottom; the part of a 
thing on which it stands. (Arch.) The part of a col 




umn between pedestal and shaft: the lower project- 
ing part of a wall. (Chem.) The principal element 
of a compound. (Dyeing.) A substance used as a 
mordant. (Mil.) A protected tract of country, from 
which an army conducts operations. (Sunt.) A line 
from which to" compute the distances and positions 
of outlying points, — v. t. [based (bast), basing.] 
To put on a base or basis; to found. [F. base, L. and 
Gr. basis, step, pedestal, fr. Gr. bainein, to step.] — 
Basis, ba'sis, n. ; pi. Ba'ses, -sez. That on which a 
thing rests; groundwork or first principle. — Ba'sal. 
a. Pert, to, or constituting, etc. — Ba'sic, a. 
(Chem.) Relating to, or performing the office of, a 
base; having the base in excess. — Ba'sify, -sl-h", 
v.t. (Chem?) Toconvertintoasalifiableba.se. [L. 
facere. to make.] — Basilar, baz'T-lar, Basilary, 
baz'T-la-rY, a. Relating to, or situated at, etc. — 
Baseless, a. Without foundation. — Base'-ball, 
n. A game, so-called from bases designating a cir- 
cuit each player must make after striking the ball. 
— line, n. A main line taken as a base of opera- 
tions; a line round a cannon at rear of the vent. — 
-plate, n. The foundation-plate of machinery. 

Bashaw, ba-shaw'. Pacha, Pasha. pa-shaW, n. A 
Turkish title of honor; a haughty, imperious per- 
son. [At. basha. Per. pasha, fr. Per. pad, powerful, 
and shah, king.] 

Bashful, bash'ful, a. Having a down-cast look: very 
modest. [See Abash.] — Basb/ fully, adv.— Bash/ful- 
ness, n. Quality of being, etc. ; diffidence. 

Basement. See under Base. a. f 

Basic, Basis, etc. See under Base. n. 

Basil, baz'il, n. The angle to which the cutting edge 
of a tool is ground. — v. t. [basiled (baz'ild), bas- 
iling.] To grind or form to an angle. [OF. and 
Sp. bisel, sloping edge.] — n. A fragrant aromatic 
plant. [Gr. basilUce.% royal.] — n. The skin of a 
sheep tanned. [F. butane.'] 

Basilic, ba-ziKik. Basilica,-ziKl-ka. n. A king's pal- 
ace; a large hall or court of justice: a church, chapel, 
or cathedral. [Gr. basilike, royal (house), fr. bas- 
ileus, king.] — Basilic, -ical, a. In the manner 
of a public edifice or cathedral. (Anat.) Pert, to 
the middle vein of the right arm. — Basil'icon, n. 
(Med.) An ointment of wax, pitch, resin, and olive- 
oil. 

Basilisk, baz'i-lisk, n. A fabulous serpent, wnose 
breath and look were thought to be fatal. (Nat. 
Hist.) A genus of lizards. [Gr. basiliskos, dim. of 
basileus, the animals having crown-like crests.] — 
(Mil.) A large piece of ordnance. 

Basin, ba'sn, n. A hollow vessel, to hold water; any 
hollow place containing water. (Geol.) A forma- 
tion, where the strata dip inward toward the center. 
(Physical Geog.) A circular or oval valley ; the 
tract of country drained by a river. [OF. bacin ; 
Ga. bac, a hollow, D. bah, Dan. bakke, tray, trough.] 

Bask, bask, v. i. [basked (baskt). basking.] To lie 
in warmth; to be exposed to genial heat. — v. t. To 
warm with genial heat. [0.~ Scand. badhask. Ic. 
badhast, to bathe one's self.] 

Basket, bas'ket, n. A vessel made of twigs, rushes, 
etc., interwoven. TW. basged. f r. basg, a plaiting, Ir. 
bascrid.] — Bas'ketful, r. The contents of, etc.— 
Bas'ket-fish, n. A kind of star-fish. — hilt, n. A 
hilt having a basket-like covering for the haad. 

Bason. See Basix. 

Basque, bask. n. A part of a lady's dress, resembling 
a jacket. [Prob. fr. the dress of the Basques, or 
people of Biscay.] 

Bass, bas, n. sing.' "& pi. A food fish of several species. 
[AS. baers, G. bars, borsch, a perch.] The trel tree, 
or its bark, used for mats, etc. [Corrupt, of bast.] 

Bass. Basso. Bassoon, Bass-relief. See under Base, a. 

Basset, bas'set or bas-sef, n. A game at cards, re- 
sembling faro. [It. bassetto, dim. of basso, low.] 

Basset, bas'set, n. (Geol.) Emergence of strata 
at the surface. — v. i. To crop ouf. — a. Inclined 
upward. [OF., dim. of bas, low.] — Bas'seting, n. 
L pward direction of a vein or stratum. 

Bast, bast, n. Inner bark of the lime tree; matting; 
cordage, etc., made of the bark. [AS. bsest, lime 
tree; Ic, Sw., Dan., and G. bast, bast.] 

Bastard, bas'terd, n. An illegitimate child: an infe- 
rior quality of brown sugar: mold for draining su- 
gar. — a. Illegitimate; spurious: adulterate. [OF., 
the son of a bast (not of a bed), f r. bast, bd-t, pack- 
saddle.] — Bas'tardize, -Iz, v. t. [bastardized C-izd >, 
-izing.] To make or prove to be, etc. — Bas - ' tardy, 
-tf'-dT, n. State of being, etc.; illegitimacy. 

Baste, bast, v. t. To beat; to cudgel; to sprinkle 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fottt ; cow, oil ; linger ©?• ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



BASTILE 



42 



BE 





flour and salt and drip butter or fat on, as on meat 
in roasting. Tic. beysta, to beat.] 

Bastile, bas-teK, n. Orig., a wooden tower used in 
warfare ; any tower or fortification ; esp. an old 
fortification in Paris, used as a state prison, but de- 
molished in 1789. [OF. bastille, f r. bastir, to build.] 

Bastinade, bas-tY-nad', -nado, -na'do, n. A beating or 
cudgeling; esp. the Chinese and Turkish punish- 
ment of beating on the soles of the feet. — v. t. To 
beat with a cudgel, esp. on the soles of the feet. 
fSp., bastonada, fr. baston, baton, stick.] 

Bastion, basfyun, n. (Fort.) A projecting part of the 
main inclosure, consisting of 
faces and the flanks. [F., fr. It. 
bastione, fr. bastire, to build.] 

Basyle, bas'il, n. (Chein.) An elec- 
tro-positive ingredient of a com- 
pound. [Gr. basis, base, and huh, 
wood.] 

Bat, bat, n. A club, used in playing ■* 
ball; a sheet of cotton prepared for filling quilts; 
a piece of a brick. — v. i. To manage a bat, or play 
with one. [Ir. and Ga. bat, cudgel.] — Bat 'let, n. 
A small bat for beating washed linen. — Bats'man, 
Bat'ter, Bat'ster, n. The player holding the bat. 

Bat, n. A winged mammal hav- 
ing a body like a mouse. 
[ME. and Dan. bakke ; Ic. 
blaka, to flutter, flap.] — 
Bat'fowl'ing, n. A mode of 
catching birds at night by 
torch-light. — Baf a'-wing, n. 
A gas-burner having a flame 
shaped like, etc. Bat - 

Batch, bach, n. The quantity of bread baked at one 
time; any business dispatched at once; any quantity 
of things so united as to have like qualities. [ME. 
bacche, a baking, fr. AS. bacan, to bake.] 

Bate, bSt, v. t. To lessen; to abate; .to allow by way 
of deduction. [Fr. abate.} — Ba'ting, p. pr. used as 
prep. With the exception of; excepting. 

Bateau, bat-o', n.;pl. Bateaux, bat-5z'. Alight boat. 
[F.j AS. bat.] — Bateau bridge. A floating bridge 
supported by bateaux. 

Bath, bath, n. ; pi. Baths, bathz. A place to bathe in; 
act of exposing the body to water or vapor. (Chem.) 
A medium, as heated sand, through which heat is 
applied to a body. [AS. bseth.] — AHebrew measure. 
— Bath/ -brick, n. A brick made of calcareous earth 
for cleaning metal. — Bathe, bathe, v.t. [bathed 
(barhd), bathing.] To wash by immersion; to mois- 
ten with a liquid, — v. i. To be, or lie, in a bath; to 
immerse. — n. A bath. — Batb/er, n. — Batb/ing-tub, 
n. A vessel for bathing. 

Bathos, ba'thos, n. (Rhet.) A ludicrous descent 
from the elevated to the mean. [Gr., depth.] 

Bating. See under Bate. 

Baton, ba-toN', Batoon, ba-toon', n. A staff or trun- 
cheon. (Her.) A bar on an escutcheon, denoting 
bastardy. [F. baton.'] 

Batrachian, ba-tra'kt-an, a. Pert, to animals of the 
frog tribe. [Gr. batrachos, frog.] 

Battalia, Battalion, Battel. See under Battle. 

Batten, bat'n, v. t. [battened (-tend), -tening.] 
To fatten; to fertilize, as land. — v. i. To grow fat, 
live in luxury. [Ic. batna, to grow better; Goth. 
gabatndn, to profit.] — n. A narrow pieoe of board, 
or scantling; the movable bar of a loom. — v. t. To 
fasten with battens. [F. baton, stick. J — Bat'tening, 
n. Batten* fixed to walls for nailing laths to. 

Batter, bat'ter, w. t. [battered (-terd), -tering.] To 
beat repeatedly and with violence ; esp. to attack 
with artillery; to wear with beating or hy use. — n. 
(Cookery.) A mixture of several ingredients, beaten 
up with some liquid. [F. battre, fr. L. batere, bat- 
uere, to beat.] — Bat'terer, n. — Bat'tering-ram. n. 
(MiL) An engine formerly used to beat down the 
walls of besieged places ; a blacksmith's haminer, 
suspended, and worked horizontally. — Bat'tery, 
-ter-T, n. Act of battering. (Mil.) Any place where 
cannon are mounted; a body of cannon taken col- 
lectively. (Elec.) A number of coated jars, con- 
nected, to be charged and discharged simultane- 
ously. ( Gatv . ) An apparatus for generating galvanic 
electricity. (Law.) Unlawful beating of another. 

Batter, Batster. See under Bat. 

Batting, baf ting a. Cotton or wool in sheets; bat. 

Battle, bat'tl, n. A fight between enemies or oppos- 
ing forces; combat; « 

(bat'ld), BATTLING.] 

oataille, a fight, also, a battalion, f r. L>. batalia, 



i oetween enemies or oupus- 
agagement.— v. i. [battled 
To contend in fight. [OF. 
>attalion, f r. L. batalia, f r. ba- 




tere for batuere, to beat.] — Bat'tle array, -ar-ra'. 
Order of battle. — -ax, -axe, n. (Mil.) A kind of ax 
formerly used as a weapon. — field, n. The place 
where a battle is fought. — A drawn battle. One in 
whieh neither party gains a victory. — A pitched b. 
One in which the armies have been drawn up in 
form.— Battalia, -tSl'ya, n. Disposition of troops, 
brigades, regiments, battalions, etc., as for action. 
[L.J — Battalion, -tSl'yun, n. A body of infantry, 
containing several companies, and less than a regi- 
ment. [FT bataillon, fr. It. battaglione.] — Battel, 
bat'tl, n. (Law.) A species of trial in which one 
accused of felony fought with his accuser, to prove 
his guilt or innocence. 

Battle-door, bat'tl-dor. n. An instrument with a 
handle and flat board, used to strike a shuttle-cock. 
[Corrupt, fr. Sp. batidor or Provencal batedor, a bat 
for beating clothes in washing.] 

Battlement, bat'tl-ment, n. (Arch.) An indented 
parapet, orig. used on 
fortifications. [OF. bas- 
tiUement, fr. bastiller, to 
fortify, fr. bastir, to 
build.] 

Battue, bat' tod, n. Act of 
beating woods, etc., for 
game ; the game itself. 
[F., f r. battre, to beat.] 

Baubee, Bawbee, baw-be', 
n. A half-penny. [Scotch 
corrup. of F. bas-billon. Battlement, 

base bullion or coin.] 

Bauble, Bawble, baw'bl, n. A trifling piece of finery; 
a gew-gaw. — A fool's bauble. A short stick with a 
head and ass's ears carved on it. [F. babiole, It. bab- 
bola, a child's toy; LL. babulus, foolish.] 

Bauxite, Beauxite, bsk'slt, n. (Jfin.) A ferruginous 
hydrate of alumina, used in preparing aluminium 
and alumina, and for lining furnaces exposed to in- 
tense heat. 

Bawd, bawd, n. One who keeps a brothel, and con- 
ducts criminal intrigues. — v. i. To procure women 
for lewd purposes. [OF. baud, bald, gay, wanton, 
OHG. bald, bold.] — Bawd'ily, adv. Obscenely; 
lewdly.— Bawd'iness, n. — Bawd'ry, -ri, n. Prac- 
tice of procuring women, etc.; obscenity; illicit in- 
tercourse. — Bawd'y, a. Obseene; filthy; unchaste. 
— Bawd'y-heuse, n. A house of prostitution. 

Bawl, bawl, v. i. [bawled (bawld), bawling.] To 
cry with vehemence. — v. t. To proclaim by outcry. 

— n. A loud, prolonged cry. [Ic. baula, to low, to 
bellow, Sw. bala.] — Bawl'er, n. 

Bay, ba, a. Red or reddish, inclining to a chestnut 
color. [OF. bat, L. badius.] — Bay'ard, -ard, n. A 
horse of a bay color; any horse. 

Bay, ba, n. An inlet of the sea. (Arch.) A division 
in the arrangement of a building ; an inclosed 
place in a barn, for hay. [F. baie, L. baia, inlet, 
harbor.] — Bay'win'dow, n. (Arch.) A projecting 
window, forming a bay or recess; bow-window.— 
Bay'salt, n. Salt obtained from sea-water. 

Bay, ba, n. The laurel tree ; pi., an honorary crown, 
anciently made of laurel tranches. [F. baie, L. 
bacca, a berry.] — Bayberry, -ber-ri, n. The fruit 
of the laurel tree; the wax-myrtle, or its fruit. — 
-rum, -water, n. Fragrant liquor distilled from 
bay leaves. — tree, n. A species of laurel. 

Bay, ba, n. Act of facing an antagonist when escape 
is impossible, —v. i. To bark, as a dog, at his game. 

— v. t. To bark at. [F. abbayer, f r. L. ad and bau- 
bari, to yelp.] 

Bayonet, ba^o-net, n. (Mil.) A dagger fitted upon the 
muzzle of a gun. — v. t. To stab with, or drive by, 
etc. [Fr. Bayonne, France, where they were made.] 

Bayou, bl'oo, n. The outlet of a lake; a channel for 



water. [F. boyi 
' n, b« 



gut. bowel, 
a-zar'.n. In the J 



Bazaar, Bazar, ba-zar', n. In the East, a market-place, 
or assemblage of shops; a hall or suite of rooms for 
the sale of goods. [Per. bazar.] 

Bdellium, deryum, n. A resinous exudation from 
an Oriental tree. [Gr. bdelKon, Heb. b'dolakh.] 

Be-, prefix, has sometimes an intensive force, as be- 
sprinkle. Prefixed to nouns or adjectives, it often 
has the meaning to make, and transforms them into 
verbs : thus Bedim, Befool, mean to make dim, 
to make a fool of. Sometimes it has the meaning of 
by, as beside. For words beginning with Be- not 
found in this vocabulary, see the original word : thus, 
for Bedaub, Bedim, etc., see Daub, Dim, etc. 

Be, v. i. and auxiliary, [imp. was ; p. p. been ; p. pr. 
and vb. n. being.] To exist logically, or actually; 



\m. fame. far. pass or opera, fare ; end. eve, tSrui ; tn. Ice ; 8dd. tone, 6r ; 



BEACH 



43 



BEAU 



to exist in some particular state or relation; to pass 
from one state to another ; to become. [AS. beon, 
"W. bod, L. fore, Gr. phuein, Skr. bhu, to be.] —Ber- 
ing, n. Existence, state, condition; anything ex- 
isting. — Let be. To let alone, leave untouched. — Be 
it so. Suppose it to be so; let it be so. 

Beach, been, n. A sandy or pebbly shore; strand. — 
v. t. To run upon a beach. fSw. backe, Dan. bakke, 
rising ground, Ic. bakki, a riage.] 

Beacon, De'kn, n. A fire to signal an enemy's ap- 
proach. (Naut.) A signal or mark near the shore, 
or in shoal water, to guide mariners. That which 
warns of danger. — v. U [beaconed (be'knd), 
-coning.] To give light to, as a beacon. [AS. beacen.'] 
— Bea'conage, n. Money paid to maintain, etc. 

Bead, bid, «. A little ball, to be strung on a thread, 
and worn for ornament, or for counting prayers, 
etc. ; any small globular body. — v.t. To ornament 
with beads. [ME. bede, bead, AS. bed, prayer, fr, 



bidden, to pray.]— Bead'ing, n. {Arch.) A molding 
in imitation of beads. A preparation to make liquor 
hang in drops on the surface of a glass vessel. — 



Bead'-proef, a. So strong that, when shaken, bub- 
bles will remain on the surface, — said of spirituous 
liquors. — Bead'y, a. Resembling beads ; small, 
round, and glistening. — Bead' -roll, -rol, n. (Bom. 
Cath. Church.) A list of those for whom prayers 
are to be counted off on beads; a catalogue in gen- 
eral. — Beadsman, bedz'man, n. ; pi. Beadsmen. 
One employed in praying, who drops a bead at each 
prayer. — Bead'house, Bede 'house, n. A home for 
poor persons, who must pray for the soul of the 
founder; an alms-house. 

Beadle, be'dl, n. A messenger or crier of a court; an 
officer in a university, who precedes processions ; 
an inferior parish officer. [OF. bedel, MHG. biitel, 
a beadle ; s. rt. AS. hew Ian, to bid, proclaim.] — 
Bea'dle-sbip, n. Office of. etc. 

Beagle, be'gl, n. A small hound, used in hunting 
hares. [E.] 

Beak, bek, n. The bill or nib of a bird, turtle, etc. ; 
anything pointed or projecting like a beak. [F. bee, 
L.L. beccusj Armor, bek, a beak, Ga. beic, W. pig.] — 
Beaked, _bekt, a. Having, or formed like, etc. 

Beaker, bek'Sr, n. A large drinking-cup or vessel. 
[OS. bikeri; LL. bicarium, fr. Gr. bikos, a wine jar.] 

Beam, bem, n. Any large, long piece of timber; a 
main timber of a building, ship, loom, plow, etc.; 
the part of a balance, from which the scales hang; 
pole of a carriage; shank of an anchor; a collection 
of parallel _rays from a luminous body. — v. t. 
[beamed (bemd), beaming.] To send forth; to emit. 
— v. i. To emit rays of light; to shine. [AS. beam, 
tree, ray of light, OHG. paum, a tree.] — Beam'y, 
a. Emitting rays of light ; radiant ; resembling a 
beam in size and weight; massy. — Beam'less, a. — 

Beam'bird, n. The spotted fly-catcher. engine, 

-en'jin, n. A steam-engine transmitting power by a 
working Learn. See Steam-engine. 

Bean, ben, n. A leguminous plant, and its seed. 
[AS.] — Bean'-fly, n. A fly found on bean flowers. 
— goose, n. A migratory goose, feeding on beans. 

Bear, bar, v. t. [imp. bore (formerly bare); p.p. 
born, borne; p. pr. & vb. n. bearing.] To support or 
sustain, convey; to possess and use; to carry, wear; 
to entertain ; to endure, tolerate, suffer; to be an- 
swerable for; to oarry on, or maintain ; to admit or 
be capable of ; to behave, act ; to supply with ; to 
bring forth, give birth to. — v. i. To produce, be 
fruitful; to press; to take effect; to be situated, 
with respect to something else; to relate or Fefer to. 
[AS. beran, Goth, bairan, L./erre, Gr.pherein, Skr. 
bhri.]—To bear away, or up. (Naut.) To change the 
course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. 
— To b. back. To retreat. — To b. down upon. (Naut.) 
To drive or tend to.— To b. off. (Naut.) To steer 
away from land or another vessel. — Tob.up. To 
stand firm. — To h. upon. To aet or be in position to 
act, upon. — To b. with. To endure ; to be indulgent 
C./. — To b. ahand. (Naut.) To assist; to make haste, 
be quick.— To b. date. To be dated.— To b. down. 
To overwhelm or crush by force. — Tob. out. To 
maintain and support to the end— To b. through. 
To conduct or manage. — Bear'able, a. Endurable. 
— Bear'er, ». One who. or that which, etc.; one who 
assists in carrying a body to the grave. (Com.) One 
who holds a check, note, draft, etc., for the payment 
of money. — Bearding, n. Manner in which one 
bears himself; deportment; situation of an object, 
with respect to another object; relation; influence; 
tendency; act of giving birth. (Arch.) Span of a 




beam, rafter, etc. (Her.) An emblem or charge in 
an escutcheon. (Mach.) The part in contact with 
which a journal moves; part of a shaft or axle in 
contact with supports. 
Bear, bar, n. A quadruped of the genus Ursua ; a brutal, 
roughly-behaved per- 
son. (Stock Exchange.) 
One who contracts to' 
deliver, at some future 
time, stocks which he 
does not own, and 
therefore seeks to pull 
down their value, — 
opp. to a bull, who con- 
tracts to take stocks, 
and seeks to raise their 
value. (Astron.) One Ttlar>V Rear 
of two constellations BIac * tieaT ' 
in the northern hemisphere, the Greater and Lesser 
Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. — v. t. 
[beared (bard), bearing.] To depress the value of 
(stocks) ; to depreciate by alarming rumors. [AS. 
and Ic. bera, Skr. bhalla, a bear.] — Bear'ish, a. 
Rude ; violent. — Bear'bait'ing, -bafing, n. The 
sport of causing bears to fight with dogs. — garden, 
n. A place where bears are kept lor sport; a turbu- 
lent assembly. skin, n. The skin of a bear; a 

coarse, shaggy cloth. — ward, n. A keeper of bears. 

— Bear's'-foot, n. (Bot.) A species of hellebore. — 
-grease, n. The fat of a bear, used in pomatum. 

Beard, berd, «. The hair on the chin and adjacent 
parts of the face ; the long hairs on a plant ; the 
awn. — v. t. To seize or pull by the beard ; to set at 
defiance. [AS.] — Beard'ed, a. — Beardless, a. 

Beast, best, n. A four-footed animal; a brute; a de- 
graded or brutal man. [OF. beste, F. bete, L. bestia.] 

— Beastliness, n. State or quality of being beastly; 
brutality; filthiness. — Beast'ly, -IT, Bestial, besf- 
yal, a. Pert, to, having the form or nature of, or re- 
sembling, a beast ; filthy ; carnal ; depraved. — 
Beast'liness, ». — Bestiality, -yal'I-tT, n. Brutism; 
beastliness; unnatural connection with a beast. — 
Bes'tialize, v. t. To make bestial. — Bes'tiaily, adv. 

Beat, bet, v. t. [beat; beatotbeaten; beating.] To 
strike repeatedly, pound, maul, f'.rub ; to break or 
form by beating; to scour or range over; to overcome 
in contest, conquer, vanquish ; to indicate by beat- 
ing a drum. — v.t. To strike repeatedly; to throb, 
pulsate; to come or ac* with violence; to be in agita- 
tion or doubt. (Nam.) To sail against the direc- 
tion of the wind. — To beat about. To try to find. — 
To b. up for. To go about to enlist men for the ar- 
my. — To be b. out. To be extremely fatigued.— 
To b. time. To measure or regulate time in music 
by motion of hand or foot.— To b. up. To attack 
suddenly. — Beat, n. A stroke ; blow ; a recurring 
stroke; pulsation. (Mm.) The rise or fall of the 
hand or foot, in regulating time; a transient grace- 
tone, struck immediately before the one it orna- 
ments. A course frequently gone over; a place of 
habitual resort. — a. Weary; tired; fatigued. [AS. 
beatan, to beat.] — Beat'ing, n. Act of giving blows; 

Eunishment by blows; pulsation; throbbing. (Naut.) 
ailing against the wind by tacks. — Beaten, bet'n, 
p. a. Smoothed by beating; worn by use. — Beat'er, 
n. One who, etc.; an instrument for pounding. 

Beatify, be-at'T-fi, v. t. [beatified (-fid), -fying.] 
To pronounce or regard as happy. (Bom. Cath. 
Church.) To declare that one is received into heaven. 
[Li. beatus, happy, and facere, factum, to make.] — 
Beatific, -a-til'ik, -tif'ical, a. Imparting or complet- 
ing blissful enjoyment. — Beatifically, adv.— Beat'- 
ifica'tion, n. Act of, etc. (Rom. Cath. Church.) 
An act of the pope declaring a person beatified after 
death. — Beat'itude, -tad, n. Felicity of the highest 
kind; pi. the declarations of blessedness made by 
our Savior in regard to particular virtues. 

Beau, bo, n. ; pi. F. Beaux, E. Beaus, boz. A man of 
dress; ada,ndy; a fine, gay man; a ladv's attendant 
or suitor. [F. beau, bel, fern, belle, firfe. "beautiful, fr. 
L. bellus, f r. bonus, benus, jjood. ] — Beau'ish, a. Like 
a beau; foppish. — Beau'jolais, -zho-la, n. A light 
red Burgundy wine. — Beau ideal, -i-de'al. A 
conception of perfect or consummate beauty. [F., 
beautiful ideal.] — Beau monde, -moNd^. The f ash- 
ionable world. [F., fine world.] — Bel-esprit, bel'es- 
pre', n. ; pi. Beaux-esprits, 
genius; a man of wit. [F.] 
lady, beautiful and admired. 



o-zes-prf. A fine 
Belle, bel, w. A young 

Belles-lettres, bet- 
let'tSr, n. pi. Polite or elegant literature, esp. poet- 
ry and rhetoric. [F.] 



son, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiaen, dondon, chair, get. 



BEAUTY 



44 



BEG 



Beauty, bu'tl, n. An assemblage of graces or pleas- 
ing qualities; a particular grace, feature, excellence, 
etc.; a beautiful person, esp. a beautiful woman. [F. 
beaute", fr. beau.) — Beau'teous, -tl-us, a. Verv 
handsome ; beautiful. — Beau'teously, adv. — Beau'- 
teousness, n. — Beau'tiful, -tt-ftil, a. Handsome; 
pretty. — Beau'tifully, adv. — Beau'tifulness, n. — 
Beau'tify, v. t. [beautified (-fid), -fying.] To 
make beautiful; to adorn; ornament; embellish.— 
v. L To become beautiful. — Beau'tifier, -fi-er, n. 
One who, or that which, etc.— Beau'ty spot. A 
patch or spot placed on the face to heighten beauty. 

Beaver, be^vSr, n. An amphibious, rodent quadru- 
ped; its fur; a hat made of the fur ; a cloth, some- 
times felted, for making overcoats, hats, etc. [AS. 
bcfer.~] — Part of a helmet which the wearer could 
raise or lower to eat and drink. [F. baviere, a child's 
bib, fr.baier, to slaver.] 

Bebeerine, Bebirine, Bibirine, be-be'rin, n. ( Chem.) An 
alkaloid from the bark of the bebeeru, bibiru, or 
green-heart tree of Guiana; it is tonic, antiperiodic, 
and febrifuge, and is a substitute for quinine. 

Becalm, Bechance, Becharm, etc. See Be-, prefix. 

Became. See Become. 

Because, be-kawz', conj. By or for the cause that; for 
the reason that. [By and cause.] 

BechedeMer, bash'de-ma.r'Vn. The sea-slug; trepang, 
a Chinese culinary delicacy. [F., lit. a seaspade.J 

Beck, bek, re. A significant nod, or motion of the 
head or hand. — v. i. To make a nod or sign. — v. t. 
To notify or call by, etc.; to intimate a command 
to. [AS. beacnian, to signify by a sign, fr. beacen, a 
sign.] — Beckon, bek'n, v. i. [beckoned (bek'- 
nd), -oning.] To make a sign by nodding, etc. — 
v. t. To make a significant sign to; to summon. 

Becket, bek'et, n. (Kaut.) A hook,loopof rope, etc., 
to confine ropes, spars, etc. A spade to dig turf. 

Become, be-kum', v. i. [imp. became; p. p. become; 
becoming.] To pass from one condition to another; 
to enter into some new state. — v.t. To suit or be 
suitable to ? be congruous with, befit. [AS. becu- 
man, to arrive, befall, fr. 6e-and cuman, to come.] — 
Becom'ing, a. Appropriate or fit; graceful; be- 
fitting. — Becom'ingly,«c/v. — Becom'ingness, re. 

Becquerel rays, bek-ker-el'. An invisible radiation 
from the salts of uranium and a few similar sub- 
stances, capable of producing photographic effects. 

Bed, re. Something to sleep or rest in or on; matrimo- 
nial connection ; marriage ; a plat of ground in a 
garden; bottom of a body of water. (Geol.) A 
layer, seam, or stratum. Place on which anything 
rests. — i'. t. To place in a bed; to plant and inclose 
or cover: to put m a place of rest and security. — v. 
i. To go to bed ; cohabit. [AS. bed, bedd, Goth. 
Inidi, Ic. bethr, G. bett, a bed.] — Bed'ding, re. Ma- 
terials for a bed, for man or beast. {Geol.) Posi- 
tion of layers, etc. — Bed'rid, -ridden, -rid-n. a. Con- 
fined to the bed by age or infirmity. — Bed'bug, n, 
An ©ffensive bug, infesting beds. — chair, re. An 
adjustable support for the sick in bed. — chamber, 
n. A room for, etc. — clothes, -clothz, n. Sheets, 
blankets, etc., for, etc. — fellow, re. One who sleeps 
with another. — pan, re. A warming pan ; a neces- 
sary utensil for the bedridden. piece, -plate, re. 

(Mack.) The foundation-framing or block ; base- 
plate; sole-plate. quilt, -kwilt, re. A quilted cov- 
ering for, etc. — Tite, re. Privilege of the marriage- 
bed. room, re. An apartment for, etc. — side, n. 

Side of, etc. — sore, n. (Med.) An ulceration, esp. 
on the back and hips, caused by long lying in bed. 
— stead, -sted, n. Frame for supporting, etc. — 
-tick, n. A cloth cas«, to inclose the materials of. 
etc. — time, n. Hour for going to bed. — To be 
brought to b. To be confined in childbirth. — To 
make the b. To put it in order. — From b. and board. 
(Law.) Separation by partial divorce, without dis- 
solving the bands of matrimony. 

Bedevil, be-dev'l, v. t. To throw into utter confusion, 
as if by evil spirits. 

Bedlam, bed'lam, re. A madhouse ; scene of uproar. 
— adj. Pert, to, or fit for, etc. [Corrup. fr. Hospital 
of St. Mary of Bethlehem, in London, afterwards an 
insane asylum.] — Bedlamite, -it, re. A madman. 

Bedouin, bed'ob-en, n. One of the nomad Arab tribes 
of Arabia and Africa. [F., f r. Ar. badw, wandering.] 

Bee, be, re. (Entom.) A four-winged insect that makes 
wax and honey; an assemblage to labor for others. 
[Amer.) pi. (Naut.) Pieces of plank bolted to the 
outer end of the bowsprit. [AS. bed, bi, Ic. bff, 
OHG. pia, Skr. bha.\ — Bee'-bread, -bred, re. A 
brown, bitter substance, the pollen of flowers, col- 




lected by bees, as food for their young. — eater, -St' 
er, re. A bird that feeds 
on bees. — -glue, -glu, n. 
The soft, unctuous mat- 
ter which cements the 
combs and closes up the 
cells of bees; propolis. — 
-hive, re.. The case or box 
in which domestic bees 
dwell and store honey, 
--line, re. The shortest Working Bee. 

line from point to point, as the bee flies. — master 
n. One who keeps bees. — moth, 're. A moth whose 
eggs produce larvas mischievous in beehives.— Bees'"- 
wax, re. The wax which bees secrete and build 
cells from. — wing, re. The second crust formed in 
wine, esp. port, after long keeping. 
Beech, been, re. A tree of the genus Fagus. [AS. boc, 
bece, Ic. and Sw. boh, D. beutc, G. buche ; T,. fagus.]— 
Beechen, bech'n, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, the 
wood or bark of, etc. — Beech/mast, re. The nuts of, 
etc. — oil, re. An oil expressed from the mast. 




1, neek; 2, shaking-piece; I 10, round; 11, leg: 12, 
3, chine; 4, ribs ; 5, clod; foot ; 13, udder ; 14, shin; 
6, brisket ; 7, flank ; 8, 15, cheek, 
loin, sirloin ; 9, rump ; I 

Beef, bef, re. An animal of the genus Bos, including 
the bull, cow, and ox, in their full-grown state; the 
flesh of bovine animals, when killed. — a. Pert, to, 
or consisting of the flesh of, etc. — Beeves, bevz, n. 
pi., when the animals are meant. [F. bozuf, ox, 
beef (flesh), L. bos, bovis^ ox, Gr. bous, Sp. buey. Pg. 
boy, boi.] — Beef -eater, -et-er, re. One who eats beet; 
a large, well-fed person; a yeoman of tfie guard, in 
Eng.; a South African bird, that feeds on maggots 
hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, etc. — 
Beefsteak, -stak, re. A slice of beef for broiling. 

Been. See Be. 

Beer, ber, re. Fermented liquor made from malted 
grain, with hops and other bitter flavoring matters; 
a fermented extract of the roots, etc., of spruce, gin- 

fer, sassafras, etc. [AS. beor, Ic. bior, D. & G. 
ier.] — Beery, ber'T, a. Of, or resembling, etc. ; 
affected by, etc. 

Beet, bet, n. A plant having a succulent root used for 
food and for making sugar. [AS. bete, L. beta.] 

Beetle, be'tl, re. a heavy mallet or wooden hammer. 
[AS. bytel, fr. beatan, to beat.] (Zo'61.) A coleop- 
terous insect having four wings, the outer pair be- 
ing stiff cases to cover the others when folded. [AS. 
bitel, betel, fr. bitan, to bite.] A machine to produce 
figured fabrics by pressure from corrugated rollers. 
— v. t. To produce ornamental figures on. — v. i. 
To hang or extend out; to jut. — Bee'tle-browed, 

-browd, a. Having prominent brows. headed, 

-hed-ed, a. Having a head like a beetle; dull, stupid. 

Befall, be-fawK, v. t. [imp. befell; p. p. -fallen; 
-falling.] To happen to, occur to. — v. i. To come 
to pass, happen. [AS. befeallen.'] 

Befogged, be-fogd', a. Involved in a fog; having the 
senses obscured, or the judgment confused or un- 
duly influenced. 



Before, be-f or /r , prep. In front of; preceding in space, 

der, right, etc.; in presence or sight 

of; facing; in the power of. — adv. On the fore 



time, dignity, ore 



r. 



art; in front; in time preceding; already. [AS. 
foran, fr. be- and foran, fore, before.] — Before''- 
n-and, adv. In a state of anticipation; by way of 
preparation or preliminary. — a. In comfortable 
financial circumstances; forehanded.— -time, adv. 
Of old time; formerly. 
Beg, beg or ba, n. An Oriental governor of a town, 
city, or district ; a bey. [Turk, beg, pron. bay.} 



£m, fame, far, pass or opera, fi'ire ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Tee : Olid, tone, o> ; 



BEG 



45 



BELLY 



Beg. beg, v. t. [begged (begd), begging.] To ask 
earnestly, with humility or in charity; to entreat, 
implore; to take for granted. — v. i. To ask alms 
or charity ; to practice begging. [AS. bedecian, G. 
betteln.~\ — Beggar, beg'ggr, ». One who, etc.; one 
who lives by pegging, a mendicant. — v. t. [beg- 
gared (-gSrd), -gari.ng.] To reduce to beggary, 
impoverish, exhaust. — Beg'garly, -IT, a. Extremely 
indigent; mean; poor. — Beg'garliness, n. — Beg '- 
gary, n. — A state of extreme poverty. 

Beget, be-get', v. i. [begot or begat ; begot or be- 
gotten ; begettixc] To procreate, as a father or 
sire; to generate, produce. [AS. begitun, to acquire, 
fr. be- and gitan, to get.] — Beget'ter, n. 

Begin, be-gin', v. i. [imp. began ; p. p. begun ; be- 
ginning.] To have an original or first existence; 
to take rise, commence; to do the first act, take the 
first step. — v. t. To enter on, commence. [AS.on- 
ginnan, beginnan, ir.ginnan, to begin.] — Begin'' ner, 
n. One who, etc. ; esp. an inexperienced practitioner; 
a tvro. — Beginning, n. The first cause; origin; that 
wliich is first; commencement; the rudiments, first 
ground, or materials. 

Begone, be-gon', inter}. Go away; depart. 

Begonia, be-go'nT-a, n. A genus of ornamental plants 
with one-sided leaves, often brightly colored. [Fr. 
Michel Began,.] 

Beguile, be-gil', v. t. [beguiled (-gild'), beguiling.] 
To delude by artifice, impose on ; to cause to pass 
without notice, deceive, cheat, insnare. > [Prefix be- 
and OF. guikr, fr. guile, guile.]— Beguile'ment, n. 
Act of, etc.; state of being, etc. — Beguil'er, n. 

Beguin. ba-gen' or beg'win, n. One of a sect of re- 
ligieus women, in the Netherlands, devoted to works 
of charity. [F.] 

Begum, be'gum, Be'gaum, -gawm, n. In India, a prin- 
cess or lady of high rank. 

Behalf, be-haf, n. Advantage: interest; support; de- 
fens-e. [AS. healf, lit. half, also side: on /lis behalf 
= 011 his side.] 

Behave, be-hav', v. t. [behaved (-havd'), behaving.] 
To carry, conduct, Dear, —used reflexively. — v. i. 
To act ; to bear or carry one's self. [AS. behsebban, 
to surround,_restrain, fr. be- and liabban, to have.] — 
Behavior, -hav'yer, n. Manner of behaving; con- 
duct: deportment. 

Behead, be-hed', v. t. To sever the head from, de- 
capitate. [AS. beheafdian, fr. be-heafod, head.] 

Behemoth, be'he-moth, n. An animal described in 
Job. xl. 1.5-24, supposed by some to be the hippopot- 
ami!-. [Heb.,pl., beasts, here great beast.] 

Behest, be-hest', n. Command ; injunction, [be and 
hest] 

Behind, be-hTnd', prep. On the side opp. the front; 
at the back or other side of; left at a distance by; 
inferior to. — adv. In the rear : backward ; remain- 
ing : past. [AS. behindanP] — Behind'hand, a. In 
arrear; in a state of backwardness. 

Behold, be-hold', v. t. [beheld (p. p. formerly be- 
holden), beholding.] To fix the eyes upon ; to 
see with attention. — v. i. To direct the eyes to an 
object; to look. [AS. behealdan, to hold, guard, ob- 
serve, see.] — Beholden, -hold'n, p. a. Obliged; 
bound in gratitude; indebted. [The old p. p. of be- 
hold, used in the primitive sense of hold.'] — Be- 
hold'er, n. A spectntor. — Behold'ing. a. Obliged; 
under obligation. [Improperly used for beholden.] 

Behoof, be-h<x>f, n. Advantage; mofit; benefit. [AS. 
behof.] — Beheov9, -hove, -hoov', v. t. [behooved 



(-hoovd'), -hooving.] To be necessary for; to be fit 
r. [AS. behtf 
re, bazh, n. Undyed "serge, a lady's dress material. 



or meet for. 



hofian, to need.] 



Being. See under Be. 

Belabor, be-la'ber, v. t. To work diligently upon ; to 
beat soundly, cudgel. 

Belay, he-la', v. t. [belayed (-lad'), belaying.] 
(JVauf.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking turns 
with it round a pin, etc. [D. beleggen.] —Belay 'ing- 
pin, n. A strong pin round which ropes are wound. 

Belch, belch, v. t. [belched (belcht), belching.] 
To throw up from the stomach with violence ; to 
eruct; to eject violently from within. — v. i. To 
eject wind from the stomach; to issue violently.— 




Act of belching; eructation. [AS. bealcan.] 
km, -dame, bel'dam, n. An ugly old womar 
hag. [F. belle dame, fair lady, used ironically.] 



Beleaguer, be-!e'ger, v. t. [beleaguered (-srerd), 
-guering.] To surround with an army so as to pre- 
clude escape ; to besiege, blockade, environ. [D. 
belegeren, to besiege, fr. leggen, to lay, put, place.] 



Belemnite. be-lem'nlt, n. A calcareous fossil, cylin- 
drical and hollow, tapering to a point; the thunder- 
stone. [Gr. belemnite*, fr. belemnon, a dart.] 

Bel-eaprit. See under Beau. 

Belfry, bel'frt. n. Orig., a movable tower, erected by 
besiegers for attack and defense; a bell-tower ; a cu- 
pola or turret, or room in a tower, for a bell. [OF. 
bierfroit, belefreit, MHG. bercj'rit, watch-tower, fr 
here, protection, and frit, secure place.] 

Belie, be-li', v. t. [belied (-lid'), belying.] To give 
the lie to; to show to be false; to give a false account 
of; to slander, counterfeit. 

Believe, be-lev', v. t. [believed (-levd'), -lievino.] 
To be persuaded of the truth of, place confidence 
in, credit, —v. i. To have a firm persuasion; to 
think, suppose. [AS. geh/fan, gelefan.] — Believ'er, 
n. One who, etc.; esp., one who believes in divine 
revelation. — Believ'able. a.— Belief, -lef, n. An as- 
sent of mind to the truth of a declaration, proposi- 
tion, etc.; thing believed; a tenet, or body of tenets; 
credence; trust; faith; confidence. 

Belike, be-llk', adv. It is likely; probably; perhaps. 

Bell, bel, n. A hollow metallic vessel which rings 
when struck; anything shaped like a bell. [AS. 
bella, fr. bellan, to bellow, resound.] — Bells, belz, 
n. (JYaut.) The half-hours of the watch, indicated 
by strokes on the bell. — Bell'bird, n. A bird of 
Brazil, also one of _Australia, whose notes resemble 
bells. — buoy, bwooT, or boi, n. A buoy bearing a 
bell, which is rung by the movement of the water. — 
-cot, n. A covering for a bell on buildings having 
no towers. — crank, n. A bent lever, which changes 
the direction of motion, used to ring a 
bell. — faced, -fast, a. Having the 
striking surface convex, — said of 
hammers. — flow'er, n. A genus of 
plants, whose flowers resemble little 
bells: a kind of apple. — found'er, n. 
One who founds or casts bells. — ' 
-found'ery, -found'ry, n. Place where 

bells are cast. hang'er, n. One Bell-crank. 

who puts up bells. man, n. One who rings a 

bell, esp. to give public notice in the streets; a watch- 
man. met'al, n. An alloy of copper and tin, 

used for making bells, etc. — -met'al ore. Sulphu- 

ret of tin, containing copper pvrites. pull, h. A 

cord or knob, for ringing a bell. — -punch, n. An in- 
strument combining a punch and bell, which rings 
when the punch perforates a paper, as a record of 
some event, as of the receipt of a passenger's fare. 
— ring'er, n. One whose business it is to ring a 
bell. — wether, -werh'gr, n. The sheep leading the 
flock, with a bell at his neck.— To bear away the 
bell. To win the prize at a race; to be superior. — 
To bear the bell. To be the leader, — in allusion to the 
bell-wether, or the leading horse of a team, etc. — 
To bell the cat. To encounter one of superior force; 
— fr. the fable of the mice resolving to put a bell on 
the cat. — To cwse by bell, book, and candle. A form 
of execration of the Roman Catholic Church. 

Belladonna, bel'la-don'na, n. Deadly nightshade, 
formerly used as a cosmetic. [It., prop, fine Lady.] 

Belle, Belies-lettres. See under Beau. 

Bellicose, bel'lT-kos, a. Disposed to contention; 
pugnacious. [L. bellicosits, fr. bell am, war.) — Bel- 
ligerent, -lij'er-ent, a. Waging war: tending to, 
or disposed for, war. — n. A nation, power, or state, 
carrying on war. [L. gerere, to wage.] — Bellip'o- 
tent, a. Powerful in war. [L. patens, powerful.] 

Bellow, bel'lo, v. i. To make a hollow, loud noise, a* 
a bull; to bawl, vociferate, clamor, roar. — n. A loud 
outcry. [AS. bellan.] 

Bellows, bel'lus, n. sing, and pi. An instrument to 
propel air through a tube. [AS. bxlig, bag.] — Bel'- 
lows-fish, n. A 
fish having a 
long tubular 
snout, like bel- 
lows-pipe; the 
trumpet-fish. 

Bel'luine, bel'- 
I lu-in, a. Pert, 
to, or like, a 
beast; brutal 
[L. bellua 
\ beast.] 
; BeUy. bel'lT, n. 
The part of 
the body con- Bellows-fish. 

twining the bowels, or intestines; the abdomen; any 
I thing resembling the belly in protuberance or c*v- 




cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbo.v, chair, get. 



BELONG 



46 BERLIN 



ity. — v.i. To swell and become protuberant. [AS, 
belg, baelig, bag, belly ; D. and Sw. balg, Ga. bolg, 
belly.] — Bellyache, -5k, re. Pain in the bowels. — 
•band, ». A bandaround the belly of a horse ; a 
girth. — boards, bordz, n. pi. Swiss deals, used for 
sounding-boards of musical instruments. — Belly- 
ful, -ful, n. As much as fills the stomach, or satisfies 
hunger. 

Belong, be-long', v. i. [belonged (-longd'), belong- 
ing.] To be the property, concern, or proper business 
of; to appertain; to be a part of, or connected with; 
to be native to, or to have a legal residence. [D. 
belangen, to concern.] — Belonging, re. That which 
pertains to one, as a quality or endowment. 

Beloved, as a pt. be-luvd', as an adj. be-luv'ed. 
Greatly loved; dear to the heart. 

Below, be-lo', prep. Under in place; beneath; not so 
high; inferior to in rank, excellence, or dignity; 
unworthy of; unbefitting. — adv. In a lower place; 
beneath; on the earth, as opp. to the heavens; in 
hell, or the regions of the dead; in a court of infe- 
rior jurisdiction, [he- and low.] 

Belt, belt, n. That which engirdles, restrains, or con- 
fines; a band or girdle, — v. t. To encircle as with a 
belt; to encompass. [AS. belt, Ic. belti, Ir. and Ga. 
bait, L. balteus.] — Belting, re. Material of which 
belts are made; belts taken collectively. 

Beluga, be-lu'ga, re. A fish of the dolphin family, 
from which isinglass and caviare are obtained. 
[Russ. bieluga, fr. bielyi, white.] 

Belvedere, bel-ve-der r , n. {It. Arch.) A small struc- 
ture on the top of an edifice, partly open to the air. 
A summer-house. [It., lit. a beautiful sight, from 
bello, bel, beautiful, and vedere, to see.] 

Bemoan, be-mon', v. t. [bemoaned (-mond'), be- 
moaning.] To express deep grief for, by moaning; 
to lament, bewail. 

Bench, bench, n. A long seat; a work-table; the seat 
forjudges in court; persons who sit as judges; the 
court; a collection of dogs, usually placed on benches, 
for exhibition. [AS. bene, D. and G. bank, Ic. bekkr 
for benkr, Sw. and Dan. bank.} — Bencb/er, n. A 
senior member of one of the inns of court ; an al- 
derman of a corporation. — Bencb/-mark n. {Level- 
ing.) A mark along a line of survey indicating a 
point in a series of levels. — show, n. An exhibi- 
tion of dogs. — war'rant, re. {Law.) A process is- 
sued by a court against one guilty of contempt, or 
indicted for crime. 

Bend, bend, v. t. [bended or bent ; bending.1 To 
crook by straining; to curve; to turn out of the direct 
course to some certain point; to incline or exercise 
closely or with interest; to exert; to apply; to ren- 
der submissive, subdue. (Naut.) To fasten, as one 
rope to another, or as a sail to its yard. — v. i. To 
be moved or strained out of a straight line; to bow; 
to be inclined with interest, or closely; to be direct- 
ed ; to bow in prayer, or in submission. — re. A turn 
or deflection from a straight line or direction ; a 
curve; incurvation. {Naut.) A knot by which a 
rope is fastened. (Her.) One of the honorable or- 
dinaries, made by two lines drawn across from the 
dexter chief to the sinister base point. {Leather 
Business.) A butt. [AS. bendan, to bend, bend, a 
bond, fr.bindan, to bind.] — Bend'able, a. — Bend'- 
er, n. — Bent, re. State of being inclined from a 
straight line; flexure; leaning or bias; propensity. 

Beneath, be-nStb/ or -neth', prep. Lower in place, 
with something over or on ; under; unworthy of; 
unbecoming. — adv. In a lower place; below, as 
opp. to heaven, or to any superior region. [AS. be- 
neodh, beneodhan, fr. prefix be- and neodhan, below.] 

Benedict, ben'e-dikt, Ben'edick, re. A married man, 
or man newly married. [Benedick, a character in 
Shakespeare's " Much Ado About Nothing."] 

Benedictine, ben-e-diktln, a. Pert, to the monks of 
St. Benedict. — n. A monk of the order established 
by St. Benedict in the 6th century; a Black Friar. 

Benediction, ben-e-dik'shun, n. Act of blessing; bless- 
ing, prayer, or kind wishes; esp. the short prayer 
which closes public worship. [L. bene, well, and 
dicere, dictum, to speak.] — Benedic'tory, a. Ex- 
pressing good wishes. 
* cttoi ' 



Benefaction, ben-e-f ak'shun, n. Act of conferring a 
benefit ; benefit conferred, esp. a charitable donation. 
[L. bene, well, and faoere, factum, to do.] — Bene- 
factor, -ter, n. One who confers, etc — Benefac- 
tress, n. A woman who, etc.— Ben'efice, -fis, re. 
Lit., a benefit, advantage, or kindness. (Church of 
BngJ An ecclesiastical living. — Sentenced, -fist, 
a. Possessed of a benefice. — Beneficence, -nef- 



Y-sens, n. Practice of doing good; active goodness 
or charity. — Beneficent, a. Doing good; bounti- 
ful; generous; munificent.— Beneficently, adv.— 
Beneficial, -e-fish'al, a. Conferring benefits; profit- 
able. {Law.) Receiving, or entitled to receive, ad- 
vantage, use, or benefit. — Beneficially, adv. — 
Beneficiary, -fish'T-er-I, a. Holding office or pos- 
session, in subordination to another. — n. A feuda- 
tory or vassal; one who holds a benefice; one who 
receives a gift, or is maintained by charity. — Ben'- 
efit, n. An act of kindness; favor conferred; what- 
ever promotes prosperity, or adds value to property. 
A performance at a theater, etc., in aid of some 
person or object. (Eng. Law.) Benefit of clergy, 

— the exemption of clergymen from criminal pro- 
cess before a secular judge, anciently extended to 
all who could read. — v. t. To do good to; be use- 
ful to. — v. i. To gain advantage. 

Bene placito, ba'na-pla'che-to. (Mas.) At pleasure. 
[It., pleasure.] 

Benevolence, be-nev'o-lens, n. Disposition to do 
good; benignity; tenderness; charitableness; an act 
of kindness; a tax illegally exacted bv arbitrary 
kings of England. See Phrenology. [L. bene and 
volens, pr. p. of volo, I will, wish.] — Benev'olent, a. 
Having a disposition to do good ; possessing love to 
mankind. — Benev'olently, adv. 

Bengal light, ben-gawK-lit, Bengola, -go'la, n. A fire- 
work, producing a vivid and sustained colored 
light, used for signals at night. 

Bengalee, Bengali, ben-gaw-le', n. The language 
spoken in Bengal. — Bengalese, -ez', n. sing, and 
pi. A native, or the natives of, etc. — a. Pert, to 
Bengal or to its people. 

Benight, be-nlf, v. t. To involve in night or dark- 
ness; esp. in moral darkness or ignorance. 

Benign, be-nin', a. Of a kind disposition ; mani- 
festing kindness, gentleness, favor, etc.; propitious; 
salutary; gracious. [OF. benigne, fr. L. benignus, fr. 
benus or bonus, good, and -perms, born.] — Benignly, 
adv. — Benig'nant, a. Kind; favorable. — Benig'- 
nantly, adv. — Benig'nity, -nl-tY, w. Quality of be- 
ing benign; condescending kindness; graciousness; 
salubrity; wholesome quality. 

Benison, ben'T-zn, re. Blessing ; benediction. [OF. 
beneison, beneicon, fr. L. benedictio, fr. bene, well, 
and dicere, to speak.] 

Ben'shee. See Banshee. 

Bent. See under Bend. 

Bent, Bent-grass, bent'gras, n. (Bot.) A grass of the 
genus Agrostis. A stalk of coarse, withered grass. 
[AS. beonet, G. binse.] 

Benzoin, ben-zoin', n. A fragrant resin from a tree of 
Sumatra, Java, etc. — Benzoic, a. Pert, to, or ob- 
tained from, etc. — Ben'zine, -zin or -zen, re. A light 
oil of petroleum.— Benzole, -zo"K, Ben'zoline, -zo-lin, 
n. (Chem.) An oily substance obtained from coal 
tar, and possessing solvent powers. [E. benzoin and 
L. oleum, oil.] — Ben'zoyl, -zul,-zule, -zQl, n. ( Chem.) 
A compound radical, consisting of hydrogen, car- 
bon, and oxygen; the base of benzoic acid. [Gr. 
hule, wood, matter.] 

Bequeath, be-kwerb/, v. t. [bequeathed (-kwSthd), 
-queathing.] To give or leave by will; to hand 
down, devise. [AS. becwedhan, fr. fee- and cwedhan, 
to say; s. rt. quoth.'] — Bequeath'er, re. —Bequest, 
-kwesf, re. (Law.) Something left by will; legacy. 

Berate, be-rat', v. t. To rate, or chide, vehemently; 
to scold. 

Bereave, be-rev'-v. t. [bereaved (-revd') or bereft; 
bereaving.] To make destitute, deprive; to take 
away from. [AS. bereafian, fr. reafian, to rob.] — 
Bereave'ment, re. — Bereav'er, re. 

Beretta, ba-refta, Birefta, be-, n. A square cap worn 
by Roman Catholic ecclesiastics. [It.] 

Berg, bgrg, re. A large mass or mountain of ice. [D., 
Sw., and G. berg, mountain, hill.] — Berg'meal, -mel, 
-mehl, -mal, n. (Min.) An earthy substance resem- 
bling flour, composed of shells of infusoria; fossil 
farina. [G. mehl, meal.] 

Bergamot, b§r'ga-mot, n. A species of orange, from 
the rind of which a fragrant essential oil is ex- 
tracted; the essence or perfume; a variety of pear; 
a variety of snuff perfumed with bergamot ; a 
coarse tapestry. [Fr. the town of Bergamo,in Italy.] 

Berlin, bSrlin or ber-lin', n. A four-wheeled car- 
riage, like a chariot; a fine worsted for fancy work. 

— Berlin iron, -i'grn. A very fusible variety of 
iron, from which fine castings are made. — shop, 
A shop for fancy work and materials. — -work. 
Worsted embroidery. [Fr. Berlin, Prussia.] 



ton, fame. far. pass or opera, fare : end. eve. tirm i In. Ice : Hdd. tone. 



47 



BEWILDER 



Berm, berm, n. (Fort.) A narrow path between the 
parapet and the ditch. [F. and G. berrne.] 

Bernardino, bSr'nar-din, o. Pert, to St. Bernard, and 
monks of his order.— n. (Eccl.) A monk of, etc. 

Berry, ber'T, n. A small pulpy fruit containing seeds; 
an egg of a fish. — v. i. To bear or produce berries. 

— v. t. To impregnate with eggs or spawn. [AS. 
berige, berga, D. bes, bezie, Ic. ber, Sw. and Dan. oar, 
G. heere, Goth, basi, berry; Skr. bhas, to eat.] 

Berserk, bgr'sgrk, Ber'serker, n. A title of Stoerkod- 
der, a hero in Scandinavian mythology, who fought 
without defensive armor ; a reckless warrior. [Ic. 
berserkr, fr. berr, bare, and serkr, coat of mail.] 

Berth, berth, n. The place where a ship lies when at 
anchor, or at a wharf ; a sleeping-place in a ship; 
official situation, position or employment. — v. t. 
To give an anchorage or place to lie at; to furnish 
berths to. [Fr. the root of bear, like birth.] — To give 
a uride berth (to the land, etc.). To keep at a dis- 
tance from. — Berth/ age, n. A charge for the posi- 
tion occupied by a ship in a dock, harbor, etc. 

Beryl, ber'il. ». A hard green or bluish-green min- 
eral, same as the emerald, except in color. [L. beryl- 
hts, Gr. berullos.] — Ber'ylline, -lin, a. Like a beryl. 

Beseech, be-sech', v. t. [besought (-sawf), beseech- 
ing.] To ask urgently; to solicit, supplicate. [Pref. 
be- and seek.] — Beseech 'er, n. — Beseechingly, adv. 

Beseem, be-sem', v. t. To be fit for, or worthy of; to 
befit. 

Beset, be-set', v. t. [beset; besetting.] To put or 
place, on, in, or around; to stop up, waylay, Dlock- 
ade; to hem in or press on all sides; to environ, be- 
siege, embarrass, urge. [AS. bisettan, to surround.] 

— Beset'ment, n. State of being, etc. — Beset 'ting, 
p. a. Habitually attending, or pressing. 

Beshrew. be-shroo'', v. t. To wish curses to; to execrate. 

Beside, be-sld', prep. At the side of; aside from; out 
of the regular course or order; out of. —Besides, 
-8tdz r , adv. More than that; moreover; in addition. 
— prep. Over and above; separate or distinct from; 
in addition to. [AS. be sidan, by the side.]— To be 
beside one's self. To be out of one's senses, or frantic. 

Besiege, be-sei', v. t. [besieged (-sejd''). -sieging.] 
To beset with armed forces, in order to compel to 
surrender; to beleaguer, invest. — Besieg'er, n. 

Besiqae, -ziqne, ba-zek r , n. A game of cards, played 
by two or four persons, with two packs from which 
certain small cards have been removed. [F.] 

Besom, be / zum, n. A brush of twigs for sweeping; a 
broom. — v. t. To sweep. [AS. besma, besema, D. 
bezem, G. besen, broom.] 

Besot, be-soK, v. t. To make sottish by drink; to 
make dull or stupid. — Besot 'tedly, adv.— Besot '- 
tedness, n. State of being besotted ; infatuation. 

Besought. See Beseech. 

Bespatter, be-spat'tgr, v. t. [bespattered (-spat r - 
tgrd), -tering.] To soil by spattering; to sprinkle 
with water or dirt; to asperse with calumny. 

Bespeak, be-spek', v. t. [imp. bespoke ; p. p. bespoke 
or bespoken; bespeaking.] To speak for, or en- 
gage, beforehand; to indicate or show beforehand; 
to speak to, address; to betoken, show. 

Bessemer steel, bes'se-mgr stel. Steel made directly 
from cast-iron, by a process invented by Sir Henry 



Best, best, a. (superl. of Good). Having excellence in 
the highest degree; most good; most advanced; most 
correct or complete. — n. Utmost ; highest en- 
deavor. — adv. (superl. of Well.) In the highest 
degree; beyond all ©ther ; to the most advantage; 
with the most success, ease, propriety, etc. ; most 
particularly ; most correctly. [AS. betst, contr. fr. 
betest, Goth, batista. See Better.] — At best. In the 
utmost degree applicable to the case. — To make the 
best of. To permit the least possible inconvenience. 

Bestead, be-sted', v. t. [imp. and p. p. bestead.] To 
be in the atead of ; to place or circumstance, as 
to condition, benefit, etc. ; to assist, serve. 

Bestial. See under Beast. 

Bestow, be-sto', v. t. [bestowed (-stod'), bestowing.] 
To lay up in store; deposit for safe-keeping; to 
make use of; apply; to give, confer, or impart.— 
Bestow'al, a. Act of, etc.; disposal. — Bestow'er, 
n. — Bestow" ment, n. Act of, etc.; that which is be- 
stowed; donation. 

Bestride, be-strid', v. t. [imp. bestrid or -strode; 
p. p. -strid or -stridden ; -striding.] To stride 
over; to stand or sit with any thing between the 
legs, or with the legs extended across. 

Bet, n. That which is staked, or pledged, in a con- 
test: a wager. — v. t. To stake, or pledge upon the 



event of a contest; to wager. [Contr. of aoet.J — 
Bet'ter, -tor, -tgr, n. One who, etc. 

Betake, be-tak', v. t. [imp. betook; p. p. betaken 
(be-tak'n); betaking.] To have recourse to; to 
apply; to resort. 

Betel, "be'tl, n. A species of pepper, whose leaves are 
chewed by the people of Central and Southern 
Asia. [Pg., fr. Malabar beetla-codi.] — Be'tel-nmt, 
n. The nut of the areca palm, chewed with betel 
leaves (whence its name) and lime. 

Bethel, beth'el, n. A chapel for dissenters in Eng., and 
for seamen in the U. S. [Heb. beth-el, house of God.] 

Bethink, be-think', v. t. [-thought (-thawf), -think- 
ing.] To cair to mind, recall, recollect, reflect. 

Betide, be-tid r , v. t. [imp. betid or betided ; p. p. 
betid ; betiding.] To happen to, befall, come to. 
— v. i. To come to mss, happen. [AS. tidan, to 
happen, fr. tirl, time.] 

Betime, be-tim'', -times, -ttmz', adv. In good time ; 
seasonably; in a short time; soon. 

Betise, ba-tez', n. Silliness; nonsense. [F.] 

Betoken, be-to'kn, r. t. [betokened (-t'ok^nd), -ek- 
ing.] To signify by some visible object ; to fore- 
show by present signs, presage, portend, note. [AS. 
getacnian, fr. ge- and tacn, token.] 

Betony, befo-nY, Beton'ica, -T-ka, n. A plant used to 
dye wool yellow, and medicinally [L. betoni^a, 
for vettonica, fr. the Vetones, a people in Spain.] 

Betray, be-tra r , v. t. [betrayed (-trad'), -traying.) 
To give up treacherously; to violate the confidence 
of ; to disclose or discover ; to mislead; to fail in re- 
spect to reliance placed in or upon. [F. trahir, OF. 
trair, L. tradere, to give up, fr. trans, across, and 
dare, to give.] — Betray'al, n. Act of, etc.— Betray'- 
er, n. One who, etc.: a traitor. 

Betroth, be-troth', v. t. To contract to any one; to 
affiance; to contract with for a future spouse; to es- 
pouse; to nominate to a bishopric, in order to con- 
secration, [be- and troth.] — Betroth/ al, -ment, n. A 
mutual engagement for marriage; espousals. 

Better, beftgr, a. (comp. of Good). Having good 
qualities in a greater degree ; preferable in value, 
use, safety, etc; improved in health. — n. Advan- 
tage, superiority, or victory; improvement; pi. those 
who have claim to precedence; superiors. — adv. 
(comp. of Well). In a superior manner; more cor- 
rectly; in a higher degree; more. — v. t. [bettered 
(-tgrd), -tering.]— To increase the good qualities of; 
to improve, amend, correct, promote. [AS. bet, adv., 
betera, adj.; Goth, batiza, adj.: s. rt. bat, good. See 
Best.] — Bet 'torment, n. A making better. (Law.) 
An improvement of an estate which renders it bet- 
ter than mere repairing. — To be better off. To be 
in a better condition. 

Better, -tor. See under Bet. 

Betty, bet'tY, n. A short bar used by thieves to 
wrench doors open; a man who busies himself with 
women's affairs. — A Florence flask; a pear-shaped, 
straw-covered bottle. [It. boccetta.] 

Between, be-twen r , prep. In the intermediate space of, 
without regard to distance; from one to another of; 
shared by two or both of; in intermediate relation 
to. [AS. be, by, and tweon, twain, double, fr. twa, 
two.] — Between'-decks, n. (Naut.) The open space 
between two decks of a ship. — Betwixt, -twikst', 
prep. Same as Between. [AS. betweox, f r. be and 
tweohs, fr. twih, twa, two.] 

Bevel, bev'el, n. A slant of a surface at an angle 
other than a right angle ; an instrument 
for measuring angles. — a. Having the 
form of a bevel; slanting. — v. t. [bev- 
eled (-eld), -eling.] To cut to a bevel 
angle, — v. i. To slant to a bevel angle, « 
or from a direct line. [OF. buveau, F. Bevel. 
biveau, Sp. baivel.] — Bev'el-jgear, -ger, n. 
(Mach.) Wheelwork in which one wheel drives an* 
other moving in a different plane. — wheel, n. A 
wheel having teeth set at an angle greater or less 
than half a right angle. 

Beverage, bev'gr-ej, n. Liquor for drinking. [F.,fr. 
It.beveraggio, drink, L. bibere, to drink.] 

Bevy, bev'T, n. A flock of birds; a company ; an as- 
sembly of persons, esp. ladies. [F. bev6e, It. beva.] 

Bewail, De-waK, v. t. [bewailed ^-wald'), -wailing.] 
To express sorrow for, as by wailing; to mourn, la- 
ment. — ?;. i. To express grief. 

Beware, be-war', v. i. To restrain or guard one's 
self; to be cautious, take care. [Contr. of be ware 
= be warv, fr. AS. wfer, cautious. J 

Bewilder, be-wil'der, v. t. [bewildered (-wiKdgrd), 
-DERiNG.] To lead into perplexity ; to perplex. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fcS&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. 



BEWITCH 



48 



BIGGIN 



ttntangle, confuse, confound, puzzle, [be- and Prov. 
E. wildern, -wilderness.] — Bewil'deredly, -dSrd-lT, 
Bewil'deringly, adv. — Bewilderment, ». State of 
being, etc. 

Bewitch, be-wkih'', v. t. [bewitched (-wichf), 
-witching.] To gain an ascendency over by charms; 
to affect by witchcraft or sorcery; to fascinate. — 
Bewitch'ery, -er-Y, n. Charm ; fascination. — Be- 
witch'ingly, adv. — Bewitch'ingness, n— Bewitch'- 
ment. n. Power of charming. 

Bewray, be-ra', v. t. [beweayed (-rad'). -wraying.J 
To disclose perfidiously, betray. [oe- and AS. wre- 
gan, to betray.] 

Bey, ba, n. A governor of a Turkish town or district; 
in some places, a prince ; — same as Beg. [Turk, beg, 
pron. 6a.] 

Beyond, be-yond r , prep. On the further side of ; be- 
fore, in place or time; further than ; past; above, 
in dignity, excellence, etc. — adv. At a distance; 
yonder. [AS. begeondan, fr. geond, across, beyond.] 

Bezant. See Byzaxt. 

Bezel, bez'el, n. The part of a ring encompassing and 
fastening the stone. [F.] 

Bezique. See Besique. 

Bezoar, be'zor, n. A calculous eoncretion found in 
the stomach of certain ruminant animals. [OF. 
and Pg., fr. Per. pad-zahr, pad, expelling, and zahr, 
poison, for which the stone was a supposed antidote.] 
—Bezoar mineral. An oxide of antimony. 

Eias, bi'as, n. A weight on the side of a bowl which 
turns it from a straight line; a leaning of the mind; 
propensity towards an object; bent; prejudice; in- 
clination; a wedge-shaped piece taken out of a gar- 
ment to diminish its circumference.— adv. In a 
slanting manner; crosswise; diagonally. — v. t. [bi- 
ased (bi^ast), -asixg.] To incline to one side; to 
give a particular direction to, prejudice, prepossess. 
fF. biais, N. Catalan biax, slant, slope, fr. L. bis, 
double, and fades, face.] 

Biaxal, bi-aks'al. Biaxial, -t-al, a. {Opt.) Having 
two axes. [L. bis, twice, and axis.'] 

Bib, n. A cloth worn by children over the breast. [L. 
bibere, to drink, because worn when drinking.] — 
Bibacions, bi-ba'shus, a. Addicted to drinking. — 
Bibacity, -bas r t-tT, n. Love of, etc. — Bib'ber, n. 
One addicted, etc.; a tippler. — Bib'ulous, -u-lus, a. 
Absorbing moisture ; spongy; porous. 

Bibasic, bi-ba'sik, a. {Chem.) Capable of combining 
with two parts or equivalents of a base; or contain- 
ing two equivalents of abase to one of acid. 

Bible, bi'bl, n. The Book; the volume containing 
the Scriptures. [F., fr. L. and Gr. biblia, books, col- 
lections of writings, fr. Gr. bvblos, the Egyptian 
papyrus, from which paper was made.] —Biblical, 
bib'lY-kal, a. Pert, to the Bible. — Bib'lically, adv. 
— Biblicist, -lT-sist, Biblist, n. One who makes the 
Scriptures the sole rule of faith; a Biblical scholar. 

Bibliographer, bib-lT-og / 'ra-fer, n. One versed in 
bibliography. [Gr. biblion, book, and graphein, to 
write.] — Bxblieg/raphy, -ra-fi, n. A history or de- 
scription of books and manuscripts. — Bibliograph'- 
ic, -ical, «. Pert, to bibliography. — Bibliograph'- 
ically, adv. — Bibliolatry, -oKa-tri, n. Homage 
paid to books, esp. to the Bible; belief in the ver- 
bal inspiration of the Bible ; a superstitious rev- 
erence for the letter of the Scriptures. [Gr. la- 
treia, worship.] — BiblioKogy, n. A treatise on 
books; biblical literature. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — 
Bib'lioman'cy, -man'sT, n. Divination by selecting 
passages of Scripture at hazard. [Gr. manteia, divi- 
nation.]— Bib / lioma / nia, -ma'nT-a, n. A rage for 
possessing curious books. [Gr. mania, madness.] — 
Bib'lioma'niac, n. One who, etc.— BiVliomani'- 
acal, «. — Bib'liophile,-fil, n. One who loves books. 
[Qr.philein, to love.] — Bib / liopho , bia, -fo'bt-a, n. 
A dread of books. [Gr. phobeisthai, to fear.] — BiV- 
liop'olist, Bibliopole'', n. A bookseller. [Gr. polein, 
to sell.]— Bibliothe'ca, -the'ka, n. A repository 
for books; library. [Gr. theke, case, box.] — Bib'- 
liothe'cal, a. . 

Bicapsnlar, bi-kap'su-ler, a. {Bot.) Having two seed 
capsules to each flower. 

Bicarbonate, bi-kar'bo-nat, n. {Chem.) A carbonate 
having 2 equivalents of carbonic acid to 1 of base. 

Bice, Bise, bis, n. {Paint.) A pale blue color, prepared 
from blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt. [F. 
bise, fern, of bis, brown, black, blue.] 

Bicephalous, bi-sef'a-lus, a. Having two heads. [L. 
bis, twice, and Gr. kephale, head. J 

Eiceps, bi'seps, n. {Anat.) A muscle having two 
origins. [L. bis and caput, head.] — Bicipital, bi-sip ,r - 



t-tal, -tons, -tue, a. Having 2 heads. {Anat,} Hav. 
ing 2 origins. {Bot.)_ Dividing into 2 parts. 

Bichromate, bi-kro'mat, a. {Chem.) Having two 
parts of chromic acid to one of other ingredients. 

Bicker, bik'gr, v. i. [bickered (-Srd), -bring.] To 
skirmish; to contend in words or petulant alterca- 
tion; to quarrel, wrangle; to move quickly ; to be 
tremulous, like flame or water; to quiver. [W. bi 
era; Mere, conflict, skirmish.] — Bick'erer, n. 

Bicolor, bi-kuKer, -ored, -erd, a. Of two colors. 

Bicorn, bi'kfirn, -corned, -k6rnd, -cornous, -kdr'nus, 
a. Having two horns or antlers: crescent-like. [L. 
bis and cornu, horn.] 

Bicorporal, bi-k6r^po-ral, a. Having two bodies. — 
Bicor'porate, -rat, a. {Her.) Double-bodied. [L. 
bis and corpus, body.] 

Bicrural, bi-fcroo'ral/a. Having two legs. [L.&tsand 
crus, cruris, leg.] 

Bicuspid, bi-kus'pid, -pidate,-at, a. Having two points. 
See Tooth. [L. bis and cuspis, cuspidis, point.] 

Bicycle, bi'sl-kl, n. A two-wheeled velocipede. [L. 
bis and Gr. kuklos, circle.] — Bi'cycling, n. Act of 
riding on, etc. — Bi'cyclist, n. One who, etc. 

Bid, v. t. [imp. bid or bade (bad); p.p. bid or bid- 
den; bidding.] To offer; esp. to offer to pay; to 
declare, as a wish, greeting, defiance, etc.; to order, 
command, invite. — n. An offer of a price, esp. at 
auctions. [AS. beodan, Goth, budan, to command.] 

— To bid fair. To offer a good prospect; to make 
fair promise. — Bid'der, n. 

Bide, bid, v. i. To dwell permanently; to inhabit. 

— v. t. To endure, suffer, wait for. [A&.bidan, D. 
and Goth, beidan.) 

Bidental, bi-dental, -tate, -tat, a. Having 2 teeth or 

tooth-like processes. [L. bis and dens, dentis, tooth.] 
Bidet, bT-def or bY-da r , n. A small horse; an article of 

bedroom furniture, used in washing the body. [F.] 
Biennial, bi-en'nT-al, a. Continuing for two years, 

and then perishing; occurring once in two years. — 

n. {Bot.) A plant that lasts for two years, and then 

perishes. [L. biennium, a space of two years, fr. bis 

and annus, year.] — Bien'nially, adv. Once in, or 

at the return of, two years. 
Bier, ber, n. A frame for conveying the dead to the 

grave. [AS. bser, s. rt. to bear!) 
Biestings, Beestings, bSst'ingz, n. pi. The first milk 

given by a cow after calving. [AS. beost, bysting.} 
Bifacial, bi-fa'shal, a. Having the opposite surfaces 

alike. [L. bis and facies, face.] 
Bifarious, bi-fa'rT-us, a. Twofold; in two rows. {Bot.) 

Pointing two wavs. [L. bis and fari, to speak or 

say.] — Bifa'riously, adv. 
Biferous, bif 'er-us, a. Bearing fruit twice a year. [L. 

bis and ferre, to bear.] 
Biffin, biffin, n. An apple peculiar to Norfolk, Eng.; 

a baked apple crushed flat. [F. beau fin, beautiful. 

fine; or, corrup. of beefin, as resembling raw beef.] 
Bifid, bi'fid, Bifidate, bif 'id-5t, a. {Bot.) Two-cleft; 

opening with a cleft. [L. bis and findere,fidi, to 

cleave or split.] 
Bifilar, bif 'Y-lSr, a. Two threaded; involving the use 

of two threads. [L. bis and filum, thread.] 
Biflorate, bi-flo'rat, -rous, -rus, a. {Bot.) Bearing two 

flowers. [L. bis and ftos, f/oris, flower.] 
Bifoliate, bi-fo'tt-at, a, ( Bot.) Having two leaves. — 

Bifo'liolate, -lT-o-lat, a. {Bot.) Having 2 leaflets, as 

some compound leaves. [L. bis and folium, leaf.] 
Biforate, bi-fo'rat, a. {Bot.) Having two perforations. 

[L. bis and forare. foratum , to bore.] 
Biform, bi'form, -formed, -formd, a. Having two 

forms, bodies, or shapes. — Biform'ity, n. A double 

form. 
Bifronted, bi-f runt^ed, a. Having two fronts. 
Bifurcate, bi-fer'kat, -cated, -ka-ted, a. Forked; di- 
vided into two branches. [L. bis and furca, fork. J 

— Bifurca / 'tion, n. A forking. — Bifurcons, -fer / - 
kus. a. {Bot.) Two-forked. 

Big, a. Having largeness of size, bulk, etc. ; great 
with young; pregnant; full of something porten* 
tons ; proud ; arrogant. [Dan. bug, belly, bulge ; W. 
bog, Ic. bolga, a swelling.] — Big'ness, n. — Big'wig, 
n. A person of consequence. 

Bigamy, big'a-mt, n. {Law.) The crime of having 
two wives or husbands at once. [L. bis and Gr. ga- 
mos, marriage.] — Big'amist, n. One guilty of, etc. 

Bigeminate, bi-jem't-nat.a. {Bot.) Having a forked 
petiole, with leaflets at the end of each division. 
[L. bis and geminare, geminatum, to double.] 

Biggin, big'gm, n. A child's cap or hood. [F. be'gutn, 
the cap worn ' 



wooden vessel 



by Beguin nuns. J — A piggi 
•1 ; a contrivance for hold 



in, or small 
ing coffee- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In. Ice i odd, tone, fir : 



BIGHT 



49 



BINOMIAL 



grounds (a bag or perforated metallic vessel) through 
-which boiling water is poured. [W.picyn; Ir. pigm, 
small pail; Ga. pigean, dim. of pige, pitcher, pot.J 

Bight, bit, n. (Geog.) A bend in the sea-coast form- 
ing a bay. (Naut.) The double part of a folded 
rope; a round, bend, or coil anywhere except at the 
ends. [Dan. and Sw. bught, bight of a rope, also 
bay; AS. bige, byge, bending, corner.] 

Bigot, big'ot, n. One unreasonably wedded to some 
religious creed, practice, ritual, etc. ; a devotee; 
hypocrite. [F.; It. bigotto. J — Big'oted, a. Obsti- 
nately devoted to a system, party, etc., and illiberal 
toward the opinions of others. — Big'otedly, adv.— 
Big'otry, -rT, n. Perverse or blind attachment to, 
etc.; the practice or tenet of a bigot. 

Bijou, be-zhoo', n.;pZ. Bijoux, -zhoo'. A trinket, or a 
Tittle box ; a jewel. [F.] — Bijou'try, -zhoo'trt, n. 
Small articles of virtu, such as jewelry, trinkets, etc. 
[F. bijouterie.] 

Bijugate, bi-ju'gat,-gous, -gus, a. (Bot.) Having two 
pairs, as of leaflets. [L,. bis and jugare, -atum, to join.] 

Bilabiate, bi-la'bl-at, a. (Bot.) Having two lips, as 
the corols of flowers. [L. bis and labium, lip.] 

Bilamellate, bi-lam'el-lat, -lated, -lat'ed, a. {Bot.) 
Formed of 2 plates. [L. bis and lamella, small plate.] 

Bilateral, bi-lafer-al, a. Having two sides; pert, to 
the two sides of a central organ or axis. [L. bi3 and 
latus, lateris, side.] — Bilat' erallty, n. State or 
quality of being, etc. 

Bilberry, bil'bSr-rf , n. A shrub of the whortleberry 
family, and its fruit. [Corrup. of blueberry.'] 

Bilbo, bu'bo, n.: pi. Bil'boes, -boz. An iron bar or 
bolt with a sliding shackle and lock, to confine the 
feet of prisoners; a rapier. [Fr. Bilboa, in Spain.] 

Bile, bit, a. A yellow, greenish, bitter, viseid fluid 
secreted by the liver; ill-humor. [L. bilis.] — Bil- 
iary, bil'ya-ri, a. {Med.) Pert. to. or conveying, etc. 

— Bilious, -yus, a. Pert, to, or disordered in, the 
bile; having an excess of bile. — Biliousness, n. — 
Bi'lin, a. (Chem.) A resinous matter, the princi- 
pal constituent of the bile. — Bile'-duct, v. {Anat.) 
The canal which conveys bile ; the hepatic duct. 

Bile. See Boil, n. 

Bilge, bilj, n. The protuberant part of a cask. {Want.) 
The broadest part of a ship's bottom. — v. t. [bilged 
(biljd), bilging.] (Naut.) To suffer fracture in 
the bilge ; to spring a leak. [Same as bulge.] — Bilge'- 
wa'ter, n. (Naut?) Water upon the bilge of a ship. 

— BiKgy, a. Having the smell, etc., of bilge-water. 
Bilingual, bi-lin'gwal, -guar, -gwar, a. Containing 

two languages. — BiHn , guous, -gwus, a. Having 
two tongues, or speaking two languages. [L. bis and 
lingua, tongue, language.] 

Biliteral, bi-ht'6r-al, a. Consisting of two letters. [L. 
bis and litera, letter.] 

Bilk, bilk, v. t. [bilked (bilkt), buying.] To disap- 
point, deceive, or defraud, by non-fulfillment of 
engagement. [Sw. balka, to partition off, whence 
balk: Goth, bilaikan, to mock, deride.] 

BUI, bil, n. The beak of a fowl; note of a bird. — v. 
t. To join bills, as doves; to caress. [AS. bile.] 

Bill, bil, ». A hook-shaped cutting instrument ; an 
ancient battle-ax; a pickax, or mattock. (Naut.) 
The point of the fluke of an anchor. [AS. bil,D. bijt, 
Ic. bddr, Dan. biil, Sw. bila, ax; G. bille, pickax; 
Skr. bil, bhil, to break, divide.] - Bill'-hook, -h<56k, 
n. A small hatchet, with curved edge. — Bill'man, 
n. ; pi. -men. One who uses a bill. 

Bill, bil, n. (Law.) A written declaration of wrong 
suffered, or fault committed ; an obligation given 
for money; a promissory note; a proposed law. An 
advertisement posted publicly; an account of goods 
sold or services rendered, with price annexed ; any 
paper containing a statement of particulars. [OF. 
bille, LL. billa, a writing, fr. L. bulla, sealed writing, 
lit. seal.] — Bill of credit. A paper issued by a state, 
to circulate as money; a letter instructing a mer- 
chant to credit the bearer for goods or money. — of 
entry. A written account of goods entered at the 
custom-house. — of exceptions. A written statement 
of errors in law given to a judge before a verdict is 
rendered. — of exchange. (Com.) A written order 
desiring the drawee to pay, to the person designated 
by the drawer, a specified sum of money; a draft.— 
of fare. A list of articles of food ready at a hotel, etc. 

— of health. A certificate as to the state of health of 
a ship's company on leaving port. — of lading. A 
written reeeipt for goods shipped. — of mortality. 
An official return of deaths. — of pains and penal- 
ties. A legislative act inflicting punishment for trea- 
son or felony, without judicial conviction. — of 



rights. A summary of the rights claimed by a peo- 
ple. — of sale. An instrument for the conveyance 
of goods and chattels. — of sight. A form of entry 
at the custom-house, by which goods may be provis- 
ionally landed for examination. — Bill'' -book, n. A 

book for recording notes, bills, etc. bro'ker, n. 

One who negotiates the discount of bills. — post- 
er, -stickler, n. One who posts up placards, etc. 

Billet, billet, n. A note in writing, or short letter; a 
ticket from a public officer directing soldiers where 
to lodge. — v. t. (Mil.) To direct, by ticket, where 
to lodge; to quarter, as soldiers in private houses. 
[F.,dim. of OF., bille, a writing.] — Billet-doux, bil'- 
Ie-doo r , n. A love letter. [F. ; doux, sweet.] 

Billet, billet, n. A small stick of wood. (Arch.) Aa 
ornament in Norman work, resembling, etc. [F. 
billette, billot, dim. of bille, log.] 

Pert, to the game of billiards. 



Billiard, bil'yard, 
— Bil'liards,-yardz, n.pZ. A game played with ball 
on a rectangular table. _ [F. billard, fr. bille. 



ball.] 

Billingsgate, billingz-gaf, n. Foul or profane lan- 
guage; ribaldry. [The name of a London fish mar- 
ket, where this dialect prevails.] 

Billion, biKyun, n. According to French numeration, 
a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000 ; according to 
the English method, a million of millions, or 1,000,- 
000,000,000. [L. bis and F. million.] 

Billow, billo, n. A great wave or surge of the sea. 
[Ic. bylgja, Sw. bofja, Dan. bolge, MHG. bulge; s. 
rt. bulge.] — Billowy, -lo-T, a. Swelling into, etc. 

Billy, billY, n. A watchman's club. 

Bilobed, bilobd, -lobate, -lo'bat, a. (Bot.) Divided 
into two lobes. [L. bis and Gr. lobos, ear-lap.] 

Bilocular, bi-lok'u-lSr, a. (Bot.) Divided into, or 
containing, two cells. [L. bis and loculus, dim. of 
locus, place.] 

Bimanous, bi-ma'nus, a. (Zo'ol.) Having two hands. 
[L. bis and manus, hand.] 

Bimensal, bi-men'sal, -mestrial, -mes'trt-al, -monthly, 
-munthlt, a. Occurring once in two months. [L. 
bis and mensis, month.] 

Bimetalism, bi-met'al-izm, n. The use as legal ten- 
der of coins of two metals at a fixed relative value. 
— Bimetallic, a. — Bimet'allist, n. One who advo- 
cates, etc. 

Bin, n. A box or inclosed place, used as a repository. 
— v. t. [binned (btnd); binning.] To store in a 
bin. [AS. bin, manger, D. ben, G. benne, basket.] 

Binary, Di'na-rT, «. Compounded of two; double. [L. 
binus, two-fold, fr. bis.] — Binary arithmetic. That 
in which two figures only, and 1, are used, in lieu 
of ten. — Binary compounds. (Chem.) A compound 
of two elements. — Br nate, -nat, a. (Bot.) Double 
or in couples; growing in pairs. 

Bind, bind, v. t. [imp. bound (bownd); p. p. bound, 
formerly bounden ; binding.] To tie together or 
confine with cord, bands, etc.; to restrain or hold; to 
protect or strengthen by a band, or cover; to place 
under legal obligation to serve. — v. i. To contract; 
to grow hard or stiff ; to be restrained from mo- 
tion; to be obligatory. — n. A stalk of hops, which 
winds round a pole or tree. [AS. and Goth, bindan, 
D. and G. binden, Ic. and Sw. binda, Skr. bandh, 
to bind.] — To bind over. To oblige by bond to ap- 
pear at a court. — To bind up in. To cause to be 
wholly engrossed with. — Bind'er, n. One who, 
etc., esp. who binds books; anything that binds: a 
bandage. — Bind'ery, -Sr-i, n. A place where books, 
etc., are bound.— Binding, a. Having power to 
bind or oblige; obligatory. — n. Act of fastening 
with a band; anything that binds, as a bandage, the 
cover of a book, or something to secure the edge of 
cloth from raveling. — Bind'-web, n. (Anat.) The 
connective tissue of the brain and spinal cord; the 
neuroglia. — weed, n. (Bot.) A twining wild plant, 
a kind of convolvulus. — wood, n. Ivy. 

Binnacle, bin'na-kl, n. (Naut.) A box containing a 
ship's compass and a light to show it at 
night. [Pg. bitacola, F. habitacle, binnacle, 
fr. L. habitaculum, little dwelling, fr. hab- 
itare, to dwell.] 

Binocle, bin'o-kl, n. A telescope fitted with , 
two tubes joining. [L. binus, twofold, and |^ 
ocidus, eye.] — Binoc'ular, -nok'u-ler, a. f ' 
Having two eyes; with, or pert, to both | 
eyes; adapted to the use of, etc. — Binoc' 
ulate, -lat x a. Having two eyes. 



Binomial, bi-no'mY-al,~n. (Jig.) An ex- *»nnacle. 
pression consisting of 2 terms connected by the sign 



terms; pert, to binomials. [L. bis and nomen, name.] 



sub. cube, full ; moon, f6t>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



BIOGENESIS 



50 



BITTERN 



Biogenesis, bMMen'e-sis, Biogeny, -oj'en-Y, re. The 
production of Me from portions of matter given off 
from previously living forms, — opp. to abiogem 
spontaneous generation. [Gr. bios, 



opp. to abiogeny or 
,uie, 



genos, birth.] - Biog'enistr n. A believer m,~etc. 
Biograph, bi'o-graf, n. A device for reproducing 

upon a screen a moving scene. 
Biography, bi-og'ra-ft, re. History of the life of a 

fierson; biographical writings in general. [ Gr. bios, 
if e, & gruphein, to write.] — Bw>g / 'rapher, -ra-fer, re. 
One who writes, etc. — Biographic, -ical, -grafik-al, 
a. Pert, to, or containing, etc.— Biograph''ically, adv. 
Biology, bi-oKo-jt, re. The science of fife and living 



things, animal and vegetable. [Gr. bios and logos, 
discourse.] — Biological, •' " 
One versed in, etc. 



-loj'ik-al, a. — Biol 'ogist, re. 



Biophagous, bi-of 'a-gus, a. Consuming living crea- 
tures, — said of insectivorous plants. [Gr. bios and 
phagem, to eat.] 

Bioplasm, bi'o-plazm, n. The germinal matter essen- 
tial to the functions of living beings ; unaltered 
protoplasm. [Gr. bios and plasma, form, f r. plassein, 
to mold.] — Bloplasmic, -plaz'mik, a. 

Biparous, hi-pa^rus or bip'a-rus, a. Bringing forth 
two at a birth. [L. bis and parere, to bring forth.] 

Bipartible, bi-partl-bl, -tile, -til, a. Capable of being 
divided into two parts. — Bipartite, bi-par'tlt or 
bip'ar-tit, a. Having two correspondent parts, as a 
contract, one for each party; divided into two parts, 
as a leaf. [L. bis and partire, to divide, fr. pars, 
partis, part] — Biparti'tioa, re. Act of dividing, etc. 

Biped, bi'ped, re. An animal having two feet. [L. 
bis and pes, pedis, foot.] —Bipedal, -pe'dal, Bi'ped, 
a. Having, or the length of, etc. 

Bipennate, bi-pen'nat, -aated, a. Having two wings. 
[L. bis and penna, wing.] 

Bipetalous, bi-pefal-us, a. (Bot.) Having 2 petals or 
flower-leaves. [L.6is and petahim, Gr.petalon, leaf.] 

Biquadrate, bi-kwod'rat, -ratlc, re. (Math.) The 4th 
power, arising from the multiplication of a square 
number or quantity by itself . — Biquadratic, a. 
Pert, to, etc. [L. bis and quadratvs, squared.] 

Birch, bSrch, re. A forest tree of several species; a rod 
of birch. [AS. beorc, birce, Skr. bkurja.] — Birch, 
Birchen, be"rcb/n, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, etc. 

Bird, bSrd, re. A two-legged, feathered, flying animal. 
— v. i. To catch or shoot birds. [AS. brid, bird, esp., 
young bird ; perh. s. rt. bredan, to breed.] — Bird'-cage, 
n. A cage for keeping birds confined. — call, re. An 
instrument to decoy birds by imitating their cry. — 
-fancier, re. One who rears, collects, or sells birds. — 
-lime, re. A viscous substance used to catch birds. — 
-seed, r. Small seeds for feeding caged birds ; ca- 
nary seed, hemp, millet, etc.— Bird-of-paradise, -par'- 
a-dis, re. A perching bird of New Guinea. — Bird'B''- 
eye, a. Seen from above, as if by a flying bird; 
general; not in detail. — Bird'a'-eye Maple. Wood 
of the sugar-maple, full of knotty spots resembling 
birds' eyes. — Bird's'nest, re. The nest in which a 
bird lays eggs. — v. i. To hunt for birds' nests. 

Bireme, brrem, re. A vessel with two tiers of oars. [L. 
bis and remits, oar.] 

Birth, berth, re. Act of coming into life, or being 
born; lineage; extraction; natural state er position; 
act of bringing forth; that which is produced, ani- 
mal or vegetable; origin; beginning. [AS. beordh, 
OFriesic, berthe, Sw. bord, Dan. byrd.] — New birth. 
(Theol.) Regeneration, or the commencement of a 
religious life. — Birth 'day, re. The day in which 

one is born ; its anniversary. mark, re. Some 

mark or blemish on the body at birth. place, re. 

The place where one is born ; place of origin.— 
-right, -rlt, re. Any right or privilege to which a 
person is entitled by birth. 

Biscuit, bis'kit, re. Unleavened bread baked hard; a 
small loaf of leavened and shortened bread; a thin, 
crisp cake or cracker ; earthen ware after its first 
baking, before glazing. [F., fr. bis, twice, and cuit, 
cooked, fr. cvire, L. coqvere, coctum, to cook.] — 
Meat biscuit. Matters extracted from meat by boil- 
ing, combined with flour. 

Bisect, bi-sekf, v. t. To cut into two parts. (Ge.om.) 
To divide into two equal parts. TL. bis and secare, 
sectum, to cut.] — Bisection, -sek'shun, re. Act of, 
etc. — Biseg'ment, re. One part of a line, or other 
magnitude, divided into two equal parts. 

Bisexual, bi-seks'u-al, a. (Bot.) Of both sexes. [L.bw 
and sexus, sex.] 

Biserial, bi-se'rY-al, a. Arranged in a double series. 
[L. bis and series.] 
" p, bish/up, re. An overseer; a spiritual superin- 




American Bison. 



; in Episcopal usage, the highest of the 3 or- 
ders of the Christian ministry; a piece in the game 
of chess. [AS. biscop, fr. L. episcopus, Gr. epis/copos, fr. 
Gr. epi, upon, and skopein, to view, inspect.] — Bish r - 
opric, re. A diocese; district over which a bishop 
has jurisdiction; office of, etc. [AS. bisceoprice.] 

Bismuth, biz'muth, re. A reddish-white metal, harder 
than lead, and brittle. [F., G.] — Bis'muthal, a. 
Of, or containing, etc. — Bismutb/ic, a. Pert. to,etc. 

Bison, bi'sen or bi'sn, n. A quadruped of North 
America, popularly, but in- 
correctlv, called the buffalo. 
[F., L., Gr.] 

Bisque, Bisk, bisk, re. A soup 
made of crayfish, or by boil- 
ing together several kinds of 
flesh. [F.l 

Bissextile, bis-seks'til, n. 
Leap year; every 4th year, in 
whieh a day is added in the 
month of February.— a. Pert, 
to, etc. [LL. bissextilis (annus), fr. L. bis and sextus, 
sixth, — because in leap year the 6th day before the 
calends of March (Feb. 24) was reckoned twice.] 

Bister, Bistre, bis'ter, re. A dark-brown pigment ex- 
tracted from wood-soot. [F. bistre, G. blester.] 

Bistort, bis'tort, re. A plant, called also snake-weed. 
[F. bistorte, fr. L. bis and torquere, tortum, to twist.] 

Bistoury, bis r too-rY, re. A surgical instrument for 
making incisions. [Fr. Pistona, Pistoja, in Italy.] 

Bisulcate, bi-suKkat, a. Two-furrowed. (Zobl.) 
Cloven-footed.— Bisul'cous, -kus, a. Cloven-footed, 
as swine or oxen. [L. bis and sulcus, a furrow.] 

Bisulphate, bi-suFfat, n. (Chem.) A sulphate having 
two equivalents of sulphuric acid to one of the base. 

— Bisul'phuret, -fu-ret, re. (Chem.) A sulphuret 
with two atoms of sulphur, as the electro-negative 
ingredient. [L. bis and sulphur, Skr. sulvari.] 

Bit. See under Bite. 

Bitch, bich, re. The female of the canine kind, as of 
the dog, wolf, and fox ; a name of reproach for a 
woman. [AS. bicce.] 

Bite, bit, v. t. [bit or bitten (bit'tn), biting.] To 
cut, crush, or seize with the teeth ; to cause sharp 
pain or smarting to; to cheat; trick; to take hold of; 
adhere to. —v. t. To seize or wound with the teeth 
or mouth; to cause hurt, pain, or injury. —re. Act 
of biting; the wound made by the teeth; a morsel; 
mouthful; the hold or purchase of a tool; a cheat; 
a trick ; a sharper; one who cheats. [AS. bitan, D. 
bijten, Ic. and Sw. bita, to bite, Skr. bhid, to break, 
cleave.]— To bite the dust, or the ground. To fall in 
death agonies. — Bit'er, re. One who, or that which, 
bites. — Bit'ing, a. Sharp ; severe ; sarcastic ; 
caustic— Bifingly, adv.— BH/ing-in, n. (Etching.) 
Process of cerroding metallic plates, by means of 
acid. — Bit, bYt. n. A mouthful ; morsel ; bite ; 
hence, a small piece of anything; a small coin in 
several countries ; small in- 
strument for boring. [AS. 
bit, bite, fr. bitan.] — The 
mouth-piece of a bridle, to 
whieh the reins are fastened. 

— v. t. To put a bit in the 
mouth of. [AS bitol, dim. of 
bite, a bite, bit.] — Bit-stock, n. 
to hold the bit in boring. 

Bitt, bit, v. t. (Naut.) To put round the bitts.— BittB, 
bitz, re. pi. A frame of timbers to hold a ship's ca-~ 
bles. [Sw. beting, Dan. beding.] — Bit'ter, n. A turn 
of the cable which is round the bitts. 

Bittacle, bit'ta-kl, re. The box for the compass on 
board a ship. [See Binnacle.] 

Bitter, biftSr, a. Having a peculiar, aGrid, biting 
taste ; causing pain, smart, or distress ; character- 
ized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty ; mournful? 
distressing ; pitiable. [AS., D., Dan., Sw., and G. 
bitter; AS. bitan, to bite.] — Bit'terish, a. Some- 
what bitter. — Bit'terishness, re. — Bit'terly, adv. 
Bit'terness, n. — Bit'tera, -t5rn, re. The brine re- 
maining in salt works after the salt is concreted; 
a very bitter compound of quassia, cocculus indicus, 
etc. — Bitters, -tSrz, re. pi. Liquor, generally spirit- 
ueus, in which bitter herbs or roots have been steeped. 

— Bit'ter-spar, -spar, n. A mineral consisting of car- 
bonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia, — the 
soluble salts of the magnesia being bitter. — Bif- 
ter-sweet, re. (Bot.) A climbing plant, whose root, 
when chewed, produces a bitter, then a 6Weet taste. 

— Brt'terwort, -wert, re. (Bot.) Yellow gentian. 
Bittern, bit'tgrn, re. A wading bird of Europe, re- 




Carpenter's bits. 
A brace or handle, 



8m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tSrm ; 'In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r | 



BITUMEN 



51 



BLARNEY 




lated to the heron. [F. butor, fr. L. butire, to cry as 
a bittern: prob. onomatop.] 

Bitumen, bi-tu'men, n. Mineral pitch, a substance 
smelling like pitch and burning with a bright flame, 
without residue. [L.] — Bitu'minate, v.t. To im- 
pregnate with, etc. — Bitu'minize, -nlz, v. t. [bitu- 
minized (-nizd), -nizixg.] To form into or impreg- 
nate with, etc. — Bitu 'minous, -nus, a. Having the 
qualities of, compounded with, or containing, etc. 

Bivalve, bi'valv, n. (Zobl.) A mollusk having a shell 
in two parts. (Bot.) A pericarp 
in which the seed-case opens or 
splits into two parts. [L. bis val- 
val, valve.] — Bi 'valve, -valved, 
-valvd, -valvous, -valv'us, -valv'- 
ular, -u-ler, a. 

Biventral, bi'ven'tral, a. Having2 
bellies, f L. bis and venter, belly.] 

Bivious, biv'T-us or bi'vl-us, a. 
Having, or leading, two ways. [L. 
bivius; bis and via, way.] 

Bivouac, biv'wak, n. (Mil.) The 
guard or watch of a whole army; Bivalve 

an encampment without tents. — 
v. t. [bivouacked (-wakt). -wackingJ To be on 
guard ; to encamp without covering. [F., fr. G. bei- 
wache, fr. 6ef,_near, and wachen, to watch.] 

Biweekly, bi'wek'll, a. Occurring once in every two 
weeks. 

Bizarre, be-zar', a. Odd; fantastical; whimsical. [F., 
of Basque-Iberian origin.] 

Blab, blab, v. t. [blabbed (blabd), blabbing.] To 
tell unnecessarily, or indiscreetly. — v. i. To talk 
thoughtlessly; to tattle. — n. One who blabs; a 
babbler. [Dan. blabbre, Sw. bladdra, G. plappenu] 
— Blab'ber, n. A tattler; a telltale. 

Black, blak, a. Destitute of light, or incapable of re- 
flecting it; very dark or gloomy; dismal or forbid- 
ding; destitute of moral light or goodness. — n. The 
darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color; 
anegro; a black dress, or mourning. — v. t. [blacked 
(blakt), blacking.] To make black; to blacken. [AS. 
lilac, blsec, Ic. blakkr, black; Dan. black, Sw. black, 
ink.] — In black and white. In writing or print.— 
Blacken, blak'n, v. I. [blackened (-nd), -ening.J 
To make black or dark; to sully, defame, make in- 
famous. — v.i. To grow black or dark. — Black- 
ing, n. A preparation for blacking shoes, etc. — 
Black'ish, a. Somewhat black. — Blackly, adv. 
Darkly; gloomily; atrociously. — Black'ness, ».— 
Black art. Conjuration ; magic. [An attempted 
synonym for necromancy, under the idea that the 
word was from L. niger, black, instead of Gr. tie- 
kros, corpse, and manteia, divination.] — -amaor, 
n. A negro. ball, n. A composition for black- 
ing shoes, etc.; a ball of black color, used as a neg- 
ative in voting. — v. t. [-balled (-bawld), -balling.] 
To reject by putting black balls into a ballot-box. — 
-band, n. A valuable iron ore, containing enough 
coaly matter for its own calcination. — berry, -ber- 
rt, n. A species of bramble; its edible fruit. — bird, 
n. In Eng. a species of thrush: in Amer. the name is 

fiven to different birds. — board, n. A board used 
o write or draw on with chalk. — book, n. A book 
far registering misdemeanors ; a book on necro- 
maney. browed, -browd, a. Threatening; dis- 
mal. — cattle, -kaftl, n. Cattle reared for slaugh- 
ter, of whatever color. [Eng.] A breed of Dutch 
cattle of a blaek color. cock, n. The heath- 
cock; black grouse; black game. — currant, n. A 
garden fruit. drop, n. (Med.) A liquid prep- 
aration of opium in vinegar. — flan, n. A fish caught 
off New England, the tautog ; a small kind of 

whale. flux, n. A compound used to assist in 

melting metals. — Mar, n. A friar of the Domin- 
ican order. — guard, blag'gard, n. Orig. the lower 
menials of a court; hence a scurrilous person of low 
character. — v. t. To revile ih scurrilous language. 
[Orig. the guard of the devil; thence, a fit attendant 
on the devil.] — guardism, n. Conduct or language 
of a blackguard. — hole, n. A dark dungeon for 
refractory prisoners. — -jack, n. A mineral ore, 
false galena, which is the sulphuret of zinc, or zinc 
blende; a species of oak, called also barren oak; a 
small, heavy bludgeon. — lead, -led, n. A mineral 
composed of carbon ; plumbago ; graphite. [From 
its color and its marking paper like lead.] — -leg, n. 
A gambler and cheat; a disease of sheep and calves. 
—-letter, n. The old English or modern Gothic let- 
ter, used in esrly manuscripts and the first printed 
books. — a. Written or printed in black-letter; stu- 



dious of old books. — mail, n. A rate of money, 
cattle, etc., anciently paid to robbers for exemption 
from pillage ; extortion of money by threats. — 
-martin, n. A bird of the swallow family. — -pud- 
ding, -pud'Ming, n. A kind of sausage made of 
blood, suet, etc. — rod, n. The usher of the order 
of the Garter, who carries a black rod. [Eng.] — 

-rust, n. A disease of wheat. smith, n. A 

smith who works in iron. snake, n. A ser- 
pent of a black color: two species are found in 
America. — -strap, n. A mixture of spirituous 

liquor and molasses. tail, n. A kind of perch. 

thorn, n. A spiny plant bearing a small black 

fruit, used for hedges ; the sloe. vomit, n. A 

vomiting of dark -colored matter; or the substance 
so discharged, a symptom in yellow fever. — wal- 
nut. An American tree having dark-colored wood. 

Bladder, blad'der, n. (Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, 
containing some secreted fluid; the air bag in fish. 
[AS. blsedr, a blister, fr. blavan, to blow.] 

Blade, blad, n. "The leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of a 
plant, esp. of gramineous plants; the cutting part of 
an instrument; broad part of an oar. (Anat.) The 
scapula. A sharp-witted, dashing fellow; a rake. — 
v.t. To furnish with a blade. — v. i. To have, etc. 
[AS. bleed; Sw., Dan., and D. blad.]— Blade'-bone, 
n. The scapula, or upper bone in the shoulder. — 
Blad'ed, p. p. Having blades. (Mm.) Composed 
of narrow plates. 

Blain, blan, n. An inflammatory swelling or sore; 
a pustule; blister. [AS. blegen, fr. blawan, to blow, 
flare.] 

Blame, blam, v. t. [blamed (blamd), blaming.] To 
censure, find fault with. — n. Expression of disap. 
probation ; th^t whieh deserves censure ; fault; 
wrong-doing. [OF. blasmer, fr. Gr. blesphemein, to 
speak ill.] — Blam'able, -a-bl, a. Deserving of cen- 
sure; culpable; reprehensible. — Blam'ableness, n. — 
Blam'ably, adv. — Blame'ful, a. Meriting blame. 

— Blameless, a. Without fault ; innocent; irre- 
proachable.— Blamelessly, adv.— Blame'lessneas, 
n. — Blam'er, n. One who, etc. — Blame'wor'thy, 
-wgr'thl, a. Same as blamable. — Blame'wor'thi- 
ness, n. 

Blanch, Blanc-mange. See under Blank. 

Bland, bland, a. Pleasing by soothing qualities; mild; 
gentle ; courteous. [L. bumdvs.] — Bland'neBs, n. — 
Blanda'tion, n. Gross flattery. — BtandiFoquence, 
n. Fair, mild, flattering speech. [L. loqui, to speak.] 

— Bland'ish, v. t. [blandished Hsht>,-iSHiNQ.] To 
flatter by kind words or affectionate actions ; to 
soften, caress. — v. i. To act or speak affection- 
ately. [OF. blandir, to flatter, L. blandiri, to caress, 
fr. blandus.] — Bland'isher, n. — Blandishment, n. 
Words err actions of affection; artful caresses. 

Blank, blank, a. Of a white or pale color; pale from 
fear; dispirited; lacking something; empty; with- 
out mixture with anything else; pure. — n. Avoid 
space; a ticket in a lottery which draws no prize; 
a paper unwritten; a blank ballot; a document, 
with vacant spaces left to be filled with names, date, 
etc. The white spot of a target at which aim is 
taken. (Mech.) A piece of metal prepared to be 
made into something by a further operation. [F. 
blanc, white, OHG. blanch, shining, f r. OHG. Win- 



chen, to shine.] — Blankly, adv. With paleness; 
llai " ' 
ige. Aca ' 
out ball. — B. indorsement. (Law.) One which 



confusedly ; vacantly. — Blank'ness, n. — Blank 
cartridge. A cartridge filled with powder, but with- 



omits the name of the payee. — B. verse. Verse 
without rhyme. — Blanch, blanch, v. t. [blanched 
(blancht), blanching.] To take out the color and 
make white; to whiten; to make white by stripping 
off the peel; to give a favorable appearance. — v.t. 
To grow or become white. [F. blanchir, fr. blanc.'] 
— Blanch'er, n. One who whitens ; one who an- 
neals and cleanses money. — Blanc-mange, bl&N'- 
maNzh', -manger, -m&N'zha, n. A preparation of 
dissolved isinglass or sea-moss, milk, sugar, etc., 
boiled till thick. [F.,lit. white food; manger, to eat.] 

Blanket, blnnk / 'et, «. A loosely woven woolen cover, 
to proteet from cold; a kind of pear. — v. t. To 
cover with a blanket. [F. blanchet, OF. blanket, f r. 
blanc, white.] — Blank'eting, n. Cloth for blankets; 
the punishment of tossing in a blanket. 

Blare, blar, v. i. To sound loudly; to roar.— n. Noise; 
loud sound. [MHG. bleren, to shriek, L. flare, to 
blow.] 

Blarney, blar'nY, n. Smooth, deceitful talk; flattery. 
— v.t. To deceive or flatter by smooth talk. [Fr.a 
legend of Blarney Castle, Ireland.] 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or i«k, then. boNboN. chair, get. 



BLASE; 



52 



BLOAT 



s.**s£ bla-za', a. Surfeited; incapable of further en- 
joyment. [F.] 

Blaspheme, bias-fern', v. t. [blasphemed (-femd'), 
-i'HEMING.] To speak reproachfully or impiously 
• if; to utter abuse or calumny against, — v. i. To 
utter blasphemy. [Gr. blasphemein, fr. blapsis, in- 
jury, and pheme, speech.] — Blasphem'er, n. — 
Blasphemous, -fe-mus, a. Containing blasphemy; 
impiously irreverent or reproachful toward God. — 
Blas'phemously, adv. — Blas'phemy, n. An indig- 
nity offered to God by reproachful, contemptuous, 
or irreverent words. 

Blast, blast, n. A destructive or pernicious wind ; 
a forcible stream of air from an orifice ; exhaust 
steam from an engine, or the draught through the 
fire produced thereby; the sound made by blowing 
a wind instrument; the rending of rocks, etc., by 
explosives, or the charge used for this purpose; a 
blight; a flatulent disease of sheep. — v. t. To in- 
jure, as by a noxious wind; to blight; to affect with 
sudden violence ; to confound, or strike with force, 
by a loud blast ; to split, as by explosion. [AS. 
blsest, Sw. blast, a blowing, Ic. blast); a breath, fr. 
blasa, to blow.] — Blast 'ed, a. Confounded; ac- 
cursed; detestable. — Blast'er, n. One who, etc.— 
Blast'fur / nace, -f Sr'nas, n. (Mech.) A furnace for 
smelting ores in which air is furnished by pneu- 
matic apparatus. pipe, n. The exhaust pipe of 

a steam-engine. 

Blatant, bla'tant, a. Bellowing, as a calf ; noisy ; 
bawling. [AS. blsetan, to bleat.] 

Blather, blarh'e'r, n. Foolish chatter. — v. i. To talk 
idly. [L. blaterare, to prate.] — Blath'erskite, -skit, 
n. An obtrusive babbler, or his talk. [Colloq.] — 
Blatter, blat'tSr, v. i. To patter; to make a sense- 
less noise, to rail. [G. blattem, fr. L. blaterare.] 

Blaze, blaz, n. The stream of light and heat from a 
burning body; flame; light, as from flame; a white 
spot on a horse's face; a spot made on_a tree by 
chipping off bark. — v. i. [blazed (blazd), bla- 
zing.] To shine with flame; to send forth bright 
light; to be conspicuous. — v. t. To mark, as by chip- 
ping a tree. [AS. blsese, a flame, fr. blawan. to blow; 
Ic. bhjs, Dan. blus, a torch, blaze.]— Blaz'ing-star, 
n. A comet. 

Blaze, blaz, v. t. To publish far and wide, proclaim. 
[AS. blsesan, Ic. and Sw. blasa, Dan. bhue, D. bla- 
zen, to blow, to sound.] — Blazon, bla'zn, v. t. 
[blazoned (bla'znd), -zoning.] To display, ex- 
hibit conspicuously, embellish, adorn ; to explain 
in proper terms, as the figures on armorial ensigns. 

— n. Art of drawing, or explaining coats of arms; 
the representation on coats of arms; ostentatious dis- 
play; publication. [F. and Sp. blason, coat of arms; 
Sp. blasonar, to blazon, to boast, fr. MHG. blasen, to 
blow, etc.] — Bla'zer, n. One who spreads reports. 

— Bla'zoner, n. One who proclaims, a herald. — 
Bla'zonment, n. Ostentation; publication. — Bla'- 
zonry, -zn-rl, n. Art of describing armorial bear- 
ings; exhibition of coats of arms. 

Bleaberry, ble'ber-rT, n. A plant having^ leaves like 
box, and purple berries. [Corrupt, fr. blueberry.'] 

Bleach, blech. v. t. [bleached (blecht), bleaching.] 
To make white, or whiter, by removing the original 
color; to blanch.— v. i. To grow white. [AS. Use- 
can, Sw. bleka, D. bleeken, G. bleichen, to bleach; 
AS. Mac, pale.] — Bleach'er, n.— Bleach'ery, -er-T, 
n. A place for bleaching. — Bleaching, n. Act or 
art of whitening, esp. of whitening fabrics by chem- [ 
ical agents, etc. 

Bleak, blek, a. Orig., without color; pale; hence, des- 
olate and exposed ; cold ; cheerless. — n. The blay, 
a small, white, river fish. [AS. blsec, Mac, shining; 
OS. and Sw. blek, Dan. bleg.bleek, pale.] — Bleak'ly, 
adv. Desolately.— Bleak'ness, n. 

Blear, Wer, a. Dim, or sore with rheum, — applied to 
the eyes; causing dimness of sight, — v. t. [bleared 
tblerd), blearing.] To affect with soreness of 
eyes, or a watery humor; to make dim. [Dan. blire, 
plire, Sw. plira, blura, to blink.] — Blear'eye, -i, 
-eyedness, -Id-nes, n. (Med.) Chronic inflammation 
of the margins of the eyelids, with gummy secretion 
of the sebaceous humor. — Blear'eyed, a. 

Bleat, blet, v. i. To cry as a sheep. — w. The noise of, 
etc. [AS. blsetan, D. blaten, L. balare, to bleat.] 

Bleed, bled, v. i. [bled (bifid), bleeding.] To lose 
blood; to die by slaughter; to drop, as blood, from 
an incision; to lose sap, gum, or juice: to pay or 
lose money. — v. t. To take blood from by opening 
a vein; to draw monev from. [AS. bledan, fr. blod, 
blood.] — The heart bleeds, a phrase denoting great 



sympathy or pity, 
blood; hemorrhage 



Bleeding, n. A running of 

Blemish, blemish,!;, t. [blemished (-isht), -ishing.] 
To mark with deformity; to mar, or make defec- 
tive; to tarnish; defame, — n. A mark of deform- 
ity; spot; flaw; taint; imputation. [OF. blesmii; ble- 
mir, to wound, stain, fr. Ic. blaman, blue, livid.] 

Blench, blench, v, i. [blenched (blencht), blench- 
ing.] To shrink; to start back, from laek of cour- 
age or resolution; to flinch. — v. t. To baffle, dis- 
concert, break. [AS. blencan, to deceive.] 

Blend, blend, v. t. [blended or blent, blending.] 
To mix together, — v.i. To be mixed; to be united. 
[AS. blanaan, Ic. and Sw. blanda, Dan. blande.] — 
Blend'er, n. 

Blende, blend, n. An ore of zinc, consisting of zinc 
and sulphur. [G., fr. blenden, to dazzle.] — Blend'- 
ous, -us, o. Pert, to, or containing, etc. 

Blenny, blen'nf, n. A fish of different species, hav- 
ing the skin covered with shining mucus. [Gr. bleu- 
nos, f r. blenna, slime.] 

Bless, bles, v. t. [blessed (blest) or blest, blessing.] 
To make happy; to invoke a blessing upon. ( Bib.) To 
praise, or glorify, for benefits. [AS. bledsian, bloed- 
sian, fr. blod, blood, in allusion to the consecration 
of the altar by sacrifice.] — Bless'ed, a. Enjoying 
happiness or bliss; favored with blessings; impart- 
ing happiness; hallowed by associations; heavenly. 
— BlesB'edness, n. State of being blessed ; beati- 
tude; felicity: heavenly joys. — Bless' er, n. — Bless'- 
ing, n. A means of happiness ; that which pro- 
motes welfare; a benediction.— Bleat, a. Made or 
making happy; cheering. 

Blet, blet, n. A decayed spot on fruit. [F. blette.]-^ 
Blet'ting, n. Spotted appearance of over-ripe fruit. 

Blew. See Blow. 

Blight, blit, n. Mildew; decay; what frustrates plans 
or withers hopes ; a species of plant-louse, destruc- 
tive to fruit trees. — v. t. To affect with blight ; to 
blast, frustrate. [Perh. fr. AS. blicettan, fr. blican, 
to shine, glitter ; MHG. blichen, to grow pale.] 

Blind, blind, a. Destitute of the sense of seeing; un- 
able to discern, understand, or judge; morally de- 
praved ; indiscernible; hidden; unseen. — v.t. To 
deprive of sight or discernment; to obscure; to de- 
ceive.— n. Something to hinder sight or keep out 
light; a screen; something to mislead" the eye or un- 
derstanding. [AS., D., Sw., Dan., and G. blind; 
AS. blanden, to blend, make confused, blind.] — 
Blind'er, n. One who blinds; a piece of leather 
partially covering the eye of a horse.— Blindfold, 
a. Having the eyes covered ; undiscerning. — v. t. 
To cover the eyes of ; to hinder from seeing. — 
Blindly, adv. — Blind'-man's-bufF , n. A play in 
which a blind-folded person hunts others. — Blind'- 
ness, n. — Blind'-side, n. Side on which one is most 
easily assailed; foible. —Blind '-worm, -werm, n. A 
small reptile, like a snake, whose eyes are nearly 
imperceptible; the slow- worm. 

Blink, blink, v. i. To wink; to see with eyes half shut; 
to glimmer. — v. i. To shut out of sight, avoid or 
evade, conceal. — w. A glimpse or glance. (Naut.) 
Dazzling whiteness about the horizon reflected from 
fields of ice at sea. [D. blinken, to shine, Dan. blinke, 
Sw. blinka, AS. blican, to twinkle.] — Blink 'ard, n. 
One who blinks; that which twinkles, as a star. — 
Blink'er, n. One who blinks ; a blind for horses; 
whatever obstructs sight or discernment. 

Bliss, blis, n. The highest degree of happiness; felici- 
ty? .i°y- [-^S. blis, bliss, contr. fr. blids, blidhs, bliss, 
fr. blidhe, happy.] — Bliss'ful, a. Full of, etc. — 
Bliss'fully, adv. — Bliss 'fulness, n. — Blithe, blithe, 
a. Gay ; sprightly. — Blithely, adv. — Blithe'ness, 
n. — BUthe'some, a. Blithe. — Blithe 'someness, n. 

Blister, blis'ter, n. A thin watery bladder on the 
skin; a tumor made by a separation of the film or 
skin, as on plants, or by swelling of the substance 
at the surface, as on steel; a vesicatory; a plaster 
applied to raise a blister, — v. t. [blistered (-terd), 
-tering.] To raise blisters upon; to give pain to, 
as if by a blister. — v. i. To rise in blisters. [OD. 
blwjster, blister ; Sw. blaster, bellows, fr. blasa, to 
blow.] — Blis'tery, -ter-T, a. Full of blisters. 
Blithe, etc. See under Bliss. 
Blizzard, bliz'zerd, n. A sudden, violent snowstorm, 

with high wind and extreme cold. 
Bloat, blet, v. t. To cause to swell or become turgid; 
to puff up, make vain; to smoke, as a herring. — t'. 
i. To grow turgid, as by affusion of liquid in the 
cellular membrane ; to puff out ; to swell. [Ic. 
blotna, to become soft; Sw. blot, soft, pulpy.} — 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; tntf v eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



BLOBBER-LIP 



53 



BLUBBER 




Block-house, 
to confine. — Block- 



Bloat 'er, n. A small fish, usually a herring, par- 
tially dried or smoked. 

Blobber-lip, blob'ber-lip, n. A thick lip. [Akin to 
bloat and blubber.] 

Block, tkok, 72. A solid mass of wood, stone, etc.; the 
mass of wood on which criminals are beheaded: the 
mold on which hats, bonnets, etc., are shaped ; a 
mass or row of buildings; a system of pul- 
leys arranged in a frame; any obstruction; 
a section of a railroad, having a telegraph- 
ic signal at its end, so that no tram can 
enter it until it is reported clear of preced- 
ing trains, —v. t. [blocked (blokt), block- 
ing.] To hinder egress or passage from 
or into; to stop, obstruct; to secure or sup- 
port by means of bloeks. [W., Ga., and Riork 
Ir. ploc, D. and Dan. blok, Sw. block.]- To ' 

block out. To begin to reduce to shape. — Block'- 
ish, a. Like a block; stupid: dull. — Block'ishly, 
adv. — Block'ishness, n. — Block'head, n. A stupid 

fellow ; a dolt. house, n. 

(Mil.) A structure of heavy 
timber or logs for defense, 
loop-holed for musketry. — 
-tin, n. Tin in blocks_or in- 
gots. — Blockade. Wok-ad', n. 
The shutting up of a place 
by troops or ships, to compel 
a surrender from want, with- 
out regular attacks. — v. t. To 
shut up by troops or ships, etc 
ad'er. n. 

Blomary. See under Bloom. 

Blonde, blond, n. One having^ fair complexion and 
light hair and eyes. — a. Of a fair color or com- 
plexion ; fair. [F. blond, blonde.] — Blonde-lace, n. 
A fine kind of silk lace. — met'al, n. An English 
variety of clay iron-stone, used for making tools. 

Blood, blud, n. The fluid in the arteries and veins; rela- 
tion by natural descent ; kindred ; lineage, — esp. 
honorable birth ; the shedding of blood ; murder; 
temper of mind; disposition; excited feeling; pas- 
sion: a man of fire or spirit; juice of anything, 
esp. if red. (Stock breeding.) Descent from parents 
of recognized breed, —in horses, descent from Arab 
stock. — v. t. To let blood from; to bleed; to stain 
with blood; to inure to blood, as a hound. [AS. and 
Sw. blod, D. bloed, Ic. blodh, Goth. Moth ; fr. AS. 
bloiuan, to bloom, flourish.] — Bleod'ed, a. Having 
pure, or nearly pure blood; of the best stock.— 
Blood'y, -1, a. Stained with, or containing, blood; 
attended with bloodshed; murderous. —v. t. To 
stain with blood. — Blood'ily, -T-lT, adv. — Bloodi- 
ness, n. State of being, etc.: bloodthirstiness. — 
Blood'less, a. Without blood; dead: without shed- 
ding blood; without spirit.— Blood'lessly, adv.— 
Blood'bought, a. Procured at the cost of blood- 
shed. — guilt' y, a. Guilty of murder. guilt'i- 

ness, n. — heat, n. Heat equal to the temperature 
of blood,— about 98° Fahr. — horse, n. A horse of 
Arab stock. — hot, a. As warm as blood. — hound, 
n. A ferocious variety of dog, of acute smell, em- 
ployed to track men or animals. — let'ter, n. One 
who lets blood, as in diseases ; a phlebotomist. — 
-let'ting, n. (Med.) Act of letting blood by opening 
a vein; venesection. — money, -mun'Y, n. Money 
paid to the next oi kin to one killed by another, or 
to one instrumental in causing another's death. — 
-rela'tion, n. One connected by blood or descent. — 
-root, n. A plant, named from the color of its root; 

bloodwort. shed, n. The shedding of blood ; 

slaughter: waste of life. — shed'der, n. — shed'ding, 
n. The crime of, etc.— -shot, -shot'ten, a. Red 
and inflamed by a turgid state of the blood-vessels, 

as in diseases of the eye. spaVin. n. (Far.) A 

dilatation of the vein inside the hock of a horse, 
forming a soft swelling. — stone, n. (Mm.) A green 
silicious stone sprinkled with red jasper; hematite, 

a brown ore of iron. suck'er, n. An animal that 

sucks blood; esp. the leech. — thirst'y, a. Desir- I 
ous to shed blood, murderous. — thirst'iness, n. — I 
-ves'sel, n. A vessel in which blood circulates; an ; 

artery or a vein. warm, a. Warm as blood; luke- 1 

warm. — wood. n. Logwood,— so called from its 

color. — Blood'y flux. Dysentery. mind ad. a. 

Having a cruel, ferocious disposition. sweat. 

-swet, n. The sweating sickness, in which a dis- ; 
charge of_ blood accompanies a profuse perspiration, j 

Bloom, bloom, n. A mass of crude iron from the 
puddling furnace, undergoing the first hammering. | 
[AS. bloma, mass, lump.] — Blom'ary, -ery, bloom'- 1 



Sr-i, n. The first forge through which iron passes 
after it is melted from the ore. — Bloom'ing, n. 
Process of making blooms, or of converting cast into 
malleable iron. 
Bloom, bloom, n. A blossom ; the flower of a plant; 
the opening of flowers ; an opening to higher per- 
fection, like that of buds into blossoms ; powdery 
coating upon newly-gathered fruits. — v. i. [bloomeu 
(bloomd), blooming.] To produce blossoms; to 
flower; to be in a state of growing youth and vigor; 
to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers. [Ic. 
blom. Sw. blo/nma, Dan. blomme, D. bloem, L..flos.] 

— Bloom'ing, a. Flowering ; thriving in health, 
beauty, and vigor. — n. A clouded appearance of 
varnish upon the surface of a picture. — Bloom'y, 
-T, a. Full of bloom; flourishing. 

Bloomer, bloom'er, n. A man-like costume for 
women; a woman who wears it. [Fr. Mrs. Bloomer, 
who devised it.] 

Blossom, blos'sum, n. The flower of a plant, or the 
organs of reproduction, with their appendages. — 
v. 1. [blossomed (-sumd), -somixg.] To put forth 
blossoms; to bloom; to flourish and prosper. [AS. 
blostma, D. bloesem, fr. AS. blowan, to bloom.] 

Blot, blot. v. t. To spot or bespatter; to stain with in- 
famy, disgrace, disfigure ; to obliterate, expunge, 
efface, destroy. — n. A spot or stain; blur; an ob- 
literation; a spot in reputation; disgrace; blemish. 
[Ic. blettr, Dan. plet, a spot, stain, G. platsch, platze, 
a splash.]— Blofter, n. One who, or that which, 
blots. (Com.) A book for registering current mer- 
cantile transactions. — Blot'ting pa'per. Unsized 
paper, to imbibe Avet ink. 

Blot, n. In the game of backgammon, a man left un- 
covered and liable to be taken up. [Dan. blot, Sw. 
blott, D. bloot, naked.] 

Blotch, bloch, v. t. [blotched (blocht), blotching.] 
To blacken; to spot. — n. A spot on the skin; a pus- 
tule or eruption. [AS. blsece, fr. Msec, black.] — 
Blotch'y. a. Full of, etc. 

Blouse, Blowse, blowz, n. A loose over-garment; 
smock-frock. [F. blouse, cf . Pers. baljad, a cloth or 
garment.] 

Blow, bio, ». A blossom; a flower; a bed of flowers. 

— v. i. To flower or bloom ; to produce, cause to 
blossom. [AS. blowan. See Bloom and Blossom.] 

Blow, bio, n. Act of striking ; stroke ; a sudden or 
severe calamity. [OD. blauiven, to strike, D. blouwen, 
to dress flax, G. blduen, to beat with a beetle.] — At 
a blow. Suddenly, at one effort. — To come to bloivs. 
To fight. 

Blow, bio, v. i. [imp. blew ; p.p. blown; blowing.] 
To produce a current of air with the mouth; to 
move, as air; to breathe hard or quick: pant: puff; 
to sound on being blown into ; to brag. — v. t. To 
drive a current 01 air upon, or drive t>y a current 
of air; to sound, as a wind instrument; to spread 
by report : publish; to deposit, as eggs by flies: to 
form by inflation; to swell by injecting air ; to put 
out of breath. — n. An egg deposited by a fly in 
flesh; the act of depositing it. (Xaul.) A violent 
wind ; a gale. [AS. blawan, G. bldhen, L. flare, to 
blow, puff up.] — Blowy, blo'T, a. Windy. — A 
blow or blow-out. A drunken frolic, spree. — To 
blow out. To remove salt from a boiler by steam at 
a high pressure. — To b. over. To pass away with- 
out effect.— To b. up. To be broken and scattered 
by the explosion of gunpowder. — To b. hot and 
cold. To favor a thing at one time and slight it at 
another. — To b. off. To suffer to escape. — To b. 
up. To fill with air, puff up, kindle, burst or 
scatter by explosion, abuse or scold violently. — To 
b- upon. To bring into discredit. — Blow'er, n. 
One who blows; a smelter. (Mech.) A contriv- 
ance for driving a current of air into something; a 
steam-jet to partially exhaust a chimney and cre- 
ate a blast-draught. A screen of metal to increase 
the draught through a fire or in a flue. — Blow'- 
hole, n. One of the nostrils by which a whale re- 
spires and ejects water ; a hole in ice at which 
whales, fish, etc., breathe. — pipe, n. A tube for 
driving a current of air through a tiame and concen- 
trating the heat on an object. — off-pipe, n. A pipe 
at the bottom of a boiler, for discharging sediment. 

Blowse. See Blouse. 

Blowze, blowz, n. A ruddy, fat-faced woman. [D. 
blozen, to blush, Dan. blusse, to blaze, burn in the 
face, Sw. blossa, to blaze ; s. rt. blush.] — Blowzed, 
blowzd, BloWzy, a. Coarse, fat, and ruddy-faced. 

Blubber, blub'ber, n. The fat of whales, etc., yield- 
ing oil. — i--. z. [blubbered (-bSrd), -Bering.] To 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



BLUDGEON 



54 



BODY 



weep noisily, or so as to disfigure the face. — v. t. 
To swell the face with weeping. [S. rt. bladder and 
blow ; perh. an imitation of the bubbling sound of 
shaken air and water.] 

Bludgeon, bluj'un, n. A short cudgel with one end 
loaded. [Ir. blocan, little block, Ga. blocan, mallet, 
beetle.] 

Blue, blu, ». The color of the clear sky; one of the 
primary colors, ipl-) Low spirits; melancholy; 
blue-devils. — a. Of the color called blue ; low in 
spirits; over-strict in morals. — v. t. [blued (blud), 
bluing.] To make blue; to dye of a blue color; to 
temper (iron) until it is blue. [Ic. blar, Sw. bla, 
Dan. blaa, G. blau, F. bleu.]— Blue'ly, adv. With a 
blue color. — Blue'ness, n. — Blu'ish, a. Somewhat 
blue— Blu'ing, n. Act of rendering blue; something 
te give a blue tint, as indigo. — Blue'bell, n. A 
plant bearing blue bell-shaped flowers. — berry, n. 
A kind of whortleberry. — bird, n. A small Amer- 
ican bird, resembling the English robin. — book, n. 
A parliamentary publication, so called from its blue 
paper covers. [Eng.] A list of persons in govern- 
ment employ. [Amer.] — bot'tle, n. A plant which 
grows among corn, and has blue bottle-shaped flow- 
ers; a fly, with a large blue belly. — breast, n. A small 
European bird. — -devils.-dev'lz, n.pl. Lowness of 

spirits ; hypochondria. fish, n. An edible salt 

water game fish; a name sometimes applied to the 
dolphin. — grass, n. A valuable pasture-grass, in- 
digenous to the limestone region of Kentucky.— 
-gum tree, n. The Eucalyptus globulus, of Austra- 
lia, yielding a resin resembling kino. — light, -lit, n. 
A composition burning with a blue flame, used as a 
firework or a night signal at sea. — mass, n. {Med.) 
A preparation of mercury and conserve of roses, 
from which blue pills are made. — pe'ter, n. (Brit- 
ish Marine). A blue flag with a white square in the 
center, used as a signal for sailing. — pill, n. (Med.) 
A pill of prepared mercury, used as an aperient, etc. 
— stocking, n. A literary lady; a female pedant. — 
-stone, -vit'riol, n. (Chem.) Sulphate of copper, 
used as a caustic. 

Bluff, bluf. a. Rude or coarse ; blustering ; roughly 
frank; outspoken; steep; bold.— n. A bank pre- 
senting a precipitous front; a game of cards. — v. t. 
To frighten or deter ; to repel by gruffness. [OD. 
bla/, flat, broad, also, a boaster; D. blaffer, a boaster, 
noisy fellow, fr. blaffen, to bark, yelp.J — Bluff 'ness, 
n. — Bluffly, a. Having bluffs. 

Blunder, blun'dSr, v. i. [blundered (-derd), -der- 
ing.] To mistake grossly; to err through want of 
care. — v. t. To confuse, mix together. — n. A gross 
mistake; error; bull. [Sw. blunda, to shut the eyes, 
Sw. and Dan. blund, a doze, nap.] — Blun'derer, n. — 
Blun'derhead, -hed, n. A stupid fellow. 

Blunderbuss, blun'der-bus, n. A short gun, with large 
bore for a number of balls, not requiring exact aim; 
a stupid, blundering fellow. [Corrupt, fr. D. don- 
derhus, thunder-gui.\] 

Blunger, blun'jer, w. A wooden blade with a cross 
handle, to mix clay in potteries. [Same as plunger.] 
— Blun'ging, n. Process of mixing clay; plunging. 

Blunt, blunt, a. Having a thick edge or point; dull; 
dull in understanding; abrupt in address; uncere- 
monious. — v. t. To dull the edge or point of; to 
repress or weaken, as appetite, desire, etc. [S. rt. 
blind and blunder.] — Bluntly, adv. — Blunt'ness, n. 

Blur, blSr, «. That which obscures without effacing; 
a stain; blot; a dim, confused appearance, —v. t. 
[blurred (blSrd), blurring.] To obscure without 
quite effacing; to cause imperfect vision in; to dim; 
to blemish, disgrace, sully. [Dan. plire, blire, Sw. 
plire, Sw. prov. bhtra, to blink; s. rt. blear.] 

Blurt, blSrt, v. t. To utter suddenly or unadvisedly; 
to divulge inconsiderately. [S. rt. blare, blast.] 

Blush, blush, v. i. [blushed (blusht), blushing.] To 
have a rosy color; to redden in the face, as from 
shame, confusion, or modesty. — n. A rosy tint; a 
red color suffusing the face; sudden appearance ; 
glance; view. [AS. blyscan, to glow. See Blowze.] 

Bluster, blus'ter, v. i. [blustered (-terd), -tering.] 
To blow fitfully with violence and noise; to talk 
noisily; swagger, — n. Noise and violence; threat- 
ening talk ; boisterousness ; turbulence; boasting; 
bullying. [Ic. blastr, a blast, Sw. blast, tempestu- 
ous weather. See Blast.] — Blus'terer, w. A swag- 
gerer; a bully. — Blus'teringly, adv. 

Boa, bo'a, n. A genus of serpents; a round fur tip- 
pet, shaped like a boa-constrictor. [L., perh. fr. I 
bos, bulC referring to its size.] — Bo'a-constric'tor, 
-kon-strik'tSr, n. A large serpent of tropical Amer- | 




Boa-constrictor. 



ica, which crushes its prey in its coils. 
gere, constrictum, to draw 
together.] 

Boar, bor, n. The male of 
swine not castrated; the 
wild hog. [AS. bar.] — 
Bearish, a. Swinish; 
brutal. 

Board, bord, n. A piece of , 
timber sawed thin ; a table | 
to put food upon; food; 
entertainment, — usually 
as furnished for pay; a 
council, or any authorized 
assembly or meeting. 
(Naut.) The deck of a ves- 
sel ; interior of a vessel ; side of a ship ; line over 
which a ship runs between tack and tack. A table 
for a game; paper made thick and stiff like a board. 
(pi.) The stage in a theater. — v. t. To lay, spread, 
or cover with Doards; to go on board of, or enter; to 
furnish with food lor compensation; to place at 
board, for compensation. — v. i. To obtain food 
statedly for compensation. [AS. and Ic. bord, board, 
side of a ship, D. bord, board, shelf.] — Board and 
board. (Naut.) Side by side. — By the b. Over 
the side.— To go by the b. To .suffer complete de- 
struction. — Board'er, n. One who takes and pays 
for meals at another's table. (Naut.) One who 
boards a ship. — Board'ing. n. A casing made of 
boards. — Board'ing-house, n. A house for board- 
ers. ■— -school, -skool, n. A school where pupilshave 
board and lodging. — Board'wa ges, n. pi. An al- 
lowance to servants to purchase their own food. 

Boast, b6st, v. i. To vaunt one's self; to brag. — v. t. 
To speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation ; to mag- 
nify or exalt one's self. — ». Expression of ostenta- 
tion, etc.; the cause of boasting. [W. bost. Ir. and 
Ga. bosd, a boast.] — Boast'er, n.— Boast 'Ml, -ful, 
a. Given to boasting.— Boast 'fully, -ingly, adv.'— 
Boast 'fulness, n. 

Boat, bot, n. A small open vessel; any vessel. — v.t. 
To transport in a boat. — v. i. To go in a boat. 
[AS. and Sw. bat, Ic. batr, D. boot, W. bad, Ga. 
bata.] — Boat'able, a. Navigable for small craft. — 
Boat '-bill, n. A wading-bird of South America, hav- 
ing a bill like a boat keel uppermost. — hook, -h6t>k, 
n. (Naut.) A hook on a pole, to pull or push a 
boat. — man, n. One who manages a boat. — swain, 
bo'sn, n. An officer who has charge of a ship's boats, 
sails, rigging, etc. [AS. swan, Ic. sveinn. a boy.] 

Bob, bob, n. Anything that plays loosely, or with 
jerks; bait used in angling; the ball of a pendulum 
or plumb-line. — v. t. [bobbed (bobd), bobbing.} 
To move in a short, jerking manner; to strike with 
a quick, light blow ; to gain by fraud, delude ; to 
have the haircut short. — v. i. To have a jerking 
motion ; to angle with a bob, or with jerks of the 
bait. [Perh. onomatop. ; perh. fr. Ga. bog, to bob, 
fr. 6oc, a blow, deceit; Ir. bagaim, I wag.]— Bob'- 
stays, -staz, n. pL {Naut.) Ropes or chains to con- 
fine a ship's bowsprit downward to the stem or cut- 
water. — tail, n. A short tail, or a tail cut short; 
the rabble, used in contempt, —as in the phrase rag- 
tag and bob-tail. wig, n. A short wig. 

Bobbin, bob'bin, n. A kind of spool on which thread 
is wound; round tape. [F. bobine, bobbin, Ir. and 
Ga. baban, a tassel.] — Bobbinet, bob-bin-et' or bob'- 
bin-et, n. A kind of lace wrought by machines. 

Boblincoln. bob-lin'kun, Bob'olink, n. The rioe-bird, 
rice-bunting, reed-bird; an American singing-bird. 

Bob-white, bob' whit', n. The American partridge or 
quail, — named from its note. 

Bock-beer, bok'ber, n. A strong kind of lager beer. 
[G. bock bier, fr. bock, a goat.] 

Booking, bok'ing, n. A kind of baize or drugget [Fr. 
Bockmg, Eng.] 

Bode, bod, v. t. To indicate by signs; to portend, 
foreshow. — v. i. To foreshow, presage. [AS. 60- 
dian, to announce, fr. bod, message; s. rt. bid.] 

Bodice, Boddice, bod'is, n. Stays; a corset. [Prop, 
the pi. of body.] 

Bodkin, bod'kin, n. A dagger; a pointed instrument 
for making holes, etc., or for drawing tape through 
loops. [W. bidogt/n, dim. of bidog, short sword.] 

Body, bod'I, n. The material substance of an animal; 
the principal part, in distinction from parts less im- 
portant; a person; a collective mass of individuals; 
a corporation ; a number of particulars taken to- 
gether; a system; any mass or portion of matter. 
(Paint.) Consistency; thickness. — v. t. [bodied 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, t5ne. or ; 



BCEOTIAN 



55 



BONE 



(bod'id), bodying.] To produce in definite shape; 
to embody. [AS. bodig, Skr. bandha.] — Bod'ied, -id, 
a. Having a body, — usually in composition. — Bodi- 
less, a. Having no material form; incorporeal 



real 



naru, anu useu iu uiiuuiieiiis. 

Bogey, Bogy, bo'gt. Bogle, bo'gl, Boggle, 
A hobgoblin; bugbear; specter; a nurse 
— Bo'gie, Bo'gy, n. A small hand-car or 



'ily, a. Having or containing a body; corpo- 

; pert, to the body. — adv. Corporeally; entirely; 

completely. — Bod'y-clothes, -klothz, n. pi. Clothing 

for the body. color, -kul'er, n. (Paint.) Color 

that has body, or consistence, in distinction fr. a 
tint or yash. —-guard, -gard, re. A guard to protect 
the person; life-guard.— pol'itic, n. A state in its 

political capacity. snatcher, -snach'gr, n. One 

who robs graves of bodies. 

Boeotian, be-o'shan, a. Pert, to Bceotia ; to its bad 
climate; or to its dull and stupid inhabitants. 

Boer, boor, n. A Dutch colonist of South Africa. [D., 
a farmer. See Book.] 

Bog, «. A quagmire ; marsh ; morass. — v. t. To 
whelm or plunge, as in mud and mire. [Lr. bog- 
ach, Ga. bogan, fr. Ir. and Ga. bog, soft, moist.] — 
Bog'gT, a. Containing bogs; swampy. — Bog'-ore, 
re. (Min.) Cellular limonite; an ore of iron formed 
in marshes. — spav'in, n. (Far.) An encysted tu- 
mor on the inside of the hough. — trot'ter, n. One 
who lives among bogs, — applied to Irish robbers. — 
-wood, re. Wood found buried in peat bogs, dark and 
hard, and used in ornaments. 

. bog'gl, re. 
rsery demon. 
gie, Bo'gy, n. A small hand-car on railroads; 
a four-wheeled truck undeT a locomotive; an iron 
box to receive slag from a puddling furnace. — Bog'- 
gle, v. i. [boggled (-gld), bogoli no.] To hesitate 
as if frightened: to waver, vacillate, shrink. [Scot. 
bogle, W. bwg; specter, goblin.] — Bog'gler, n. 

Bogus, bo'gus, a. Spurious; counterfeit. [Corrupt. 
of Borohese, the name of a swindler.] 

Bohea, bo-he', re. An inferior kind of black or green 
tea; black tea in general. [Fr. Wu-i. pron. by the | 
Chinese bu-i, the name of hills where this tea grows.] ; 

Bohemian, bo-he'mY-an, a. Pert, to Bohemia or its i 
inhabitants, to gypsies, or to hack-writers for the | 
press. — re. A native of Bohemia; a gypsy; a needy 
writer, politician, artist, etc.. who lives Dy his wits. 

Boil, boil. v. i. [boiled (boild), boiling.] To be agi- 
tated by the action of heat ; to bubble, effervesce; 
to be hot or fervid; to be excited; to suffer boiling 
in liquid. — v. t. To cause to bubble by heat ; to 
form Dy boiling; to subject to the action of heat in 
a boiling liquid. [OF. boillir, fr. L-. bullire, to boil, 
fr. bidla, a bubble.] — To boil away. To evaporate 
by boiling. — Boiling point. The temperature at 
which a fluid is converted into vapor, —for water 
at sea-level, 212" Fah. — Boil'er, n. One who boils; 
a vessel in which anything is boiled. (Mech.) A 
metallic vessel in which steam is generated. — Boil'- 
ery, n. A place and apparatus for boiling. — Boil''- 
ing, n. Act or state of agitation by heat; ebullition; 
act of subjecting to the action of neat. 

Boil, boil, re. A small inflamed tumor, which com- 
monly suppurates, — formerly written bile. [AS. 
byl, byle, D. bide, buil.] 

Boisterous, bois'ter-us, a. Tumultuous; turbulent; 
noisy; roaring. [W. bwystus, brutal, fr. bwyst, feroci- 
ty.]— Bois'terously, adv. — Bois'terousness, n. 

Bold, bold, a. Forward to meet danger ; exhibiting 
or requiring spirit and daring; audacious; forward; 
impudent; taking liberties in expression; markedly 
•onspicuous; steep or abrupt. [AS. beald, bald.] — 
To make bold. To take liberties; to use freedom. — 
Boldly, adv. — Bold'ness, n. 

Bole, bSl, n. The body or stem of a tree. [Sw. bal, 
Dan. bul.] — A kind of fine, compact, or earthy clay. 
[Gr. bolos, a clod.] 

Bolero, bo-la'ro, n. A Spanish dance. [Sp., fr. bola, 
ballj 

Boll, bol, n. The pod or capsule of a plant ; a peri- 
carp; a Scotch measure, containing 2, 4, or 6 bush- 
els. — v. i. To form into a seed-vessel. [Dan. bulne, 
Sw. bidna, to swell; s. rt. bulge.] 

Bologna sausage, bo-lon'ya-saw-saj. A sausage of 
various meats and pork suet. [Bologna, in Italy.] 

Bolster, bSl'stgr, n. A long pillow or cushion; a pad; 
compress. — v. t. [bolstered (-stgrd), -steeing.] 
To support with a bolster ; to hold up ; maintain. 
[AS., fr. bolla, a round thing, ball.] 

Bolt, bolt, n. An arrow; dart ; a strong pin, to hold 
something in place ; a thunder-bolt ; shackle ; 28 
ells of canvas. — v. t. To fasten with a bolt, re- 
strain; to blurt out; to swallow without chewing. 
— v. »'. To start forth like a bolt, move abruptly, 




spring suddenly aside; to desert, as a party or or- 
ganization. — adv. With sudden meeting or collis- 
ion ; perpendicularly. [AS., OD. bolt, G. 
bolzen, a bolt, kind of arrow.] — Bolt'er, 
n. — Bolt'-head, n. (Chem.) A long glass 
vessel for distillations, a matrass or re- 
ceiver. — rope, ii. (Naut.) A rope sewed 
to edges of sails to strengthen them. 

Bolt, bolt, v. t. To sift ; to separate, as- 
sort, or jjurify; to examine closely. [OF. 
butter, F. bluter, to sift, fr. LL. burra, 
coarse cloth.] 

Bolt'sprit. See Bowsprit under Bow. 

Bolus, bo'lus, re. (Med.) A rounded mass ; 
a large pill. [1,., bit, morsel.] 

Bomb, bum, n. (Mil.) A hollow iron ball B °" f nd 
tilled with explosives to be discharged Wilts, 
from a mortar. [F. bombe, a bomb, fr. L. A, bolt; 
bombas, Gr. boniboa, a booming sound.] — B, head; 
Bombard, bum-bard', v. t. To attack with C, nut; 
bombs. — Bombardier', -der', n. (Mil.) D, check- 
One who throws bombs; an artilleryman. nut. 

— Eombard'ment, n. An attack with 

bombs. — Bomb'ketch, -ves'sel,n.(2vau<.) A strong 
vessel carrying mortars lor bombarding, —-proof, 

a. Secure against penetration by bombs. shell, 

n. A bomb. 
Bombast, bum'bast, n. Orig., cotton or soft material 
used as padding ; hence, an inflated style ; fustian, 

— a. High-sounding ; inflated ; turgid. [LL,. boin- 
bux, L. bombyx, Gr. bombux, cotton.] — Bombast 'ic ? 
a. Characterized by, etc. — Bombastically, adv. 

Bombazet, -zette, buni'ba-zet', Bom'bazine', -sine, 
-sin, -zen', n. A twilled fabric, with silk warp and 
worsted weft. [F. bombasin, fr. LL. bombacynus, 
made of bombax. See Bombast.] 

Bombic, bom'bik, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, the 
silk-worm. [L. bombyx, silk-worm.] — Bombycinoos, 
-bis'I-nus, a. Of the color of the silk-worm: trans- 
parent with a yellow tint. 

Bona fides, bo'na fi'dez. Good faith ; sincerity. — 
Bona fide, -fi'de. In good faith ; really. [L.] 

Bonanza, bo-nan'za, n. A sudden widening in a 
vein of silver; a successful venture, — esp. in gold 
or silver mining. [Sp., fair weather, prosperity.] 

Bonbon, boN'boN, n. Sugar confectionery ; a sugar- 
plum. [F., fr. bon, good.] 

Bond, bond, n. That which binds, fastens, or con- 
•"■ a binding force or 1 — [■ i i i i i i — 



rzc 



3=E 



English Bond. 



influence. ?Law.) A 
writing by which one 
binds himself, his heirs, 
executors, etc., to pay a 
sum. (Arch.) Union or 
tie of stones or bricks in a " 
wall. — a. In a state of 
servitude or captivity. — 
v. t. To secure payment 
of, by giving a bond. [An- 
other form of band, fr. Flemish Bond. 
AS. bindan, to bind.] — Bond'age, n. State of being 
under restraint; obligation. (Old Eng. Law.) Vil- 
lenage. — Bonded goods. Goods left in charge of cus- 
toms officers, — bonds being given for the payment 
of duties upon them.— -ware'house, n. A place 
where bonded goods are stored. — Bond'maid, n. A 
female slave. — man, n. A man slave. (Old Eng. 
Law.) A villain, or tenant in villenage. — serv'ant, 
n. A slave. — service, n. Slavery. — slave, n. One 
in slavery. — stone, n. (Masonry!) A stone running 
through the thickness of a wall to bind it together. 
— tim'ber, n. A beam worked into a wall to tie or 
strengthen it longitudinally. —Bondsman, bondz'- 
man, n.; pi. -men. A bondman. (Law.) A surety; 
one who gives security for another. — wom'an, n. A 
woman slave. 
Bone, bon, n. (Anat.) A hard whitish substance, com- 
posing the skeleton; an integral portion of the skele- 
ton. — a. Made of bone. — v. t. [boned (bond), 
boning.] To take out bones from; to put whalebone 
into. [AS. ban, D. and Dan. been, Sw. ben.]— A 
bone of contention. Subject of dispute. — A b. to 
pick, or gnaw. Something to occupy or divert. — 
To pick a b. with. To quarrel with.— To make no 
bones. To make no scruple. — Body and Bones. 
Wholly ; unreservedly. — Boneless, a. Without 
bones. — Bon'y, -t, a. Consisting of, full of, or 
pert, to, bones; having large or prominent bones.— 
Bone'ash, n. The residue from calcined bones, — 
used for making cupels and cleaning jewelry. — 
-black, n. (Chem.) A carbonaceous substance from 



sua, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



BONESET 



56 



EOREOW 



bones calcined in close vessels. cave, n. A cave 

containing bones of extinct animals. dust. n. 

Ground or pulyerized bones, — used as a iertilizer. 
earth, n. (Chem.) Earthy residuum after cal- 

♦ cining bone, chiefly phosphate of lime. — softer, 
n. One who sets broken and dislocated bones. — 
-BpaVln, n. (Far.) A bony excrescence, on the in- 
side of the hock of a horse's leg. 

Boneeet, bon'set.n. A medicinal plant; thoroughwort. 

Bonfire, bon'fir, n. Afire to express public exultation, 
or for amusement. [E. bone-fire = a fire to burn the 
bones and relics of saints.] 

Bonhomie, bon'om-e, n. Good nature ; simplicity. [F. 



bon, good, and homme, man.] 
tonito, bo-ne'to, n. A fish of 
fr. Ar. baynis.] 



Borito, bo-ne'to, n. A fish of the tunny kind. [Sp., 



Bonmot, boN'mo, n. A witty repartee; a jest. [F. 
bon, good, and mot, word.] 

Bonne, ban, n. A child's nurse. [F., fem. of bon.] 

Bonnet, bon'net, n. A covering for the head. (Fort.) 
Part of a parapet elevated to screen the other part 
and its terre-pleine. (Kaut.) An addition to a sail. 
A plate or a dome-shaped casing; a frame of wire 
netting over a locomotive chimney. [F., fr. LL. 
bonneta, a kind of stuff.] — Bon'neted, a. Wearing 
a bonnet. (Fort.) Protected by, etc. 

Bonny, bon'nl, a. Handsome ; gay ; plump ; well- 
formed. [Corrup. fr. F. bon, bonne.]— Bon'nily, adv. 

Bonny-clabber, bon'nT-klab'ber, n. Sour buttermilk; 
the thick part of soured milk. [Ir. bainne, milk, and 
clabar, mud.] 

Bon ton, boN toN. The height of the fashion ; fash- 
ionable society. [F., good tone, manner.] 

Bonus, bo'nus, n. (Law.) A premium given for a loan, 
charter, etc. An extra dividend paid out of ac- 
cumulated profits; a sum paid to an agent, above a 
share in profits or stated compensation. [L., good.] 

Bon-vivant, boN've-v&N', n. A good fellow ; jovial 
companion. [F.; vivant, p. pr. of vivre, to live.] 

Bonze, bon'ze, n. A Buddhist priest, monk, or nun. 
[Pg. bonzo, fr. Japan, bozu, a Buddhist priest.] 

Booby, boo'bl, n. A stupid bird of the gannet fam- 
ily; a dunce. [Sp. and Pg. bobo, blockhead.] 

Boodle, boo'dl, n. Money given in payment for 
votes or political influence; bribe money.* ISlang.l 

Book, bdok, n. A collection of sheets of paper, etc., 
bound together; a literary composition, written or 
printed; a subdivision of a literary work. (Mer.) 
A volume in which accounts are kept. — v. t. 
[booked (bdokt), booking.] To enter, write, or 
register in a book. [AS. boc, D. boek, Ic. and Sw. 
bok; AS. boc, beech-tree, boards of which were writ- 
ten on.] — Bookish, a. Given to reading ; more 
acquainted with books than with men. — Book'- 
ishly, adv. — Book'ishness, n. — Without book. By 
memory or without notes ; without authority. — 

Book'bind'er, n. One who binds books. bind'- 

ery, n. A place for binding, etc. bind'ing, n. 

Art or practice of, etc. case, n. A case with 

shelves for holding books. (Bind.) A book-cover. 

cov'er, n. (Bind.) A case for a book ; a cover of 

cloth or other material prepared for casing a book.— 
-keep'er, n. One who keeps accounts. — keeping, 
n. Art of recording mercantile transactions and 

keeping accounts. learned, -lernd, a. Versed in 

books; ignorant of life. — learn'ing, n. Learning 
acquired by reading,— esp. as opp. to practical knowl- 
edge. — maker, n. One who writes and publishes 
books; a compiler; a sporting man who makes a rec- 
ord of bets. — mak'ing, n. The practice of, etc.; com- 
pilation ; systematized betting. — mark, n. Some- 
thing placed in a book by which to find a particular 
place. — plate, n. Alabel indicating ownership, place 
in a library, etc., usually on the inside of the cover of 

a book. post, n. The post-office arrangement by 

which books are mailed. selPer. n. One who 

sells books. — shelf, n. A shelf to hold books.— 
-shop, -stall, -store, n. A place for selling books. — 
-stand, n. A stand for selling books in the streets; 
book-stall; a support to hold books. — worm. n. A 
worm or mite that eats holes in books ; one exces- 
sively addicted to study. 

Boom, "boom, n. A spar tor extending the bottom of 
sails; a chain cable or connected line of spars, cross- 
ing a river or other water; a pole set up in shallow 
water, to mark out the channel; in business, a strong 
demand for a commodity; an earnest popular in- 
terest in behalf of some measure. — v. i. [boomed 
(boomd), booming.] To rush violently, as a ship 
under press of sail. [D., boom, pole; s. rt. beam.] 

Boom, boom, n. A hollow roar; the cry of the bittern. 



— v. i. To make a hollow sound, roar, or cry. [OD. 
bommen, to drum.] 

Boomerang, boom'er-ang, n. A missile weapon of 
the natives of Australia, which describes remark- 
able curves, and falls near the thrower. 

Boon, boon, n. Gift; benefaction; grant; prayer or 
petition. [Ic, Dan., and Sw. bon, AS. ben, peti- 
tion.]— o. Gay; jovial; kind; bountiful. [F.bo»i.] 

Boor, boor, n. A countryman ; peasant ; clown; a 
rude and illiterate person. [D. boer, peasant, fr. 
bouwen, to till.] — Boorish, a. Like a boor; clown- 
ish; illiterate. — Boorishly, adv. — Boor'ishness, n. 

Boose, Booze, Bouze, booz, v. i. To drink excessively; 
to guzzle. [OD. buisen, to drink deeply, fr. buizt, a 
large drinking cup.] — Boo'ser, n. — Boo'ay, -zy, -zT, 
a. Intoxicated; silly; fuddled. 

Boost, boost, v. t. To lift or push from behind. 

Boot, boot, v. t. To profit; to advantage, — n. Differ- 
ence given to equalize an exchange; profit. [AS. 
and Ic. bot, Goth, bota, advantage ; s. rt. better.] — 
Bootless, a. Unavailing ; unprofitable. — Boof- 
lessly,_ae/i>. — Boot'lessness, n. 

Boot, boot, n. A covering for the foot and leg; a rack 
for the leg, to torture criminals; a leather-covered 
receptacle on a coach; a cover for a carriage, against 
rain and mud; (pi.) a servant who blacks boots.— v. t. 
To put boots on. [OF. botte, a butt or barrel, a boot, 
G. butte, tub.] — Boot and saddle. The cavalry 
trumpet call before marching. — Bootee, boot-e', n. 
A half boot. — Boot'-crimp, n. A frame for shaping 
boots. — -jack, n. An instrument for drawing off 
boots. — -tree, -last, n. A block to stretch boots. 

Booth, booth, n. A temporary shelter; slight hut. [Ic. 
budh, Sw. and Dan. bod, Ga. buth, shop, hut; Ir. both, 
W. bwth, hut.] — Boothy, Bothy, botb/I, n. In Scot., 
a hut for farm servants. 

Booty, boot'!, n. Spoil taken in war, or by violence; 
plunder. [Ic. byti, exchange, barter ; Dan. bytte, 
Sw. byte, booty: Ic. byta, to divide, distribute.] 

Bopeep, bo-pep', n. A children's play. 

Borage, bur'rej, n. A garden plant, used as a cor- 
dial. [F. bourrache, fr. LL. borra, rough hair, the 
leaves being rough.] 

Borax, bo'raks, n. (Chem.) Biborate of soda; a salt 
formed by combination of boracic acid with soda. 
[F. and LL., fr. Ar. buraq, Pers. burah, borax.] — 
Boracic, -ras'ik, Bo'racous, -cus, a. Pert, to, or pro- 
duced fr., etc. — Bo'rate, n, A salt formed by com- 
bination of boracic acid with a base. — Bo'ron, h. 
An elementary substance, allied to carbon, the base 
of boracic acid. — Bo'ruref, -roor-ef, n. A combi- 
nation of boron with a simple body. 

Border, b6r'de"r, n. The outer part or edge of any- 
thing ; verge; brim; boundary. — v. i. [bordered 
(-dSrd), -dering.] To touch at the edge; to be ad- 
jacent; to come near to. — v. t. To make, or adorn 
with, a border; to touch at the edge. [F. bordure, LL. 
bordura, D. boord, margin, border.] — Bor'derer, n. 
One who dwells on a border. — Bor'der-land, n. 
Land on the frontiers; debatable land. 

Bore, bor, v. t. [bored (bord), boring.] To perfo- 
rate or penetrate; to form a round hole in; to weary 
by tedious iteration or dullness; to vex. — v. i. To 
pierce or enter by boring ; to be pierced or pene- 
trated by a turning instrument; to Carry the nose to 
the ground, — said of a horse. — n. The hole made 
by boring; cavity of a fire-arm ; caliber ; one who, 
or that which, wearies by repetition or dullness. 
[AS. borian, D. boren, Ic bora Dan. bore, h.forare, 
to bore.] — Bor'er, n. Ont who, or that which, etc. — 
Border, Bore'worm, n. The teredo, a sea-worm which 
pierces and destroys submerged wood; also a worm 
which penetrates trees. — Bore'dom, -dum, n. State 
of being bored; ennui: the domain of bores. 

Bore, bor, n. (Physical Geog.) A tidal flood at the 
mouths of some rivers: a high and rapid flow. [Ic. 
bara, billow, Sw. bar, hill.] 

Bore, Born. See Bear. 

Boreal, bo're-al, a. Northern; pert, to the north or 
north wind. [L. borealis, f r. Boreas, north wind.] 

Boron. See under Borax. 

Borough, bur'ro, n. An incorporated town ; in Eng., 
a town that sends members to parliament; in Scot., 
a body corporate, with certain jurisdiction. [AS. 
burh, burn, D. burg, Ic, Sw., and Dan. bora, fort, cas- 
tle, fr. AS. beorgan, to protect.] — Bor'ough-Eng'- 
lish. -in'glish, n. (Eng. Law.) A descent of es- 
tates to the youngest son, or to the youngest brother, 
if there are no sons. 

Borrow, bor'ro, v. t. [borrowed (-rod), -rowing.] To 
take on trust, with the intention of se paying; to 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; ?nd. eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r 



BORT 



57 



BOW 



take from another for one's own use; to appropriate. 
[AS. borgian, fr. borg, pledge, security, fr. beorgan, 
to protect.] — Borrower, n. 

Bort, bflrt, n. Fragments of diamonds used as pow- 
der for lapidary work. 

Boscage, bosk'ej, n. Wood ; underwood ; a thicket. 
(Paint.) A landscape representing thickets. [F., fr. 
It. bosco, G. bosch, busch, bush.] — Bosk, n. A 
thicket. — Bosk'y, a. Woody; bushy. 

Bosh, bosh, re. Mere show; empty talk; folly. [Turk., 
empty, vain; Scot, boss, hollow; G. bosse, trifle.] 

Bosom, DoVzum, n. The breast of a human being; 
the seat of the passions, affections, etc.; embrace; 
affectionate inclosure; inclosed place; interior; the 
part of the dress over the breast. — a. Intimate ; fa- 
miliar; dear. —v. t. [bosomed (-zumd), -oming.] To 
inclose in the bosom ; keep with care ; hide from 
view; embosom. [AS. bosm, D. boezem, G. busen.} 

Boss, bos, n. A protuberant ornament ; stud, knob. 
(Meek.) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a 
wheel is keyed, or where it is coupled to another; 
a swage or die for shaping metals. — v. t. To orna- 
ment with bosses; to stud. [F. bosse, a hump; It. 
bozza, a swelling; OHG. bozo, pozo, D. bos, bunch, 
bundle.] — Bos'sy, a. Having bosses; studded. 

Boss, bos, n. A master workman or superintendent. 

— v. i. & t. To direct, superintend. [D. baas, master.] 
Boston, bos'ton, n. A game played T>y four persons, 

with two packs of cards, — introduced by French 
officers at Boston during the Revolutionary war. 
Botany, bofa-nT ? re. Science of the structure, classifi- 
cation, etc., of plants. [Gr. botane, plant, fr. bos- 
kein, to feed, graze.] — Botanic, -ical, bo-tan'ik-al, 
a. Pert, to botany; relating to, or containing, plants. 

— Botan'ically, adv. — Botanist, bot'an-ist, n. One 
skilled in, etc. — Bot'anize, v. i. [botanized (-Tzd), 
-izing.] To seek for and investigate plants. 

Botch, boch, n. An ulcerous affection. [OF. boce, 
boss of a buckler, boil,— same as F. bosse. See Boss.] 

Botch, boch, n. A patch of a garment; work done 
• bunglingly; a clumsy performance. — v. t. [botched 
(bocht), botching.] To mend or patch clumsily; 
to express »r perform bunglingly. [OLG. and D. bot- 
sen, to strike, repair.] — Botch' er, n. A clumsy work- 
man . — Botch'ery, n. Bungling work; patch work. 

Bot'fly. See Bots. 

Both, ooth, a. & pron. The one and the other; the 
two. — conj., used before the first of two coordinate 
words or phrases, followed by and before the other. 
[AS. ba, Sw. bada, Dan. baade, G. beide.] 

Bother, both'er, v. t. [bothered (-erd), -ering.] To 
tease or perplex. — n. One who, or that which, 
bothers ; state of perplexity or annoyance. [Peril. 
fr. Ir. buaidhirt, trouble, fr. buair, to vex, grieve.] — 
Both'era'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — 
Both'erseme, -Sr-sum, a. Causing bother. 

Bothy. See Booth. 

Bots, Bot'ts, bots, a. pi. (Entom.) Small worms found 
in the intestines of horses. — Bot'-fly. The insect 
whose eggs produce bots. [Ga. botus, belly-worm.] 

Bottle, bot'l, n. A narrow-mouthed vessel for hold- 
ing liquors; the contents of one. — v. t. [bottled 
(-tld), -tling.] To inclose in bottles. [F. bouteille, 
LL. buticula, dim. of butica, fr. Gr. butts, a flask.] — 
Bot'tle-green, re. A dark green, like that of a green 
glass bottle. — hold'er, n. One who gives a boxer 
refreshment between the rounds; a backer. — -head, 
-nose, n. A cetacean allied to the sperm whale; a 
kind of dolnhin. — nosed, -nozd, a. Having a nose 
swollen at the end. 

Bottom, bofum, n. The lowest part of a thing; foun- 
dation; base; low alluvial land along a river; aval- 
ley. (Naut.) The keel of a vessel; the vessel itself. 
Power of endurance: stamina; dregs or grounds. — 
v. t. [bottomed (-tumd), -toming.] To found or 
build; to furnish with a seat or bottom.— v. i. To 
be based. [AS. botm, D. bodem, Sw. botten, bottom; 
Skr. budhna, depth, ground.] — Bot'tomless, a. 
Without a bottom: fathomless. — Bot'tomry, -rT, n. 
(Mar. Law.) A contract by which a ship is bound 
as security for repayment of money. 

Boudoir, boo , dw6r, n. A lady's private room. [F., fr. 
bouder, to be sulky; peril, akin to pout.~\ 

Bough, bow, re. An arm or large branch of a tree. 
[AS. bog, boh, bough, orig. arm, shoulder, Dan. bong, 
1c. boar, Sw. feofl, shoulder.] 

Bought. See Buy. 

Bougie, boo-zhe', n. (Surg.) A long, flexible instru- 
ment, introduced into the urethra, esophagus, etc., 
to remove obstructions. [F., wax-candle, bougie, 
fr. Bvgia, a town of North Africa.] 



Bouilli, bool'ye, n. (Cookeiij.) Beef, stewed and 
served_with sauce. [F., fr. bouilHr, to boil.] — Bouil- 
lon, booKyoN, n. Broth; soup. (Far.) A disease 
of horses' feet. [F.J 

Boulder. See_BowLDER. 

Boulevard, boo-le-var', n. Orig. a bulwark; a broad 
public walk or street. [F., fr. G. bollwerk, bulwark.] 

Bouleversement, bool-vars-maN', re. A turning up- 
sidedown; complete overthrow. [F., fr. boule, ball, 
and verser, to turn.] 

Bounce, bowns, v. i. [bounced (bownst), bouncing.] 
To leap or spring suddenly; to beat or thump, — v. 
t. To drive violently against anything. — n. A sud- 
den leap or bound; a heavy, sudden blow or thump; 
a bold lie. [Platt-Deutsch, bunsen, to beat, knock, 
D. bonzen, to bounce, throw.] — Boun'cer, -ser. v. 
One who bounces; a bold lie; a liar; something big. 
— Boun'cing, a. Plump and healthy; lusty. 

Bound, bownd, n. External line of any object or 
space, limit, confine, boundary, —v. t. To limit, 
terminate, restrain, circumscribe; to give the boun- 
daries of. [OF. bonne, LL. bodina, bonna, bound, 
limit, fr. Armor, boden, a cluster of trees, fr. bod, 
Ir. bot, a cluster.] — Bound'ary, ra-r Y , n. That which 
fixes a limit, — esp. a visible mark. — Boundless, a. 
Without bounds ; unlimited ; infinite. 

Bound, bownd, n. A leap; spring; jump. — v.i. To 
move forward by leaps; rebound, as an elastic ball. 
[F. bondir, to bound, rebound, orig. resound ; 8. rt. 
boom.'] 

Bound, bownd, a. Destined; tending; going, or in- 
tending to go, etc. [Ic. buinn, prepared, ready, fr. 
bua, to get ready.] 

Bound, Bounden. See Bind. 

Bounty, bown'tY, re. Goodness ; liberality ; munifi- 
cence; that which is given liberally; a premium to 
encourage some object. [F. bonte", L. bonitas, fr. 
bonus, good.] — Boun'teous, -te-us, a. Disposed to 
give freely ; generous. — Boun'teously, adv. — 
Boun'teousness, n. — Boun'tiful, -ful, a. Free in 
giving. — Boun'tifully, adv. — Boan'tifulness, n. 

Bouquet, boo-ka', n. A nosegay ; bunch of flowers ; a 
perfume or aromatic odor. [F., fr. OF. bousquet, 
bosquet, bush, dim. of bois, wood.] 

Bourgeois, bur-jois', re. (Print.) A kind of type, in 

"'erh. the 



size between long primer and brevier. [Peri 
' -'s name.jf 

This line is in bourgeois type. 

Bourgeois, boor-zhwaw', n. In France, a man of 
middle rank in society; a citizen. —Bourgeoisie, 
boor-zhwaw-ze', n. The middle classes, — esp. 
those concerned in trade. [F., fr. OF. burgeis, citi- 
zen, fr. LL. burgus, a fort. See Borough.] 

Bourgeon, ber'jun, r. i. To put forth buds; to shoot 
forth, as a branch. [ F., a bud; MHG. buren, to raise, 
push up.] 

Bourn, Bourne, born or boorn, n. A bound; limit; 
goal. [F. borne, corrup. of OF. bonne. See Bound.] 

— A stream ; rivulet ; burn. [AS. burna, burne, D. 
born, Goth, brunna, spring, well.] 

Bourse, boors, re. A merchants' exchange; in France, 
the money market. [F., fr. Gr. burse, skin, purse.] 

Bout, bowt, n. A conflict ; trial ; as much of an ac- 
tion as is performed at one time; a turn. [Dan. 
bught, Sw. bugt, turn; s. rt. AS. beogan, to bend.] 

Bouts-rimes, boo / re-ma / ', re. pi. Words that rhyme, 
given to be formed into verse. [F., rhymed ends.] 

Bovine, bo'vln, a. Pert, to cattle of the ox kind. [L. 
60s, bovis, ox, cow.] — Bo'viform, a. Kesembling, 
etc. 

Bow, bow, v. t. [bowed (bowd), bowing.] To bend, 
inflect, make crooked or curved; to turn from a nat- 
ural condition; to bend in respect, homage, conde- 
scension, etc.; to depress, subdue. — v. i. To bend, 
in token of reverence, civility, etc. — re. An incli- 
nation of the head or body, in token of respect, etc. 
[AS. bugan, Sw. buga, Skr. bhuj, to bend.] — Bow'- 
er, n. 

Bow, bow, re. (JVaut.) The curving forepart of a 
ship; stem jprow; the bow-oar. [Dan. boug, bov, 
Sw. bog, OHG. puac ] — Bow'er, re. (Naut.) An 
anchor carried at the ship's bow, the second in size. 

— Bowline, bo'lTn, n. A rope whieh keeps the 
weather edge of a sail tight forward when the ship 
is close-hauled. — oar, bow'or, re. The oar near- 
est the bow of a boat; the one who pulls it. — sprit, 
bo- or bow-, re. A spar projecting from the bow of 
a ship, — sometimes called boltsprit. 

Bow, bo, n. Anything bent; a weapon by which an 
I arrow is propelled; an instrument having a curved 



sun. cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boubON, chair, get. 



BOWEL 



58 



form, as a fiddle-stick. [AS. boga, D. boon, Dan. 
hue, bow; AS. bugan, to bend.] — Eow-com'passes, 
-kum'pas-ez,w. pi. 
Compasses with ^gjfjjs^gfegfi 
an arched plate ^ 
on one leg, upon 
which the other Bow-compass, 
leg slides; compasses furnished with a bow-pen. — 
-drill, n. A drill revolved by a bow and string. — 
•hand, n. {Archery.) The hand holding the bow, 
the left hand. (Mus.) The hand drawing the bow, 
right hand. — knot, -not, n. A knot tied with a bow 
or loop of string, and readily loosened. — legged, 
-legd, a. Having legs curved outwards. — man, n. 
One who uses a bow; an archer. — net, n. An ar- 
rangement of wicker baskets for catching lobsters, 
etc. —pen, n. A 
kind of ruling- 
pen. saw, n. 

A narrow-bladed Bow-pen. 

saw for cutting 

curves. — shot, n. The distance a bow shoots an 

arrow. string, n. The string which bends a 

bow. — v. t. To strangle with a bow-string, — a 
Turkish mode of execution. — wurMew. See Bay- 
window, under Bay. — wood, n. The wood of the 
Osage orange, used by the North American Indians 
for bows. 

Bowel, bow'el, n. One of the intestines; an entrail; 
the interior part of anything; the seat of pity; com- 
passion. — v. t. To take out the bowels of ; to evis- 
cerate. [OF. boel, fr. L. botellus, sausage, gut.] 

Bower, boWec, n. One of the two highest cards in 
euchre, — the highest being the Right bower, the 
knave of the trump suit; the next the Left bower, 
the other knave of the same color as the trump. 
[G. bauer, peasant, f r. the figure sometimes used for 
the knave on cards.] 

Bower, bowser, n. Orig. a chamber : a country-seat; 
cottage; a covered place in a garden; arbor. [AS. 
and Ic. bur, a chamber, Sw. bur, Dan. buur, cage ; 
AS. buan, to dwell.] — Bow'ery, a. Covering, as a 
bower; containing bowers. 

Bowie-knife, bo'I-mf, n. A kind of knife, worn as 
a weapon. [Col. Bowie, the inventor.] 

Bowl, bol, n. A concave vessel to hold liquids; the 
hollow part of anything. [AS. bolla, Ic. bolli, MHG. 
bolle, a bowl.] 

Bowl, b5l, n. A ball. — v. t. [bowled (bold), bowl- 
ing.] To roll, as a bowl ; to pelt with anything 
rolled. — v.i. To play with bowls; to roll the ball 
on a level plain ; to move rapidly, smoothly, and 
like a ball. [F. boule, a ball for bowling, fr. L. 
bulla, bubble.] — To bowl out. In cricket, to knock 
down one's wicket by bowling. — Bowl'er, n. A 
player at bowls. — Bbwl'ing-al'ley, n. A covered 
place, for playing at bowls. — green, w. Smooth 
ground, for, etc. 

Bowlder, Boulder, bol 'der, n. A large pebble. (Geol.) 
A mass of rock that has been transported by nat- 
ural agencies from its native bed. [Sw. bullersten, 
large pebble, fr. bullra, to thunder, in contrast to 
klappersteen, small pebble, which claps or rattles.] 

Box, Doks, n. A case er receptacle ; the quantity that 
a box contains; an inclosed space with seats in a 
theater, etc.; a money-chest; a small house. (Mach.) 
A cylindrical, hollow iron, in which an axle-tree 
runs; a tube in a pump, closed with a valve; the 
bucket of a lifting pump. The driver's seat on a 
carriage; a present. (Bot.) A tree or shrub, the 
dwarf variety of which is used for borders in gar- 
dens.— v. t. [boxed <>okst), boxing.] To inclose 
in a box; to furnish with boxes. [AS. box, L. buocus, 
box-wood, or a case made of it; Gr. puxos, the box- 
tree, puxis, a case made of box-wood.] — In a box. 
In difficulty. — In the wrong box. At fault. — To bax 
the compass. To name the points of the compass in 
order. — Box'berry, n. The winte^reen or check- 

erberry. tree, n. The larger variety of box. — 

-wood, n. The wood of, etc., — very hard and smooth, 
and used by engravers, turners, etc. 

X'9X, boks, n. A blow with the hand on the ear or 
head. — v. t. & i. To fight with the fist. [Dan. 
baske, to strike, slap, fr. bask, a slap, thwack ; Ga. 
boc, a box, stroke.] — Box'er, n. 

Boxhaul, boks'hawl, v. t. [boxhauled (-hawld), 
boxhauling.] (Naut.) To wear, as a ship, when 
close-hauled, short round on to the other tack. 

Boy, boLw. A male child; a lad. [East Friesic, boi, 
boy, OD. boef, G. bube, L. pupus, boy.] — Boy'hood, 
-hd&d, n. State of a boy, or of immature age. — Boy'- 



ish, a. Like a boy; childish; nuerile. — Boy'uhly, 
adv. — Boy'ishness, n. 

Boyar, boy'er, n. A nobleman of Russia. [Russ.] 

Boycott, boi'kot', v. t. To combine against (a land- 
lord, tradesman, employer, or other person), to 
withhold social or business relations from him, and 
to deter others from holding such relations. — n. The 
process, fact, or pressure of boyeotting. [Fr. Capt. 
Boycott, a land agent in Ireland, so treated in 1880.] 

Braccate, brak'kat, a. (Ornith.) Having feathers 
which conceal the feet. [L». braccse, t>reeehes.] 

Brace, bras, n. A prop or support. {Carp.) A tim- 
ber crossing a corner from one timber to another. 
{Print.) A curved line connecting words or lines, 
., boll, \ {Naut.) A rope reeved through a block 
tnus, oow i % f a t the end of a yard. A pair or couple ; 
a strap, supporting a carriage on wheels; a bit-stock; 
state of being braced or tight, {pi.) Straps to sus- 
tain pantaloons, etc. ; suspenders, — v. t. [braced 
(brast), bracing.] To furnish with braces, support, 
prop ; to tighten. {Naut.) To move around by 
means of braces. [OF., orig., the two arms; then, a 
measure of five feet, L. brachia, the arms.] — Bra'- 
cer, n. That which, etc.; a band, bandage. 

Bracelet, bras'let, n. A wrist ornament ; defensive 
armor for the arm. [F., fr. JL. brachium, arm.] 

Brachial, brak't-al or bra'kY-al, a. Pert, to, of the 
nature of, or like, an arm. [L. brachium.] 

Brachyeataleetic, brak'I-kat'a-lek'tik, n. A verse 
wanting two syllables at its termination. [Gr. bra- 
chus, short, and katalegein, to leave off.] 

Bracken, brak'en, n. Fern. [See Krake.] 

Bracket, brak'et, n. {Arch. & Engin.) A support 
projecting from a wall or other surface, {pi.) 
(Naut.) Short, crooked timbers, resembling knees. 
(Print.) Hooks [ ] used to inclose a reference, ex- 
planation, note, etc.; crotchets. — v. t. To place 
within, connect, or support by, brackets. 

Brackish, brak'isb., a. Saltish. [D. & LG. brak, brack- 
ish.] — Brack'ishness, n. 

Bract, brakt, n. (Bot.) A small leaf or scale, from 
whose axil a flower proceeds. [L. bractea, a thin 
plate.] — Brac'teal, -te-al, -teate, Bract'ed, a. Hav- 
ing bracts. 

Brad, brad, n. A nail with little or no head. TSw. 
brodd, Dan. brodde, frost-nail.] — Brad'awl, 
n. An awl to make holes for inserting brads. 

Brag, brag, v. i. [bragged ( bragd), -ging.] To 
praise one's self, or one's belongings, ostenta- 
tiously; to boast, bluster, vaunt. — n. A boast 
or boasting; thing boasted of; a game at cards. 
[W. bragio, to brag, fr. brae, boastful.] — 
Brag'gado'cio, -do'sht-o, n. A braggart; boast- 
er; empty boasting. [Name of a character in 
Spenser's " Faerie Queen."] — Brag'gart, n. 
A boaster. — a. Boastful. — Brag'ger. 

Brahma, bra/ ma, n. (Myth.) The first person 
in the trinity of the Hindoos; the creator. — 
Brah'man, -min, n. One of the upper or sa- 
cerdotal caste among the Hindoos. — Brah- 
man'ic, -ical, Brahminlc, -ical, a. Pert, to the 
Brahmans, their doctrines and worship, or to the 
religion of Brahma. — Brah/manism, -minism, n. 
The religion rr doetrines of, etc. 

Braid, brad, v. t. To weave or entwine together; to 
plat; to mingle by rubbing in something fluid or 
soft. — n. A string, cord, etc., woven from different 
strands. [AS. bregdan, bredan, to brandish, weave.] 

Brail, bral, n. (Falconry.) A piece of leather to 
bind a hawk's wing. pi. (Naut.) Ropes to haul 
up,_or truss up, sails, for furling. — v. t. [brailed 
(braid), brailing.] To haul up into, or truss up 
with, the brails. [OF. braiel, a cincture.] 

Brain, bran, n. (Anat.) The whitish, soft mass in 
the upper cavity of the skull, which is considered 
the center of sensation and perception; the anterior 
or cephalic ganglion in invertebrate animals. The 
understanding. — v. t. To dash out the brains of; 
to destroy. [AS. brsegen, D. brein.'] — Brainless, a. 
Without understanding. — Brain fe'ver. Inflam- 
mation of the brain. — pan, n. Bones inclosing the 

brain; skull; cranium. sick, a. Disordered in 

the understanding. 

Brake, brak, n. (Bot.) A fern of different genera. 
A place overgrown with brakes, canes, brambles, 
etc. ; a thicket. [AS. bracce, Sw. broken, fern; OLG. 
brake, bush ; D. braak, Dan. brak, fallow.] — 
Brack'en, n. Fern. — Bra'ky, a. Full of, etc. 

Brake, brak, n. An instrument to break flax or hemp; 
the handle for working a pump or fire-engine ; a 
frame for confining horses while being shod; an in- 



&m, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Vn, ice ; odd, tone, or ; 



BRAMBLE 



59 



BREAK 



closure for cattle, horses, etc.; a heavy harrow for 
breaking clods after plowing ; an nppliance for 
checking motion of wheels, machinery, etc., by 
friction ; a light wagon used in breaking horses. — 
v. t. To applv brakes, — esp. to wheels of a rail- 
road train. [OD. brake, a clog, fetter; Platt-Deutsch 
brake, an instrument lor breaking flax, F. braquer, 
to break hemp; s. rt. break.] — Brake'man, n. One 
who manages brakes, — esp. on railroad trains. 

Bramble, bram'bl, ». A shrub of the genus Kubtis, 
including the raspberry and blackberry; any rough, 
prickly shrub. {AS. breineL, breiitbel. D. brdam, Sw. 
brotnbar, blackberry.] — Bram'bly, -bit, u. Pert, to, 
like, or lull of, etc. 

Bramin. See Brahman, under Brahma. 

Bran, bran, n. The coat of the seed of wheat, rye, 
etc-, separated from the flour by bolting ; refuse 
sifted out of flour or meal. [W., bran, huak ; Ir., 
chaff; P., dung, dirt.] — Bran new, corrupt, of branch 
fteto. — Bran'ny.-nT, a. Of or resembling bran. 

Branch, branch, «. A limb; a bough growing from a 
stem, or from another bough; a part extended from 
the main body of athiry*. as a stream running into 
a larger one; a ramification ; a section or subdivis- 
ion ; department; a line of family descent, in dis- 
tinction fr. other lines fr. the same stock. (Law.) 
A warrant or commission given to a nilot.— v. t. 
[branched (brancht). branching.] To spread in 
branches, ramify; to divide into subdivisions. —v. 
/. To divide as into branches. [F. brtmche, a branch, 
W. braich, L.brachium, an arm, brunch.] — To branch 
out. To speak diffusively, or with many words. — 
Moot and branch. Entirely. — Branchless, a. With- 
out branches. — Brancb/y. a. Full of,, etc. — 
Branch'iness, n.— Brancb/let, n. Little branch; twig. 

Branchial, bran'kt-al, a. Pert, to, or performed by 
means of , gills, as of fishes. [Or. brangchlon, gill.] 

— Bran'ebiopods. -o-podz, n. pi- (Zobl.) An order 
of Crustacea, generally minute, .whose feet were 
supposed to act as gills. [Gr. pints, podos, foot.] 

Brand, brand, n. A Durning or partly burnt stick; a 
sword, 60 called from its flittering brightness; an 
iron U6ed for naming a mark; a distinctive mark 
made by burning with hot iron ; quality, kind; 
a mark of infamy; stigma, — v. t. To impress a 
ma«£ with hot iron; to stigmatize as infamous. 
[AS. and D., a burning ; Sw. and Dan., a fire brand; 
AS- and OD„ a -sword; fr. AS. brinnan, to burn.] 

— Brand 'tag-Iron, Brond'iron, -i'ern, n. An iron 
used to brand with. — Brand'-new, a. Quite new. 
as if fresh from the fire, — written also Oran- and 
brent new. — -gooae.n. See Brant. 

Brandish, brandish, t>. t. (brandished (-dish), -DrsH- 
l.v o.J To wave, as a weapon; to shake of flourish. 

— rt. A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, etc. (F. 
brandir, fr. OF. brand, sword.] — Bran'disner. n. 

Brandling, brand'ling, n. A small, red worm, used as 
bait for fish. [S. rt. brand. See Brant.) 

Brandy, bran'dY, n. An ardent spirit distilled from 
wine or other liquors. ID. branctewifn, fr. branden, 
to burn, to distill, and wijn, wine.] — Bran'lied, 
-did, a. Flavored or treated with brandy. 

Erangte, hran/gl,n. A wrangle; a squabble. — t-. i. To 
wrangle, dispute; to squabble. [F.branler, to shake. 
It. branfa, a brawl; perh. akin to wranrjle.] 

BrarJt, brank, n. Buckwheat. [L. brance, a kind of 
Gallic bread-corn.]— A bridle for 'scolds. [Scofc, to 
bridle, .restrain; Ga. branp, Ir, brancas, a halter.] 

Branlin, branlin, n. A fish of the salmon kind.hav- 
ing marks like brands. 

Brant, brant, n. A species of wild goose, called also 
brand-goose ana brent-goose. — Brant'-fox. n. A 
kind of Swedish fox. — Bran'tail, n. The red 
start, a bird similar to the nightingale. (S. rt. brand, 
indicating redness, the color of burning wood.] 

Brash, brash, a. Hasty in temper. (G. barsch, harsh, 
impetuous; perh. akm to brnsgtie.)— Brittle, as wood. 

— n. Refuse boughs of trees; truck; trash. {Geol.) 
Broken fragments of rocks underlying alluvial de- 
posits. Broken fragments of ice. (Med.) A rash 
or eruption. [Armor, break, brusk, fragile, brittle.] 

— Water-brain. A burning sensation in, the stom- 
ach, with eructation of an ucid liquid. — \V<-vv>ng- 
brash. Diarrhea affecting children just weaned. 

Brass, bras, n. A yellow alloy of copper and zinc; 
impudence; a brazen face. pi. Utensils, ornaments, 
etc, mode of brass; esp. plates attached to monu- 
ments, bearing raised or engraved figures. (AS. 
ones, G a. pram. Ir pros, W.nrev brass; Ic. brcva, 
to harden by fire, Sw. brasa. fire.] — Brass'y, a. Of, 
or pert, to, etc.; hard as, etc.; of the color of, etc.; 



esh of a boar; fall, strong 
slice of 



impudently bold. — Brass'ineBS. n. — Braze, bra-z. 
iv t. To solder, or cover or ornament with, etc.; 
to harden to impudence. — Brazen, brfi'zn. a. Pert. 
to. or made ol, brass; impudent. — v. t. To be im- 
pudent, or defiant. — Bra'zenly. adv. — Bra'sier, 
Bra'zier, -zher, n. An artificer in brass; a pan to> 
hold coals. — Brazen age. (Jli/'.L.) The age suc- 
ceeding the siVcer aye, when men had degenerated 
from purity. — B. faced, -last. Bold, hardened, 
shameless. — H. sea. (Jewish Antiq.) A large ves- 
sel of brass, in Solomon's temple. — Eras a band. A 
company of performers on brass musical instru- 
ments. — leaf, «. Brass in thin khects. 

Brat, brat, n. A contemptuous name for a child. (VV., 
a rag, pinafore; Ga. and Ir.. cloak, apron, rag-1 

Braunite, brown'lt. n. (Mhi.) A native oxide of 
manganese. [Fr. A. E. Broun, of Gotha.} 

Brave, brav, a. Of noble courage; bold, with gener- 
osity and dignity ; excellent ; beautiful. — n. A 
brave person ; esp., on Indian warrior; n hector ; a 
bully. — m. f. [braved (bravd). euAVtxo.J To en- 
counter with fortitude; to defy, challenge, dare. 
|F. brare, Sp., Pg., and It. bravo j — BravwOy, adv. 

— Brav'ery, -2r-T, n. Quality of being, etc.: fear- 
lessness; showy appearance; ostentation. — Bra'vo, 

, n.; pi. Bka'voes, -voz. A darinif villain ; bandKt 
assassin or murderer. — Bravo, bra'vo, iiitcrj. Well 
done, excellent ! — Brava'do, n. Ostentation of 
bravery; boast or brag; threatening behavior; a 
boasting fellow. [Sp. bravado.} 

Brawl, brawl, v. i. To quarrel noisily and mdeceutly; 
to scold, wrangle, squabble; to roar, as water. — 
n. A noisy quarrel ; loud contention; scurrility; 
uproar. [W., a boast, bragat, to vociferate; Ir. brag' 
aim, D. b rallen, to brag.) — Brawl' «, n. 

Brawn, brawn, n. The n< 
muscles; strci>o~.- the arm. (OF. to 
flesh, muscle.] — Brawn^y, -1, a. Strong ; big. 
Brawn'inesa, n. 

Braxy, brak'sT, n. Gall-sconr. a disease of sheep ; 
mutton of sheep so affected. — a. Diseased wtth, etc 

Bray. bra. v. t. [brayed (brad), braving.) To pound, 
beat, or grind small. [OF. breier, P. bromr, fr. 
MUG. brechen, AS. brecan, to break.l — Bray'er, n. 
A printer's instrument for mixing ink. 

Bray. bra, v. i. To utter a harsh cry. as an ass; to 
make a harsh, gratinjr noise. — c. t. To utter with a 
harsh sound. — n. The sound of an ass; any harsh, 
grating sound. (OF. braire, LL. bragire, to bray; a, 
rt. break, bark,' etc.] — Bray'er, n. One who braya 
- like nn ass. 

Braze, Brazen, Brazier. See under Brass. 

Brazil-wood, brn-zil'w<Jod. n. A very heavy wood, of 
Brazil and other tropical countries, used tor dyeing 
red. (P*r. braza, live coal, glowing fire, fr. the red 
color of the wood: the country was named fr. the 
wood.] — Brazilet'to. n. An inferior red dyeing 
wood. — Braz'ilin. -iline. -in. n. (Chem.) A sub- 
stance contained in Brazil-wood and Sapan-wood, 
colored intensely red by fixed alkalies. 

Breach, brech. w. Act of breaking, or state of being 
broken: the opening broken; rent; gap; a breaking, 
as of a law. ooligation. etc.; a breaking up of ami- 
cable relations; quarrel. — v. t. (Mil.) To make a 
breach in the walls of t by artillery. (AS. orece. 
fragment, hrice, a breaking, f r. brecan, to break.] — 
Breach'y, -Y, a. Apt to break fences, — said of cattle. 

Bread, bred, n. Flour or meal baited m loaves, cakes, 
etc. ; provisions in general. [AS. bread, D. brood, 
Sw., Dan., and G. brod ; perh. s. rt. brew or bray.) — 
Bread'-corn, -korn, n. Grain of which bread is made. 

— -fruit, -froot, n. The fruit of a tree of the isles of 
the Pacific, which resembles bread, when haked,and 
is eaten as food. — staff. n. Bread-corn; meal; flour. 

Breadth, bredth. n. Distance from side to side; width. 
(Paint.) Quality of having colors and shadows 
broad and massive, and an arrangement of objects- 
suggesting largeness and simple grandeur. [AS. 
brw.du, fr. brad. See Broad] 

Break, brak, r. t. [hup. bkokk (hrfik) or ohs. brake 
tbrSk): p. p. nuoKK or broken; breaking.) To 
strain apart; to lay open by breaking; to disclose or 
divulge; to infringe or violate: to interrupt, termi- 
nate; to destroy the completeness of ; to dash, shat» 
ter, or crush; to bruise; ^to weaken or subdue; to im- 
part cautiously; to tame; to make bankrupt; to de- 
stroy the official character of; .to cashier. — v. i. To 
come to pieces, burst asunder; to open from within; 
to come to view; to dawn ; to burst forth violently; 
to become weakened ; to lose health or strength ; to 
fail in business; to change the gait; to exceed the 



sun, cObe, full , moon, fd"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get- 



BREAKFAST 



60 



BREVET 



natural power, as the voice; to fall out; to termi- 
nate friendship. — n. An opening made by fracture; 
an interruption; a pause; in writing or printing, a 
dash, or a blank or unfinished line; the dawn; an 
interruption of continuity: a large, four-wheeled 
carriage. [AS. brecan, D. breken, Ic. and Sw. braka, 
to creak, crack: Dan. hrsekke, G. brechen, L. fran- 
gere, Gr. rhegnunai, to break.]— To break away. To 
disengage one's self abruptly; also, to become dis- 
sipated, as the clouds. — To b. down. To crush, 
overwhelm ; to come down by breaking ; to fail ; 
to yield to physical weakness or to grief. — To b. 
forth. To issue suddenly, as sound, light, etc. ; 
to give vent to, — with in or unto. — To b. in. To 
force in; to train ; discipline. — To b. in, or in upon. 
To enter violently or unexpectedly. — To b. loose. 
To extricate one's self forcibly. — To b. of. To cause 
to reform, or abandon. — To b. off. To separate by 
breaking, interrupt, put an end to; to desist.— To 
b. open. To open by breaking. — To b. out To take 
or force out by breaking; to burst forth; to appear 
suddenly; — also, to show itself in cutaneous erup- 
tions, —said of diseases; to become covered with 
cutaneous eruptions, — said of a patient. — To. b. 
over. To transgress; disregard.— To b. up. To sep- 
arate into parts; put an end to; to become separated; 
to be dissolved; to disperse. —To b. with. To fallout; 
to part friendship.— 7b b. the back, neck, etc. To dis- 
locate the same. — To b. bulk. To begin to unload ; 
to transfer in detail. — To b. cover. To burst forth 
from concealment. — To b. fast. To partake of food 
after abstinence, esp. in the morning — To b. ground. 
To open the earth, as for planting or for a founda- 
tion; to begin to execute any plan. (Naut.) To release 
the anchor from the bottom. — To b. the heart. To 
overwhelm with grief. — Tob.a house. (Law.) To 
violently remove any part of the house or its fasten- 
ings, with felonious intent. — To b. the ice. To over- 
come obstacles and make a beginning. — To b. jail. 
To escape from jail. — Z'o c. a jest. To utter a jest. 

— To b. joints. To lay bricks, shingles, etc., so that 
one joint shall not coincide with another. — Tob.a 
path, road, etc To open a way through obstacles. 

— To b. upon a wheel. To stretch upon a wheel or 
frame, and break the limbs of, with an iron bar. — 
Break'able, a. Capable of being broken. — Break- 
age, -ej, n. A breaking ; allowance for things brok- 
en in transportation. — Break'down, n. Act of 
breaking down, as of a carriage; a riotous dance, 
terminating a ball. — Break'er, n. One who, or that 
which, breaks. (Naut.) A small water-cask for 
boats. — pi. Waves breaking into foam against the 
shore. — Break'bone fe'ver. (Med.) An acute fe- 
brile disease, epidemic in hot climates, marked by 
pains in the joints, and sometimes by an eruption ; 
dandy fever: dengue. — Break'-neck, n. A steep 
place, endangering the neck. — a. Producing dan- 

§er, etc. ; rapid. — water, n. Any contrivance, to 
reak the force of waves. — Brok^en, broken, p. a. 
Parted by violence; made weak; infirm; subdued; 
contrite. (Mil.) Degraded in rank ; cashiered.— 
Brok'enly. adv, — Brok'en-heart'ed, a. Crushed by 
grief or despair. — wind'ed, a. Having short or 
disordered breath. 

Breakfast, brek'fast, n. The first meal in the day. — 
v.i. To break one's fast in the morning, — v. t. To 
furnish with the morning meal. 

Bream, brem, n. A name for three kinds of fish, found 
respectively in Europe, N. America, and the sea. [F. 
breme, OF. bresme, OHG. brahsema.] — v. t. (Naut.) 
To burn filth, as grass, seaweed, etc., off from. 
[Perh. fr. G. brennen, to burn.] 

Breast, brest, n. The part of the body between neck 
and belly; protuberant glands, in females, in which 
milk is secreted ; the seat of consciousness, affec- 
tions, and passions ; the heart. — v. t. To bear 
the breast against ; to oppose. [AS. breost, OHG. 
prust, fr. prestan, to burst.] — To make a clean 
breast. To make full confession. — Breasting, n. 
(Engin.) The curved channel in which a breast- 
wheel turns. — Breast'-bone, n. The bone of the 
breast; sternum. — hook, n. (Naut.) A knee-shaped 
timber in the stem of a ship, to keep the bows to- 
gether. — knot, -not, n. A knot of ribbons worn 

on the breast. pin, n. A pin for fastening or 

ornament; a brooch. — plate, n. Defensive armor 
worn upon the breast; a strap across a horse's breast. 
(Jewish Antiq.) A part of the high priest's vest- 
ment. — plow, -plough, n. A plow, driven by the 
breast, to cut turf. — -rail, n. The upper rail of a 
balcony or of the breai'work on a quarter-deck. 



— wheel, n. A water-wheel, which receives the 
stream at about half its height. See Water-wheel. 
— work, -werk, n. (Fort.) A delensive earth-work 
breast-high. (Naut.) A railing on the quarter-deck 
and forecastle. 
Breath, breth, w. Air respired ; act or power of breath- 
ing naturally; life; time to breathe; respite; a sin- 
gle respiration, or the time of making it; a single 
act: an instant; a very slight breeze. [AS. brsedh.'] 

— Breath/less, a. Out of breath ; dead, expired. — 
Breath lessness, n.— Breathe, breth, v. i. [breathed 
(brerhd), breathing.] To respire; to live; to take 
breath, rest; to pass, as air ; to exhale, emanate.— 
v. t. To respire; to infuse by breathing; to emit by 
the breath, utter softly, exhale ; to cause to sound by 
breathing; to promote free respiration in; to exer- 
cise; to suffer to take breath; to put out of breath; 
to give air or vent to; to open. — Breath'er, n. — 
Breath/able, a. That may be, etc. — Breathing, n. 
Respiration; air in gentle motion; aspiration; secret 
prayer; exercise; utterance; breathing-place; vent. 
(Gram.) Aspiration; the sound expressed by the 
letter h. ( Gr. Gram.) A mark over the initial vow- 
el of a word to indicate aspiration. —Bough breath- 
ing (spiritus asper), a mark ['], signifying that the 
letter under it is pronounced as if preceded by h. 

— Smooth breathing (spiritus lenis), ['], indicating 
the absence of the sound of h. 

Breccia, bret'cha, n. (Geol.) Rock composed of an- 
gular fragments, united by cement; conglomerate. 
[It., pebble, fragment.]— Brecciated, brek'shl-a'ted, 
a. Consisting of, etc. 

Breech, brech, n. The lower part of the body behind; 
hinder part of anything, esp. the part of a fire-arm 
behind the bottom of the bore. — v. t. [breeched 
(brecht), breeching.] To put into breeches; to fur- 
nish with a breech ; to fasten with breeching. — 
Breeches, brieh^ez, n. pi. A garment for men, cov- 
ering the hips and thighs; used in the sense of pan- 
taloons. [AS. brec, breeches, pi. of broc, breech, Ga. 
brog, shoe, briogais, breeches, L. braccse, breeches, 
said to be the only Latin word of Celtic origin.]— To 
wear the breeches. To usurp the authority of the 
husband, —said of a wife. — Breeching, bricnlng, n. 
The part of a harness round a horse's breech. (Naut.) 
A rope to check the recoil of a cannon. — Breech'- 
loading, brechlod-ing, a. (Mil.) Receiving the 
charge at the breech instead of the muzzle. — load'- 
er, n. A gun which, etc. 

Breed, bred, v. t. [bred; breeding.] To procreate; 
beget; hatch; to bring up ; nurse and foster ; to in- 
struct ; form by education ; to occasion ; to give 
birth to. — v. i. To bear and nourish young; to be 
generated, or to grow ; to raise a breed. — n. A 
progeny from the same parents or stock; a race al- 
lied by nativity or some distinctive qualities in com- 
mon; progeny; offspring, — applied to other things 
than animals. [AS. broct, a brood, bredan, to nour- 
ish, cherish, D. broedan, to brood, G. briiten, to 
hatch.] — To breed in and in. To breed from closely 
related animals of the same stock. — Breed'er, n. 

— Breeding, n. Formation of manners; education; 
nurture; training; deportment; behavior. 

Breese, Briz, Breeze, brez, Breeze'-fly, n. A buzzing 
fly of various species, which torments animals; also, 
the bot-fly. [AS. brimsa, G. bremse, gad-fly, Sw. 
broms, D. brems. horse-fly, fr. D. brommen, to hum, 
buzz ; Skr. bhramara, a bee, fr. bhram, to whirl.J 

Breeze, brez, n. A light wind; gentle gale; an excited 
state of feeling; quarrel. — v. i. To blow 



[F. brize, Sp. brisa, Pg. briza, northeast wind ; It. 
brezza, a cold wind.] — Breez'y, -t, a. Fanned with 
gentle winds ; brisk. 

Breeze, brez, Briss, bris, Brist, n. Cinders; dust, rub- 
bish. [F. bris, de'bris, fr. briser, to break; or OF. 
brese, braise, cinders.] 

Brent. See Brant. 

Brethren, breth'' ren, n., pi. of Brother, used in sol- 
emn and Scriptural language for brothers. 

Brett, bret, n. A four-wheel carriage, with calash top; 
a britzka. 

Breve, brev, n. (Mus.) A note, I ^ I equivalent to 
two semibreves, or four minims. I < (L aw .) A 
brief. (Print.) A curved mark M over a vowel, to 
indicate that its quantity is short. [It., fr. L. brevis. 
short; same as brief.] — Brevity, n. Shortness of 
time or extent; conciseness. [See Brief.] 

Brevet, bre-vef, n. A warrant, granting a favor, title, 
dignity, etc. ( Mil.) A commission in the army at 
large, but not with a particular comrnand. — v. t. 
To confer rank upon by brevet. — a. Taking rank 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



BREVIARY 



61 



BRING 



by brevet, — designating rank conferred for merit or 
special cause, and not in regular course of promo- 
tion. [F., fr. L. brevis, short.] 

Breviary, bre'vY-a-rT, n. An abridgment ; epitome; 
summary ; book containing the service of the Rom. 
Cath. or Greek church. [L. breviurium, fr. brevis.] 

Brevier, bre-ver r , n. (Print.) A kind of type, in size 
between bourgeois and minion. [Prob. used in 
printing breviaries.] 

^j^ This line is printed in brevier type. 

Breviped, brev'T-ped, a. (Ornith.) Having short legs. 
[L. brevis and pes, pedis, foot.] — Brev'ipen'nate, a. 
Short-winged, — applied to a division of birds, in- 
cluding the ostrich, swan, etc. [L. penna, wing.] 

Brevity. See under Breve. 

Brew, broo, v. t. [brewed (brood), brewing.] To 
boil or seethe ; to prepare, as a liquor, from malt and 
hops, etc., by steeping, boiling, and fermentation; 
to contrive; plot. — v. i. To perform the business of 
brewing; to be in a state of preparation; to be form- 
ing or gathering. [AS. breowan, D. brouwen, G. 
brauen.] — Brew 'age, n. Malt liquor; drink brewed. 
— Brew'er, n. — Brew'ery, -er-1, Brew'-house, n. A 
house where brewing is done. — Brewing, n. Act 
or process of, etc. ; quantity brewed at once. 

Briarean,bri-a / 'rt-an, a. Pert, to, or resembling, Bri- 
areus, a giant with a hundred hands. 

Bribe, brib, re. Something given to pervert the judgment 
or corrupt the conduct ; that which seduces; allure- 
ment, —v. t. [bribed (bribd), bribing.] To influ- 
ence or corrupt by gifts; to gain by, etc. — v. i. To 
give, etc. [OF., a present, gift, esp. of broken meats 
given to beggars. J — Brfbable, a. — Brfber, n. — 
Bribery, n. Act or practice of giving or taking, etc. 

Bric-a-brac, brik'a-brak, n. A collection of antiqua- 
rian or artistic curiosities. [F.] 

Brick, brik, n. Clay and sand, tempered with water, 
molded into form, dried, and usually burnt; bricks 
collectively; a good fellow. — v. t. [bricked (brikt), 
bricking.] To lay with bricks. [F. briqiie, a brick, 
a fragment, D. brick, bit, piece, brick, tile, fr. breken, 
to break.) — Brick'bat, n. A piece of a brick. [See 
Bat.] — kiln, -kil, n. A kiln for baking or burning, 
etc. — -lay'er, n. One who builds with bricks. — 
lay'ing, n. Art of, etc. — -work, n. A structure of 
bricks. 

Bride, brld, n. A woman recently married, or en- 
gaged to be married. [AS. bryd, D. bruid, Sw. and 
Dan. brud, G. braut.] — Bri'dal, a. Pert, to a bride, 
or to a wedding ; nuptial. — n. Nuptial festival ; 
marriage. [Orig. bride-ale, then bridall, fr. bride 
and ale, a feast.] — Bride'-cake, n. Cake for guests 
at a wedding. — chamber, -cham'bgr, n. The nup- 
tial apartment. — groom, n. A man newly married, 
or about to be married. [Prop, bridegoom, AS. bryd- 
guma, D. bruidegom, fr. Goth, guma, man.] — maid, 
-man, n. Attendants on the bride and groom at a 
wedding. [These words are also spelled bridescake, 
bridesmaid, bridesman.] 

Bridewell, brid'wel, n. A house of correction, — so 
called fr. a hospital near St. Bride's or Bridget's well, 
London, subsequently turned into a work-house. 

Bridge, brij, n. A structure forming a roadway over 
a watercourse, ravine, etc. ; a support similar to a 
bridge, as for strings of a violin, the bony part of 
tne nose, etc. (Elec.) A device to measure the re- 
sistance of a conductor forming part of an electric 
circuit. (Card Playing.) A game resembling 
common whist, in which the trump, if any, is made 
by the dealer or his partner, and the hand of the 
latter is played as a dummy: — called also bridge 
whist — v. t. [bridged (brijd), bridging.] To 
build a bridge over. [AS. brycg, bricg, Ic. bru, 
Dan. and OSw. bro, bridge ; Ic. bran, eye-brow ; 
perh. akin to brow.]— Bridge'-board, n. (Arch.) A 
board supporting the ends of steps of wooden stairs. 
head, n. (Fort.) A work defending the en- 
trance to a bridge. — Bridg'ing-joist, n. (Arch.) A 
binding-joist, or joist sustained by transverse beams 
below ; a joist fixed to the flooring boards. 

Bridle, brfdl, n. An instrument to restrain a horse; 
a restraint; curb; check; part of a gun-lock. (Naut.) 
A cable, to enable a ship, when moored, to veer with 
wind and tide.— v. t. [bridled (bri'dld), bridling.] 
To put a bridle upon ; to restrain, or control. — v. i. 
To hold up the head, and draw m the chin, as an 
expression of pride, scorn, or resentment. [AS. 
bndel, D. breidel, MHG. britel; perh. fr. MHG. briten, 
AS. hredan, to braid, weave.] — Brf dler, n. — Brf- 
dle-path, -way, n. A way for travelers on horse- 




back. — Bridoon, hrl-doon', n. (Mil.) The snaffle 
and rein of a military bridle, which acts independ- 
ently of the bit. [F. bridon, fr. bride, bridle.] 

Brief, bref , a. Short in duration or expression; using 
few words ; concise; succinct.— n. An epitome; a 
statement in few words. (Law.) An abridgment 
of a client's case; writ summoning one to answer to 
an action, — v. t. (Law.) To make a brief of. [F. 
brief, bref, fr. L. brevis. See Breve.] — Apostolical 
brief. A letter of the pope on public affairs. — Brief- 
less, a. Having no brief ; without clients. — Brief- 
ly, adv. Concisely; in few words. — Briefness, n. 

Brier, Briar, briber, n. A prickly plant. (Bot.) The 
sweet-brier and wild-brier, species of the rose. [AS. 
brer. Norm, briere, fr. Armor, brug, heath.] — Brib- 
ery, -er-i, a. Full of briers; rough; thorny. 

Brig, brig, n. A vessel with two masts, square-rigged. 
[Abbrev. of brigan- a 

tine.] — Hermaphrodite 
brig. A two-masted 
vessel, square-rigged 
forward and schooner- 
rigged af t. — Brig'an- 
tine, -tin or -tin, n. A 
small brig. [F. brig- 
antin, orig. a pirate 
vessel. See Brigand.] 

Brigade, hri-gad', n. 
(Mil.) A division of 
troops, larger than a 
regiment, commanded 
by a general officer. — Brig. 

v.t. To form into a brigade. [F.; Sp. brigada. It. 
brigata, fr. brigare, to fight.] — Brigadier, brig-a- 
der', Brig / adier-gem / eral, n. The officer command- 
ing a brigade, in rank next below a major-general. 

— Brigade major. An officer who assists the brig- 
adier in his duties. 

Brigand, brig'and, n. A lawless fellow who lives by 
plunder ; a robber, freebooter. [F., a foot-soldier, 
It. brigante, fr. brigare, ir.briga, strife.] — Brigand- 
age, n. Theft; robbery; plunder. 

Bright, brit, a. Shedding light; shining; brilliant: of 
a quick intellect; sparkling with wit; manifest to 
the mind, as light to the eyes; clear; transparent. 
[AS. beorht, Goth, bairhts, shining, Skr. bhraj, to 
shine.] — Brightly, adv. — Brightness, n. — Bright- 
en, brifn, v. t. [-ened C-nd), -ening.] To make 
bright or brighter ; to make illustrious, or more dis- 
tinguished, shed light upon, make cheerful, make 
acute or witty. — v. i. To grow bright or brighter. 

Bright's Disease, britz' diz-ez'. (Med.) A granular 
disease of the cortical part of the kidneys. [First 
described by Dr. Bright, of London.] 

Brill, bril, n. A fish of the turbot kind. [Corn, brilli, 
mackerel, fr. brith, streaked, speckled.] 

Brilliant, brifyant, a. Sparkling with luster; glit- 
tering; splendid; shining. — n. A diamond so cut as 
to reflect and refract the light. (Print.) The small- 
est type used in English printing. 

(•y This line is printed in the type called Brilliant. 

[F. brillant, fr. briller, to glitter, sparkle, fr. L. beryl- 
lus, a precious stone, beryl.] — Brilliance, -iancy, 
-yan-sT , n. Brightness; splendor. — Brill lantly, adv. 

Brim, brim, n. Rim, or border, of anything: edge, 
margin. — v. i. To be full to the brim. [AS. and 
Ic, surf, G. brame, outskirts, border; MHG. brem, 
border, brim.] — Brim 'ful, -ful, Brinfming, a. Full 
to the top; completely full. — Brirn'mer, n. A bowl 
full to the top. 

Brimstone, brim'ston, n. A hard, brittle, inflamma- 
ble substance; sulphur. [E., fr. AS. byrnan, to burn, 
and E. stone.] 

Brinded, brin'ded, a. Having different colors; varie- 
gated; streaked. [Same a.s branded. See Brand.] 

— Brin'dle, -dl, n. State of being brinded; spotted- 
ness. — Brufdled, -did, a. Spotted; brinded. 

Brine, brin, n. "Water impregnated with salt; the 
ocean or sea; tears; pickle. [AS. bryne, salt water, 
fr. brinnan, to burn.] — Brfnish, a. Like brine; 
saltish. — Brfnishness, n. — Brfny. a. Pert, to 
brine, or to the sea; salt. — Brine r -pan, n. A pit of 
salt water, for evaporation. 

Bring, bring, v. t. [brought (brawt), bringing.] To 
convey to a person or thing; fetch; to make to come; 
procure; induce; influence; to convey, carry. [AS. 
bringan ; Skr. bhri, to bear.] — To bring about. To 
effect; accomplish.— To b. hack. To recall. — To 
b. down. To humble or abase. — To b. dov:n the 
house. To elicit applause. — To b. forth. To pro- 
duce; make manifest. — To 6. in. To introduce; 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



BRINK 



62 



BROOD 



produce, ae income; induce to join. — To b. off. To 
bear away, procure to be acquitted. — To 6. on. To 
cause to Begin, or to exist. — To b. out. To expose, 
detect. — To 6. over. To bear across; also, to con- 
vert; to cause to change sides or opinion. — To b. to. 
To resuscitate. — To b. under. To subdue, repress. 
— To b. up. To nurse, educate; also, to come to the 
end of one's course. — To b. to. (Naut.) To check 
the course ef , as a ship, by arranging the sails in a 
certain manner. — To b. by the lee. To incline rap- 
idly to leeward of the course. — Bring'er, n. 

Brink, brink, n. Edge, margin, or border of a steep 
place; verge. [D. and Sw.J 

Briquet, brt'ket', n. A block of compacted coal dust, 
or peat, etc., for fuel; a block of artificial stone, 
cement, etc., in the form of a brick. [F. briquette, 
little brick.] 

Brisk, brisk, a. Full of liveliness and activity, of 
spirit or life; effervescing, as liquors; alert; nimble; 
quick; gay. — v. i. To appear with animation,— 
with up. [W. brpsg, quick, nimble, brys, haste; perh. 
s. rt. fresh, frisk.] — Briskly, adv. — Brisk'ness, n. 

Brisket, bris'ket, n. The breast of an animal, esp. that 
part next the ribs. See Beef. [OF. brischet.) 

Bristle, bris'l, n. A short, stiff , coarse hair. (Bot.) A 
species of pubescence on plants. — v. t. [bristled 
(brisld), bristling (brisling).] To erect the bris- 
tles of, n* a bristle to. — v. i. To rise or stand erect, 
like bristles. [AS. byrst, Ic. burst, S w. borst, D. borstel, 
a bristle ; Skr. hnsh for bhrish, to bristle.] — To bris- 
tle up. To show anger or defiance.— Bristly, bris'll, 
a. Thick set with bristles ; rough. — Bris'tliness, n. 

Bristol-board, bris'tol-bord, ?i. Fine pasteboard, with 
a smooth surface. — brick, n. A sort of brick for 
cleaning steel. — -stone, n. (dfin.) Rock crystal, or 
crystals of quartz, found near Bristol, England. 

Britannia, hrt-tan'nY-a, n. A compound of block- 
tin alloyed with antimony, bismuth, and copper. 

British, brifish, a. Pert, to Great Britain or its in- 
habitants, or to its original inhabitants. —Brit 'on, 
n. A native of, etc. — Brit'icism, -sizm, n. A habit 
or idiom peculiar to, etc. 

Brittle, brit'tl, a. Easily broken; apt to break; frag- 
ile. [E., fr. AS. hreotan, Sw. bryta, to break.] — 
Brit'tleness, ». 

Britzska, bris'ka. n. A long carriage, with calash top. 
[Russ. britshka, 
Pol- bryczka, dim. 
of bryka, freight- 
wagon.] _ 

Broach, broch.. n. A 
steei tool for 
smoothing or en- 
larging hole* in ji 
metal; a brooch. *■ 
[See Brooch.] — Britzska. 

v. t. [broached (brocht), broaching.] To pierce, 
as with a spit; to tap; to pierce, as a cask, in order 
to draw liquor; to let out; to open for the first time, 
as stores; to make public, give out. [F. broche, spit, 
f r. LL. brocca, pointed stick, L. broccus, tooth, point. 
Same as brooch. ] — Broach'er, n. A spit; broach; 
one who broaches. 

Broad} brawd, a. Wide; extended in breadth, or 
from side to side; diffused; having a large measure 
of any thing or quality; ample; comprehensive; 
gross; obscene. [AS. brad, Ic. breidhr, Sw. and 
Dan. bred.] — As broad as long. The same one way 
as another. — Broadcast, n. (Auric.) A sowing of 
seed by casting it at large from the hand. —adv. 
Diffusedly; at large, —a. Dispersed, as seed thrown 
by the hand; widely spread. —Broaden, brawd'n, 
v. i. To grow broad. — r. t. To make broad, ren- 
der more comprehensive. — Broad'ish, a. Rather 
broad. — Broadly, adv. — Broad'ness, n. — Broad'- 
ax, -axe, n. A broad-edged ax for hewing timber. 
— brim, n. A kind of hat worn by the Friends or 

3 makers; a Quaker. cloth, n. A fine woolen 
oth for garments, exceeding 29 inches in width. — 
-piece, «. A gold coin broader than a guinea.— 
-side, n. Simultaneous discharge of all guns on one 
side of a ship. (Naut.) A ship's side above water, 
from bow to quarter. (Print.) A sheet of paper 
containing one large page, or printed on one side 
only. — sword, -sord, n. One with broad blade and 
cutting edge; a claymore. — B. Church. (Eccl.) A 
body of men holding liberal or comprehensive views 
of Christian doctrine and fellowship, — applied esp. 
to a portion of the church of Eng. — B. gauge, gaj. 
A distance between the rails of a railroad greater 
than the standard gauge of 4 ft. 8i in. — B. pen'- 




nant, n. (Aaut.) A sauare flag at a commodore's 
mast-head. — B. seal. The public seal of a state. 

Brobdingnaggian, brob'ding-nag'gl-an, a. Colossal; 
monstrous, — like the giant-land of Brobdingnug, in 
" Gulliver's Travels." 

Brocade, bro-kad', n. Silk stuff, variegated witli gold 
and silver, or with patterns of flowers, etc.; other 
stuffs similarly wrought. [Sp. brocado, fr. brocar, 
to embroider.] — Bro'cateK, -tello, -ka-tel'lo, n. 
Coarse brocade for tapestry, carriage linings, etc.; 
marble, clouded and veined with various colors. 
[Sp. brocatel, F. brocatelle, It. brocatello.] — Bro- 
cad'ed, a. Worked as, or dressed in, brocade. 

Bro'cage. See under Broker. 

Brocard, brok'ard, n. An elementary principle or 
maxim ; a canon. [Brocardica, a collection of ec- 
clesiastical canons by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms.] 

Broccoli, brok'ko-lT, n. A variety of cabbage, re- 
sembling cauliflower. [It., pi. of broccolo, a sprout, 
dim. of brocc.o. a skewer, stalk; s. rt. brooch.] 

Brochure, hro-shoor', n. A printed and stitched work 
of few leaves; a pamphlet. [F., fr. brocher, to stitch. J 

Brock, brok, n. A badger. [AS., Ir., Ga., Manx, 
and Dan. broc, W., Corn., and Armor, broch, a bad- 

fer; fr. Ga. and Ir. breac, speckled, W. brech, 
rindled, freckled.] 

Brogan, bro'gan or bro-gan', Brogue, brog, n. A stout, 
coarse shoe. [Ga. and Ir. brog, a shoe.] — Brogue, 
n. A coarse manner of pronunciation. 

Broider. See Embroider. 

Broil, broil, n. A noisy quarrel; fray; tumult; dis- 
cord. [F. brouiller, to jumble, make a tumult; perh. 
s. rt. brawl.] — Broil'er, n. A promoter of broils. 

Broil, broil, v. t. [broiled (broild), broiling.] To 
cook over coals or on a gridiron. — v. i. To be 
greatly heated. [OF. bruiffer, bruir, to broil, grill; 
s. rt. brew.] — BroU'er, n. A gridiron. 

Broke, Broken-hearted, etc. See under Break. 

Broker, bro'ker, n. One who does business for anoth- 
er ; an agent to effect contracts for a compensation. 
[ME. a middle-man, fr. broken, AS. brucan, G. 
brauchen. to have the use of, to manage.] — Broke, 
brok, v. i. To act as agent, esp. in love affairs. — 
Bro'cage, Bro'kage, -kej, Bro'kerage, n. The fee 
for acting as broker; a commission on sales. [ME. 
brocage. J — Bro'kerage, n. The occupation of, etc. 

Broma, bro'ma, n. A preparation of cacao seeds, or 
drink made from it. [Gr., food, fr. bibroskein, to eat.] 

Bromine, bro'min, n. (Chem.) One of the elements, 
related In chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine 
[Gr. bromos, a stink.] — Bro'mal, n. An oily, color- 
less fluid produced by bromine acting on alcohol. -~ 
Bro'mate, n. Bromic acid compounded with a base. 

— Bro'mic, a. Compounded of bromine and oxygen. 

— Bro'mide, -mid, n. A compound of bromine with 
a metallic or combustible base. — Bro'mite, -mit, n. 
An ore of silver; bromic silver. — Bro'mism, -mizm, 
n. A cachectic condition caused by using bromine. 

Bronchi, bron'ki, -chia, -kT-a, -chiae ; -kl-e, n. pi. 
(Anat.) The ramifications of the windpipe in the 
lungs. [Gr. brongchia, brongchos, windpipe.] — Bron'- 
chial, -kT-al, -chic, -kik, a. (Anat.) Pert, to, etc. — 
Bronchitis, -ki'tis, n. Inflammation of the bron- 
chial membrane. — Bron'chocele, -ko-sel, n. Morbid 
enlargement of the thyroid gland; goiter. — Bron'- 
cho-pneumo'nia, -ko-nu-mo'n'i-a, n. Inflammation 
of the bronchi and lungs. — Bronchotomy, -kofo-mT, 
n. An incision into the windpipe; tracheotomy; 
laryngotomy. [Gr. tome, a cutting.] 

Bronco." bron/ko, n. A wild or half-tamed animal; 
esp. a cross between ahorse and a mustang; a native 
California horse. _[Sp., rough, wild.] 

Bronze, brQnz or bronz, n. An alloy of copper with 
tin, sometimes with other metals, esp. zinc; a statue, 
medal, etc., cast in bronze; a brown color; the_ color 
of bronze, — v.t. [bronzed (bronzd or bronzd), 
bronzing.] To give the appearance of bronze ; to 
make brown; to make hard or unfeeling; to brazen. 

— a. Made of, or resembling, etc. [F., fr. It. bronzo, 
bronze, perh. fr. It. brurto. brown, brunire, to bur- 
nish.] — Bronze age. The prehistoric age succeed- 
ing the stone age, when men used implements of 
copper or brass. 

Brooch, broch, n. An ornament, with a pin to attach 
it to a garment. (Paint.) A painting all of one 
color. — v. i. To adorn with jewelry. [Same as 
broach, q. v.] 

Brood, brood, v. i. To sit on and cover eggs or young; 
to sit quietly; to remain long in anxious thought; to 
muse. — v. t. To sit over, cover, and cherish. — n. 
Offspring; progeny. [AS. brid, a young one, esp. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 5r i 



BROOK 



63 



BUCK 



young bird, D. broed, G. brut, a brood. See Breed.] 

— Brood'mare, n. A mare kept for breeding. 
Brook, bro"6k, n. A email stream of water. [AS. broc, 

brooc,brook,D. broek, OHG. prusch, G. bruch, marsh; 
8. rt. break.) — Brooklet, n. A small brook. 

Brook, brdok, v. t. To bear, endure; to be contented 
with. [AS. brucan, D. gebruifcen, Ic. bruka, OHG. 
pruhhan, _to use, L./rwi. Skr. bhuj, to enjoy.] 

Broom, broom, n. A genus of leguminous plants; a 
besom, or brush, to sweep floors, etc., — orig. made 
of the broom plant. [AS. brom, broom, D.brem, s. 
rt. bramble.] — Broom'y, a. Full of, consisting of, 
etc. — Broom'-corn, n. A speeies of sorghum or 
Guinea-corn, bearing a head of which brooms are 
made. — stick, n. The handle of a broom. 

Broth, broth, n. Liquor in which flesh or anything 
else is boiled. [AS. brodh, fr. breowan, to brew.] 

Brothel, brorb/el, n. A house of ill-fame. [OF. bor- 
del, dim. of borde, a hut, 6hed made of boards, D. 
bord, board.] 

Brother, brufch r 5r, n. ; pi. Broth'ers or Brethren, 
brethren (used in the solemn style). He who is 
born of the same parents with another, or of one of 
them only; one closely united to another by eome 
common tie; one who resembles another. [AS. brod- 
hor, D. broeder, Sw. and D. broder, OHG. pruoder, L. 
/rater, Gr. phrater, Skr. bhratri, fr. bhri, to bear.] — 
Broth 'erly, a. Pert, to; kind; affectionate. — Broth'- 
erliness, n. — Brotherhood, -hottd, n. State of being, 
etc.; an association; a fraternity; a class of individ- 
uals of the same occupation. — Broth'er-in-law, n. 
Brother of a_husband or wife; sister's husband. 

Brougham, broo'am or broom, n. A light close car- 
riage. [After Lord Brougham.] 

Brow, brow, n. The ridge over the eye, with the hair 
upon it; the forehead; the edge of a steep place. 
[AS. braew, also bru, pi. brua, Ic. brun, Ga. bra, 
Pers. abru, Skr. bhru, eye-brow, fr. bhur, to move 
quickly.] — To knit the brows. To frown, scowl. — 
Brow'beat, -bet, v. t. [imp. browbeat; p. p. -beat- 
en; -beating.] To bear down with stern looks or 
arrogant assertions. 

Brown, brown, n. A dark color inclining to red or 
yellow. — a. Of a brown color, —v. t. [browned 
(brownd), browning.] To give a brown color to. [AS. 
and Sw. brun, D. bruin, Ic. brunn, G. braun; s. rt. 
burn.] — Brownish, a. Somewhat brown. — Brown'- 
mess, n. — Brownie, -t, n. A Scottish household 
spirit. — Brown'ing, n. Process of coloring brown ; 
a preparation of burnt sugar for coloring gravy, etc. 

— Brown 'bread, n. Coarse wheaten bread made of 
unbolted meal ; a dark-colored bread made of wheat 
or rye, mixed with Indian meal. [Perh. corrupt, fr. 
bran-bread.] — coal,n. "Wood-coal; lignite. — study, 
n. Mental abstraction ; reverie. — B. stout. A su- 
perior kind of porter. 

Browse, browz, v. t. [browsed (browzd), brows- 
ing.] To eat or nibble off, as the ends of branches 
of trees, etc. — v. i. To feed on shoots of shrubs or 
trees. — Browse, brows, n. Tender branches or twigs 
of trees, etc. [F. brouster, to browse, fr. OF. broust, 
sprig, tendril, bud, MHG. broz, Armor, brous, bud.] 

— Browser, browz'Sr, n. An animal that browses. 
Bruin, brooln, n. A bear. [D., brown, fr. his color.] 
Bruise, brooz, v. t. [bruised (broozd), bruising.] To 

injure or crush; to contuse; to reduce to fragments; 
to fight with the fists ; to box. — n. A contusion. 
[AS. brysan, to bruise, Ga. and Ir. bris, OF. bruiser, 
bruser, briser, MHG. bresten, to break; s. rt. burst.] — 
Brofcrer, n. One who, or that which, bruises; a boxer. 

Bruit, broot, n. Report; rumor ; fame. (Med.) A 
sound heard on percussion or auscultation. — v. t. To 
report; to noise abroad. [F., a noise, clamor, bruire. 
to make anoise, roar, W. broch, din.] 

Brumal, broo'mal, a. Pert, to winter. [L. bruma, for 
brevissima, the shortest day in winter, fr. brei-is, 
short.] — Bru'mous, -mus, a. Foggy. — Bru'maire, 
-mar, n. In the calendar of the first French Repub- 
lic, the second month, fr. Oct. 25 to Nov. 21. [F., fog- 
month, fr. brume, fog.] 

Brunette, broo-nef, n. A woman of dark complex- 
ion. [F., brownish, dim. of brun, brown.] 

Brunt, brunt, n. The heat, or utmost violence, of an 
onset; force of a blow; shock; sudden effort, con- 
tact, or engagement. [Ic. bruna, to advance with 
the speed of fire, fr. brenna, to burs; s. rt. burn.] 

Brush, brush, n. An instrument of bristles, etc., for 
removing dust, laying on colors, etc. ; branches of 
trees lopped off ; brushwood; a thicket; a skirmish; 
a slight encounter; anything resembling a brush. — 
v. t. [brushed (brusht), brushing.] To apply a 




Brush- wheel. 



brush to; to pass lightly over; to remove or gather 
by brushing. — v.i. To move nimbly in haste; to 
skim over with slight contact. [OF. broce, brosse, 
brushwood,F. brosse, bush, brush. LL. brustia, brush, 
bruscia, thicket, MHG. broz, bud. See Browse.] 

— To brush up. To clean with a brush. — Brusb/er. 
n. One who, or that which, etc. — Brush 'y, -I, a. 
Resembling, etc.; rough. — Brush'inesB.n. — Brush/- 
wheel, n. A wheel 
without teeth, re- 
volving another by 
friction; a revolving 
brush for polishing. 

— -wood, n. A thick- 
et or coppice; small 
branches cut from 
trees. 

Brusk,Brusque,br66sk, 
a. Blunt ; rough ; 
rude. [F. brusque, rude, It. brusco, sharp, tart, sour, 
said of fruit, wine, etc.] — Brusquely, adv. — 
Brusqueliess, BruB'querie, -ker-e, n. [F. brusquerie.] 

Brute, broot, a. Not having sensation or reason; 
senseless; irrational ; unintelligent ; animal ; bes- 
tial; rough. — n. A beast; a low-bred, unfeeling 
person. [L- brutus, stupid.] — Bru'tal, a. Pert, to, 
or like, etc. ; cruel; inhuman. — Bru'tally, adv. — 
Brutality, n. — Bru'talize [-talized (-Izd), -iz- 
ing], Bru'tify [-tified (-tr-fid), -fyino], v.t. To 
make a brute of, make brutal. — Bru'tish, a. Hav- 
ing characteristics of, etc. ; ignorant ; stupid; gross ; 
carnal ; bestial. — Bru'tishly, adv. — Bru'tishness, 
n. — Bru'tism, -tizm, «. The nature, qualities, or 
actions, of a brute. 

Bryony, bri'o-nY, n. (Bot.) A genus of climbing 
plants. [Gr. bruone, fr. bruein, to swell, grow luxu- 
riantly.] — Bry'onine, -nin, n. ( Chem.) An emetic 
and cathartic alkaloid obtained from its root. 

Bub, Bubby, bub'bY, n. A brother. [Corrupt, of 
brother.] 

Bubble, bubl. n. A bladder of water or other fluid 
inflated with air ; anything empty ; a delusive 
scheme, — v.i. [bubbled (bubld), bubbling.] To 
rise in bubbles, run with a gurgling noise, — v. t. 
To cheat, deceive. [Sw. bubbla, Dan. boble, 9. bob- 
bel,& bubble.] — Bub'bler, n. One who cheats; a 
fish which makes a grunting noise. — Bub'biy, -blY, 
a. Abounding in bubbles; bubbling. 

Bubby, bub'bTf, n. A woman's breast. [Prov. G. bubi.] 

Bubo, bu'bo, n. ; pi. Bu'boes, -boz. (Anat.) The 
groin. (Med.) Inflammation, with enlargement, of 
a lymphatic gland, esp. Jn the groin. £Gr. boubon, 
groin.] — Bubonocele, -sel, n. A tumor in the groin; 
inguinal rupture. [Gr. kele, tumor.] 

Buccal, buk'kal, a. Pert, to the cheek. [L. bucca, 
cheek.] 

Buccaneer, Bucanier, buk-a-ner r , n. A pirate ; free- 
booter. [F. boucanier, fr. boucaner, to smoke (meat, 
fish, etc.), f r. Caribbean boucan, place for drying in 
smoke, — first applied to Fr. adventurers in Hayti, 
who established hunters' camps.] — Buccaneering, 
n. Piracy. — Buccaneerlsh, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Buccinal. buk-silial, a. Trumpet-shaped. [L. buc- 
cina, a crooked trumpet.] — Buccinalor, n. (Anat.) 
The muscle forming much of the cheek, used in 
blowing a wind instrument. [See Buccal.] 

Bucentaur, bu-senlawr, n. (Myth.) A fabulous 
monster, half ox and half man. [Gr. bous, ox, and 
kentauros, centaur.] — The state barge of Venice, 
used in the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. [It. 
bucentoro.] 

Buchu, bu'ku, n. (Bot.) A plant used for diseases of 
the bladder. 

Buck, buk, n. Lye for soaking cloth, in bleaching; 
also liquor in which clothes are washed; cloth or 
clothes washed, — v. t. To steep in lye; to wash in 
lye or suds. (Mining.) To break up or pulverize, as 
ore6. [Ga. buac, dung used in bleaching, Ir. buac, 
lye, buacar, cow-dung ; 
fr. Ga. bo, W. buw, buwch, 
cow, L. bos; Kw. bpka, 
Dan. byge, OD. buiken, 
OF. buer, G. beuchen, to 
buck - wash.] — Buck- 
basket, -bas'ket, n. A 
basket for carrying 
clothes to the wash. 
, buk, n. The male 



of the fallow deer, goat, 
sheep, rabbit, and Bare, 
— also applied to male 




Buek. 



son, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNbcw, chair, get. 



BUCKBOARD 



64 



BULK 



Indians and negroes; a gay, dashing, young fel- 
low. — v. i. To jump viciously, with the head 
down, as if butting, —said of mules, etc. — v. t. 
To confine, by passing a stick under the bent knees, 
and over the wrists, the hands being tied together 
before the shins. [AS. bucca, Ir. boc, D. bok, Ic. bukkr, 
he-goat; Sw. and G. bock, Dan. buk, Ga. boc, buck, 
he-goat ; Skr. bukka, goat.J — Buckish, a. Foppish. 
— Buck 'shot, n. Coarse shot used for large game. — 
-skin, n. Leather of deer, goats, etc. pi. Breeches 
made of it. — stall, -stawl, n. A net to catch deer. 

Backboard, buk'bord, -wag'on, n. A rude vehicle, 
having a board resting on two axletrees. 

Bucket, buk'et, n. A vessel to hold liquids, etc. 
(Mach.) One of the cavities on the rim of a water- 
wheel ; the float of a paddle-wheel. See Water- 
wheel. [Ir. buicead, Ga. bucaid, bucket, fr. Ir. and 
Ga. boc, to swell.] — Buck'etful, n. Contents of, etc. 

Buckeye, buk'!, n. A tree indigenous in the Western 
States; a nickname for a resident of Ohio. 

Buckle, buk'1, n. A frame with tongue or catch to 
fasten things together; a curl, or state of being curled 
or crisped, as hair.— v. t. [buckled (buk'ld), buck- 
ling.] To fasten with a buckle ; to prepare for ac- 
tion ; set stoutly at work. — v. i. To bend, bow ; to 
struggle, contend. [OF. bode (F. boucle), boss of a 
shield, ring, fr. LL. bucula, boss of a shield, or buc- 
cula, shield, buckle, dim. of bucca, cheek.] — To 
buckle to. To bend to; apply with vigor to. — Buck'- 
ler, n. A kind of shield. (Naut.) A cover fitted to 
the hawse-holes, to exclude water. [OF. bocler.] 

Buck-mast, buk'mast, n. Mast or fruit of the beech- 
tree. [Scot, buck, beech.] 

Buckra. buk'ra, n. The negroes' name for a white 
man. — adj. White. [Calabar, a demon, hence, 
powerful, superior.] 

Buckram, buk'ram, n. A coarse linen cloth, stiffened 
with glue. — a. Made of buckram ; stiff, precise. 
[F. bongran, OF. boucaran, LL. boquerannus, buck- 
ram, fr. boquena, goat's skin, MHG. boc, goat.] 

Buckthorn, buk'thdrn, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants. 

Buckwheat, buk'hwet, n. A plant, whose seed is 
used as grain. [Scot, buck, AS. boc, beech, and E. 
wheat, the seeds resembling beech-mast; D. boekweit, 
G. buchweitzen.] 

Bucolic, bu-kol'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to a shepherd; pas- 
toral ; rustic. — Bucolic, n. A pastoral poem. [Gr. 
boukolos, cowherd.] 

Bucrania, bu'kra'nl-a, n. pi. {Arch.) Sculptured 
ox-skulls adorned with wreaths, etc. [L.] 

Bud, bud, n. An undeveloped branch or flower ; a 
prominence on certain animals, which grows into an 
animal, as a bud in a plant grows into a flower. — 
v. i. To put forth buds; to begin to grow, or issue 
from a stock tike a bud, as a horn; to be in bloom, or 
growing. — v. t. To insert, as the bud of one plant, 
under bark of another, to raise a fruit different from 
the stock. [D. bot, a bud, batten, to bud. OF. boton, 
button, bud, boter, to push.] — Budlet, n. A little bud. 

Buddhism, bud'izm, n. The doctrine taught by the 
Hindu sage', Buddha, in the 6th century b. c, and 
adopted as a religion in Central and Eastern Asia. 
etc. [Skr. buddha, wise.] — Buddhist, bud'ist, n. A 
votary of Buddhism. — Bud'dhist, -ist'ic, a. 

Buddie, bud'dl, n. {Mining.) A wooden frame for 
washing ore. — v. t. To wash ore with, etc. 

Budelight, bud'lit, n. An intense white light, produced 
by purified coal-gas, burned in a peculiar Argand 
lamp. [Fr. Bade, residence of the inventor.] 

Budge, bui.t>.f.&i. [budged (bujd), budging.] To 
move off, stir, wag. [F. bouger, to stir, It. bulicare, 
to bubble up, fr. L. bullire, to boil.] 

Budge, buj, n. Lamb-skin fur, used formerly as an 
edging, esp. of scholastic habits. —a. Lined with 
budge; hence, scholastic; austere or stiff. [F. bouge, 
a wallet, pouch of skin, G. balg, skin, L. butga, leath- 
ern bag.] — Bndg'et, n. A bag or sack, with its con- 
tents ; a stock or store ; a governmental financial 
statement. [F. bongette, dim. of bouge.'] 

Buff, buf, n. A sort of leather, from the skin of the 
buffalo, also of other animals, dressed in oil ; a mili- 
tary coat, made of buff-skin ; the color of, etc. ; the 
bare skin. (Med.) A grayish, viscid crust observed 
on blood. (Mech.) A wheel covered with buff 
leather, for polishing. — a. Made of buff leather ; 
of the color of, etc., —between light pink and light 
yellow. [Contr. of buffalo.] — Buflry, -t, a. Resem- 
bling, etc. ; like the blood called buf'f L 

Buffalo, buf r a-lo, n. ; pi. Buf'faloes, -loz. A kind of 
wild ox of the eastern continent ; a buffalo-rebe ; 
applied improperly to the bison. See Bison. [Sp. 



JEB 



bufalo, F. buffle, L. bujalus, 
bubalus, Gr. boubalos, fr. L. bos, 
Gr. bous, ox.] — Buffalo-chips, 
n. pi. The dung of the bison, 
used as fuel. — clover, -grass, 
n. Plants of the western 
prairies. — robe, n. The skin of 
the bison, prepared with the 
hair on. 

Buffer, buffer, n. (Mech.) An Buffalo, 

apparatus to deaden concussion by moving bodies. 
[ME. buffen, Prov. E. buff, OF. bufer, buffer, to 
strike.] — A foolish fellow ; good-natured old fellow. 
[ME. buffen, to stammer.] 

Buffet, boof-a' or buf 'fet, n. A sideboard or closet, 
for plate, china, etc. [F., cupboard.] 

Buffet, buffet, n. A blow with the hand ; cuff ; vio- 
lent resistance, as of winds and waves. — v. t. To 
box, beat, slap; to contend against, — v. t. To play 
at boxing ; to make one's way by buffeting. [OF. 
bufet, a blow, esp. on the cheek. See Buffer.] — 
Buf'feter, n. One who buffets ; a boxer. 

Buffo, buf 'fq, n. The comic actor in an opera. [It.] — 
Buffoon, -toon', n. One who amuses by tricks, iokes, 
and pleasantries ; a mimic ; mountebank ; clown. 
[F. bonffon. It. buffone, fr. buffa, a trick, jest.]— Buf- 
ioon'ory, -er-T, n. The arts of, etc.; low jests; pranks. 
— Buffoon'ish, a. Like a buffoon. 

Bug, bug, n. An insect of many species ; esp. a 
hemipterous insect which infests beds, etc. — Bug, 
Bug'bear, -bar, Bug'aboo, -a-boo, n. Something 
frightful ; a specter ; hobgoblin. [W. bwg, Ga. ana 
Ir. bocan, Corn, bucca, a specter.] — Bug'gy, -gY, a. 
Abounding with bugs. — Bug'giness, n. 

Bugger, bug'ger, n. One guilty of buggery ; a vile 
creature. — Bug'gery, -1, n. A crime against na- 
ture ; sodomy. [F. bougrerie, heresy, fr. Bulgaria.] 

Buggy, bug'gi, n. A light four-wheel vehicle, with 
or without a calash top. 

Bugle, Bugle-horn, bu'gl-hdrn, n. A wind instrument 
for hunting or for military music. 
[OF. bugle, wild ox, L buguhis. dim. 
of bos, ox ; F. beugler, to bellow.] — 
Bu'gler, n. One who plays on, etc. 

Bugle, bu'gl, n. An elongated glass 
bead. [G. biigel, a rounded piece of 
wood or metal, dim. of MHGf. bouch, 
Ic. baugr, AS. be.ag, armlet, o r n a- Bugle-horn, 
ment.] — Bu'gled, -gld, a. Ornamented with, etc. 

Eugloss, bu'glos, n. A plant used in dyeing ; ox. 
tongue. [Gr. bous, ox, and glossa, tongue, — fr. its 
long rough leaves.] 

Buhl, bul, n. A figure of brass, unburnished gold, etc., 
set into surfaces of ebony, tortoise-shell, etc. [Fr. 
Boule, a skillful French wood-earver.] 

Buhr -stone, ber'ston, n. (Min.) A flinty quartz, used 
for mill-stones. [See Buk.] 

Build, h\\A,v.t. [BUiLT(bilt)or(antiquated) builded; 
building.] To frame, construct, and raise, as an 
edifice; to fabricate; to raise on any foundation ; t« 
increase and strengthen. — v. i. To practice build- 
ing ; to construct, rest, or depend. — n. Form, or 
mode of construction. [OSw. bvlja, to build; OSw., 
Ic, Dan. bo 1 ., AS. bold, house.] — Build'er, n. — 
Building, n. Act or business of, etc. ; thing built. 

Bul, bul, n. The 8th mouth of the Jewish ecclesias- 
tical year, — parts of October and November. 

Bulb, bulb, n. (Bot.) A bud growing from a plant, 
(usually below ground), and producing a stem 
above and roots below. (Anat.) A part shaped 
like bulbous roots. A protuberance on a stem, as 
the bulb of a thermometer. — v. i. To form bulbs. 
[F. & G. bulhe, L. bulbus, Gr. bolhos, bulbous root, 
onion.] — Bulbif'erous, -er-us, a. (Bot.) Producing 
bulbs. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Bulb'ous, a. Having, 
containing, growing from, or shaped like, etc. 

Bulge, bulj, n. The protuberant part of a cask, etc. 
(Naut.) The bilge of a vessel. — v. i. [bulged 
(buljd), bulging.] To swell out; to be protuberant; 
to bilge, as a ship. [OSw. btdgja, to swell out, bulgin, 
swollen; s. rt. ball, boil, bowl, bilge : billoiv, belli/, bulk.] 

Bulk, bulk, n. Magnitude of material substance; size; 
mass ; the majority ; the principal portion. (Naut.) 
The whole cargo of a ship when stowed. — v. i. To 
appear of great size or importance. [Dan., a lump, 
Ic. bulki, OSw. bolk, a heap, fr. Sw. bulna, to swell; 
also Sw. 6w£, Dan. bug, G. bauch, Ga. bulg, belly. See 
Bulge.] — In bulk. In a mass. — Laden, or stowed 
in b. Having the cargo loose in the hold. — Sale by b. 
A sale of goods as they are, without weight or meas- 
ure. — To break b. (Naut.) To begin to unload.— 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tgrm ; in, ice ; odd, tone, dr j 



BULKHEAD 



65 



BURBOT 



fine, -bafing, n. The practice of baitingor exci 
: bulls with dogs. — calf, -kaf, n. A male calf ; a 



Bulkier, n. (Naut.) One who ascertains the capaci- 
ty of goods, to fix the freight or shore-dues upon 
them . — Bulk'y, -T , a. Large. — Eulk'iness, n. 

Bulkhead. bulk-Hied, n. (Naut.) A partition in a ship, 
etc., made with boards, etc. [Ic. balkr, Sw. balk, 
beam, partition.] 

Bull, bul, n. The male of any bovine quadruped, also 
of any large quadruped, as the elephant. (Astron.) 
Taurus, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. ( Stock 
Exchange.) One who buys stock on time, agreeing 
to take a certain amount at a future day at a stated 
price, beyond which he seeks to raise the market 
value. See Bear. — v. t. To endeavor to raise the 
price of. [OD. bolle, D. bul, Ic. boli, a bull; AS. bellan, 
to bellow/) — Bul'lock, n. A young bull; an ox, or 
castrated bull. [Dim. of bull; AS. bulluca.] — Bull' 
bait- 
ting 

stupid fellow. — dog, n. A variety of dog, of re 
markable ferocity and courage, — named prob. fr. 
being used to bait bulls or fr. the size of the head. — 
-fight, -fit, n. A combat with a bull. — finch, n. A 
thick-necked singinu-bird allied to the grossbeak. — 
-frog, n. A large species of frog, which makes a loud, 

croaking noise. head, n. A fish of the genus 

cottus ; also the cat-fish, or horned-pout; a stupid fel- 
low; lubber. — headed, -necked, -nekt, a. Unyield- 
ing; dogged. — rush, n. A large, strong rush, grow- 
ing in swamps or water. — trout, n. A large species 
of trout, ascending rivers periodically to 6pawh. 

Bull, bul, n. The seal appended to the edicts and 
briefs' of the pope ; an edict, or rescript of the pope. 
[L. bulla, a stud, knob, later a leaden seal.] — A 
blunder; use of language self-contradictory or ex- 
pressing ideas entirely different from those in- 
tended. [In allusion to papal edicts.] 

Bulldoze, buKdoz, v. t. To intimidate by violence. 
[Amer. political slang.'] [Perh. bull's dose = co wind- 
ing.] 

Bullet, bullet, n. A small ball; esp. one of lead for 
small-arms. [F. boulet, dim. of boule, ball, fr. L. 
bulla, stud, bubble.] 

Bulletin, bul'le-tin, n. A statement respecting some 
event, issued by authority for public information; 
public notice, esp., of news recently received. [F., 
fr. It. bulletino, dim. of bulla, a pope's bull.] — BuK- 
letin-board, n. A board on which to post, etc. 

Bullion, bul'yun, n. Uncoined gold or silver in the 
mass; precious metal, coined or uncoined, when 
reckoned by weight and in mass. [OF. bullione, a 
mint, hence, metal taken there, fr. LL. bullare, to 
btamp, mark with a seal, fr. bulla, a seal.] 

Bulls-eye, bulz'I, n. (Naut.) A wooden block with- 
out sheaves, having a groove around it, and a hole 
through it. A thick piece of glass in a deck, roof, 
etc., to let in light; any circular opening for air or 
light; a policeman's lantern; the center of a target; 
a knob left on a sheet of plate-glass by the blow- 
pipe; a thick, old-fashioned watch. 

Bully, bul'I, n. A blustering fellow. —a. Jovial; 
merry.'— v. t. [bullied (buKlid), bullying.] To 
insult with blustering menaces; to treat with inso- 
lence. — v. i. To be noisy and quarrelsome; to 
swagger, crow, domineer. [D. bulderaar, a blus- 

. terer, bulderen, to bluster, rage, roar, fr. but, a bull.] 

Bulwark, buKwerk, «. {Fort.) An outwork for de- 
fense; a bastion. A means of defense; screen; shel- 
ter, pi. (Naut.) A ship's sides above the deck. — 
v. t. To fortify with a rampart; to protect. [Dan. 
bulvierk, fr. bul, log, and vserk, work.] 

Bumble-bee, bum'bl-be, n. A large bee; humble-bee. 
[OD. hommelen, to buzz, hum; s. rt. boom.] 

Bumboat, bum'botj n. (Naut.) A clumsy boat for 
conveying provisions, fruit, etc., for sale, to vessels 
off shore. [D. bumboot, a fisherman's or pilot's boat, 
which contains a bun, receptacle for fish, etc.] 

Bumkin, bumpkin, n. (Naut.) A piece of timber to 
which stays, sails, etc., are fastened. [OD. boomken, 
dim. of boom, tree, boom.] 

Bummer, bum'mer, n. A vagrant; forager; soldier 
seeking food and plunder ; dissipated fellow. 

Bump, bump, n. A thump; heavy blow; swelling or 
protuberance. — v. t. [bumped (burnt), bumping.} 
To strike, as against anything solid. [W. pwnip, 
a lump, pwmpio, to thump, Dang, Corn, bum, Ir. 
and Ga. beum, a blow, also Ga. beum, to strike.] 



r , bump, v. i. To make a loud, heavy, or hollow 
noise, as the bittern. [Vf.bwmp, a hollow sound, L. 
bombus, Gr. bombos, a humming; s. rt. boom.] 
unper, bum'per, n. A cup filled to the brim. [Cor- 
rup. of E. bombard, cannon, large drinking vessel.] 



Bumpkin, bum'kin, n. An awkward, heavy rustic; a 
clown, or country lout. [Prob. same as bumJcin; perh. 
fr. bump.] 

Bun, Bunn, bun, n. A small sweet-cake. [OF. bugne, 
F. beignet, a fritter, fr. bigne, a swelling fr. a blow; 
s. rt. bunch and bunyon.] 

Bunch, bunch, n. A protuberance; hunch; knob or 
lump; a collection, cluster, or tuft. —v. i. To swell 
out. — v. t. To form or fasten into a bunch. [Ic. 
bunki, OSw. and Dan. bunke, a heap, OSw. bunga, to 
strike; W. pivng, a cluster, pwg, a swelling, pwmpio, 
to thump. See Bump.]— Buncb/y, -t, a. Swelling 
out, growing in, or like, etc. — Bunch'iness, n. 

Buncombe, Bunkum, bun'kuin, n. A body of constit- 
uents; speech-making for the gratification of con- 
stituents. [Fr. Buncombe county, N. C, which sent 
to the 16th Congress a representative addicted to 
such oratory.] 

Bundle, bun'dl, n. A number of things bound to- 
gether, esp. into a package for handling or convey- 
ance; a parcel; roll. — v. t. [bundled (bun'dldj. 
bundling.] To tie or bind in a bundle or roll. — t 
i. To set off in a hurry. [AS. byndel, dim. of bund, 
thing bound up, fr. bvndan, to bind, D. bondel, G. 
biindel, dim. of bund.] — To bundle off. To send off 
in a hurry or pet. — Bun'dle-pillar, n. A column 
or pier, with smaller ones attached. 

Bung, bung, n. The stopper of the orifice in the bilge 
of a cask; the hole itsell. — v. t. To stop, as the ori- 
fice, etc.; to close. [W. hwng, orifice, bung, OD. 
bonne, D. bom, bung.] — Bung'hole, n. The hole in 
the bilge of a cask. 

Bungalow, bun'ga-lo, n. In India, a one-storv house. 
[Pers. bangalah, Bengalese (house), bangla, thatched 
house, fr. Banga, Bengal.] 

Bungle, bun'gl, v. i. [bungled (bun'gld), bung- 
ling.] To act or work awkwardly. — v. t. To make 
or mend clumsily; to botch. [Prob. fr. E. bangle, fr. 
bang with freq. suffix -le, to strike often, i. e. clum- 
sily; Sw. dial, bangla, to work ineffectually, fr. 
banka, to strike.] — Bungler, n. A clumsy work- 
man. —Bung 'ling, a. Unskillful; awkward: un- 
skillfully done. — Bung'lingly, adv. 

Bunk, bunk, n. A wooden case, for a seat by day and 
a bed at night; one of a series of berths in vertical 
tiers. — v. i. To go to bed in a bunk. [Sw. bunke, 
tub, coop; s. rt. bunch.] — Bunk'er, n. A tub, box, 
etc., to hold coal, etc. 

Bunyon, Bunion, bun'yun, n. (Med.) Enlargement 
and inflammation of the membranous sac at the ball 
of the great toe. [It. bugnone, a bunch, boil, OF. 
bugne, F. bigne, a swelling, Ic. bunki. bunch. See Bun.] 

Bunt, bunt, n. (Naut.) The middle part or belly of a 
sail. — v. i. To swell out, as a sail; to push with the 
horns; to butt. [Perh. corrupt, fr. Sw. huk, Dan. 
bug, belly, fr. same root as bow.] — Bunt'Iine, n. A 
rope to haul up the body of a sail when tuking it in. 

Bunting, bunfmg, n. A bird allied to finches and 
sparrows. [Pern. fr. Scot, buntin, short and thick, 
plump; perh. fr. W. bontinog, having a large bontin, 
rump.] 

Bunting, bunfing, -ine, -in, n. Thin woolen stuff, of 
which flags are made. [Perh. bolting cloth, fr. Prov. 
E. bunt, to sift (flour).] 

Buoy, boot, n. A float; esp. a floating mark to indicate 
objects beneath the water. — X 

v. t. [buoyed (boofd), buoy- 
ing.] To keep afloat; to keep 
from sinking into ruin or de- 
spondency; to fix buoys to; to 
mark by buoys. — v. i. To 
float; to' rise by specific light- 
ness. [D. boei, a Duoy, a fet- 
ter, LL. boia, a fetter, clog, the Buoy, 
buoy being fastened to its place.] — Buoy'age, n. 
Buoys collective^; the providing of buoys. — Buoy'- 
ant, a. Having the quality of rising or floating; 
bearing up, as a fluid; cheerful; vivacious. —Buoy- 
ancy, -an-sT, n. Quality of floating; specific light- 
ness; cheerfulness. (Physics.) Weignt just sufficient 
to submerge a floating body. — Buoy'antly. adv. 

Bur, Burr, ber, n. A prickly envelope of the seeds of 
plants; the rough edge left by a tool in cutting 
metal; a guttural mispronunciation of the letter r. — 
v. t. To pronounce with a burr; to talk or whisper 
hoarsely. [E. ; Sw. borre. a sea-hedgehog, kardborre 
and Dan. borre, burdock, It. borra, cow-hair, LL. 
reburrus, Gr. berrhon, rough.] — Eurr'y, -T, a. 
Abounding in, or resembling, burs. — Bur 'dock, n. 
A genus of prickly-fruited plants. 

Burbot, ber'bot, n. A fish shaped like an eel, having 




sun, cQbe, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



BURDEN 



66 



BUSH 



beards on the nose and chin. [F. barbote, fr. barbe 
L. barba, a beard. See Barbel, under Barb.] 
Burden, ber'dn. Bur'then, -then, n. That which is 
borne or carried; what is grievous, wearisome, or 
oppressive; the contents or capacity of a ship. — v. t. 
[burdened (-dend), -dening.] To lay a heavy 
load upon; to oppress. [AS. byrdhen, le. byrdhr, 
Sw. borda, G. burde, Gr. phortos, a burden, Skr. 
bhri, to carry; s. rt. bear.} — Beast of burden. An 
animal for carrying burdens. — Burden of proof [L. 
onus probandi.] (Law.) The responsibility of fur- 
nishing the evidence necessary to decide an issue 
raised in court. — BuT'denous, -us, -some, -sum, a. 
Grievous to be borne. — Bur'densomely, adv. — 
Bur'dsnsomeness, n. 
Burden, ber'dn. n. The verse repeated in a song; 
chorus; refrain: that which is often repeated; the 
main topic. [F. bourdon, drone of a bagpipe, hum- 
ming of Dees, JLL. burdo, a drone bee, akin to buzz.] 
Burdock. See under Bur. 

Bureau, bu'ro, n. ; pi. Bu'reaux or -reaus, -roz. 
Orig., a desk with drawers for papers; the place 
where a bureau is used, or business transacted ; a 
department for transaction of public business; the 
body of subordinate officers under the direction of 
a department chief; a chest of drawers for clothes, 
etc. [F„ a desk, writing table, which was covered 
with (OF.) buret, baize.]— Bureaucracy, bu-ro'kra- 
sT, n. A system of conducting government business 
by departments, each under a chief. [F. bureau- 
eratie, Gr. kratein, to govern.] — Bu'reaucrat, n. 
One who governs through a bureau. — Bureaucrat- 
ic, a. — Bureaucrat'icaUy, adv. 
Burg, berg, n. Orig., a fortified town; a borough. [See 
Borough.] — Burg'age, -ei, ». (Eng. Law.) A ten- 
ure by which lands are held at a rent, or by services 
pert, to trade, etc. — Burgess, ber'jes, n. A freeman 
of a borough; a representative or magistrate of, etc. 
^F. bourgeois. See Bourgeois.] — Burg'grave, Bur r - 
grave, n. In Ger., orig., one in command of a burg; 
but the title and domain became hereditary. [G. 
burggraf; graf, count.] — Burgh, berg, n. Same as 
burg and borough, — Burgh'' al, a. Pert, to, etc. — 
BurgVer, ft. An inhabitant of, etc. — Burg / o-maB / - 
ter, n. A chief magistrate of a municipal town in 
Holland, Flanders, and Germany. [D. burgemeester.] 
(OrnMh.) An aquatic bird; the glaucous gull, of 
arctic regions. 
Burgamot. See Bergamot. 
Burgeois. See Bourgeois. 
Burgeon. See Bourgeon. 

Burglar, berg'ler, n. (Law.) One who breaks and en- 
ters a house, to commit a felony. [OF., fr. bourg 
and some corrup. of leres, L. latro, robber.] — Burg / - 
lary, -la-rl, n. Act of, etc. — Burgla'rious, -rT-us, a. 
Pert, to, or constituting, etc. — Burgla'riously, adv. 
Burgundy, bSr'gun-dY, n. A kind of wine made in 
Burgundy, France. — Bur 'gundy-pitch, -pich, n. 
Turpentine from which the essential oil has been 
distilled off. 
Burial. See under Bury. 
Burin, bu'rin, n. An engraver's tool having a sharp cut- 



ting point 
a n engrav- 
er's style of 
execution. ^C^ 
[F. ; MHG. 
boren, to 
bore.] 






Burin. 

Burke, berk, v.*. [burked (bSrkt), burking.] To mur- 
der, without marks of violence, to obtain a body for 
dissection ; to dispose of quietly or indirectly. [Fr. 
W. Burke, of Edinburgh, who committed the crime 
in 1829. ] 

Burl, berl, v. t. [BTTBLED (bSrld), burling.] To dress, 
as cloth, by fulling; to pick knots, loose threads, 
etc., from. — n. A knot or lump in thread or cloth. 
[Prov. F. bouril, a block, or end of thread, disfigur- 
ing cloth. See Bur.]— Burl'er, n. A dresser of cloth. 

Burlap, ber'Iap, w. A coarse fabric of linen, jute, or 
hemp. [See Bur.] 

Burlesque, ber-lesk'', a. Provoking laughter by ludi- 
crous images; jocular, ironical. — n. Ludicrous rep- 
resentation ; exaggerated parody ; satirical compo- 
sition intended to ridicule anything; caricature. — 
V. t. [BURLESQUEDf-lesktO.-LESQt'ING.] To turn into 
ridicule. [F., fr. It. burlesco, ludicrous, burla, a 
trick, waggery, banter.] — Burlefta, -lefta, n. 
(Mm.) A comic opera; a musical farce. [It., dim. 
of burJa.] 

Surly, ber'lT, a. Of great bulk; stout; lusty; coarse 



and rough. [Ga. borrail, swaggering, Ga. & Ir. borr. 
a bunch, greatness; s. rt. bur.] — Bur'liness, n. 
Burn, bern, v. t. [burned (bernd) or burnt; burn- 
ing.] To consume with fire ; to injure by heat; to 
change by exposure to heat; to produce an effect akin 
to that of heat. (Surg.) To cauterize. (Chem.) To 
combine with oxygen, — v. i. To be on fire; to be 
injured by excess of heat; to have the appearance 
of fire ; to be hot or in a passion ; to act with de- 
structive violence; to be akin to fire in the effect pro- 
duced. — n. A hurt or injury caused by fire; the op- 
eration of burning or baking. [AS. bsernan, byrnan, 
Ic.brenna, Sw. branna, G. brennen, to burn.]— To 
bum one's fingers. To get into unexpected trouble. 
— To burn out. To burn till the fuel is gone and the 
fire ceases.— Burning-glass, w. A convex lens which 
produces intense heathy converging the sun's rays 
to a focus. — Burnfof'fering, n. Something offered 
to a deity and burnt on an altar. — Bumper, n. One 
who burns or sets on fire; an appendage to a lamp 
or gas-fixture, to promote combustion. 

Burn, n. A brook. See Bourn. 

Burnettize, ber'net-iz, v. t. To preserve, as timber, 
by a solution of chloride of zinc. 

Burnish, ber'nish, v. t. [burnished (-nisht), -nish- 
ing.] To polish by rubbing with something hard 
and smooth ; to render bright. — v. i. To grow or 
become smooth or glossy, —n. The effect of bur- 
nishing; gloss; luster. [OF. burnir, brunir, to em- 
brown, polish, fr. brun. See Brown.] — Bur'nish- 
er, n. One who^ or a tool which, etc. 

Burnoose, ber'noos, n. A loose hooded cloak for 
women, imitated from a garment of the Arabs. [F. 
bournous, fr. Ar. burnus.] 

Burr. See Bur. 

Burrow, bgr'ro, n. A hole in the ground made by 
rabbits, etc., for shelter. (Mining.) A heap or heaps 
of rubbish, — v. t. [burrowed O-rod), -rowing.] 
To excavate or lodge in a hole in the earth; to hide. 
[A form of Borough, q. v.] 

Burse, bers, n. Orig., a purse; a fund to maintain 
poor scholars; a student so maintained; a public 
meeting place for merchants; an exchange. [Also 
written bourse.} [F. bourse, LL. bursa, purse, ex- 
change, fr. Gr. burse, a skin.]— Bur 'sar, -sSr, n. A 
cash-keeper; purser; a student to whom a stipend 
is paid. — Bur'sary, -s5r-T, n. The treasury of a col- 
lege, etc. ; a charitable foundation in a university. 

Burst, bSrst, v. i. [burst ; bursting.] Te fly or 
break open violently; to make any sudden change 
from restraint, invisibility, absence, etc., to an oppo- 
site state; to issue by a sudden removal of obstacles; 
to crack, split, sever. — v. t. To break or rend vio- 
lently; to open suddenly. — «. A breaking forth; 
disruption ; sudden explosion. [AS. berstan, D. 
bersten, to burst; s. rt. break.} — Burst 'er, n. 

Burt, bgrt, n. A flat fish of the turbot kind. 

Burthen. See Burden. 

Bury, ber'T, n. A borough ; manor; used as a term, 
of namesof places, as, Canterbury. — v. t. [buried 
(beVid), burying.] To conceal by covering; esp. to 
cover out of sight, as in a grave, the ocean, etc.; to 
hide in oblivion. [AS. byrgan,byrigan; s. rt. bor- 
ough.] — Tobury the hatchet. To cease war; an allusion 
to the custom of American Indians, to bury a tom- 
ahawk when concluding peace. — Burial, -t-al, n. 
Act of burying ; interment. — Bur'ying-ground, 
-place, n. A grave-yard; chureh-yard. 

Bus, bus, n. An omnibus. [Abbrev. fr. omnibus.] 

Busby, buz'bY, n. (Mil.) A military cap or bear-skin. 

Bush, bush, n. A thicket, or place abounding in trees; 
a branching shrub; a cluster of shrubs; a bushy 
branch cut from a tree; a branch of ivy (as sacred 
to Bacchus); hence, a tavern sign, or the tavern it- 
self. — v. i. To grow thick or bushy. — v. t. To set 
bushes for, as for peas; to use a bush-harrow on, 
or for covering. [Dan. busk, D. bosch, OF. bos, 
F. bois, bush, forest.] — Bush'y, -1, a. Full of bush- 
es; full and spreading, like a bush.— Bushlness, n. 
— Bush ''-bean, n. The common, low garden-bean; 
kidney-bean; French bean. — fighting, n. Irregu- 
lar warfare in woody country. — -har'row, n. 
(Agric.) A harrow made of bushes, for covering 
seeds, etc. — man, n. A settler in the backwoods of 
Australia. (Oeog.) One of a tribe of savages near 
the Cape of Good Hope,— so named by the Dutch. 
[D. bosch-man, boscfijes-man.] — whack'er, n. One 
accustomed to beat about bushes; a raw country- 
man; a scythe for cutting brush; one engaged in 
predatory excursions against an enemy. whack- 
ing, n. Traveling, or working a way, through bush- 



am, fame, far, pisa or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, Sr ; 



BUSH 



67 



BUZZ 



es; pulling by the bushes, as in hauling a boat along 
a stream: irregular or predatory warfare. 

Bush, bush, n. (Mach.) A metal ring or lining let 
into an orifice. — v. t. To furnish with a bush, or 
line with metal. [D. bus, a box, L. buxus, the box- 
tree. See Box.] — Bush'ing, n. A metal lining for a 
hole; a thimble. 

Bushel, bush'el, n. A dry measure, containing 8 
gallons; a vessel of the capacity of a bushel, used in 
measuring: the circle of iron in the nave of a wheel. 
[OF. boissel, LL. boisellus, fr. bussula, a little box, fr. 
L. buxis, Gr. puxis, a box. See Box.] — Bushel '- 
age. -ej, n. A duty payable by the bushel. 

Busily. Business, etc. See under Bust. 

Busk, busk, n. A thin piece of metal, whalebone, or 
wood, worn in corsets. [F. busque, prob. corrupt, fr. 
tiuste. See Bust.] 

Busk, busk, v. t. or i. To prepare, make ready, array. 
[1c. buask, to get one's self ready, bua, to prepare.] 

Buskin, bus'kin, n. A covering for the foot and leg, 
for hunters and actors in tragedy ; tragedy, as dis- 
ting. fr. comedy. [OF. brossequin, D. broos, a bus- 
kin : pern, akin" to E. brogue.] — Bus'kined, -kind, a. 
Dressed in buskins; of, or pert to, tragedy; tragic. 

Busky. Same as Bosky. See under Boscage. 

Buss, bus, ». A kiss; a rude or playful kiss. — v. t. 
[ bussed (bust), bussing.] To kiss. [OG. bussen, F. 
hai.-er, to kiss ; Ga. bus, mouth; ~L.basium, a kiss.] 

Buss, bus, n. A two-masted herring-boat. [D. buis, 
her ring-boat; OF. busse, G. biise. LL. bussa, buscia, 
boats of different kinds; s. rt. box.] 

Bust, bust, n. A piece of statuary representing the 
upper part of the human figure; the portion of the 
human figure between the head and waist. [F. buste, 
It. busio, bust, fr. LL. bustum, the trunk.] 

Bustard, bus'tard, n. A bird of the Ostrich family. 
[F. bistarde, corrup. fr. avis-tard, L. avis tarda, 
slow bird.] 

Bustle, bus'l, v. i. [bustled (bus'ld), bustlin g.] To 
stir quickly, be very active, — n. Great stir; tumult 
from excitement. flc. bustla, to bustle : Dan. buse, 
to bounce, pop; prob. 8. rt. busy.] — Bus 'tier, n. 

Bustle, bus'l, n. A kind of cushion to expand ladies' 
skirts behind. 

Busy, bizl, a. Engaged in business; occupied; con- 
stantly active; restless: active in what does not 
concern one; officious; pragmatical.— v. t. [busied 
(biz'id). busying.] To make or keep busy, employ, 
occupy. [AS. bysig, busy, bysgian, to employ, fa- 
tigue. D. bezig, busy, bezigen, to employ.] — Bus'ily, 
adc. — Business, biz'nes, n. That which busies 
one: employment; particular occupation for a liveli- 
hood or gain; traffic in general; concern; right or 
occasion of making one's self busy: affair; transac- 
tion; trade; profession; duty. — Bus'inesslike, a. 
Properly done; thorough; straightforward. —Busy- 
body, biz'T-bod-T, n. One who officiously concerns 
himself with others' affairs, a meddling person. 

But, but, prep. & conj. [AS. butan, buton. from prefix 
be and utan, uton, outward, without, from, ut, ui-e, 
out, without, abroad. Cf. About.] Except; besides; 
unless; save that; were it not that; otherwise than 
that: that not; only; solely; merely; on the contra- 
ry; on the other hand; yet; still; nevertheless. [AS. 
butan, (conj.) except, (prep.) besides, without; eontr. 
fr. be, by, and utan, outside: D. buiten, except.] 

But, n. and v. See Butt. 

Buteher, buch'er, n. One who slaughters animals 
for food ; one who kills cruelly : one given to 
slaughter. — v. t. [butchered (-erd), -ering.] To 
kill, as animals, for food; to murder, esp. barba- 
rously. [OF. bocher, orig. a killer of goats, fr. boc, 
F. bouc, he-goat, E. buck.] — Butch'erly, -er-lY, a. 
Grossly cruel ; murderous. — Butch' erliness, n. — 
Butch'ery, -er-T, n. Business of a butcher ; great 
slaughter; massacre. — Butch'er-bird, n. A bird 
of several species, destructive of smaller creatures. 

Butler, buflgr, n. A servant in charge of the liquors, 
etc. [Norm. F. butuUler, a butler, fr. butuille, bot- 
tle.] — But'lerage, -ej, n. {Old Eng. Law.) A duty 
on imported wine, orig. paid to the king's butler. — 
Butler-stop, n. Office of butler. 

Butment. Same as Abutment. 

Butt, But, but, n. The larger end, as of a piece of tim- 
ber; an end; limit; bound; unplowed land at the end 
of a field; a mark to be shot at; object of aim; one 
at whom ridicule or contempt is directed ; a thrust 
given in fencing or by the head of an animal; the 
stoutest part of tanned ox -hides. (Carp.) A kind 
of hinge, screwed to the edge of the door, which 
butts against the casing. The metal ring at the ends 



of fire-engine hose. — v. i. To join at the butt, end, 
or outward extremity: to be bounded; to abut; to 
thrust the head forward. — v. t. To strike by thrust- 
ing the head against. — Butte, but or bit, n. An iso- 
lated peak or abrupt elevation of land. [OF. bet, 
F. bout, end; F. butte, a knoll; but, a mark. fr. buter, 
OF. boter, to strike, push; s. rt. beat.] — Butt'-hinge, 
n. See Butt. n. — Butt'-joint, But'tiag-joint, n. 
(Carp.) A joint between two pieces of timber or 
wood. — Butt'- weld, n. (Mech.) A weld formed 
by forcing together flattened ends of iron or steel 
bars, at a welding heat. — But'tock, n. The rump, 
or protuberant part of the body behind. (Naut.) The 
convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. [Dim. 
of butt, end.] 

Butt, but, n. A pipe or large barrel, containing fr. 
108 to 126 gallons. [OF. boute. F. botte ; another form 
of boot.] 

Butter, but'ter, n. An oily, unctuous substance ob- 
tained from cream by churning. — v. t. [buttered 
(-terd), -tering.] To cover with butter. [AS. 
butera, buter, L. butyrum, Gr. bouturon, butter, fr. 
Gr. bous, ox, and turos, cheese.] — But'terine, -in, 
n. A substitute for butter, made from animal fat; 
oleomargarine. — But'tery, -ter-T, a. Having the 
qualities, consistence, or appearance, of butter. — 
n. A place for keeping butter, milk, provisions, 
etc. ; a room in some colleges, etc., for the sale of re- 
freshments; a cellar in which wine is kept. [Perh. 
in part a corrup. of butlery, fr. butler.] — Butyra- 
ceous, bu-ti-:a'shus, Butyrous, bu'tl-rus, a. Hav- 
ing the qualities of, or resembling, butter. — Butyr'- 
ie, a. ( Cheni.) Pertaining to, or derived from, but- 
ter. — Buftercup, n. A plant having bright yel- 
low flowers ; crowfoot. fingered, -fin'gerd, a. 

Apt to drop things, as if from greasy fingers. — fly, 
n. A lepidopterous insect of different species. — 
-fly-valve, n, (Mech.) A valve consisting of two 
semi-circular clappers or wings hinged to a cross- 
rib. — man, n. One who sells butter. — milk. n. 
Milk remaining after the butter is separated from 
it. — nut, n. An American tree and its fruit, which 
contains oil; the nut of a South American tree, — 
called also the Savuart nut. — scotch, n. A candt 
made from sugar and butter. — tree, n. A tropical 
tree whose seeds yield a butter-like substance. 

Butteris. See under Buttress. 

Buttock. See under Butt. 

Button, but'n, n. A small ball; knob; a catch, to 
fasten together parts of dress, or to hold a door 
closed ; a bud; germ of a plant. (Assaying.) A 
round mass of metal remaining in the cupel after 
fusion, —v.t. [buttqneJ) (but'nd), -toxi-ng.] To 
fasten with, etc — v.i. To be fastened by, etc. [OF. 
boton, F. bouton, a bud, hence a button, fr. boter, to 
push out; s. rt. butt.] — But 'ton-hole, b. The hole 
in which a button is caught. — v. t. To hold by the 
button or button-hole ; to detain in conversation ; 
to bore. — mold, -mould, -m6ld, n. A disk of bone, 
wood, etc., which is made into a button by cover- 
ing it with cloth. wood, n. The North American 

plane-tree, producing rough balls ; the button-ball. 

Buttress, buftress, n. (Arch.) A projecting support 
to the exterior of a wall ; a prop. — 
v. t. To support by a buttress : to 
prop. — But'teris, -tSr-is, n. (Far.) 
An instrument to pare horses' hoofs. 
[F. bouter, to push, butt. See Butt.] 

Butyraceous, etc. See under Butter. 

Buxom, buks'um, a. Orig., obedient 
or yielding ; healthy ; jolly ; frolic- 
some. [AS. bugan, to bow, and suf- 
fix -sum, same, like.] — Bux'omly, 
adv. — Bux'omness. n. 

Buy, bi, v. t. [bought (bawt), butting.] 
To purchase ; to aequire by paying 
for ; to procure by a consideration t 
given, —v. i. To negotiate about a 
purchase. [AS. bycgan, Goth, bugjan, 
to buy; pern. s. rt. Skr. bhuj, to enjoy, 
use, L. fungi.] — To buy off. To influence to com- 
pliance : to detach by a consideration given. — To 
o. out. To purchase* the interest of, — so that the 
purchaser takes the seller's orig. rights. — To b. on 
credit. To purchase- on a promise to pay at a future 
day. —Tob. the refusal. To give money'for the right 
to take at a fixed price and time. — Buy'er, a. 

Buzz, buz, v. i. [buzzed (buzd). buzzing.] To make 
a low, continuous, humming sound, as bees ; to 
speak with a low, humming voice. — v. t. To make 
known by buzzing ; to spread, as report, by whis- 




Buttress. 



efln, eflbe, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil •• linger or ink, tiaen, bowbON, chair, get. 



BUZZARD 



68 



CACTUS 



pers. — n. A continuous, humming noise ; whisper; 
report spread cautiously. [Onomat] — Buz'zer, n. 
One who, or that which, etc. 

Buzzard, buz'erd, n. ( Ornith.) A bird of prey, of the 
falcon family. A blockhead ; a dunce. [F. busard, 
buse, buzzard, LL. busio, L. buteo, sparrow-hawk.] 

By, bi, prep. Near or next to ; from one to the other side 
of ; past ; with, as instrument, means, way, etc. ; 
through means of ; with aid of ; through. — adv. 
Near ; present ; passing near; going or gone past. — 
a. Out of the common path ; aside ; — in composi- 
tion giving the meaning of something incidental, 
collateral, or private. [AS., OFries., OS., OHG., and 
Goth, bi, AS. big, D. by, G. bei.~\ — By and by. Pres- 
ently ; before long. — By one's self. Alone ; solitary. 
— One by one, day by day, piece bit piece, etc. Each 
one, day, piece, etc., by itself singly. — To come by. 
To get possession of ; to obtain. — To do by. To 
treat, to behave toward. — To set by. To value, 
esteem. — To stand by. To aid, support. —By the 
head. (Naut.) Having the bows lower than the 
Btern. — By the run. All together. — By the bye. In 
passing ; by way of digression ; apropos to the mat- 
ter in hand- — By '-end, n. Private end or interest; 



secret purpose. gone, a. Past ; gone by. — n. 

Something gone by ; a past event. — -name, n. A 
nickname ; sobriquet. — path, n. A private path ; 
obscure way. — -play, n. A scene carried on aside, 
while the main action proceeds. — stand'er, n. A 
looker-on; a spectator. — word, n. A common say- 
ing; proverb. 

Bye, bi, n. A dwelling ; in certain games, the station 
of a player. [AS., a dwelling, i'r. byan, to dwell.] 

By-law, bi'law, n. A law of a city, town, corpora- 
tion, etc. Tic bsejar-loy, town law, fr. bser, town, 
log, law ; Sw. bylag, fr. by, village, and lag, law; 
Dan. bylov, municipal law, fr. by, town, love, law.] 

Byssus, bis'sus, n. A fine cloth worn by the ancients; 
asbestus, a mineral having parallel fibers. (Conch.) 
A tuft of long, silky filaments, by which certain 
bivalves attach themselves to submarine bodies. 
(Bot.) A filamentous, fungous plant, growing in 
subterraneous places. [L., Gr. bussos, fine flax.] — 
ByssiF erous, -er-us, a. Producing, etc. [L.ferre, to 
bear.] — Bys'sine, -sin, a. Of, or like, silk. 

Byzant, biz'ant, Byz'antine, -tin, n. (Numis.) A gold 
coin, worth $25, coined at Byzantium.— Byzantine, 
bi-zan'tin or biz'an-tln, a. Pert, to Byzantium. 



C. 



C, se.the 3d letter in the English alphabet,has2 sounds, 
one close (represented in the phonetic respellings in 
this vocabulary by k), the other a bibilant (repre- 
sented by s). The digraph ch has 3 sounds, the 1st 
as in church (represented by eft), the 2d, as in chaise 
(represented by sh), the 3d, as in chorus (represented 
by k). — (Hits.) C after the clef is the mark of com- 
mon time, in which each measure isasemibreve,cor- 



scale ; the key note major, and the third minor, of 
the natural scale. — C is used as a contr. for L. cen- 
tum, a hundred. 

Cab, kab, n. Abbr. of Cabriolet, q. v. — A Hebrew 
dry measure of 2 5-6 pints. [Heb. qah, hollow.] 

Cabal, ka-bal', n. A number of persons united to pro- 
mote their private views by intrigue: a junto; fac- 
tion; plot; intrigue. — v. i. [caballed (-bald''), 
-balling.] To plot, conspire. — Cabal', Cab'ala, 
kab'a-la, n. Secret tradition, or a mysterious science 
among Jewish rabbins; mystery. [F. cabale, fr. Heb. 
qabbatah, reception, mystery received, qabat, to take, 
receive.] — Cab'alism, -izm, n. Secret science of the 
cabalists. — Cab'alist, n. A Jewish doctor conver- 
sant with the cabala. — Cabalisfic, -ical, a. Pert, to, 
etc. ; containing an occult meaning. — Cabalisfic- 
ally, adv. — CabaJ/ler, n. One who cabals. 

Caballine, kab'al-hn, a. Pert, to a horse. — n. A kind 
of aloes, used in medicine for horses. [L. caballus, 
Gr. kaballes, an inferior horse, nag.] 

Cabaret, kab'S-ra, n. A tavern. [F.; L. taberna, inn.] 

Cabas, ka'ba, n. A reticule; satchel. [F., orig. pannier. J 

Cabbage, kab'ei, n. A garden vegetable, the head of 
which is edible. — v. i. To form a head in growing. 
[OF. choux cdbus ; cabus, great-headed, fr. L. caput, 
head.] — Cab'bage-rose, n. A kind of cabbage- 
shaped rose. — tree, n. A palm bearing an edible 
cabbage-like fruit. 

Cabbage, kab'ej, v. t. [cabbaged (-ejd), -baging.] To 
purloin. — n. Cloth retained by tailors when cut- 
ting out garments. [F. cabasser, to put into a basket, 
fr. cabas, basket.] 

Cabin, kab'in, n. A small room ;a cottage; hut; an 
apartment in a ship. — v. i. [cabined (-ind), cab- 
ining.] To live in a cabin, lodge. — v.t. To con- 
fine in a cabin. [W., Ga., and Ir. caban, dim. of W. 
cab, a booth.] — Cabin-boy, n. A waiter in a ship. 

Cabinet, kab'm-et, n. A small room; closet; room for 
consultations ; secret council of a government ; a 
piece of furniture with drawers and doors; a place 
for valuables. [Dim. of cabin.] — Cab'inet-coun'cil, 
-kown'sil, n. Confidential council of a prince, etc. 
— ma'ker, n. A maker of furniture; a joiner. 

Cable, ka'bl, n. A rope or chain to retain a vessel at 
anchor, suspend weights, contain and protect a tel- 
egraph wire, etc. — v. t. To fasten with a cable. — v. 
i. and*. To telegraph through a cable. [F.; LL. 



caplum, capulum, fr. L. capere, to take hold of.] — 
Ca'ble-gram, n. A message sent through a telegraph- 
ic cable. — Cable's-length. 720 feet. 

Caboose, ka-boos', n. (Naut.) A galley, or cook-house 
on deck; a box covering the chimney in a ship. A 
railroad tool-car. [F. cambuse, D. kombuis, Dan. 
kabys, Sw. kabysa, cook's room; D. kom, a porridge- 
dish, and bids, a pipe.] 

Cabriolet, kab'rl-o-la, n. A one-horse two-seated car- 
riage with calash top, and covering for the legs. [F., 
dim. of cabriole, It. capriola, a caper (of a goat),fr. 
It. caprio, wild-goat, L. caper, goat. See Caper.] 

Cacao, ka-ka'o or ka'ko, n. The chocolate tree of So. 
Amer. and the W. Indies. [Sp., fr. Mexican cacou- 
atl] — Cacaiire, -ka'in, n. (Chem.) The essential 
principle of cacao. 

Cachalot, kash'a-lot, n. The sperm whale. [F.; D. 
kazilot.] 

Cache, kash, n. A hiding-place for provisions. [F., 
f r. cacher, to hide.] — Cachet, kash'a, n. A seal, as of 
a letter. — Lettre de cachet. A sealed letter, esp. an 
order for imprisoning one obnoxious to the king of 
France or his ministers. — Cachepot, kash'po, n. 
An ornamental cover for a flower-pot. [F.; pot, 
pot.] 

Cachexy, ka-kek'sY, n. A depraved condition of the 
system. [Gr. kakos, bad, and eons, state.] — Cachec'- 
tic, -tical, a. 

Cachinnation, kak'in-na-shun, n. Loud or immod- 
erate laughter. [L. cachinnatio, fr. cachinnare, to 
laugh aloud.] — Cachinnatory, -kin'na-to-rY, a. 
Consisting of, or producing, etc. 

Cachou, ka / shoo / ', n. A perfumed pill to correct the 
breath after smoking, etc. [F., catechu.] 

Cacique. See Cazique. 

Cackle, kak'l, v. i. [cackled (kak'ld), cackling.] To 
make a noise like a goose or hen ; to laugh with a 
broken noise, giggle; to talk in a silly manner, 
prattle, — n. The noise of a hen, etc.; silly talk. 
[Onomat.; OD. kakehm, Sw. kakla, Dan. kagle, G. 
gackeln.] — Cack'ler, n. 

Cacochymy, kak'o-kim-T, n. (Med.) A vitiated state 
of the humors of the body, esp. of the blood. [Gr. 
kakos, bad, and chumos, juice.] — Cac'ode'mon, n. 
Orig., an evil spirit. (Med.) The 



daimon, demon.] — Cac / oe / 'thes, -o-e' 

custom or habit ; bad disposition. (Med.) An in- 



ughtmare. [Gr. 
j'thez, n. A bad 



curable ulcer. [Gr. ethos, custom, habit.] — Cacog'- 
, -fT, n. Bad spelling_or writing. [Gr. graphe, 

tion. [Gr. logos, word.] — Cacophony, -kof 'o-nt, n. 



raphy, -ft, n. Bad spelling or writing. [Gr. graphe, ~"Q- 
writingj— CacoKogy, n. Bad grammar or enuncia- 



(Rhet.) A disagreeable sound of words. (Med.) A 
bad voice; altered state of the voice. (Mus.) A com- 



bination of discordant sounds. JGr. phone, sound.] 
— Cacophonous, -kof'o-nus, -pno 
Harsh sounding. 



— Cacophonous, -kof 'o-nus, -phonic, -fon'ik, 
Harsh sounding. 
Cactus, kak'tus, n. ; pi. Cac'tuses, -ez, or Cac'ti, -ti. 



Km, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



CAD 



69 



CALCULATE 




Cactus. 



A genus of tropical Amer- 
ican plants, having thick, 
fleshy stems, often armed 
with spines. [L.; Gr. kaktos.\ 

Cad. kad, n. In Eng., the con- 
ductor of an omnibus ; an 
errand-boy; a low-bred, ob- 
trusive fellow; a snob. 
[Abbr. oi cadet.']- Cad'dish, 
a. Vulgar; pretentious. 

Cadaverous, ka-dav'er-us, a. 
Resembling a corpse; pale; 
wan; ghastly. [L. cadaver, 
a corpse, fr. cadere, to fall.] 

— Cadav'erously, adv. — Ca- 
daVerousness, n. 

Caddice, -dis, kad'dis, n. The 
larva of the caddice-fly, — 
used as bait in fishing. [G. koder, bait.] — Cad'- 
dice-fly, n. An insect, frequenting marsh}* places. 

Caddis, kad'dis, n. A kind of worsted lace or rib- 
bon. [Ir. & Ga. car/as, cadan, cotton, fustian, "W. 
cadas, a kind of cloth.] 

Caddow, kad'do, n. A chough; jackdaw. [Ga. cadhag.] 

Caddy, kad'dl, n. A small box for keeping tea, 
[Malay kati, a weight of 21^ ounces.] 

Cade, kad, n. A barrel; cask. [Russ. kade, L. cadus, 
Gr. kados, a cask.] 

Cadence, ka'dens, n. A fall of the voice in reading 
or speaking ; a modulation of sound. {Mil.) A 
uniform time and pace in marching. {Mus.) A 
pause at the end of an air; a closing embellishment, 

— v. t. To regulate by musical measure. [F.. fr. L. 
cadens, cadentis, p. pr. of cadere, Skr. cad, to fall.] 

— Ca'dency, -st, n. Same as Cadence. — Ca'dent, 
a. Falling. — Caden'za, -za, n. {Mus.) Modula- 
tion of the voice. [It.] 

Cader, Cadre, ka'der, n. (.Mil.) The frame or nucleus 
of a regiment: a list of officers and men. [F. cadre. 
It. quadro, fr. L. quadrum, a square.] 

Cadet, ka-def, n. {Mil.) A gentleman who serves as 
a private, to obtain a commission; a young man in a 
military school. [F., younger or youngest son, 
Gascon capdet, fr. LL. capitellum, dim. of L. caput, 
head (of the family).]— Cadet'ship, n. Position 
or condition of. etc. 

Cadew, ka-du', Cade-worm. Same as Caddice. 

Cadge, kaj, v. t. To live on another meanly. [Scot. 
cache, caich, cadge, to toss, drive, ME. catch, to 
drive.] — Cadger, kaj'er, n. One who brings butter, 
eggs, etc., to market from the country: a huckster; 
one who lives upon others by trickery or begging. — 
Cadgy. kaj'Y, a. Cheerful, as after eating or drink- 
ing. 

Cadi, ka'dY. n. ; pi. Ca'dis, -dTz. A Turkish local mag- 
istrate. TTurk.] 

Cadmean. kad-vne'an, Cadmian, kad'mY-an, a. Pert. 
to Cadmus, prince of Thebes, said to have intro- 
duced into Greece 16 letters of the alphabet. 

Cadmia, kad'ml-a, n. {Min.) An oxide of zinc; for- 
merly^ the ore of zinc, called calamine. [L., fr. Gr. 
kadmia, calamine.] — Cad'mium, n. {Chem.) A 
white, ductile, and malleable metal related to zinc. 
—Cadmium yellow. A yellow compound of cadmium 
and sulphur, used as a pigment. — Caf amine, -min, 
n. Silicate, formerly carbonate, of zinc. 

Caduceus, ka-du'se-us", n. {Myth.) Mercury's rod, — 
a wand entwined by serpents, and sur- 
mounted by wings. [L., fr. Gr. kervx, a 
herald.] 

Caducous, ka-du'kus, a. {Bot.) Falling 
oft quickly or easily. [L. caducus, fr. 
cadere, to fall.] — Cadu'city, -sT-tT, n. 
Tendency to fall: feebleness of old asre. — 
Cadu'cibran'chiate, -bran'kY-at, a. {Zobl.) 
Having temporary gills, — said of am- 
phibia, which lose" their gills at maturity. 
[Gr. brangchion, a gill.] 

Caesar, se'zar, n. An emperor, — esp. of 
Germany, as being the successor of Au- 

fustus Caasar and the Roman emperors ; 
aiser. — C'esa-'rean, Cesa'rean, a. Pert, 
to Caesar. — Cesarean section. {Surg.) An 
incision through the parietes of the ab- 
domen and uterus, to extract the fetus. [Fr. Julius 
Caesar, said to have been so brought forth, and 
named in consequence; L. csedere, csesuni, to cut.] — 
Cae'sarism, -izm, n. Personal rule, by armed force, 
like Julius Cassar's ; imperialism. 
Caesura, se-zu'ra or -su'ra, n. ; E. pi. CiEsu'EAS, -raz ; 
L. pi. -S.M, -re. {Pros.) A pause or division in a verse ; 



a separation, by ending of a word or pause in the 
sense, of syllables rythrnically connected. [L., fr, 
csedere, to cut off.] — Caesu'ral, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Cafe", kaf a, n. A coffee-hou.-e : lunch-room. [F. 
cafe. See Coffee.] — Caffeic, -le'ik, a. {Chem.) 
Pert, to, or obtained fr., coffee. — Caffeine, -ie'ln, 
n. A white, bitter, crystallizable substance, ob- 
tained from, etc. 

Caftan, kaftan or kaf-tan' n. A Persian or Turkish 
! garment. [Turk. qaft&n.} 
j Cag, kag, n. A small cask or barrel; keg. [Dan. & 

Sw. kagge, Ic. kaggi.] 
| Cage, kaj, n. A box or inclosure, for confining birds, 
animals, criminals, etc. {Mining.) A hoist for rais- 
ing ores, persons, etc., from a pit. — v. t. [caged 
(kajd), caging.1 To confine in a cage. [F., fr. L. 
cavea, hollow place, cave, cage.] 

Caiman. See Cayman. 

Caique, ka'ek or ka-ek', n. A Turkish skiff or light 
boat. [Turk. qaiq. boat.] 

Cairn, karn. n. A rounded or conicai pile of stones. 
[Ir., Ga., and W. cam, heap.] 

Caisson, kas'son, n. {Mil.) A chest containing am- 
munition ; wagon lor conveying military stores. 
{Arch.) A wooden frame used in submarine build- 
ing; a panel sunk below the surface. [F., fr. caisse, 
chest. See Case.] 

Caitiff, ka'tif , n. A mean, despicable person. — a. 
Base ; vile. [OF., a captive, wretched person, L. 
captivus, captive, prisoner, fr. capere, captum, to 
take ; s. rt. captive and have.] 

Cajeput, kafe-put. n. An essential oil fr. the East 
Indies. [Malay, f r. kayu, tree, and putih, white.] 

Cajole, ka-joK, v. t. [cajoled (-jokf), cajoling.] 
To deceive or delude by flattery: to wheedle, coax, 
entrap. [OF. cajeoler, to flatter, to chatter like a 
bird in a cage, fr. OF.. gaole,jaiole. dim. of cage.] — 
Cajo'ler. n.— Cajolery, -ler-I, n. A wheedling; coax- 
ing language; flattery. 

Cake, kak, n. A composition of flour, butter, sugar, 
etc., baked: a mass of matter concreted and flattened. 

— v. i. and t. [caked (kakd). caking.] To form 
into a cake, or mass. [Ic. and Sw. kaka, D. koek, 
G. kuchen, a cake, L. coquere, to cook.]— Cak'ing- 
coal, n. {Min.) Bituminous coal which becomes 
pasty or semi-viscid in the fire. 

Calabar bean, kaKa-bar ben'. The seed of a legu- 
minous plant of tropical Africa, poisonous, and used 
to produce contraction of the pupil of the eye, also 
in tetanus, neuralgia, and rheumatism. 

Calabash. kafa-bash.w. The fruit of the calabash tree; 
a large gourd; a vessel made from the shell, etc. — 

— Cafabash tree. A tree of tropical America. [F. 
callabasse, Pg. calabaca, great gourd, fr. Ar. qar, 
a gourd, and aybas, dry.] 

Calaboose, kal-a-boos', n. A prison : jail. [Corrupt, 
of Sp. calabozo, dungeon, prob. fr. Ar. gal'ah, castle, 
and 6ms, hidden.] 

Calamanco, kal-a-man'ko, n. A glossy, woolen stuff, 
ribbed or plain. [LL. calamancus, NGr. kamelau- 
kion, a camel's hair head covering.] 

Calamiferous. See under Calamus. 

Calamine. See under Cadmia. 

Calamity, ka-fanfi-tT, n. A great misfortune or cause 
of misery; disaster; mishap; mischance. [F. calam- 
ity, L. calamitas.] — Calam'itous, -Y-tus, a. Suffer- 
ing, or producing, calamity ; deplorable ; grievous. 

— Calamitously, adv. — Calanfitousness, n. 
Calamus, kaKa-mus, n. ; pi. -mi, -mi. {Bot.) Indian 

cane, a plant of the palm family; also, the sweet flag. 
[L.] — Calamiferous, -er-us, a. Producing reeds. 

Calash., ka-lash', n. A light carriage with low wheels, 
having a top that can be raised or lowered, and 
often a movable front, making it either an open or 
close carriage; also, a Canadian two-wheeled vehi- 
cle; a hood of a carriage which can be thrown back; 
a hood-like head-covering. [F. caleche, G. kalesche, 
Russ. koliaska, fr. koleso, dim. of kolo, a wheel.] 

Calcar, Calcify, Calcine, etc. See under Calx. 

Calceated, kafse-a-ted, a. Fitted with, or wearing, 
shoes; shod. [L. caiceus, shoe.] — Cal'ceola'ria, -rl-a, 
n. {Bot.) A South Amer. herbaceous or shrubby 
plant, having shoe-shaped flowers; slipperwort. 

Calculate, kafku-lat, v. t. To ascertain by arithmet- 
ical or mathematical processes, or by reckoning pe- 
culiarities or circumstances ; to fit by adaptation of 
means to the end ; to compute, estimate, rate. — 
v. i. To make a calculation. [Improperly used for 
intend or purpose.] [L. calculare, -latum," to reckon 
bv means of pebbles, fr. calculus, pebble.] — Caf* 
culable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Calcula'tian, 



6un, cube, full ; moon, f<Jo* ' cow. oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boxboN, chair, get. 



CALCULUS 







CALORIC 



n. Art, act, or result of, etc. — Cal'eulative, -tiv, a. 

Pert, to, etc. — Calculator, -ter, n. One who, etc. 
Calculus, kal'ku-lus, n. ; pi. -li, -li. (Med.) A solid 

concretion in the body, usually in the organs that 

act as reservoirs, and in the excretory canals. 

{Math.) A method of computation ; one of the 

branches of mathematics. [L., dim. of calx, a stone. 

See Calculate and Calx.] — Cal'culous, -lus, a. 

Like stone; hard; gritty; affected with stone or 

gravel. 
Caldron. kawl'drun, n. A large metal kettle or boiler. 



[OF. ; L. caldariuirit f r. caldus for calidus, hot.] 

a. Making warm; heat- 
ing. — n. {Med.) A substance that excites warmth. 



Calefacient, kal-e-fa'shent, 



[L. calefacere, to make warm, fr. calor, heat, 
facere, to make.] — Calefac'tion, n. Act of warm- 
ing ; state of being heated. — Calefac'tive, -tiv, 
-tory, -to-rf , a. Making warm. — Calefac'tor, -ter, n. 
A small stove. — Cales'cence, -sens, n. Growing 
warmth. — Cal'enture, -choor, n. {Med.) Delirium 
from the heat of the tropical sun at sea. [F., fr. Sp. 
calentura, L. calere, to be hot.] — Cal'efy, -fi, v. i. 
To grow warm. — v. t. To make warm. 

Calendar, kal'en-dar, n. An arrangement of the di- 
visions of time, as days, weeks, months, etc. ; an 
almanac ; an enumeration of persons or things. — 
v. t. To enter in a calendar. — a. Contained in, or 
according to, etc. [L. calendarium, a money-lend- 
er's account-book, recording the interest due on the 
calends.] — Calendar month. A month according to 
the common or Gregorian calendar, as given in al- 
manacs. — C. year. A Gregoriau year, or year of 
our Lord, ending L»ec. 31. — Cal'ends, -endz, n. pi. 
The 1st day of each month among the Romans. [L. 
calendse, f r. calare, to call, proclaim, Gr. kalein, to 
call, summon.] 

Calender, kal'en-der, n. A machine or hot-press, to 
make cloths, paper, etc., smooth and glossy or wavy; 
one who calenders; one of a sect of Eastern der- 
vises, named from the founder. — v. t. [calen- 
dered (-derd), -dering.] To press between rollers, 
etc. [F. calandre, corrup. of celandre, LL. celenira, 
fr. "L.cyllndrus, Gr. kulindros, cylinder, roller.] 

Calenture, Calescence. See under Calefacient. 

Calf, kaf, n. ; pi. Calves, kavz. The young of the cow; 
an ignorant, stupid person; a small island near a 
larger one; a mass of ice attached to an iceberg. 
[AS. cealf, D. and Sw. half, Ic. kalfr, Dan. kalb. 
G. kalb.'] — Calve, kav, v. t. To bring forth a calf. 
[D. kalven, Dan. kalve, G.kalben.] — Calv'ing, n. 
Act of, etc.; the breaking off of fragments from 
icebergs or glaciers. 

Calf, kaf, n. The fleshy part of the leg behind, below 
the knee. [Ic. kalfi, Ir. and Ga. kalpa.] 

Caliber, Calibre, kal't-ber, n. Diameter of a round 
body, as of a bullet, or of the bore, as of a cannon 
or tube; mental capacity. [F. calibre, It. calibro ; 
perh. fr. L. qua libra? of what weight?; perh.fr. 
Arab, kalib, Per. kalab, mold, model.] — Callipers, 
-perz, CaPiper-com'passes, n. pi. Com- 
passes with curved legs, for measuring 
the caliber of round bodies. 

Calice. See Chalice. 

Calico, kal'I-ko, n. ; pi. -coes, -koz. 
Plain white cotton cloth; printed cot- 
ton cloth, coarser than muslin. — a. 
Made of, etc. ; resembling, etc.,— said 
of a horse, etc., having patches of 
color different from the general color. 
[Fr. Calicut, whence the cloth was first 

imported.] r n linf>r« 

Caliduct, kal'i-dukt, n. A pipe to con- oallpers - 
vey heat; a caloriduct. [L. calor, heat, and ducere, 
ductum, to lead.] 

Calif. See Caliph. 

Caligo, ka-li'go, n. {Pathol) Dimness of sight, from 
a speck on the cornea; the speck itself. [L., dark- 
ness, mist.] — Calig'incus, -lij r i-nus, a. Affected 
with darkness or dimness; dark. 

Caligraphy. See Calligraphy. 

Calipash, kal't-pash, n. Part of a turtle Oelonging to 
the upper shell, containing a gelatinous substance of 
a greenish tinge. — Calipee', n. Part belonging to 
the lower shell, of a yellowish color. [F. carapace, 
Sp. gdlapago, tortoise.] 

Caliph, Calif, ka'lif, n. Successor or vicar, — a title 
of the successors of Mohammed. [Ar. khalifah, fr. 
khalafa to succeed.] — Cal'iphate. -ifate, -at; n. Of- 
fice, dignity, or government of, etc. 

Calisthenic, kal-is-then'ik, a. Pert, to calisthenics. — 
Cal'isthen'ics, n. sing. Art, science, or practice of 




healthful bodily exercise. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, and 
sthenos, strength.] 
Calk, ka wk, v. t. [calked (kawkt), calking.] To drive 
oakum into the seams of, as of a ship, to prevent 
leaking; to put sharp points upon the shoes of, to 
prevent slipping on ice, — said of a horse or ox ; to 
wound, with a calk, — said of a horse, etc. — n. A 
point on a shoe, to prevent slipping. [OF. cauauer, 
to tread, also to tent a wound or insert lint in it, L. 
calcare, to tread, trample, fr. calx, the heel; Ga. calc, 
to caulk, cram.] — Calking iron, kawk'ing-i'ern. 
An instrument like a chisel, used in calking ships. 

— Calk'er, Calk'in, Caulk, Cork. Same as Calk, n. 
Call, kawl, v. i. [called (kawld), calling.] To in- 
vite or command to come or be present; to con- 
voke, summon, bid; to give a name to; to desig- 
nate as for office, duty, etc.; to utter loudly. — v. i. 
To speak loudly, cry out; to make a brief visit.— 
n. A vocal address of summons or invitation; a 
public demand ; requisition; a divine summons; a 
short visit. {Hunting.) A note blown on a horn. 
{JVaut.) A whistle to summon sailors to duty. 
{Fowling.) A noise in imitation of a bird; a pipe 
to call birds by imitating their voice. [AS. ceatlian 
for callian, Ic. and Sw. kalla, D. and MHG. kallen ; 
s. rt. Gr. geruein, Skr. gar, to call.] — Call of the 
house. {Legis. Bodies.) A calling over the names of 
members, to discover who is absent. — To call back. 
To retract, recall, summon back. — To c. down. To 
bring down, invoke. — To c. for. To demand, re- 
quire. — To c. forth. To bring or summon to action. 

— To c. in. To collect, summon together. — To c. 
off. To summon away, divert. — To c. out. To chal- 
lenge to fight, summon into service. — To c. over. 
To recite in order, as a roll of names.— To c. up. To 
bring to recollection, or into action. — To c. to mind. 
To recollect. — Caliper, n. — Call'ing, n. A sum- 
mons ; occupation ; vocation ; business. 

Calla, kal'la, n. A genus of plants of the order Ara- 
ceve. [Gr. kalos, kale, beautiful.] 

Calligraphy, kal-lig'ra-fl, n. Fair or elegant penman- 
ship. [Gr. kalos and graphein, to write.]— Callig''- 
raphist, -fist, n. An elegant penman. — Calligraph- 
ic, -ical, -srrafT-kal, a. 

Calliope, kiTl-lKo-pe, n. {Myth.) The muse presiding 
over eloquence and heroic poetry. An organ whose 
tones are produced by steam instead of wind ; a 
steam-whistle on locomotives, etc. 

Callipash, Callipee. See Calipash. 

Callipers. See Calipers, under Caliber. . 

Callisthenics, n. See Calisthenics. 

Callow, kal'o, a. Destitute of feathers; naked; un- 
fledged. [AS. calu, L. calvus, bald.] 

Callus, kal'lus, n. {Med.) Any preternatural hard- 
ness in the body, esp. of the skin; new growth of 
osseous matter uniting fractured bones. [L.] — Cal'- 
lous, -lus, a. Hardened ; indurated ; obdurate ; un- 
feeling. — Callously, adv. — Callousness, n. — Cal- 
losity, -los'I-tl, n. A horny hardness of skin. 

Calm, kam, a. Not stormy; undisturbed by passion; 
still; tranquil; serene; placid. — n. Freedom from 
motion, agitation, or disturbance. — v. t. [calmed 
(kamd), c aiming.] To render still or quiet; to ap- 
pease, compose, assuage. [F. calme, calm, still, Pg. 
calma, LL. cauma, heat of the sun, Gr. kauma, fr. 
kaiein, to burn.] — Calmly, adv. — Calm'ness, n. — 
Calm'ative, -tiv, a. Tending to calm. — n. {Med.) 
A soothing medicine; a depressant. 

Calomel, kaVo-mel, n. {Chem.) A mild chloride of 
mercury, used as a medicine. [Gr. kalos, fair, and 
melas, black, — i. e. the white sublimate got f r. the 
black corrosive sublimate.] 

Caloric, ka-lor r ik, n. {Physics.) The principle of 
heat; agent to which phenomena of heat and com- 
bustion are ascribed. [L. calor, heat.] — Calores'- 
cence, -es'ens, n. Conversion of heat-rays into 
light-rays. — Caloricity, -is'Y-tt, n. Faculty of de- 
veloping- heat, — esp. in animals, to withstand cold. 

— Calorific, a. Able to produce heat; heating. [L. 
facere, to make.] — Calorific rays. Invisible heating 

rays emanating from the sun and burning bodies. 

— Calor'ifica'tion, n. Production of heat, esp. an- 
imal heat. — Cal'orie, -o-rT, n. The French unit of 
heat, — amount required to raise the temperature of 
one kilogram of water 1° centigrade. [F.J — Calor'- 
iduct, n. A tube to convev heat. [L. ducere, duc- 
tum, to lead.] — Calor'ifefe, -fer, n. A hot-water 
heating apparatus for conservatories. [F., fr. L. 
ferre, to carry.] — Calorim'eter, n. An apparatus 
for measuring tne amount of heat contained in bod- 
ies. [Gr. met r on, measure.] —Calorim'etry, -trt, a. 



am, fame, I'iir, pans ot opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ; 



CALOTTE 



71 



CAMPHOR 



(Chem.) Measurement of, etc. — Calorimo'tor, n. 
A powerful kind of galvanic battery. [L. motor, a 
mover, fr. movere, to move.] 

Calotte, ka-lot', Calote, -lot', n. A skull-cap: eap of 
a sword-hilt. [F. calotte, dim. of OF. cole, a flat cap, 
prob. fr. L. galea, helmet.] 

Calotype, kal'o-tlp, n. A kind of photographic pic- 
ture. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, and tupo*. stamp.] 

Caloyer, ka-loi'er, n. A monk of the Greek church. 
[NGr. kalogeros, fr. kalos and geron, old man.] 

CaJtrap, kal'trap, Cal'trop, Cal'throp, a. A plant 
whose fruit consists of five prickly nuts united in a 
whorl. (Mil.) A ball stuck with four spikes, so 
that one must point upwards, — used to obstruct 
cavalry. [AS. calcetreppe, Olt. cakatrippa, star- 
thistle, fr. L. calcare, to tread. See Calk and Trap.] 

Calumet, kaKu-met, n. A pipe used by American In- 
dians as a symbol of peace aad war. [F., fr. L. eala- 
mus, a reed.] 

Calumny, kal'um-nl, n. False accusation: defama- 
tion; slander. [F. calomnie, L. calumida, fr. caluere, 
to deceive; s. rt. challenge.] — Calum'niate. -n Y-at, 
v. t. To accuse falsely and knowingly, asperse, yili- 
fv, traduce. — Calum nia'tion, n. False accusation. 

— Calum'niator, -ter, n. — Calum'nieus. -nl-us, a. 
Containing or implying, etc. — Calum , niously, adv. 

Calvary, kal'va-rT, n. A place of skulls; esp. the 
place of Christ's crucifixion ; a Roman Catholic 
chapel containing representations of Christ's pas- 
sion and death. JX. calvaria, skull.] 

Calve. See under Calf. 

Calvinism, kal'vin-izm, n. The theological doctrines of 
Calvin and his followers. — CaJ/vinist, n. One who 
embraces, etc.— Calvinist'ic, -ical, a. Pert. to. etc. 

Calx, kalks, n. ; E. pi. Calx'es, -ez; L. pi. Cal'ces, 
kal'sez. (Cliem.) Earthy residuum remaining after 
the calcination of a metal or mineral. [L., stone, 
limestone, Gr. kroke, flint, Skr. carkara, stone, 
gravel.] — Calcareous, -ka'ri-us, a. Of the nature 
of limestone; of, or containing, carbonate of lime, 

— Cal'cic, -sik, a. (Chem.) Pert, to, or derived from 
calcium. — Calcif'erous, -sifer-us, a. Containing 
carbonate of lime. — Cal'ciform, a. In the form of 
chalk or lime. — Cal'cify, -fi, v. i. and t. To change 
into a stony condition, in which lime is a princi- 
pal ingredient. — Calcine, kal-sin' or kal'stn, 
[calcined (-slnd or -sTnd), -cinixg]. also Calci- 
nate, -sT-nat, v. t. To reduce to powder or a friable 
state, by the action of heat; to oxidize, as a metal. 

— v. i. "To be converted into a powder, etc. — Cal- 
ciner, -sln'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. — 
Calculable, a. — Calcina'tion. a. Operation of, etc. 

— Calcin'atory, -sin'a-to-ri, n. A vessel used in, 
etc. — Calciv'orous, -er-us, a. Eroding or eating 
into limestone. [L. vorare, to devour.] — Cal'cite, 
-sit, n. (Min.) Carbonate of lime. — Cal'cium, -st- 
um, n. (Chem.) The metallic basis of lime. — Calc'- 
ainter, n. Loose and porous calcite. [G. kalk, lime, 
and sinter, dross.] — Cal'cimine, -st-mTn. n. A white 
or tinted wash for walls. — v. t. To wash with, etc. 

— Calcog'raphy, n. Art of drawing with chalk, or of 
engraving in the style of chalk-drawing. — Calcog'- 
rapher. n. — Cal'car, n. An oven or reverberating 
furnace, used in glass manufacture. (Bot.) A tube 
into which a petal is lengthened at the base. [L. 
calcaria. a lime-kiln.] 

Calyx, ka'lix, n.:E.pl. Ca'lyxes: L.pl. Cat/yces, 
kal'I-sez. (Bot.) The outer covering of 
a flower. [L.; Gr. kalux, calyx, Skr. 
kafika. a bud; s. rt. chalice, helmet.] — 
Calycle. kal'T-kl, n. (Bot.) A row of 
leaflets at the base of the calyx ; outer 
covering or crown of a seed. [L. caly- 
culiis, dim. of calyx.] 

Cam, kam, n. (Much.) A projecting part 
of a wheel, etc., giving an alternating 
motion to a piece pressing against it. [D. 
kam, a comb, ridge, G. kamm. comb, 
cog.] — Cam'-wheel, n. A wheel of ir- 
regular outline, producing a variable 
motion. 

Camaieu, ka-ma'voo, n. A stone engraved in relief; 
a painting in a single color. [F. See Cameo.] 

Camber, kam'ber, n. (Arch.) An arch or convexity 
on the top of a beam, or of an aperture. [F. cam- 
hrer, to bow. crook, Gr. kamptein, to bend.] — Cam'- 
bering, a. Convex, —said of a ship's deck, etc. 

Cambist, kam'bist. n. A banker: one who deals, or is 
skilled, in exchange. [L. cambire. to exchange.] — 
Cambistry, -rt, n. Science of exchange, weights, 
measures, etc. 



Q. 



Camel. 




Camblet. See Camlet, under Camel. 

Camboge. See Gambogb. 

Camboose, kam-boos', n. (Naut.) A cook-room. See 
Caboose. 

Cambrel. See Gambeel. 

Cambric, kam'brik, n. A fine, white fabric of flax or 
linen: a cotton fabric, in imitation of linen cambric. 
[Fr. Cambray, in Flanders.] 

Came. See Come. 

Camel, kam'el, n. A ruminant quadruped, used in 
Asia and Africa for carrying bur- 
dens, (yaut.) A contrivance for 
lifting ships over shoals. [OF. 
channel, camel, L. camelus, G. kam- 
elos, Ileb. gamal, Ar. jamal.] — 
Cam'ers-hair, a. Made of camel's 
hair. — Camlet, Cam'elot, -e-lot, ] 
n. A cloth, orig. of camel's hair, ( 
now of wool or goat's hair with' 
silk or thread. [F. camelot. It. cam- 
belotto.] 

Camellia, ka-mel'ya, n. A genus of evergreen shrubs. 
[Fr. the Jesuit, Geo. Jos. Kamel (or Camellus), who 
introduced it f r. Asia.] 

Camelopard. ka-mel'o-pard or kam'el-, n. (Zo'61.) A 
ruminant, long-necked, African quadruped; the gi- 
raffe. [Gr. kamelepurdalis, fr. kamelos (see Camel) 
and pardalis, leopard, pardO 

Cameo, kam'e-o, n. ; pi. -os, -oz. A precious stone or a 
shell carved in relief. [F. camieu. It. cammeo, LL. 
cammseus, perh. fr. G. camme, OF. game, L. gemma, 
a gem.] 

Camera, kam'e-ra, n. (Arch.) A vaulted roof or ceil- 
ing. The camera obscura. [L. See Chamber.] — 
Cam'era. Lu'cida, -lu'sl-da. (Opt.) An instrument 
which re'flects a picture that may be traced on pa- 
per, etc. [L., light chamber.] — C- 0b3cura. -ob-sku'- 
ra. An apparatus which reflects external images, 
received through a lens, upon a white surface with- 
in a darkened chamber. [L., dark chamber.] — 
Cam'erated, -er-at-ed, a. (Arch.) Divided into 
chambers; arched or vaulted. 

Camisade, kam-T-sad', -sado, -sa'do, n. (Mil.) A shirt 
worn over a soldier's uniform, for recognition in the 
dark; an attack by surprise at night. [F. camisade, 
fr. OF. camise, shirt.] — Cam'isole, -sol, n. A waist- 
coat : dressing-jacket ; straight-jacket. [F., dim. of 
cetmise.) 

Camlet. See under Camel. 

Camomile, Chamomile. kam'o-mTl, n. A bitter plant, 
used in medicine. [LL. camomilla, Gr. chamaime- 
lon, lit. earth-apple, fr. chamai, on the earth, and 
melon, apple.] 

Camp, kamp, n. Ground containing tents, huts, etc., 
for shelter; company of persons encamped in the 
same spot. — v. t. [camped (kampt), campixg.] To 
afford lodging for, as an army, travelers, etc. — v. i. 
To rest or lodge: to pitch tents, etc.: to encamp. [F., 
a camp, host, field ; L. campus, field : LL. campus, 
AS. and ME. camp, D., Dan., and Sw. kamp, Ie. 
kapp, G. kampf, battle.] — Camp bedstead, n. A 
compact, portable bedstead. — follower, n. A non- 
combatant who attends an army. — -meeting, n An 
encampment in a retired place, for devotion. — 
-stool, n. A stool which folds into a small compass. 

Campaign, kam-pan / ', n. A large, open plain ; an 
extensive tract without hills. (Mil.) The time that 
an army keeps the field. (U. S. Politics^ The con- 
test for an election; a canvass. — v. i. To serve in a 
campaign. [F. campaigne, open field, L. campanra, 
a plain, esp. that around Naples, fr. campus. See 
Camp.] — Campaign'er, n. One who has served in 
campaigns: an old soldier; veteran. 

Campaniform, kam-pan / 'T-f8rm. a. (Bot.) In the 
shape of a bell. [LL. campana, bell, and L. forma, 
form.]— Campanol'ogy, -jT, n. Art of ringing bells; 
a treatise on it. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Campan'- 
ulate, -u-lat, a. (Bot.) Bell-shaped. — Cam'panile, 
-ne'la,n. (Arch.) A bell-tower. [It. andLL.j 

Campestral, kam-pes'tral, -trian, -trT-an, a. Pert, to, 
or growing in a field, or open ground. [L. campester, 
-pestris, fr. campus, field.] 

Camphene, -phine, kam-ien', n. (Chem.) Pure oil of 
turpentine. rContr. of camphogen.] 

Camphor, kam'fe'r, n. The solidified sap of an East 
Indian laurel tree. [F. camphre, LL. camphora, 
Skr. karpura, Ar. kafur, camphor, fr. Malay ka- 
pur, chalk.] — Cam'phire, -fir, n. Obs. spelling of 
camphor. — Cam'phorate, -fgr-at, v. t. To impreg- 
nate with. etc. — Camphoric, -foVik, a. Pert, to, or 
having qualities of, etc. — Camphxetic, -fret'ik, a. 



etui, cube, full ; moon, fdfct ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bowboir, chair, get. 



CAMPION 



72 



CANON 



Pert, to a tribasic acid obtained from camphor by 
the action of nitric acid. 

Campion, kam'pl-on, n. A plant bearing poisonous 
berries. [Prob. f r. L. campus.] 

Cam-wood, kam , w6~6d, n. A hard, red dye-wood, from 
Sierra Leone. [Perh. abbrev. of Campeachy wood.] 

Can, kan, n. A cup or vessel for liquids. — v. t. [canned 
(kand), canning.] To preserve in cans, as fish, veg- 
etables, etc. [AS. canna, Ic. and Sw. karma, D. kan, 
a can, mug.] — Can'akin, -nikin, n. A little can. 

Can, kan, v. i. [imp. could.] To be able; to have power. 
[AS. cunnan, D. kunnen, Ic. and Sw. kunna ; s. rt. 
cunning, ken,Jcnow, uncouth.] 

Canaille, ka-nal' or ka'na'y', n. The lowest class of 
people; the rabble; vulgar; shorts, or low grades of 
flour. [F., orig. a pack of dogs, fr. L. canis, dog.] 

Canal, ka-naK, re. An artificialwater-course, esp. one 
for boats. (Anat.) A duct for the passage of liquids 
or solids. [F. ; L. canalis, a channel, trench, canal, 
also a reed-pipe; Skr. khan, toTlig.] 

Canard, kan-ar' or kan-ard', n. An extravagant fabri- 
cation. [F.] 

Canary, ka-na'rY, n. Wine made in the Canary Isles. 

— Cana'ry-bird, -b5rd, n. A singing bird of the 
finch family, native in, etc. 

Cancan, kaN-kaN or kan'kan, n. Scandal; tittle-tat- 
tle ; an indecent French dance. [F.] 

Cancel, kan'sel, v. t. [canceled (-seld), -celing.] 
To cross and deface the lines of, blot out, destroy, 
obliterate, erase, abrogate, do away. (Print.) To 
suppress and reprint, — n. (Print.) The suppression 
and reprinting of a part of a work; the part thus al- 
tered. [F. canceller, Law L. cancellare, to draw lines 
across a deed, fr. L. cancellus, a grating, dim. of can- 
cer, a crab ; s. rt. chancel, chancellor, etc.] — Cancel- 
lated, a. Marked with cross lines. — Cancellation, 
n. Act of, etc. (Math.) Operation of striking out 
common factors. 

Cancer, kan'ser, n. The crab. (Astron.) A sign in 
the zodiac, denoting the northern limit of the sun's 
course. (Med.) A livid, scirrhous tumor, usually 
terminating in an ulcer, and rarely cured. [L.; Gr. 
karkinos, Skr. karkata, a crab, fr. karkara, hard.] — 
Can'cerate. v. t. To grow into a cancer. — Cancer- 
a'tion, re. A growing cancerous. — Can'ceroos, -us, 
a. Like, consisting of, or affected with, cancer. — 
Cancriform, kan'krT-fGrm, a. Crab-shaped ; like a 
cancer; cancerous. — Cancrine, kan'krin, a. Having 
the qualities of a crab. — Canker, kan'ker, n. An 
ulcer in the mouth ; anything that corrupts or cor- 
rodes. (Hort.) A disease in trees. (Far.) A disease 
of horses' feet. The dog-rose ; a caterpillar. — v. t. 
[-kered (-kerd), -kering.] To corrode, eat, cor- 
rupt, infect. — v. i. To become venomous; to waste 
away, grow rusty. — Can-Tiered, -kgrd. a. Crabbed, 
venomous, or malignant, in temper. — Can'kerous, 
-ur, a. Corroding like, etc. — Can'ker-rash, re. 
(Med.) A form of scarlet-fever, in which the throat 
becomes ulcerated, —-worm, re. A worm destructive 
of trees and plants; span-worm; green-looper. 

Candelabrum. See under Candle. 

Candid, kan'did, a. Orig. white ; free from bias ; im- 
partial; open; frank; equitable. [F. candide, white, 
bright, also sincere, innocent. L. candidus, white, 
shining, bright, fr. cande>-e, Skr. chand, to shine.] — 
Can'didly, adv. — Can'didness, re. — Can'dent, a. 
Heated to whiteness; glowing with heat. — Can- 
didate, -dT-dat, n. One who seeks or is proposed for 
office or preferment. [L. candidatus, clothed in 
white, — the dress of such applicants in Rome.] — 
Can / 'didacy, -di-da-si, -dature, -da-chur, -dateship, 
-dat-ship, re. Position of. etc. — Caa'dor, -der, n. 
Freedom fr. prejudice or disguise ; sincerity. [L.] 

Candle, kan'dl, re. Tallow, wax. spermaceti, paraf- 
fine, etc.. inclosing a wick, "nd used to furnish 
light. [AS. candet, L. candeln, fr. candere. See 
Candid.] — Can'dle-mas, re. The festival of the 
purification of the Virgin Mary, held Feb. 2, when 
manv candles were burned. [AS candelmxsse.] 

— CaH'dle-coal, n. A bright-burning coal; cannel- 
coal. — light, re. The light of, etc. — nut, n. The 
fruit of a Pacific island shrub, which burns with a 
bright flame : its oil is exported for soap-making. — 
-stick, re. A utensil to hold, etc. — Candela'brum, 
n. ; L. pi. -bra, -bra, E. pi. -brums. A tall candle- 
stick: stand for supporting lamps: chandelier. [L.] 

— Chandelier, shan-de-ler', n. A frame with 
branches for candles or other lights. [F.l — Chand- 
ler, chand'ler, re. One who makes or sells candles, 
also other commodities indicated by a word pre- 
fixed, as corn-chandler, ship-chandler. [OF. chande- 



lier, L. cavdelarius.] — Chand'lery, -I5r-T, n. Com- 
modities sold by, etc. 
Candy, kan'dT, v. t. [candied (-did), -dying.] To con- 
serve or boil in sugar; to form into crystals, as sugar 
— v. i. To change into, or become impregnated, or 
covered with, sugar; to be formed into crystals. — 
n. A preparation of sugar or sirup ; a confection 
of sugar. [F. candir, It. candire, to candy, fr. It. 
candi, Ar. and Per. qand, sugar, candy.] 
Candy-tuft, kan'dT-tuft, n. An annual plant, native 

of Candia. 
Cane, kan, re. (Bot.) A plant of several species, in- 
cluding reeds, as bamboo, rattan, etc., also sugar- 
cane. A reed; walking-stick; staff; a lance made of 
cane. — v. t. [caned (kand), caning.] To beat 
with, etc. ; to make or furnish with, etc. [F. canne. 
L. canna, Gr. kanna, a cane, perh. fr. Heb. qaneh, a 
reed, Ar. qanat, a cane ; s. rt. cannister, cannon, carb- 
on.] — Cane-brake, n. A thicket of canes. — Can'jr, 
-1, a. Of cane, or abounding in canes. 
Canicula, ka-nik r u-la, Canicule, kan'i-kul, n. (Astron.) 
A star in the constellation of Canis Major ; the Dog- 
star, or Sirius. [L. canicula, dim. of canis, dog. J — 
Canic'ular, a. Pert, to, or measured by, the rising 
of the Dog-star. 
Canine, ka-nin', a. Pert, to dogs ; having the quali- 
ties of a dog. [L. caninus, fr. canis, dog.] — Canine 
teeth. The pointed teeth, between the incisors and 
grinders, — resembling a dog's teeth. See ToeTH. 
Canister, kan'is-ter, n. A basket of rushes, reeds, 
etc. ; a case for holding tea, coffee, etc. [L. canis- 
trurn, Gr. kanastron, wicker basket, fr. kane, kanna. 
See Cane.] — Can'ister-shot, n. (Mil.) A number 
of small iron balls inclosed in a case fitting a gun. 
Canker. See under Cancer. 



Cannabin, -bine, kan'na-bin, n. (Chem.) A poison- 
ous resin extracted irom hemp (Cannabis Indica), 
giving hasheesh its narcotic effects. [See Canvas.] 



Cannel-coal. kan'nel-kol, n. A hard black coal, which 
burns with a clear flame. [Corrupt, of candle-coal ; 
Prov. E. cannel, candle. See under Candle.] 

Cannibal, kan r nf-bal, n. One who eats human flesh; 
a man-eater. [Sp. canibal, corrupt, of Caribal, a 
Carib, Caribbean, assimilated to Sp. canino, vora- 
cious, fr. L. canis, dog.] — Can'nabalism. -izm, n. 
Actor practice of , etc. ; murderous cruelty. 

':aii'un,». A hollow metal cylinder closed 




A, cascabel; B, first re-en- I of the muzzle ; F. trunn 
force ; C, second re-en- ion ; G, rim-base ; a. base- 
force; D, chase; E, swell | ring; b, base of the breech., 
at one end, for throwing balls by the force of gun- 
powder. (Mech.) A hollow cylindrical piece, inclos- 
ing a revolving shaft. [F., fr. L. canna, reed, tube. 
See Cane.] — Cannonade, -ad', n. Act of attacking 
with balls from cannon, —v. t. To attack with ar- 
tillery^— v. i. To discharge cannon. — Cannoneer', 
-ier', -er, n. An artillery-man. — Can'nonry, -rT, n. 
Cannon collectively ; artillery. — Can'non-ball, n. 
A ball to be thrown from, etc. — shot, n. A cannon- 
ball; the distance a cannon will throw balls. 

Cannot, kan 'not. To be unable, [can and not. usu 
ally united in writing and printing.] 

Cannular, kan'u-lar, a. Having the form of a tube ; 
tubular [L. cannula, dim. of canna. reed, tube.] 

Canny, kan'nY, a. Gentle; cautious; harmless; good. 
[Scot.; Ic. kanna, to know.] 

Canoe, ka-noo', re. A boat formed of a tree trunk ex- 
cavated or of bark or skins. [Sp. canoa. a Caribbean 
word.] 

Canon, kan'un, n. A law or rule, esp. an ecclesias- 
tical law, or rule of doctrine or discipline ; the gen- 
uine books of the Scriptures ; a catalogue of saints. 
(MusA A continued fugue ; a round. One who 
holds a prebend in a ca- 
thedral, etc. (Print.) The 
largest size of type having 
a specific name, — former- 
ly used for printing the 
canons of the church. 
[AS. and L., a rule, law ; 
Gr. kanon, a rod, measur- 
ing rule, also arni»<" 



ue ; a round. One who 

Aa 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; Xn, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



CANON 



73 



CAPIAS 



model, standard of right. See Cane.] — Can'oness, 
n. A woman who enjoys a prebend. — Canon'ic, 
-ical. a. Pert, to a canon ; according to the canon or 
rule. — Canon'ically, adv. — Canon'icalness, n. — 
Canon'ieals, -alz, n. pi. Full clerical dress. — Ca- 
non'icate. -ik-at, Gan'onry. -rt, -onship, n. The 
office of a canon. — Canonicity, -is'l-tl, n. State 
of belonging to the canon, or genuine books of 
Scripture ; canonicalness. — Can'onist, n. A pro- 
fessor of canon law. — Canonist'ic, a. Pert, to a 
canonist. — Can'onize, -Iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -iz- 
ING.] {Rom. Cath. Church.) To place upon the 
catalogue of saints. — Canomza'tion, n. Ceremony 
or act of placing one deceased in the catalogue of 
saints ; state of being canonized. — Can'on law. 
(Eccl.) The law sanctioned by the church of Rome. 

Canon, Canyon, kan'yun, n. A gorge, ravine, or 
gulch, worn by streams. [Sp. canon, tube or hollow.] 

Canopy, kan'o-pi. n. A covering over a throne, bed, 
etc., or overhead. (Arch.) An ornamental projec- 
tion over doors, windows, niches, etc. — v. t. [cano- 
pied (-pid), -pying.1 To cover with, etc. [I . cono- 
pe'e; Gr. konopeion, an Egyptian bod with mosquito- 
nets, fr. konops, gnat, mosquito.] 

Cant, kant, v. t. To incline, or place upon edge, as a 
cask: to give a sudden turn or impulse to; to cut off 
an angle from. — n. An inclination from a horizon- 
tal line ; a thrust, push, etc., with a jerk. [D., Dan., 
and Sw. kant, edge, margin, fr. D. kantre. to cant, 
upset, G. kante, corner/] — Cantle, kan'tl, n. A 
fragment, corner, or edge of anything; the hind-bow 
of a saddle. [OF. cantel, fr. G. kante.] — Cant'let, 
n. A piece. — Cantliook, n. A lever with a hook 
at the end, for canting, or turning over, heavy logs. 

Cant, kant, v. i. To speak in a whining voice, or an af- 
fected, singing tone; to make whining pretensions to 
goodness.— n. An affected mode of speaking; a word 
or phrase hackneyed, corrupt, or peculiar to some 
profession; religious phraseology ; secret language of 
gypsies, thieves, beggars, etc. — a. Affected, inele- 
gant, vulgar, — said of language. [L. cantare, freq. 
of canere, to sing.] — Cant'er, n. — Cant'ingly, adv. 

Can't, kant. A colloq. contr. for can not. 

Cantaloup, -loupe, kan'ta-loop, n. A variety of musk- 
melon. [Fr. Cantalupo, in Italy.] 

Cantalever, kan'ta-lev-er, Cantilever, kan'tt-, n. 
(Arch.) A bracket to support 
a balcony, eaves of a house, etc. 
[E. cant," slant, angle, and lev- 




Cantalever. 



Cantankerous, kan-tan'ker-us, a. 
"Very vile or bitter ; perverse ; 
malicious : contentious. — Can- 
tanTserousness, n. 

Cantata, kan-ta/ta or -tafa, n. (Mm.) A poem set to 
music. [It., fr. It. and L. cantare, to sing. See 
Cant.] — Cantab'ile, -T-la, Cantilena, -te-la'na, n. A 
piece suited for singing ; a melodv. [It.] — Can"- 
ticle, -tl-kl. n. A little song; pi. the Song of Solo- 
mon, a book of the Old Testament. [L. canticulum, 
dim. of caniicum, a song.] — Can'tillate, v. t. To 
chant. [L. cantillare, dim. of cantare.] — Can'til- 
lation. n. Chanting. — Can'to, n. ; pi. Can'tos, -toz, 
A chief division, or book, o-f a poem. (Jfus.) The 
soprano, or highest part. [It.] — Can'tor, n. The 
leader of a choir ; precentor. [L., singer.] — Can / - 
toral. a. Pert, to, etc. — Canzo'ne, -na, n. A song 
or air in 2 or 3 parts, with passages of fugue and 
imitation. [It.] — Canzonet', n. A little song, in 
1, 2, or 3 parts. [It., dim., of canzone.] 

Canteen, -tine, kan-ten', n. A soldier's vessel for car- 
rying liquor. [F. cantine, fr. It. cantina, a cellar, 
dim. of canto, a part, corner, angle, G. kante. See 
Cant.] — Cantiniere, -ten'yar, n. A female sutler ; 
a vivandiere. [F.] 

Canter, kan'ter, n. An easy gallop. — v. i. [can- 
teeed, (-terd), -teeing.] To move, as a horse, in 
a canter. — v. t. To ride upon, etc. [Abbr. of Can- 
terbury gallop, the pace of easy-going pilgrims.] 

Canterbury, kan'te'r-ber 7 !, n. A stand for music, 
portfolios, etc. 

Cantharis, kan'tha-ris, n. ; pi. -thaeides, -thar'T-dez. 
(Entom.) A coleopterous insect or beetle, used for 
blistering: Spanish fly. [L. and Gr.] 

Canticle, Canto, Cantor, etc. See under Cantata. 

Cantine. See Canteen. 

Cantle, Cantlet. See under Cant. 

Canton, kan'ton or kan-ton', n. A small portion of 
territory, constituting a government: a part, or di- 
vision. — v. t. [cantoned (kan'tond or kan-tond'), 
-toning.] To divide into districts or portions; to 



allot separate quarters to, as to troops. [F., a corner, 
a canton, LL. cantonum, a region, province, fr. canto, 
a squared stone, a province.] — Can'tonal, a. Pert. 
to, or divided into, etc. — Can'tonize, v. t. To divide 
into, etc. — Can'tonment, n. A division of a town, 
etc., assigned to particular troops. 

Canton ftannel.JSee Cotton-flannel, under Cotton. 

Cantoon, kan-toon', n. A kind of strong: fustian. 

Canvas, kan'vas, n. A coarse cloth of hemp or flax, 
for tents, sails, painting, etc. ; the sails of a vessel. 
[F. canevas, LL. canabacius, canvas, fr. L. cannabis, 
Gr. kannabis, Skr. cana. Per. kanab. hemp.] — Can r - 
vas-back, n. (Ornith.) A species of sea-duck, named 
from the markings of its plumage. — Can'vass, v. t. 
[canvassed (-vast), -vassing.] To sift, strain, exam- 
ine thoroughly, discuss, debate; to go through in the 
way of solicitation. — v. i. To solicit votes or inter- 
est. — n. Close inspection to know the state of: ex- 
amination in the way of discussion : a solicitation 
or effort to obtain something. [Orig., to sift through 
canvas.] — Can'vasser, n. One who solicits votes or 
subscriptions, or examines returns of votes. 

Canyon. See Canon. 

Canzone, Canzonet. _See under Cantata. 

Caoutchouc, koo'chook, n. An elastic substance, ob- 
tained fr. the juice of several tropical plants: India 
rubber: gum elastic. [F., fr. Caribbean cauchuc.] — 
Caouf chine, -chin, -choucine, -choo-sin, u. A vola- 
tile liquid distilled from, etc. 

Cap, kap, n. A covering for the head: a cover: top. — v. 
t. [capped (kapt). capping.] To cover the top or end 
of; to render complete, consummate: to provide with 
a cap. [AS. cseppe, LL. cappa, cape, cope, cap; 
perh. fr. L. capere, to contain.] — To cap verses. To 
name alternately verses beginning with a particular 
letter.— To set one's cap for. To seek a man's af- 
fections, with a view to marriage. — Cap pa'per. 
Coarse, brown paper, used for making bags; fools- 
cap, writing paper of a large size. — sheafi n. The 
top sheaf of a stack of grain. — Cape, kap, n. Part 
of a garment, covering the shoulders; a cloak. [OF. 
cape, Pr., Sp., and Pg. capa, It. cappa, Ic. and Sw. 
kapa, Dan. kappe, D. kap, G. kajme, fr. LL. cappa.] 
— Caparison, ka-par'I-sun, n. The covering of a 
horse : trappings : gay clothing. — r. t. [-soned 
(-sund), -SONING.] To cover with, etc.: to dress. [Sp. 
caparazon, fr. capa.] — Capoch. -pouch, ka-pooch'', 
n. A monk's hood; the hood of a cloak. — v. t. To 
cover with a hoodj^ to hoodwink or blind. [Sp. ca- 
pucho.] — Capote. -ot r , n. A long cloak for women; 
a hooded cloak for soldiers, sailors, etc. [F.] — Cap'- 
uchin', -u-shen r , n. A Franciscan monk, whose 
dress includes a cowl; a hooded cloak for women; 
a kind of pigeon having hood-like feathers on the 
head. [F. capucin, fr. capuce, hood, cowl.] 

Capable, ka'pa-bl, a. Possessing ability, qualifica- 
tion, or susceptibility: able; fitted; effective; skill- 
ful. [F., fr. LL. capabUis, fr. L. capere, to hold, 
contain.] — Capability, Ca'pableness, n. 

Capacious, ka-pa'shus. a. Havins capacity; spacious; 
extended: having ability to take large views of things; 
broad; comprehensive: liberal. [L. capax, capacis, 
fr. capere.] — Capa'ciously, adv. — Capa'ciousness, 
n. — Capacitate, -pas'I-tat, v. t. To render capable, 
qualify. — Capacity, -tl, n. Power of receiving or 
containing; extent of room or space; ability: element 
of power ; condition or circumstances : 'character. 
(Law.) Aptitude or qualification , as of age, resi- 
dence, etc. (Georn.) The solid contents of a body. 

Cap-a-pie, kap / a-pe / '. From head to foot. [OF.] 

Caparison. See under Cap. 

Cape, kap. n. Part of a garment covering the shoul- 
ders. [See under Cap.] —A neck of land extending 
into the sea; a headland. [F. cap, It. capo, head- 
land, cape, fr. L. caput, head.] 

Capellet, kap'el-et, r(. (Far.) A wen-like swelling on 
a horse's hock. [F. capelet.] 

Caper, ka'per, v. i. To leap or jump about, spring, 
dance. — n. A frolicsome leap; a skip: jump. [If. 
C'lpriolare, to caper, leap like a goat, fr. capriolo, 
kid, dim. of caprto, roe-buck, wild goat, L. caper, 
capra, wild goat.] — Cap'riole, -rl-ol, n. A leap that 
a horse makes without advancing: a caper in dan- 
cing: a lady's head-dress. [F., fr. It. capriola, leap 
of a kid: s. rt. cabriolet.] 

Caper, ka'per, n. (Bot.) The flower-bud or unex- 
panded flower of the caper-bush, used for pickling. 
[F. capre, L. capparis, Gr. kapparis. Per. kabar.] — 
Ca'per bush, C. tree. A genus of low shrubs, some 
of which produce berries, and others pods. 

Capias, ka'pi-as, n. (Laiv.) A writ or process order- 



sun, cube, full ; moon, 



cow- oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CAPILLARY 



74 



CAPTIOUS 



ing the arrest of the person named in it: writ of ca- 
pias. [L., thoumayst take, fr. capere,to take.] 

Capillary, kap'il-la-rl or ka-pil'la-rt, a. Resembling 
a hair; long and slender; pert, to capillary tubes or 
vessels. — Capillary, n. A fine vessel or canal; esp. 
one of the vessels connecting arteries and veins. [L. 
capillus, hair; s. rt. L. caput, head.]— Capillary at- 
traction and repulsion. The cause of the aseent or 
descent of a fluid in a capillary tube which is dipped 
in a surrounding fluid. — Capillarity, -lar'l-tl, n. 
State of being, etc. — Capillaceou3, -la'shus, a. 
Having long filaments ; resembling hair. — Capil'- 
lament, n. A filament or hair-like fiber. 

Cap it a 1 j capital s. 




Doric. Ionic, 

metropolis; a stock employed in trade, manufactures, 
etc.; means of increasing one's power; influence. 
[F. capital, LL. capitate, wealth, stock, fr. L. cap- 
italist {Print.) A letter such as is used at the be- 
ginning of a sentence or proper name, and distin- 
guished by form K -n r\T\T^T^ 
or size from the ABCDEF ABCDEF 

ofXefame^yp" Capitals - SmaU Capitals " 
(Fort.) The line bisecting the salient angle of a rav- 
elin. See Ravelin. — Capitalist, n. A man of 
large property. [F. capitalists.] — Capitalize, -Iz, v. 
t. To convert into capital, as money or stock: to com 
mence with a capital letter. — Capitalization, n 
Act of converting, etc.; use of capital letters. — Cap 
itally, adv. — Capita'tion, n. A numbering of per 
Boris: a tax upon each head; poll-tax: capitation tax 
[F.; LL. capitatio, fr. L. caput. ] — Caplte, -T-te, n 
(OE. Law.) A tenure of land directly from the king 
[L., abl. case of caput.] 

iapitol, kap'T-tol, n. The temple of Jupiter, in Rome 
the edifice occupied by a legislature ; government- 
house. [L. capitolium, fr. caput.] 

Capitular, ka-pit'u-lar, a. Pert, to a chapter. (Bot.) 
Gr-swing in small heads, as dandelions. — Capit'- 
*»\ar, -ulary, -u-la-rt, n. An act passed in a chapter 
J: knights, canons, etc.: a collection of laws or 
statutes ; a member of a chapter. — Capifulary, a. 
Pert, to the chapter of a cathedral. [LL. capitula- 
rium, hook of decrees, capitulum, chapter of a book, 
cathedral chapter, dim. of L. caput.] — Capifulate, 
-u-lat, v. i. To surrender on stipulated terms, as 
an army, etc. [LL. capitulare, to arrange in chap- 
ters, hence to propose terms.] — Capit'ula'tion, n. 
A reducing to heads or articles; act of surrendering, 
etc. ; an instrument containing the terms of surren- 
der. — Capifula'tor, n. 

Capivi, ka-pe've, n. A balsam. See Copaiba. 

Capnomancy, kap'no-man-sY, n. Divination by the 
motion of smoke. [Gr. kapnos, smoke, and manteia, 
divination.] 

Oapoch, Capouch, Capote. See under Cap. 



Capon, ka'pn or ka'pun, n, A cock _ 
prove his flesh for the table. [AS. capun, D. kapoe 



relded to im- 
capw , 
L. capo. Gr. kapon, a capon, fr. Gr. hoptein, to cut.] 
— Ca'ponize, v. t. To castrate, as a fowl. 
Caponiere, kap-o-ner', n. (Fort.) A work placed in 



a ditch for its defense by fire-arms; often serving as 
a covered passage-way. [F. caponniere.] 

Caporal, kap'o-ral, n. A kind of smoking tobacco. 
[F., a corporal.] 

Capot, ka-pot',- n. A winning of all the tricks of 
cards at the game of piquet. [Perh. abbr. lr caput 
mortuum, q. v.; perh. fr. Heb. kapjjoreth, »A.piatory 
sacrifice, a curse.] 

Capreolate, kap're-o-lat, a. (Bot.) Having tenants 
or spiral claspers. [L. capreolus, wild goat, tendril.] 

Caprice, ka-pres', n. Sudden or unreasonable change 
of mind; fickleness; freak; whim ; vagary. [F.; It. 
capriccio, caprezzo, a caprice; perh. fr. It. caprio, 
(frisk of) a goat; perh. fr. It. capo, heat, and rezzo, 
ague-fit.] — Capricious, -prish'us, a. Governed by 
caprice ; unsteady; captious. — Capri'ciously, adv. 
— Capri'ciousness, n. — Capric'cio, -pret'cho, n. 
(Mus.) A loose, irregular composition. [It.] 

Capricorn, kap'rt-kQrn, n. (Astron.) The 10th sigm 
of the zodiac, which the sun enters at the winter 
solstice, about Dec. 21st. [L. capricomus, horned 
goat, fr. caper, goat, and conw, horn.] — Caprinca''- 
tion, n. A hastening of the ripening of fruit, esp. 
of figs, practiced in the Levant. [L. caprificare, to 
ripen figs by the stinging of the gall-insect, f r. cap- 
rijieus, wild fig, fr. caper and ficus, fig.] — Cap'ri- 

. form, a. Having the form of a goat. [L. forma, 
form.]— Caprigenous, -prij'e-nus, a. Produced by 
a goat. [L. genere, gignere, to produce.] 

Capriole. See under Capek. 

Capsicum, kap'sl-kum, n. A genus of plants produ- 
cing red or Cayenne pepper. [NL., fr. capsa, box. 
the pepper being in pods.] — Cap'sicine, -st-sin, n. 
(Chem.) The active principle of, etc. 

Capsize, tap-siz', v. t. [-sized (-sizd'), -sizing]. To 
upset or overturn, as a vessel. — n. An overturn. 
[Perh. corrupt, of Sp. cabecear, to nod the head in 
sleep, to pitch, fr. cabeza, the head, fr. L. caput.] 

Capstan, kap'stan, n. (Naut.) A machine to weigb 
anchor or draw up great weights, 
operating with a cable wound 
round it like a wheel and axle. 
[F. cabestan, Sp. cabestrante, fr. 
cabestrar, L. capistrare, to tie 
with a halter, fr. Sp. cabestro, 
L. capistrum, a halter, fr. L. ca- 
per e, to hold.] 

Capsule, kap'su?, n. (Bot.) A 
seed-pod or pericarp. (Chem.) 
A clay saucer for roasting or ^ p 

melting samples of ores, etc.; an evaporating dish. 
(Physiol.) A small membranous sac. A metallic 
ccvei for closing a bottle. A percussion cap. [F. : 
L. capsixla, little chest, dim. of capsa, chest, fr. ca- 
pere, to hold.] — Cap'sular, -sulary, -T, a. Hollow, 
like, etc.; pert, to, etc. — Cap'suiate, dated, a. In- 
closed in, or as in, a chest, etc. 

Captain, kap'tan, n. The military officer command- 
ing a company or troop; also the commander of a 
ship, foreman of workmen, etc.; a military leader; 
warrior. [OF. capitain, LL. capitaneus, capitanus, 
fr. L. caput.] — Captain-general. (Mil.) A com- 
mander-in-chief. — C. -lieutenant. An officer, who, 
with the rank of captain, and pay of lieutenant, 
commands a company or troop. — Cap'taincy, -sY, 
n. Rank, post, or commission of, etc. — Cap'tainry, 
-rt, n. Chieftainship; captainship. — Cap'tainship, 
n. Condition, rank, post, or authority of a captain; 
skill in military affairs. 

Caption, kap'shun, n. (Law.) That part of a legal 
instrument which shows where, when, and by what 
authority, it was taken, found, or executed. The 
heading of a chapter, section, or page. [L. captio, 
fr. capere, to take, seize.] 

Captious, kap'shus, a. Apt to find fault or cavil; 
fitted to catch or perplex ; petulant; fretful. [F. 
captieur, fr. L. captiosus, sophistical, critical, fr. 
captare, to snatch at, endeavor to take, freq. of ca- 
pere.] — Captiously, adv. — Cap'tiousness, n. — 
Cap'tive, -tiv, n. A prisoner taken in war; one 
charmed or subdued by beauty, excellence, or affec- 
tion. — a. Made prisoner; kept in bondage; serv- 
ing to confine; pert, to bondage. [L. captivus,fr. 
capere.] — Cap'tivate, v. t. Lit., to capture; to over- 
power with excellence or beautv, fascinate. — Cap 
tiva'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Captivity, -tiv'Y-tY, n. 
State of being a prisoner or under control ; sub- 
jection. — Cap'tor, -ter, n. One who takes, as a pri.+- 
oner or a prize. [L.] — Capture, kap'chur, n. Act 
of taking by force; seizure; thing taken. —v. * T» 
take by force, surprise, or stratagem. 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve. term ; Yn, Ice ; odd, tone, 



CAPUCHIN 



7b 



CARDINAL 



Capuchin. See under Cap. 

Caput Mortuum, ka'put-m&Vtu-um. Residuum of dis- 
tillation or sublimation : worthless residue. [L., 
dead head.] 

Car, kar, n. A small vehicle moved on wheels; a rail- 
road carriage; a chariot of war. [OF. car, char, fr. 
L. carrus, a four-wheeled carriage used in Gaul: 
W. car, a raft, drag, Ga. car, cart, raft, Ir. can; cart, 
dray; s. rt. L. currus, chariot, fr. currere, to run, 
Skr. char, to move; also E. career, cargo, carack, 
carpenter, charge, chariot.] — Carry, kar'rT, v. t. 
[carried (kar'rid), carrying.] To convey or trans- 
port; to bear; to cause to move forward, "urge, im- 
pel; to transfer from one place to another; to effect, 
accomplish; to obtain possession of by force ; to 
bear the aspect of, exhibit, imply ; to behave, con- 
duct, demean. — v. t. To convey or propel; to bear. 
[OF. carier, to carry, transport in a car, fr. car.] — 
To carry coals to Newcastle. To take things where 
they already abound: to lose one's labor. — To c. off. 
To kill. — Toe. on. To promote, help forward; to 
manage, prosecute; to behave boisterously. — To c. 
out. £o put into execution, bring to a successful 
issue. — Carrying trade. Freighting. — Car'riage, 
-rij, n. Act of carrying : conveyance; that which 
carries; a vehicle; manner of carrying one's self; de- 
meanor: conduet. — Car'riageable, -rij-a-bl, a. Pass- 
able by carriages. — Car'rier, -rt-er, n. — Carriole, 
-T-ol, rt. A small open carriage. [It. carriuola, dim. 
of car.] — Car'ry-all, -rf-awl, rt. A light, four- 
wheeled one-horse covered vehicle. [Corrup. f r. cari- 
oU.] — Cart, kart, n. A two-wheeled vehicle for 
loads. — v. t. To carry in, etc. [AS. cruet tor cwrt, 
W. cart, Ga. and Ir. cairt, dim. of car.] — Carfage, 
n. Act of, etc.; price paid for, etc. — Cart'ar, *».—. 
Cart'wright, -nt, «. A maker of, etc. 

Carabine. See Carbine. 

Carack, Carxack, kar'ak. u. A large ship of burden, 
formerly used by the Portuguese. [OF. carruque, 
fr. LL. carraca, ship of burden, fr. carracare, to 
lade a car, fr. ~L._carrus, car.] 

Caracole, kar'a-kol, n. A halt turn made by a horse- 
man. (Arch.) A spiral staircase. — v. i. To move 
in, etc.: to wheel. [F. and Sp. caracol, a snail, hence 
a spiral or twist.] 

Carafe, ka-raf, n. A glass decanter for the table or 
toilet. [F.] 

Caragheen. See Carbageen. 

Caramel, kar'a-mel, n. (Chem.) A black, porous sub- 
stance obtained by heating sugar to about 400°. A 
confection made of chocolate, butter, and molasses 
or sugar. [L. canna, reed, and mel, honey.] 

Carapace, kar'a-pas, Car'apax, n. A thick shell, cov- 
ering the turtle's back; upper shell of crabs, etc. [F. 
carapace, fr. Gr. karabos, a crustaceous animal.] 

Carat, kar'at, n. A jewelers' weight of 4 grains, 
used in weighing precious stones; a l-24th part. — a 
denomination used in determining the proportionate 
fineness of gold, which is supposed to be divided 
into 24 equal parts. [F., fr. Ar. air-rat, a carat, the 
24th of an ounce, or 4 barley-corns, Gr. keratian, the 
seed of the locust tree, nearly of this weight.] 

Caravan, kar'a-van or kar-a-van', n. A eompanv of 
travelers, pilgrims, etc., traveling together for se- 
curity: a large carriage on springs, or train of car- 
riages, for conveying wild beasts, etc. [F. caravane, 
fr. Per. karwan.] — Caravan'sary, -*a-rt, -serai, -se- 
rl, n. An Eastern inn, where caravans rest at night. 
[Per. saray, palace, public edifice, inn.] 

Caravel, kar'a-vel, Carvel, kar'vel, n. A kind of 
light, round, old-fashioned ship: a boat used in the 
French herring-fishery. [F. caravelle. It. caravela, 
I., carabus, a light ship.] 

Caraway, kar'a-wa, n. (Bot.) A biennial aromatic 
plant of the parsley family, and its seed. A sweet- 
meat containing caraway seeds. [Ar. karwiya, kara- 
vsb/a, fr. Gr. karon, karbs, cumin.] 

Carbine, kar'bin, Carabine, kar'a-bln, n. (Mil.) A 
light musket used bv mounted troops. [F. carabin, 
fr. OF. calabrien, a light-armed soldier, fr. calobre, 
LL. chadabula, a war-engine for throwing stones, 
fr. Gr. kataballein, to strike down.] — Carbineer, 
kar-bT-ner', n. A soldier armed with, etc. 

Carbon, kar'bon, n. (Chern.) An elementary sub- 
stance, forming the base of charcoal, entering large- 
ly into mineral coals and graphite, and in its pure 
crystallized state constituting the diamond. [F. 
carbone. fr. L. carbo. coal; perfi. s. rt. L. cremare, to 
burn.]— CarbonaceonB, -na'shus, a. Pert. to. con- 
taining, or composed of, carbon. — Car'bonate, n. 
A salt formed by the union of carbonic aeid with a 



base. — Car'bonated, a. Combined or impregnated 
with carbonic acid. — Carbonic, a. Of, or pert. to. 
carbon. — Carbonic acid. An acid composed of 1 
part of carbon and 2 of oxygen, — a heavy gas, unfit 
for respiration. — Carboniferous, -ifer-us, a. Pro- 
ducing, or containing, carbon or coal. [L. ferre, to 
bear.] — Car'bonize, 'v. t. [-ized (-Tzd),-iziko.] To 
convert into carbon. — Car / boniza / 'tion, n. Act or 
process of, etc. — Carbol'ic acid. A substance ob- 
tained by distillation of coal tar, used as an anti- 
septic and disinfectant; phenic alcohol; phenol.— 
Car'bolene, -len, n. A non-volatile hydrocarbon , 
used to increase the illuminating power of coal gas. 

— Car'bide, -bid, Car'buret, n. A combination of 
carbon with some other substance, the resulting 
compound not being an acid or base. — Car'bureted, 
a. Combined with, etc. — Car'burize, -bu-riz, v. t. 
To combine with, etc., — said of mingBng volatile 
hydrocarbons with gas, to increase its illuminating 
power. — Car'bnriza'tion, n. Act. process, or result 
of, etc. — Car'buret'or, n. An apparatus to, etc. 

Carbonari. kar-bo-na're, n. pi. Members of an Ital- 
ian secret political society. [It., lit. coal-men.] 

Carboy, kar'boi, n. A large glass bottle, inclosed in 
basket-work. [NGr. caraboyia, vitriol, which is sold 
in carboys.] 

Carbuncle, kar'bun-kl, n. (Min.) A gem of a deep 
red color, with a mixture of scarlet. (Med.) A ma- 
lignant boil. [L. carbunculus, a small coal, gem, 
boil, dim. of carbo, a (live) coal.] — Car'buncled, 
-kid, a. Set with the stone called carbuncle; hav- 
ing a malignant boil: having red or inflamed spots. 

— Carbun'cnlar, a. Pert, to, etc ; ; red; inflamed. 
Carcanet, kar'ka-net, n. A chain or collar of jewels. 

[F. carcan, fr. Armor, kerchen, breast, bosom, circle 
of the neck, fr. kelck, circle, ring; perh. s. rt. L. 
ciVcws, circle, ring.] 

Carcass, Carcase, kar'kas, n. The dead body of an 
animal: corpse: the body, in contempt; decaying re- 
mains, as of a ship; the frame of a thing, unfinished 
or without ornament. (Mil. ) A vessel holding com- 
bustibles, to be thrown from a mortar. [F. carcasse, 
It. carcassa. a bomb, shell (shell = body), corrupt, 
fr. LL. tarcasins, a quiver.] 

Carcel Lamp, kar'sel-lamp. A la.np in which the oil 
is raised through tubes by clock-work. 

Card, kard, rt. A piece of "pasteboard or thick paper, 
for various uses; a published note of statement, ex- 
planation, request, etc.; a paper on which the pointa 
of the compass are marked, — v. i. To play at cards; 
to game. [F. carte, a paper, card, fr.L. carta, ear- 
lier charta, Gr. chartes, leaf of paper; s. rt. chart.] 

— On the cards. Noted for consideration; possible.— 
Card'-board, n . Stiff pa per or pasteboard for making 
cards. — case, n. A case for visiting cards. — cat - 
alogne.-log,rt. A catalogue, as of books in a library, 
having each item upon a separate card. — table, n. 
A table for playing cards on. 

Card, kard, w. An instrument for combing wool or 
flax, or for cleaning the hair of animals. — v. t. To 
comb with a card; to mix, or debase by mixing. [F. 
carde, LL. cardxts, fr. L. carduus, a thistle, car?re, 
to card wool.] — Card'er, n. One who, etc — Card'- 
ing-en'gine, -machine'', «. A machine for comb- 
ing, breaking, and cleansing wool or cotton, and 
forming it into a roll. 

Cardamine. kar'da-min, n. A genus of plants, con- 
taining the lady's-smock, cuckoo-flower, meadow- 
cress, etc. [L. cardamina.] 

Cardamom, kar'da-mom, n. A leguminous plant of 
the East Indies, whose seeds are used in medicine. 
[Gr. kardamomon.] 

Cardiac, kar'dt-ak, -diacal, -di'ak-1, a. (Anat.) Pert, 
to or resembling the heart, also to the upper orifice 
of the stomach. Exciting action in the heart, 
through the medium of the stomach. — Car 'diac, n. 
(Med?) A medicine which excites action in the 
stomach, and animates the spirits; a cordial. [Gr. 
km-diakos, fr. kardia, the heart.] — Car'dial'gy, -dT- 
al'jt, n. Heartburn. [Gr. algos, pain.] — Cardi- 
tis, n. Inflammation of the heart. — CardioKogy, 
n. (Anat.) A treatise on, etc. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 

— Car'dioid. -dT-oid, n. (Math.) An algebraic curve, 
shaped like a heart. [Gr. eidos, shape!] 

Cardinal, kar'dY-nal, a. Of fundamental importance; 
preeminent : chief ; principal. — n. (Bom. Cath. 
Church.) One of the ecclesiastical princes of the 
pope's council. A woman's short cloak; mulled red 
wine. [Ij.cardinalis, principal, chief; orig. pert, to 
the hinge of a door, fr. cardo, a hinge, Gr. kradao, 
I swing.] — Cardinal numbers. The numbers 1,2, 3, 



sun, cube, full; moon, f dot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox. chair, get. 



CARDOON 



76 



CARPUS 



etc., in distinction from first, second, third, etc. 
■which are called ordinal numbers. — C. points. 
(Geog.) North and south, east and west. — C. vir- 
tues. (Antiq.) Prudence, justice, temperance, and 
fortitude. — Car'dinalate, -at, -ship, n. Office, rank, 
etc., of a cardinal. — Car'dinal bird. A bird hav- 
ing scarlet plumage, of the hue of a cardinal's robes. 
flow'er, n. A herbaceous plant, bearing bril- 
liant red flowers. 
Cardoon, kar-doon'', n. A salad plant, resembling the 



artichoke. [L. carduus, thistle.] 

are,kar, n. Charge or oversight, implying re _ 

bility; attention or heed; caution; solicitude; watch- 



responsi- 



fulness; burdensome sense of responsibility ; trou 
ble; the object ©f attention or anxiety. — v.i. [cared 
(kard), caring.] To be anxious or solicitous; to be 
concerned; to be inclined or disposed. [AS. cam, 
cearu, OS. and Goth, kara, sorrow, care, fr. Goth. 
karon, to sorrow; not s. rt. L. cura, care.] — Care'ful, 
-ful, a. Attentive ; thoughtful : cautious ; full of 
care or solicitude. — Care'fully, adv. — Careful- 
ness, n. — Care'less, a. Having no care; inatten- 
tive ; negligent ; heedless ; unthinking ; free from 
anxiety . — _Care , lessly, adv. — Carelessness, n. 

Careen, ka-ren', v. t. (Naut.) To heave on one side, 
as a ship, to calk, repair, cleanse, etc. — v. i. To in- 
cline to one side. [OF. came, carene, L. carina, 
keel of a ship.] — Careen'age, w. Place where, etc.; 
cost of, etc. 

Career, ka-rer r , n. A race-course ; rapidity of mo- 
tion : a race ; course_ of proceeding ; procedure. — 
v. i. [careered (-rerd'), careering.] To move 
rapidly. [F. camere, a road, place for horseback 
exercise, OF. cariere, a road, fr. carier, to carry in 
a car. See Car.] 

Careful, Careless, etc. See under Care. 

Caress, ka-res', v. t. [caressed (-rest''), caressing.] 
To treat with fondness, affection, or kindness; to 
fondle. — n. Act of endearment. [F. caresse, f r. LL. 
caritia, dearness, fr. L. cams, dear { Skr. kam, to love; 
s. rt. charity, amorous.] — Cares'singly, adv. 

Caret, ka'rec, n. (Print.) A mark [A] indicating 
something omitted, either interlined above, or in- 
serted in the margin. [L., there is wanting, fr. ca- 
rere, to want.] 

Cargo, kar'go, n. ; pi. Car'goes, -goz. The lading or 
freight of a ship. [Sp. cargo, carga, burden, load, 
fr. cargare, to load, charge.] 

Caribou, kar'T-boo, n. The American reindeer. [Can- 
adian name.] 

Caricature, kar'Y-ka-choor', n. The exaggeration of 
that which is characteristic; a picture or description 
in which peculiarities are so exaggerated as to ap- 
pear ridiculous. — v.t. [-tured (-choord r ), -Tur- 
ing.] To make a caricature of. Tit. caricatura, a 
satirical picture, fr. caricare, to load, burden, blame, 
LL. carricare, to load a car. See Car.] — Carlca- 
turlst, n. One who, etc. 

Caries, ka'rY-ez, n. (Med.) An ulceration of bone. 
[L., rottenness.] — Ca'rious, -rT-us, a. Affected with, 
etc. — Cariosity, -tT, n. Caries. 

Carinate, kar'I-nat, -nated, a. (Hot.) Shaped like 
the keel of a ship. [L. carina- 
tus, fr. carina, keel.] 

Cariole. See under Car. 

Carl, karl, n. A rude, rustic, 
rough man ; a kind of hemp. 
[AS. carl, Ic. karl, man, G. kerl, 
fellow.] 

Carline, kar'lin, Car'ling, n. 
(Naut.) A timber, ranging fore and aft, from one 
deck beam to another, directly over the keel, serving 
as a foundation for the body of the ship. [F. car- 
lingue, Sp., Pg., and It. carlinga.] 

Carmelite, kar'mel-it, n. A monk of the order of 
Mount Carmel, Syria; a kind of pear. 

Carminative, kar-min^a-tiv, a. Expelling wind from 
the body; warming. — n. (Med.) A medicine tend- 
ing to expel wind, or to remedy colic and flatulen- 
cies. [L. carminare, to card, hence, cleanse.] 

Carmine, kar'min, n. A pigment of crimson color, 
prepared from cochineal. [F. and Sp. carmin, 
contr. i'r. Sp. oarmesin, crimson, fr. carm.es, cochi- 
neal; Ar. qirmiz, crimson.] 

Carnage, kiir'nej, n. The flesh of slain animals; 
slaughter; massacre: havoc. [F., fr. 'L.caro, carnis, 
Gr. kreas, Skr. krarya, raw flesh; s. rt. carcass, car- 
rion, charnel, crude.] — Car'nal, a. Pert, to flesh; 
fleshly; sensual: given to sensual indulgence; lust- 
ful; lecherous: libidinous. [L. carnalis, fr. caro.~\ 
— Car'nalist, n. One given to sensuality. — Car- 




Carinated leaf. 



r ity, n. Sensuality. — Car'nalize, -tz, v. t. [-nal- 
d (-nal-Tzd), -izing.] To make carnal. — Car'- 



nal' 

IZED 

nally, adv. — Car'nal-mind'ed, a. Worldly-minded. 

— Car'nary, -na-ri:, n. A vault or crypt of a church, 
containing human remains; a charnel-house. — Car- 
na'tion, n. Flesh-color. (Paint.) That part of a 
picture which represents undraped flesh. (Bot.) 
A species of clove-pink. [F., fr. L. carnatio, flesh- 
iness, fr. caro.~\ — Car'neous, -us, a. Consisting of, 
or like, flesh. — Car'ney, -ni, n. (Far.) A disease 
of horses, in which the mouth is so furred that they 
cannot eat. [L. carneus.'] — Car'nifica'tion, n. A 
turning to flesh. — Car'nify, -fi, v. i. To form flesh. — 
CarniVora, -o-ra, n. pi. An order of animals which 
subsist on flesh. [L. carnirorus, flesh-eating, fr. vo- 
rare, to devour.] — Carniv'orous, -rus, a. Flesh- 
eating. — Carnos^ity, -nos-t-ti, n. A fleshy excres- 
cence; fleshiness. — Caruncle, kar-un'kl, n. (Anat.) 
A small fleshy excrescence. (Bot.) An appendage 
at the hilum or scar of a seed. (Zobl.) A naked 
fleshy excrescence on a bird's head. [L. caruncula, 
dim. of caro.~\ — Carun'cular, -culate, a. Pert, to, 
or formed like, etc. 

Carnelian. See Cornelian. 

Carnival, kar'nt-val, n. A festival celebrated before 
Lent. [F. carnaral, It. carnovale, carnevale, fr. L. 
caro, carnis, flesh, and levare, to lighten, mitigate; 
not fr. L. vale, farewell.] 

Carob, kar'ob, n. A leguminous evergreen tree, of 
Spain, Italy, and the Levant. [Ar. kharrab.] 

Carol, kar'ol, n. A song of joy or mirth; a lay; a de- 
votional song. — v. t. [caroled (-old), -oling.] To 
celebrate in song. — v. i. To sing in joy or festivity; 
warble. [OF. carole, a sort of dance, carolle, a Christ- 
mas song, Armor, koroll, a dance, Corn, carol, a 
choir, concert, W. carol, a song, fr. caroli, to carol, 
also coroli, to move in a circle, to dance, fr. cor, a 
circle, choir.] 

Carotid, ka-rofid, n. (Anat.) One of the 2 large ar- 
teries conveying blood to the head.— Carat'id, -idal, 
a. Pert, to, etc. [Gr. karotides, fr. karos, sleep, 
torpor, the ancients believing that stoppage of their 
circulation caused sleep.] 

Carouse, ka-rowz', v. i. [caroused (-rowzd'), ca- 
rousing.] To drink abundantly, —v. t. To drink 
freely or jovially. — n. A drinking match or season 
of carousal. [F. carous, Sp. caraos, fr. G. garaus, 
adv., lit. right out, i. e., the instant emptying of a 
bumper, f r. gar, completely, and aus, out.] — Ca- 
rous'al, n. A jovial feast; banquet; merry making. 

— Carous^er, n. 

Carp, karp, v. i. To censure, cavil, or find fault, esp. 

without reason. [Ic. and Sw. karpa, to boast, 

wrangle.] — Carp'er, n. 
Carp, karp, w. A family of soft-finned, fresh-water 

fishes. [D. karper, Dan. 

karpe,Sw.karp, F. carpe, 

LL. and Sp. carpa.] 
Carpal. See under Carpus. 
Carpel, kar'pel, n. (Bot.) 

A simple pistil, or one of 

the parts of a compound 

pistil. [NL., dim. fr. Gr. ~ m 

karpos, fruit.] — Car'- ^ arp - 

polite, -po-lit, n. A petrified fruit. [Gr. lithos, stone.] 

— Car'pology, -it, n. The branch of botany treat- 
ing of seeds and fruit. [Gr. logos, discourse.], — 
Carpophagous, -pof'a-gus, a. Subsisting on fruit; 
fruit-eating. [_Gr. phagein, to eat.] 

Carpenter, kar'pen-ter, n. A worker in timber; a 
framer and builder of houses, ships, etc. [OF. car- 
pentier, LL. carpentrn-ius, fr. carpentare, to work in 
timber, esp. in carriage-making. See Car.] — Car'- 
pentry, -tri, n. Art of cutting, framing, and join- 
ing timber ; timbers connected by being framed to- 
gether, etc. 

Carpet, kar'pet, n. A heavy fabric for covering floors. 

— v. t. To cover with, etc. [OF. carpite, fr. char- 
pie, lint; LL. carpeta, carpita, thick filoth, dim. of 
carpia, lint, fr. L. carpere, to pluck, pull in pieces.] 

— Carpet knight. One who has not known the hard- 
ships of the field. — On the carpet. Under consid- 
eration; subject of deliberation. — Car 'pet-bag, n. 
A traveling-bag, — orig. made of carpet. — Car'pet- 
ing, n. Materials for carpets: carpets in general. 

Carphology, kar-fol'o-ji, n. (Med.) A delirious pick- 
ing at bed-clothes, etc., — an alarming symptom 
in acute diseases ; floccillation. [Gr. karpos, thing 
plucked, and legein, to pick.] 

Carpolite, Carpology, etc. See under Carpel. 

Carpus, kar'-pus, n. That part of the skeleton form 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ? 



CARRACK 



77 



CASSAVA 



ing the wrist, consisting of 8 bones, in 2 rows. [NL., 
fr. Gr. karpos, wrist.] — Car'pal, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Carrack. See Carack. 

Carrageen, kar-ra-gen", -rigeen', n. A kind of sea- 
weed, used for jellies, etc.; Irish moss. 

Carriage, Carrier, etc. See under Car. 

Carrion, kar'rl-un, n. Dead and putrefying flesh. — 
a. Pert, to, or feeding on, etc. [OF. caroigne, char- 
oigne, LL. caronia, a carcass, fr. L. caro, flesh. See 
Carnage.] 

Carrom, kar'um, n. (Billiards.) The act of hitting 
two balls at once_with the ball struck by the cue. 

Carronade, kar-un-ad', n. A short cannon, formerly 
used on ships. [Fr. iron works at Can-on, Scotland.] 

Carrot, kar'ut, n. A plant having an esculent root. 
[L. carota.] — Car'roty, -T, a. Like a carrot in color; 
reddish-yellow. 

Carry, Cart, Carter, etc. See under Car. 

Carte, fcart, n. A thrust at the inside of the upper 
part oi. the body in fencing. [F. quarte, fr. L. quar- 
tus, fourth.] 

Carte, kart, n. A bill of fare at a hotel. [F., a card. See 
Card.] — Carte-blanche, -blaxsh, n. A blank paper, 
signed, to be filled up as the holder pleases; uncon- 
ditional terms; unlimited authority. [F.; blanche, 
white.] — C. -de-visite, de-ve-zef, n. A photographic 
picture of the size of a visiting card. [F.] — Cartel, 
kar-teKor kar'tel, n. (Mil.) A writing or agreement 
between belligerents, as for exchange of prisoners. 
[F. and Sp.. It. cartello, dim. of It. and L. carta. 
See Card.]— Cartel, or cartel-ship. A ship employed 
in exchanging prisoners, or in negotiating with an 
enemy. — Cartog r raphy, n. Art of making charts 
or maps. [Gr. chartes, leaf of paper, and graphein, 
to write.] — Car'ton, n. Pastehoard; cardboard; a 
box of, etc. [F.] — Cartoon, -toon', n. (Paint.) A 
design on strong paper, to be painted in fresco. A 
colored design for mosaic, tapestrv, etc. [It. cartone, 
aug. of L. carta.] — Car'tulary, -la-rT, n. A register- 
book of a monastery, etc. ; a keeper of eccl. records. 
[LL. chartula, a document, dim. of L. charta, carta.] 
/artesian, kar-te r zhan, a. Pert, to the French philos- 
opher Des Cartes, or to his philosophy. — n. A fol- 
lower of, etc. 

Carthusian, kar-thoo'zhan, n. One of a religious or- 
der named fr. Chartreux, France. — a. Pert, to, etc. 

Cartilage, kar'tT-lej, n. (Anat.) A smooth, whitish, 
elastic substance: gristle. [F. ; L. cartilago.] — Car'- 
tilag'inous, -laj'T-nus, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. 

Cartouche, kar-toosh / ',n. (Arch.) A scroll-shaped tab- 
let; a modillion. (Mil.) A case of paper, etc., hold- 
ing a charge for a fire-arm; the box containing the 
charge; a case filled with balls, to be shot from a 
cannon; a soldier's ticket of leave or dismission. [F., 
fr. It. cartoccio, a roll of paper, cartridge, fr. It. and 
L. carta, paper. See Card.] — Car'mdge, -trij, n. 
(Mil.) A case of paper, pasteboard, etc., containing 
a charge for a fire-arm. [Orig. cartrage, corrupt, of 
F. cartouche.] — Blank cartridge. A cartridge with- 
out a ball. — Cartridge-bag, n. A bag containing 
the charge for a cannon, — -box, n. A case for car- 
tridges. — paper, n. A thick kind of paper. 

Caruncle, etc. See under Carnage. 

Carve, karv, v. t. [carved (karvd), carving.] To 
cut, as wood, stone, etc., in a decorative manner; 
to shape by cutting; to cut into pieces; to distribute 
or apportion to. — v. i. To exercise the trade of a 
carver; to cut up meat. [AS. ceorfan, D. kerven, 
Dan. karve; s. rt. grave.] — Carv'er, a. — Carving, 
n. Act or art of, etc. ; device or figure carved. 

Carvel. See under Caravel. 

Caryates, ka-rf-a'tez, -atides, -at'T-dez, n. pi. (Arch.) 
Figures of women, serving as columns to support 
entablatures. [L. Carp at es, Gr. Karuatidvx, women 
of Caryae, priestesses of Diana.] — Caryat'ic, -at'id, 
a. Of, or pert. to. etc. 

Cascabel, kas'ka-bel, n. That part of a cannon back 
of the base-ring. See Cannon. [L. scabellum, a 
Castanet.] 

Cascade, kas-kad', n. A waterfall. [F.; It. cascata, 
waterfall, f r. cascare, to fall, fr. L. casare, to totter, 
fr. cadere, to fall.] 

Cascarilla, kas-ka-rilla, n. A plant of Jamaica, 
whose bark is used in medicine as a tonic. [Sp., dim. 
of cascara, peel, bark.] 

Caae, kas, n. A covering, box, or sheath; thsit which 
incloses or contains; quantity contained in a box. 
(Print.) A frame subdivided into " boxes "_to hold 
type for the compositor. — r. t. [cased (kast), ca- 
sing.] To cover with or put in a c.ise. [F. caisse, 
OF. cas.se. L. capsa, receptacle, box, cover, fr. capere. 



to contain, hold; s. rt. cush, chase.] — Casing, n. 
Act of covering any object with a thin substance-, 
an outside covering. — Case'-knife, -nlf , n. A large 
table knife, — formerly kept in a case. — shot, n. 
(Mil.) A case containing small projectiles. — worm, 
-werm, n. A grub or worm that makes itself a case; 
caddis-worm. — Case'harden, -har-dn, v. t. To hard- 
en, as iron, by converting the surface into steel. — 
-hardened, -dend, p. a. Having the surface con- 
verted into steel; hence, impervious to pity, shame, 
etc. — Case'ment, n. A hinged window case or 
frame; a hollow molding. [Abbrev. fr. encasement* 
fr. OF. encasser, to incase, inclose.] 

Case, kas, n. That which falls, comes, or happens; an 
event; circumstance; a particular instance; situa-* 
tion; state; plight; a state of facts involving a ques- 
tion for discussion, esp. a cause in court. (Gram.) 
The form of nouns, indicating their relations to the 
sentence. [F. cos, fr. L. casus, a fall, accident, case, 
fr. cadere, to fall; s. rt. casual ^casuist, etc.] 

Caseine, ka'se-in, n. (Chem.) The curd or coagula* 
ble part of milk; the basis of cheese. [L. caseus, 
cheese.] — Ca'seous, -se-us, a. Pert, to, or like, 
cheese. 

Casemate, kas'mat, n. 
(Fort.) A bomb-proof 
chamber from whicli 
cannon may be fired 
through embrasures. 
[F.; It. casamatta, fr. 
cat* a , a house, and 
matta, mad, foolish 
— Case'mated, c 
Furnished with, o 
built like, etc. 

Casern ka'zern n \ A B, Casemate. A gun at B 
lodging for soldiers in ^ ould n F e t thr0U S h . the em ' 
garrison towns: bar- bra ™ re »? the ^i, a .S un 




Casemate. 



racks. [It. casa, house, at C ™ uld flre % n barbette, or 
cottage. 1 over l^ e parapet. D, a para- 

Cash, kas] 



i. Coin or 
specie, — also bank- 
notes or paper con- 
vertible into money; 



parapet. 

pet; E, scarp- wall, the outer 

face of which is the scarp; 

a b, terre-plein. 

, Chinese copper coin, perfo- 
rated and strung ona thread, worth about one tenth 
of a cent. — v.t. [cashed (kashd), cashing.] To 
turn into cash; exchange for money. [F. casse, a 
box (to keep money in), fr. L. capsa. See Case.] — 
Cash'-book, n. A book in which to register money 

received or paid. boy, -girl, n. A messenger in a 

store, to carry money from salesmen to cashier, pro- 
cure change, etc.— Cash balance. (Book-keeping.) 
The amount on the debtor side of the cash account. 

— C. price. The price at which a thing will be sold 
for immediate payment, — opp. to the price if sold 
on credit. — C. sales. Sales made for ready money; 
stocks sold for delivery on the day of transaction. — 
Cashier, -er', n. One in charge of the money, ac- 
counts, payments, etc., in a bank, etc. ; a cash-keeper. 

Cashew, ka-shoo"', n. A South American tree of the 
sumac family. [F. acajou, corrupt, of acajaiba, the 
Brazilian name.] 

Cashier, kash-er', v. t. [cashiered (-erd'), cashier- 
ing.] To dismiss from an office or place of trust, 
by annulling the commission of; to discard from 
service or from society. [G. cassiren, to cashier, fr 
F. casser, to break, burst, fr. L. cassare, to bring to 
nothing, annul, fr. cassus, empty.] — Cassa'tion, n. 
Act of annulling. — Court of cassation. The high- 
est court of appeal in France. 

Cashmere, kash'mer, n. A kind of shawl, orig. made 
in Cashmere, in Asia; a woolen stuff imitating true 
cashmere. — Cashmeref, n. A kind of ladies' dress 
goods, in imitation of, etc. 

Cashoo. Same as Catechu. 

Casino, ka-se'no, n. A small country house; a club- 
house. [It., dim. of casa, house.] — Cassino^se'no, 
n. A game at cards. 

Cask, kask, n. A close vessel for liquids, made of 
staves, hoops, etc.; quantity contained in a cask. . 
[Sp. casco, a skull, coat (of an onion), cask, helmet.] 

— Casque, Cask, kask, n. A piece of defensive ar- 
mor for the head and neck ; a helmet. [F. casque, 
Sp. casco.] 

Casket, kask'et, n. A small chest or box, for jewels, 
etc. ; a coffin. [Corrupt, fr. F. cassette, small chest, 
dim. of casse. See Case and Cash.] 

Cassada. Same as Cassava. 

Cassation. See under Cashier. 

Cassava, kas'sa-va, n. (Bot.) A species of manihot, 
yielding tapioca. [Haytian kasabi.] 



sun, cube, full : moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CASSE-PAPER 



Broken paper; the out- 
ream. [F. papier cassd.] 



©asee-paper, kas'se-pa'per, 

side quires of 
Cassia, kash'a, n. (Bot?) A genus of leguminous 
plants, including senna; a species of laurel. {Com.) 
The cheaper kinds of cinnamon. [L.; Gr. kasia, 
Heb. qetsVoth, cassia-bark, fr. qatsa, to cut, the 
bark being cut or peeled off.] 
Cassidony, kits' si-do-nl, u- {Bot.) A species of cot- 
tonweed, cudweed, or goldy-locks; also, of French 
lavender. [Fr. Chalcedon, in Bithynia.j 
Cassimere, kas'sY-mer, n. A twilled woolen cloth, for 

men's garments. [Corrupt, of cashmere.] 
C&ssiterite, kas-sifgr-it, n. Oxide of tin, — the ordi- 
nary tin ore. [Gr. kassiteros, tin.] 
Cassius, kash'Y-us, n. A purple pigment, obtained 

from chloride of gold. [Discoverer's name.] 
Cassock kas'sok, n. (Eccl.) A clergyman's garment, 
worn under the surplice or gown. [F. cosaque, cas- 
sock, It. casacca, a great coat, fr. casa, house. J 
Cassowary, kas'so-wa-rt, n. A bird of Java, resem- 
bling the ostrich. [Malay kassuwaris.] 
Cast, kast, v. 1. [cast, casting.] To send or drive 
from by force; to threw, fling, impel; to direct, or 
turn, as the sight; to throw on the ground, as in 
wrestling; to overcome; to throw oft, or shed; to 
compute, reckon; to make to preponderate; to form, 
by pouring liquid metal into a mold; to found; to 
distribute, as the parts of a play among actors. — v. i. 
To revolve in the mind; to receive form or shape; 
to warp. (Naut.) To fall off, so as to bring the 
ship's side to the wind. — n. Act of casting; a throw; 
thing thrown; distance through which any thing is 
thrown; a chance or venture; act of casting in a 
mold; form into which any thing is cast or molded; 
thing cast in a mold; manner of appearance; assign- 
ment of actors' parts in a play; company of actors to 
whom the parts are assigned; a motion or turn, as 
of the eye ; look ; glance ; squint. [Ic. and Sw. 
kasta, Dan. /caste, to throw, fr. Ic. kostr, kos, a pile, 
heap.]— 2'o cast aside. To dismiss, reject. — To c. 
away. To reject, lavish. — To c. down. To deject 
or depress. — To c. off. (Naut.) To loose, or untie. 
— To c. one's self on. To resign or yield one's self 
without reserve. — To c. in the teeth. To upbraid, 
twit. — To c. up. To compute or reckon ; to eject or 
vomit. — Cast'er, n. One who, etc.; a phial or cruet 
for table condiments, or stand containing them; a 
swiveled wheel on which furniture is rolled. — 
Cast'ing. n. Act of, etc.; thing cast in a mold; the 
warping of a board. — Cast'ing-net, n. A fishing 
net whieh is cast and drawn. — C. voice, C. vote. 
Vote of a presiding officer, determining the ques- 
tion, when the votes of the house are equally di- 
vided. — Casfaway, n. An abandoned person; a 
reprobate. — Cast 'off, a. Laid aside; disused. 
Castanea, kas-ta'ne-a, n. A genus of trees, including 

the chestnut tree. [L. ; Gr. kastanon, a chestnut.] 
Castanet, kas'ta-net, n. A noise-making instrument 
composed of spoon-shaped shells of ivory or wood, 
clapped together by the fingers. [Sp. castaneta, fr. 
L. castanea, the shape resembling that of chestnuts.] 
Caste, kast, n. One of the hereditary social classes in 
India; a separate and fixed order orclass of society. 
jPg. casta, a race, fr. casto, L. castus, pure, chaste.] 
Castigate, kas'tY-gat, v. t. To punish by stripes, cor- 
rect, chastise. [L. castigare, fr. castus, pure, and 
agere, to move, i. e., to keep pure; s. rt. chasten.] — 
Castiga'tion, n. Punishment by, etc. — Cas'tiga- 
tor, -tSr, n. — Cas'tigatory, -to-rt, a. Tending to 
correction; punitiye._ 
Castile Seap, Tcastel-sop. A hard soap, made with 

olive oil and soda, orig. in Castile, Spain. 
Castle, kas'l, n. A fortified residence, esp. of a prince 
or nobleman ; a fortress ; a piece in the game of 
chess. — v. t. In chess, to cover with a castle, — said 
of the king, when neither piece has been previously 
moved, and the king has not been in check. — v. i. 
In chess, to cover the king with a castle. [AS. cas- 
tel, L. castellum, dim. of castrum, a camp, fortified 
place.] — Castle in the air, or in Spain. A visionary 
project; a scheme with no solid foundation. — Cas'- 
tfte- builder, -bild'Sr, n. One who builds castles in 
the air: a visionary. — guard, -ward, n. The guard 
which defends a castle ; a tax on dwellings near a 
castle: a feudal tenure, obliging the tenant to per- 
form service. — Castellan, kas'tel-an, n. A gov- 
ernor or constable of a castle. — Cas'tellany, -nY, 
n. The lordship belonging to a castle. — Cas'tel- 
lated, «. Adorned with turrets and battlements, 
like a castle. — Castrametation, kas'tra-me-ta'shun, 
n. (Mil.) Art or act of encamping; laying out of a 




Ancient Castle. 



1, moat: 2, draw-bridge; 
3, wicket; 4, sallyport; 5, 
portcullis; 6, outer walls; 
7, parapet; 8, rampart; 9, 
loop-holes; 10, escutch- 
eon; 11, bulwark; 12, sen- 
tinel; 13, magazine; 14, a 



cell ; 15, donjon or keep; 
16, barracks ; 17, barbi- 
can ; 18, watchman ; 19, 
turret ; 20, chapel ; 21, 
belfry; 22, state court; 23, 
merlons ; 24, e m b r a - 
sures. 

- Castiea'- 



camp. [L. metari, to measure, survey.] - 
sian, -shan, a. Pert, to a camp. 

Castor. See Caster, under Cast. 

Castor, kas'ter, n. A genus of animals, including the 
beaver; a substance of penetrating smell and bitter 
taste, found in the inguinal sacs of the beaver; a 
hat, esp. one made of beaver's fur; a heavy broad- 
cloth. [L. ; Gr. kastor. Per. khaz, a beaver; Malay 
and Skr. kasturi, musk.] — Cas'tor-oil. The oil of 
a West Indian plant, — a cathartic. [Prob. fr. L. 
castoreum, a medicine made fr. the substance in the 
beaver's inguinal sacs.] 

Castor and Pollux, kas'tSr-and-polluks. (Meteor.) 
An electrical phenomenon, thought to portend a 
cessation of a storm. See Corposant. 

Castrate, kas'trat, v. t. To deprive of the testicles, 
emasculate, geld. [L. castrare ; Skr. castra, a knife.] 

— Castra'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Castrel, kas'trel, Kes'trel, n. A hawk resembling the 

sparrow-hawk. [F. cresserelle, quercelle, prob. fr. L. 

circuire, to go round.] 
Castrensian. See under Castle. 
Casual, kazh'u-al, a. Happening without design ; 

coming without regularity; accidental; incidental; 

occasional. [L. casus, a fall , aceident. See Case.] 

— Cas'ually, adv. — Cas'ualty, n. That which, etc. ; 
an accident; death; misfortune. — Cas'ualism, -izm, 
n. The doctrine that all things occur by chance. — 
Cas'uist, -u-ist, n. One who studies and resolves 
cases of conscience. — Casuist'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to 
cases of conscience, or of doubtful propriety.— Cas'- 
uistry, -rt, n. Science of determining the right or 
wrong of acts and opinions of doubtful propriety. 

Cat, kat, n. (Zobl.) A well-known domestic animal. 
(Naut.) A ship having narrow stern, projecting 
quarters, and deep waist ; tackle to draw an anchor 
up to the cat-head. A double tripod; a game at ball; 
a kind of whip. —v. t. (Naut.) To bring up to the 
cat-head, as an anchor. [AS., Ir.. and 6a. cat, Ic. 
kottr, D. and Dan. kat, F. chat, Sp. gato, It. gatto, 
Late L. catus, Ar. qitt.] — Cat 'amount, n. A species 
of panther found in the northern United States. — 
Cat'erwaul. -er-wawl, v. i. To cry as cats in rutting 
time. — Cat'gut, n. Cord, esp. strings for musical in- 
struments, made from the intestines of animals, esp. 
of sheep; a kind of canvas, with wide interstices. — 
Cat'kin,?*. (Bot.) An anient; a kind 
of inflorescence, consisting of overlap- 
ping scales. — Caflike, a. Stealthy ; 
noiseless. — Catling, n. A little cat; 
moss, like cat's hair, growing about 
trees; catgut. (Surg.) A double-edged, 
sharp-pointed dismembering knife. — 
Cafbird, n. An American bird of the , 
thrush family. — boat, n. A small sail-' p 
boat, with one sail on a mast close to 
the bows. call, -pipe, n. A squeaking instru- 
ment, to interrupt play at theaters. — fish, »■ A 
large voracious fish of the arctic seas ; also, an 
American fresh-water fish. — har'ping, -har'pin. n. 
(Naut.) A rope or iron leg, to brace in the shrouds 
of the lower masts behind the yards. — head. n. 
(Naut.) A timber projecting from the bow ot a ship, 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, or : 



CATACAUSTIO 



79 



CATHARINE-WHEEL 



through which ropes pass to raise the anchor. — 
-hole, 7,. (Saut.) One of two holes astern, to pass 
hawsers through. — mint, -nip. n. (Bot.) A strong- 
scented plant, sometimes used in medicine, and of 

which cats are fond. nap, "■ A short sleep.— 

-o' -nine-tails, n. A whip with nine lashes. — stick, 
n. A club used in the game of ball called cat.— 
Cat's'cradle. n. A game played by children, with a 
string about the fingers. [Prop, cratch-cradle, q. v. 
under Cbatch.] —"-eye, n. Ulin.) A variety of 
quartz or chalcedony, exhibiting yellowish opales- 
cent reflections. paw, n. A dupe; the tool of an- 
other, — fr. the fable of the monkey's usinsr the cat's 
paw to draw chestnuts from the fire. (Naut.) A 
light air, rippling the surface of still water; a pecul- 
iar turn in the bight of a rope, to hook a tackle on. 
— -tail, n. {Bot.) A tall flag, with long flat leaves; 
■4 urass, called timothy and hard'* grass; a catkin. 

Catacaustic, kat-a-kaws r tik, n. A caustic curve 
formed by reflection of light. [Gr. kata, against, 
and kaiein, to burn.] 

Catachreais, kat-j-kre'sis, re. (Rhet.) An abuse of a 
trope ; a harsh or far-fetched metaphor. [Gr., fr. 
katachresthai, to misuse.]— Catachres'tic, -tical, a. 
Pert, to, etc.; forced. — Catachres'tically, adv. 

Cataclysm, kat'a-klizm, u. An extensive overthrow ; 
a deluge. [Gr. kata, downward, and kluzein, to 
wash, dash.] 

Catacomb, kafa-kom, n. A cave or subterraneous 
place for the burial of the dead. [Gr. kata, and 
buntbe, a hollow, Skr. ktanbha, a pot.] 

Catacoustica, kat-a-koos'tiks or -kow'stiks, n. That 
part of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds or 
echoes. 

Catadioptric, kat'a-di-op'trik, -trical, a. Pert, to, or 
involving, both reflection and refraction of light. 
[Gr. kata, against, and dioptra, a geometrical instru- 
ment, fr. dfa, through, and o/itein, to see, look.] 

Catafalco, kat-a-fal'ko, -falque, -falk"\ v. A temporary 
structure of carpentry, used in funeral solemnities. 
[It. catafalco, F. catafalque, fr. Sp. catur, to see, and 
falco, a scaffold.] 

Catalectic, kat-a-lektik, a. (Pros.) Wanting a syl- 
lable at the end. [Gr. kata, down, legeia, to stop.] 

Catalepsy, kat'a-lep-st, re. (Med.) A sudden suspen- 
sion of the senses and of volition. [Gr. kutalepsis, a 
grasping, fr. lambanein, to seize.] — Catalep'tic, a. 

Catalogue, kafa-log, n. A list of names, titles, or 
articles arranged methodically. — r. t. To make a list 
of. [F., fr. Gr. kata, down, fully, and legein, to say, 
tell.] — Catalogue raiso/ine", -ra'zo-na'. A catalogue 
of hooks classed according to their subjects. 

Catalpa, ka-taKpa, n. A tree of North America, hav- 
ing large leaves and white flowers. [Indian.] 

Catamaran, kat'a-ma-ran'', re. A raft of India and 
Brazil, consisting of 3 connected logs, and moved 
by a sail ; a sail boat with an outrigger ; a large- 
wheeled truck for transporting heavy weights ; a 
cantankerous old woman. [Malay kettamaram, tied 
logs, fr. ketta, a tie, bond, and maram, timber.] 

Catamenia, kat-a-me'nl-a, n. (Med.) The monthly 
courses of females; menstrual discharges ; menses. 
[Gr., fr. kata, back, again, and men, month.] — Cat- 
ame'nial, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Catapeltic. See under Catapult. 

CataphonicB, kat-a-fon'iks, n. Doctrine of reflected 
sounds. [Gr. kata, down, against, and phone, sound.] 

Cataphract, kafa-frakt, n. A piece of defensive ar- 
mor, formerly used by horsemen ; a horseman in 
complete armor; the armor of plate covering some 
fishes. [Gr. kata and phrassein, to inclose.] 

Cataplasm, kafa-plazm, n. (Med.) A poultice. [Gr. 
kota and plassein, to form, mold.] 

Catapult, kafa-pult, n. An engine anciently used 
for throwing stones, arrows, etc. [LL. catapulta, 
Gr. katapeltes, fr. kata and pallein, to swing, hurl, 
tt. pallere, to drive.] — Catapelt'ic, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Cataract, kat'a-rakt, n. A waterfall. (Surg.) An 
opacity of the crystalline leVis, or of its capsule. 
[Gr. katarraktes, fr. kata and regnunai, to break.] 

Catarrh, ka-tar', n. (Med.) Inflammation of the mu- 
cous membrane of the air passages, with discharge of 
a watery or glairy fluid. [L. catarrhus, fr. Gr. kata 
•j nd rhein, to flow.] — Catarrh'al. -ons. -us, a. Pert. 
t>, produced by, attending, or resembling, etc. 

Catastrophe, ka-tas'tro-fe, n. A final event, usually 
of a calamitous nature; the unfolding and winding 
up of the plot of a play ; denouement. [Gr. katas- 
trophe, an overthrowing, fr. kata and strepheirv, to 
turn.] — Catas'trophism, -i'izm, n. Doctrine of catas- 
trophes, or of special interference with natural laws; 



esp. (Geol.) the theory that changes on the face of 
the eartli were caused by, etc., — opp. to uniibrmum. 

— Catas'trophist, -fist, n. A believer in, etc. 
Catch, kach, v. t. [caught or (obs.) catched, catch- 

ixg.J To seize, esp. with the hand; to take captive, 
as in a snare ; to entangle ; to communicate to, 
fasten upon; to engage and attach to, charm ; to re- 
ceive, esp. to take by sympathy, contagion, or infec- 
tion; to come upon unexpectedly ; to find ; to over- 
take.— v. i. To be held or impeded by entangle- 
ment; to spread by infecting. — n. Actof seizing ; 
seizure ; that which catches or is caught; gain ; a 
passing opportunity improved. (Mus.) A humorous 
round, in which the singers catch up each other'3 
sentences. [Picard cacher, for OF. cachier, to chase, 
fr. LL. caciare, fr. L. capture, freq. of capere, to 
take, lay hold of .] — Catch'able. a. — Catch'er, ». 

— Catch'penny, ?*. Something worthless, esp. a 
book, intended to gain money. — a. .Made to gain 
money ; worthless. — poll, -pol, n. A bailiff's as- 
sistant. [Fr. poll, the head.] — word, re. The las; 
word of an actor, summoning the one who is to speak 
next ; cue. (Print.) The first word of each page 
of a book inserted at the foot of the preceding page. 
A phrase caught up and repeated for effect. 

Catch, kach, Cutch, kuch, n. Commercial names for 
Catechu, q. v. 

Catchup, kach'up. Cat'sup, Ketch/Hp, n. A sauce 
made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. 
[Chin, kitjap.'] 

Catechise, kat'e-klz, v. t. [-chised (-kizd), -chising.J 
To instruct by asking questions, receiving answers, 
and explaining and correcting, — esp. concerning 
points of religious faith ; to interrogate. [LL. cate- 
chizare, Gr. katechizein, fr. katecheein, to din into 
one's ears, fr. eche, a sound, echos, a ringing in the 
ears.] — Cafechiser, n. — Cafechism, -kizm, n. A 
form of instruction by questions and answers ; an 
elementary book of principles, esp. of religious doc- 
trine, in the form of, etc. — Cat'echist, re. One who, 
etc. — Catechist'ic. -ical, a. Pert, to a catechist or 
to catechism.— Catechefic, -ical, -kefik-al, a. Pert, 
to, or consisting in, asking questions, etc. — Cate- 
chefically, adv. — Catechumen, -ku'men, n. One 
receiving rudimentary instruction in Christian doc- 
trines ; a neophyte. 

Catechu, kat'e-ku, n. (Chem.) A brown, astringent, 
vegetable extract, obtained in India. [Cochin-Chin. 
cay caii.] 

Category, kafe-go-rY, n. (Logic.) One of the classes 
of objects of knowledge or thought, by which they 
can be arranged in a system. State, condition ; 
predicament. [Gr. kategoria. an accusation ; in 
logic, a predicament, class, fr. kata. down, against, 
and agoreuein, to declaim.] — Categorical, -ggrlk-al, 
a. Pert, to, etc. ; admitting no conditions or excep- 
tions; absolute; express. — Categorically, adv. 

Catenary, kafe-na-rl, n. (Geom.) The curve of a 
cord hanging between two points not in the same 
vertical line. [L. catena, a chain.] — Cafenary, 
-na'rian, a. Pert, to or like a chain. — Cafenate, 
-nat, v. t. To connect, in a series of link>. [L. cate- 
nare, -natum, fr. catena.] — Catena'tion. re. Union 
of parts, as in a chain. 

Cater, ka'ter, v. i. [catered (-terd), catering.] To 
provide food, buy or procure provisions, purvey. 
[OF. acat, F. achat, a purchase, LL. acaptum, fr. ac- 
captare, to buy, freq. of L. accipere, to receive.] — 
Ca'terer, n. One who, etc. — Ca'teress, n. A 
woman who, etc. 

Caterpillar, kat'er-pil-ler, n. The larve of a butterfly 
or lepidopterous insect. [OF. chattepaleuse, lit., a 
hairy cat, fr. chate, she-cat, and pelouse, It. peloso. 
L. pilosus, hairy, fr. L. pilus, a hair.] 

Caterwaul, Catharpin, etc. See under Cat. 

Cates, kats, n. pl.< 
Food, esp. luxu- 
rious food; dain- 
ties. [Corrup. of 
acates. See Ca- 
ter. J 

Catharine - wheel, 
kath'a-rin-hwel, 
n. (Goth. Arch.) 
An ornamented 
circular window, 
with rosettes or 
radiating divis- 
ions. (Pyro- 
techny.) A re- 
volving wheel. 




Catharine-wheel Window. 



sun ciibe, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boxbox, chair, get. 



CATHARIST 



80 CAVITY 



[Fr. St. Catharine of Alexandria, represented with 
a wheel, in allusion to her martyrdom.] 

Catharist, kath'a-rist, n. A pretender to more 
purity than others possess. [Gr. katharos, clean, 
pure.] — Cathartic, -thar'tik, -tical, a. Cleansing 
the bowels; purgative. — Cathartic, n. A medicine 
promoting alvine discharges. [Gr. kathairein, to 
cleanse, fr. katharos.] — Cath'arize, v. t. To clean 
the surface of. — Cath'arism, -rizm, n. Process of 
chemically cleaning, etc. — Cathartine, -tharlin, n. 
The purgative principle of senna. 

Cathedra, ka-the'dra or kath'-, n. A chair; esp. the 
seat of one in authority. [L. cathedra, Gr. kathedra, 
fr. kata, down, and hedra, seat.] — Cathe'dral, n. 
The principal church in a diocese, where the bishop 
has his official chair, —a. Pert, to, etc. ; emanating 
from the chair of office, as of a pope or bishop ; offi- 
cial; authoritative. 

Catheter, kath'e-ter, n. (Surg-) A tubular instru- 
ment, introduced into the bladder to draw off 
urine. [Gr. katheter, thing put in, fr. kata and 
huenai, to send.] 

Cathetometer, kath-e-tom^e-ter, n. An instrument 
for measuring differences of vertical heights, — esp. 
of liquid columns in glass tubes. [Gr. kathetos, ver- 
tical height, and metron, a measure/] 

Cathode, kath'od, n. (Blec.) Negative pole of a bat- 
tery; surface at which the electric current passes 
out of the electrolyte. [Gr. kathodos, descent.] — 
Cathode ray. Ray generated at the cathode in a 
vacuum tube, by the electrical discharge. 

Catholic, kath'o-lik, a. Universal or general ; not 
narrow-minded, partial, or bigoted; liberal; pert, to, 
or affecting, the Roman Catholics. — n. A member 
of the Rom. Cath. church. [Gr. katholikos, univer- 
sal, fr. katholou, on the whole, in general, fr. kata, 
throughout, and holos, whole.] — Catholicity, -lis'- 
I-tl, n. System of doctrine held by all parts of the 
orthodox Christian church ; also, by the church of 
Rome; liberality of sentiment; Catholicism. — Ca- 
tholicize, -T-siz, v. t. To become catholic or a Rom. 
Cath. — Catholicism, -t-siz m, n. Quality of being, 
etc.; the faith of the whole Christian church, or of 
the Rom. Cath. church ; adherence to the Rom. 
Cath. church; liberality of sentiment.— CathoKicon, 
n. A remedy for all diseases ; panacea. 

Catoptrics, ka-top'triks, n. That part of optics which 
explains the properties and phenomena of reflected 
light. [Gr. katoptron, a mirror, fr. optomai, I see.] 
— Catop'tric, -trical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Catsup. See Catchup. 

Cattle, kaftl, n. pi. Domestic quadrupeds collective- 
ly, esp. those of the bovine genus. [OF. catel, chatel, 
fr. LL. capitate, captale, capital, property. See 
Capital.] — Cat'tle-plague, n. The rinderpest, a 
contagious murrain affecting neat cattle and sheep. 
— show, n. An exhibition of domestic animals. 

Caucasian, kaw-ka'shan, n. One belonging to the 
Indo-European race, originating near Mt. Caucasus. 

Caucus, kaw'kus, n. A preparatory meeting for po- 
litical purposes. [Corrup. of calkers, who formed a 
political association at Boston in the Revolution.] 

Caudal, kaw'dal, a. Pert, to, or like, a tail. [L. cauda, 
tail.] — Cau'date, -dat, -dated, a. Having, etc. 

Caudle, kaw'dl, n. A warm drink for sick persons, 
a mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and 
spices. — v. t. To make info caudle. [OF. caudel, 
chaudel, fr. chald, chaud, LateL. callus, hot.] 

Cauf, kawf, n. A chest with holes for keeping fish 
alive in water; a vessel for raising coal from mines. 
[Perh. fr. L. cophinus, Gr. kophinos, basket.] 

Caught. See Catch. 

Caul, kawl, n. A net or covering for the head. (Anat.) 
A membrane covering part of the lower intestines ; 
the omentum. A part of the membrane enveloping 
the fetus. [OF. cole, little cap, Ir. calla, OGa. call, 
hood, cowl.] 

Caulescent, kaw-les'ent, a. (Bot.) Having a true or 
perfect stem. — Cau'licule, -ll-kul, n. (Bot.) A 
short stem. (Arch.) One of the curled tops in a 
Corinthian capital. See Capital. — Cauliferous, 
-Br-us, a. Caulescent. [L./erre, to bear.] 

Cauliflower, kawll-f low'er, n. A variety of cabbage, 
having edible flower-buds. [Orig., colliflower, fr. 
OF. col, L. caulis, a cabbage, and i '. flori, fleuri, p.p. 
of fleurir, ~L.florere, to flourish.] 

Caulk, etc. See Calk. 

Cause, kawz, n. That which produces a result, or is 
the occasion of an action. (Law.) A suit or action 
in court; a legal process; case. The side of a ques- 
tion or controversy which one espouses and advo- 



cates. — v. t. [caused (kawzd), causing.] To effect 
by agency, power, or influence ; to produce, be the 
occasion of. [F. ; L. causa, a cause.] — Caus'able, a. 
Capable of being, etc. — Caus'er, n. — Causeless, a. 
Uncaused or uncreated, original in itself; without 
just cause, reason, or motive. — Caus'al, a. Rela- 
ting to, implying, or containing, etc. — Causality, 
-zall-tl, n. The agency of a cause. (Phren.) The 
faculty of tracing effects to their causes. See Phre- 
nology. — Causation, -za'shun, n. Act of causing; 
agency by which an effect is produced. — Causa'- 
tionism, -izm, n. The doctrine that all things are 
produced through the agency of a eausal force. — 
Causa' tionist, n. A believer that, etc.— Caus'a- 
tive, -tiv, a. Expressing a reason; causal; affecting, 
as a cause or agent ; causing. [LL. causare, to 
cause.] — Caus'atively, adv. 

Causeuse, ko-zez', n. A lounge or sofa for two per- 
sons, sitting face to face. [F., fr. causer, to talk.] 

Causeway, kawz'wa, Causey, kaw'zl, n. A paved or 
raised way over wet ground. [Orig., cawse, then 
causey, fr. OF. caucie ( = F. chause'e), fr. LL. calciata 
(via), (road) paved with limestone, f r. L. calx, lime.] 

Caustic, kawslik, -tical, a. Destructive to the tex- 
ture of anything; burning; corrosive: severe; satir- 
ical; sharp. — Caus'tic, n. Any substance, which, 
applied to animal substances, burns, or destroys the 
texture. ( Opt.) A caustic curve, — a curve to which 
the rays of light, reflected or refracted by another 
curve, are tangents. [Gr. kaustikos, burning, fr. 
kaiein, kauso, to burn.] — Caus'tically, adv. — Caus- 
ticity, -tis'I-tl , n. Quality or property of, etc. ; cor- 
rosiveness; severity of language; sarcasm. — Can'- 
ter, n. A hot, searing iron. [Gr. kauterion, branding 
iron, fr. kaiein.] — Cau'terism, -ter-izm, n. Appli- 
cation of caustics ; cautery. — Cau'teriza'tion, n. 
(Surg.) Act of burning a morbid part by applica- 
tion of fire. — Cau'terize, -Iz, v. t. [-teeized (-izd), 
-izing.] To burn or sear with fire or hot iron. — 
Caulery, -ter-I, n. A burning, as of morbid flesh, 
by a hot iron, or by caustic medicines. (Burning by 
hot iron is called actual cautery ; by caustic med- 
icines, potential cautery. ) 

Caution, kaw'shun, n. Prudence in regard to dan- 

fer; provident care ; wariness; heed; prudence; e*. 
ortation to wariness; warning; admonition. — v. t. 
[cautioned (-shund), -tioning.] To give notice of 
danger to, warn. [OF., fr. L. cautio, security, fr. 
cavere, to take heed.] — Cautionary, -a-rl, a. Con- 
taining caution, or warning; given as a pledge.— 
Caulioner, n. — Cau'tious, -shus, a. Possessing or 
using, etc.; prudent; watchful ; circumspect. — Cau'- 
tiously, ado. — Cautiousness, n. 
Cavalcade, ka v'al-kad, n. A procession of horsemen. 

tF. ; It. cavalcata, f r. cavalcare, to ride, f r. cavallo, 
j. caballus, Gr. kaballes, a horse.]— Cavalier, -ler', 
n. A horseman; knight; one of the court party in 
the time of King Charles I. — a. Gay ; sprightly ; 
brave; warlike; haughty. [F. ; It. cavaliere, a Horse- 
man, chevalier.] — Cavalierly, adv. Superciliously. 

— Cav'alxy, -rt, n. (Mil.) Mounted troops. [OF. 
cavallerie, It. cavalleria ; s. rt. chivalry.] 

Cavatina, kav-a-td'na, n. (Mus.) An air of one move- 
ment, with little repetition of the words, and fre- 
quently preceded by a recitative. [It.] 

Cave, kav, n. A hollow place in the earth; den. — v. 
t. [caved (kavd), caving.] To make hollow. — v. 
i. To dwell in a cave. [OF. ; L. cavea, a cave, cage, 
fr. cavus, hollow.] — To cave in. To fall in and leave 
a hollow; to break down, yield. — Cavity, kav'I- 
tl, n. A hollow place; inclosed space; hollowness. 

— Cav'ern, -3rn, n. A deep hollow place in the 
earth; cave. — Cav'ernous, -us, a. Full of caverns; 
hollow. [L. caverna.] 

Caveat, kal'e-at, n. (Law.) A notice to some officer 
not to do a certain act until the interested party is 
heard in opposition. (U. S. Patent Laws.) A de- 
scription of some invention, lodged ki the office be- 
fore the patent right is taken out, as a bar to other 
applications respecting the same invention. Intima- 
tion of caution; warning. [L., let him beware.] 

Cavendish, kav'en-dish, n. Tobacco softened and 
pressed. 

Caviare, ka-ver'. Caviar, kav'e-ar, n. The roes of 



certain fish, prepared and salted, — used as a relish, 
esp. in Russia. [F. caviar, Turk, havyar.] 
Cavil, kavll, v. t. [caviled (-ild), caviling.] To 



raise captious objections. — n. A false or frivolous 
objection. [OF. caviller, L. cavillari, fr. caviUa, a 
jeering, caviling.] — Cav'iler, n. 
Cavity. See under Cave. 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; in, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



CAVORT 



81 



CENT 




Cedar. 



Cavort, ka-v6rt r , v. i. To bound, frisk, prance. [Sp 
cavar, to paw (said of a horse).] 

Caw, kaw, v. i. [cawed (kawd), cawing.] To cry like 
a crow, or raven. — n. The noise of, etc. [Onomat.] 

Cawker. Same as Calker. 

Cayenne Pepper, ka-en' pep'pgr. A very pungent 
pepper, the product of several species of Capsicum. 
[Fr. Cayenne, S. Ariier.] 

Cayman, ka'man, n. ;pl. Cay'mans, -manz. A genus 
of American reptiles of the crocodile family; alli- 
gator. [Name in Guiana.] 

Gazique, ka-z§K r , n. A chief among some American 
Indians. [Sp. cacique, f r. the language of Hayti.] 

Cease, ses, v. i. [ceased (sest), ceasing.] To come 
to an end, desist, forbear, stop; to be wanting.— 
v. t. To put a stop to, bring to an end. [F. cesser, 
L. cessare, to go slowly, cease, freq. of cedere, ces- 
sum, to yield.]— Ceaseless, a. Without cessation; 
incessant. — Ceaselessly, adv. — Cessa'tion, n. Act 
of discontinuing; stop; rest; intermission. 

Cedar, sender, n. An evergreen tree ot different spe- 
cies. [AS. ceder-beam, 
cedar tree, L. cedrus, 
Gr. kedros.] — Ce'dar, 
-drine, -drin, a. Pert, to, 
or made of, etc. 

Cede, sed, v. t. To yield 
or surrender, give up. 
[L. cedere, cessum.] — 
Cession, sesh'un, n. A 
yielding or surrender, as 
of property or rights, to 
another ; act of ceding. 

Cedilla, se-diKla. n. A mark 
under the letter c [5], to 
show that it is sounded 
like s; as in facade. [It. 
zediglia, dim. of zeta, the Gr. letter 2, formerly writ- 
ten below the c, to give it the sound of s.] 

£eil, sel, v. t. [ceiled (seld), ceiling.] To overlay 
or cover the inner root of. [E. cyll, syle, a canopy, 
F. del, heaven, also, a canopy, It. cielo, heaven, can- 
opy, ceiling, fr. L. caelum, heaven, a vault, Gr. koilos, 
hollow.] — Ceiling, n. (Arch.) The upper, interior 
surface of a room. (3 r awO Inside planks of a ship. 

Celadon, sel'a-don, n. A pale sea-green color. [F.] 

Celandine, sel'an-dm, n. A genus of plants of the 
poppy family; swallow-wort, — supposed to flower 
when swallows appear, and die when they go. [F. 
celidoine, Gr. chelidonion, fr. chelidon, a swallow. J 

Celebrate, seKe-brat, v. t. To mention with praise, 
extol; to honor by solemn rites, or by ceremonies of 
joy and respect ; to solemnize, commemorate. [L. 
celebrare, -bratum, to frequent, solemnize, f r. celeber, 
frequented.] — Cel'ehrated, a. Having celebrity; 
distinguished: famous. — CeKebrant, n. One who 
performs a public religious rite. — Celebra'tion, n. 
Honor bestowed ; commemoration; praise: observ- 
ance with appropriate ceremonies; solemnization. — 
CeKebrator, -tSr, n. — Celeb'rity, -rf-ti, n. Condi- 
tion of being celebrated: a person of distinction. 

Celerity, se-ler'Y-tY, n. Rapidity of motion; swift- 
ness; speed. [F. celerite', L. celeritas, fr. celer, quick; 
Gr. kefes, a racer.] 

Celery, sel'gr-Y, n. A plant of the parsley family, 
used as a salad. [F. ce'leri, It. seleri, L. and Gr. seli- 
non, parsley.] 

Celestial, se-lesfyal, a. Pert, to the spiritual heaven; 
heavenly; pert.* to the visible heavens.— n. An in- 
habitant of heaven. [OF. celestiel, fr. L. caelum, 
heaven. See Ceil.] — Celeslaally, adv. — Cel'es- 
tine, sel'es-tin, n. (Min.) Native sulphate of stron- 
tian, which has a sky-blue color. (Eccl. Hist.) One 
of a religious order founded by Pope Celestine V. 

Celiac, selY-ak, a. Pert, to the belly- [Gr. koilia, 
belly, fr. koilos, hollow.] 

Celibacy, se-lib'a-sY or seKY-ba-sY, n. The state of an 
unmarried man; bachelorship. [L. cielebs, unmar- 
ried.] — Celibate, s«l'Y-bat. n. Condition or life of 
an unmarried man ; unmarried man: bachelor. 

Cell, sel, n. A small and close apartment, as in a prison 
or monastery; any small, closed cavity. (Organic 
Structures.) A minute sac, filled with fluid, fat, etc., 
forming, by development and reproduction, the cel- 
lular tissue of animals and plants. [L. cell'a, cell, 
hut, Gr. kalia. hut, Skr. gala, a stable; s. rt. conceal, 
L. celare.~\ — Cellar, n. A space under a house. 

?j. cellarium, a pantry, fr. cella.] — Cellarage, -ej, n. 
he excavation for, etc.: a cellar, or series of cellars 
connected: charge for storage in, etc. — Cellarer, 
-1st, n. (Ecd.) An officer in charge of, etc., or of 



procuring, keeping, and distributing provisions. — 
Cellular, a. Consisting of , or containing cells. [L. 
cellula, a little cell.] — Cellulated, a. Formed with 
cells. — Cellule, -Til, n. A small cell. — CeUulif' - 
erous, -lil'er-us, a. Producing little cells. [L. ierre. 
to bear.] — Cellulose, -los, a. Containing cells. — n. 
(Bot.) One of the substances constituting the cellu- 
lar tissue of plants.— Celluloid, n. A "compound 
of gun-cotton, camphor, etc., iiniteting coral, ivory, 
tortoise-shell, amber, etc., and used in manufactur- 
ing jewelry, etc. 
Celt, selt, n. One of a race anciently inhabiting Cen- 
tral and Western Europe, from whom come the 
Irish, Welsh, and Gael; a stone or metal implement 
found in barrows of the early Celts. [L. Celtae, Gr. 
Keltai, perh. fr. Ga. ceiltach, inhabitant of the forest.] 

— Celtic, a. Pert, to the Celts, or to their language. 

— n. The language of, etc., the remains of which are 
found in the Gaelic, Erse or Irish, Manks, and Welsh 
audits cognate dialects, Cornish and Arm orican or 
Breton. — Celticism, -T-sizm, n. A Celtic custom. 

Cement, se-menf or sem'ent, n. Any substance used 
for making bodies cohere, as mortar, glue, etc. ; bond 
of union. [OF., fr. L. csementum, rubble, chippingrs 
of stone, fr. casdere, Skr. chhid, to cut.] — Cement"', 
v. t. To unite with, etc. ; to unite firmly. — v. i. To 
unite and cohere. — CementaHon, n. Act of ce- 
menting. (Chern.) Process of surrounding a solid 
body with powder of other substances, and heating 
until the properties of the body are changed by 
chemical combination with the powder, — as iron 
becomes steel by cementation with charcoal. 

Cemetery, sem'e-te'r-Y, n. A grave-yard; necropolis. 
[Gr. koimeterion, sleeping-room, cemetery, fr. hot- 
man, to put to bed, fr. keimai, I lie down: s. rt. L. 
quies, E. quiet.] 

Cenatory, sen'a-to-rY, a. Pert, to supper. [L. cctna, 
dinner, supper.] 

Cenobite, Coenobite, sen'o-bit, n. A monk in a con- 
vent or community, in opp. to a hermit or anchorite. 
[L. ccenobium, Gr. koinobion, a convent, fr. koinos, 
common, and bios, life.] — Cenobitlc, -ical, a. Con- 
ventual; monastic. 

Cenotaph, sen'o-taf , n. A monument to one buried 
elsewhere. [OF. cenotaphe, fr. Gr. kenos, empty, 
and taphos, tomb.] 

Cense, sens, i\ t. [censed (senst), censing.] Toper- 
fume with odors from burning substances. [Abbr. 
fr. incense, fr. L. incendere, to Durn.] — Cen'ser, n. 
A vase or pan for burning incense. 

Censor, sen'ser, n. A Eoman officer who registered 
the effects of citizens, imposed taxes, and inspected 
manners: an examiner of books, etc., before pub- 
lication, to suppress anything forbidden: one who 
censures: a harsh critic. [L., fr. censere, to give an 
opinion, tax, appraise.] — Censo'rial. -rY-al,-rian, a. 
Pert, to, etc., or to the correction of public morals. 

— Censo'rious. -ri-us, a. Addicted to, implying, or 
expressing, censure; fault-finding: carping;* severe. 

— Censo'riously, adv. — Censo'riousness, n. — Cen /r - 
sorship, n. Office of a censor. — Censure, sen'shSr, 
n. Act of blaming ; reproof ; disapproval; repri- 
mand: abuse. — v.t. [censured (-sherd), -suring.] 
To find fault with and condemn as wrong; to blame, 
reprehend. [L. censura, an opinion.] — Cen'sur- 
able. a Worthy of, etc. — Cen'surableness, n. — 
Cen'surably, adv. — Cen'sus, n. An official enu- 
meration and registration of the people, estates, 
and other statistics of a country. [L., a register.] 

Cent, sent, n. A hundred, as, 10 per cent.; an Amer- 
ican coin worth the 100th part of a dollar. [L. cen- 
tum.'] — Cent'age, -ej, n. Kate by the cent, or hun- 
dred ; percentage. — Cenlal, n. A weight of 10") 
pounds; hundred-weight. — a. Pert, to, or consist- 
ing of, etc. — Cen'tenary, -rY, n. Aggregate of 
100 single things: esp. a century; 100 years; a cele- 
bration occurring once in, etc. — a. Pert, to, or con- 
sisting of, 100; occurring once in every 100 years. — 
Centenalian, -rY-an, n. One 100 years old. — a. 
Pert, to 100 years. [L. centenarrus.] — Centen'nial, 
nY-al, a. Pert, to the 100th anniversary; happening 
A celebration of, etc. [L. an- 
mal, a. Hundredth; by the 
100. — h. A 100th part. — Centes'ima'tion, n. ( Mil.) 
A punishment inflicted on one person in 100. — 
Cen'tury, -tu-rY, n. A hundred; a period of 100 years. 

— Century plant. The American aloe, gupposed to 
bloom but once in 100 years. — Centu'rion, -rY-on, n. 
A Roman captain of 100 foot-soldiers. [L. centtiriaj, 

— Centulial, -rY-al, a. Pert, to a century, or to 100 
men. — Cen'tuple, -tu-pl, a. Hundred-fold. — v. i. 



once in 100 years 
nus. a year."] — Centes 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; eow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get 



CENTAUR 



82 



CHAFE 



[ T»PLBi> (-tu-pld), -tup ling.] To make, etc. [L. 
plicate, to fold.] — Centifo'lious, -IT -us, a. Having 
100 leaves. [L. folium, a leaf.] — Cen'tigrade, -tt- 
grid, a. Of 100 degrees; graduated into 100 equal 
parts. [L. gradus, a degree.] — Centigrade thermom- 
eter. A thermometer in which 0° indicates the 
freezing point, and 100° the boiling point of water. 

— Centare, -t&r', n. A measure of area, contain- 
ing 1 sq. meter, about 1,550 sq. inches. [F.] — Cen'- 
tigram, -gram, n. A measure of weight, — the 100th 
put of a gram = .l.Vt'K gr. avoir, [t .] — Centiliter, 
-til'I-ter or sen'tT-H-ter, -litre, -tT-le'tr, n. A meas- 
ure of capacity, — 100th of a liter, more than 0.(5 cu. 
inch. [F.] — Cen'time, -tern, n. A coin, — the 100th 
of a franc. [F.] — Centimeter, -tim'e-tSr or sen'tl- 
me-ter, -metre, son-te-ma'tr, n. A measure of length, 

— the 100th of a meter, more than .39 inch. [F., fr. 
L. centum and Gr. met ion, measure.] — Cen'tiped, 
-tl-ped, -pede, -tT-ped, n. A species of many-jointed, 
wingless land articulates, having many feet. [L. 
pes, pedis, foot.] — Centum' vir, -vSr, n. ; pi. -viui, 
-vl-rl. A Roman judge of common causes among 
the people. [L. vir, a man.] — Centum'viral, -vi- 
ral, a. Pert, to, etc. — Centum'virate, -vT-rat, n. 
Office of, etc. 

Centaur, sen'tawr, n. {Math.) A fabulous monster, 
half man and half horse. [L. centauries, Gr. ken- 
tauros.] — Cen'taury, -rt, n. A plant of several spe- 
cies, most of them weeds. [Gr. kentaurie, — the 
Centaur Chiron having used it medicinally.] 

Center, -tre, sen'ter, n. The exact middle point of 
anything; the middle portion; midst; point of con- 
centration; nucleus. (Arch.) A temporary framing 
on which vaulted work is built. — v. i. [centered 
or -tked (-terd), -tering or -tring.] To be placed 
in, etc.; to be central; to be collected to a point, be 
concentrated. — v. t. To place on, etc.; to collect to a 
point, concentrate. [F. centre, L. centrum, center, 
Gr. kentron, a spike, prick, center, fr. kentein, to 
prick.] — Cen'tering, n. (Arch.) Temporary fra- 
ming on which vaulted work is built. — Cen'tral, a. 
Pert, to, placed in, or containing, the center; pert, to 
the parts near, etc.— Central/ity, -I-tl, n. State of 
being central. — Cen'tralize, -iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), 
-izing.] To draw to a central pojnt ; bring to a 
center. — Cen'traliza'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. — Cen'trally, adv. — Cen'tric, -trical, a. 
Placed in, etc. — Cen'trically, adv. — Centricity, 
-tris'l-tl, n. State of being centric — Centrifugal, 
-u-gal, a. Tending to recede from the center. [L. 
fugere.te flee.] — Centrip'etal, a. Tending toward, 
etc. [L. petere, to move toward.] — Cen'ter-bit, n. 
An instrument turning on a projecting central point, 
for boring holes. See Bit. — board,//. (Naut.) In 
small craft, a board keel, which may be drawn up 
or let down; a sliding keel. 

Centfnel, Centry. See Sentinel. 

Cento, sen'to, n. : pi. Cen'tos, -toz. A composition 
formed by verses, etc., from different authors dis- 
posed in a new order. (Mus.) A medley on a large 
scale. [L.] 

Cephalic, se-fal'ik, a. Pert, to the head. — n. A med- 
icine for headache, etc. [Gr. kephalc, the head.] — 
Cephalic index. (Physiol.) The ratio of the breadth 
to the length of the skull. — Cephalalgy, sefa-lal- 
jt, n. Pain in the head; headache. [Gr. algos, pain.] 

— Cephalog / rapay, n. A description of the head. 
[Gr. graphein, to write.] — Cephalom'eter, n. (Surg.) 
An instrument for measuring the head. esp. of the 
fetus during delivery. [Gr. mefron, measure.] — 
Cephalopod, sefa-lo-pod or se-faK-, n. (Zobl.) A 
mollusk having a distinct head, surrounded by a cir- 
cle of arms or tentacles. [Gr. pous, podos, foot.] — 
Ceph'aletrip'sy, -st, n. (Surg.) Act of crushing 
the head of the fetus in the womb, to effect deliv- 
ery. [Gr. tribein, to grind.] 

Ceramic, se-ram'ik, a. Pert, to pottery. [Gr. keramos, 
potter's clay, pottery.] 

Cere, ser, n. Naked wax-like skin at the base of birds' 
bills. — v. t. [cered (serd), cering.] To wax, or 
cover with wax. [L. cerare, ceratum, to wax, fr. cera, 
W. ewyr. Ir. and Ga. ceir, Gr. keros, wax.] — Cera'- 
ceous, -shus, a. Of the nature of, etc. — Ce'rate, 
-rat, n. (Med.) Thick ointment, made of wax, oil, 
etc. — Ce'rated, a. Covered with, etc. — CeriFer- 
OUB, -er-us, a. Producing, etc. [L. ferre, to bear.] — 
Ceru'men, n. The wax of the ear. [NL.] — Ce'- 
rine, -rin, n. The part of bees-wax soluble in boil- 
ing alcohol. — Cere'cloth, n. A cloth smeared with 
melted wax. — Cere'ment, n. A cloth dipped in 
melted wax, used in embalming bodies. [OF.] — 



Cerog'raphy, n. A writing on wax ; art of engraving 
on wax spread upon copper, from which a stereo- 
type plate is taken. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Cero- 
grapb/ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Ceroplas'tic. n. 
Art of modeling in wax. — a. Pert, to, etc. [Gr. 
plassein, to form.] 

Cereal, se're-al, a. Pert, to edible grain, as wheat, rye, 
etc. — n. Any edible grain. [L. cerealis, pert, to 
corn, fr. Ceres, goddess of corn.] 

Cerebrum, sCr'e-brum, n. (Anat.) The superior and 
larger division of the brain. [L., fr. Gr. fcaro, the 
head.] — Cer'ebral, a. Pert, to, etc. — Cerebellum, 
-bel'lum, n. , pi. -bel'la, -la. The hinder and low- 
er division of the brain. [L., dim. of cerebrum.] — 
Cerebellar, -beKlous, -lus, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Ceremony, ser'e-mo-nl, n. Outward rite ; external 
form in religion ; forms of civility. [F. ceremonie, 
L. ceerimonia, a ceremony, Skr. karman, a religious 
action, a rite.] — Ceremo y nial, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. 
An established system of rules and ceremonies. — 
Ceremo'nially, adv. — Ceremo'nious, -nl-us, a. Con- 
sisting of, or according to, outward forms and rites; 
ceremonial; particularin observing forms; precise; 
formal. — Ceremo'niously, adv. 

Cerise, se-rez^, a. Cherry-colored. [F., a cherry.] 

Ceroom, se-room', n. A bale or package of skins. [Sp. 
seron, aug. of sera, a paunier.] 

Certain, ser'tin, a. Assured in mind ; having no 
doubts; not to be doubted; fixed or stated; deter- 
minate ; indeterminate, or not specifically named; 
one or some. [OF.; L. certus, determined, fr. cer- 
nere, to sift, discriminate, Gr. krinein, to separate, 
decide.] — Cer'tainly, adv. Without doubt or ques- 
tion ; in truth and fact ; without failure. — Cer'- 
tainness, n. — Cer'tainty, -tT, Cer'titude, -tl-tud, n. 
Quality or condition of being certain ; exemption 
from doubt or failure; a fact unquestionably estab- 
lished. — Cer'tes, -tez, adv. Assuredly ; in truth. 

— Cer'tify, -ft, v. t. [-tified (-fid), -fying.] To 
testify to in writing; to make known or establish as 
a fact; to give certain information of or to. [LL. 
certificare, -catum, fr. L. certwsan&facere, to make.] 

— Certified check. A bank-check whose validity is 
certified by the bank on which it is drawn. — Certif- 
icate, -I-kat, n. A written testimony to the truth 
of any fact; written declaration legally authenti- 
cated.—)', t. To verify by, or furnish with, etc. — 
Certifica'tion, h. Act of, etc. — Cer'tifier, -iT-er, n. 

Certiorari, ser'shl-o-ra'ri, n. (Law.) A writ from a 
superior court, to call up records of an inferior 
court, or remove a cause, to hasten justice, or correct 
errors. [LL. certiorare, to certify, fr. L. certior, 
eomp. of certus, certain.] 

Cerulean, se-ru'le-an, a. Sky-blue. [L. cseruteus.'] 

Cerumen. See under Cere. 

Ceruse, se'rus, n. White lead. — Ce'ruse, Ce'rusite, 
Ce'russite, -sit, n. Native carbonate of lead. [OF. 
ceruse, L. cerussa, white lead; s. rt. L. cera, wax. 
See Cere.] — Ce'rused, -rust, a. Washed with a prep- 
aration of white lead. 

Cervical, sSr'vik-al, a. (Anat.) Pert, to the neck. 
[L. cervix, neck.] 

Cervine, ser'vin, a. Pert, to the deer. [L. cervus, a 
hart, deer.] — Cer'vinous, -vt-nus, a. Of the color 
of, etc.; tawny. 

Cesarean, Cesarism, Cesura. etc. See Caesar, Caesura. 

Cespitose, ses'pT-tos, a. (Bat.) Growing in tufts; 
turf-like. [L. csespes, turf.] — Ces'pitous, -tus, a. 
Pert, to, or consisting of, turf; turfy. 

Cessation. See under Cease. 

Cessavit, ses-sa'vit, n. (O. Eng. Law.) A writ to re- 
cover lands when the tenant has not for two years 
performed the service constituting the condition of 
tenure. [L., he has ceased.] 

Cession. See under Cede. 

Cess-pool, ses'pool, n. A cavity in the earth to re- 
ceive sediment of water from drains. [Prop, sess- 
pool; Prov. E. soss, a mess of food, scraps, etc., 
suss, hogwash.] 

Cestus, ses'tus, n. A girdle, esp. of Venus; a loaded 
leather covering for boxers' hands. [L.] 

Cetacea, se-ta'se-a, n. pi. (Zobl.) An order £■/££ 
of mammiferous marine animals, inclu- 
ding whales. [L. cetus, whale, Gr. ketos, sea- 
monster.] — Ceta'cean, -shan, n. An ani- 
mal of the whale kind.— Ceta'ceous, -shus, 
a. Pert, to, etc. — Cetol'ogy, -jl. n. Nat- 
ural history of, etc. [Gr. logos,' discourse. 

Chafe, chaf, v. t. [chafed (chaft), chafing.' 
To excite heat or irritation in by friction; p eB t u& . 
to irritate; to fret and wear by rubbing; to V,5BI ' UB • 




»m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, loe ; odd, tone, dr ; 



CHAFER 



83 



CHAMP 



provoke, inflame. — v. i. To be excited or heated; 
to fret; to be worn hy rubbing. — n. Heat or irrita- 
tion from friction : agitation of the mind. [OF. 
chaufer, fr. LL. caleficare, L. calefacere, to make 
warm.fr. c»lere,to grow warm, and facere, to make.] 

— Chafer, cha'fer, n. — Chafery, cha'iSr-T, n. A 
forge where metal is subjected to a welding heat.— 
Chaffing -dish, re. A dish or vessel, holding coals, a 
lamp, etc., to heat what is put upon it; a portable 
grate. 

Chafer, cha'ier, n. An insect; cock-chafer; May-bug. 
[AS. ceafor.] 

Chaff, chaf, re. The glumes, husk, or light, dry cover- 
ing of grains and grasses. (Bot.) Scales or bracts 
ou the receptacle in composite plants. Worthless 
matter; refuse. [AS. ceaf, D. leaf, G. /cuff.] — Chaf- 
finch, re. A singing bird of the finch family, feed- 
ing on chaff. — Chaffy, -T, a. Containing, like, or 
light and worthless as, chaff. 

Chaff, chaf, re. Light, idle talk; ridicule. — v. i. 
[chaffed (chaft), chaffing.] To use, etc., by way 
of fun or ridicule. — v. t. To make fun of, banter. 
[Corrupt of chafe.] 

Chaffer, chaffer, v. i. [chaffered (-f erd), -fering.] 
To treat about a purchase, bargain, haggle; to talk 
much or idly. — v. t. To buy, purchase, exchange. 
[AS. ceap, a bargain, price, and faru, a journey, busi- 
ness.] — Caaf'ferer, n. 

Chagreen. See Shagreen. 

Chagrin, sha-grin', 11. Ill-humor; vexation ; peevish- 
ness; mortification. — v. t. [chagrined (-grind''), 
-hrining.j To excite ill-humor in, vex, mortify. 
[F., perh. meaning (E.) shagreen, Per. sagkri; pern, 
fr. Genoese sagrina, to gnaw.] 

Chain, chan, re. A series of connected links or rings; 
that which confines, fetters, or sec ares; a bond; a se- 
ries of things connected and following each other 
iu succession. (Surv.) An instrument for measur- 
ing land, consisting of 100 links, being 4 rods, or 66 
feet, in length. (Naut.) An iron plate bolted at the 
lower end through the side to the ship's timbers. — 
v. t. [chained (chand), chaining.] To fasten or 
connect with, etc.; to enslave; to unite closely and 
strongly. [OF. chu'ene, chaine. It. and L. catena.'] — 
Chain'less, a. Without, etc.; unrestrained. -Chain '- 
bridge, n. A bridge suspended on chains; suspen- 
sion bridge. — gang, n. A gang of convicts chained 
together. — mail, n. Flexible armor made of inter- 
laced rings. — pomp, re. A 
pomp consisting of an end- 
less chain, carrying disks, 
passing upward through a 
wooden tube, and moving 
on wheels. — shot, n. (Mil.) 
Two cannon balls, con- 
nected by a chain, to cut 
down masts, etc. — stitch, 
n. A kind of stitch in sew- 
ing, made by interlocking 
threads. — -wales, re. pi- 
(Faut.) Planks bolted to 
a ship's sides to spread the 
lower rigging. See Chan- 
nels. 

Chair, char, re. A movable 
seat with a back, for one 
person: an official seat, as 
of a judge ; hence, the of- 
fice itself; the presiding of- 
ficerof an assembly; avehi- 
c!e for one person; an iron 
block to support and secure railroad tracks, —v. t. 
[chaired (chard), chairing.] To carry publicly 
in a chair in triumph. [F. ehaire, pulpit, chaise, 
chair. OF. ehaiere, chaere, chair, fr. L. cathedra, 
Gr. kathedra, seat, chair, pulpit. See Cathedra.] 

— Chair'' man, re. ; pi. -men. The presiding officer of 
an assembly, committee, etc.; one who carries a 
chair or sedan. — Chairmanship, n. Office of, etc. 

— Chaise, shaz, n. A two-wheeled, one-horse car- 
riage, with calash top. [F. See Chair.] 

Chalcedony, kal-sed'o-nY or kal'se-do-nf, n. (Min.) 
An uncrystallized, translucent variety of quartz, 
usually whitish, and with a wax-like luster. [Fr. 
Chalcechm, in Asia Minor.] 

Chalcography, kal-kog'ra-fT, n. Art of engraving on 
copper or brass. [Gr. chalkos, copper, brass, and 
grapkem, to write.] — Chalcog'rapher, -fer, -raphist, 
-fist, n. An engraver on, etc. 

Chaldaic. kal-da'ik, Chalaee, kaKde or kal-de', a. 
Pert, to Chaldea. — n. Language of the Chaldeans. 




Chain-pump. 



Chaldron, chawl'drun or chal'drun, n. A dry meas- 
ure for coals, usually of 36 bushels, but varying. 
[OF. See Caldron.] 

Chalet, shal'a, n. A Swiss wooden cottage; a summer- 
house on a mountain. [F.] 

Chalice, chaKis, n. A cup; bowl: communion cup. 
[OF. calice, L. calix, Gr kulix, Skr. kalaca, cup.] 

Chalk, chawk, n. (Min.) A soft, white, earthy sub- 
stance, consisting of carbonate of lime. — v. t. 
[chalked (chawkt), chalking.] To rub or mark 
with chalk. [AS. cealc, D., Dan., Sw., and G. /calk, 
L. calx, lime-stone. See Calx.] — French chalk. 
Steatite or soap-stone, a soft magnesian mineral. — 
Red c. An indurated clayev ocher. — To c. out. To 
lay out, draw out, or describe. — Chalk'y, -1, a. Of, 
impregnated with, or like, etc. — Chalk'iness, re. — 
Chalk'-stone, n. (Med.) A concretion in the hands 
and feet of persons affected by gout. 

Challenge, chal'lenj, n. An invitation to contest; a 
sentry s demand of the countersign from those ap- 
proaching his post; summons to single combat; de- 
mand made of a right; an exception to a juror or 
voter. — v. t. [-lenged (-lenjd), -lenging.] To 
call to a contest, call to answer, defy; to claim as 
due, demand as a right, make exception or objec- 
tion to, object to as not qualified to vote. [OF. chu- 
longe, calenge, a dispute, accusation, fr. L. calumnia, 
false accusation, caluere, to deceive; s. rt. calumny.) 

— Challengeable, a. — Challenger, re. 

Challis, Chally, shal-ll, n. A twilled, fine woolen 
fabric, for ladies' dresses. [F. chaly.] 

Chalybeate, ka-lib'e-at, a. Impregnated with some 
salt of iron. — n. Water, liquor, medicine, etc., 
containing iron. [L. chalybs, Gr. chalups, steel.] 

Cham, kam, Khan, lean, re. The sovereign prince of 
Tartary. 

Chamade, sha-mad', n. (Mil.) Sound of a drum or 
trumpet, inviting an enemy to a parley. [F., fr. L. 
clamare, to_call.] 

Chamber, chamber, n. A retired room, esp. an upper 
room, for lodging, privacy, or study; a compartment 
or hollow, closea space; a place where an assembly 
meets; the assembly itself; the cavity in a fire-arm 
where the charge is put. (Law.) A private place 
where a judge sits to hear cases, and do judicial 
business out of court, —v. i. [-bered (-be"rd), -Ber- 
ing.] To reside in or occupy as a chamber ; to be 
wanton, —v. t. To shut up, as in a chamber. [OF. 
chambre, L. caniara, camera, a chamber, vault, Gr. 
kamara, vault, covered wagon.] — Cham'berer, re. 
One who intrigues or is wanton. [Obs.] — Cham'- 
ber-coun'sel, -coun'selor, -er, n. A counselor who 
gives his opinion privately, but does not advocate 
causes in court. — maid, n. A woman who cares 
for chambers, or waits upon a lady.— Cham 'beriain, 
-lin, re. An attendant in charge of the chambers, as 
in a hotel; an officer of the private chambers of a 
nobleman or monarch; one of the high officers of a 
court; a treasurer or receiver of public money. [OF.] 

— Cham'berlainship, n. Office of, etc. 
Chambrel, kam'brel, n. The 

gambrel. See Gambrel. 
Chameleon, ka-mel'yun, re. A 
lizard-like reptile, whose color 
changes with that of objects 
about it, or when its temper is 
disturbed. [Gr. chamaileon, 
lit. ground-lion = dwarf lion, 
f r. chamai, on the ground, 
creeping, and Icon, lion.] 




Chameleon. 



Chamfer, chamber, v. t. [-fered (-ferd), -fering.] 
(Carp.) To cut a groove or channel in; to flute. To 
cut or grind in a sloping manner; to bevel. — Cham'- 
fer, Cham'fret, n. (Carp.) A small gutter in wood, 
etc.; groove, slope, or bevel. [Pg. chanfrar, to slope, 
hollow.] 

Chamois, sham'wa or sham'T, n. A species of ante- 
lope living o n European 
mountain ridges; a 6of t 
leather, first prepared from 
its skin. [F.; MHG. gamz, 
G. gemse.] 

Chamomile. See Camomile. 

Champ, champ, v. t. [champed 
(champt), champing.] To 
bite with repeated action of 
the teeth, bite into small 
pieces, crush. — v. i. To bite n 

frequently. [Sw. kamsa, to Cnamois. 

chew with difficulty, champ; Ic. kiaptr, Gr. gampha, 
Skr. jambha, a jaw.] — Champ / 'er, re. 




•tin, cube, full ; moon. 



cow, oil ; liegsr or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CHAMPAGNE 



84 



CHARACTER 



Champagne, sham-pan', n. A brisk, sparkling wine. 
[Fr. Champagne, France.] 

Champaign, sham-pan', n. A fiat, open country. — a. 
Flat; level. [F. See Campaign and Camp.] 

Champerty, cham'per-tl, n. Maintenance of a law- 
suit, with an agreement, if successful, to divide the 
thing in suit. [OF. champart, field-rent, L. campi 
pars— campus, field, and pars, share.] — Cham'per- 
tor, -ter, n. One who purchases a suit, or right of 
suing, and carries it on at his own expense, in order 
to obtain a shave of the gain. 

Champion, cham'pT-un, n. One who engages in a 
contest; esp. who contends in behalf of another in 
single combat; one ready to fight all who offer.— 
v. t. [-pioned (-und), -pioning.] To furnish with, 
or attend as, etc. [OF.; LL. campio, a champion, 
combatant in a duel, f r. campus, battle, duel, war. 
See Camp.] — Cham'pionship, n. State of being, etc. 

Chance, chans, n. Absence of any defined cause ; for- 
tuity ; casualty ; an event without assigned cause ; 
possibility of an occurrence; luck; hazard; oppor- 
tunity. — v. i. [chanced (chanst), chancing.] To 
happen, come, or arrive, without expectation. — a. 
Happening by chance ; casual ; fortuitous. [OF. 
chaance, cheance, f r. LL. cadentia, that which falls 
out (esp. in dice-playing), fr. L. cadere, to fall.] — 
Chance'-med'ley, n. (Law.) The killing of another 
in self-defense upon an unpremeditated encounter. 

Chancel, chan'sel, n. That part of a church con- 
taining the altar or communion table, — formerly 
inclosed with lattices. [OF. ; L. cancellus, a grating. 
See Cancel.] — Chancery, chan'ser-T, n. A high 
court of equity ; equity ; proceedings in equity. 
[OF. chanceMe, the chancery or seal-office, a court, 
LL. cancettaria, record-room of a chancellor, fr. L. 
cancellus, grating. See Cancel.] — To get or hold in 
chancery. (Boxing.) To get the antagonist's head 
under one's arm, where it can be pommeled by the 
other fist; to have in one's power. — Chan'cellor. 
-sel-ler, n. A high judicial officer; the chief judge of 
a court of chancery. [OF. chancelier, LL. canceU 
larius, chancellor, orig. custodian of records.] — 
Chancellor of the exchequer: A member of the Brit- 
ish cabinet, the highest finance minister of the gov- 
ernment. — Lord nigh c. of England. The presiding 
judge in the court of chancery, highest judicial offi- 
cer of the crown.— Chancellorship, n. Office of, etc. 

Chancre, shan'ker, n. An ulcer, esp. a venereal sore. 
[F. See Cancer.] — Chan'crous, -krus, «. Ulcerous. 

Chandelier,_Chandler, etc. See under Candle. 

Change, chanj, v. t. [changed (chanjd), changing.] 
To alter or make different; to cause to pass from 
one state to another; to substitute another thing 
for ; to vary, innovate, exchange ; to give other 
money, of the same aggregate value, for; to become 
acid or tainted. — v. i. To be altered, undergo vari- 
ation, pass from one phase to another, —n. Any al- 
teration; a passing from one state to another; sub- 
stitution of one thing for another ; alteration in 
the order of a series; permutation; that which makes 
a variety; small pieces of money, which may be 
given for larger pieces; the balance of money paid 
beyond the price of goods purchased; building for 
mercantile transactions. (Colloq. for exchange.) 
[OF. changier, changer, LateL. cambiare, to change, 
fr. L. cambire, to exchange.] — Chan'ger, n. — 
Change'able, -a-bl, a. Capable of change; appearing 
different under difference of circumstances: varia- 
ble; fickle; unstable. — Change'ableness, -abil'ity, 
-tt, n. — Change'ably, adv. — Changeful, a. Full 
of change ; mutable. — Change'fully, adv. — 
Change 'fulness, n. — Change'less, a. Not admit- 
ting alteration; constant. — Change'ling, n. A child 
left or taken in the place of another ; one apt to 
change. — a. Taken or left in place of another. 

Channel, chan'nel, n. The bed of a stream; esp. the 
deeper part of a river or bay, where the main cur- 
rent flows. ( Ceog.) A strait or narrow sea between 
two portions of land. That through which any 
thing passes. (Arch.) A gutter or furrow, as in a 
column, pi. (Naut.) Planks bolted to the outside 
of a vessel, for spreading the lower rigging, — v. t. 
[-neled (-neld), -neling.] To form a channel in; 
groove. [OF. chanel, canel, L. canalis. See Canal.] 

Chant, chant, v. t. and i. To utter with a melodious 
voice, sing; to celebrate in song. (31us.) To sing 
after the manner of a chant. — n. Song ; melody. 
(Mus.) Words recited to musical tones without mu- 
sical measure. [F. chanter, L. cantare, freq. of ca- 
nere, to sing; s. rt. cant.] — Chant 'er, n. One who 
chants ; the tenor or treble pipe in a bagpipe. — 



Chant'ress, n. A female chanter. — Chant 'icleer, 

-I-kler, n. A cock, his voice in crowing being clear. 

— Chant'ry, -rl, n. An endowed chapel where masses 
for the souls of the donors are celebrated. 

Chaos, ka'os, n. An empty, infinite space ; unoi^ 
ganized condition of matter before the creation of 
the universe; a disordered mass or state of things; 
confusion. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. chainein, to gape, 
yawn; s. rt. chasm, hiatus, yawn.] — Chaot'ic, a. 
Resembling chaos; confused. 

Chap, chap or chop, v. t. [chapped (chapt), chap- 
ping.] To cleave or open longitudinally ; to split, 
crack. — v. i. To crack or open in long slits. — n. A 
cleft, gap, or chink in the flesh. — Chap, chop, n. 
The jaw, — generally in pi. [OD. koppen, D. happen, 
Sw. kappa, Gr. koptein, to cut: s. rt. chip, chop.] — 
Chap'fallen, chop'fawln, a. With the lower jaw 
drooping; dejected; dispirited. 

Chap, chap, n. A man or boy; a youth. [Abbrev. of 
chapman, fr. AS. ceap, trade. See Cheap.] — Chap'- 
book, n. A small book, esp. one sold by hawkers. — 
Chap'man, n. ; pi. -men. One who buys or sells; a 
merchant; itinerant dealer. 

Chaparral, chap-ar-ral', n. A thicket of low ever- 
green oaks; thick bramble-bushes in clumps. [Sp., 
fr. Basque acha, rock, and abarra, evergreen oakJ] 

Chape, chap, n. A catch, as of a buckle; a metal tip 
of a scabbard. [F., a cope, chape. See Cap.] 

Chapeau, shap'o, n. ; pi. Chap'eaus, -6z. A hat. [F.] 

— Chapeau Bras, -bra. A military hat which can 
be flattened and put under the arm. [F. ; bras, arm.] 

Chapel, chap'el, n. A place of worship connected 
with a church or with some establishment; in Eng. 
a dissenters' place of worship; a meeting-house; a 
choir of singers at the court of a prince or noble- 
man. [F. chapelle, OF. chapele, LL. capella, orig. 
the sanctuary where the cope (cappa) of St. Martin 
was preserved. See Cap.] — Chap'lain, -lin, n. An 
ecclesiastic who officiates in a chapel, or one attached 
to a ship, regiment, public institution, family, etc.— 
Chap'laincy, -sT, -ship, n. Office or station of, etc. — 
Chap'ellany, -la-nl, n. A chapel and jurisdiction 
within the precincts of a church. — Chap'elry, -ri, 
n. Bounds or jurisdiction of a chapel. 

Chapellet, chap'el-let, n. A pair of stirrup leathers, 
with stirrups. See Chaplet. 

Chaperon, shap'er-oN, n. A hood or cap; a device on 
horses' foreheads in pompous funerals; one who 
attends a lady in public as a protector. — v. t. 
[chaperoned (-ond), -oning.] To attend in public 
places as protector. [F., a hood, aug. of chape, a 
cape. See Cap.] — Chap'eronage, -ej, n. Position 
or protection of, etc. 

Chapiter, chap'I-ter, n. (Law.) A summary of mat- 
ters to be inquired of before justices ; articles. — 
Chap'iter, Chap'trel, n. (Arch.) The capital of a 
pier or pilaster which receives an arch; 
an impost. [OF. chapitel, L. capitellum, 
capital of a column, dim. of caput, head. 
See Capital and Chapter.] 

Chaplain, etc. See under Chapel. 

Chaplet, chap'let, n. A garland or wreath 
for the head ; a string of beads used in 
counting prayers. (Arch.) A little* 
molding, carved into beads, olives, etc. 
a chapellet ; a tuft of feathers on s 
peacock's head : a small chapel or shrine. 
[F. chapelet, a little head-dress, wreath, 
dim. of OF. chapel, hat, fr. chape. See 

Chapman. See under Chap, n. Chaptrel. 

Chapter, chap'tSr, n. A division of a book. (Eccl 




(Eccl.) A 
thedral or 



corporation composed of the clergy of a cat! 
collegiate church, and presided over by the dean. 
An organized branch of a society or fraternity: meet- 
ing of organized societies: place where delinquents 
receive discipline; a decretal epistle. [Same as chap- 
iter; F. chapitre, fr. L. capitnlum, dim. of caput, 
head. See Capitular.] 
Char, Chare, char [Eng.], Chore, chor [Amer.], n. 
i day; a single job or task. [ME. 
chei-r, char, fr. AS. cierr, cyrr,D. keer, OHG. cher, a 



Work done by the day; a single job or task. 
"IG. 

A servant 



turn, space of time.] — Char'woman, 

that works by the day. 
Char, char, v. t. [charred (chard), charring.] To 

reduce to charcoal by expelling volatile matter: to 

burn slightly; to hew, as stone. [ME. charren, to 

turn.] — Char'coal, n. Coal made by charring wood. 

— Char'ry, -rt, a. Pert, to, or like, charcoal. 
Character, kar'ak-ter, n. A distinctive mark; a letter, 

figure, or sign; manner of writing or printing ; sum 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r i 



CHARADE 



85 



CHAT 



of qualities distinguishing one person or thing from 
another; good qualities, or the reputation of possess- 
ing them; qualities belonging to an office or institu- 
tion ; estimate put upon a person or thin" ; reputa- 
tion; force of will; energy; the possessoroi a certain 
character: a person; account; description. — v. t. To 
engrave, inscribe, distinguish by particular marks, 
characterize. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. charassein, to en- 
grave.] — Char'acterislic, -tical, a. Constituting the 
character ; peculiar. — Char'acteris'tic, n. That 
which constitutes, etc., or distinguishes a person or 
thing from another. (Mnth.) The index or expo- 
nent of a logarithm. — Char'acteris'tically, adv. — 
Characterize, -Iz, v. t. [-terized (-ter-izd), -izing.] 
To mark with a peculiar figure; to describe the qual- 
ities of; to mark or express the character of , desig- 
nate, entitle. —Char' acteriza'tion, n. Act of, etc. — 
Char'acterless, a. Having no peculiar character. 

Charade, sha-rad', n. A composition describing enig- 
matically objects, expressed by each syllable of a 
word, separately, and then by the word as a whole. 
[F.; perh. akin to Sp. charrada, speech of a clown, fr. 
charro, a churl, peasant.] 

Charcoal. See under Char. 

Chard, chard, n. A variety of white beet ; blanched 
leaves of the artichoke and other vegetables. [F. 
carde, L. carduus, thistle.] 

Charge, charj, n. The person or thing committed to 
the care or management of another ; exercise of cus- 
tody or care ; office ; commission ; an earnest com- 
mand, exhortation, instruction, etc. ; whatever con- 
stitutes a burden on property ; costs ; expense, — 
usually in pi. ; account of that due from one party 
to another; imputation: accusation; that quantity, as 
of ammunition, electricity, etc., which any appara- 
tus, as a gun, battery, machine, etc., is fitted to hold; 
onset; attack; signal for attack. (Her.) A bearing 
on a field. An uncertain weight of lead, supposed 
to be 36 pigs, or 2,520 pounds. — v. t. [charged 
(charjd), charging.] To impose, as a load or burden, 
or as a task, duty, or trust ; to command, request, 
etc., earnestly; to'give instructions to; to impose as a 
tax; to place to the account of, as a debt ; to accuse 
of; to place within or upon an apparatus or machine 
the quantity it is fitted to contain ; to load ; to 
bear down upon, rush upon, fall on. — v. i. To 
make an onset. [F., a load, charger, LL. carricare, 
to load, f r. L. carrus, a car. See Car.] — Charge / '- 
able, a. Capable of being charged, imposed, or im- 
puted ; subject to be charged or accused; creating 
expense: costly ; burdensome. — Charge'ableness, n. 
—Charge 'ably, adv. — Char'ger, n. One who, etc. ; 
a large dish, — which bears a load; a horse. — used in 
charging ; war-horse. — Charge" d' Affaires, shar-zha' 
daf-far'. A diplomatic representative, to whom are 
confided affairs of his nation, in the absence of an 
ambassador. [F.] — Charga'ship, n. Office of, etc. 

Charily, etc. See under Chary. 

Chariot, char'T-ot, n. A war car or vehicle ; a one- 
seated, four-wheeled carriage. — v.t. To convey in 
a chariot. [F., fr. char, car. See Car.] — Char'i- 
otee', n. A tour-wheeled pleasure carriage with two 
seats. — Char / ioteer / ', n. A driver. 

Charity, charl-tT, n. Disposition to think favorably 
of others, and to do them good ; liberality to the 
poor; alms ; any act of benevolence ; a charitable in- 
stitution, or a gift to create and support such an in- 
stitution. [OF. charitet, f r. L. caritas, dearness, fr. 
earns, dear. See Caress.]— Sisters of Charity. (Rom. 
Cath. Church.) Communities of nuns engaged in 
works of mercy. — Charitable, a. Full of love and 
good will ; liberal to the poor ; pert, to, or springing 
from, charity ; benevolent ; indulgent : beneficent. 
— Charitableness, a. —Charitably, adv. 

Charivari, sha-re'va-re', n. A mock serenade of dis- 
cordant music. [F.] 

Charlatan, sharla-tan, n. A quack; empiric; mounte- 
bank. [F. ; It. ciarlatano, fr. ci.arlare, to prattle, 
ciarla, tittle-tattle.] — Charlatanism, -izm, -tanry, 
-rl, n. Pretension to skill: quackery. 

Charles's Wain, eharlz'ez-wan'. (Astron.) The clus- 
ter of 7 stars in the constellation Ursa Major, or 
Great Bear: the Dipper. [AS. carles-wsen, the 
churl's or farmer's wain.]_ 

Charlotte-RuBBe, sharlot-roos, n. A dish of custard 
or whipped syllabub, inclosed in cake. [F. char- 
lotte, a dish of marmalade, and Rmse, Russian.] 

Charm, charm, n. Something possessing occult power 
or influence; that which attracts irresistibly: fasci- 
nation. — v.t. [charmed (channd), charming.] To 
subdue, control, or summon by occult influence ; 



to attract irresistibly, delight exceedingly, fasci- 
nate, enchant, captivate ; to fortify with charm* 
or supernatural influences. — v. i. To act as a 
charm, please greatly. [OF. charme, an enchant- 
ment, fr. L. carmen, song, Skr. cams, to praise.] — 
Charm'er, n. One who, etc.; a magician— Charm'- 
fdl, a. Abounding with, etc. — Charm'ing, p. a. 
Bewitching; pleasurable. — Charmingly, adv. 

Charnel, char'nel, a. Containing remains of dead 
men or animals. [OF., fr. L. carnalis, carnal, fr. 
caro, flesh. See Carnage.] — Char'nel-house, n. 
A place where bones of the dead are deposited. 

Charqui, char'ke, n. In S. Amer., sun-dried beef,— 
corrupt, into jerked beef. 

Charry. See under Char. 

Chart, chart, n. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, etc., con- 
taining information arranged methodically, or tab- 
ulated; a map representing water and the adjacent 
land. — v. t. To lay down in a chart; to map. [L. 
^harta, Gr. chartes, paper. See Card.] — Charta 1 '- 
ceous, -shus, a. Resembling paper or parchment. — 
Charier, n. ( O. Eng. Law.) A deed, or conveyance. 
An instrument in writing, bestowing rights and 
privileges ; act of incorporation ; a special privilege 
or immunity. (Naut.) The letting or hiring a ves- 
sel by special contract. — v. t. [chartered (-tSrd), 
-tering.] To establish by charter; to hire or let by 
charter, as a ship. [LL. chartarium, archives.] — 
Magna Charta, mag'na-karla. The charter of 
English liberties, obtained from King John, a. d-. 
1215. [L., great charter.] — Char'ter-par'ty. -par'tT, 
n. (Com.) A conditional agreement for the hire of 
a vessel, between the owner or master and him who 
hires or freights it. [F. chartre partie. a divided 
charter, the instrument being cut in two, one part 
for each contractor.] — Chartism, -izm, n. The 
principles of a political party in Eng. who desired 
reforms set forth in a document called the People's 
Charter. — Chartl3t, n. A pa. tisan of chartism. — 
Chartography, kar-togl-a-fi, n. Cartography; map- 
making. 

Chartreuse, shar-trez', n. A Carthusian monastery in 
France; an alcoholic cordial, distilled from aromat- 
ic herbs. TF.] 

Chary, char'T, a. Not inclined to be free or liberal; 
close ; cautious. [AS. cearig, fr. ceam, care.] — 
Char'ily, -It, adv. — Char'iness^ n. 

Chase, chas, v. t. [chased (cliast), chasing.] To 

Sursue, hunt: to urge onward, drive, persecute. — n. 
[unting; pursuit; thing hunted: hunting ground. 
[OF. chacier, cachier, LL. caciare, to chase. See 
Catch.] — Chaster, re. One who, etc. (yaut.) A gun 
at the bow or stern, for use in a chase. 
Chase, chas, v. t. To engrave. [Contr. of enchase, q. v.] 

— n. The forward part of a gun from the trunnions 
to the swell of the mouth, — this part being formerly 
engraved or embossed. See Cannon. 

Chase, chas, n. (Print.) An iron frame to confine 
type, when arranged in columns or pages. [Same as 
case ; F. chasse, f r. L. cajjsa, box, case.] 

Chasible. See Chasuble. 

Chimin, kazm, n. A deep opening made by disrupture; 
a cleft; void space; gap; break. [L. and Gr. chasma. 
See Chaos.] — Chasm'y, -T, a. Full of, etc. 

Chassepot, shas'po, n. A breech-loading rifle, or 
needle-gun, — the French infantry arm. [F ; in- 
ventor's name.] 

Chasseur, shas-ser', n. (Mil.) One of a body of light 
cavalry. An attendant upon persons of raiik, wear- 
ing military plumes, etc. [F., a huntsman.] 

Chaste, chast, a. Pure from unlawful sexual inter- 
course ; virtuous ; pure from obscenity, or from bar- 
barous, affected, or extravagant expressions. [OF., 
fr. L. castas, pure.]— Chaste'ress, Chas'tity, tT-tl, 
n. — Chastely. -11, adv. — Chasten, chat a, b t- 
[-ened (-nd), -ening.] To correct by pumsnment; 
to inflict pain upon in order to reclaim, c-iastize s 
to purify from errors or faults. [OF. chastie. , castier, 
fr. L. castigare. See Castigate.] — Chast'sMier, »- 

— Chastize, chas-hz', v. t. 1-tized (-tizd / '),- , ''^iNG.) 
To chasten. [ME. chastisen. See above.]— Chas 
tisable, -tiz'a-bl, a. Deserving to be, etc. — CheW 
tisement, -tiz-ment, n— Chasti3er. -tlz'er, n. 

Chasuble, chaz'u-bl, Chasible, Cheslble, -T-bl, n- 
(Eccl.) The upper vestment of a priest in saying 
mass, having an embroidered cross on the back, and 
a pillar in front. [ME. chesible, F. chasuble, LL. 
casubula, dim. of LL. casula, a mantle, dim. of L. 
casa, house. See Cassock.] 

Chat chat, v. i. To talk lightly and f a miliarly. — n. 
Light, idle talk; prate. (Omith.) An America* 



sun, cube, full ; moon, font ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CHATEAU 



86 CHENILLE 



bird, of the warbler family.— Chat'ter, v. i. [-tehed 
Herd), -tering.] To utter inarticulate sounds re- 
sembling language; to talk idly, carelessly, or rapid- 
ly ; to jabber, prate : to make a noise by collision. 
— w. Sounds like a magpie's ; idle talk. [Onomat.] 
— Chattera'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; loquacity. — 
Chat'terer, n. A prater ; a noisy bird. — Chatter- 
box, n. An incessant talker. — Chat'ty, -tl, a. 
Conversing freely; talkative. — Chat'tiness, n. 

Chateau, sha-to', n. ; pi. -teaux, -toz'. A castle ; a 
country-seat. [F.] —Chateaux en Espagne. Castles 
in Spain, — i. e., in the air. — Chatelet, shat'e-la, n. 
A little castle. [F., dim. of chateau, chastel. See 
Castle.] — ChaVellany, -la-nl, n. Lordship or 
jurisdiction of a castellan, or governor of a castle. — 
Chat'elaine, -e-lan, n. A chain at a lady's waist-belt, 
for watch, trinkets, keys, etc. [F., lady of the cas- 
tle, — who wore keys at her girdle.} 

Chatoyant, sha-toi'ant, a. {Min.) Having a change- 
able luster, like a cat's eye in the dark. — n. A 
hard stone, as the cat's eye species of chalcedony, 
which, when polished, presents an undulating light. 



[F., p. pr. of chatoyer, fr. chat, cat.] 
battel, chaftl, n. (Law.) Any property- 
freehold, or things which are parcel of it. [ME. arid 



except 



OF. chatel, same as catel. See Capital, Cattle. 
Chatter, Chatty, Chatterbox, etc. See Chat. 
Chaud-medley, shod'med-lY, n. {Law.) The killing 

in an affray, while under the influence of passion, 

— opp. to chance-medley, killing in self-defense, or in 
a casual affray. fF. chaude meue", f r. chaud, hot, and 
meskr, meler, to mingle J 

Chauffeur, sho'fSr', n. One who manages the run- 
ning of an automobile. [F. chauffeur, lit. a stoker.] 

Chauvinism, sho'vin-izm, n. Fanatical patriotism ; 
blind adherence to an obsolete party, leader, or idea. 
[Fr. Chauvin, a character in Scribe's play, " Soldat 
Laboureur," grotesquely devoted to Napoleon I.] — 
Chau'viniat, n. A pugnacious politician. 

Chaw, chaw, v. t. [chawed (chawd), chawing.] To 
masticate, as food; to ruminate, as the cud; to re- 
volve and consider. — n. Orig., the jaw; as much as 
the mouth holds ; a chew. [Once in good use, but 
now vulgar. See Chew.] 

Cheap, c-hep, a. Bearing a low price ; of small cost ; 
of small value. [AS. ceap, price, D. koop, Ic. kaup, 
Sw. hop, a bargain ; AS. ceapian, to cheapen, buy.] 

— Cheapen, che'pn, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To 
attempt to buy, chaffer for, beat down the price of. 

— Cheap'ener, n. — Cheaply, adv. At a small price. 



Cheat, ch5t, v. t. To deceive and defraud : to trick, 
outwit, impose on. — n. An act of deception ; a 
fraud; trick; imposture; one who cheats. [Abbrev. 
of escheat, q. v.] — Cheafer, n. 

Check, chek, n. A sudden or continued restraint ; 
hindrance ; obstruction ; a mark put against items, 
in going over a list ; a token to identity a thing or 
person. {Com.) An order for money, payable on 
sight. Any counter-register used as security, as 
the correspondent cipher of a bank-note ; a kind of 
checkered cloth, as plaids, etc. (Chess.) Exposure 
of the king to the attack of an adversary's piece. 
A small chink or cleft. — v. t. [checked (chekt), 
checking.] To put restraint upon ; to hinder, re- 
press, curb; to rebuke or reprove ; to make a mark 
against, as against names, etc., in a list; to compare 
with a counterpart for correctness.— v. i. To make a 
stop, pause; to clash or interfere; to crack, as wood; 
to crack in checks, as paint, etc. [F. ichec, OF. 
eschec, meaning, in the game of chess, ' mind your 
king," fr. Per. shah, king, the principal piece in 
chess; F- dchecs, chess, escnequier, chess- or checker- 
board, also exchequer.] — Cheekier, v. t. [-ered 
(-erd), -ering.] To variegate with cross-lines ; to 
form into squares ; to diversify with different qual- 
ities, scenes, etc. — n. One who, etc. ; a piece in the 
game of draughts or checkers.— Check'er, Check'er- 
work, -werk, n. Work varied alternately as to colors 
or materials. — Check'ers, -Srz, 
Draughts, — a game played on a 
board of 64 squares of alternate 
colors. — Cheeky, Checquey, 
chek'Y, n. (Her.) A field or ar- 
morial bearing divided in check- 
ers. — Check' mate, -mat, n. The 
move in chess which renders fur- 



ther moving impossible, and ends 
the game; a complete check, de- 
feat, or overthrow. — v. t. {Chess.) 
To put (the adversary's king) in- 




Cheeky 



extricably in check. To arrest completely, termi- 
nate. [F. 6chcc et mat, G. schackmatt, fr. Per. shah 
mat, lit. the king is dead.] — Check'-roll, n. A list 
of employees. — string, n. A string by which one 
in a carriage or railroad car can call the attention of 
the driver or engineer. — Check'er-ber'ry, n. (Bot.) 
The partridge-berry; also, the wintergreen.— -board, 
n. Board for playing checkers upon. 

Cheddar, ched'der, n. A kind of cheese made at 
Cheddar, in England. 

Cheek, chek, n. The side of the face; assurance; im- 
pudence, pi. (Mech.) Pieces of a machine which 
form corresponding sides, or are similar and in pairs. 
pi. (Founding.) The middle part of a flask having 
more than two parts. [AS. ceace, D. kaak, Sw. kek, 
kak; s. rt. ./aw;, orig. chaw, .] — Cheek by jowl. In 
familiar proximity ; close. — Cheek'y, -X, a. Impu- 
dent; brazen-faced. 

Cheep. See Chirp. 

Cheer, cher, n. The countenance and its expres- 
sion; state of feeling or spirits; state of gayety or 
mirth ; provisions for a feast; entertainment ; ex- 
pression of good spirits, by shouting, acclamation, 
etc. ; applause ; encouragement. — v. t. [cheered 
(cherd), cheering.] To cause to rejoice, render 
cheerful; to infuse life, courage, hope, etc., into; 
to urge or salute by cheers. — v. i. To krow cheer- 
ful, become gladsome. [OF. chere, L£. cara, the 
face, Gr. kara, Skr. ciras, the head.] — Cheer'er, »». 

— Cheer ful, -ful, a. Having good spirits; calmly 
joyful; promoting happiness; expressing joy; lively; 
animated; sprightly. — Cheer'fully, adv. — Oheer'- 
fulness, n. — Cheerily, adv. With cheerfulness. — 
Cheer'iness, n. — Cheerlngly, adv. — Cheerless, a. 
Without joy, gladness, or comfort; gloomy; dreary. 

— Cheerlessness, n.— Cheerily, a. Gay ; not gloomy. 

— adv. In a cheerful manner; heartily. — Cheer'y, 
-T, a. In good spirits; lively; promoting, or tending 
to promote, cheerfulness. 

Cheese, chez, n. Curd of milk, separated from the 
whey, and pressed; a mass of ground apples pressed 
together. [AS. cese, cyse, f r. L. caseus?} — Chees'y, 
-T. Like cheese. — Cheese'-cake, n. A cake made 
of curds, sugar, and butter. — mite, n. A minute 
wingless insect found in cheese. — monger, -mun'- 
ger, n. A dealer in, etc. — -press, n. A press for ex- 
pelling whey from curd in making cheese. 

Cheet, chet, v. i. To chatter or chirrup. See Chirp. 

Cheetah, chela, n. The hunting leopard of India. 
[Hind. chitaJ, 

Chef-d'oeuvre, sha / doovr /r , n. ; pi. Chefs-d'oeuvre. A 
master-piece; capital work in art, literature, etc. [F.] 

Chegre. Chegoe. See Chigoe. 

Cheiloplasty, kilo-plas-ti, n. {Surg.) Operation of 
forming an artificial lip from adjacent healthy flesh. 
[Gr. cheilos, a lip, and plassein, to form.] 

Cheliform, kel'Y-fdrm, a. Having a movable joint, 
which grasDs by closing against a preceding joint 
or projecting part of it, as in a crab's claw. [Gr. 
chek, claw, and L. forma, form.] 

Chelonian, ke-lo'nT-an, a. Pert, to, or designating, 
the tortoise kind. [Gr. chelone, tortoise.] 

Chemise, she-mez', n. A shift, or under-garment, for 
females ; a wall lining an earthwork. [F., fr. LateL. 
camisia, a shirt, fr. Ar. qamis, shirt, garment of lin- 
en.] — Chemisette, shem'e-zet', n. An undergar- 
ment worn over the chemise. [F., dim. of chemise.'] 

Chemistry, kemls-trT, n. Science of the composition 
of substances and changes which they undergo. [Gr. 
chemeia. See Alchemy.] — Inorganic "hemistry. 
That which treats of inorganic or mineral substan- 
ces. — Organic c. That which treats of substances 
forming the structure of organized beings, and their 
products, whether animal or vegetable. — Practical 
or Applied c. That which treats of chemical prod- 
ucts useful in the arts or for economical purposes. 

— Pure c. That which treats of the elemental con- 
stitution of substances and their laws of combina- 
tion. — Chemist, n. One versed in, etc. — Chemlc, 
-ical, a. Pert, to, or resulting from the operations 
of the phenomena of, etc. — Chemically, adv. — 
Chemicals, -alz, n. pi. Substances producing chem- 
ical effects. — Chemlsm, -izm, n. Chemical attrac- 
tion; affinity.— Chemltype, -t-tip, n. {Engraving.) 
An impression in relief, procured by chemical pro- 
cess, which may be printed from on a printing press. 
[These words were formerly written with y or i, in- 
stead of e, in the first syllable, chymistry or chimistry, 
etc. ; and pronounced accordingly.] 

Chenille, she-neK, n. Tufted cord, of silk or worsted, 
used in ladies' dresses. [F., a caterpillar.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; odd, tone, dr ; 



CHEQUE 



CHIMERA 



Cheque, Chequer. See Check, Checker. 

Cherish, cherish, v. t. [cherished (-isht), -ishing.] 
To treat with tenderness; to hold dear, foster, com- 
fort, support. [F. cherir. fr. cher, L. cams, dear. See 
Caress.] — Cherlsher, n. 

Cheroot, she-roof, n. A kind of cigar. 

Cherry, cher'ri, n. (Bot.) A small stone-fruit, and 
the tree which bears it. A cordial composed of 
cherry-juice and spirit. — a. Of the color of, etc.; 
red. [OF. cerise, \,._ cerasus, Gr. kerasos.] 

Chersonese, kefso-nes, n. A peninsula. [Gr. cher- 
sonesos, fr. chersos x land, and nesos, island.] 

Chert, chert, n. (Min.) An impure, flint-like quartz 
orhornstone. [Celtic; Ir. ceart, pebble, Ga. can; a 
shelf of rock.] 

Cherub, chEfub, n. ; pi. CherIbs; Hch.pl. Cher'- 
UBIM. (Script.) A mysterious composite being, de- 
scribed in Ezek. i. and x. ; one of two symbolical 
figures, forming the Mercy-seat upon the Ark of the 
Covenant. One of an order of angels; a beautiful 
child, — artists having represented cherubs as_beau- 
tiful children. [Heb. ke.rub.] — Cherubic, -roo'bik, 
-bical, a. Pert, to, etc.; angelic. 

Cherup, chefup, v. i. To chirp. — v. t. To excite 
by chirping. — n. A short, sharp noise, as of a crick- 
et. See Chirp. 

Chesible. See Chasuble. 

Chess, ches, n. A game played by two persons on a 
board containing 64 squares. [Fr. Per. shah, king, — 
the principal piece. See Check.] — Chess-board, n. 
The board used in, etc. — man, re. Piece used, etc. 

Chess, ches, n. (Bot.) A kind of grass growing among 
wheat. [Per. khas, evil, weed, thistle.] 

Chest, chest, n. A box, to hold articles; the part of 
the body inclosed by the ribs and breast-bone; tho- 
rax. (Com.) A case for transporting tea, opium, 
etc; quantity such a case contains. [AS. cyste, L. 
cista, Ga. kiste, chest, box.] 

Chestnut, Chesnut, ches'nut, n. (Bot.) The fruit of 
a tree, inclosed in a prickly pericarp or bur; the tree 
itself: its timber. — a. Of the color of a chestnut; 
reddish brown. [OF. chastaigne, L. castanea, Gr. 
kastanon, fr. Castana, in Pontus.] 

Chetafe. See Cheetah. 

Cheval-de-frise, shvaf de-frez, n. ; pi. Chevaux-de- 
f E I S e , shvo'-de-f rez ; F. 
pron. shvod'frez''. (Mil.) 
A timber traversed with 
spikes, used for defense. 
[F., fr. cheval, horse, and 
Frise, Friesland.l 

Chevalier, shev-a-ler", n. A Cheval-de-frise. 
horseman ; knight ; gallant young man ; a member 
of certain orders of knighthood. [F., fr. cheval, 
horse. See Cavalier, under Cavalcade.] 

Cheveril, chev'er-il, n. Soft leather made of kid- 
skin; a yielding disposition. — a. Pliable. [OF. 
chevrel, kid, dim. of chevre, L. capra, goat.] 

Cheviot, chevl-ut, n. A rough cloth for men's wear, 
— named from the wool of sheep bred in the Cheviot 
Hills, Scotland. 

Chevisance, shev'T-zans, n. (Law.) A making of con- 
tracts; bargain; an unlawful agreement or contract. 
[OF., fr. chevir, to come to an end, perform.] 

Chevron, shevlun, n. (Her.) An honorable ordi- 
nary, representing two rafters of a house meeting 
at the top. (Mil.) Distinguishing marks on the 
sleeves of non-commissioned officers. (Arch.) A 
zigzag ornament. [F., rafter.] 

Chew, chob, v. t. [chewed (chobd), chewing.] To 
bite and grind with the teeth, masticate; to rumi- 
nate mentally, meditate. — v. i. To perform the 
action of, etc. ; to meditate. — re. Thing chewed, or 
held in the mouth at once; a cud. [AS. ceowan, D. 
kaawen, OHG. chiuwan, G. kauen, to chew.] 

Chiaro-oscuro, Chiar-oscuro. See Clare-obscure. 

Chibouque, -beuk, che-book', n. A Turkish tobacco 
pipe. [Turkish.] 

Chic, shek, n. Style; knack, —a. Stylish. [F., little.] 

Chicane, shlf-kan', n. An artful subterfuge, — esp. ap- 
plied to legal proceedings; shift; cavil; sophistry.— 
v. i. To use artifices. [F., f r. OF. chicaner, to 
wrangle, pettifog, fr. Mediaeval Gr. tzukanion, fr. 
Per. chaugan, a bat used in the game of polo.] — 
Chic&'ner, n. One who, etc.; a ca viler ; unfair dis- 
putant. — Chica'nery, -ner-Y, n. Mean or unfair ar- 
tifice, to perplex a cause ; trick: quibble. 

Chich, chich, n. A dwarf pea; chick-pea. [L. cicer.~) 

Chick, chfk, Chicken, chik'en, n. The young of fowls, 
esp. of the domestic hen; a young person. [AS. 
cu.*n, 4im. of cocc, cock.] — Chickling, n. A little 



chick. — Chick'en-heart'ed, a. Timid, —like a 
chicken. pox, n. (Med.) A mild disease of chil- 
dren, contagious and eruptive. — Chick-pea. -pe, n. 
A species of pea, used as lentils. See Chich. — 
-weed, n. A creeping weed, eaten by fowls. 

Chickadee, chik'a-de 7 , n. A bird of North America; 
the black-cap tit-mouse, — named from its note. 

Chickaree, chick'a-re', re. The Amer. red squirrel. 

Chicory, chik'o-rT, re. A plant used for adulterating 
coffee; succory; endive. [F. chicore'e,L l . cichorium, 
Gr. kichorion.} 

Chide, chid, v. t. [imp. chid or (obs.) chode; p. p. 
chid or chidden ; chiding.] To rebuke, reproach, 
blame, scold. — v. i. To find fault; to make a rough, 
clamorous, roaring noise. [AS. cidan.] — Chi'der, n. 

Chief, chef, a. Highest in rank or office; most emi- 
nent, influential, or important: principal; prime. — 
n. Head or leader; chieftain; commander; most im- 
portant person or thing. (Her.) The upper part of 
the escutcheon. [OF. chief, chef, fr. L. caput, the 
head.] — In chief. At the head. (Eng. Law.) From 
the king. — Chiefly, adv. In the first place: prin- 
cipally; above all; for the most part. — Chief baf- 
on, n. (Eng. Law.) Presiding judge of the court 
of exchequer. — -jus'tice, -tis, n. Principal judge 
of a supreme court. — Chieftain, -tin, «. The head 
of a troop, army, or clan ; leader. [OF. chevetaine, 
fr. LL. capitanus; same as captain.'] —Chief taincy, 
-sT, -tainship, n. Rank or quality of, etc. 

Chiffonier, she-fo / nT-a / ' or shif-fon-ef, n. A recepta- 
cle for rags or shreds; a movable closet; a rag-picker. 
[F., fr. chiffon, _rag.] 

Chignon, shen'yoN, n. A woman's back-hair knotted 



at the back of the head. [F., nape of the neck.] 
r, Chig'ger, Jig'ger, » 
I A 
Chilblain. See under Chill. 



Chigoe, chig'o, Chigle, -ef, Chig'ger, Jig'ger, 

flea-like insect of tropical Amer. [Sp. cliico, small.] 



Child, child, re. ; pi. Children, chifdren. A son or 
daughter; immediate progeny of human parents; a 
young person, pi. Descendants. [AS. did, D. and 
G. kind; fr. Goth, kilthei, the womb.] — To be with 
child. To be pregnant. — Chihfhood, n. State of a 
child; time in which one is a child. — Chihfish, a. 
Of, or pert, to, etc.; puerile. — Childishly, adv. — 
Childishness, re. State or qualities of, etc.; weak- 
ness of intellect. — Childless, n. Destitute of off- 
spring. — Childlessness, n. — Chihflike, a. Like, 
etc.; submissive; dutiful. — Child 'bear'ing, -barr- 
ing, n. Act of producing children. bed, -bed, n. 

State of a woman bringing forth a child, or in labor; 

parturition. birth, -berth, n. Act of bringing forth 

a child; travail ; labor. — Child's play. Trifling or 
easy work. — Chif dermasday, n. An anniversary 
(Dec. 28), in commemoration of the children slain 
by Herod; Innocents' Day. [child, yna*s. and day.] 

Childe, child, in Amer. ; child or child, in Eng., re. A 
title formerly prefixed to the oldest son's name. 

Chiliad, kill-ad, n. A thousand; esp. 1,000 years. [Gr. 
chilias.] — Chif iarch, -ark, n. The commander of 
1,000 men. [Gr. archos, leader, f r. arcliein, to lead.] — 
Chifiasm, -azm, n. The doctrine of Christ's per- 
sonal reign on earth during the millennium. — Chif - 
iast, n. A milVenarian. 

Chill, chil, a. Moderately cold; tending to cause shiv- 
ering; cool; formal; distant; depressed: dispirited. 
— n. A disagreeable sensation of coolness, with 
shivering; a check to enthusiasm or warmth of feel- 
ing; discouragement. (Metal.) A method of cast- 
ing iron, so as quickly to cool the surface; a mold in 
which to cast iron. — r. t. [chilled (child), chill- 
ing.] To strike with a chill, make chilly, affect 
with cold; to check enthusiasm, depress, discour- 
age. (Metal.) To produce, by sudden cooling, a 
change of crystallization near the surface, increas- 
ing the hardness of the metal. [AS. cyle, cele, cold- 
ness, fr. celan, to cool, fr. col, cool.] — Chilfy, -T, a. 
Moderately cold. — Chilliness, Chilf ness, n. — 
Chif Main", -blan, n. A blain on hand or foot, caused 
bv cold. — v. t. To produce chilblains upon. 

Chimb, Chime, chlm, Chine, n. Edge of a cask, formed 
by the ends of the staves. [LG. kimm, D. kim.] 

Chime, chlm, n. Harmonious sound of bells, or other 
musical instruments; a set of bells tuned to one an- 
other ; correspondence of proportion, relation, or 
sound. — i'. i. [chimed (chlmd), chiming.] To 
sound in harmonious accord ; to be in harmony ; 
correspond; to jingle, as in rhyming, — v. t. To r 
move, strike, or cause to sound in harmony. [OP. 
c.imbale, cymbale, L. cymbalum, Gr. kumbalon, cym- 
bal. See Cymbal.] — Chf mer, n. 

Chimera, kt-me'ra, n. (Myth.) A monster vomiting 



1, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CHIMNEY 



88 



CHLORINE 



flames, and having a lion's head, goat's body, and 
dragon's tail. A vain or foolish fancy. [L. chi- 
nisera, Gr. chimaira, she-goat, monster.] — Chimer- 
ical, -mSr^ik-al, a. Merely imaginary; capable of 
no existence except in thought; fantastic; delusive. 
— Chimer'ically, adv. 
Chimney, chim'hY, n. ; pi. Chim'neys, -niz. Passage 
through which smoke is carried off; a glass tube 
above a flame, to create draught and promote com- 
bustion. {Mining.) A rich spot in a lode. [OF. 
cheminie, LL. caminata, chimney, fr. L. caminus, 
hearth, forge, flue.] — Chim'ney-piece, n. A shelf 

above a Are place. pot, n. A cylinder of earthen 

ware at the top of chimneys, to prevent smoking. — 
-swal'low, n. {Ornith.) A swallow which builds in, 
etc. — sweep, -sweep'er, n. One who cleans, etc 



The African orang- 




Chimpanzee. 



ough, chin'kawf, n. {Med.) Hooping-cough, 
prop, chink-cough; chink = Scot, kink, to labor 



Chimpanzee, chim-pan'ze, 
outang, a species of mon- 
key resembling man. 

Chin, chin, n. The lower ex- 
tremity of the face, below 
the mouth. [AS. cin, chin, 
D. kin, Dan. and Sw. kin ', 
Ic. and G. kinn, OHG. 
chinni, L. gena, Gr. genus, 
cheek, Skr. hanu, jaw.] 

China, chi'na, n. A species 
of earthen ware originally 
made in China ; porcelain 

— Chi'na as'ter. (Bot.) A 
species of the Aster fam- 
ily, having large flowers. 

— C. grass. (Bot.\ An Asi- 
atic nettle, having fibers 
used for ropes, textile fabrics, etc. ; ramie. 

Chincapin, chink'a-pin, n. {Bot.) The dwarf chest- 
nut. [F. chinquapin.} 

Chinch, chinch, n. The bed-bug; an insect resem- 
bling the bed-bug in odor, destructive to grain. [Sp. 
chinche, bug, fr. L. cimex.] 

Chinchilla, chin-chiKla, n. A small rodent animal, 
having soft pearly-gray fur. [Sp.] 

Chincough, chin'kawf 

l E - 

for breath in coughing; D. kinkhoest, Sw. kikhosta, 

chmcough, fr. Sw. kikna, to gasp.] 
Chine, chin, n. The back-bone or spine of an animal; 

a piece adjoining the back-bone, cut for cooking. 

See Beef. The chimb of a cask. — v. t. To sever 

the back-bone of. [OF. eschine, spine, fr. OHG. 

skina, a needle; perh. s. rt. L. spina, a thorn, spine.] 
Chink, chink, n. A small cieft or fissure; a gap or 

crack. — v. i. To crack, open. — v.t. To open, or 

form a fissure in; to fill up the chinks of. [AS. 

emu, a chink, crack, f r. cinan, to split, crack, chap.] 

— Chink'y, -I, a. Full of chinks; gaping. 

Chink, chink, n. A clink, or sharp sound, as of metal 
struck lightly ; money ; cash. — v. t. [chinked 
(chinkt), chinking.] To cause to sound by collis- 
ion. — v. i. To make a small, sharp sound, as by 
the collision of metal. [Onomat. See Clink, Jin- 
gle.] 

Chinquapin. See Chincapin. 

Chinse, chins, v. t. {Naut.) To thrust oakum into 
the seams or chinks of. 

Chintz, chints, rc. Cotton cloth, printed in different 
colors. [Hind, chhint, spotted cotton cloth, chhinta, \ 
spot, chhintna, to sprinkle.] 

Chip, chip, v. t. [chipped (chipt), chipping.] To 
cut into small pieces. — v. i. To break or fly off in 
small pieces. — n. A piece of wood, stone, etc., sep- 
arated by a cutting instrument; fragment broken ' 
off. [E., dim. of chop ; G. and OD. kippen, OSw. 
kippa.] — Chip bon'net, Chat. Head-coverings made J 
©f wood split into filaments. 

Chipmunk, -monk, chip'munk, -muck, -muk, n. A 
squirrel-like animal; the striped squirrel. 

Chipping-bird, chip'ping-berd, n. An Amer. sparrow. 

Chirograph, ki'ro-graf, n. {Old Law.) A writing re- 
quiring a counterpart, — a charter-party ; the last 
part of a fine of land, commonly called the foot of 
the fine. [Gr. cheir, the hand (OL. Mr, hand, Skr. 
hri, to seize), and graphein, to write.]— Chirogra- 
pher, -rog'ra-fer, n. One proficient in writing.— 
Chirographic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Chirog'- 
raphist, n. A chirographer; one who tells fortunes 
by examining the hand. — Chirog / 'raphy, -ft, n. Art 
of writing ; writing done with one's own hand; 
handwriting. — ChiroPogy, -jf , n. Communication 
of thoughts by signs made by the hands and fingers; 
dactylology. [Gr. logos, speech.] — Chi'roman'cy, 



-si, n. Divination by inspection of the hand; palm- 
istry. [Gr. manteia, divination.] — Chi 'roman'cer, 
-ser, -man'tist, n. One who divines, etc. — Chiron '- 
omy, -ml, n. Gesture. [Gr. nomos, law.] — Chi'ro- 
plast, n. {Mus.) An instrument to teach fingering. 
[Gr. plassein, to shape.] — Chirop'odist, n. One who 
treats diseases of the hands and feet; esp. one who 
removes corns, warts, etc. [Gr. potts, podos, foot.] 
— Chirurgeon, -rer'jun, n. A surgeon. [F. chirur- 
gien, fr. Gr. cheir and ergein, to work.] — Chirur / '- 
gery, -jer-I, n. Surgery. 

Chirp, cherp, v. i. [chirped (cherpt\ chirping.] To 
make a short, sharp sound, as fowls, birds, crickets, 
etc., do. — v. t. To make cheerful, enliven.— n. A 
short, sharp note. [E.; onomat.; cf. D. kirren, to 
coo, OHG. kirran, to creak, L. garrire, to chatter, 
Gr. gerus, speech, Skr. gir, the voice.] — Chirp'er, 
n. — Chirrup, chTr'rup, v. t. [chirruped (-rupt), 
chirruping.] To quicken or animate by chirping; 
to cherup. — v. i. To chirp. — n. Act of chirping; 
chirp. — Chir'rupy, -T, a. Cheerful; chatty. 

Chisel, chiz'el, n. An instrument sharpened to a cut- 
ting edge, used in carpentry, joinery, sculp- 
ture, etc. —v. t. [chiseled (-eld), -eling.] To 
cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; to 
cut close, as in a bargain. [OF. cisel, L. sicili- 
cula, dim. of sicilis, sickle, f r. secare, to cut.] 

Chisleu, chis'lu, n. The 9th month of the He- 
brew year, —parts of November and Decem- 
ber. [Heb. kisleu.] 

Chisley, chiz'Ti, a. Having a large admixture 
of pebbles or gravel, — said of a soil between 
sand and clay. [AS. ceosel, gravel.] 

Chit, chit, n. The first germination of a plant; 
a shoot; sprout; a child or babe. [AS. cidh, 
shoot, sprig; s. rt. child, kith, kin.] — Chifty, 
-tY, a. Full of sprouts. — Chifchat, n. Famil--. , 
iar or trifling talk; prattle. ^msei. 

Chitine, chi'tin, n. {Chem.) A peculiar principle, 
containing nitrogen, found in the skin of insects and 
shell of crustaceans. [Gr. chiton, corselet.] — Chi'- 
tinous, -us, a. 

Chitterlings, chifter-lingz, n. pi. {Cookery.) The 
smaller intestines of swine, etc., fried for food. 
[AS. cwidh, belly.] 

Chivalry, shiv'al-rt, n. A body of knights serving on 
horseback; cavalry; the dignity or system of knight- 
hood; practice of knight-errantry; qualifications or 
character of knights. {Eng. Law.) A tenure of 
lands by knight's service. [OF. chevalerie, horse- 
manship, knighthood, fr. cheval, horse. See Caval- 
cade.]— Chiv'alric, -alrous, -rus, a. Pert, to, etc.} 
gallant. — Chiv'alrously, adv. 

Chives. See Cives. 

Chlorine, klo'rin, n. {Chem.) A heavy gas of green- 
ish color, — a constituent of common salt. [Gr. 
chloros, pale green, fr. chloe, verdure, grass, Skr. 
hari, green, yellow.] — Chlo'ric, a. Pert, to, or ob- 
tained fr., etc. — Chlo'i-ate, n. A salt formed by 
the union of chloric acid with a base. — Chlo'ride, 
-rid, n. A compound of chlorine with another ele- 
ment. — Chloride of lime. A combination of lime 
and chlorine, used in bleaching and disinfecting. — 
Chlorid'ic, a. Pert, to a chloride. — Chlo'riaize, 
-iz, -idate, -at, v. t. To treat with a chloride ; esp. 
C Phot. ) To cover a plate with chloride of silver. — 
Chlo'rous, -rus, a. Electro-negative; noting an acid 
containing equal parts of chlorine and oxygen.— 
Chlorina^tion, n. A process for extracting gold by 
exposing auriferous material to chlorine gas. — 
Chlo/ral, n. A liquid compound of chlorine, car- 
bon, hydrogen, and oxygen, obtained by the action 
of chlorine upon alcohol. [Fr. chlor{ine) and al- 
cohol).']— Chloral hydrate. A compound of chloral 
with water, — used as a hypnotic. — Chlo'ralism, 
-izm, n. A morbid condition, from excessive use of 
chloral.— ChloraPum, n. An impure solution of 
chloride of alumina, — antiseptic and disinfectant. 
— Chlo'rodyne, -din, n. An anodyne medicine 
containing chloroform, opium, etc. — Chlo'roform, 
n. A volatile compound of carbon, hydrogen, and 
chlorine,— an important but dangerous anaesthetic 
agent. — v. t. To treat with, or place tinder the in- 
fluence of, etc. [Fr. chlor{ine) and form{yl), fr. L. 
formica, an ant, formic acid having been originally 
obtained fr. red ants.] — Chloronreter, n. An in- 
strument for testing the strength of chloride of lime. 
[Gr. metron, measure.] — Chlorom / 'etry, n. Act of 
testing, etc. — Chlo'rophyl, -til, n. {Bot.) The green , 
coloring matter of plants. [Gr. phullon, a leaf.] — 
Chloro'sis, -ro'sis, n. {Med.) Green sickness, — a 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, te"rm 



Ice . Odd, t5ne, 6r; 



CHOCK 



89 



CHRIST 



disease of young females. (Bot.) A disease in 
plants, giving them a pale hue. 

Chock, chok, v. t. To stop or fasten as with a wedge, 
block, etc. — v. i. To fill up, as a cavity. — re. Some- 
thing to confine a cask, etc., by fitting into the space 
around or beneath it. [See Choke.]— Chock'-full, 
-fill, a. Completely full. 

Chock, chok, v. i. To encounter. — n. An encounter. 
[F. choc, a shock. See Shock.] 

Chocolate, chok'o-lat, n. A paste made from the seeds 
of the Theobroma cacao ; the beverage made by dis- 
solving chocolate-paste in boiling water. [Sp., fr. 
Mexican chocolatl.] 

Chogset, chog'set, n. An edible salt-water fish; the 
burgall, Conner, or blue perch. 

Choice. See under Choose. 

Choir, Quire, kwlr, n. An organized company of 
singers. (Arch.) The part of a church appropri- 
ated to the singers ; the chancel. The corporate 
body of a cathedral. [OF. ckoeur, fr. L. chorus, Gr. 
choros, band of singers.] — Chorus, ko'rus, n. Orig. 
a dance in a ring, round dance; a dance with sing- 
ing, band of singers and dancers; that which is sung 
hy, etc.; part of a song in which the company join 
the singer. — Cho'ral, a. Pert, to a choir; sung in 
chorus, — n. (Mus.) A hymn-tune. — Cho'rally, 
adv. — Choragic, -raj'ik, a. Pert, to a choragus, — 
the leader of a musical entertainment. [Gr. cho- 
ragos.] — Cho'rist, re. A singer in a choir. — Chor- 
ister, k5r'is-ter,n. One of a choir; a singer in a con- 
cert; a leader of a choir. 

Cheke. chok, v. t. [choked (chokt), choking.] To ren- 
der unable to breathe; to stifle, suffocate, strangle; 
to obstruct by filling up or clogging; to hinder or 
check. — v. i. To have the windpipe stopped; to be 
checked, as if by choking. [E.; Ic. koka, to gulp, 
kok, the gullet; s. rt. cough.'] — Chok'er, n. One who, 
or that which, chokes or puts to silence; that which 
cannot be answered; a collar or cravat. — Chok'y, 
-T, a. Tending to, etc. — Choke'-full, a. Full to 
choking, quite full. [See Chock-full.] — Choke'- 
cher'ry, -cher'rT, n. (Bot.) A species of wild cherry, 
and its astringent fruit. — damp, n. Carbonic acid 
gas accumulated in wells, mines, etc., — destructive 
of life by preventing respiration. — pear, -p&r, n. 
A kind of pear having a rough, astringent taste. 

Choler , kol'er, n. The bile, — formerly supposed to 
be the seat of irascibility: irritation of the passions; 
anger; wrath. [L. and Gr. cholera, bile, a bilious 
complaint, fr. Gr. chole, bile, cholos, bile, wrath, 
anger; s. rt. L. fel, E. gall.] — Chol'era, -er-a, n. 
(Med.) A disease characterized by bilious vomiting 
and purging, and by spasms in the legs and arms. — 
Cholera morbus. A milder form of the disease. — 
Chol'ic, Cholin'ic, a. Pert, to the bile. — ChoKeric, 
o. Abounding with choler, or bile; irascible; angry. 
— Chol'ericly, adv. — Chol'erine, -er-in, n. (Med.) 
The precursory symptoms of cholera; the first stage 
of epidemic cholera. — Choles'terine, -ter-in, n. 
(Chem.) A fatty substance, resembling spermaceti, 
found in the bile and biliary concretions. [F., fr. 
Gr. chole and stear, stiff fat.] — Cholesteric, -les'ter- 
ik or -les-tgr'ik, a. Pert, to, or obtained fr. choles- 
terine.— Chol'ochrome, -krom, n. The coloring mat- 
ter of the bile. [Gr. chroma, color.] 

Chomer, cho'mer, n. A Hebrew measure. [See 
Homer.]_ 

Choose, chooz, v. t. [imp. chose (choz); p.p. chosen 
or chose; choosing.] To make choice of, prefer, 
elect. — v.i. To make a selection, prefer; to have 
the power of choice. JAS. ceosan, D. kiezen, Ic. 
kjosa, to choose, Skr. jush, to enjoy; s. rt. gust.] — 
Choos'er, n. — Choice, chois, n. Act or power of 
choosing; election; option; preference; care in, etc., 
discrimination ; thing chosen; best or preferable 
part. —a. Worthy of being, etc.; selected with care; 
uncommon; rare. [OF. chois. a choice, fr. choisir, to 
choose.] — Choice'ly, adv. With care in choosing; 
excellently. — Chojce'ness, n. 

Chop, chop, v. t. [chopped (chopt), chopping.] To 
cut into pieces; to mince; to sever by blows; to seize 
or devour greedily. — v.i. To come upon or seize 
suddenly. — n. Act of chopping; a stroke; piece 
chopped off, esp. a piece of meat. [OD. konpen, to 
cut off, behead, Sw. kappa, G. happen, LL. coppare, 
Gr. koptein, to cut.] — Chop'per, n. One who or 
that which, etc. — Chop 'house, n. An eating-house 
■where chops, etc., are sold. — stick, n. A Chinese 
eating implement. 

Chop, chop, v. t. To barter, exchange; to gire back 
and forth, bandy.— v. i. To wrangle, altercate, 



dispute. (Naut.) To veer or shift suddenly. [Same 
as cheap, cheapen ; D. hoo/ien, to buy, barter.] 
Chop, chop, n. Quality; brand; a permit or clearance. 

Chops, Chop-fallen, etc. See under Chap. 

Chopin, chop'in, n. A high patten formerly worn by 
ladies ; a Scottish liquid measure, containing a quart. 
[G. schoppen, a liquid measure, orig. a scoop, fr. 
schopfen, to scoop.] 

Choral. Chorister, Chorus, etc. See under Choir. 

Chord, k6rd, n. String of a musical instrument. (Mus.) 
A harmonious combination of tones simultaneous- 
ly performed. (Geom.) A right line, uniting the 
extremities of the arc of a circle. See Segment. — 
v. t. To provide with musical chords or strings. [L. 
chorda, Gr. chord e; same as cord.] 

Chore, clior, n. A small job. pi. Jobs about the house, 
barn, etc., to be attended to at set times. [See 
Char.] 

Chorea, ko-re'a, n. (Med.) St. Vitus's dance; a dis- 
ease attended with irregular movements of the vol- 
untary muscles. [Gr. choreia, dance.] 

Choree, ko-re', n. (Anc. Pros.) A trochee, or foot of 
2 syllables, the 1st long and the 2d short; a tribrach, 
or foot of 3 short syllables. [Gr. cJioreios, pert, to a 
chorus. See Choir.] — Choriamb, ko'rl-amb, n. 
(Anc. Pros.) A foot of 4 syllables, the first and last 
long, the others short ; that is, a choree and iambus 
united. [Gr. choriambos ; iaml os, iambus.] — Chori- 
am'bic, n. A choriamb. — a. Pert, to, etc. 

Chorion, ko'rl-on, n. (Anat.) The exterior mem- 
brane investing the fetus in the womb. (Bot.) The 
outer membrane of seeds. [Gr., skin.] — Cho'roid, 
n. (Anat.) The second coat of the eye. See Eye. 

— a. Pert, to, etc. [Gr. eidos, form. J 
Chorography, ko-rog'ra-fl, n. Art of making a map 

or description of a region or country. [Gr. choros, 
place, and graphein, to describe.] — Chorog'rapher, 
n. — Chorographical, -graf Ik-al, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Chose, shoz, n. (Law.) A thing; personal property. 
[F., fr. L. causa, cause.] — Chose in action. A thing 
to which one has a right, but not possession. 

Chose, Chosen. See Choose. 

Chough, chuf, n. A bird of the crow family. [AS. 
ceo ; D. kaauw, Dan. kaa, Sw. kaja; onomat.] 

Chouse, chows, v. t. [choused (chowst), chousing.] 
To cheat, trick, defraud. — n. One easily cheated; 
a tool; gull: a trick; a sham: imposition. [Fr. a 
Turk, chiaous (interpreter), who perpetrated a no- 
torious swindle in London, in 1009.] 

Chowchow, chow'chow, a. Of several kinds mingled; 
mixed, —n. A kind of mixed pickles. [Chin.] 

Chowder, chow'der, n. A dish of fish, pork, biscuit, 
onions, etc., stewed, —v. t. To make into, etc. 

Chrestomathy, kres-tom'a-thT:, n. A selection of pas- 
sages, used in acquiring a language. [Gr. chrestos, 
useful, and mathein, to learn.] 

Chrism, krizm, n. ( Gr. & Bom. Cath. Churches.) Oil 
consecrated by the bishop, formerly 
used in baptism, confirmation, ordina- 
tion, and extreme unction. [L. and 
Gr. chrisma, fr. Gr. chriein, to anoint.] 

— Chris'mal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Chris- 
ma'tion, n. Act of applying, etc. — 

. Chris 'matory, -to-rT, n. A vessel to 
hold the chrism. — Chris r om, -um, a. 
Anointed with, etc. — n. A white ves- 
ture, so anointed, put on a child at 
baptism or on a dead infant. 

Christ, krist, n. The Anointed, — an . 
appellation of the Savior, synonymous ^nrisma- 
with Heb. Messiah. [L. christus, Gr. torv - 
christos, fr. chriein, to anoint.] — Christen, kris'n, 
v. t. [christened (-nd), -ening.] To baptize ; to 
give a name, denominate. [AS. cristnian, fr. oris- 
ten, a Christian.] — Christendom, kris'n-dum, n. 
That portion of the world in which Christianity 
prevails, opp. to heathen or Mohammedan lands ; 
the whole body of Christians. [AS. cristendom.] — 
Christian, kris'chun, n. A believer in the religion 
of Christ ; one born in a Christian country, or of 
Christian parents ; a Danish gold coin, worth $4. — 
a. Pert, to Christ or his religion; professing Chris- 
tianity ; pert, to the church ; ecclesiastical.— Chris- 
tian name. The name given in baptism, — opp. to 
the family name, or surname. — Christian, krisf- 
yan, n. One of a sect of Baptists, called Disciples of 
Christ. — Christianity, kris-chl-an'r-tt, n. The re- 
ligion of Christians; system of doctrines and pre- 
cepts taught by Christ. — Chris tianiz&'tion, -chun- 
Y-za r shun, n. Conversion to Christianity. — Chri« / '» 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbow, chair, get 



CHROMATIC 



90 CICERONE 



taamze, -chun-iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To 
make Christian, convert to Christianity, imbue with 
Christian principles. — Chris'tianly, adv. In a 
Christian manner. — Christian science, -si 'ens. A 
system of healing disease of mind and body which 
teaches that all cause and effect is mental, and that 
sin, sickness, and death will be destroyed hy a full 
understanding of the Divine Principle of Jesus' 
teaching and healing. The system was founded by 
Rev. Mary Baker Eddy, of Concord, N. H., in 1866, 
and bases its teaching on the Scriptures as under- 
stood by its adherents. — Christian scientist, -si'en- 
tist. A believer in Christian science; one who prac- 
tice* its teachings. — ChriBtless, krist'-, a. Having 
no faith in Christ. — Christmas, kris'mas, re. The 
festival of Christ's nativity, Dec. 25th. — Christ'- 
mas-box, re. A box in which presents are put at 

Christmas ; a Christmas present. tree, re. An 

evergreen tree, illuminated and hung with presents 
and. decorations at Christmas. — ChristoKogy, -ft, re. 
A treatise concerning Christ; doctrine of the Scrip- 
tures respecting Christ. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 
Chromatic, kro-matlk, a. Relating to color. (Mus.) 
Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half-steps or 
semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular inter- 
vals of the diatonic scale. [Gr. chromatikos, suited 
for color, fr. chroma, color.] — Chromatic scale. 
(Mm.) The scale consisting of 13 tones, including 8 
scale-tones and 5 intermediate tones, — the interme- 
diate tones having formerly been printed in colors. 

— Chromatics, n. Science of colors. — Chro / mc- 
litnoglaphy, re. Lithography adapted for print- 
ing in oil colors. [Gr. bthos, stone, and graphein, 
to engrave.] — Chromo-lith'ograph, Chro'mo, ». A 
lithographic picture in oil colors. 

Chrome, krom, Chromium, kro'mT-um, re. A hard, 
brittle, grayish-white metal, difficult of fusion. [Gr. 
chroma, color, — its compounds having many beau- 
tiful colore.] — Chro'mic, a. Pert, to, or obtained 
fr., etc. — Chro'mate, n. (Chem.) A salt obtained 
by the union of chromic aeid with a base. 

Chronic, kronlk, -ical, a. Pert, or according to time; 
continuing for a long time. [Gr. chrordkos, fr. chro- 
nos, time,]— Chronicle, kron'T-kl, re. A register of 
events in the order of time; a history ; record, pi. 
Two books of the Old Testament. — v. t. [chron- 
icled (-kid), -cling.] To record in history; regis- 
ter. [Gr. chronica, annals.] — Chronicler, n. A 
writer of, etc. — Chron'ograph, -graf ; re. An instru- 
ment to record time in astronomical and other 
observations. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Chronol- 
ogy* -j*j »• Science of computing time by periods, 
and assigning to events their proper date6. [Gr. logos, 
discourse.] — Chronol'oger, -ogist, re. One skilled 
in, etc. — Chronologic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. ; ac- 
cording to the order of time. — Chronologically, 
adv. — Chronometer, re. A time-keeper, esp. if 
portable and very accurate. [Gr. metron, measure.] 

— Chronomet'ric, -rical, a. — Chronom , etry, -tri, n. 
Art of measuring time. 

Chrysalid, kria'a-lid, Chryg'alis, ». ; pi- Chrysal- 
ides, -salT-dez. A form into which the caterpillar 
or larve of butterflies, moths, and some other in- 
sects, passes, and from which the perfect insect 
emerges. — a. Pert, to, or resembling, etc [Gr. 
chrusallis, the gold-colored sheath of butterflies, f r. 
chrvsos, gold.] — Chrysanthemum, -anlhe-mum, re. 
(Bot.) A genus of composite plants, including the 
sun-flower, marigold, etc. [L., fr. Gr. chrusanthe- 
mon; anthemon, flower.]— Chrys'oberyl, -bgr-il, re. 
(Min.) A yellowish-green gem, consisting of alu- 
mina and glucina. [L. chryxoberyllus ; Gr. beruttos, 
beryl.] — Chrys'olita, -lit, re. (Min.) A greenish 
mineral, composed of silica, magnesia, and iron. 
[L. chrysolithus ; Gr. lithos, stone.]— Chrys / oprase, 
-praz, re. (Min.) A kind of massive quartz, of a 
grayish or leek-green color. [Gr. prason, a leek.] 

Chubb, chub, re. A thick, fresh-water fish of the carp 
family. [Dan. kobbe, a seal (animal), Prov. S"w. kvb- 
bug, chubby, plump.] — Chub'bed, -by, -bT, a. Like 
achub; plump, short, and thick. — ChuVbiness, re. 

Chuck, chuk, v. %. To make a noise like a hen calling 
her chickens ; to cluck, laugh mockingly, — in a 
broken, convulsive manner. — v. t. To call, as a hen. 

— re. Call of a hen; a sudden small noise; word of 
endearment. [Onomat. ; same as chick.'] 

Chuck, chuk, v. t. [chucked (chukt), chucking.] 
To strike gently; to throw, with quick motion, a 
short distance; to pitch. (Mech.) To place in, or 
hold by means of, a chuck. — re. A slight blow un- 
der the chin. (Mach.) A contrivance fixed to the 



mandril of a turning-lathe to hold the material to 
be operated upon. fF. cliaquer, to give a shock, D. 
schokken, to jolt, shake, schok, a bounce, jolt: s. rt. 
shake, shock.) — Chuck'-far'thing, -fiir'thing, re. A 
play in which a coin is pitched into a hole. 

Chuckle, chukl, v. t. [chuckled (chukld), chuck- 
ling.] To call, as a hen her chickens; to cluck; to 
fondle, cocker. — it. A short, suppressed laugh of 
exultation or derision. —v. i. To laugh in a sup- 
pressed or broken manner. [Freq. of choke.] — 
Chuckle-head, n. A numbskull; dunce. 

Chuff, ehuf, n. A coarse, dull, or surly fellow ; a 
clown. [Perh. fr. W. cuff, stock, stump.] — Chuff'y, 
-T, a. Fat or swelled out, esp. in the cheeks ; surly ; 
rude ; clownish. — Chufflly, -T-lT, aalv. 

Chum, chum, re. A chamber-fellow, esp. in a college. 

— v. i. To occupy a chamber with another. [Perh. 
fr. AS. cuma, a guest; perh. contr. of F. camarade, a 
comrade, chamber-fellow, fr. L. camera, chamber.] 

Chunk, chunk, re. A short, thick piece of anything. 
[Ic kumbr, a log, fr. kubba, to chop; s. rt. clwp, chvlj.] 

— Chunck'y, -t, a. Short and thick. 

Church, chereh, re. A building for Christian worship; 
a body of Christian believers worshiping together, 
or having the same rites and ecclesiastical authority; 
the collective body of Christians; ecclesiastical in- 
fluence, authority, etc.— v. t. [churched (chSrcht), 
churching.] To unite with in publicly returning 
thanks in church, as after childbirth. [AS. cyrice, 
circe, D. kerk, Dan. kirke, G. kirche, Scot, kirk, lr. 
Gr. kuriakon, a church, lr. kurios, the Lord, fr. 
kuros, might.] — Churchly, -It, a. Pert, to, etc.; 
fond of church services ; attaching importance to 
ecclesiastical decrees, etc. — Church'y, -T, a. Char- 
acteristic of, etc. ; fond of church forms. — Church '- 
man. tu; pi. -men. An ecclesiastic or clergyman; 
an Episcopalian, as disting. f r. other Protestants. — 
Church'manship, re. State of being, etc. — Church'- 
ward'en, -wawrd'n, re. An officer charged with the 
pecuniary interests of achurch or parish. — Churcb'- 
yard, re. Ground adjoining a church, in which the 
dead are buried ; a cemetery. 

Churl, cherl, re. A rustic; a countryman or laborer! 
a rough, surly, ill-bred man; one illiberal or miserly; 
a niggard. [AS. ceorl, Ic, Dan., Sw., and G. karl, 
man, Scot, carle, 1). karel, fellow.] — Churlish a. 
Like a churl; narrow-minded; surly. — Churlishly, 
adv. — Churl'iBhness, re. 

Churn, chern, re. A vessel in which cream is shaken, 
to separate the butter from other parts. — v. t. 
[churned (churnd), churning.] To agitate, in 
order to make butter: to shake violently. — v. i. To 
agitate cream, etc. [Ic. kinia, a churn, D. and G. 
kernen, to churn, fr. Ic. kjarna, J), kern, pith, mar- 
row; s. rt. corn, kernel.] — Cburn'ing, re. Quantity 
of butter_made at once. 

Chute, shoot, re. A rapid descent in a river; an open- 
ing in a dam for descent of logs, etc. ; a shoot, a fun- 
nel or slide for loading or unloading grain, coal, etc; 
flume; penstock. [F., fr. L. cadere, to fall.] 

Chyle, kil, re. (Physiol.) A milky fluid, derived from 
chyme, and entering the circulation by the lacteal 



vessels. [F., fr. Gr. chvlos. juice, fr. cheem, to pour; 

s«.] — Chylifadion, n. Actor process by 

which chyle is formed. — Cbylifae'tive, -tiv, Chyll- 



fica'tory, a. Forming into chyle. — Chylifica'tic 
re. Formation of chyle by digestive processes. — 
Chyl'ous, -lus, a. Consisting, or partaking of chyle. 

Chyme, klm, re. (Physiol.) The pulp formed by food 
in the stomach, mixed with the gastric secretions. 
[Gr. chumo*, juice, fr. clieein, to pour.] — Chymifica- 
tion, klm'T-f r-ka'shun, re. Process of becoming 
chyme. — Chymlfy, -ii, v. t. To form into chyme. 
— Chymous, klm' , us, a. Pert, to chyme. 

Qhymistry, etc. See Chemistry. 

Cicada, si-ka'da, re. ; pi. -d.e, -de. (Entom.) A hem- 
ipterous insect, the male of which makes a shrill, 
grating sound; the harvest fly, q. v. [L.] 

Cicatrice, sik'a-tris, re. A scar remaining after a 
wound is healed. [F.] — Cicatrix, sT-kalrike, n. ; 
pi. Cicatrices, sik-a-tri'sez. Same as Cicatricb. 
[L.] — Cic'atrize, -triz, v. t. [-teized (-trizd), -tri- 
zing.] To heal and induce the formation of a cica- 
trice in. — r. i. To heal or be healed. — CiCatrfcza'- 
tion, re. Process of, etc. 

Cicero, sis'e-ro, re. (Print.) The name, esp. among 
French printers, for a type the size of small pica, — 
used in an early edition of the works of Cicero. 

Cicerone, che-cha-ro r ne or sis'e-ro'ne, re. One who 
shows strangers the curiosities of a place. [It., same 
as L. Cicero] — Ciceronian, sis-e-ro'ni-an, a. Re- 



am, fame, far, paee or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 9dd, tone, dr ; 



CICISBEO 



1)1 



CIRCUMAMBIENT 



tumbling Cicero in style or action. — Cicero'nian- 
ism. -izin, n. Imitation or resemblance of, etc.; a 
Ciceronian expression. 

Ciciabeo, che'chis-ba'o or se-sis'be-o, n. The professed 
gallant of a married woman. [It.] 

Cider, si'der, n. A drink made from the juice of ap- 
ples. [F. cidre, cider, fr. L. sicera, Heb. shekar, 
strong drink, Heb. shahar, to be intoxicated.] — Ci r - 
derkin, n. A liquor made from the refuse of apples 
arter the juice is pressed out for cider. 

Ci^levant, sed-vox', a. Former: previous. [F.] 

Cigar, st-gar', n. A roll of tobacco, for smoking. [Sp. 
cigarro; orig. a kind of tobacco in Cuba.] — Cigar- 
ette', -et', n. A little cigar; tobacco rolled in paper 
for smoking. 

Cilia, ail't-a, n. pi. The hair of the evelids; liairs on 
the margin of any body. [L.] — Cil'iary. -a-rT, a. 
Pert, to the eyelashes, or to liairs or hair-like ap- 
pendages in animals or vegetables. — CU'late. -ated. 
a. (Bot.) Furnished with filaments resembling , 
eyelashes. (Anat.) Covered with filaments en- j 
dowed with vibratory motion. 

Cilicious, st-lish'us. a. Made, or consisting, of hair. 
[L. cilicium, a covering, orig. made of goat's hair, 
fr. Cilicia, in Asia Minor.] 

Cima. si'ma, n. A kind of molding. See Cyma. 

Cimeter, sim'e-ter, n. A short sword with a recurv- 
ated point, used by Persians and Turks. [Written j 
also scimetar, scgmetar, and scimiter.'] [F. ciiueterre, I 
It. scimit-arra, prob. corrup. of Pers. shamshir, cim- j 
eter, lit. lion's claw, f r. sham, nail, and sher, Hon.] I 

Cimmerian, sim-me'rl-an, a. Pert, to the Cimmerii, 
a fabulous people said to have dwelt in dark caves: 
intensely dark. 

Cinchona, sin-ko'na, n. (Bot.) A genus of trees of j 
the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, produ- [ 
eing a medicinal bark, known as Peruvian or Jes- j 
uit's bark ; the bark itself. [Perh. fr. the Countess 
of Cinchon, cured by the bark in 1638. 

Cincture, sink'cher, n. A belt ; girdle ; that which 
encompasses; inclosure. (Arch.) A ring at the top 
and bottom of a column, separating the shaft from 
the base and from the capital. [L. cinctura, fr. 
cingere, cinctum, to gird; Skr. kanchi, girdle.] 

Cinder, sin'der, n, A small particle remaining after 
combustion : small coal, with ashes ; ember ; scale 
thrown off in forging metal. [AS. sinder, fr. sun- 
drian, to separate; not fr. F. cendre, L. cinis, ashes.! 

Cinematograph, sin'e-niat'o-graf. Amachine for tak- 
ing successive photographs of moving objects; also, 
one for producing, by the rapidly successive pro- 
jection of such pictures upon a screen, the effect of 
an animated scene. [Gr. kinema, motion -+- gra- 
phein, to write.] 

Cinerary, sin'er-a-rT, a. Pert, to, or containing ashes, j 
[L. dnerarius, fr. cinis, ashes, Gr. konis, dust, Skr. i 
kana, a grain, powder.] — Cinera'tion, n. Reduction 
of anythingto ashes by combustion. — Cineri'tious, 
-ish'us. a. Having the color or consistence of ashes. 

Cinnabar, sin'na-bar, n. Red sulphuret of mercury 
or quicksilver ; vermilion. [LateL. cinnaharis, Gr. 
kinnabari, Per. zinjarf] 

Cinnamon, sin'na-nion, n. The inner bark of a tree, 
of Ceylon, aromatic and of a pungent taste. [L. L 
cimuxriwmwn, Gr. kinamooion, fr. Heb. qinnamonT] L 

Cinque, sink, 7j. The number .5 upon dice or cards. 
[F. cinq, L. guingue, five.] — Cinque 'foil, n. (Bot.) j 
A plant having leaves resembling the fingers of the 
hand. (^IrcA.) An ornamental foliation having 5 i 
points or cusps. [Foil = F.feuille, 1,. folium, leaf.] 

Cion, Scion, si'un, n. A young shoot or sprout of a | 
plant. [F. scion, OF. cion, fr. F. scier, L. secare. to ] 
cut ; s. rt. section, scissors, saw, etc.] 



id-f ] 

in, x / 



Cipher, si'fer, n. (Arith.) A character [0] which, 
standing by itself, expresses nothing, but when 
placed at the right hand of a whole number, in- 



creases its value tenfold 
person of no worth 



l ; a combi- /[ s~\ 

; the initials / — ^/ l\/ /r) 

natical char- ( A/1X /\J 

lphabet for ^\\]\ 
f secrets. — 111 

(-ferd), Ci- 1 J 



nation of letters, as 
of a name; an enigmatical 
icter ; a private alphabet 
safe transmission of 
v. i. [ciphered 
phering.] To practice arith- 
metic. — v. t. To write in oc- ^ipner. 
cult characters ; to represent. [F. chiffre, OF. cifre, 
fr. Ar. s\fr ; same as zero.'] 

Circean, ser-se'an, a. Pert, to Circe, a fabled en- 
chantress ; magioal ; noxious. 

Circensial, -elan. See under Circus. 

Circle, sSr'Td, a- A plane figure, bounded by a curve 



line caHed its circumference, every part of 
which is equally distant from 'a point 
within it called the center ; the line boun " 
ing such a figure ; a circumference. (As 
tron.) An instrument of observation, 
whose graduated limb consists of an entire C lrcle. 
circle. A round body ; sphere ; orb ; compa^ -, cir- 
cuit; a company assembled about a central point of 
interest : a coterie; a series ending where it begins ; 
a form of argument in which unproved statements 
are used to prove each other : a province or princi- 
pality. —r. r. [circled (-kid), circling.] To re- 
volve around; to encompass, inclose. — v. i. To 
move circularly. [L. circulus, a circle, dim. of cir- 
cus, a ring.] — Circle of perpetual apparition. At 
any given place, the boundary of that space around 
the elevated pole, within which the stars never set. 

— C. of perpetual otxultation. Boundary of that 
space around the depressed pole, within which the 
stars never rise. — Great c. A circle whose plane 
passes through the center of the sphere, dividing it 
into two equal parts. — Lesser c. One whose plane 
does not pass through the center ol the sphere, di- 
viding it into unequal parts. — Hour c. A great 
circle of the celestial sphere. — Dress c. The lowest 
gallery in a theater. — Family c. The gaLery above 
the dress circle. — Cir'clet, -klet, n. A little circle, 
as of gold, etc. ; a round body; orb. — Cir'cular, 
-ku-lar, a. Pert, to a circle; round: repeating itself ; 
illogical : inconclusive ; adhering to a fixed circle of 
legends; cyclic ; mean ; address to a number of per- 
sons having a common interest.—?;. A circular letter, 
copies of which are sent to variou> persons. — Circu- 
lar nunibers. (Arith.) Those whose powers terminate 
in the same digit* as the roots. —C. sailing. (Xaut.) 
The method of sailing by the arc of a great circle. 

f— Circularity, -lfir'T-tl. n. State of being, etc. — 
CiT'cularly, adv. — Cir'eulate, -lat, v. i. To move 
in a circle : to pass round : to pass from place to 
place, hand to hand, etc. — v. t. To cause to pass, 
etc. ; to diffuse ; disseminate. — Cir'culable, -la-bl, 
a. Capable of being, etc. — Circula'tion. n. Act of, 
etc.: currency; circulating coin, bills, etc ; extent to 
which anything circulates. — Cir'culator, -ter, n. — 
Cir'culatory, -rl, a. Circular; circulating. 

Circuit, ser'kit, n. Act of moving or revolving 
around ; a journeying from place to" place in the ex- 
ercise of one's calling : region passed over in such a 
journey, esp. that over which jurisdiction, as of a 
judge, etc., extends: that which enciicles anything, 
as a crown ; distance around any «pnce ; space in- 
closed within a circle, or within certain limits.— r t. 
To move or make to go round. [F., fr. L. drcuire, 
-Hum, fr. circum, around, and ire-, to go.] — Circui- 
tous, -ku'T-tus, a. Goin? round ia a circuit ; in- 
direct. — Circu'itously. adv. 

Circumambient. ser-knm-am''bT-ent, a. Surrounding: 
inclosing on all sides. [L. circum, around, about 
(oris. ace. of circus, circle), and ambire, to go round.] 

— Circumam / 'bulate,-lat, r. ;'. To walk round about. 
[L. ambidare, to walk.] — Circumam / bula''tian, n. 
Act of, etc. — Circumbend'"ibuB, n. A eircuitous 
route. [Vulgar.] — Cir'cumcise, -siz, v. t. [-cised 
(-sizd), -CISIXG.] To cut off the foreskin of, in the 
case of males, or the internal labia, in females. 
(Script.) To render holy. [L. circumcidere, fr. 
csedere, to cut.] — Cir'cumciser. n. — Circumcis- 

' ion, -sizh'un, n. Act of, etc. (Script.) Rejection 
of the sins of the flesh : spiritual purification ; the 
Jews, as disting. fr. uncircumcised races. — Circum- 
clusion. -klu , zhun. n. Act of inclosing on all sides. 
[L. claudere, to shut.] — Circumduct, -dukf, j - . t. 
To lead about or astray. (Lav.) To contravene : 
nullify. [L. ducere, ductum, to lead.] — Circumduc'- 
tion, n. A leading about, an annullins. — Circam''- 
ference, -fer-ens, n. The line that encompasses a cir- 
cular figure ; periphery : space included in a circle; 
anything circular ; external surface of a sphere or 
orbicular body. [L./erre, to bear.] — Circum / feren / '- 
tial, -shal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Circum'ferem'tor, -ter. 
n. A surveyors' instrument for taking horizontal 
angles and bearings. — Gir'cumflex, n. A wave of 
the voice embracing both a rise and fall on the same 
syllable: a character, or accent, denoting in Greek a 
rise and fall of the voice on the same long syllable, 
marked thus [». or -*]; and in Latin and some other 
languages, a long and contracted syllable, marked 
[ «].— v. t. To mark or pronounce with a circum- 
flex. [L. fl£ctere,flerum, to bend.] — Circum / 'ftuent. 
-fluous. -floo-us, a. Flowing around : surrounding in 
the manner of a fluid. ['L.fluere. to flow.] — Circum- 



stin, eube, full ; moon, f 6"6t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. 



CIRCUS 



92 



CIVET 



fuse, -fuz', v. t. To pour round, spread round. [L- 
fundere, fusum, to pour.] — Circumfusion, -lu'zhun, 
re. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Cir'cumgyra''- 
tion, -jl-ra'shun, re. Act of turning or whirling 
round. [L. gyrure, to turn around.] — Circumja'- 
cent, -sent, a. Lying around ; bordering on every 
side. [L.jacens, p. pr. of jacere, to lie.] — Cir'cum- 
locu'tion, -ku'shun, re. A circuit of words ; peri- 
phrase. [L. loqui, locution, to speak.] — Cir / cumloc / - 
utory, -lok'u-to-rt, a. Pert, to, etc.; periphrastic. — 
Circumnavigate, -nav r t-gat, v. t. To sail around ; 
pass round by water. [L. navigare, -gatum, to sail, 
fr. navis, ship.] — Circumnav'igable, -ga-bl, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. — Cir'cumnav'iga'tion, re. Act 
of, etc. — Cir'cumnav'iga'tor, -ter, re. One who, etc. 

— Circumpo'lar, a. About or near the pole. [L. 
polus, pole.]— Cir'cumposi'tion, -zish-un,n. Act of 
placing in a circle, or state of being so placed. [L. 
pone-re, positum, to place.]— Cir'cumrota'tion, -ta'- 
shun, re. Act of revolving round ; state of being 
whirled round. [L. rotare, to turn round, fr. rota, 
wheel.] — Circumro'tary, -tatory, -ta-to-rt, a. Turn- 
ing, rolling, or whirling round. — Cir'cumscribe, 
-skrib, v. t. [-scribed (-skrlbd), -scribing.] To in- 
close within a certain limit, hem in, limit, restrict, 
restrain. VL. scribere, scriptum, to write, draw.] — Cir- 
cumscrib able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Circum- 
acrib'er, re. — Circumscription, -sk rip-shun, re. Ex- 
terior line determining the form or magnitude of a 
body ; limitation by conditions, restraints, etc. ; 
bound ; limit. — Circumscrip'tible, -tl-bl, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. — Cireumscrip'tive, -tiv, a. De- 
fining the external form. — Cir'cumspect, -spekt, a. 
Attentive to all the circumstances of a case ; cautious ; 
watchful ; vigilant. [L. spicere or specere, spectum. to 
look.] — Circumspection, -spek'shun, n. Attention 
to, etc. : deliberation ; wariness ; forecast. — Cir- 
cumspect'ive, -iv, a. Looking round every way ; 
careful of consequences. — Cir'cumspect'ly, adv. 

— Cir'cumspect'ness, n. — Cir'cumstance, -stans, n. 
The condition of things surrounding an event ; 
something attending on a fact, though not essential 
thereto ; a particular incident or adjunct, pi. Con- 
dition in regard to worldly estate ; state of property. 

— v. t. [-stanced (-stanst), -stancing.] To place 
relatively, or in a particular situation. [L. stans, p. 
pr. of stare, to stand.] — Circumstantial, -stan'shal, 
a. Consisting in, or pert, to, circumstances, or par- 
ticular incidents; abounding with, or exhibiting all 
of, the circumstances ; minute ; particular. — n. 
Something incidental to the main subject, but of 
less importance. — C. evidence. (Law.) Any evi- 
dence not direct and positive. — Cir'cumstan'tial'- 
ity, -shY-al'TC-ti, n. State of anything as modi- 
fied bv circumstances ; particularity in exhibiting 
circumstances ; minuteness. — Cir^umstan'tially, 
-shal-lT, adv. According to circumstances ; in every 
particular. — Cir'cumBtan'tiate, -shT-at, v. t. To 
place in particular circumstances ; to enter into de- 
tails concerning. — Circumvallate, -vallat, v. t. To 
surround with a rampart. [L. rallare, to wall.fr. 
vallum, rampart.] — Cir'cumvalla'tion, n. (Mil.) 
Act of surrounding with a wall ; a line of field 
works surrounding the camp of a besieging army. — 
Circumvent', v. t. To gain advantage over, by arts, 
stratagem, or deception ; to deceive, delude. [L. 
venire, ventum, to come.] —Circumvention, -ven'- 
shun, n. Deception ; fraud ; imposture. — Circum- 
venfive, -iv, a. Deceiving by artifices. — Circum- 
vest', v. t. To cover round as with a garment. [L. 
vestire, to cloth*, f r. vestis, garment.] — Circumvolve, 
-voW, v. t. [-volved (-volvd'), -volving.] To roll 
ronnd, cause to revolve. — v. i. To revolve. [L. 
volvere, volutum, to roll.] — CiT'cumvolu'tien, n. Act 
of, etc. ; thing rolled round another. 

Circus, ser'kus, n. ; pi. Cir'cuses, -ez. (Roman An- 
tiq.) An open or inclosed space, or the edifice in- 
closing it, for games and shows. A circular inclos- 
ure, for feats of horsemanship; the company of per- 
formers in a circus, with equipage. — Cirque, sgrk, 
n. A circus. [F. cirque, L. circus, lit. a ring, circle, 
Gr. kirkos, krikos, AS. Turing.']— Circensial, -sen''- 
shal, -sian, -shan, a. Pert, to the circus, in Rome. 

Cirrus, slr'rus, re. ; pi. Cir'ri, -rt. (Bot.) A tendril. 
(Meteor.) A form of cloud composed of thin fila- 
ments, resembling a brush or masses of woolly hair. 
(Zobl.) A slender, frinse-like appendage. [L., a curl, 
tuft of hair.] — Cirriferoua, -rif'Sr-us, a. Producing 
tendrils or claspers, as a plant. [L.. ferre, to bear.] 

— Cir'riped, -rT-ped, n. (Zobl.) A crustaceous an- 
imal, which throws out from its bivalvular shell a 



froup of legs resembling a curl. [L. pes, pedis, 
oot.] — Cirrocumulus, -ku'mu-lus, n. (Meteor.) A 
fleecy-looking cloud, composed of the cumulus 
broken up into masses. [L. cumulus, a heaped-up 
mass.]— Cirrostra'tus, re. (Meteor.) A cloud re- 
sembling the stratus in its main body, but the cirrus 
on its margin. [L. stratus, p. p. of_ stemere, to 
spread out.] — Cir'rous, -rus, -rose, -ros, a. (Bot.) 
Having, or terminating in, a curl or tendril. 

Cisalpine, sis-aKpin, a. On the hither (Roman) side 
of the Alps, — i. e. south of the Alps. [L. cis, on this 
side, and Alpes, the Alps.] — Cisatlan'tie, a. On 
this side of the Atlantic Ocean. — Cismon'tane, 
-tan, a. On this side of the mountains — Cis'pa- 
dane, -pa-dan, a. On the hither (Roman) side of the 
Po, — i . e. on the south side. [L. Padanus, f r. Padus, 
river Po.] 

Cissoid, sis'soid, n. (Geom.) A curve invented by 
Diocles. [Gr. kissos, ivy, and eidos, form.] 



Cist, sist, n. (Arch.) A chest or basket. (Antiq.) A 
Celtic tomb having a stone chest covered with slabs. 
[Same as chest; L. cista, Gr. kiste.] — Cis'tern, 



A reservoir for water or other liquids. [OF. ci»- 
terve, L. cisterna, fr. cista.] 

Cistercian, sis-tgr'shan, n. One of an order of Bene- 
dictine monks established orig. at Citeaux, France. 

Cit, Citadel, Citizen, See under City. 

Cite, sit, v. t. To call upon officially or authoritative- 
ly ; to summon ; to quote, name, or repeat, as the 
words of another ; to call or name, in proof or con- 
firmation of. [F. citer, L. citare, citatum, to cause 
to move, summon, freq. of ciere, to call, excite, Skr. 
ci , to sharpen.]— Cit'al, n. Summons to appear ; 
citation ; quotation. — Cita'tion, n. Official call or 
notice to appear ; paper containing such notice ; act 
of citing a passage from another person ; words 
quoted; enumeration; mention. — Cit'atory, -rt, «. 
Having the power or form of citation. — Cit'er, re. 

Cithern, sith'Srn, Cit'tern, n. A musical instrument, 
like the guitar. [Same as guitar ; L. cithera.] 

Citron, sit'run, n. A tree cultivated for its fruit ; the 
preserved rind of the fruit. [F. ; LL. citro, Gr. kitron, 
& citron, kitrea, citron tree.] — Cit'rate, -rat, n. 
( Chem.) A salt formed by the union of citric aeid 
and a base. — Cifric, a. Of, or pert, to, an acid in 
the iuice of lemons and allied fruits.— Cit 'line, -rin, 
a. Like a citron or lemon ; of a lemon color. — n. 
(Min.) A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz. — Cif- 
rul, n. The watermelon. [NL. citreotus.~] 

City, sit'T, n. A large or corporate town ; inhabitants 
of a city. [F. cite", L. citas for civitas, a commu- 
nity, f r. civis, a citizen ; s. rt. L. quies, E. hive, home, 
quiet.] — Cit'izen. -I-zen, n. An inhabitant of a 
city ; a freeman of, etc., disting. fr. one not entitled 
to its franchises ; a native born or naturalized in- 
habitant of a country. [OF. citeain, F. citoyen.] — 
Citizenship, n. State of being, etc. — Cit, n. A 
contemptuous abbr. of citizen ; a pert townsman. — 
Cit'adel, n. A fortress in a fortified city. fit. cit- 
tadella, dim. of citta, a city, L. citas.] — Civic, siv'- 
ik, a. Pert, to, or derived fr., a city or citizen. — 
Civ'il, a. Pert, to a city or state, or to a citizen in 
his civic relations ; lawful or political, as opp. to 
military ; pert, to an organized community ; civil- 
ized ; having the manners of one dwelling in a city; 
courteous: complaisant. —Civil death. (Law.) That 
which cuts off a man from civil society, or its rights 
and benefits. — C. engineering. Science of construct 
ing public works. — C. law. The law of a state, city, or 
country; esp., the municipal law of the Roman em- 
pire. — C. war. A war between citizens of the same 
country. — C year. The legal year, appointed by the 
government.— Civ'illy, -IT, adv. — Civilian, st-viP*- 
yan, re. One skilled m the civil law ; one engaged 
ir pursuits of civil life, not military or clerical. — 
Civil'lty, -Y-ti, n. Courtesy of behavior; politeness ; 
good-breeding, pi. Acts of politeness ; courtesies. — 
Civ'ilize, -Iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To re- 
claim from a savage state ; to educate, refine. — 
Civ'ilized, a. Reclaimed, etc. ; cultivated, — Civ'- 
iliz'able, a. — Civ / iliza / 'tion, re. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. — Civ'ism, -izm, re. State of citizenship. 

Gives, slvz, Chives, chlvz, re.; pi. 
A species of garlic, growing in 
tufts. [F. cive, a leek, L. csepa 
onion; prob. s. rt. caput, a head. _ 

Civet, siv'et, re. A substance of a 
musky odor, used as perfume. 
(Zobl.) A carnivorous animal 
producing civet, ranking be- 
tween the weasel and fox, na- 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, iv*, tSrm ; In, fee ; 8dd, tone, dr ; 



CLABBER 



93 



CLATTER 



tive of North Africa. [F. civette, fr. Late Gr. zape- 
tion, fr. Ar. zebed, zabad.] 

Clabber, klab'bgr, n. Milk turned so as to become thick 
or inspissated. — v. i. To turn thick. [See Bonny- 
clabber.] 

Clack, klak, v. i. [clacked (klakt), clacking.] To 
make a sudden, sharp noise, as by striking or crack- 
ing ; to clink, click: to talk rapidly and continually. 

— v. t. To cause to make a sudden noise ; to clink ; to 
utter rapidly and inconsiderately. — n. A sharp, 
abrupt sound made by striking : anything that 
causes a clacking noise ; continual talk ; prattle ; 
prating. [D. klak, MHG. klac, a crack : D. klakken, 
G. krachen, to crash, crack ; Ir. and Ga. clag, Gr. 
kladzein, to make a din.] — Clack'er, n.— Clack'- 
valve, n. (Mach.) A valve with a flap, which falls 
with a clacking sound. 

Claim, klam, v. t. [claimed (klamd), claiming.] 
To call for, challenge as a right, demand as due. 

— v. i. To be entitled to anything, — n. A demand 
of a right or supposed right; a right to demand; title 
to anything in possession of another ; thing de- 
manded ; that to which one has a right. (Mining^) 
A space of ground worked under the law. [OF. 
darner, claimer, to call for, cry out, L. clamare, to 
call out, Skr. kal, to sound.]— Claim'able, a.— Claim "'- 
ant, n. One who claims. — Claimant, a. Crying 
earnestly ; clamorously beseeching.— Clamor, klam'- 
er, n. Loud and continued shouting or exclama- 
tion; loud noise; uproar; vociferation. — v. t. [clam- 
ored (-Srd), -obing.] To salute or stun with noise. 

— v. i. To vociferate, make importunate demands. 
[OF. andL., an outcry. ]— Clam'orous, -us, a. Noisy; 
turbulent.— Clam'orously, adv.— Clam 'or oneness, n. 

Clairvoyance, klar-voi r ans, n. A power, attributed 
to mesmerized persons, of discerning objects not 
present to the senses. [F., f r. clair (L. darns), clear, 
and voir (L. videi-e), to see.] — Clairvoy'ant, a. 
Pert, to, etc. — n. One who, etc. 

dam, klam, n. (Conch.) A bivalve shell-fish. pi. 
(Ship Carp.) Pincers for drawing nails, pi. (Mech.) 
A kind of vise. [Same as clamp, q. v.] — Clanr- 
bake, n. A preparation of clams baked between lay- 
ers of seaweed ; a picnic party regaled with it. 

Clam, klam, v. t. [clammed (klamd), clamming/] 
To clog, as with glutinous or viscous matter. — v. i. 
To be moist or sticky. [AS., clay, a plaster.] — Clam /r - 
my, -ml. a. Soft and sticky. — Clam'minesB, n. 

Clamber, klam'ber, v. i. [-bered (-berd), -Bering.] 
To climb with difficulty, or with hands and feet. 
[Ic. klambra, to pinch together ; s. rt. clamp, climb.] 

Clamor, etc. See under Claim. 

Clamp, klamp, n. A piece of timber or iron, to fasten 
work together; a mass of bricks heaped 




material, to cover the jaws of a vise ; a 
heavy footstep. — v. t. [clamped 
(Wampt), clamping.] To unite or ren- Clamp, 
der firm by a clamp. — v. i. To tread heavily or 
clumsily, to clump. [D. and Sw. klamp, G. klampe, 
a clamp : D. klampa, Dan. klampe, to clamp, grap- 
ple, MHG. klimpfen, to press tighty together ; s. rt. 
dam, climb, clump, cramp. See Cramp.] 

(San, klan, n. A tribe or collection of families, united 
under a chieftain, and bearing the same surname ; 
a clique ; a sect, society, or bodv of persons. [Ga. 
dawn, descendants, Ir. eland, descendants, tribe, 
clan.] — Clan'ni&h, a. Closely united, like a clan; 
disposed to unite. — Clan'nishly, adv. — Clan'nish- 
ness, n — Clan'ship, n. State of union.— Clans'' man, 
klanz'man, n. One belonging to the same clan. 

Clandestine, klan-des'tin, a. Withdrawn from pub- 
lic notice; kept secret ; underhand; sly; fraudulent. 
[F. clondestin, L. eland estinus, fr. clam, secretly ; 
perh. rlam-dies-tinus. hidden from daylight.] — Clan- 
destinely, adv. — Clandes'tineness, n. 

Clang, klang, v. t. [clanged (klangd), clanging.] 
To strike together with a ringing metallic sound. — 
v. i. To produce, etc. — n. A ringing sound. [L. 
clangor, a loud noise, clangere, to make, etc., Gr. 
klangge, a clang, kladzein, to clash, clang ; D. klank, 
Sw. and Dan. klang, a clang ; onomat.] — Clangor, 
klan'gor, n. A sharp, shrill, harsh sound. — Clan / '- 
gorous, -us, a. Making a clangor. — Clank, klank, 
n. The loud, ringing sound made by a collision of 
sonorous bodies. — v. t. and t. [clanked (klaakt), 
clanking.] To make, etc. 



Clap, klap, v. t. [clapped (klapt), clapping.] To 
strike with a quick motion, making a noise by the 
collision; to thrust, drive, or put, hastilv or abruptly; 
to manifest approbation of, by striking the hands 
together, — v. i. To come together suddenly with 
noise ; to strike the hands together in applause ; 
to enter briskly. — n. A loud noise made by collis- 
ion ; a stroke ; thrust : sudden explosion ; striking of 
hands in approbation. [Ic. and Sw. klappa, D. klap- 
pen, to clap (the hands') ; s. rt. clack, clip.)— Clap'- 
per, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; the tongue 
of a bell. — Clapboard, klab'berd. n. In Amer., a 
board thicker at one edge than at the other, for 
covering houses ; in Eng., a stave. — r. t. To cover 
with clapboards.— Clap'trap, n. A trick to gain 
applause. — a. Not genuine. — Clap'perclaw, v. t. 
To fight and scratch : to revile, scold. 

Claque, klak, n. A collection of persons engaged to 
applaud a theatrical performance. [F. See Clack.] 
— Claquer, kla-ker', n. One employed, etc. 

Clarence, klar'ens, n. A close four-wheeled carriage. 

Clarendon, klar'en-dun, n. (Print.) A narrow, heavy- 
faced type, of all sizes. 

This line is in Clarendon type. 

Clare^obscure, klar'ob-skur, Claro-obscuro. kla'ro-ob- 
skoo'ro, n. Light and shade in painting: a design 
of two colors. [It. chiaro (L. clarus), clear, and 
oscuro (X. obscurus), obscure.] 

Claret, klar'et, n. A French pale wine : a dark-red 
wine from Bordeaux, etc. [F. clairet, claret, fr. L. 
clams, clear.] 

Clarichord. klar'Y-kOrd, n. A musical instrument 
like a spinet. [L. clarus. clear, and chorda, string.] 

Clarify, klar'T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.1 To make 
clear, purify from feculent matter, defecate, fine ; 
to brighten or illuminate. — v. i. To become pure, 
as liquors ; to grow clear or bright. [OF. clwifier, 
L. cvarificare, f r. clarus, clear, and facere, to make. 
See Clear.] — Clar'ifica'tion, n. Act of, etc. — 
Clar'ifi'er, n. That which, etc.; vessel in which, etc. 

Clarion, klar'T-un, n. A kind of trumpet, whose note 
is clear and shrill. [OF. ; F. clairon. LL. clario, 
fr. L. clarus, clear.] — Clar'ionet' Clar'inet, n. A 
wind reed instrument, used in military bands. 

Clash, klash, v. i. [clashed (klasht), clashing.] 
To dash noisily together, come in collision, inter- 
fere. — v. t. To strike noisily against. — n. A meet- 
ing with violence : contradiction, as between con- 
flicting interests, purposes, etc. [Same as clack, q. v.; 
Sw. and G. klatsch, a clash, fr. klak.] 

Clasp, klasp, n. A catch, for holding together the 
parts of anything; a close embrace. — v. t. [clasped 
(klaspt), clasping.] To shut or fasten together 
with a clasp ; to embrace ; grasp. [A form of clap 
and clamp ; AS. clynpan, to grasp.] — Clasp'er, n. 
One who. or that which, clasps, as a tendril. — 
Clasp-knife, -nif, n. A knife, whose blade folds into 
the handle. 

Class, klas, n. A group of individuals possessing 
common characteristics ; a number of students of 
the same standing : an order or division of animate 
or inanimate objects. — v. t. [classed (klast\ class- 
ing.] To form into a class, arrange in classes, rank 
together. — v. i. To be grouped or classed. [F. 
classe, a rank, order, L. classis, a class, assembly of 
people, army, fleet; s. rt. calare, to cry out, publish, 
Gr. kalein, "to convoke.]— Class'mate, n. One in 
the same class. — Clas'sic. -sical. a. Of the first 
class or rank, esp. in literature or art ; orig. pert, to 
the best Greek and Roman writers, now, also, to 
the best modern authors ; pert, to the Greeks and 
Latins ; chaste ; pure ; refined. — Classic, n. A 
work of acknowledged excellence : one learned in 
the classics. [L. classicus, pert, to the classes of the 
Rom. people, esp. to the first class, fr. classisA — 
Clas'sicalism, -izm, Clas'sicism, -sizm, n. A clas- 
sical idiom, style, or expression. — Classicallty, 
Clas'sicalness, n. Quality of being classical. — 
Clas'sicaJly, adv. In a classical manner : accord- 
ing to a regular order of classes. — Clas'sicist, -sist, 
n. One skilled in classical learning. — Clas'sicize, 
-siz, ?'. f. To render classic. — Cbursiiy, -sT-fi, v. t. 
[-fied (-fid), -fying.] To distribute into classes, ar- 
range, rank, systematize. [L. facere, to make.] — 
Clas'sifica'tion, n. — Classif'ic, a. Constituting 
classes. — Clas'sifica'tory, a. Pert, to, admitting 
of, or forming the basis of, classification. 

Clatter, klat't5r, v. i. [-tered (-terd). -tering.] To 
make rattling sounds ; to rattle with the tongue, 
prate. — v. t. To strike and make a rattling noise. — 



sto, cube, full ; moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CLAUSE 



94 



CLICK 



n A repeated rattling noise. [Freq. of clack ; AS. 
ciatnmg, a clattering, rattle, D. klater, fr. klateren, 
to rattle.]— Clat'terer, n. One who, etc.; a babbler. 

Clause, klawz, n. A separate portion of a written 
paper, paragraph, or sentence. (Gram.) A portion 
of a sentence containing a finite verb and its ad- 
junct. [F. ; L. clausa, a clause, period, fr. claudere, 
to shut, inclose ; s. rt. close.] 

Claustral. See under Cloister. 

Clavate, -vated, kla'va-ted, a. (Bot. and Zobl.) Club- 
shaped; thicker toward the top. [L. clava. club.] 

Clavicle, klav'l-kl, n. (Anat.) The collar-bone. [L. 
claricula, little key, dim. of clavis, key, fr. claudere, 
to shut.]— Cla'viary, -yT-a-rT, n. (Mus.) An index 
of keys. — Clavier, kla'vt-er or kl&'vT-a, n. The 
key-board of an organ, piano-forte, etc. [F.] — 
Clavichord, -f-kord, n. A keyed stringed instru- 
ment, preceding the piano-forte. [L. chorda, string.] 

Claw, klaw, n. A sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast or 
bird; a talon. — v. t. [clawed (klawd), clawing.] 
To pull, tear, or scratch with claws or nails ; to get 
off or escape. [AS. claivu, D. klaauw, Ic, Dan., and 
Sw. klo, a claw ; Ic. and Sw. kla, to scratch.] 

Clay, kla, n. A soft earth, consisting of alumina and 
silica, with water. (Poetry and Script.) Earth 
in general, as representing the elementary particles 
of the human body ; the human body. — v. t. 
[clayed (klad), claying.] To manure with clay ; 
to purify and whiten with clay, as sugar. [AS. cleeg, 
Dan, klseg, D. and G. klei; s. rt. cleave, clew, clog.] 

— Clay'ey, -Y, a. Consisting of, abounding in, or 
like, clay. — Clay'-marl, n. A smooth, chalky clay. 

Claymore, kla'mer, n. A two-handed sword formerly 
used by the Scottish Highlanders. [Contr. fr. Ga. 
claidheamhmor, broadsword ; cla'utheamh, sword, 
and mar, great.] 

Clean, klen, a. Free from dirt, or from that which is 
injurious; without defects; adroit; dexterous; free 
from restraint or limitation; complete; sinless; pure. 
(Script.) Free from ceremonial defilement, — adv. 
Without limitation or remainder; quite; entirely; 
dexterously ; adroitly. — v. t. [cleaned (klend), 
cleaning.] To free from dirt, purify, cleanse. 
[AS. clsene, clene, W. glain, Ir. and Ga. glan, clean, 
pure.] — Cleanly, klenlY, adv. In a clean man- 
ner; neatly. — Clean'ness, n. — Cleanly, klenlY, a. 
Habitually clean, avoiding defilement : innocent; 
pure; cleansing; adroit; artful. — Cleanlily, klen'"- 
Il-lT, adv. In a cleanly manner. — Cleanliness, n. 

— Cleanse, klenz, v. t. [cleansed (klenzd), cleans- 
ing.] To render clean. — v. i. To become clean. 
(AS. clsensian.] — Cleans'able, a. — Cleans'er, n. 
One who, or that which, cleanses; a detergent. 

Clear, kler, n. (Carp.) Full extent ; distance be- 
tween extreme limits. — a. Free from opaqueness, 
blemish, guilt, obstacle, etc.; able to perceive clear- 
ly; acute; unbiased: distinctly heard; audible; man- 
ifest; plain ; distinct. — adv. Plainly; quite ; en- 
tirely. — v. t. [cleared (klerd), clearing.] To 
free from obscurity, etc.; to leap or pass by, or over, 
without touching or failure; to remove so as to leave 
something unobstructed. — v. i. To become clear 
from clouds or fog; to become disengaged. (Bank- 
ing.) To make exchanges and settle balances. 
(Naut.) To obtain a clearance, and sail from port. 
[OF. cfer, clair, L. clarus, bright, clear, loud; prob. 
ir. cldmare, to cry aloud; peril, fr. calere, to glow, 
become bright.] — To clear a ship. To procure legal 
permission to sail. — To c. the land. (Naut.) To 
gain a safe distance from shore. — To c. out. To de- 
part. — Clearly, adv. — Clear'er, n. — Clear'age, -ej, 
>i. Act of removing anything. — Clear'ance, n. Act 
of clearing; a certificate that a ship has cleared at 
the custom-house; clear or net profit. — Clearing, n. 
Act or process of making clear; a place of land 
cleared of wood for cultivation. (Banking.) A 
method for making exchanges and settling balances. 

— Clearing-house, n. (Banking.) The place where 
clearing is carried on. — Clear'sighted, -slfed, a. 
Having acute sight.— Clear'-sightedness, >?,.— Clear- 
starch, v. t. T© stiffen with starch, and then clear 
by clapping with the hands. — Clear'-story, -stolY, 
Clerestory, kler'sto-rY or kler r es-to-ri, n. 
(Arch.) An upper story or row of windows, 
esp. in a Gothic church, rising clear above 
adjoining parts of the building. — Clear - '- 
stuff, n L Boards, etc., free from knots. 

Cleat, klet, n. ( Carp.) A strip of wood nailed 
to something to strengthen or fasten it. 
(Naut.) A piece of wood, to belay ropes to. pi eat . 
A piece of iron to render shoes more durable. ^ 



>osition 1 | 

Ff^:® 




— 1\ t. To strengthen with a cleat. [D. kluit, a lump, 
W. clwt. Corn, clut, a piece, patch.] 

Cleave, klev, v. i. [imp. .cleaved (klevd) or (o&O 
clave; p. p. cleaved; cleaving.] To adhere 
closely, stick, hold fast ; to be united closely in in- 
terest or affection; to be adapted; to agree. [AS. 
clifian, D. kleven, to cling; s. rt. Gr. glia, L. gluten, 
E. glue, also climb, clip.] 

Cleave, klev, v. t. [imp. cleft or (obs.) clave and 
clove ; p. p. cleft or cleaved (klevd); cleaving.] 
To part or divide by force, split, rive; to part or 
open naturally, divide. — v. i. To part, open, crack. 
[AS. cleqfan,D. kloven; perh. s. rt. Gr. gltiphein, to 
hollow out, L. glubere, to peel.] — Cleav'er, n. One 
who, or that which, cleaves, — esp. a butcher's meat- 
chopper. — Cleav'able, a. — Cleav'age, -ej, n. Act 
of, etc. (Crystallog.) Quality of splitting or di- 
viding naturally. — Cleft, n. An opening, or a piece, 
made by splitting; crack; crevice; chink. (Far.) 
A crack in the bend of the pastern. — Clove'hitch, 
klovliich, n. (Naut.) A hitch formed with a rope, 
with ends reaching out in contrary directions. — 
Clo'ven-foot'ed, -fdot'ed, -hoofed, -hdof t, a. Having 
the foot divided in two parts, as the ox, etc. 

Clef, kief, n. (31ns.) A character in musical nota- 
tion to determine the position 
and pitch of the scale as^ 
resented on the staff. 
clavis, Gr. kleis, key.] 

Cleft. See under Cleave. _ ™7q~~7 

Clematis, klem'a-tis, n. A ge- ^ Wei. * Wet. „. 
nus of elimbing plants. [LL.; " Wet. 

Gr. klematis, fr. klema, twig, shoot, fr. klan, to lop, 
prune.] 

Clement, klem'ent, a. Mild in temper and disposi- 
tion; lenient; tender ; indulgent. [F.; L. clemens, 
dementis.] — Clem'ently, adv. — Clem'ency, -sY, n. 
Quality of being, etc. 

Clementine, klenrent-in, a. Pert, to St. Clement or his 
compilations; or to the constitutions of Clement V. 

Clench. See Clinch. 

Clepsydra, klep'sY-dra or -si'dra, n. An ancient water- 
clock, — a contrivance to measure time, by the flow 
of water through an aperture. [L.; Gr. klepsudra, 
fr. kleptein, to steal, and hudor, water.] 

Clerestory. See under Clear. 

Clergy, kler' jY, n. The body of ecclesiastics, as disting 
fr. the laity; in Eng., ministers of the established 
church ; benefit of clergy. [OF. clergie, fr. LL. 
clericus, a clerk, clergyman, Gr. klerikos, pert, to the 
clergy, clerical, fr. kleros, a lot, portion.] — Benefit 
of clergy. (Eng. Law.) Exemption of clergymen 
from criminal process before a secular judge — once 
extended to all who could read, but now abolished. 

— Clergyable, a. Entitled to, or admitting, the 
benefit of clergy. — Clergyman, n. ; pi. -men. An 
ordained minister. — Cleric, klerlk, n. A clerk, or 
clergyman. — Cleric, -ical, a. Pert, to the clergy; 
also to a clerk or copyist. — Clericalism, -izm, n. 
Clerical domination or influence. —Clerk, klerk, n. 
Orig., an educated person; scholar; in Eng., a lay 
parish officer, who leads in reading the responses of 
the Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists 
in it; a scribe: penman; accountant; an assistant in 
a shop or score ; who sells goods, keeps accounts, etc. 
[Pron. klark in England.] [AS. and OF. clerc, a 
priest, fr. L. clericus.] — Clerkly, a. Scholar-like. 

— Clerk'ship, n. Condition or business of, etc. 
Clever, klev'er, a. Possessing skill, talent, or adroit- 
ness; showing skill in the doer; having fitness, pro- 
priety, etc.; well-shaped, handsome, good-natured, 
kind-hearted. [Amer.] [Perh. corrup. of ME. de- 
liver, agile, nimble, ready of action, fr. OF. delivre, 
free, prompt, diligent, fr. L. liber, free.] — CleV- 
erly, adv. — Cleverness, n. 

Clevis, klevls, Clevy, kleVY, n. A draft-iron on the 
end of a cart-tongue or plow-beam. [Fr. rt. of cleave, 
to adhere, hold fast, q. v.] 

Clew, Clue, klu, n. A ball of thread; thread 
used as a guide in a labyrinth; that which 
guides one in anything doubtful or intri- 
cate. (Naut.) The outer lower corner of * 
a sail. — v. t. [clewed (klud), clewing.] Clevis. 
(Naut.) To draw up to the yard, as a sail. 
To direct, as by a thread. [AS. cliwe, D. and MHG. 
kluwen, ball of thread, D. kluwenen, to wind.] 

Click, klik, v. i. [clicked (klikt), clicking.] To 
make a small, sharp noise, as by gentle striking; to 
tick. — n. A small, sharp sound: a peculiar articu- 
lation used by natives of Southern Africa. — n. A 
small piece of iron, falling into a notched wheel; a 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, tSrm ; in, ice ; Sdd, tone, or ■■ 



CLIENT 



95 



CLOTH 



detent; pawl. [Onomat.; dim. of clack; D. klikklak- 
ken, to clash together.] 

Client, kU'ent, n. {Rom. Antiq.) A citizen under the 
protection of a patron. A dependent; one who ap- 
plies to a lawyer for advice, direction, etc., in a 
question of law. [F. ; L. cliens for cluens, one who 
hears (advice), fr. cluere, Gr. kktein, Skr. cru, to 
hear.] — Client'al, a. Dependent; of, or pert, to, a 
client. — Cli'entship, n. State or condition of, etc. 
— Clientage, -ej, n. Clients collectively; a body of 
clients. — Clientele, -teK, n. A body of clients, de- 
pendents, or supporters. [F.] 

Cliff, klif, n. A high, steep rock ; precipice. [AS. 
clif, Ic. and D. klif; prob. not s. rt. cleave, to split, 
but perh. s. rt. cleave, to adhere to, clamber, climb, 
etc.] — Cliffy, -1, a. Having cliffs; craggy. 

Climacteric. S>ee under Climax. 

Climate, kli 'mat, n. (Anc. Geog.) One of 30 zones of 
the earth, parallel to the equator. Condition of a 
place in relation to temperature, moisture, etc. [F. 
ciimat, L. clima, Gr. klima, fr. klinein, to lean, slope.] 
Climatic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or limited by climate. 
Cli'matize, -tlz, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tizing.] To 



acclimate. — v. i. To become acclimated. — Cli 
tol'ogy, -ji, n. Science of, or a treatise on, climates 



J To 

lma- 



[Gr. logos, discourse.] 
Umax, kli'maks, n. ( 
which a sentence rises, as if step by step, in impor 



{Rhet. 



An arrangement in 



tance, force, or dignity. The highest point; great- 
est degree; acme. [L.; Gr. klimax, a ladder, stair- 
case, fr. klinein, to lean, slope ; s. rt. lean.] — Cli- 
macteric, kli-mak'ter-ik or khm-ak-tSr'ik, a. Pert, 
to a critical period of life. — n. A critical period in 
human life, or one in which change is supposed to 
take place in the constitution; any critical period. 
[Gr. Mimakter, step of a ladder.] — Grand or great 
climacteric. The 63d year. 

Climb, kllm, v. i. or t. [climbed (klimd) or (obs. or vul- 
gar) clomb (kl5m), climbing.] To ascend by means 
of hands and feet; to mount laboriously or slowly. 
[AS. climban, D. and MHG. klimmen; s. rt. clip, 
cleave, clamber.] — Climb'able, a. — Climb'er, n. 

Clime, kllm, n. Same as Climate. 

Clinch, klinch, Clench, v. t. [clinched (klincht), 
clinching.] To make or hold fast, grasp, gripe; 
to render firm, confirm, establish. — n. Act or pro- 
cess of. etc.; or that which serves to hold fast; a 
pun. (Naut.) A kind of knot and seizings to fasten 
a cable or gun to ring-bolts. [ME. clenchen, to rivet, 
fasten firmly, D. klinken, to sound, tinkle, also to 
rivet, f r. Mink, a blow, rivet, Dan. klinke, Sw. klinka, 
a latch, rivet, OF. clenche, a latch.] — Clinch'er, n. 
One who, or that which, etc.; a decisive argument. 

ding, kling, v. i. [clung, clinging.] To adhere 
closely, hold fast, esp. by winding round or em- 
bracing. — v. t. To cause to adhere to. [AS. clin- 
gan, to shrivel up, dry up, Dan. klynge, to cluster, a 
cluster, Sw. klange, a tendril, clasper, clanga, to 
climb ; s. rt. clamber, clamp, climb, clip, clump, 
ci-amp.] — Cling'y, -T, a. Adhering closely. — Cling'- 
stone, n. A variety of peach, whose pulp adheres 
closely to the stone. 

Clinic, klinlk, -ical, a. Pert, to a bed; confined to 
bed by illness ; bed-ridden. — Clinic, n. One con- 
fined, etc. [L. clinicus, a bed-ridden person, a phy- 
sician, fr. Gr. kline, a bed, fr. klinein, to slope, lie 
down.] — Clinique, -ek', n. An examination of dis- 
eased persons by medical professors in presence of 
their pupils. [F.] 

Clink, klink, v. t. [clinked (klinkt), clinking.] To 
make a small, sharp, ringing sound. — n. A ring- 
ing sound. [Ic. kling! tins! tang!, klingja, to ring, 
D. klinken, to sound, tinkle, ktink, a blow. See 
Click.] — Clink'er, n. Several bricks united by 
heat; scoria, or refuse of a furnace; vitrified mat- 
ter ejected from a volcano. \T>.klinker, a hardened 
brick (which is sonorous), klinke, & tile.]— Clink'- 
stone, n. (Mn.) An igneous rock of feldspathic 
composition like porphyry, but lamellar. 

Clip, klip, v. t. [clipped (klipt), clipping.] Orig., 
to embraee, encompass; to cut off, as with a single 
stroke; to curtail, cut short, — v. i. To move swift- 
ly. — n. An embrace; a cutting; shearing; product 
of a single shearing; a blow or stroke with the hand. 
[AS. clyppan, to embrace, Ic. and Sw. klippa, to clip, 
shear, — fr. the drawing closely of the edges of 
shears; s. rt. cleave, climb.] — Clip'per, n. One who 
clips; esp. who cuts off edges of coin. {Naut.) A 
fast-sailing vessel, having the bow sharp and long. 
— Clip'ping, n. Act of embracing, cutting off , or 
curtailing; thing clipped off. 



Clique, klek, n. A narrow circle of persons; coterie; 
set. [F., fr. clif/uer, to clack, make a noise, D. klik- 
ken, to click, inform, tell. See Click.] 

Cloak, klok, n. A loose, outer garment, a disguise or 
pretext. — v. t. [cloaked (klQkt), cloaking.] To 
cover with a cloak; to hide or conceal. [OF. claque, 
cloche, LL. cloca, a bell, cape; s. rt. clock, q. v.] 

Clock, klok, n. An instrument for measuring time. 
[AS. clucga, W. and Corn, cloc/i, LL. cloca, clo&:a, F. 
cloche, a bell; Ir. and Ga. clog, 1). klok, Ic. klukku, 
Sw. klocka, G. glocke, bell, also clock. See Clack.] 

— Clock'-work, -werk, n. Machinery of , er resem- 
bling that of, a clock. 

Clod, klod, n. A lump or mass, esp. of earth, turf, or 
clay; the ground, earth; the body as compared with 
the soul; a dull, stupid fellow; a dolt. — v. i. To 
collect into concretions ; to clot. — v. t. To pelt 
with clods. [A form of clot, a. v.; Sw. klodd, a 
lump of snow, clay, etc.] — Clod'dy, -dT, a. Full of 
clods; earthy; mean; gross. — Clod'' dish, a. Gross; 
low; stupid. — Clod'-hopper, ». A rude, rustic fel- 
low; clown; bumpkin. — Clod'' pate, -poll, -pol, n. A 
stupid fellow; dolt; blockhead. — Clod'pated, a. 

Cloff. See Clough. 

Clog, klog, v. t. [clogged (klogd), clogging.] To en- 
cumber, or load, esp. with something that sticks fast; 
to obstruct so as to hinder motion, choke up, em- 
barrass, impede, hamper, — v. i. To become loaded 
or encumbered ; to coalesce or adhere. — n. That 
which hinders motion; an embarrassment; a heavy 
shoe ; wooden shoe. [E., fr. AS. cispg, clay; s. rt. 
clew, cleave, clot.} — Clog'gy, -gT, a. Having power 
to clog. — Clog'giness, n. 

Cloister, klois'ter, n. A covered arcade ; a monastic 
establishment. — t;. t. [cloistered (-terd), -ter- 
ing.] To confine in a cloister. [OF. clointre, L. 
claustrum, fr. claudere, clausum, to shut, shut in, in- 
close. See Close.] — Clois'tral, Clans'' tral, klaws'- 
tral, a. Pert, to, or confined in, etc. — Clois'terer, n. 
An inmate of, etc. 

Cloke. See Cloak. 

Close, kloz, v. t. [closed (klozd), closing.] Tg 
bring together the parts of; to stop, shut; to bring 
to an end, conclude; to inclose, encompass, confine. 

— v. i. To come together, unite or coalesce; to end, 
terminate. — n. Union of parts; junction; termina- 
tion; end; a grapple in wrestling. (Mus.) Emi 
of a strain of music; cadence. An inclosed 
place; esp. a field or piece of land; a passage 
from a street to a court, and the houses with- 
in; the precinct of a cathedral or abbey. [OF.™ 
clos, inclosed, p. p. of clore, L. claudere, clau- 
sum, to shut, shut in.] — Clos'er, n. — Closure, klo'- 
zhur, n. Act of shutting; a closing; that which 
shuts, incloses, or confines; end; conclusion. — To 
close with. To accede, consent, or agree; to grapple 
with. — Close, klos, a. Shut fast; closed; tight; pent 
up; confined; secret; stagnant; without motion or 
ventilation; secretive; reticent; parsimonious; nig- 
gardly; dense; solid; compact; adjoining; near; in- 
timate; confidential; adhering to rule; strict; accu- 
rate; precise; evenly balanced: doubtful. — adv. In 
a close manner or state. — Close communion. With 
Baptists, communion in the Lord's supper only 
with those baptized by immersion. — C. breeding. 
Breeding between animals nearly akin. — C. corpo- 
ration. A body which fills its own vacancies, and is 
not open to the public— C. vowel. (Pron.) One 
pronounced with a diminished aperture of the lips, 
or with contraction of the cavity of the mouth. — 
Closely, adv.— Close'ness, n. — Ciose'-bodied, -bod'- 
id, o. iitting the body exactly. — ast'ed, a. Covet- 
ous; niggardly. — hauled, -ha'wlrt, a. (Naut.\ Kept 
as near as possible to the point from which the wind 
blows. — stool, n. A box containing i chamber ves- 
sel for the sick. — Closet, kloz'et, »,. A room for re- 
tirement or privacy; a small, close apartment, for 
utensils, articles of furniture, etc. — v. t. To shut 
up in a closet ; to take into a private room for con- 
sultation. [OF., dim. of clos, an inciosed place.] 

Clot, klot, n. A concretion, esp. of a soft, slimy char- 
acter; a coagulation. — v. i. To concrete or coagu- 
late; to be formed into clots or clods; to becorne 
gross. [D. kluit, a clod, Moot, a ball, sphere Ic. and 
Sw. Mot, Dan. Mode, sphere, ball. See Clod.] — 
Clofty, -tT, o. Full of, etc. 

Cloth, kloth, n. A woven stuff of fibrous material: a 
profession, or the members of it, esp. the clerical 
profession [AS. cladh, Ic. klxdhi, Dan. and Sw. 
klsede, cloth ;_D. Meed, G. kleid, garment.] —Clothes, 
klotiiz or kloz, n. pi. Covering for the body, or of 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CLOUD 



96 



CO APT ATE 



a bed; garments; dress. TAS. cladhas, pi. of cladh.] 
—Cloth measure. The measure of length of surface 
by which cloth is sold, —a division of the yard into 
quarters and nails. — Clothes'' wringer. A machine 
for wringing water from clothes after washing. — 
Clothe, kloflb., v. t. [clothed (klothd) or clad, 
clothing.] To put garments upon, furnish with 
raiment ; to cover or invest, as with a garment. — 
v. i. To wear clothes. [Ic. klsedha, D. kleeden.] — 
Cloth/ ing, n. Raiment; covering. — Clothier, -ygr, 
n. One who makes, sells, dresses, or fulls cloth. 

Cloud, klowd, n. A collection of visible vapor sus- 
pended in the atmosphere; a mass of smoke or dust 
resembling vapor; a dark vein or spot in marble, 
etc. ; that which has a lowering or threatening as- 
pect; a great crowd or multitude. — v. t. To be 
overspread with clouds; to render dark or obscure; 
to variegate with colors. — v. i. To grow cloudy or 
ofcscure. [AS. clud, a mass; s. rt. clew, cleave, clot, 
clod.] — Cloud'y, -I, a. Overcast or obscured with, 
or consisting of, clouds; lacking clearness; not eas- 
ily understood; having the appearance of gloom; 
marked with veins or spots. — Cloud'ily, -I-lI, adv. 
— Cloudiness, n. — Cloudless, a. Unclouded. 

Clough, kluf , n. A narrow valley between hills. [Ic. 
klofi, fr. kluifa, to cleave ; same as cleft] 

Clough, Cloff, klof, n. An allowance of two pounds 
in every hundred weight, after deducting tare and 
tret; a sluice for letting off water. 

Clout, klowt, n. A piece of cloth, leather, etc., for a 
patch; the center of an archer's butt; an iron plate 
on an axletree. [AS. clut, Ir. and Ga. clud.] — v. 
t. To cover with cloth or other material; to patch; 
join in a clumsy manner; to guard with an iron 
plate. — Clouts-nail, n. A nail lor securing patches 
of iron^etc, also for soles of shoes. 

Clove, klov, n. A pungent aromatic spice, the unex- 
panded flower-bud of the clove tree. [F. clou, a 
clove, f r. L. clavus, a nail, — the clove being nail- 
shaped.]— Clove '-gUly-flower, -jil'fi-flow-er, -pink, 
n. The carnation pink. 

Clove, klov, n. (Bot.) One of the small bulbs devel- 
oped in the axils of the scales of a large bulb. [AS. 
clufe, perh. fr. cleofan, to cleave.] 

Clove-hitch, Cloven, etc. See under Cleave. 

Clover, klo'vSr.w. {Bot.) A plant of the grass kind. 
[AS. clsefre. D. klaver, Dan. Mover ; prob. f r. AS. 
cleofan, to cleave.] — To live in clover. To live lux- 
uriously, or in abundance. 

Clown, kfown, n. A husbandman; rustic; an ill-bred 
man ; the fool in a play, circus, etc. — v. i. To act 
as a clown. [Ic. klunrd, a clumsy fellow; s. rt. clump, 
club, clumsy.] — Clownish, a. Like, etc.; ungainly; 
boorish. — Clownlshly, adv. — Clownlshness, 



Cloy, kloi, v. t. [cloyed (kloidj), cloying.] To glut 
or satisfy, satiate, surfeit. [OF. doer, F. clouer, t< 
nail up, fr. L. clavus, nail.] 



Club, klub, n. A heavy staff, wielded with the hand; 
one of the suits of cards, having a figure like the 
clover-leaf. — v. t. To strike with a club. [Ic. and 
Sw. kluhba, Dan. klub, club; Sw. and Dan. klump, a 
lump.] — Clubfoot, n. A short, deformed foot. 
[Dan. klumpfod.] — foot'ed, a. — law, n. Violence. 

Club, klub, n. An association of persons for some 
common object, at joint expense. — v. i. and t. To 
combine to promote some common object; to pay 
one's proportion of a common expense. [G. klub; 
same as clump (of people).] — Club'bish, a. Dis- 
posed to associate. — Club-house, n. House occu- 
pied by, etc. — room, n. Place where a club meets. 

Cluck, kluk, v. i. [clucked (klukt), clucking.] To 
make the noise of a brooding hen. — v. t. To call, as 
a hen does her chickens. — n. (Pron.) A peculiar 
articulation used by natives of South Africa. [Ono- 
mat. ; AS. cloccian, D. klokken, Dan. kluJcke, G. 
glucken, to cluck. See Clack, Click.] 

Clue. Same as Clew. 

Clump, klump, n. A shapeless mass of wood, etc.; a 
cluster of trees; the compressed clay of coal strata. 
[Dan. and G.; s. rt. clamp, club. See Club.] 

Clumsy, klum^zT, a. Without grace of shape, man- 
ners, etc. ; awkward ; uncouth. [Sw. klummsen, D. 
kteumsrh, benumbed with cold ; s. rt. clam, clamp, 
cramp.] — Clum'sily, -zl-ll, adv.— Clum'siness, n. 

Clung. See Cling. 

Cluniac. klu'nl-ak, n. One of a reformed order of 
Benedictine monks, —so called fr. Cheny, in France. 

Cluster, kluslSr, n. A number of similar things 
growing, joined, or collected together; a crowd.— 
v. i. [clustered (-tSrd), -teeing.] To grow in 
clusters, gather in a bunch or mass. — v. t. To col- 



w-fr 



Clutch. 



lect into a bunch or close body. [AS.; s. rt. clifian, 
to adhere to, E. cleave, cling.] — Clustery, -I, ». 
Growing in, or full of, etc. 
Clutch, kluch, v. t. [clutched (klucht), clutching,] 
To seize, clasp, or gripe 
with the hand ; to close 
tightly, clinch. — v. i. To 
catch, snatch. — n. A-s 

fripe ; seizure; grasp 
Mach.) A projecting 
piece, for connecting 
shafts, so as to be disen- 
gaged a t pleasure ; t h e 
cross-head of a piston-rod. 

pi. The hands ; hence, power ; rapacity. [ME. 
clucchen, to claw, clechen, to snatch, fr. AS. gelxc- 
can, to seize; s. rt. latch.] 

Clutter, klut'ter, n. A confused collection; confu- 
sion; disorder. — v. t. [cluttered (-tSrd), -tering.] 
To crowd together in disorder, fill with things in 
confusion. — v. i. To make a bustle, or fill with 
confusion. [W. cludair, a heap, pile.] 

Clypeate, klip'e-at, a. (Bot.) Shaped like a round 
shield; scutate. [L. clypeus, a shield.] 

Clyster, klisler, n. (Med.) An injection into the 
bowels 1 [L. ; Gr. Muster, f r. kluzein, to wash.] 

Coach, koch, n. A large, close, four-wheeled carriage. 

— v. t. To convey in a coach; to cram, or prepare 
for an examination. [F. coche, fr. L. concha, shell, 
boat.] — Coach'ee, n. Slang name for a coachman. 

— Coacb/-box, n. Seat for the driver of a coach. — 
Coach/man, n. One who drives a coach. 

Coaction, ko-ak'shun, n. Force ; compulsion. [L. 
coactio, fr. con, together, and agere, actum, to drive.] 

— Coactlve, -iv, a. Serving to compel or constrain; 
acting in concurrence. 

Coadjutor, ko-ad-julgr, n. One who aids another, or 
is empowered to perform the duties of another; as- 
sistant ; colleague; co-worker. [L.; con, with, ad, 
to, juvare, to help.] — Coadjulrix, n. A female as- 
sistant.— Coad'jutant, a. Mutually assisting. 

Coagent, ko-a'jent, n. An assistant or associate. 

Coagulate, ko-ag'u-lat, v. t. To cause to change into 
a curd-like state, — said of liquids. — v.i. To un- 
dergo coagulation, thicken, curdle. [L. coagvlare, 
f r. coagulum, rennet, fr. con, together, and agere, to 
drive.] — Coag'ulable, a. — Coagulalion, n. Act 
of, etc. — Coag'ulative, -tiv, a. Causing, etc. — Co- 
ag'ulator, n. That which causes, etc. — Coag'u- 
lum, n. A coagulated mass, as curd. [L.] 

Coal, kol, n. Wood charred, or partially burnt; char- 
coal. (Min.) A black, solid, combustible substance, 
consisting mainly of carbon, used for fuel. — v. t. 
[coaled (kold), coaling.] To burn to coal, char; 
to mark with charcoal; to supply with coal. — v.i. 
To take in coal, —said of steam-vessels. [AS. col, 
Ic, Sw., and MHG. kol; prob. s. rt. Skr.jral,to 
blaze.] — To carry coals. To submit to degradation 
or insult. — To carry c. to Newcastle. To do some- 
thing superfluous; to lose one's labor. — Tohaul over 
the c. To scold or call to account. — Coal'ery, -er-T, 
Colliery, koKySr-I, n. A place where coal is dug.— 
Collier, -yer, n. A digger of , or dealer in, eoal; a 
vessel for transporting coal. — Coal'y, -T, a. Pert, 
to or containing coal. — Colly, kSKl, n. Black grime 
or soot of coal or burnt wood. — v. t. [collied 
(kol'id), -lying.] To render black. — Coal'field, n. 
A region where coal abounds. — heav'er, n. One em- 
ployed in discharging coal from ships, cars, etc. — 
-measure, -mezh'gr, n. The measure used in ascer- 
taining the quantity of coal, pi. (Geol.) Strata of 
coal with the attendant rocks. — oil, n. Petroleum. 
— pit, n. A pit where coal is dug, or charcoal made. 
— scut'tle, n. A utensil for holding coal. — tar, n. 
A substance, distilled from bituminous coal. — 
-whip'per, n. One who raises coal from a ship's hold. 

Coalesce, ko'a-les', v. i. [coalesced (-lest'), coa- 
lescing.] To grow together; unite into one mass; 
unite in society. [L. coalescere, fr. con and alescere, 
to grow up, freq. of alere, to nourish.] — Coales'- 
cence, -sens, n. Act of, etc.; union. — Coales'cent, 
-sent, a. Growing together. — Coalition, -lish'un, n. 
Union in a body or mass; a temporary combination 
of persons, parties, states, etc., having di'« erent in- 
terests; confederacy; combination; conspiracy. 

Coamings, Combings, kom'ingz, n. pi. (Naut.) The 
raised borders or edges of the hatches. 

Coaptate, ko-ap'tat, v. t. To adjust, as parts to each 
other, — esp. (Surg.) to adjust the parts of a broken 
bone. [L. con and aptare, aptatum, to adapt.] — Co- 
aptation, -ta'shun, n. Adaptation of, etc. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, Sve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 3r ; 



COARSE 



97 



COCOON 



Coarse, kors, a. Large in bulk, or composed of large 

parts; not refined or nice; gross: rough; indelicate. 

[Orig. course, prob. contr. for in course.] — Coarsely, 

-IT, adv. — Coarse'neBS, n. 
Coast, kost, n. Orig. the exterior line, or border of a 

country; edge of trie laud next to the sea; sea-shore. 

— v.i. To approach; to sail by or near a coast; to 
sail from port to port in the same country; to slide 
down a hill on a sled, upon snow or ice. [F. core. 
OF. coste, L. costa, rib, side; s. rt. accost, cutlet.] — 
Coasting trade. Trade between different ports of 
the same country, as disting. f r. foreign trade. — 
Coasfer, n. A person or vessel that sails along a 
coast trading from port to port. — Coast'-line, n. 
Outline of a coast; shore line. — Coast/wise, adv. 
By way of, or along, the coast. 

Coat, kot, n. A man's outer garment ; the habit or 
vesture of an order of men ; an external covering, 
as fur or hair of a beast ; a layer of any substance 
covering another ; a tegument ; that on which en- 
signs armorial are portrayed. — v. t. To cover with 
a coat. [OF. cote, LL. cota, a garment, tunic ; s. rt. 
AS. and E. cote, E. cot.] — Coat of arms. (Her.) A 
nabit worn by knights over armor : an armorial de- 
vice. — C. or' mail. Armor covering the upper por- 
tion of the body, consisting of a net-work of iron 
rings. — Coatee', n. A short coat.— Coating, n. 
Any substance used as a cover or protection ; cloth 
for coats. — Coat'armor, n. Coats of arms ; armori- 
al ensigns. — card, n. A card bearing a coated fig- 
ure ; viz., the king, queen, or knave. 

Coax, koks, v. t. [coaxed (kokst), coaxing.] To 
persuade by insinuating courtesy, flattery, or fond- 
ling; to wheedle, fawn. [ME. cokes, simpleton, gull, 
dupe ; pern. s. rt. cockney.] — Coax'er, n. 

Cob, kob, n. The top or head ; hence, that which is 
large, round, etc. ; a person at the top, or distin- 
guished ; a rich, covetous person ; a lump or piece, 
as of stone; a spider ; a short-legged and stout vari- 
ety of horse ; the spike on which grains of maize 
grow. [W. cob, a tuft, spider, cop, top, crest, Ga. 
copan, boss of a shield, cup, D. kop, head, man, cup.] 

— Cob'ble, Cob1)le-fltone, Cob'stone, n. A rounded 
fragment, as of coal, stone, etc. — Cob'nut, n. A 
large nut; a child's game played with nuts, also the 
mut winning the game. — Cob'web, n. A spider's 
net ; a snare or device. — r. t. To cover with, or as 
with, cobwebs. [Fr. W. cob, spider, and E. web ; or 
abbr. of ME. alter cop-web, fr. AS. attorcoppa, spider, 
fr. ator, poison, and coppa = W. cop.] 

Cobalt, ko'bawlt, n. A reddish-gray metal, brittle, 
and difficult of fusion : its oxides are used in glass 
manufacture to produce the blue varieties called 
smalt. [G. /cobalt for kobold, a goblin, LL. cobalus, 
Gr. kobalos.] — Cobalt 1c, -ous, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Cobble, kob'bl. n. A fishing-boat. See Coble. — A 
stone. See under Cob. 

Cobble, kob'bl, v. t. [cobbled (-bid), cobbling.] 
To make or mend coarsely, as shoes; to do bun- 
glingly. [OF. cobler, coubler, to couple, join to- 
gether, L. copulare.] — Cob'bler, n, A mender of 
shoes; a clumsy workman ; a beverage composed of 
wine, sugar, lemon, and broken ice. 

Coble, kohl, n. A boat used in herring fishery. [W. 
ceubal, skiff, ceubren, hollow tree, ceuo, to hollow.] 

Cobra de capello, ko'bra-da-ka-pello. The hooded 
snake, a venomous reptile of the East Indies. [Pg., 
serpent of the hood.] 

Cocagne, kok-an', n. An imaginary countrv of idle- 
ness, luxury, and delight : the land of cockneys, — 
applied to London and its suburbs. [F. : It. Cu- 
eaqna, fr. cucca, sweetmeats, fr. L. coquere, to cook.] 

Cocciferous, kok-sif er-us, a. Bearing berries. [L. 
coccuin, a berry, and/erre, to bear.] 

Cochineal, koch'1-nel, n. A plant-louse found upon 
the Mexican cactus; the dried insects used as a scar- 
let dye-stuff, from which earmine is made. [Sp. 
cochiiiilla, fr. L. coccinus, scarlet, and coccum. berry, 
cochineal, the ancients supposing the insect to be a 
berry.] 

Cochlea, kokle-a, n. (Anat.) The spiral cavity of the 
internal ear._ [L., a snail shell.] — Cochleafy, -le-a- 
rl, -ate, -le-at, -ated, a. (Rat. Hist.) Having the 
form of a snail-shell ; spiral ; turbinated. 

Cock, kok, n. The male of birds, esp. of domestic 
fowls ; a vane shaped like a fowl, weathercock ; a 
chief man, leader : an instrument to let out liquor 
from a cask, spout. [AS., fr. OF. coc. F. cog, L. 
coccus, a cock ; onomat. ; Gr. kokku, cry of the 
cuckoo, also of the cock, Skr. ku, to cry, kiij. to cry 
as a bird.] — Cock-a-hoop. Triumphant ; exulting. 



[F. huppe, a bird's crest.]— Cock ami bull stoi-y. An 
improvable or baseless story. — Cock'y, -I. a. Pert ; 
swaggering ; saucy. — Cockade, -ad r , /i. A rosette or 
knot of ribbons, etc., on the hat. [Corrup. f r. F. c#- 
quarde, fr. coq.] — Cock'atoo', n. A bird of the par- 
rot kind, having a crest of feathers which it can 
raise or depress. [Onomat.; Malay kakaiua ; kakuk, 
the cackling of hens, kukuk, crow of a cock.] — 
Cock'atrice, -tris, n. The basilisk ; a fabulous ser- 
pent, hatched by a serpent from a cock's egg, and 
whose breath or look was fatal. [OF. cocatrice, 
crocodile, LL. cocatrix. crocodile, basilisk.] — Cock'- 
crow, -crowding, n. The time at which cocks crow ; 
early morning. — Cock'er, n. One who follows cock- 
fighting; a dog of the spaniel kind, used for start- 
ing up woodcocks, etc. — Cock'erel, n. A young 
cock. — Cock-fight, -fight'ing, -match, n. A con- 
test of game-cocks. — loft, n. The top-loft ; upper 
room. —-pit, n. An area wiiere game-cocks fight. 
[See also under Cockboat.]— Cocks'conib, -kom, n. 
The caruncle or comb of a cock. {l,ot.) A plant of 
different genera. A vain, siliv fellow; a fop. [See 
Coxcomb.] — Cock'spur, n. The spur on a cock's 
leg. (Eot.) A variety of hawthorn. 

Cock, kok, n. A pile of hay. — v. t. [cocked (kokt), 
cocking.] To set up in piles. [Dan. kok, a heap.] 

Cock, kok, n. Act of turning or setting up ; thing set 
up ; the gnomon or style of a dial. — v. t. To set 
erect, turn up ; to place upon the head jauntily. 
[Ga. coc, to cock.] — Cock/eye, n. A squinting eye. 
— horse, n. A child's rocking-horse. 

Cock, kok, n. The hammer of a gun-lock. — v. t. To 
draw back the cock, in order to fire. [It. cocca, F. 
coche, the notch of an arrow ; F. de~cocher, to let fly 
an arrow, encocher, to fit an arrow to the bowstring.] 

— Cockleather, n. (Arch.) The feather above the 
notch, when the arrow is fitted to the string. 

Cock, Cockboat, kok'bot, n. A ship's small boat. 
[OF. coque, It. cocca, Sp. coca, LL. cocco, cogo, D. 
and Dan. hog; prob. fr. L. concha, a shell.] — Cock'- 
bill, n. (Xaut.) Position of the anchor, when sus- 
pended from the cat-head, ready to drop. — pit, n. 
A room under the lower gun-deck, used for the 
wounded during action. — Cockswain, kok'sn, n. 
The person who steers a boat. 

Cockchafer, kok'chaf-er, n. (Entom.) The May-bug 
or dor-beetle. [Corrup. of clock-chafer, Scot, clock, 
beetle.] — Cock 7, roach, -roch, n. An insect of sev- 
eral species, infesting houses, ships, etc. 

Cocker, kok'er, v. t. [cockered (-erd), -ering.] To 
treat with tenderness, fondle, pamper. [F. coque- 
liner, te dandle, W. coc>~i, to fondle.] 

Cocket, kok'et, n. A custom-house certificate that 
goods have been entered and paid dutv ; the office 
where goods are entered for export. [Prob. corrup. 
for L. quo quietus, — words used in the certificate.] 

Cockle, kokl, n. (Bot.) A weed that grows among 
corn, corn-rose ; the darnel. [AS. coccel, Ga. cogall, 
tares.]— (Concha A bivalve shell fish having a cor- 
rugated shell. [W. cocos, cocs, cockles. L. cochlea, 
a snail, concha, Gr. kongche, a mussel, cockle.] — 
v. t. To contract into wrinkles, like ridges of the 
cockle-shell. — v. i. To take the form of wrinkles. 

— Cockier, n. One who takes and sells cockles. — 
Cockle-shell, n. The shell of, etc. — Cockle-stairs, 
n. pi. Winding or spiral stairs. 

Cockney, kok'nt, n. : pi. -xeys, -niz. An effeminate 
person; a resident of London. — a. Pert, to or like, 
etc. [F. coquin, a beggar, sneak, fr. coquiner, LL. 
coquinare. to serve in a kitchen, fr. L. coquina. kitch- 
en ; prob. not fr. Cocagne.] — Cock'neydom, -nf- 
dum, n. The region of cockneys : London. — Cock'' 
neyism, -nl-izm, n. Qualities, man- 
ners, or dialect of, etc. 

Cocoa, ko'ko, n. (Bot.) A palm tree 
producing the cocoa-nut. [Pg. and 
Sp. coco, a bugbear, ugly mask, 
also a cocoa-nut. from the likeness 
of the nut to an ugly face.] — A 
preparation made from cacao seeds; 
a beverage made from it. [Corrup. 
of cacao, q. v.] — Cocoa shells. The 
dried husks of crcao seeds. 

Cocoon, ko-k(3on r , n. An oblong case 
which contains the silkworm in its 
chrysalis state: the case constructed 
by an insect to contain its larve. __ilL'fi 
[F. cocon. dim. of coque, a shell.] ■ 
Cocoon'ery, -«r-T, n. A place for "~^SS 
silk-worms, when feeding and form- Cocoa tree. 
ing cocoons. 




sun, cube, full ; moon, 
7 



cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. 



COCTION 



98 



COHORT 



Coctiom, kok'shun, n. Act of boiling. (Med.) Altera- 
tion experienced by morbific matter before elimina- 
tion. [L,. coctio, a boiling, digestion, fr. coquere, 
caelum, to cook.] — Coc'tile, -til, a. Made by bak- 
ing, as bricks. 

Cod, kod, n. A husk or envelope containing seeds ; a 
pod : the scrotum. [AS., a 
bag-]— Uc hth.) A fish in- 
habiting the northern seas. 
[G. ■jadde, L. gadus, Gr. ga- 
dos.] — Coddling, n. A young 
cod. — Cod'liver oil. A fixed Cod. 

oil obtained from livers of the cod, very nutrient, 
and used medicinally for rheumatism, skin diseases, 
pulmonary consumption, etc. 

Coddle, kod'al, v. t. [-DLED(-dld), -dling.] To par- 
boil ; to treat tenderly. [Perh. corrup. fr. caudle.] 

Coda, kod, «. A collection, system, or digest of laws.— 
Co'dex, n. ; pi. Codices, kod'Y-sez. A manuscript; 
book; code. [F. code, fr. L. codex, orig. trunk of a 
tree, hence tablet, book.] — Codify, -fi, v. t. [-fied 
(-fid), -fyinu.] To reduce to a code or digest, as 
laws. [L. facere, to make.] — Cod'inca'tion, /;. 
Act of, etc. — Codicil, -T-sil, n. A supplement to a 
will. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex.] 

Codger, kod'jer, n. A mean person ; curmudgeon ; 
odd old person. [Perh. corrup. of cottager.] 

Codlin, -ling, kodling, n. An immature apple ; a 
cooking apple. [Fr. cod, a pod.] 

Coefficient, ko-ef-nsh'ent, a. Cooperating ; acting 
in union to the same end. — n. That which unites, 
etc. (Math.) A known quantity put before letters 
or quantities, to show how often to take them. [L. 
co and efficere, to cause, fr. ex, out, and facere, to 
make.] — Coefficiently, adv. — Coeffi'ciency, -sT, n. 
Cooperation. 

Coehorn, ko'h&rn, n. (Mil.) A small bronze mortar, 

— invented by Baron Coehorn. 

Coeliac, Celiac, selY-ak, a. Pert, to the belly or in- 
testinal canal. [Gr. koilia, belly, fr. kodos, hollow.] 

Coemption, ko-emp'shun, n. Act of purchasing the 
whole quantity of a commodity. [L. con and euiere, 
emptuin, to buy.] 

Coequal, ko-e'kwal, a. Equal with another ; of the 
same rank, dignity, or power. — n. One who is, etc. 

— Coequality, -kwol'Y-tY, n. State of being, etc. 
Coerce, ko-ers', v. t. [coerced (-erst'), coercing.] 

To restrain by force, constrain, repress, compel. 
[L. cdm for cum, with, and arcere, to inclose, confine, 
area, a chest.] — Coer r cible. -st-bl, a. Capable of 
being, or deserving to be, etc. —Coercion, -er'shun, 
n. Act or process of, etc. ; restraint.— Coer'cive, -siv, 
a. Compelling, or able to compel ; compulsbry>v__ 

Coessential, kores-sen'shal, a. Partaking of the same 
essence. — CoesBentiality, -shY-aKT-tl, n. Participa- 
tion of, etc. 

Coetaneous, ko-e-ta'ne-us, a. Of the same age ; be- 
ginning at the same time. [L. con and setas, age.] 

Coeternal. ko-e-ter'nal, a. Equally eternal. — Co- 
eter / nity,-tl, n. Equal eternity with another. 

Coeval, ko-e'val. a. Of equal age. — n. One of the 
same age. [L. con and serum, lifetime, age.] 

Coexist, ko-egz-isf, v. i. To exist at the same time. 

— Coexist 'ence, n. Existence it the same time with 
another. — Coexistent, a. Existing, etc. 

Coextend, ko-eks-tend', v. t. To extend through the 

same space with another. — Coexten'sion, -shun, n. 

Equal extension. — Coexten'sive, -siv, a. 
Coffee, koffe, n. The berries of a tree growing in 

warm climates of Asia and 

America ; a drink made from 

the roasted berry, by decoc- WJ» 

tion. [Turk, qahveh, Ar. qah- ^* t 

we*.] — Coffee-house, n. A 

house for the sale of coffee and 

other refreshments. mill, n. 

A mill for grinding coffee. — 

-pot, n. A covered pot in 

which coffee is boiled, or 

brought upon the table. 
Coffer, koffer, n. A chest, esp. ^orree. 

for money. (Arch.) A sunken panel. (Fort.) A 

hollow work across a dry moat, serving as a parapet 

with embrasures. A lock to receive a barge. — v. t. 

[coffered (-ferd), -fering.] To place in a coffer. 

[OF. eqfre, cofin, fr. L. cophbms, Gr. kophinos, a 

basket.] — Cofier dam. (Engin.) A box of timber, 

to exclude water while constructing piers, etc. 
Coffin, kof'fin, re. The case in which a body is 

inclosed for burial. (Far.) The hollow part of a 

horse's hoof. (Print.) A wooden frame inclosing 




the stone on which forms are imposed, —v. t. [oof- 
fined (-find), -fining.] To put into, etc. [Same 
as coffer.] — Coffin-bone, n. (Far.) A horse's foot- 
bone inclosed within the hoof. 
Cog, kog. o. t. and i. [cogged (kogd), cogging.] To 
wheedle, deceive ; to thrust in, Dy deception. [W. 
coegio, to trick, pretend, coeg, empty, vain.] — re. 
A tooth on a wheel, transmitting motion. — v. t. 
To fix a cog upon, furnish with cogs. [Ga. and Ir.; 
Sw. kuggr, cog ; It. cocca, F. coche, notch. See 
Cock.] — Cog'-wheel, n. A wheel with teeth. 
Cogent, ko'jent, a. Having great force ; pressing on 
the mind; not easily resisted; convincing; conclu- 
sive. [L. cogens, p. pr. of cogere, to force, fr. con 
and agere, to drive.] — Co / ' gently, adv. — Co'gency, 
-sT, re. Power of constraining; force. 
Cogitate, koj'Y-tat, r. i. To engage in continuous 
thought, reflect. [L. cogitate, -tat/im, to think, fr. 
com and agitare, to agitate, freq. of agere.] — Cogi- 
tation, a. Act of thinking: meditation; contem- 
plation.— Cogitable, a. Capable of being made 
the subject of thought. — Cogitative, -tiv, a. Pos- 
sessing, or pert, to, the power of meditation; given 
to thought: contemplative. 
Cognac, kon'yak, n. A brandy formerly made at 

Cognac, France. [Written improp. Cogniac.] 
Cognate, kog'nat, a. Allied by blood or birth ; kin- 
dred in origin, formation, etc. — n. (Law.) One 
connected with another by kindred : one related to 
another on the female side ; one of several things 
allied in origin. [L. cognatus, fr. con and nasci, 
natus (orig. gnasci, gnatus), to be born. See Con- 
nate.]— Cogna^ tion, «. Relation by descent from 
the same original: participation of the same nature. 
(Law.) Relationship between descendants from the 
same father and mother. 
Cognize, koglnz, v. t. To recognize, perceive. [L. 
cognoscerc. fr. con and noscere (orig. gnoscere), to 
know.] — Cognizee, -see, kog- or kon'Y-ze', n. (Law.) 
One to whom a fine of land is acknowledged. — 
Cognizor, -sor, kog- or kon-Y-zor / ', n. (Law.) One 
who acknowledges the right of the cognizee in a 
fine; the defendant. — Cognition, kog-nish'un, n. 
Act of knowing: object known. — Cog'nitive, -tiv, 
«. Knowing. — Cognizable, kog'- or kon'Y-za-bl, a. 
Capable of being known, or apprehended ; fitted to 
be a subject of judicial investigation. — Cog'ni- 
zance, kog'- or kon r Y-zans, n. Knowledge or notice; 
observation : recognition ; judicial knowledge or ju- 
risdiction. (Lair.) An acknowledgement or confes- 
sion. A badge, to indicate the party to which one 
belongs. — Cognizant, kog'- o • kon'Y-zant, a. Hav- 
ing knowledge of. — Cognoscible, kog-nos'sY-bl, a. 
Capable of being known; liable to judicial cogni- 
zance. — Cognos'cibillty, n. Quality of being, etc. 

— Cognoscente, -senla, n. ;pl. -centi, -sen'tY. One 
who Knows; a connoisseur. TOIt.] — Cogno'vit, n. 
(Law.) An acknowledgment by a defendant of the 
justice of a plaintiff's claim. [L., he acknowledges.] 

Cognomen, kog-no'men, n. A surname; the last of 
the 3 names of an ancient Roman, denoting his 
family. [L., fr. con and nomen (orig. gnomen), name, 
ir. noscere, to know.]— Cognomlnal, a. Pert, to a 
surname. — Cognom / ina''tion, rt. A surname. 

Cohabit, ko-hab r it, v. i. Orig., to dwell with, or In- 
habit the same place or country; to live together as 
husband and wife. [L. con and habitare, to dwell.} 

— Cohabitant, n. One who, etc. — Cohab ita'tion, 
n. Act or state of, etc. 

Co-heir, ko-ar', n. A joint heir.— Co-heiress, ko-ar'es, 
n. A joint heiress. 

Cohere, Ico-her', v. i. [cohered (-herd"), cohering.1 
To stick together; to follow regularly in the natural 
order ; to cleave, adhere, agree, fit. [L. con and 
hserere, to stick.] — Coherence, -ens, -ency, -en-sY, 
n. A sticking together; suitable connection; consist- 
ency. — Coherent, a. Sticking together; connected 
by some relation of form, order, etc.; consistent. — 
Coher'ently, adv. — Coherer, ko-her'Sr, n. (Elec.) A 
device, used in wireless telegraphy, for detecting the 
presence of electric waves. It usually consists of a 
number of small conducting particles, as metallic fil- 
ings, inclosed in aglass tube and forming a connec- 
tion between two electrodes. — Cohe'sion, -zhun, n. 
Actof stickingtogether; attraction by which particles 
of homogeneous bodies unite; a stateof connection or 
dependence. — Cohe'sive, -siv, a. Having the power 
Of cohering, — Cohe'siveness, n. 

Cohort, ko'hSrt, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of about 
500 or 600 soldiers. Any band of warriors. [L. co- 
hors; s. rt. court, yard.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 



COIF 



99 



COLLOCATE 



Coif, koif, n. A covering tor the head; cap. [OF.; 
L.L. cofia, MUG. kuffe, kwpfe, cap; s. rt. G. kopf, E. 
cup.] — Coifed, koif t, a. Wearing a coil. — Coiffure, 
-far, n. A head-dress. [F.] 

Coigne, koin, Quoin, koin or kwoin, n. A corner or 
external angle; corner-stone; a wedge. [F. coing, 
coigne, corner, L. cuneus, wedge. See Coin.] 

Coil, koil, v. t. [coiled (koild), coiling.] To wind 
in rings, as a rope. — n. Rings formed by winding, 
etc. [OF. coillir, L. colligere, to collect; s. rt. cull.) 
— n. Noise; tumult. [OGa. and Ir. goill, war, fight.] 

Coin, koin, n. A corner or external angle; a wedge 
to raise, lower, fasten, or level anything, as a can- 
non, printer's form, etc.; a piece of metal stumped 
with characters, making it legally current as money; 
that which serves for payment or recompense. — v. t. 
[coined (koind), coining.] To stamp and convert 
into money; to mint; to make or fabricate. [OF., a 
wedge, stamp upon coin, coin — orig. stamped by 
means of a wedge; L. cuneus, wedge; 6. rt. Gr. konos, 
peg, cone, E. cone, hone.] — Coin'age, -ej, n. Act er 
art of coining; money coined; expense of coining; 
act or process of forming; invention; fabrication. — 
Coin'er, n. One who makes coin; a minter; coun- 
terfeiter: inventor or maker. 

Coincide, koln-sid, v. i. To fall together, agree in 
position, correspond, be identical. [L. con and in- 
cidere, fr. in, upon, and cadere, to fall.] — Coincid'er, 
n. — Coincidence, -si-dens, n. Act or condition of 
falling together; agreement or concurrence, esp. of 
events at the same time. — Coincident, a. Having 
coincidence; agreeing. 

Coir, kwoir, n. Cocoa-nut fiber for matting, ropes, 
etc. [Tamil cuyer, a rope.] 

Coition, ko-ish'un, n. Sexual intercourse; copulation. 
[L. coitio, fr. con and ire, iturn, to go.] 

Coke, kok, n. Mineral coal charred, or deprived by fire 
of volatile matter. — v. t. [coked (kokt\ coking.] 
To convert into coke. [Prob. same as cake.] 

Col, kol, n. A mountain pass. [F., a neck.] 

Colander, kul'en-der, n. A vessel with a perforated 
bottom for straining liquids. [L. cohtm, sieve, fr. 
colare, to strain.] 

Colcbicum, kol'kf-kum, n. A genus of plants, inclu- 
ding the meadow saffron, whose bulbs are used me- 
dicinally for gout and rheumatism. [L.] 

Colcothar, kol'ko-thar, n. (Chem.) Brown-red oxide 
of iron remaining after calcination of sulphate of 
iron, —used for polishing glass, etc. [NX.] 

Cold, kold.a. Destitute of warmth, physical or moral; 
bleak; chill; indifferent; spiritless; reserved. — n. 
Absence of warmth; sensation produced by escape 
of heat; chilliness. (Med.) A morbid state of the 
animal system produced by cold; a catarrh. [AS. 
ceald, Dan. kold, D. koud, G. kalt.]— In cold blood. 
Without excitement, passion, or compunction; de- 
liberately. — Cold shoulder. Deliberate neglect or 
contempt. — Coldly, adv. — Cold'ness, n. — Cold'- 
blood'ed. -blud'ed, a. Having cold blood; without 
sensibility; hard-hearted; not thoroughbred, — said 
of animals. — c his 'el, n. A hard chisel for cutting 
cold metal. — short, a. Brittle when cold. — sore, 
n. (Pathol) A herpetic eruption, about lips or nos- 
trils, attending catarrhal inflammation. 

Cole, kol, n. A plant of the cabbage family; esp. the 
species called also rape, which does not head like 
the cabbage. [L. caulis, stalk, cabbage ; same as 
kail.] — Cole'wort, -wert, n. Cabbage cut young, 
before the head is firm. [AS. wyrt, a wort.] 
Coleus, kole-us. n. A plant of the mint family, hav- 
ing variegated leaves. [Gr. koleos, a sheath, — fr. 
the manner in which its stamens are united.] — Co- 
leop'teral. -terous, -opler-us, a. Having wings 
covered with a. case or sheath, as beetles. TGr. 
pteron, a wing.] — Coleop'terist, n. One versed in 
the studv of, etc. 
Colic, kol'ik, n. (Med.) Acute pain is the bowels, 
growing more severe at intervals. [F. colique, fr. Gr. 
koKkos, suffering in the (kolon) colon.] — Lead colic, 
Painter's c, or Plumber's c. Colic produced by slow 
poisoning with lead. — Colicky, -T, a. Pert, to, etc. 
Coliseum. Same as Colosseum. 
Collaborator, kol-lab'o-ra'te'r, n. An associate in 
labor, esp. literary er scientific: co-worker; assistant. 
[F. coUaborateur, fr. L. con and laborare, to labor.] 
Collapse, kol-laps', v. i. [-lapsed (-lapsf), -lapsing.] 
To fall together suddenly, shrink up. — n. A falling 
together, as of the sides of a hollow vessel. (Med?) 
A sudden failing of the vital powers. [L. con and 
labi, lapsus, to glide down, lapse.] — Collap'sion, 
-shun, n. State of falling together, or shrinking up. 



Collar, kollar, n. Something worn rouni the neck. 
(Arch.) A ring or cincture; astragal of a column. 
(Mech.) A ring-like part of a machine, for holding 
something to its place, (tfaitt.) An eye in the bight 
of a shroud, to go over the mast head. — v. t. [col- 
lared (-lard), -laring.] To seize by the collar, 
put a collar on. [OF. collier, L. collare, neck-band, 
fr. collum. neck.] — Col' lax- beam. n. (Arch.) A 
horizontal piece of timber bracing two opposite raf- 
ters. — bone, n. (Anat.) The clavicle, a bone joining 
the breast-bone and shoulder-blade. 
Collard, kollard, n. A kind of cabbage whose leaves 

do not form a close head. [Corrup. of colewert.] 
Collate, kol-lat', v. t. To compare critically; to gather 
and place in order, as sheets of a book for binding. 
(EccL) To present and institute in a beaefice. — v. 
i. (Eccl.) To place in a benefice, as by a bishop. 
[L. con and ferre, latum, to bear.]— Collation, -la'- 
Bhun, n. Act of bringing together and comparing; 
act of conferring or bestowing. (Eccl. Law.) Pre- 
sentation to a benefice by a bishop. An unceremo- 
nious repast or lunch. — Colla'tive, -tiv, a. Passing 
or held by collation. — Colla'tor, -ter.n. One who 
collates manuscripts or books. (Eccl. Law.) One 
who collates to a benefice. 
Collateral, kol-lat'er-al, a. On the side of; subordi- 
nate^ connected ; indirect. (Genealogy.) Descend- 
ing from the same ancestor, but not one from the 
other, — n. A coHateral relation; security given in 
addition to a principal promise or bond. [L. con 
and latus, lateris, a side.] — Collateral seaxrity. Se- 
curity to perform covenants, or pay money, besides 
the principal security. — Collaterally, -IT, adv. 
Colleague, kol'leg, n. One united with another in the 
discharge of some duty; partner; associate. — v. t. or 
i. To unite with in the sarae office. [F. collegve, L. 
collega, fr. con and legare, to send on an embassy.] 
Collect, kol-lekf, v. t. To gather into one body or 
place, bring together; to infer as a consequence, de- 
duce. — v. i. To be assembled together, accumu- 
late; to infer, conclude. [OF. coliecter, LL. collec- 
tare, to collect money, L. collecta, a collection in 
money, fr. con and legere, tectum ; to gather, read.] — 
To collect one's self. To recover from surprise ; to 
regain composure or self-possession. — Collect 'ed, 
a. Not disconcerted; self -possessed; cool; composed. 
— Collect'edneBB, n. — Collectible, -I-bl, a. Capa- 
ble of being gathered or inferred. — Collect, kol'- 
lekt, n. A short, comprehensive prayer. — Collecta'- 
nea, -ne-a. n. pi. Passages selected from various 
authors ; anthology ; chrestemathy . [L.] — Collecta'- 
neous, -ne-us, a. Gathered; collected. — Collection, 
-lek'shun, n. Act of collecting; thing gathered; 
contribution; assemblage; crowd; mass; compila- 
tion ; selection. — Collective, -iv, a. Formed by 
fathering; gathered into a mass, sum, or body; de- 
ucing consequences. (Gram.) Expressing an ag- 
gregate of individuals. Tending to collect. — Col- 
lectively, adv. In a body: unitedly. — Collect' or, 
-er, n. One who collects or gathers. (Com.) An 
officer who receives customs, taxes, or toll.— Col- 
lect'orship, -orate, n. Offiee or jurisdiction of, etc. 
College, kol'lej, n. A collection er society of men; a 
society of scholars incorporated lor study or instruc- 
tion; an establishment for students acquiring lan- 
fuages and science. [F.; L. collegium, fr. colligere. 
ee Collect.] — Colle'gial. -giate, -jf-at, a. Pert, 
to, etc. — Colle'gian, -giate, n. A member of, etc. 
Collet, kollet, n. The part of a ring in which the 

stone is set. [F., fr. col, L. collum, neck.] 
Collide, kol-lld'i v. i. To strike or dash together. [L. 
coUidere, fr. con and Isedere, to strike.] — Collision, 
-lizh'un, n. Act of, etc.; a state of opposition; in- 
terference; clashing. 
Collie, Colly, kollT, n. A Scotch shepherd's dog. 

[Ga. cidlean, Ir. cuileann, a whelp, cu, a dog.] 
Collier, Colliery. See under Coal. 
Collimation, kol-lY-ma'shun, n. Act of aiming at a 
mark, or of leveling or directing the sight te a fixed 
object. [F., fr. L. coHimare, to aim.] — Line of colli- 
mation. The axial line of the telescope of an astro- 
nomical or geodetic instrument. — Collima'ting, a. 
(Opt.) Pert, to, etc. — Collima'tor, n. A telescope 
arranged to determine errors of collimation. 
CollinguaL, kol-lin'gwal, a. Having, or pert, to, the 

same language." [L. con and lingua, tongue.] 
Colliquefaction, kol-lik'we-fak'shun, n. A melting 
together of bodies. [L. con, liquere, to be liquid, 
and/acere, factum, to make.] 
Collision. See under Collide. 
Collocate, kollo-kat, v. t. To set or place; station. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, 



COLLODION 



100 



COMBAT 



[L. con and locare, locatum, to place, fr. locus, a 
place; s. rt. couch. ] — Colloca'tion, n. Act of pla- 
cing; state of being placed, esp. with something else. 

Collection, kol-lo'dY-un, n. (Chem.) An adhesive so- 
lution of gun-cotton in ether and alcohol, used to 
close wounds, and in photography. [Gr. kolla, glue.] 

Collop, kol'lop, n. A slice of meat; piece of anything. 
[E.; OSw. kollops, G. klopps, slices of meat.] 

Colloqny, kol'lo-kwl, n. Mutual discourse; confer- 
ence; dialogue. [L. colloquium, fr. con and loqui, to 
speak.] — Collo'quial, a. Pert, to, or used in, com- 
mon conversation. — Collo'quially, adv. — Collo'- 
quialism, -izm, n. A common form of expression. 

— CoKloquist, -kwist, n. Speaker in a conversation, 
tiollude, kol-liid', v. i. To conspire in a fraud, act in 

concert. fL. con and ludere, to play.] — Collud'er, 
«. — Oollu'sion, -zhun, n. Secret agreement and co- 
operation for fraud; deceit; connivance. — Collu'- 
swe, -siv, a. Fraudulently concerted.— Collu'sively, 
adv. — Collusiveness, n. — Collu'sory, -so-rl, a. 
Characterized by collusion. 

Colluvies, kol-lu'vl-ez, n. sing, and pi. A mass of 
refuse matter; filth. [L., fr. con and luere, to wash.] 

Colly. See under Coal. 

Cblocolo, kol-o-ko'lo, n. A wild cat of South Amer. 

Colocynth, kol'o-sinth, n. (Med.) The coloquintida, 
or bitter apple; the pith of a species of cucumber, — 
a strong cathartic. [Gr. kolokunthis, -thidos.~\ 

Cologne, ko-lon', n. A toilet liquid, composed of al- 
cohol and aromatic oils, — orig. made in Cologne. 

Colon, ko'lon, n. (Anat.) The largest of the large 
intestines. (Gram.) A point [:] marking a pause 
greater than a semicolon, less than a period. fGr.] 

Colonel, ker'nel, n. (Mil.) The chief commander of 
a regiment. fF., fr. It. colonello, colonel, orig., a 
little column, aim. of colonna, L. columna, column.] 

— Colo'nelcy, -si, -ship, n. Office, rank, or commis- 
sion of, etc. 

Colonnade, kol'on-nad', n. (Arch.) A series of col- 
umns placed at regular intervals. [F. ; It. colonnata, 
fr. colonna. See Colonel.] 

Colony, kol'o-nl, n. A company of people in a re- 
mote country, and subject to the parent state ; the 
country colonized. [L. colonia, fr. colonus, farmer, 
fr. cohere, to cultivate.] — Colo'nial, a. Pert, to, etc. 

— Col'onist, n. A member of, etc. — Col'«nize, v. t. 
[-nized (-nlzd), -nizing.] < To plant a colony in ; to 
people by colonies. — v. i. To settle in a distant 
country. — Col'onizer, n. — Col'oniza'tion, n. Act 
of, er state of being, etc. — Col'oniza'tionist, n. An 
advocate of, etc. ; esp. of colonizing Africa by 
negro emigrants from America. 

Colophon, kol'o-fon, n. An inscription on the last 
page of a book, used before title-pages were intro- 
duced, containing the place or year of publication, 
printer's name, etc. [LateL. and Gr., summit, 
finishing stroke.] 

Colophony, kol'o-fo'nT or ko-lof'o-nt, n. Dark-col- 
ored resin distilled from turpentine. [Fr. Colophon, 
in Asia Minor.] 

Coloquintida. Same as Colocynth. 

Color, kul'er, n. A property of light causing the eye 
to distinguish differences in the appearance of ob- 
jects ; a hue or tint as distinguished from white; 
that used to give color; paint; pigments; false show; 
pretense. (Phren.) The organ indicating percep- 
tion of color. See Phrenology, pi. A flag, ensign, 
or standard. — v. t. [colored (kul'grd), -oring.] 
To change the hue of ; to give color to, dye, tinge, 
paint, stain ; to give a specious appearance to, palli- 
ate, excuse. — v. i. To turn red, blush. [L., fr. 
celare, to cover, conceal ; cf. Skr. varna, color, fr. 
var, to cover, conceal.] — Complementary/ color. One 
of 2 colors so related that when blended they pro- 
duce white light. — Primary colors. Those devel- 
oped from the solar beam by the prism, viz., red, 
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, — re- 
duced by some authors to 3 — red, yellow, and blue. 
See Light. — Col'orable, a. Designed to cover or 
conceal ; specious ; plausible. — Col'orableness, n. 

— Col'orably, adv.— Colora'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. — Col'orature, n. (Mm.) A variation 
or shading of notes for harmony.— Col'ored, -erd, a. 
Saving color or plausible appearance. — Colored 
people. Persons of negro descent. — Colorific, a. 
Communicating or producing color. — Col'orist, n. 
A painter skilled in coloring. — Col'orless, a. Des- 
titute of color. — Colorim'eter, n. An instrument 
for measuring the depth of color, esp. in liquids. 
[Gr. metron, measure.] — Col'or-blindness, n. Im- 
perfect perception of colors ; Daltonism. — -ser- 




geant, -sar'jent or -sgr'jent, n. (Mil.) A non-conh 
missioned officer, the color-bearer of a regiment. 

Colorado beetle, kol-o-ra'do-be'tl. The potato-bug, — 
a destructive yellow beetle, orig. fr. Colorado. 

Colossus, ko-los'sus, n. ; L. pi. -si, -si ; E. pi. -suses, 
-ez. A gigan- 
tic statue; esp. 
that at the en- 
trance of the 
harbor at 
Rhodes. [L.; 
Gr. kolossos.] 
— Colos'sal, 
• ae 'an, a. 
Gigantic. — 
Colosse'um, 
n. Vespa- 
sian's amphi- 
theater in 
Rome. [Also 
written Coli- 
seum.'] 

Colporteur, kol- 
por-tgr', Col'- 
porter, n. One 
who peddles 
religious 
tracts and 
books. [F. 
colporteur, fr. 
cotporter, to 

carry on one's Colossus of Rhoc 

neck, fr. col (L. collurn), neck, and porter (L. por- 
tare), to carry.] — Col'portage, -ej, n. Distribution 
of, etc.— Col'staff, n. A staff for carrying burdens on 
two persons' shoulders. [F. col and E. staff.] 

Colt, kolt, n. The young of the horse kind ; a young, 
foolish fellow. [AS. ; prob. s. rt. Goth, kuni, kin, E. 
child.] — Colt'ish, a. Like a colt ; frisky. —Colt's'- 
foot, n. A plant whose leaves were once used me- 
dicinally. 

Colter, Coulter, kSl'tgr, n. The sharp fore iron of a 
plow, to cut the sod. [AS. and L. culter; 
Skr. krit, to cut.] 

Colubrine, kol'u-brin, a. Pert, to serpents ; 
cunning; sly. [L. coluber, serpent, adder.] 

Columbary, kol'um-ba-ri, n. A dove-cot ; 
pigeon-house. [L. columbarium, fr. colum- 
ba, dove.] — Col'umbine, -bin, n. A genus 
of plants whose flowers have beak-like 
spurs. 

Columbiad, ko-lum'bT-ad, n. (Mil.) A species Colteu. 
of heavy cannon. [Fr. Columbia = United States.] 

Column, kol'um, n. (Arch.) A cylindrical support 
for a roof, ceiling, etc., composed of base, shaft, and 
capital ; a pillar. (Mil.) A body of troops in files 
with a narrow front. (Naut.) A body of ships in 
line, so as to follow in succession. (Print.) Figures, 
words, or lines set perpendicularly one above an- 
other. [L. columna, fr. columen, top, culmen, highest 
point.] — Colum'nar, a. Formed in or like, etc. — 
Columella, -la, n. (Bot.) An axis, supporting the 
carpels of some fruits ; the stem in mosses, which is 
the axis of the capsule. [L., dim. of columen.] 

Colure, ko-lur', n.; pi. Colures, -lurz'. (Astron. and 
Geog.) One of two great circles intersecting at 
right angles in the poles ©f the equator. [L. co- 
lurus, Gr. kolouros, lit. curtailed, fr. Gr. kolos, 
clipped, and oura, tail, — part of each being always 
below the horizon.] 

Colza, kol'za, n. A variety of cabbage whose seeds 
afford an oil used in lamps. [Sp.] 

Coma, ko'ma, n. (Med.) Morbid propensity to sleep; 
lethargy. [Gr., fr. koiman, to fall asleep.] — Co'- 



) 



matose, 



-tons, -tus, 



Drowsy; lethargic. 
Comate, ko'mat, a. Bushy; hairy. [L. coma, nair.] 
Comb, kom, n. An instrument with teeth, for adjust- 
ing hair, wool, etc. ; the crest on a cock's head ; the 
top, or crest of a wave ; the structure of wax in 
which bees store honey.— v. t. [combed (komd), 
combing.] To separate, disentangle, cleanse, ad- 
just, or lay straight. — v. i. (Naut.) To roll over, as 
the top of a wave ; to break with white foam. [AS. 
camb, D. and Sw. kam, G. kamm, a comb, crest, 
Dan. kam, comb, cam on a wheel.] — Comb'er, n. 
One who, etc, ; a long, curling wave. 
Combat, kom'bat or kum'bat, v. i. To struggle or 
contend, as with an opposing force. — v. t. To fight 
with, oppose by force, resist, oppose. — n. A strug- 
gle to resist or conquer. (Mil.) An engagement; 
conflict; encounter. [OF. combatre, to eombat, fr. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, ere, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, or ; 



COMBINE 



101 



COMMINGLE 



c*m (L. cum) and hat t re (L. batuere), to beat, fight.] 

— Com-'batant, a. Contending ; disposed to con- 
tend. — n. One who, etc. ; a champion. — Com / - 
bater, n. — Com'bative, -iv, a. Inclined to, etc. 

— Com / 'bativeness, n. Disposition to, etc. (Phren.) 
The organ indicating it. See Phrenology. 

Combine, kom-bln', v. t. [-bined (-bindO, -bining.] 
To unite or join. — v. i. To form a union, confeder- 
ate; to unite by affinity. [L. con and bums, pi. bird, 
two and two.]— Combin'er, ».— Combin'able, a. Ca- 
pable of, etc. — Combinalion, n. Union or connec- 
tion; coalition ; conspiracy. (Math.) Variation of 
any number of quantities in all possible ways. 

Combustible, kom-busli-bl, a. Capable of taking 
fire and burning ; inflammable ; easily excited ; 
quick; irascible. — n. A substance that will, etc. 
fL. con and were, ustum, Skr. ush, to burn.] — Com- 
bus'tibleness, -tibillty, n. — Combus'tion, -chun, n. 
A taking fire and burning; conflagration. 

Come, kum, v. i. [imp. came ; p. p. come ; coming.] 
To move hitherward, draw near, approach ; to ar- 
rive at some state or condition, occur, happen ; to 
become evident, appear. [AS. cumman (imp. cam, 
p. p. cumen), D. komen, Skr. gam.] — To come about. 
To come to pass, arrive ; to change.— To c. by. To 
obtain, gain, acquire. — To c. down with. To pay 
over, deposit in payment. — To c. home. To come 
close, press closely, touch the feelings, interest, or 
reason. (Naut.) To be loosened from the ground, — 
said of anchors. — To c. in for. To appear and claim 
a share of.— To c. into. To join or comply with. —To 
c. off. To depart from, escape; to take place.— To c. 
out. To become public, be published ; to enter soci- 
ety; to end.— To c. short. To be wanting, fail.— To c. 
to. To consent or yield ; to amount to ; to recover, 
as from a swoon. — To c. up with. To overtake. —To 
c. upon. To fall on, attack, invade. — A come-down. 
A downfall ; sudden descent in position. — Comber, 
n. — Come-out'er, n. One who leaves a church, 
party, etc., declaring it corrupt. — Coming-in, n. 
Entrance; arrival. 

Comedy, kom'e-dT, n. A dramatic composition of 
an amusing character. [OF. comedie, L. comoedia, 
Gr. komodia, fr. komos, a banquet, and ode, ode, 
lyric song.] — Come'dian, n. An actor in. or writer 
of, etc. — Come / dienne / \ -ma'dl-en', n. An actress 
in, etc. [F.] — Come'dietta, -ta, n. A little comedy, 
fit.] — Comic, -ical, a. Pert. to. etc.; exciting mirth; 
laughable. — Comi'cally, adv. — Comlcalness, n. — 
Comicality, -T-tT, n. That which is, etc. 

Comely, kumlY, a. Handsome ; graceful ; well-pro- 
portioned. — adv. In a becoming or graceful man- 
ner. [AS. cymlic, fr. cyme, becoming, suitable (fr. 
cuman, to come), and lie, like.] — Come'liness, n. 

Comestible*, ko-mes'tt-blz, n. pi. Eatables. [F., fr. 
L. con and edere, esum or estum, to eat.] 

Comet, kom'et, n. A member of the solar system, 
moving in an eccentric . m, 
orbit, and consisting of a fi-^F 
nucleus, an envelope, and t" 
a tail. [OF. comete, L. & 
cometa. comet, fr. Gr. H^ ■. ■ . - 
kometes, long-haired, fr. 
come (L. coma), hair.] — 
Core'etary. -a-rT, Comet'- 
ic, a. Pert, to, or resem 
bling, etc. — Cometog''- 
raphy, -fT, w. A descnp- Bfc- 
tion of, etc. [Gr. or a- *— — frrT s=J 
phein, to write.] — Com'- p . 

et-flnd'er, -Beek'er, n. corner.. 

A telescope, with large field of view. 

Comfit, kumUt, Com'fiture, -ur, n. A dry sweetmeat; 
a confection. [L. con undfacere, to make.] 

Comfort, kum'furt, v. t. To relieve or cheer under 
affliction or depression ; to solace, invigorate, re- 
fresh, animate. — n. Strength and relief under af- 
fliction ; support : a state of quiet enjoyment, or 
whatever causes it; a wadded quilt; a neck wrap- 
ping. [OF. conforter, vO comfort, LL. confortare, 
fr. L. con and fbrtis, strong.] — Comlorter, n. One 
who, etc (Script.) The Holy Spirit. A woolen 
tippet ; wadded quilt. — Comlortable, a. Afford- 
ing or enjoying, etc. : free from pain or distress.— n. 
A coverlet. — Com'fbrtably, adv. — Comlortable- 
ness, n. — Comlortless, a. Miserable ; forlorn. 

Comfrey, kumlri, n. A genus of plants used in med- 
icine. [I>. conferva, fr. confervere, to boil together, 
to heal, — fr. its healing power.] 
Comic, Comicality, etc. See under Comedy. 

ko-mish'Y-a, n. pi. (Rom. Antiq.) Assem- 




blies of the people to elect officers and pass laws. 
[L., fr. con and ire, itum, to go.l — Cemilial, -mish'- 
al, a. Pert, to comitia or popular assemblies. 
Comity, kom'1-tY, n. Courtesy of intercourse ; civil- 
ity ; good breeding. [L. comitas, fr. comis, affable.] 
Comma, korn'ma, n. A character [,] marking the 
smallest grammatical division of a sentence. [L. ; 
Gr. komma, a stamp, clause of a sentence, comma, 
fr. koptein, to cut off.] 
Command, kom-mand', v. t. To order with authority; 
to exercise supreme authority over ; to have under 
influence, control, or vision ; to exact or enforce, 
bid, direct, overlook, claim, — v. i. To have au- 
thority, possess chief power, govern.— n. An au- 
thoritative order ; exercise of authority ; right or 
possession of authority ; ability to overlook, control, 
or watch ; a body of troops under a particular of- 
ficer. [OF. commander, L. commendare, to entrust 
to one's charge, later, to command, order, f r. eon and 
mandare, to commit, entrust ; same as commend.'] — 
Commandant, -danf, n. A commanding officer. 
[F.] — Command'er, n. A leader ; the chief officer 
of an army, or a division of it. (Navy.) An officer 
next above a lieutenant. A heavy, wooden mallet. 
— Command'ery, -er-T, -ry, -ri, n. A manor belong- 
ing to an order of knights, and controlled by a com- 
mander ; a preceptory ; a lodge of the Freemasons 
called knights templars. — Commanding, a. Fitted 
to control; imperious. — Command'ment, n. An au- 
thoritative order ; precept. (Script.) One of the 10 
laws given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. 

Commeasurable. Same as Commensurable. 

Commemorate, kom-mem'o-rat, v. t. To eall to re- 
membrance, or celebrate with honor and solemnity. 
[L. con and memorare, -atum, to call to mind, fr. 
memor, mindful.] — Commem'orable, a. Worthy to 
be, etc. — Commem /, orative, -tiv, -tory, -to-ri, a. 
Serving to, etc.— Commem'ora'tion, n. Act of, etc.; a 
public celebration. 

Commence, kom-mens', v. t. [-menced (-mensf). 
-mencing.] To begin, originate; to take the first 
university degree. — v. t. To enter upon, begin, 
begin to be or to appear. [F. commencer. It. comin- 
ciare, fr. L. con and initiare, to begin, fr. initium, a 
beginning.] — Commence'' ment, n. First existence 
of anything; rise; origin; beginning; the day when 
university degrees are conferred. 

Commend, kom-mend', v. t. To commit or intrust 
for care or preservation; to present as worthy of re* 
gard; to praise; to recommend to the kind reception 
of. [See Command.] — Commend'er, n. — Com 
mend'able, a. Capable or worthy of, etc.— Com- 
mend'ableness, n. — Commend'ably, adv. — Com- 
mendalion, n. Act of, etc. ; praise; applause; a 
message of respect; compliments. — Commend'' atory, 
-to-rT, a. Serving to commend; holding a benefice 
in commendam. — Commen'dam, n. (Ecel. Law.) 
A vacant benefice committed to the holder until 8 
pastor is supplied. The holding of such a benefice 
[For L. in commendam.'] — Commend'atary, -ta-rl, n 
One who holds, etc. 

Commensurate, kom-men'shoo-rat, a. Having a com- 
mon measure; commensurable; equal in measure or 
extent; proportional. — v. t. To reduce to a common 
measure. [L. con and mensurare, -atum, to meas- 
ure.] — Commen'surately, adv. — Commen'sura''- 
tion, n. State of being commensurate. — Commen'- 
surable, a. Having a common measure. — Commen / '- 
surableness, -rabillty, n. Capacity of having, etc. 
— Commen'surably, adv. 

Comment, kom'ment, v. i. To explain by remarks, 
criticisms, etc.; to write annotations, —n. An ex- 
planatory remark, observation, etc. ; annotation ; 
stricture. [F. commenter, fr. L. commentari, to con- 
sider, explain; s. rt. L. mens, mind, Skr. man, to 
think.] — Comlnentary, -ta-rT. n. A series, collec- 
tion, or book of comments, etc.; a memoir of partic- 
ular transactions. — Com'mentator, -menter, n. 

Commerce, kom'mers, n. Exchange of merchandise 
between different places or communities; extended 
trade or traffic; social or personal intercourse; famil- 
iarity. [F., fr. L. eommereium, fr. con and merx, 
mercis, goods, wares.] — Commercial, -mer'shal, a. 
Pert, to, or engaged in commerce; mercantile. — 
Commer'ciaUy, adv. 

Commutation, kom-mt-na'shun, n. A threat: denun- 
ciation of punishment or vengeance. [F.: Jj.com- 
minatio, fr. con and minari, to threaten.] — Commin- 
atory, -mi-n^a-to-rT, a. Threatening punishment 

Commingle, kom-min / gl, v. t. [-mingled (-gld), -min- 
gling!] To mingle tog-ether in one mass, or inti- 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



COMMINUTE 



102 



COMPACT 



raately; to blend. — v. i. To mix together, become 
blended. HL. con and E. mingle.'] 

Comminute, kom'mt-nut, v. t. To reduce to minute 
particles, pulverize, grind. [L. con and minuere, 
minutum, to diminish.] — Comminu'tion, n. Act 01 
reducing to small particles; pulverization; attenua- 
tion by removing small particles. 

Commiserate, kcm-miz'er-at, v. t. To feel sorrow, 
pain, or regret tor: to be sorry for; to pity, feel for, 
condole. [F., fr. L. con and miseran, to pity, fr. 
wiser, wretched.] — Commis'era'tion, n. Act of, etc. 
— Commis/erative, -tiv, «. Feeling or expressing, 
etc. — Commir'erable, a. Deserving, etc. — Corn- 
mis' erator, n. 

Commissary, korn'mis-sa-rY, n. A deputy; commis- 
sioner. (Ml.) An officer in charge of a' special de- 
partment, esp. that of subsistence. [LL. commissa- 
rius, fr. committere, to commit, fr. con and mittere, to 
send.] — Commissariat, -sa'rY-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — 
-riat, n. (Mil.) That department charged with sup- 
plying provisions for the soldiers; the body of offi- 
cers in that department; office of a commissary.— 
Com'missary-gen / 'eral, n. The head of the commis- 
sary department. — Com'missaryship, n. Office or 
employment of a commissary. 

Commit, kom-mif, v. t. To give in trust; to do, per- 
form, effect; to place beyond one's control; to pledge 
or bind, — used reflcxively. [L. committere. See 
Commissary.] — Committment, n. Act of commit- 
ting, esp. of committing to prison. —Committal n. 
Act of committing ; a pledge. — Committer, n'.— 
Commit'tible, a. Capable of being, etc. — Commis- 
sion, -rnish-'un. n. Act of committing, doing, or per- 
forming; a formal warrant of committing some trust 
to a person; a company of persons joined in the ex- 
ercise of some duty. (Com.) The acting under au- 
thority of, or on account of, another; thing to be 
done as agent for another; brokerage or allowance 
made to as agent.— v. t. [-missioned (-mish/und), 
-missioning.] To give a commission to, appoint, 
depute, delegate. [F., fr. L. commissio, a mandate, 
charge.] — Commis'skmer, n. One commissioned to 
execute some business for an employer; an officer in 
charge of some department of the public service.— 
Commi8 / sionaire , , -nar', n. A factor; commission- 
merchant; one stationed in a public resort to receive 
commissions or act as guide, messenger, etc. [F.] — 
Commis'sion mer'chant. One who transacts busi- 
ness on commission., as the agent of others, receiv- 
ing a rate per cent, as his reward. — Commit' tee, -te, 
j?. A select number of persons appointed to attend 
to any business, by a legislative body, court, or any 
collective body of men acting together. — Commit - 
teeship, n. Office of a committee. 

Commix, kom-miks'', v. t. or i. [-mixed (-mikst'), -mix- 
ing.] To mix or mingle; blend. [L. con and E. 
mix.) — Commix'tion, -chun, n. Mixture. — Com- 
mix'ture, -chur, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
mass formed by mingling ; compound. 

Commode, bom-mod' n. A woman's head-dress; a 
chest of drawers; a bedroom convenience, — a close- 
stool. [F.; L. commodus, convenient, lit. in good 
measure, fr. con and modus, measure.] — Commo'di- 
ous, -dT-us, a. Affording ease and convenience; fit; 
comfortable. — Commo'diously, adv. — Commo'di- 
ousness, n. — Commodity, -T-tT, n. That which af- 
fords convenience or advantage, esp. in commerce; 
goods, wares, etc. 

Commodore, kom r mo-dor, n. The commander of a 
squadron ; leading ship in a fleet of merchantmen. 
[Sp. comendador, knight-commander, f r. comendar, 
to charge, fr. L. commendare. See Command.] 

Common, kom'un, a. Belonging equally to more than 
one, or to many indefinitely; serving for the use of 
all; general; public; often met with; not distin- 
guished by rank or character; commonplace; mean; 
vulgar. — n. An nninolosed tract of public ground. 
(Law.) The right of taking a profit in the land of 
another. — v. i. To have a joint right with others in 
common ground; to board together; eat at a table m 
common. [OF. commvn, L. communis, common, gen- 
eral, fr. eon and munis, obliging, binding by obliga- 
tion.] — Common cancer. One who undertakes, for 
hire, to transport goods. — C. chord. (Mus.) A chord 
consisting of the fundamental tone, with its third 
and fifth. — Ccotmcil. A representative council for 
the government of a city. — C. gender. ( Gram.) One 
which is either masculine or feminine. — C. law. 
The unwritten law; law derived from immemorial 
usage and universal reception, disting. fr. written 
or statute law.— C. measure. (Arith.) A number 



which will divide each of two or more numbers ex- 
actly.— C. noun. (Gram.) The name of one of a 
class of objects, as disting. fr. a proper noun, the 
name of a particular person or thing. — C. Pleas. A 
court for trying civil actions. In the U. S., it some- 
times has criminal jurisdiction.— C. Prayer. The 
liturgy of the Prot. Epis. church. — C. sense. Sound, 
practical judgment; the instantaneous decision of 
unperverted reason. — C. time. (Mus.) That variety 
of time in which the measure consists of 2 or 4 equal 
portions. — C. verb. One which is both active and 
passive.— In common.. Equally with another, or 
with others. — Com'mons, -munz, n. pi. The mass 
of the people; the commonalty; the lower house of 
the Eng. parliament; provisions, food, fare; a club 
where all eat at a common table. — Com'monable, a. 
Held in common; allowed to pasture on common 
land. — Com'monage, -ej, n. Eight of pasturing on 
a common; joint light ol using anything in common 
with others. — Com'monalty, -al-tY, n. The common 
people ; body of citizens. — Com'moner, n. One 
under the degree of nobility; a member of the House 
of Commons; one having a joint right in common 
ground; a student of the second rank in the univer- 
sity of Oxford, England.— Com'monly, adv. Usu- 
ally; ordinarily; for the most part. — Com'mcnness 
n.— Com'monish, a. Common-place; vulgar.— Com'- 
mon-place, a. Common ; trite ; hackneyed. — n. 
(lihet.) A general idea applicable to different sub- 
jects; a trite remark. — v. t. To enter in a com- 
mon-place book, or to reduce to general heads. — 
Com'mon-place'-book, n. A book for recording 
things to be remembered. — Commonweal, -weK, 
-wealth, -w?lth, n. Prop., a free state; a popular 
government ; republic ; whole body of citizens. 
Commotion, kom-mo'shun, n. Violent motion; agita- 
tion; a popular tumult; perturbation or disorder of 
mind; excitement. [F. ; L. commotio, fr. con and 
motio, motion, fr. movere, motum, to move.] 
Commune, kom-mun', v. i. [-muned (-mundQ, -mo- 
ning.] To converse together familiarly, confer; to 
receive the communion, partake of the Lord's sup- 
per. [OF. communier, L. communicare, -catum, to 
communicate, fr. communis. See Common.] — Com- 
mune, kom'mun, n. A small territorial district in 
France; municipal self-government. (F. Hist.) A 
socialistic political party in France, — esp. in Paris. 
[F.] — Commu'nal, a. Pert, to a commune. — Com'- 
munism, -nizm, n. Doctrine of community of prop- 
erty among all citizens of a state or society; social- 
ism. — Com'munist, n. An advocate of, etc. — Com- 
mu'nity, -nY-tl, n. Common possession or enjoy- 
ment; a society of persons having common rights, 
interests, etc.Tsociety at large; the public, or people 
in general.— Commu'nicate, -nl-kat, v.t. To im- 
part for common possession, bestow, confer; tore- 
veal, or give, as information. — v. i. To share or 
participate; to have intercourse or means of inter- 
course. — Commu'nicable, a. That may be, etc.— 
Commu'nicableness, -cabil'ity, «. — Commu'nica'- 
tion, n. Act of communicating; intercourse; means 
of passing from place to place; that which is com- 
municated ; commerce; correspondence; news. — 
Commu'nicative, -tiv, a. Inclined to communicate. 
— Gommu'nicativeness, n. — Commu'nicator, -ter, 
n. — Commu'nicatory, -to-rY, a. Imparting knowl- 
edge. — Communion, -mun'yun, n. Intercourse be- 
tween persons; union in religious faith; fellowship; 
a body of Christians having one common faith and 
discipline; the celebration of the Lord's supper. — 
Commu'nicant. n. A partaker of the Lord's supper. 
Commute, kom-mut', v. t. To put one for the other, 
exchange; to substitute, as a greater penalty for a 
less; to pay less for in gross than would be paid for 
separate trips. — v. i. To bargain for exemption; to 
arrange to pay in gross. [L. con and rnutare, muta- 
tum, to change.] — Commu'table, a. Capable of 
being exchanged. — Commu'tabiFity, -Y-tl, n. — 
Commuta'tion. v. Change: barter. (Law.) Sub- 
stitution of one penalty for another. Purchase of a 
right to go upon a certain route during a specified 
period, for less than the aggregate charge for separate 
trips; an outright sum given as equivalent for a pro 
rata payment. — Commu'tative, -tiv, a. Relative to 
exchange: interchangeable. — Com'mutator, -ter, n. 
(Elec.) An apparatus for directing the course of 
the current of a voltaic battery- 
Compact, kom-pakf, a. Closely and firmly united; 
solid; dense; brief; succinct, — v. t. To drive or 
press closely together, consolidate; to unite or con- 
nect firmly, as in a system. [L. compingere, -pactum. 



&n> fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



COMPACT 



103 



COMPLETE 



to join together, fr. con n-n&pnngere, to set, fix: s. rt. 
fang.] — Compact' ly, -edly, -ed-lY, adv. In a com- 
pact manner. — Compact'ness, n. 

Compact, kom^pakt, n. An agreement between par- 
ties; covenant; contract. [L. cqmpacisci, -pactum, 
to agree with, fr. con and pacisci, to covenant.] 

Company, kum'pa-nY, n. State of being a companion; 
act of accompanying; an assemblage or association 
of persons; guest's, dieting, fr. the members of a fam- 
ily: a corporation; a firm: partners whose names are 
not mentioned in the title of the firm. (Mil.) A 
subdivision of a regiment. (Xaut.) The crew of a 
ship. — v. i. To associate. [OF. com panie, compag- 
nie, f r. LL. companies, a company, a taking of meals 
together, fr. companis, food taken with bread.fr. L. 
con and pants, bread.]— To keep company. To ac- 
company, attend; to associate frequently or habitu- 
ally, esp. as a lover. — Companion, kom-pan'yun, n. 
One associated with another; comrade; ally; accom- 
plice. [OF.]— Companion hatch. (Xaut.) A porch 
over the entrance of the'cabin.— C. ladder. One by 
which officers ascend to the quarter-deck. — C. way. 
A staircase leading to the cabin. — Companionable, 
a. Agreeable as a companion: sociable. — Compan'- 
ionableness, n. — Compan'ionably, adv.— Compan'- 
ionship. n. Fellowship; association. 

Compare, kom-par', v. t. [-pared (-pard r ), -paring.] 
To examine the mutual relations of; to represent 
as similar, for purposes of illustration; to liken. 
(Gram.) To inflect according to degrees of com- 
parison. — v.i. To hold comparison; to be like or 
equal; to admit of comparison. [F. comparer, L. 
comparare,-atum, to adjust, set together.fr. con and 
parare, to prepare.] — Compar'er, n. — Comparable, 
kom'pa-ra-bl. a. Capable or worthy of comparison. 

— Cem'parably, adv. — Comparative, -p&r'a-tiv, a. 
Estimated by. or proceeding from, comparison ; 
naving power of comparing. ( Gram.) Expressing 
a greater or less degree of a quantity, or quality, 
than the positive. — Compar'atively, adv. In a 
comparative manner; by comparison; relatively. — 
Comparison. -T-sun or -Y-sn, ?i. Act of comparing; 
comparative estimate. See Phrenology. ( .1.) 
Inflection of an adjective or adverb in its several 
degrees. (Rhet.) A simile or similitude. 

Compartment, kom-part'ment, n. One of the parts 

into which a thi ng is divided. [F. compartiment, fr. 

L. con and partire, to divide, fr. pars, part.] 
Compass, kum'pas, n. A circuit; chcumference; an 

inclosing limit; boundary; an inclosed space; area; 

extent; capacity, (iff us.) 

Range of notes comprehended 

by any voice or instrument. "% 

A magnetic instrument, to de- „ 

termine the cardinal points.— ^ 

V. t. [COMPASSED (-past), -PAS- 3 

sing.} To go about or around; sA% 
to inclose on all sides; to be- 
siege or invest; to get within 
reach, or within one's power; 
to purpose, imagine, plot, 
gain, consummate. [F. com- 
pos, LL. compassus, a circle, Mariner's Compass, 
circuit, round, fr. L. con and 

passvs, a pace, step, later a wav, route, — hence, a 
way that joins itself, circuit.] — Mariner's compass. 
One which has its needle permanently attached to 
a card, so that both move together, the card being 
divided into 32 parts, or points.— To fetch a compass. 
To go round in a circuit. — Com'passable, a. Capa- 
ble of being, etc. — Com'passes, -ez, n. pi. An in- 
strument to describe circles, measure figures, etc. 
Compassion, kom-pash'un, n. A suffering with an- 
other; sorrow excited by another's distress; pity; 
sympathy. [OF.; L. compassio, fr. con and pati, 
possum, to suffer,] — Compas'sionate. a. Full of 
compassion; tender; merciful. — v. t. To have com- 
passion for; commiserate. — Compas'sionately. adv. 

— Compas'sienateness, n.— Compatible. -pat'Y-bl, 
a. Capable of existing^ in harmony: consistent; 
agreeable; congruous. [F.]— Compatibleness, -ibil'- 
ity, n. — Compatibly, adv. 

Compatriot, kom-pa'trY-ut, n. A fellow-countryman. 
[OF. compatriote, fr. L. con and LL. patrioia, Gr. 
patriotes, a fellow-countryman, fr. pater, father.] 

Compeer, kom-per'', 7i. An" equal; companion; peer. 
[L. compar, f r. con and par, equal.] 

Uompel. kom-pel', v. t. [-pelled (-peld'), -pelling.] 
To drive irresistibly; to necessitate; to take by force 
or violence, constrain, coerce. [L. con and pellere, 
pulsum. to drive.] — Compellable, a. Capable of 



SssSUfat 




being, etc. — Compel'ler, n. — Compulsion, -pul'- 
shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; constraint; 
restraint. — Compul'sative, -tiv, -eatory, -to-rY, 
-sory, -so-rY, a. Compelling. — Compar" aive. -siv. a. 
Having power to, etc. — Compul'sively, -sorily. -rY- 
li. adr. Forcibly. — CompursiveneM, n. 
Compellation. kom-pel-la'snun, n. Manner of ad- 
dress; appellation. [L. compellare, to accost.] — 
Compellative, -la-tiv, n. (Gram.) The name by 
which one is addressed. 
Compend, kom'pend. Compendium, -t-um, n. A 
brief compilation; abridgment; epitome; summary. 
[L. compendium, fr. con and jj&ndere, to weigh = 
economize.] — Compendious, -Y-us, a. Summed up 
i within narrow limits. — Compendiously, adv. In 

brief. — Compend'iousness, n. 

| Compensate, kom'pen-sat or kom-pen'sat, v. t. To 

I make equal return to, give an equivalent to, re- 

; munerate, requite: to be equivalent to in value or 

I effect, counterbalance. — v. i. To make amends, 

I supply an equivalent. [L. rompensare, -satum, to 

weigh one thing against another, fr. con and ;>evsart, 

j freq. of pendere, to weigh.] — Compensa'tion, n. 

■ Act or principle of, etc.: an equivalent. (Lav;.) 

Payment of a debt by a credit of equal amount. — 

Compensative, -tiv, -satory, -to-rY, a. Affording 

! compensation ._ 

Compete, kom-pet', r. i. To contend, as rivals for a 

] prize; to strive emulously. [L. con and petere, peti- 

I turn, to fly towards, seek, Gr. petomai, Skr. pat, to 

fly.] — Competition, -tish'un, n . Common strife for 

the same object; emulation: opposition; jealousy. 

— Competitive, -Y-tiv, a. Producing or pert, t'o, 
etc. — Competitor, -Y-ter, n. One who claims what 
another claims: a rival. [L.] 

Competent, kom'pe-tent, a. Answering to all require- 
ments; having adequate power or right; fitted; qual- 
ified. [F., p. pr. of competer, to be sufficient for, fr. 
L. compeiere, to solicit. See Compete.] — Com'pe- 
tently, adv. — Com'petence, -tency, -ten-si, n. State 
of being competent; sufficiency, esp. of means of 
subsistence. (Law.) Legal capacity or qualifica- 
tions; right or authority. 

Compile, kom-pil', v. t. [-piled (-pild'), -piling.] To 
put together or compose out of materials from other 
books or documents. [L. con and pdare, -atum. tc 
plunder, rob; not fr. pilare, to deprive of hair.] — 
Compil'er, n. — Compila'tion, n. Act of compiling; 
thing compiled; esp. a book. 

Complacent, korn-pla'sent, a. Accompanied with 
pleasure; gratified; displaying satisfaction. [L. com- 
placens, p. pr. of complacere, to please, fr. con and 
placere.) — Compla'centry, adv. — Compla'eence. 
-cency, -sen-sY, n. A feeling ot quiet pleasure; the 
cause of pleasure: kindness of manners; civility.— 
Com'plaisant', -pla-zant', a. Desirous to please; 
kindly attentive; courteous: well-bred. [F.j— Com'- 
plaisantTy, adv. — Com'plaisance', n. Kind com- 
pliance with others' wishes; urbanity; suavity. [F.] 

Complain, kom-plan', v. i. [-plained (-plana''). 
-plaining.] To express distress or censiire : to 
bring an accusation, make a charge, murmur, la- 
ment, repine. [OF. complaindre, LL. compiangere, 
fr. L. con and plangere, to bewail. See Plaint.] — 
Complain'er, n. — Complain'ant, n. One who, etc. 
(Law.) A plaintiff. [1- .] — Complaint', n. Expres- 
sion of grief, censure, etc.; cause of complaining; 
A malady: disease. (Law.) Allegation that some 
person has been guilty of a designated offense. [F.] 

Complanate. kom'pla-hat, v. t. To make level or even. 
[L. con and pi an are, to level, fr. planus, plain.] 

Complete, kom-plet'. a. Free from deficiency: per- 
fect; finished: ended; entire; total. — v. t. To bring 
to a perfect state: to fulfill, bring to pass, achieve. 
[L. complere. -pletum, to fulfill, fr. con and plere, to 
fill: s. rt. full, comply.) — Completely, adr"— Com- 
plete'ness, n. — Comple'tion, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc.: fulfillment: realization. — Comple'tive, 
-tiv, a. Making complete. — Com'plement, -ple- 
ment, n. That which completes or supplies a defi- 
ciency ; quantity required to make complete. 
(Astron.) Distance of a star from the zenith, as 
compared with its altitude. (Trigon.) Difference 
between an arc or angle and 90 9 . (Arith.) Differ- 
ence between a number and 10, 100, 1000, etc. (Mus.) 
Interval wanting to complete the octave. — Com- 
plemenfal, a. Supplying, or tending to supply, 
a deficiency ; fully completing. — C»mplement'- 
ary, a. Serving to complete. — Comple'tory. -to-rY, 
a. Making complete. — n. Evening; the compline. 

— Com'pline, -plin. -plin, n. (EccT.) The closing 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ften, boNboN, chair, ge: 



COMPLEX 



prayer of the Roman Catholic breviary, recited after 
sunset. [OF. complie, LL. completa.] 
Complex, kom'pleks, a. Composed of two or more 
parts; complicated; intricate. — n. Assemblage; col- 
lection. [L., interwoven, intricate, fr. con and plec-, 
rt. of plicare, plicatum, to plait together; s. rt. plait, 
fold.] — Com'plexness, Complex Sdness, -ed-nes, 
-ity, -I-tY, n. Intricacy. — Gom'plexly, adv. — Com- 

?>iex1ire, -ur, n. Involution or complication of one 
hing with others. — Complexion, -plekShun, n. 
State of being complex; connection of parts; frame 
or texture; hue of the skin, esp. of the face; general 
appearance. — Complexlonal, -ionary, a. Pert, to 
the complexion, or to the care of it. — Com-'plicate, 
-pll-kat, v. t. To fold or twist together, interweave; 
to render complex, involve. — a. Composed of parts 
united; complicated. — Com'plicately, adv. — Com'- 
plicateness, -cacy, -ka-sT, n, State of being, etc. — 
Complication, n. Intricate or confused blending 
of parts ; entanglement. — Com'plicative, -tiv, a. 
Tending to involve. — Complicity, -plis'l-tT, n. Con- 
dition of being an accomplice. [F. complicity, con- 
spiracy, fr. complice, confederate, fr. L. complex.'] 

Compline. See under Complete, 

Complot, kom'plot, n. A confederacy in some evil 
design; conspiracy; cabal. [F., a conspiracy.] — 
Complot', v. t. and i. To plot together, conspire, 
join in a secret design. 

CompVutensian, kom-ploo-tenShan, a. Pert, to the 
polyglot Bible published at Complutum, or Alcala, 
in Spain, 1522. 

Comply, korn-pli', v. i. [-plied (-plid'), -plying.] To 
yield assent, accord, agree, acquiesce. [It. complire, 
to fill up, fulfill, suit, also, to use compliments, f r. 
L. complere. See Complete.] — Compiler, n. — 
Compilable, a. Inclined to, etc. — Compliance, 
-ans, n. Act of , or disposition to, etc.; concession; 
obedience. — Compli'ant, a. Pliant; yielding to re- 
quest.— Compli'antly, adv.— Com'pliment, n. Com- 
pliance with the wishes of another; manifestation 
of approbation, regard, etc.; delicate flattery. — v. t. 
To natter; express respect for. — v. i. To use com- 
pliments. [F., f r. It. complimento.'] — Compliment'' al, 
-ary, -a-rY, a. Expressive of, etc. 

Component. See under Compose. 

Comport, kom-porf, v. i. To agree, accord, suit. — 
V. t. To behave, conduct, — with a reflexive pro- 
noun. [F. comporter, LL. comportare, to behave, 
fr. L. con and portare, to carry.] — Comporfable, a. 
Suitable ; consistent. 

Compose, kom-poz' v. t. [-posed (-p5zdO, -posing.] 
To form by uniting, put together ; to constitute ; 
to originate, become the author of; to place in form, 
reduce to order ; to free from disturbance, set at 
rest. (Print.) To place in proper order for print- 
ing t as type. [F. composer, fr. L. con and ponere, 
position, to place.] — Composed, -Dozd'. p. a. Free 
from agitation : calm ; tranquil. — Compos Sdly, 
-ed-lT, adv. — ComposSdness, n. — Compo3fer, n. 
One who composes ; an author, esp. of a piece of 
music. — Composition, -zish'un, n. Act of compo- 
sing, esp. a literary work. (Fine Arts.) That com- 
bination of parts in which each has its due propor- 
tion. Arrangement of type for use in printing. 
State of being composed ; thing formed by com- 
posing. (Law.) Adjustment of a debt, by compen- 
sation mutually agreed on. — Composition of forces. 
(Mech.) The finding of a single force equal to two 
or more given forces acting in given directions. — 
Composing-stick, n. 
(Print.) An instrument 



104 con 

— Compos'ure, -zhur, n. Act of composing ; thing 
composed ; a settled state ; calmness ; tranquility. 

Compound, kom-pownd', v. t. To put together, as ele- 
ments, or parts to form a whole ; to combine or 
unite ; to settle amicably, adjust by agreement. — 
v. i. To come to terms of agreement, settle by com- 
promise. [L. componere. See Compose.] — To com- 
pound a felony. To accept of a consideration for 
forbearing to prosecute. — Com^pound, a. Com- 
posed of elements, ingredients, or parts. — n. That 
which is compounded ; mixture of elements, in- 
gredients, or parts. —Compound motion. That which 
is the result of forces acting in different but not 
opposite directions. — C. number. One constructed 
according to a varying scale of denomination, — as 
3 cwt. 1. qr., 5 lbs. — Compound'er, n. 

Comprador, kom-pia-dor / ', n. A native employed by 
foreign merchants in China to conduct business 
with other natives ; a steward. [Pg. and Sp., fr. 
comprar, L. comparare, to buy.] 

Comprehend, kom-pre-hend', v. t. To include by con- 
struction or implication ; to take into the mind, ap- 
prehend the meaning of, conceive, understand. [L. 
con and prehendere, -hensum, to seize, fr. prse, before- 
hand, and obs. hendere, to seize ; s. rt. Gr. chanda* 
nein, E. get.] — Comprehensible, -st-bl, a. Capable 
of being comprehended, included, or understood. — 
ComprehenSibleness, -sibillty, n. — Comprehen'- 
aion, -shun, n. Act of, etc. ; thing comprehended 
or inclosed within narrow limits ; summary ; epit- 



ome ; capacity of the mind to understand ; percep- 
tion. — Comprehensive, -siv, a. Including much 
within narrow limits; extensive; full. — Compre- 
hensively, adv. — Comprehensiveness, n. 
Compress, koin-pres', v. t. ^-pressed (-presf), -press- 
ing.] To press together, bring within narrower 
limits, crowd, condense. [L. con and pressare, freq. 
of premere, pressum, to press.] — Com'press, n. 
(Surg.) A folded piece of linen, to make pressure 



on any part. [F.] — Compressible, a. Capable of 
being, etc. — Compresslbleness, -ibillty, n. — Com- 
pression, -presh'un, n. Act of, or state of being, 



of adjustable width. 
in which type is ar- 
ranged into words and 
lines. — Composite, 



Composing-stick. 



-pOzlt, a. Made of distinct parts or elements ; 
compounded. (Arch.) Belonging to an order of 
architecture made up of the Ionic grafted upon the 
Corinthian. See Capital. — Composite number. 
(Math.) One which can be measured exactly by a 
number exceeding unity. — Compositive, -pBzl- 
tiv, a. Compounded, or having power of compound- 
ing. — Compositor, -ter, n. One who sets in order. 
(Print.) One who sets type. — Compo'nent, a. 
Composing ; serving or helping to form ; constitu- 
ting. — n. A constituent part; an ingredient.— 
Composltae, -te, n. pi. (Bot.) A family of dicoty- 
ledonous plants, having their flowers arranged in 
dense heads, — including the daisy, dandelion, and 
aster. — Cora'post, -post, n. (Agric.) A mixture for 
fertilizing land. — v. t. To manure with compost. 



Compressive, -iv, a. Having power to, etc, 

— Compress'or, -er, n. Anything which, etc.— Corn- 
pressure, -presh'ur, n. Act or force of one body 
pressing against another ; pressure. 

Comprise, kom-prlz', v. t. [-prised (-prlzd'). -pris- 
ing.] To comprehend, include, embrace, imply. 
[F. compris, p. p. of comprendre, L. comprehenaere. 
See Comprehend.] — ComprisSi, n. Act of, etc 

Compromise, kom'pro-mlz, n. A mutual promise to 
refer a dispute to the decision of arbitrators; adjust- 
ment by mutual concessions.— v. t. [-mised (-mlzd), 
-mising.] To adjust by mutual concessions, com- 
pound ; to commit, put to hazard, compromit. [F. 
compromis, p. p. of convjwomettre, to compromit, fr. 
L. con andpromittere. -missum, to promise.] — Com , - 
promis'er, n. — Com'promit, v. t. To pledge, prom- 
ise ; to put to hazard, by some act which cannot be 
recalled, bring into danger, compromise. 

Comptroller. See under Control. 

Compulsion, Compulsory, etc. See under Compel. 

Compunction, kom-punkShun, n. Poignant grief or 
remorse; the sting of conscience. [OF., fr. L. «wi- 
pungi, -punctus, to feel remorse, fr. con and pungere, 
to prick, sting.] — Compunc'tious, -shus, a. At- 
tended with, etc. 

Compurgation, kom-pgr-gaShun, n. (Law.) The 
justifying a man's veracity by the oath of others. 
[L. con and purgare (=purum agere), to make pure.] 

— Compurgalor, n. One who testifies to the inno- 
cence of another. 

Compute, kom-pGt / \ v. t. To determine by calcula- 
tion, cast up, count, enumerate. [L. con and putare, 
putatum, orig, to make clean = make clear, settle.] 

— ComputSr, ».— ComputSble, a — Computa'tien, 
n. Act or process of, etc.; reckoning; account. 

Comrade, komlad, n. A mate, companion, or associ- 
ate. [Sp. camarada, a company, also a partner, 
fr. Sp. and L. camara, chamber. See Chamber.] 

Comtism, koNtlzm, n. Positivism ; the doctrine of 
the F. philosopher, August Cornte, that all knowl- 
edge is experience of facts acquired through the 
senses, and that we know nothing of causes or 
laws, but only phenomena. — Comtlst, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — n. A Positivist. 

Con, kon. An abbr. of L. contra, against : in the 
phrase pro and con, for and against, it denotes the 
negative or contrary side of a question; as a sub- 
stantive, it denotes one who is in the negative. 

Con, kon, v. t. [conned (kond), conning.] Orig., to 



am, fame, far, pass or oeera, fare « end. eve, term ; In, Ice , Sdd, tone, 6r 



CONATION 



105 



CONCORD 



know; to study, try to fix in the mind, peruse. [AS. 
cunnian, to examine into, fr. cunnan, to Know.] 

Conation, ko-na'shun, n. (Phil.) The faculty of vol- 
untary agency. [L. conari, -atus, to attempt.] — Co'- 
native, -tiv, a. Pert, to an attempt; endeavoring. 

Concamerate, kon-kam'gr-at, v. t. To arch over, vault. 
[L. con and camerare, -atuin, to arch, fr. camera, 
vault. See Chamber.] — Concamera'tion, n. An 
arch or vault. 

Concatenate, kon-kafe-nat, v. t. To link together, 
unite in a series. [L. con and catenare, -atum, to 
chain, fr. catena, a chain.] — Concatenation, n. A 
series of links united, or of things depending on 
each other. 

Concave, kon'kav, a. Hollow and curved or rounded, 

— said of the interior of anything hemispherical. 
See Lens. — n. A hollow ; arched vault. — v. t. 
[concaved (-kavd), -caving.] To make hollow. 
[L. con and cavus, hollow.] — Concava'tion, n. Act 
of making, etc. — Con'caveness, n. Hollowness. — 
Concavity, -kav'T-tl, n. The internal surface of a 
hollow ; rounded body ; space within such body. — 
Conca'vo-con'cave, a. Concave on both surfaces; 
double-concave. See Lens. — Conca'vo-con'vex, a. 
Concave on one side and convex on the other. — 
Conca'vous.jvus, a. Concave. 

Conceal, kon-seK, v. t. [-cealed (-seld'), -cealing.] 
To hide or withdraw from observation ; to withhold 
from utterance, disguise, dissemble, secrete. [L. 
cen and celare, to hide ; s. rt. hall, hell, hole, hull, 
etc.] — Conceal'able, a.— ConcealCr, n. — Conceal- 
ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; place of hid- 
ing ; secret place. (Law.) Suppression of truth. 

Concede, kon-sed r , v. t. To yield or suffer to pass ; to 
admit to be true, grant, admit, give up, surrender. 

— v. i. To yield or make concession. [L. con and 
cedere, cessum, to cede, grant.] —Concession, -sesh/- 
un, n. Act of granting ; thing granted ; boon ; a 
privilege, or right granted by government. — Con- 
cesSionist, n. One who favors, etc. — ConcesSive, 
-siv, a. Implying, etc. 

Conceit, kon-sef, n. That which is conceived in the 
mind ; idea ; thought ; image ; a quaint fancy ; af- 
fected conception; opinion; estimation; esp. overes- 
timation of one's self; vanity.— v. t. To conceive, im- 
agine. — v. i. To form an idea, judge. [OF. concept, 
conceit, p. p. of concevoir, to conceive. See Con- 
ceive.]— Conceifed, a. Entertaining a flattering 
opinion of one's self ; vain; egotistical. — Conceif- 
edly, adv. — ConceitSdness, n. 

Conceive, kon-sev / ', v. t. [-ceived (-sevd / '), -ceiving.] 
To receive into the womb and breed ; to form in the 
mind, as a purpose ; to picture to the imagination, 
understand, believe, think. — v. i. To become preg- 
nant ; to have a conception, idea, or opinion ; to 
think. [OF. concerer, concevoir, L. concipere, con- 
ception, fr. con and capere, to take, hold.] — Con- 
eeiv'er, n. — Conceivable, a. Imaginable. — Con- 
ceivSbleness, n. — Conceiv'ably, adv. — Concept, 
konSept, n. An abstract general conception. — 
Conception, -sepShun, n. Act of conceiving ; state 
of being conceived ; formation in the mind of an 
image, idea, etc.; apprehension; image, etc., formed; 
notion; a universal; power or faculty of forming an 
idea in the mind. [F.] — Concep'tive, -tiv, a. Ca- 
pable of conceiving. — Conceptual, -u-al, a. Pert, 
to, etc. — Concept'ualism, -izm, n. (Metaph>/s.) 
Theory that the mind has the power of forming for 
itself general conceptions of individual objects. — 
Concep'tualist, -tionalist, n. A believer, etc. 

Concent, kon-senf, n. Concert of voices ; harmony. 
[L. con and ranere, cantum, to sing.] 

Concenter, -tre, kon-sen'ter, v. i. [-centered or 
-trkd (-terd), -tering or -tring.] To come to a 
point, or meet in a common center. — v. t. To draw 
or direct to a common center, bring to a point. 
[F. concentrer, L. concentrare, fr. con and centrum 
(F. centre)^ center. See Center.] — Concentrate, 
kon-sen'trat or konSen-trat, v. t. To bring to a 
common center, unite more closely, combine. — Con- 
centration, w. Act of, etc. (Chem.) Volatilization 
of part of a liquid, to increase the strength of the 
remainder. — Concen'trative, a. Serving to, etc. — 
Concen'trativeness, n. (Phren.) Power of concen- 
trating intellectual force. See Phrenology. — 
Concentrator, -ter, n. (Mining.) A pneumatic ap- 
paratus for separating dry comminuted ore, accord- 
ing to the specific gravity of its particles. — Con- 
centric, a. Having a common center. — Concen- 
trically, adv. — Concentricity, -tris r t-tY, n. State of 
being concentric. 



Concern, kon-sgrn', v. t. [-cbrneb (-serndO, -cern- 
ing.] To relate or belong to, be of importance to ; 
to take an interest in ; to disturb, make uneasy. — 
n. That which relates to one, or affects the weW 
fare; interest in, or care for, any thing. (Com.) 
Persons connected in business ; a firm and its busi- 
ness. [F. concerner, fr. L. concemere, to mix, ming)e, 
later, to belong to, regard, fr. con and cernere, to sift, 
decree, observe.] — Concernedly, -ed-lT, adv. In a 
concerned manner. — Concerning, prep. Pert, to ; 
regarding ; with respect to. — Concernment, n. 
Thing in which one is concerned; affair; particular; 
interposition; meddling; solicitude; anxiety. 
Concert, kon-serf, v. t. To plan together; to plan; 
devise. — v. i. To act in harmony, form combined 
plans, take counsel. [F. concerter, It. concertare, to 
concert, contrive, fr. L. con and serere, sertum; to 
join together.] — Concert, n. Agreement in a de- 
sign or plan; harmony; musical accordance or har- 
mony ; a musical entertainment. — Concer'to, n. A 
musical composition written for a principal instru- 
ment, with accompaniments for a full orchestra. 
[It.] — Concertina, -te'na, n. A musical instrument 
of the accordion species. — Concert-pitch, n. The 
pitch generally adopted for a given tone, by which 
other tones are governed. 
Concession, Concessive, etc. See under Concede. 
Conch, kcnk, n. A marine shell. (Arch.) The domed 
semicircular or polygonal ter- 
mination of the choir of a 
church; apsis. See Apsis. [L. 
concha, shell, Gr. kongke, mus- 
sel, Skr. cankha, conch-6hell.' 
— Concha, kon'ka, n. (Anat.\ 
The external ear, by which; 
sounds are collected and trans 
mitted to the internal ear. See 
Ear. [L.l — Conchoid, konk'- 
oid, n. ( Geol.) A curve of the Conch. 

4th order. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Conchoid' al. a. (Min.) 
Having elevations or depressions in form like the 
valve of a bivalve shell. — Conchology, -koKo-jT, n. 
Science of shells and animals inhabiting them; mal- 




acology. [Gr. logos, discourse.]— Conchological, -loj'- 

Pert. to, et< 
in, etc. 



ik-al, a. 



etc.— Conchol'ogist, n. One versed 



Conciliate, kon-siKT-at, v. t. To win over; to gain 
from a state of indifference or hostility. [L. con- 
ciliare, -atum, fr. consilium, assembly, union. See 
Council.] — Concil'iaSion, n. Act of, etc.; recon- 
ciliation. — Conciliator, -ter, n. — Conciliatory, -to- 
ri, a. Tending to conciliate; pacific. 

Concise, kon-sTs', a. Expressing much in a few words; 
laconic; terse; succinct. [F.; L. concisvs, brief, p. p. 
of couci'iere, to cut down, fr. con and csedere, to 
cut.] — Concisely, adv. — Conciseness, «.-- Con- 
cision, -sizh'un, n. A cutting off; division; faction; 
circumcision. 

Conclave, kon'klav, n. A private apartment, esp. 
that where the cardinals meet to elect a pope; as- 
sembly to elect a pope, the body of curdinals; a pri- 
vate meeting. [F. and L., fr. L. con and clavis, key.] 

Conclude, kon-klud', v. t. To close, as an argument, 
by inferring; to bring to an end; to make a final 

" judgment or determination of; to infer, finish, end. 
— v. i. To come to an end, close; to form a final 
judgment. [L. concludere, -elusion, fr. con and clau- 
dere, to shut. See Clause.]— ConcludSr, n. — Con- 
clusion, -zhun, n. Last part of anything; final de- 
cision; determination: deduction from premises'; an 
experiment. (Law.) End of a pleading; an estoppel 
or bar by which one is held to a position which he 
has taken. — Conclusive, -siv, a. Pert, to a close; 
ending debate or question; final; decisive; defini- 
tive. — Conclusively, adv. — Conclusiveness, n. 

Concoct, kon-kokf\ v. t. To digest; to mature, per- 
fect, ripen; to devise, plan, plot [L. concoquere, 
-coctum, to boil together, digest, think over, fr. con 
and coqvere, to cook. See Cook.] — ConcoctSr, «.— 
Concoc'tion, n. Digestion; act of bringing to ma- 
turity, etc.; act of planning ; contrivance. — Con- 
coct'ive. -iv. a. Having power to, etc. 

Concomitant, kon-kom / 'T-tant, a. Accompanying, or 
conjoined: concurrent; attending. — n. One who is, 
etc.; an accompaniment. [L. con and cornitari. to 
accompany, fr. comes, a companion. See Count.] — 
Concomitantly, adv. In company with others.— 
Concomitance, -itancy, -Tt-tan-sT, n. State of. etc. 

Concord, kon'kSrd, n. A state of agreement: har- 
mony; union. (Gram.) Agreement of words with 
one another, in gender, number, persow, or case 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get 



CON CORPORATE 



106 



CONDYLE 



(Mus.) A consonant chord; consonance; harmony. 
[F. concorde, L. concordia, fr. con and cor, cordis, 
the heart.] — Concord'ance, -ans, ra. Agreement; 
accordance; a verbal index to a work, in which pas- 
sages containing the same word are arranged alpha- 
betically, with references to the text.— Concord'ist, 
n. A compiler of a concordance. — Concord'' ant, a. 
Agreeing; correspondent; consonant. [L. and It. 
concordare, to agree.] — Concord'antly, adv. — Con- 
cordat, ». A compact or agreement, — esp. be- 
tween the pope and a sovereign for the regulation 
of ecclesiastical matters. [F., fr. It. concordato, a 
convention, p. p. of concordare.'] 

Concorpoxate. kc»i-kor'po-rat, v. i. To unite in one 
mass or body. — a. United in, etc. [L. con and cor- 
pus, corporis, body.] 

Concourse, korj'kors, n. A moving or running to- 
gether; an assembly; crowd; place of meeting. [F. 
concours, L. concursus, fr. con and currere, to run.] 

Concrete, kon'kret, a. United in growth; formed by 
coalition of particles into one body; united in a 
solid form. (Logic.) Existing in a subject; not ab- 
stract. — n. A compound or mass formed by con- 
cretion. (Arch.) A mass of stone chippings, peb- 
bles, etc., cemented by mortar. (Logic.) A term 
designating both a quality and the subject in which 
it exists; a concrete term. — Concrete', v. i. To 
unite or coalesce, as separate particles into a mass. — 
?'. t. To form into a mass. [L. con and crescere, 
cretum, to grow. See Crescent and Create.] — 
Concretely, adv.— Concrete'ness, n.— Concre'tion. 
n. Act of concreting; mass or solid matter formed 
by congelation, condensation, coagulation, or other 
like natural process. (Geol.) A nodule, produced 
by aggregation of material around a center. — Con- 
cre'fional, «. Pert, to concretion. — Concre'tive, 
-tiv, a. Promoting, etc. — Con'crement, n. Collec- 
tion formed by. etc. —Concrescence, -kres'ens, n. 
Act of growing by, etc. — Concres'cive, -siv, a. 
Growing together. — Concre'tianism, -shan-izm, n. 
(Psychol.) Doctrine that soul and body are gener- 
ated together and grow in common. 

Concnbine, kon'ku-bin, n. A paramour ; a woman 
who cohabits with a man without being his wife; a 
wife of inferior condition. [F.; L. concubina, fr. 
con and cubare. to lie down.] — Concu'binage, -bl- 
nej, n. State of being, etc.; the cohabiting of a man 
and woman not married. — Concu'binal, -binary, 
-ner-Y, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Concupiscence, kon-ku'pis-ens. n. Unlawful desire, 
esp. of carnal pleasure; lust. [F.; L. concupiscentia, 
fr. concupiscerc, fr. con and cupere, to desire.] — 
Concu'piscent, a. Libidinous; lustful; salacious. 

Concur, kon-ker', v. i. [-curred (-kerd'), -curring.] 
To meet in the same point; to act jointly; to unite 
in opinion, assent, coincide, approve. [L. con and 
currere, to run.] — Concur'rence, -rens, n. A com- 
ing together; onion; conjunction; joint rights, im- 
plying equality in different persons.— Concur'rent, 
a. Acting in "conjunction; cooperating; associate; 
concomitant ; joint and equal in authority. — n. 
Joint or contributory cause. — Concurrently, adv. 

Concussion, kon-kush^un, n. Act of shaking or agi- 
tating, esp. by the stroke of another body; state of 
being shaken': shock. [F. ; L. concussio, f r. conctitere, 
-cussu/n, to shake together, fr. con and quatere, to 
shake.] — Concus'sive, -siv, a. Having power to, etc. 

Condemn, kon-dem', v. t. [-demned (-demd'), -dem- 
xing (-dem'ning).] To pronounce to be wrong, 
blame, censure, pronounce judicial sentence against, 
doom; pronounce unfit for service. [L. con and 
damnare, to damn, condemn.] — Condem'ner, n. — 
Condem'nabie, a. Worthy of, etc.; blameworthy; 
culpable. — Condemna'tion, n. Act of , or state of 
being, etc.; reason of a sentence; judgment. — Con- 
dem'natory, -to-rT, a. Bearing condemnation. 

Condense, kon-dens', v. t. [-densed (-densf), -dens- 
ixg.] To make more close, compact, or dense; to 
compress, consolidate, thicken.— v. i. To become 
close or more compact; to grow thick or dense. [F. 
condenser, L. condensare, -satum, f r. con and densare, 
tothicken, f r. densus, thick, dense.] — Conden'sate, 
-sat, v. t. & i. Same as condense. — Condens'er, n. 
One who, or that which, etc., esp. {Mach.) a vessel 
for condensing vapor into a liquid form. See Steam 
Engine. — Condens'able, a. Capable of being, etc 
— Condensation, n. Act of, etc. — Conden'sative, 
-tiv, a. Having power or tendencv to, etc. 

Condescend, kon-de-send', v. i. To let one's self 
down; to relinquish rank, or dignity of character; 
to recede willingly from one's rights ; to deign, 



vouchsafe. [F. condescendre, fr. L. con and descent 
dere, to descend.] — Condescendingly, adv. — Con- 
descension, -sen'shun,w. Act of, etc.; complaisance; 
courtesy; affability. 

Condign, kon-dTn', a. Deserved; merited; suitable. 
[OF. condigne, L. condignus, well-worthy, fr. con 
and dignus, worthy.] — Condign'ly, adv. Accord- 
ing to merit. — Condign'ness, n. 

Condiment, kon'dt-ment, n. Something to give relish 
to food. [L. condimentum, fr. condire, to season.] 

Condisciple, kon-dis-si'pl, n. A fellow-disciple ; school- 
fellow. 

Condition, kon-dish'un, n. State or situation as re- 
gards external circumstances ; quality ; property ; 
attribute; that which must exist as the occasion or 
concomitant of something else;, stipulation; article; 
terms, —v. i. [-ditioned (-dish'und), -tioning.] 
To make terms, stipulate, —v. t. To contract, stip- 
ulate; to impose conditions on. [F.; L. conditio, a 
covenant, condition; s. rt. indicare, to point out, 
also E. token : not f r. L. condere, to put together.] — 
Conditional, a. Containing, implying, or depend- 
ing on, etc.; not absolute. (Gram. & Logic.) Ex- 
pressing a condition or supposition. — Condi'tional'- 
ity, -MT, 7i. Quality of being, etc.; limitation by 
terms. — Condi'tionally, adr. With certain limita- 
tions; on particular terms; not absolutely. — Condi'- 
tioned, a. Circumstanced, — as well-conditioned. 

Conditory, kon'di-to-rT, n. A repository to holdthings. 
[L. conditorium, fr. condere, to put together, hide. J 

Condole, kon-dol', v. i. [-doled (-dold'), -doling.] 
To express sorrow at the pain of another. [L. con 
and dolere, to grieve.] — Condol'er, n. — Condole '- 
ment, -do'lence, n. Expression of sympathy, etc. 

Condone, kon-don', v. t. [-doned (-dond'), -doning.] 
(Eccl. Law.) To pardon; to forgive for a violation 
of the marriage vow. [L. condonare, -natum, to re- 
mit, fr. con and donnre, to give.] — Condena'tion, n. 
Act of pardoning. {Eccl. Law.) Forgiveness by a 
husband of his wife, or by a wife of her husband, 
for a breach of marital duty. 

Condor, kon'dor, «. A large bird of the vulture fam- 
ily, found in the Andes; a 
gold coin of Chili and the 
U. S. of Colombia, worth 
10 pesos, or more than $9. 
[Sp., corrup. of Pg. cuntnr.] 

Condottiere, kon-dot-te-a'ra, 
n. ;pl. -ERi,-a're. In Italy, 
the leader of a band of 
mercenary soldiers, living 
by pillage; a brigand. [It., 
fr. L. con and ducere, to 
lead.] 

Conduce, kon-dus', v. t. 

[-DUCED (-dtlSt'), -DU- 

Cing.] To promote, answer, 
or further an end; to tend, 
contribute. [L. con and 
ducere, ductum, to lead. 
See Dcke.] — Condu'cible, Condor. 

-sT-bl, -cive. -siv, a. Tend- 
ing to promote or forward. — Condu'cibleness, -ci- 
bil'ity, -civeness, -siv-nes, n. — Con'duct, -dukt, n. 
Act or method of leading, commanding, etc.; skill- 
ful guidance; generalship; that which leads, guides, 
escorts, or brings safely; convoy; guard; warrant; 
manner of guiding one's self ; behavior; deport- 
ment ; demeanor. — Conduct', v. t. To lead or 
guide, escort, attend; to lead as a commander, di- 
rect, control; to manage, Tegulate, carry. — v. i. To 
behave, act. — Conduct'ible, a. — Conduct'ibil'ity, 
n. — Conduction, -duk'shun, n. (Physics.) Trans- 
mission through, or bv means of, a conductor. — 
Conduct'ive, -iv, a. Conducting. — Conductiv'ity, 
n. Quality or power of conducting or giving pas- 
sage to molecular action. — Conduct'or, -er, n. One 
who conducts; a leader; guide; manager; one in 
charge of a railroad train . (Physics.) A substance, 
esp. a metallic rod, forming a medium for the trans- 
mission of some substance or fluid, esp. of heat or 
electricity. — Conduct'ress, n. A woman who, etc. 

Conduit, kon'- or kun'dit, n. That which conducts or 
conveys; esp. a pipe, canal, etc. [F.; fr. LL. conduc- 
tus, escort, also canal, fr. conducere. See Conduce.] 

Conduplicate, kon-du'plT-kat, a. (Bot.) Doubled or 
folded together. [L. con and duplicare, to double.] 

Condyle, kon'dil, n. (Anat.) A rounded projection 
at the end of a bone ; knuckle. [F. ; Gr. kondidps, 
fr. kondos, knob.] — Con'dyloid, a. Shaped like, etc., 
— said esp. of the projection articulating the lower 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



CONE 



107 



CONFOUND 




jaw with the head. TGr. eidos, form.] — Con'dylope, 
-dT-lop, Condyl'opod, n. (Zobl.) An articulated 
animal, with jointed legs, — as crabs, insects, etc. 
[Gr. pous.podos, foot.] 
Cone, kon, n. A solid body, tapering to a point from 
a circular base. (Bot.) The conical 
fruit of evergreen trees, as of the pine, 
fir, cedar, etc. [F. ; L. conus, Gr. 
konos; s. rt. L. cuneus, wedge, Ski. go, 
to sharpen, E. hone. See Coin.] — 
Conic, kon'ik, -ical, a. Formed like, 
resembling, or pert, to, etc. — Conic 
section. (Geom.) A curve line formed 
by the intersection of a cone and plane, 

— a parabola, hyperbola, or ellipse. — Cone. 
Coirically, adv. In the form of, etc.— Conicalness, 
n . — Con'lcB. n. sing. That part of geometry treat- 
ing of the cone and its curves, n. pi. The curves 
formed by the intersection of a plane and cone. — 
Co'niform, a. Cane-shaped ; conical. [L. forma, 
form.] — Coniferous, -nifgr-us, a. {Bot.) Bearing 
cones, as pines, etc. [L. fen-e, to bear.] — Co'noid, 
-noid, n. Anything cone-shaped. (Geom.) A solid 
formed by the revolution of a conic section about 
its axis. — Co'noid, -noid'al, a. Nearly, but not ex- 
actly, conical. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Conoid'ic, -ical, 
a. Pert, to, or formed like, a conoid. 

Confabulate, kon-fab'u-lat, v. i. To talk familiarly 
together, chat, prattle. [L. con smdfabulari, -latum, 
to converse, fr. fabula, a discourse. See Fable.] — 
Confabula'tion, Confab, n. Familiar talk. 

Confect, kon'fekt, n. A sweetmeat ; comfit ; confec- 
tion. [L. conficere, -fectum, to prepare.] — Confec'- 
tion, n. A preparation of fruit, etc., with sugar ; act 
of making confects. — Confec'tioner, n. One who 
makes or sells confections, candies, etc. — Confec'- 
tionery, -5r-T, n. Sweetmeats in general; confections; 
candies; place for making or selling, etc. 

Confederate, kon-fed'Sr-at, a. United in a league; 
engaged in a confederacy. — n. A person or nation 
engaged in a confederacy; an ally. — v. t. and i. To 
uuite in a league. [L. con and foederare, -atum, to 
league, fr. feedva, foederis, a league.] — Conied'eracy, 
-a-st, n. A league or covenant ; union between per- 
sons or states ; persons, etc., united by a league. 
(Law.) An unlawful combination ; conspiracy. — 
Confedera'tion, n. Act of confederating ; league ; 
compact for mutual support ; parties to a league. — 
Confed'erative, -tiv, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Confer, kon-fer', v. t. [-feeeed (-ferd'), -febeixg.] 
To grant a permanent possession; to bestow, award. 

— v. t. To discourse or converse seriously ; to com- 
pare views. [F. conferer, to commune, L. conferre, 
to bring together, bestow, fr. con and ferre, to 
bring.] — Conference, -ens, n. Act of conversing ; 
interchange of views : meeting for consultation ; 
interview. [F.] — Confer'rable, a. Capable of be- 
ing conferred. — Confer'rer, n. 

Conferva, kon-fSr'va, n. ; pi. -\je, -ve. (Bot.) A fresh- 
water plant consisting of slender-jointed green fila- 
ments. [L. con and/enrre, to boil.] 

Confess, kon-fes', v. t. [-fessed (-fesf), -fessixg.] To 
acknowledge or admit, as a crime, fault, debt, etc. ; 
to own or recognize ; to admit as true, assent to, 
(Eccl.) To declare (one's sins) to a priest, in order to 
receive absolution ; to hear such confession ; to dis- 
close or reveal, as an effect its cause. — v. i. To 
make confession. [OF. confesser, fr. L. con and 
fateri, fessus, to acknowledge. See Fame.] — Con- 
fess'edly, -ed-lT, adv. By confession: avowedly; un- 
deniably. — Confession, -f esh'un, n. Acknowledg- 
ment ; avowal ; admission of a debt, obligation, or 
crime. (Eccl.) Act of disclosing sins to a priest. 
A formulary stating articles of faith.— Confessional, 
i*. The seat where a confessor sits to hear confessions. 

— Confes'sionalism, -izm, n. The principle of mak- 
ing confession ; principle of formulating the beliefs 
of a church into a confession of faith, and exacting 
acceptance thereof from its members. — Confes'- 
sionary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to auricular confession. — 
Canfess'or, -5r, n. One who acknowledges his sins or 
obligations. {Eccl.) One who professes faith in the 
Christian religion. A priest who hears confessions. 

Confide, kon-fid > , v. i. To put faith, believe, —v. t. 
To intrust, give in charge. [L. goh and fidere. to 
trust.] — Confid'er, n. — Confidant', n. m.. -fidante', 
7i. f., -ft-dant'. A confidential friend. [OF.] — 
Confidence, -f T-dens, n. Act of confiding ; belief 
in the reality of a fact or integrity of a person ; 
that in which faith is put ; feeling of security; self- 
reliance ; assurance ; expectation ; hope ; courage. — 



Confidence-man, n. One who appeals to another's 
confidence in order to swindle him ; a plausible 
scoundrel. — Confident, a. Having confidenoe -, 
trustful : self-reliant : having an excess of assur- 
ance; occasioning confidence. — Confidently, adv. — 
Confidential, -shal, a. Enjoying confidence; com- 
municated in confidence. — Confidentially, adv. 

Configure, kon-fig'ur, v. t. [-figured (-urd), -using.] 
To arrange or dispose in a certain form, figure, or 
shape. [L. con and figurare, to fashion, fr. figura, 
form.] — Conflg'ura'tion. n. Externalform. (Astrol.) 
Relative position or aspect of the planets. [F.] 

Confine, konfln, n. Common boundary ; border ; 
limit. — Confine'', v. t. [-fixed (-find''), -fining.] 
To restrain within limits ; to bound, immure, re- 
strict. — v. i. To have a common boundary ; to 
border. [F. confin, near, adjoining, confmer, to abut 
upon, confine, fr. L. con and finis, a boundary.] — 
Conftnable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Confin'er, 
n. One who, or that which, etc. — Con'finer, n. One 
who lives on confines; a borderer. — Conflne'ment, 
n. Restraint within limits; imprisonment; detentiou 
by sickness, esp. by child-birth. 

Confirm, kon-ferrn, v. t. [-firmed (-f5rmd r ), -firm- 
ing.] To make firm, give strength to, render fixed or 
certain; to render valid by formal assent. (Eccl.) To 
administer the rite of confirmation to. [F. confcrmer, 
fr. L. con and ftrmare, -atum, to make firm, fr. 
firmus, firm.] — Confinner, n. — Confirm 'able. a. 

— Confirma'tion, n. Act of confirming, or estab- 
lishing: that which confirms, convincing testimony; 
ratification. (Eccl.) A rite in Episcopal churchea 
by which one baptized is admitted to the full privi- 
leges of the church. — Confirm' ative, -tiv, a. Hav- 
ing power to confirm. — Confirm'atory, -tc-rf , a. 
Serving to confirm ; corroborative ; pert, to the rite 
of confirmation. 

Confiscate, kon'fis-kat or kon-fis'kat, v. t. To appro- 
priate, as a penalty, to public use. — a. Appropri- 
ated, etc. [L. conjiscare, -catiun, to confiscate.fr. con 
and ftscus, basket, purse, treasury.] — Confis'cable, 
a. Capable of being, etc. ; liable to forfeiture.— 
Conflsca'tion, n. Act of appropriating, as a penalty, 
to the public use. — Con'fiscator. n. One who, etc. 

— Confis'catory, -to-rT, a. Consigning to, or pro- 
moting, etc. 

Conflagration, kon-fla-gra'shun. n. A great fire. [F.- 
fr. L. con and flagrare.-gratwn, to burn.] 

Conflict, kon'flikt. n. Violent collision ; a striving 
to oppose or overcome ; the last struggle of life ; 
pang ; agony. — Conflict', v. i. To strike or dash 
together, meet in collision, struggle, strive, battle. 
[L. con and fligere,flictum, to strike; s. rt. blow.] — 
Confllct'ive, -iv, a. Tending to conflict. 

Confluence, kon'flu-ens, n. The meeting or junction 
of streams : place of meeting ; running together of 
people ; crowd; multitude. [L. con and Jluere, Jlv-r- 
um, to flow.] — Con'fluent, a. Flowing together ; 
running one into another ; meeting in a common 
current or basin. (Bot.) United at the base. — n. 
A small stream flowing into a large one ; place of 
meeting of streams, etc. — Con'flux, n. A flowing 
together of currents; assemblage: concourse. 

Conform, kon-fdrin, v. t. [-formed (-fdrmd'), -form- 
ing.] To shape in accordance with, make alike, 
bring into harmony or agreement with. — v. i. To 
conduct in accordance, comply, yield, render obe- 
dience. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) To be a conformist. [F. 
conformer, fr. L. cow and formare, -matum, to fash- 
ion, fr. forma, form.] — Conform'er, n. — Conform '- 
able, a. Corresponding in form, shape, opinion*, 
etc. ; similar ; like ; in proper form ; disposed to 
compliance: submissive. (Geol.) Parallel, or nearly 
so. — Conform'ableness, -abil'ity, n. State of being, 
etc. (Geol.) Parallelism of two sets of strata m 
contact. — Conform'ably, adr. With, or in, con- 
formity. — Conform'ate. a. Having the same form. 

— Conforma'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
agreement ; harmony ; structure of a body ; form ; 
make. — Conformist, n. One who complies with 
the worship of the church of England. — Conform'- 
ity, -Y-tT, n. Correspondence in character, etc. ; 
congruity. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the 
usages of the established church. 

Confound, kon-fownd', v. t. To mingle and blend, 
so as to be indistinguishable ; to throw into confu- 
sion ; to abash, dismay, defeat, ruin, intermingle. 
[F. confondre, fr. L. con and fundere, fustem, to 
pour.] — Confound'er, «. — Confound'ed,^. a. Con- 
fused; perplexed; very great: enormous; abominsfc- 
ble. — Confound'edlyj adv. Enormously, greatly. 



s&n, cube, full ; moon, io"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CONFRATERNITY 



108 



CONJUNCT 



Confraternity, kon-fra-ter'nY-tT, re. A brotherhood. 
[F. confraterniU, fr. L. con and fraternitas, brother- 
hood, fr. frater, brother.] — Confrere, koN'frar, re. 
An associate. [F. ; F.frere = L. frater.} 

Confront, kon-frunf, v. t. To stand faeing, or in front 
of; to face; to stand in direct opposition to, oppose; 
to set together for comparison, compare. [F. con- 
f renter, fr. front, L./rons, frontis, forehead, front.] 

— Confron'ter, n. — Confronta'tion, n. Act of, etc. 
Confucianism, kon-fu'shan-izm, n. The doctrine of 

Confucius, founder of the ethical system of China. 

Confuse, kon-f uz', v. t. [-fused (-fQzd'), -fusing.] To 
jumble together, render indistinct or obscure, dis- 
order, abash, disconcert, perplex, distract. [Same 
as confound ; L. con nn&fundere, fusum, to pour.]— 
Confus'edly, -ed-li, adv. — Confus'edness, re. — Con- 
fusion, -fu'zhun, re. State of being mixed or blend- 
ed so as to produce indistinctness or error ; loss of 
self-possession ; shame ; overthrow ; defeat ; ruin. 

Confute, kon-f Of, v. t. To put to silence; to prove to 
be false or defective, disprove, set aside, oppugn. [F. 
confuter, to confute, fr. L. confutare, -tatum, to cool 
(by mixing cold water with hot), to damp, allay, fr. 
con and rt. of fundere, to pour.] — Confut'er, re. — 
Confutable, a. — Confut'ant, re. One who confutes 
or tries to, etc. — Confuta'tion, re. Act of, etc. 

Conge, koN'zha or kon'je, re. Act of taking leave ; 
parting ceremony ; a bow or courtesy. (Arch.) A 
molding in form of a quarter round; a cavetto ; 
apophygee. See Molding. — v. i. [conge" ed (-zhad 
or -]5d), congeing.] To take leave with civilities; 
to bow or courtesy. [F., leave, license, dismission, 
fr. LL. comiatus, leave, corrup. of L. commeatus, a 
traveling together, leave of absence, furlough, fr. 
con and meare, -atum } to go, pass.] — Conge d'elire, 
koN-zhad-ler' or kon / ia-da-l§r y \ The king's license 
to choose a bishop. [F., leave to choose.] 

Congeal, kon-jeK, v. t. [congealed (-jeld / '), -geal- 
ing.] To freeze, stiffen with eold, or from terror. — 
v. i. To grow hard or stiff. [OF. congeler, fr. L. con 
and gelare, -atum, to freeze, fr. gelu, cold.] — Con- 
gearable, a. — Congeal 'ment, re. Act or process of 
congealing ; mass congealed ; concretion. — Con- 

f elation, -jeda'shun, re. Process or act, or state of 
eing, etc. ; thing congealed ; congealment. 

Congener, kon'je-ner, re. A thing ot the same genus, 
or allied in kind. [L., fr. con and genus, kin.] 

Congenial, kon-jen'yal, a. Partaking of the same 
feeling; kindred; sympathetic. [L. con and genialis, 
genial, q. v.] — Conge'nialness, -nial , ity, re. — Con- 
genlte, -jen'It, -ital, a. Of the same birth; begot- 
ten together; dating from birth. [L. core and gignere, 
genitum, to produce.] — Congenltally, adv. 

Conger, kon'ger, Con'ger-eel, -el, n. A large species of 
6ea-eel. [L. ; Gr. gonggroe.] 

Congeries, kon-je'ri-ez, re. sing, and pi. A collection 
of particles into one mass ; a heap ; combination. 
[L., a heap, fr. congerere. See Congest.] 

Congest, kon-jest', v. t. To collect into a mass or ag- 
gregate, [t,. con and gererere, gestum, to bring, 
carry.] — Congestion, -jes'chun, re. (Med.) An un- 
natural accumulation of blood in any part of the 
body. — Congestive, -iv, n. Indicating, or attend- 
ed by, accumulation of blood. 

Conglaciation, kon-gla'shi-a'shun, re. Act of chan- 
ging into ice ; congelation. [L. conglaciare, -atum, 
to freeze, fr. con and glades, ice.] 

Conglobe, kon-glob', v. t. [-globed (-globd'), -glob- 
ing.] To gather into a ball. [L. conglobare, -batum, 
fr. con and globus, a globe.] — Congloba'tion, n. Act 
of, etc. ; a round body. — Conglo'bate, -bat, a. 
Formed or gathered into a ball. — v. t. Same as 
Conglobe. — Conglo'bately, adv. In a round form. 

— Conglobulate, -gl5b r u-lat, v. i. To gather into a 
globule. [L. globulus, dim. of globus.] 

Conglomerate, koH-glom'Sr-at, a. Gathered together 
in a mass; collected. (Bot.) Closely clustered to- 
gether. (Geol.) Composed of stones, pebbles, etc.; 
cemented together. — v. t. To gather into a round 
body. — re. Collection ; accumulation. (Geol.) A 
rock, composed of pebbles, cemented by mineral 
substance. [L. conglo.nerare, -atum, to wind into a 
ball or clew, heap together, fr. con and gJo'ima (s. rt. 
globus), clew of thread, ball.] — Conglomeration, 
n. A gathering into, etc.; accumulation. 

Conglutinate, kon-glu'tl-nat, v. t. To glue together; 
unite by some tenacious substance. — v. i. To coa- 
lesce, —a. Glued together in one mass. [L. con and 
glutinare, -atum, to glue, fr. gluten., glue.] — Con- 
glu'tina'tion, re. Act of, etc.; junction; union.— 
Conglu'tinative, -tiv, a. Uniting by glue, etc.— 



Conglu'tinant, a. Serving to unite ; healing. «. 

(Med.) A medicine that promotes the closing and 
healing of wounds. 

Congo, kon-'go, Con'gou, -goo, re. A black tea, a su- 
perior quality of Bohea. [Chin, kung-foo, labor.] 

Congratulate, kon-grafu-lat, v.t. To wish joy to on 
some happy event; to felicitate. [L. con and gratu- 
lari, -latus, to wish joy, fr. g, «tus, pleasing.] — Con- 
grafulant, a. Rejoicing in participation. — Con- 
gratula'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Congrat'ulator, re. — 
Congratulatory, a. _Expressive oi , etc. 

Congregate, kon'gre-gat, v. t. To collect into an as- 
semblage.— v. i. To come together; assemble; meet. 
[L. con and gregare, -gatum, to collect in flocks, fr. 
grex, a flock.] — Congregation, re. Act of, etc. : col- 
lection of separate things; assemblv of persons, esp. 
a religious assembly. — Congregational, a. Pert, to 
a congregation, to the system of Congregationalism, 
or, esp., to that of the associated evangelical Trini- 
tarian Congregational churches; independent.— Con- 
gregationalism, -izm, n. A system of church gov- 
ernment which vests ecclesiastical power in each 
local church, as a self-governing body; independ- 
ency. — Congrega'tionaUst, re. 

Congress, kon'gres, re. A meeting of individuals; esp. 
of two persons of opposite sexes for sexual inter- 
course; an assembly, as of deputies, envoys, or com- 
missioners; the assembly of senators and representa- 
tives of a nation, esp. of a republic; convention; con- 
vocation; synod; council; diet. [~L.congredi,-gressus, 
to meet together, fr. con and gradi, to go, fr. gradus, 
a step.] — Congressional, -gresh'un-al, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Congres'sive, -siv, a. Encountering; coming 
together. — Con'gress-man, re. ; pi. -men. A member 
of the U. S. Congress. 

Congruence, kon'groo-ens, re. Suitableness of one 
thing to another; agreement; consistency. [L. con- 
gruere, to agree together, accord, congruus, suitable.] 
— Con'gruent, a. Possessing, etc.— Congru'ity, -1-tt, 
re. Quality of being, etc.; fitness; harmony. — Con'- 
gruous, a. Having congruity; pertinent; appropri- 
ate. — Con'gruously, adv. 

Conic, Coniferous, etc. See under Cone. 

Conium, ko'ni-um, n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant, 
poison hemlock. [NL., fr. Gr. koneion.] — Co'nia, 
-nt-a, Co'nine, -nin, n. An alkaloid obtained by dis- 
tillation of hemlock with potasb-lye, intensely poi- 
sonous, paralyzing the motor nerves. 

Conjecture, kon-jek > chur, n. Formation of an opin- 
ion on presumptive evidence; surmise, —v. t. and i. 
[-TURED (-churd), -tueing.] To infer on slight evi- 
dence, surmise, suspect, guess. [F. ; L. conjectura, 
a guess, fr. conjicere, to cast together, fr. core and 
jacere, to throw.] — Conjec'turer, re. — Conjee 'titr- 
able, a. — Conjec'tural, a. Depending on, etc. — 
Conjec'turally, adv. 

Conjoin, kon-join', v. t. [-joined (-joind'), -joining.] 
To join together, associate, connect. — v. i. To 
unite, join, league. [F. conjoindre, fr. L. con and 
jungere, junctum, to join, q. v.] — Conjoint', a. 
United ; associated. [F.] — Conjointly, adv. 

Conjugal, kon'ju-gal, -ju'gial, -jt-al, a. Belonging te 
the marriage state; matrimonial; connubial; nuptial. 
[F. conjugal, L. conjugalis, conjugialis, pert, to mar- 
riage, f r. covjugium, marriage, conjugare, -gatum, to 
unite, fr. con and jugum, a yoke; s. rt. join, yoke.'] — 
Conjugally, adv. — Conjugality, re. Marriage state. 

Conjugate, kon'ju-gat, v. t. (Gram.) To inflect, as 
verbs, —re. A word agreeing in derivation with an- 
other.— a. United in pairs; yoked together. (Gram.) 
Agreeing in derivation with other words. [L. conju- 
gare. See Conjugal.]— Conjugate diameter. (Geom.) 
A diameter parallel to a tangent at the vertex of the 
primitive diameter. — Conjuga'tion, re. ( Gram.) Act 
of inflecting, as a verb; a scheme exhibiting all the 
parts of a verb; a class of verbs inflected in the same 
manner through their various forms. 

Conjunct, kon-junkf, a. United; conjoined; concur- 
rent. [L. cow and jungere, junctum, to join.] — Con- 
junction, re. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Astron.) 
Meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same 
degree of the zodiac. (Gram.) A connective or con- 
necting word.— Conjunc / 'tive, -tiv, a. Closely united; 
serving to unite. (Gram.) Following or introduced 
by a conjunction : contingent.— Conjunc'tively, Con- 
junctly, adv.— Conjuncture, -iunk'chur, re. Act of, 
or state of being, etc. ; connection; combination; an 
occasion or crisis as the effect of the combination or 
concurrence of circumstances. — Conjunctiva, -tt- 
va, n. (Anat.) The mucous membrane covering the 
eye-ball and inner surface of the lids. [L.] 



Jim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, 5ve, t5rm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



CONJURE 



109 



CONSIDER 



C»njure, kon-j6or r , v. t. [-jured (-jdord'), -juring.] 
To call on or summon solemnly, adjure. [F. con- 
jurer, to adjure, also, to conjure or exorcise a spirit, 
fr. L. con anijurare, -atum. to swear. See Jury.] — 
ConJur'er, ». — Conjure, kun'jgr, v. t. To affect, 
produce, excite, etc., as if by magic, or by supernat- 
ural power; to enchant, charm, bewitch. — v. i. To 
practice magical arts. — Con'jurer, n. One who con- 
jures, or practices magic or legerdemain. — Conju- 
ration, n. Earnest or solemn entreaty; practice of 
magic arts: incantation. 

Connate, kon'nat or kon-naV, a. Born with another; 
existing from birth. (Bot.) United 
in origin ; united into one body. 
[L. connatus. See Cognate.] — 
Connas'cence, -nas'sens, -cency, 
-sen-si, n. The common birth of 
two or more at the same time; a 
being produced with another ; 
aot at growing together, or at the 
same time.— Connas 'cent, a. Pro- 
- Con- 




Connate Leaf. 



duced at the same time. 
natural, kon-nach'gr-ral, a. Connected by nature; 
inborn; inherent; participating of the same nature. 
[OF. connaturel, fr. L. naturalis, natural.] — Con- 
nat'ural'ity, n. State of being, etc. 

Connect, kon-nekf, v. t. To knit or fasten together; 
to establish association between. — v. i. To become 
joined or coherent; to have close relation. [L. con 
and vectere, n&vum, to bind, knit, join, Skr. nah, to 
bind.] — Connect 'edly, adv. — Connection, -nek'- 
shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; persons or 
things connected together; continuity; junction; de- 
pendence; relationship. — Connective, -iv, a. Hav- 
ing power to connect, — n. {Gram.) A word that 
connects other words or sentences; a conjunction.— 
Connect 'ively, adv. — Connecfor, -er, n. One who, 
or that which, etc.; esp. a flexible tube connecting 
glass tubes in pneumatic experiments.— Connexion, 
Cennexlve. Same as Connection, Connective. 

Connive, kon-niv', v. i. [-nived (-nlvdO, -nivingJ 
To close the eyes upon, wink at, forbear to see. [K 
conniver, L. connivere, to close the eyes, overlook, 
fr. con and rt. of nictare, to wink.] — Conniv'ance, 
n. Voluntary oversight; collusion. — Conniv^ent, a. 
Forbearing to see ; designedly inattentive. {Nat. 
Hist.) Brought close together. — Conniv'er, n. 

Connoisseur, kon-is-sgr', n. A critical judge or master 
of any art, esp. of painting, music, and sculpture. 
[OF.,fr. connoittre, to know, fr. L. con and gnoscere, 
to know.] — Connoisseur'ship, n. Skill of, etc. 

Connote, kon-not r , v. t. To make known together 
with, imply, denote or designate, include. [L. con 
and notare, to mark, fr nota, mark, note.] — Con- 
nolative, -tiv, ». Implying something additional. 
(Log.) Implying an attribute ; attributive. — Conno- 
tative term. One denoting a subject and implying 
an attribute. 

Connubial. kon-nu'bY-al, a. Pert, to marriage or the 
marriage state; conjugal; nuptial. [L. connvhium, 
marriage, fr. con and nubere, to veil, marry.] 

Gonnumeration, kon-nu'mgr-a'shun, n. A reckoning 
together. [L. con and numerare, to number.] 

Conoid, etc. See under Cone. 

Conquer, kon'kgr, v. t. [-quered (-kSrd), -quering.] 
To acquire by force ; to subdue, vanquish, sur- 
mount, master. — v. i. To gain the victory; over- 
come, prevail. [OF. conquerre, fr. L. con and quse- 
rere, -situm, to seek. See Quest, Query.] — Con'- 
querable, a. — Con'queror, -er, n. — Conquest, kon/- 
kwest, n. Act of, etc.; thing conquered. (Feudal 
Law.) Acquisition of property otherwise than by 
inheritance. [F.] 

Consanguineous, kon-san-gwin'e-us, a. Of the same 
blood; related by birth. [L. con ;>nd sanguineus, of 
blood, fr. sanguis, blood.] — Consanguinity, -T-tI,n. 
Relationship by blood or birth. 

Conscience, kon'shens, n. The faculty which decides 
on the lawfulness of our actions and affections, 
moral faeulty; moral sense; the estimate or deter- 
mination of conscience; real sentiment; truth; jus- 
tice; honesty; reasonableness. [F.j L. conncientia, 
fr. con and scientia, knowledge, fr. scire, to know. 
See Science.] — Conscience clause. An article in a 
law, etc., exempting from certain of its provisions 
persons who cannot conscientiously obey them.— 
Conscienceless, a. Having no conscience. — Con- 
scientious, -shl-en'shus, a. Governed by strict re- 
gard to the dictates of conscience; scrupulous; iust; 
upright. — Conscientiously, adv. — Conscien'tlous- 
nesB, n. — Con'scionable, -shun-a-bl, a. Governed 



by or according to conscience ; reasonable ; just. 
[= conscience-able. ] — Con'scious, -shus, a. Possess- 
ing the faculty of knowing one's thoughts or men- 
taloperations: capable of perceiving sounds, acts, or 
sensations; made the object of consciousness; aware; 
apprised; sensible. [L. conscius, f r. conscire.] — Con'- 
sciously, adv. Knowingly. — Consciousness, n. 
Knowledge of what passes in one's own mind; im- 
mediate knowledge of any object; state in which 
one knows what is passing around one. 

Conscript, kon'skript, a. Enrolled; written; regis- 
tered. — n. One taken by lot, to serve as a soldier or 
sailor. — Conscript", v. t. To enroll, by compulsion, 
for military service. [L. con and scriwe, scriptunu, 
to write.] — Conscript fathers. The senators of an- 
cient Rome. — Conscrip'tion, n. A registering; an 
enrollment of those liable to be drafted for military 
or naval service. 

Consecrate, kon'se-krat, v. t. To make, or declare td 
be sacred; to appropriate to sacred use6; to enroll 
among the gods or saints, apotheosize, canonize; to 
render venerable, dignify. — a. Consecrated; de- 
voted; sacred. [L. consecrare, -cratum, fr. con and 
sacrare, to consecrate, fr. sacer, sacred.] — Conse- 
cration, n. Act or ceremony of consecrating; ded- 
ication; canonization; apotheosis.— Con'secrator, n. 

Consecution, kon-ee-ku'shun, n. A sequel; train of 
consequences; series of things that follow one an- 
other. [L. con and secrui, secutus, to follow.] — Con- 
sec'utive, -u-tiv, a. Following in a train; uninter- 
rupted in succession; following as a consequence or 
result. (Mus.) Following in the same order. — Con- 
secutively, adv.— Con'sequence, -se-kwens, n. That 
which flows out of, and follows, something on which 
it depends. (Log.) A conclusion which results from 
reason or argument; inference: deduction; connec« 
tion of cause and effect. [L. consequent, jp. pr. of 
consequi.]— In consequence. Hence; for this cause. 

— In c. of. By reason of; as the effect of. — Ofc. Of 
importance, value, or influence. — Consequent, a. 
Following as a result or inference. (Log.) Follow- 
ing by necessary inference, or rational deduction.— 
n. That which follows, etc. (Log.) A conclusion 
or inference. (Math.) The second term of a ratio. 

— Consequently, adv.— Consequential, -k wenShal, 
a. Following, etc.; assuming an air ot consequence; 
pompous. — Consequentially, adv. With just de- 
duction of consequences; logically; by consequence; 
in a regular series: with assumed importance. 

Consensus, kon-sen'sus, /?. Agreement; accord. [L., 
fr. con and p.p. of sentire, sensum, to feel. See Sense.] 

— Consent", n. Agreement in opinion or sentiment; 
correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations; 
voluntary accordn nee with what is done or proposed 
by another; accord; concurrence; free-will. — v.i. 
To agree in opinion or sentiment; to yield to guid- 
ance, persuasion, or necessity; to give assent, ac- 
cede, comply, permit, acquiesce. — ConsentSr, n.— 
Consentaneous, -ne-us, a. Consistent; agreeable or 
accordant; suitable.— Consentaneously, adv.— Con- 
senta'neousness, n. — Consentient, -senShent, a. 
Agreeing in mind; accordant in opinion. 

Conserve, kon-serv", v. t. [-served (-sgrvd"), -serv- 
ing.] To save, preserve, protect; to prepare with 
sugar, etc., for preservation, as fruits, etc. — n. Any- 
thing conserved, esp. a sweetmeat, of fruit, etc., 
prepared with sugar. [F. conserver, to preserve, fr. 
L. con and servare, -atum, to keep, serve. Se« 
Serve.] — ConservSr, ra. — ConservSble, a. Capa- 
ble of being, etc.— ConservSnt, a. Preserving from 
destruction or decay. — OonservSncy. -sT, Conser- 
vation, n. Act ef, etc. — Conservative, -tiv, a. 
Preservative; disposed to maintain existing institu- 
tions. — n. One who, or that which, preserves from 
ruin, injury, or radical change; one who desires to 
maintain existing institutions and customs. — Con- 
servatism, -tizm, n. Disposition or tendency to 
preserve what is established; opposition to chango. 

— Conservator, kon-sgr-valSr or kon"-, n. Onewh» 
preserves from injury, violation, or innovation. - ' 
Conservatory, -to-rt, a. Having the quality of pre- 
serving from loss, decay, or injury. — n. A place for 
preserving things, esp. a greenhouse for plants; that 
which preserves from injury; a public place of in- 
struction in learning or art. 

Consider, kon-sid'gr, v. t. [-sidered (-sid'erd), -ek- 
ing.] To think on with care, fix the mind on; to 
have regard to, take into view or account; to esti- 
mate, think, view. — v. i. To think seriously, ma- 
turely, or carefully, reflect, deliberate. [F. consid- 
erer, L. considerare, -atum, to observe, orig. to ii>- 



sun, cube, full ; moou, f<S6t ; tov, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. 



CONSIGN 



110 



CONSTRAIN 



epect the stars, fr. con and sidus, sidei~is, a star. See 
Contemplate.] — Consid'erer, n. — Considerable, 
«. Possessing consequence; of some distinction; 
noteworthy; respectable; of importance or value; 
moderately large. — Consid'erableness. n. Some de- 
gree of importance, etc. — Considerably, adv. — 
Considerate, a. Given to consideration or sober 
reflection: mindful of the rights, claims, and feel- 
ings of others. — Considerately, adv. — Consid'er- 
ateness, n. — Consideration, n. Act of consider- 
ing; careful thought; deliberation; appreciative re- 
gard ; claim to notice ; some degree of consequence; 
ground of opinion; influence. {Law.) The material 
cause of a contract ; compensation ; equivalent. 

Consign, ken-sin', v. t. [-signed (-sind'), -signing.] 
To give, transfer, or deliver, formally; to commit, 
intrust. (Com.) To give into the hands of an agent 
for superintendence, sale, etc. To assign, appro- 
priate. [F. consigner, to consign, deliver, L. consig- 
nare, to seal, attest, warrant, fr. con and signare, to 
mark, sign, fr. signum, a mark. See Sign.] — Con- 
signer, n. — Consignment, n. Act of, etc. ( Com.) 
Thing consigned; goods sent to a factor for sale, 
the writing By which a thing is consigned. — Con- 
... ,oo, -si-ne', n. One to whom goods are delivered 
m trust, for sale, etc.; a factor. — Consigner, n. 
One who consigns, esp. who consigns goods to an- 
other. — Consignatory, -rT, n. A joint signer ; one 
who affixes his signature along with others. 

Constat, kon-sist', v. i. To be in a fixed or permanent 
state; to be, exist, subsist; to be consistent or har- 
monious. [F. consister, L. consistere, f r. con and sis- 
tere, to stand, make to stand, fr. stare, to stand.] — 
To consist in. To be constituted by. — To c. of. To 
be composed or made up of. — Consistent, a. Pos- 
sessing firmness or fixedness; having agreement with 
itself at different times, or harmony among its parts; 
accordant; congruous; uniform. — Consistently, 
adv. — Consistence, -ency, -en-st, n. State of being, 
etc.; a combination; firmness; substantiality. 

Consistory, kon-sis'to-rl, n. A solemn assembly or 
council. (Eng. Church.) The spiritual court of a 
diocesan bishop. (Rom. Cath. Church.) The college 
of cardinals at Rome. A church tribunal. [LL. con- 
sistorium, assembly, place of assembly, fr. consistere. 
See Consist.] — Consisto'rial, -rT-al, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Consociate, kon-so'shT-at, v. t. To associate. — v. i. 
To form an association. [L. con and sociare, -aturn, 
to join, unite, fr. socius, a companion.] — Conso'cia'- 
tio'n, n. Intimate union ; alliance ; association ; a 
union of neighboring churches. 

Console, ken-sol', v. t. [-soled (-sold'), -soling.] To 
cheer in distress, comfort, soothe. [F. consoler, fr. 
L. con and solari, -ntum. to solace.] — Consoler, w.— 
Consol'able, a. — Consola'tion. n. Act of comfort- 
ing or state of being comforted; that which com- 
forts.— Consolatory, -sol'a-to-rT, a. Tending to com- 
fort; pert, to consolation. 

Console, k on 'sol, n. (Arch.) A bracket; a projecting 
ornament on the keystone of an arch. 
[F., fr. L. con and 'solidus, solid.] — 
Con'sole-table, n. A table whose 
leaf is supported by brackets. 

Consolidate, kon-sol'Y-dat, v. t. To 
make solid, unite or press together 
into a compact mass; to unite, as va- 
rious particulars, into one body, con- 
dense, eompress. — v. i. To grow Console, 
firm and hard, unite and become solid. — a. Con- 
solidated. [L. con, and solidare, -aturn, to make solid.] 
— Consol'ida'tion, n. Act of consolidating. (Law.) 
Combination of several actions into one. — Consol - 
idativei. -tiv, «. Tending to, etc.; healing.— Gonsol'- 
idant, a. Serving to, etc. — n. A medicine that unites 
and heals wounded flesh. — Consols, kon-solz' or 
kon'solz, n. pi. The Eng. funded government secu- 
rity, formed by consolidation of different annuities. 

Consonant, koN-som-ma', n. (Cookery.) A broth made 
very strong by boiling. [F., p. p. of consommer, to 
consummate, q. v.] 

Consonant, kon'so-nant, a. Having agreement; con- 
gruous; consistent. (Mus.) Harmonizing togeth- 
er ; accordant. — n. An articulation which is uttered 
with a more open sound called a vowel; a letter rep- 
resenting such articulation. [F., fr. L. con and so- 
nare, to sound.] — Consonant 'al. a. Pert, to, etc. — 
Consonantly, adv. In a consonant, consistent, or 
congruous manner. — Con'sonous, -nus, a. Agreeing 
in sound ; symphonious. — Consonance, -nancy, n. 
(Mus.) A pleasing accord of sounds produced simul- 
taneously. Agreement; unison; harmony. 




Consort, kon's6rt, n. A companion or partner; «£,). a 
wife or husband; spouse. [L. consors, a sharer of 
property = brother or sister, later wife, neighbor, f r. 
con and sors, lot, share.] — Queen consort. The wife 
of a king, as disting. fr. queen regnant, who rules 
alone, and fr. queen dowager, the widow of a king. 

— Consort', v. i. To unite or keep company; asso- 
ciate. — v. t. To join, as in affection, company, etc. 

Conspectus, kon-spek'tus, n. A general sketch or out- 
line of a subject; synopsis; epitome. [L., p. p. of 
conspicere, to see plainly, fr. con and specere, to 
look ; s. rt. spy.] — Conspic'uous, -u-us, a. Obvious 
to the eye; manifest; noted; illustrious. — Conspic- 
uously, adv. — Conspic'uousness, n. 

Conspire, kon-splr', v. i. [-spired (-splrd'), -spirikg.] 
To covenant for an evil purpose, plot together; to 
concur to one end, agree, combine, league. — v. t. 
To plot, combine for, concur in. [F. conspirer, L. 
conspirare, -aturn, fr. con and spirare, to blow. See 
Spirit.] — Conspir'er, w — Conspiracy, -splr'a-sl, n. 
A combination of persons for evil; concurrence to 
one event; combination; plot.— Conspir'ator, -ter, n. 

Constable, kun'sta-bl, n. A high officer in medieval 
monarchical establishments. (Law.) An officer of 
the peace, bound to execute warrants of judicial 
officers. [OF. conestable, L. comes stabulis, count of 
the stable.] — Con'stableship, n. Office of, etc. — 
Constab'ulary, -la-rT, a. Pert, to, or consisting of 
constables.— n. The body of constables in a district; 
constabulary foree. 

Constant, kon'stant, a. Not liable to change; stead- 
fast; permanent; perpetual; resolute; firm. (Math. 
& Physics.) Remaining unchanged or invariable. — 
n. That which is not subject to change. (Math.) A 
quantity whose value always remains the same in 
the same expression. [F., fr. L. con and stare, to 
stand.] — Con'stantly, adv. — Con'stancy, -si. n. 
Quality of being, etc. ; freedom from change ; firm- 
ness of mind, esp. under sufferings, in attachments, 
or in enterprise; stability; resolution. 

Constellation, kon-stel-la'shun, n. A group of fixed 
stars; assemblage of splendors or excellencies. [F. ; 
L. constellatio, f r. con and Stella, a star.] 

Consternation, kon-ster-na'shun, n. Amazement or 
terror that confounds the faculties; horror; amaze- 
ment. [F., fr. L. consternare, -natuin, fr. con and 
sternere, to strew.] 

Constipate, kon'stt-pat, v. t. To stop, as a passage, by 
filling it, and preventing motion through it; to ren- 
der costive. [L. con and stipare, to cram, pack.] — 
Constipa'tion, n. Act of crowding; state of being 
crowded; condensation; costive ness. 

Constitute, kon'stT-tut, v. t. To cause to stand, es- 
tablish, enact; to give formal existence to, compose, 
form ; to appoint, depute, or elect to an office or 
employment. [L. constitvere, -tutum, to cause to 
stand together, establish, fr. con and statuere, to set, 
fr. stare, statuin, to stand.] — Con'stituter, n.~ Con- 
stituent, -u-ent, a. Serving to form, etc. ; compo- 
nent ; elemental ; having power to elect or appoint. 

— n. The person or thing which establishes, etc.; 
component part; element; one who assists to ap- 
point or elect a representative to an office. — Con- 
stitution, w. Act of constituting; formation; state 
of being ; natural condition ; conformation ; prin- 
ciples or fundamental laws which govern a state or 
other organized body of men ; an authoritative or- 
dinance, regulation, or enactment. — Constitu- 
tional, a. Pert, to or inherent in the constitution ; 
in accordance with, or authorized by, the constitu- 
tion of a government or society ; regulated by, de- 
pendent on, or secured by, etc. ; for the benefit of 
the constitution. — n. A walk or other exercise for 
health or the constitution. — Con'stitu'tional'ity, 
n. State of being constitutional, or inherent in the 
natural frame; state of being agreeable to the frame 
of government, or authorized by its provisions. — 
Constitutionally, adv. In accordance with, etc. — 
Constitu'tive, -tiv, a. Tending, assisting, or having 
power, to constitute or enact. 

Constrain, kon-stian', v. t. [-strained (-strand'), 
-straining.] To secure by bonds, bring into a nar- 
row compass, hold back by force, urge with irresist- 
ible power, necessitate. [OF. constraindre, fr. L. 
con and stringere, striatum, to draw tight. See 
Strict.] — Constrain'er, n. — Constrain'able, a. — 
Constrainedly, adv. —Constraint, -strant', n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. ; that which constrains ; 
compulsion ; urgency. — Constrict', v. t. To draw 
together into a narrow compass, contract, or cause 
to shrink. — Constricted, p. a. Drawn together; 



am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, Ice ; odd, tone, 6r ; 



CONSTRUCT 



111 



CONTEND 



contracted; cramped. {Bot.) Compressed so as to 
be smaller in certain places than in others. — Con- 
atric'tion,**. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Con- 
strictive, -iv, a. Serving to bind. — Constrict'or, 
-?r, n. That which, etc. ; esp. a serpent which sur- 
rounds its prey with its folds and crushes it. — Con- 
stringe, -string, v. t. [-stringed (-strinjd'). -strin- 
ging.] To draw together, contract.— Constrin'gent, 
a. Having the quality of contracting. 

Construct, kon-strukf, v. t. To put together the 
constituent parts of ; to devise and put in an or- 
derly arrangement. [L. construere, -strvctum, to 
build, construe (a sentence), fr. con and struere, to 
heap up, pile.] — Con' struct, a. Formed by, or 
pert, to, construction, interpretation, or inference. 
— Construct'er, n. — Construc'tion, n. Act of con- 
structing; act of building, or of devising and form- 
ing ; fabrication ; composition : manner of putting 
together the parts of anything. {Gram.) Syntac- 
tical arrangement. The method of construing or 
explaining a declaration or fact ; understanding ; 
interpretation ; sense. — Construction or' an equa- 
tion. {Math.) The drawing of such lines and fig- 
ures as will represent geometrically the quantities 
in the equation, and their relations to each other. 
— Construc'tiena!, a. Pert, to construction. — Con- 
strue 'tionist, n. One who construes a writing or 
public instrument. — Constructive, -iv, a. Having 
ability to form; derived by interpretation. — Con- 
structively, adv. — Constructlveness, n. Ten- 
dency to, etc. {Phren.) The faculty which leads 
to the formation of parts into a whole. See Phre- 
nology.— Construe, -stroo', v. t. [-strl'ed (-strodd'), 
-strui>'G.] To exhibit the construction of, as of a 
sentence or clause ; to interpret, translate. 

Constuprate, kon'stu-prat, v. t. To violate the person 
of, ravish. [L. con and stuprare. -pratum, to ravish, 
fr. ttuprum, rape.] — Constupra'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Consubstantial, kon-sTab-stan'shal, a. Having the 
same substance or essence. [L. con and substantia, 
essence, substance, fr. substare, to be present, exist, 
fr. sub, under, and stare, to stand.] — Consubstan'- 
tiate. -shT-at, v. t. To unite in one common sub- 
stance or nature. — Con'substan tia'tion, n. Iden- 
tity of substance. (Theol.) The actual presence of 
the body of Christ with the bread and wine of the 
Lord's supper. — Consubstan'tialist. -shal-ist, n. A 
believer in, etc. — Con'substan'tiallty, -shi-al'I-tT, 
n. Coexistence in the same substance. 

Consuetude, kon'swe-tud, n. Habit; custom; usage. 
[L. consuetudo, fr. con and suescere, suetum, to De 
wont.]— Consuetu'dinary, -Y-na-rT, a. Customary; 
derived from usage; from time immemorial. 

Consul, kon'sul, n. One of the 2 chief magistrates 
of the Roman republic, after the expulsion of the 
kings : one of the 3 supreme magistrates of France 
from 1799 to 1804 ; an officer appointed by a govern- 
ment to protect the interests of its citizens abroad. 
[L., prob. from eonsulere. See Consult.] — Consu- 
lar, -lary, -rY, a. Pert, to a consul.— Consulate, n. 
Office, jurisdiction, or residence, of, etc. — Con'sul- 
ahip, n. Office, or term of office of, etc. 

Consult, kon-sult', v. i. To seek opinion or advice, 
take counsel, deliberate. — v. t. To ask advice of : 
to decide or to act in favor of ; to deliberate upon. 
[F. consul ter, L. considtare, -tatum, freq. of eonsulere, 
to consult, consider.] — Consulfer, n. — Consulta / '- 
tion, n. Act of consulting or deliberating ; a meet- 
ing, esp. of lawyers er of doctors, to consult. — Con- 
sultary, -atory, -a-to-rT, a. Formed by, or result- 
ing from, etc. : advisory. 

Consume, ken-sum', v. t. [-sumed (-sumd'), -sum- 
ing.] To destroy, os bv decomposition, dissipation, 
waste, or fire ; to swallow up, absorb, dissipate. — 
v. i. To wasie away slowly. [L. con and sumere, 
sumptum. to take, fr. sub, under, up, and emere, to 
buy.] — Consum'er. n. — Consumable, a. — Con- 
BUmp'tion. n. Act of, or state of being, etc. {Med.) 
A gradual decay or diminution of the body : esp. a 
disease seated in the lungs, attended with hectic 
fever, cough, etc. — Consump'tive. -tiv, a. Having 
the quality of consuming ; destructive : affected 
with, or inclined to, consumption. — Consump'- 
tively. adv. — Consumpliveness, ». 

Consummate, kon'sum-mat or -sum'mat, v. t. To 
bring to completion, raise to the highest point or 
degree, perfect, achieve.— Consum'mate, a. Carried 
to the utmost extent : complete ; perfect. [L. con- 
swnmare, -rnatvm, fr. con and summa, a sum.] — Con- 
som'mately, adv. — Consumma'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; 
completion ; close ; perfection. 



Contact, kon'takt, n. A close union of bodies ; a 
touching or meeting. [L. contingere, -factum, to 
touch closely, fr. con and tangere, to touch. See 
Tact, Tangent.] — Contagion, -ta'jun, n. {Med.) 
Transmission of disease from one person to another, 
by contact; a medium or agency to transmit disease; 
pestilential influence ; act or means of propagating 
influence or effect. — Conta'gious, -jus, a. {Med.) 
Communicable by contact or approach ; infectious; 
catching. Containing or generating contagion ; pes- 
tilential; communicable from one to another. — 
Conta'giously, adv. — Conta'giousness, n. — Con- 
ta'gionist, n. One who believes in the contagious- 
ness of certain diseases. — Conta'gium. -jl-nm, n. 
Contraction of disease by contact with, or by in- 
halation of germs from/a diseased person. — Con- 
tig'uous, -u-us, a. In contact : near ; adjoining. — 
Contiguously, adv. — Contig'uousness, -tigu'ity. n 
State of being, etc. — Contingent, -jent. a. Liable, 
but not certain to occur ; dependent on what is un- 
known : incidental : easual. {Lav.) Dependent 
for effect on something that may or may not occur. 

— n. A contingency; what falls to one in an ap- 
portionment; quota"; proportion. — Contingently, 
adv. — Contin'gence, -gency, n. Quality of being, 
etc.: possibility: casualty: chance. 

Contain. kon-tari', v. t. [-tained (-tand')» -TAiinKG.] 
To hold within fixed limits, comprehend, comprise; 
to be able to hold, inclose. — v.i. To live incon- 
tinence or chastity. [OF. contenir, L. continer*. 
-tentum, fr. con and'tenere, to hold.] — Contain'er, n. 

— Containable, a.— Content', a. Having the de- 
sires limited by present enjoyment; satisfied: at 
rest. — v. i. To" satisfy the mind of, appease, please, 
gratify. — n. Satisfaction ; moderate happiness ; 
that which contents. — Con'tent or Content', «., 
gen. in pi. That which is contained; power of con- 
taining : capacity. — Content'ed, a. Content; satis- 
fied. — Con tent 'edly, adv. — Content'edness, n. — 
Content'ment, n. 'Satisfaction of mind ; acquies- 
cence ; that which affords satisfaction ; gratifica- 
tion. — Con'tinent, n. {Geog.) One of the large 
bodies of land on the globe. The main land of Eu- 
rope, as disting. fr. the islands, esp. fr. England. — 
a. Restraining the indulgence of desires or pas- 
sions, esp. as to sexual intercourse : temperate ; 
chaste. — Continence, -nency, n. Voluntary re- 
straint of one's desires. — Con'tinently, adv. — Con- 
tinent'' al, a. Pert, to a continent, esp. to Europe 
as disting. fr. England, or to the Amer. colonies 
during the Revolution. 

Contaminate, kon-tam'Y-nat, v. t. To soil, stain, or 
corrupt by defiling contact ; to pollute, defile, taint. 

— a. Having defilement; corrupt. [L. contaminare, 
■nation, fr. coutamen, contagion, fr. con and tangere^ 
to touch. See Contact.]— Contam'inable, a.— 
Contam'ina'tion. n. Act of, etc.: pollution; taint. 

Contemn, kon-tem', v. t. [-temned (-temd'), -tem- 
ning (-tem'ning).] To consider and treat as un- 
worthy of regard ; to reject with disdain, despise, 
scorn. [F. contemner, L. contemnere, -temtuni or 
-temptum, fr. con and temnere. to despise.] — Con- 
tem'ner, n. — Contempt', n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. {Law.) Disobedience of the rules of a 
court of justice or legislative body.— Contemptible, 
a. "Worthy of, etc. : abject ; vile ; mean ; base; piti- 
ful. — Contempt'ibleness, n. — Contemptibly, adv. 

— Contempt'uous, -u-us, a. Manifesting, etc.: scorn- 
ful: insolent; fastidious. — Contempt 'uously. adv. 

Contemplate, kon'tem-plat or -tem'plat. v. r. To 
look at on all sides, regard with care, meditate on, 
study ; to have in view, as contingent or probable, 
look forward to, ponder, plan, purpose. — r. i. To 



think studiously, muse, meditate. fL. contzmplart , 
-platum, to observe, consider, (prob. used orig. of 
the augurs observing auspices), fr. con and temjman. 



temple. See Consider.] — Con'templator, -ter, n.— 
Contempla'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Contemplative, 
-tiv, a. Pert, or addicted to. etc.: studious: thought- 
ful : having the power of thought or meditation. — 
Contemplatively, adv. — Contem'plativeness^ n. 

Contemporaneous, kon-tem'po-ra'ne-us. a. Living, 
acting, or transpiring at the same time : contem- 
porary. [L. contemporaneus. fr. con and teinpus, 
temporis, time.] — Contem'pora'neously. adv.— Con- 
tem'pora'neousness, n. — Cortem'porary, -po-ra-rl, 
a. Living, acting, or transpiring at the same time. — 
n. One who lives at the same time with another. [L. 
temporarius, temporary.] — Contem'porariness, n. 

Contempt, Contemptuous, etc. See under Contem.v. 

Contend, kon-tend', v. i. To strive in opposition, or 



Bi5n, cube, full ; miwn, fot>t : cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNbo.v, chair, get. 



CONTENT 



112 



CONTRIBUTE 



in debate, engage in discussion, vie, emulate, dis- 
pute. [F. contendre, L. contendere, fr. con and <en- 
dere, tentum, to stretch.] — Contend'er, n. — Con- 
ten' tion, n. A violent effort to obtain or resist ; 
strife in debate ; struggle ; quarrel ; feud ; compe- 
tition ; discord. [F.] — Conten'tious, -shus, a. Apt 
to contend; involving contention; quarrelsome: liti- 
gious ; perverse; peevish. — Conten'tiously, adv.— 
Contentiousness, n. 

Content, Contentment, etc. See under Contain. 

Conterminate, kon-ter'ml-nat, -minal, -minous, -nus, 
a. Having the same bounds or boundaries; contigu- 
ous. [L. con and terminate, -natum, to border upon, 
terminus, border.] — Conter 'minable, a. Capable of 
being regarded as, etc. 

Contest, kon-test', v. t. To make a subject of dispute; 
to strive earnestly to maintain; to dispute, contro- 
vert, oppose. (Law.) To resist, as a claim, by course 
of law. — v. i. To engage in dispute, strife, ete. ; to 
contend, vie, emulate. [F. contester, L. contestari, 
-tatiis, fr. con and testari, to bear witness, f r. testis, 
a witness.] — Con'test, n. Earnest dispute; strife; 
combat; battle; debate; difference; strife. — Con- 
testable, a. — Contestant, n. One who, etc. — Con- 
testation, n. Act of, etc. 

Context, kon'tekst, n. The parts of a discourse which 
precede or follow a particular passage. [L. contextus, 
a joining together, order, construction, fr. con and 
texere, textum, to weave.] — Contex'ture, -teks'chur, 
n. Composition of parts; system; texture. — Con- 
tex'tural, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Contiguous, Contingent, etc. See under Contact. 

Continence, Continent, etc. See under Contain. 

Continue, kon-tin'u, v. i. [-tinued (-tin'tid,), -tinu- 
ing.] To remain in a given place or condition; to 
be permanent or durable, steadfast or constant; to 
endure, last, persevere, persist, stay. — v. t. To pro- 
long, protract, persist in. [F. continuer, L. continu- 
are, -atum, fr. continuus, holding together, fr. conti- 
nere. See Contain.] — Contin'uer, n.— Contiguous, 
-u-us, a. "Without break, cessation, or interruption; 
constantly prolonged; extended. — Contiguously, 
adv. — Continuity, n. State of being continuous; 
uninterrupted connection ; cohesion. — Contin'u- 
able, a. Capable of being continued. — Contin'ual, 
a. Proceeding without interruption; very frequent; 
often repeated; of frequent recurrence; perpetual; 
incessant. — Contin'ually, adv. — Contin'uance, n. 
Permanence, as of condition, habits, abode, etc.; per- 
severance; continuation; constant renewal; propa- 
gation.— Contin'uate, v. t. To join closely together. 
— a. Intimately connected; uninterrupted. — Con- 
tin'uator, -ter, n. One who, etc. — Contin'ua' tion, 
n. Act of continuing, or the state of being contin- 
ued ; that which extends, increases, supplements, 
etc. — Contin'uative, -tiv, n. (Rhet.) A statement 
expressing permanence or duration. (Oram.) A con- 
nective; conjunction. 

Contort, kon-tort', v. t. To twist together, writhe. 
[L. can and torquere, tortum x to twist.] — Contor'- 
tion, n. A twisting; partial dislocation of a limb. — 
Contor'tive, -tiv, a. Expressing contortion. 

Contour, kon-toor', n. Bounding line; outline; periph- 
ery. (Mil.) Horizontal outline of ground or works 
«f fortification. [F., fr. contourner, to turn round, 
encompass, fr. L. con and tornare, to turn, f r. tornus, 
Gr. tornos, a lathe.] 

Contraband, kon'tra-band, a. Prohibited by law or 
treaty; forbidden. — n. Prohibited merchandise or 
traffic. [F. contrebande, It. contrabbando, prohibited 
goods, fr. contra, against, and bando, LL. bandum, 
proclamation. See Ban.] — Contrabandist, n. A 
smuggler in time of war. 

Contract, kon-trakt', v. t. To draw together or nearer, 
reduce to less compass; to bring on, be liable to; to 
make a bargain for; to betroth, affiance. (Gram.) 
To unite into one long vowel or diphthong, — said 
of concurrent vowels. — v. i. To be drawn together 
or reduced in compass; to make an agreement, cov- 
enant, bargain. [F. contractor, L. contrahere, -trac- 
tum, fr. con and trahere, to draw.] — Con'tract, n. 
An agreement between parties, imposing obligations 
and conferring rights upon each; covenant; com- 
pact; stipulation; obligation; a formal writing con- 
taining such agreement. (Oram.) A word in which 
concurrent vowels are contracted. [F.] — Contract- 
ed, p. a. Drawn together; narrow. — Contract 'edly, 
adv. — Contract'edness, n.— Contract'ible, -I-bl, a. 
Capable of contraction. — Contract'ibleness, -ibil'- 
ity, n. Quality of being contractible. — Contract'- 
Ue, -il, -ive, -iv, a. Tending to contract. — Contrac- 



til'ity, n. The inherent quality by which bodies 
shrink or contract. — Contrac'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. (Math.) Process of shortening 
any operation. Anything in a state of abbreviation. 
(Gram.) The shortening of a word, by uniting con- 
current vowels or omitting a vowel or syllable.— 
Contractor, -Sr, n. One who, etc.; esp. one who 
contracts to perform work upon specified terms. 

Contra-dance, kon'tra-dans, n. A dance in which 
partners are arranged in opposite lines, — written, 
corruptly, country-dance, [i . contre-danse.] 

Contradict, kon-tra-dikt', v. t. To assert the contrary 
of, gainsay, deny; to be contrary to, oppose, [L. 
contra and dicere, dictum, to speak.] — Contradict'- 
er, n. — Contradic'tion, n. An assertion ox the con- 
trary to what has been said; opposition or repug- 
nancy; incongruity; contrariety. — Contradic'tious, 
-shus, a. Filled with contradictions; inclined to con- 
tradict. — Contradict 'ive, -iv, a. Contradictory.— 
Contradictory, a. Affirming the contrary; imply- 
ing denial; inconsistent; repugnant. (Logic.) Op- 
posed in every possible respect. — n. A proposition 
which denies or opposes another in all its terms; 
contrariety; inconsistency. — Contradict 'orily, adv. 
— Contradict'oriness, n. 



Contradistinguish, kon-tra-dis-tin'gwish, v. t. [-tin- 
guished (-gwisht), -guishing.] To distinguish by 
contrast. [L. contra and E. distinguish, q. v.] — Con'. 



tradistinc'tion, n.— Con'tradistinc'tive, -tiv, a. Dis- 
tinguishing by, etc. 

Contraindication, kon'tra-in-dT-ka'shun, n. (Med.) A 
symptom or indication that forbids the treatment 
which the disease might suggest. 

Contralto, kon-tral'to, n. (Mus.) The part sung by 
the highest male or lowest female voices ; alto or 
counter-tenor; the voice or singer performing this 
part. — a. Pert, to, etc. [It. See Alto. 1 

Contraposition, kon'tra-po-zish'un, n. A placing over 
against; opposite position. (Logic.) Conversion in 
particular propositions. 

Contrapuntal, -ist, etc. See Counterpoint. 

Contrary, kon'tia-rT, a. Opposite; different; contra- 
dictory; given to opposition; perverse; wayward. 
(Logic.) Opposed in quality on\y. — n. A thing of 
opposite qualities; a proposition contrary to another. 
[OF. contraire (trisyllabic], L. cotitrarius, fr. contra, 
against.] — Con'traries, -riz, n.pl. (Logic.) Propo- 
sitions opposed in quality only, but of which the 
falsehood of one does not establish the truth of the 
other. — Contrariety, -ri'e-ti, n. State or quality of 
being contrary; something contrary to, or inconsist- 
ent with, something else; discrepancy; repugnance. 

— Con'trarily, -rl-ll, adv. — Contrariness, n. — 
Con'trariwise, -wlz, adv. On the contrary ; on the 
other hand; in a contrary order; conversely. 

Contrast, kon-trast', v. t. To set in opposition, in 
order to show superiority or give effect. — v. i. To 
stand in opposition; exhibit contrast. [F. contraster, 
LL. contrastare, fr. L. contra and stare, to stand.] — 
Con'trast, n. Opposition of things or qualities; com- 
parison by contrariety of qualities. 

Contrastimulant, kon-tra-stim'u-lant, n. (Med.) An 
agent counteracting the effect of a stimulant, esp. 
one stimulant which acts as an antidote to another. 

— a. Antidotal to or counteracting, etc. 
Contratenor, kon'tra-ten-gr, n. (Mus.) A middle part 

between tenor and treble; counter-tenor; contralto. 

Contravallation, kon'tra-val-la'shun, n. (Fort.) A 
trench with a parapet, formed by besiegers between 
their camp and the place besieged. 

Contravene, kon-tra-ven'. v. t. [-vened (-vend'), 
-vexing.] To meet in the way or opposition, come 
in conflict with, contradict, nullify, obstruct, op- 
pose. [LL. contravenire, -ventum, to break a law, fr. 
L. contra and venire, to come.] — Contraven'er, «.— 
Contraven'tion, -ven'shun, n. Act of, etc. 

Contraversion. See under Controvert. 

Contretemps, koN-tr-toN', n. An unexpected acci- 
dent, creating confusion; mishap. [F.; contre (L. 
contra) and temps (L. tempus), time.] 

Contribute, kon-trib'ut, v. t. To give to a common 
stock or for a common purpose. — v.i. To give a 
part, furnish a portion, lend assistance. [L. can and 
iribuere, tributum, to pay.] — Contrib'utor, -tSr, «.— 
Contrib'utable, a. — Contribution, n. Act of, etc.; 
thing contributed. (Mil.) Imposition levied on a 
conquered people. (Law.) Payment, by several 
jointly liable, of their shares of a loss by one of the 
number, or payment by him for all, with reference 
to their common liability. — Contrib'utive, -tiv, a. 
Tending to contribute; contributory. — Contribu- 



te, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, ive, term ; In, lee ; 54d, tSae, or i 



CONTRITE 



113 



CONVEY 



utory, a. Contributing to the same purpose; pro- 
moting the same end. — Contribdtary, a. Paying 
tribute to the same sovereign. 

Contrite, kon'trTt, a. Broken down with grief or pen- 
itence; repentant; humble; sorrowful. [L. contritus, 
thoroughly bruised, later, penitent, p. p. oi cotite- 
rere, fr. con and terere, to rub, grind. See Tkite.J— 
Contritely, adv. — Contritenes3, n. — Contri'tion, 
-trish'un, n. State of being contrite; deep sorrow 
for sin; compunction; seli-reproach; remorse. 

Contrive, kon-trlv', v. t. [-TEivED( i -trivd , ),-TKivi.vG.] 
To form by exercise of ingenuity, devise, invent, 
plan, concert, plot. — v. i. To make devices, plan. 
[OF. controver, to find, fr. aon and trover (F. trou- 
ver), to find, fr. LL. tropare, to invent, devise.] — 
GontrivSr, n. — Contriv'able, a. — Contrivance, n. 
Act of, etc.; thing contrived; an act of cunning; 
scheme; invention; project; artifice; shift. 

Control, kon-troK, n. Orig., a register kept to check 
another register ; that which serves to check, re- 
strain, or hinder; power to check; restraining influ- 
ence; direction; superintendence. — v. t. [-trolled 
(-trold'). -trolling.] To restrain, govern, over- 
power, counteract. [1 ormerly written comptrol and 
controul.'] [Corrupt, fr. ME. conter-rolle, OF. contre- 
rfrie, duplicate roll or register, L. rotulus. See Roll.] 

— Controllable, a. — Controller, n. One who, etc. 

— Controller, Comptroller, kon-troKer, n. An officer 
appointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or 
to control or verify the accounts of other officers. — 
Controllership, n. Office of, etc. — Control'ment, 
n. Power or act of controlling; state of being, etc. 

Controversy, konlro-vgr-st, n. Maintenance of opin- 
ions discordant with those of others; dispute; de- 
bate; wrangle; quarrel; hostility. [L. controversial 
dispute, fr. contra and vertere, versum, to turn.] — 
Controvert, v. t. To make matter of controversy ; 
to contend against, contest; to debate, deny. — Con'- 
troverter, -vertist, -verSialist, -ver'shal-ist, n. One 
who, etc. : a disputant ; polemic. — Controvertible, 
a. Capable of being, etc. — Controvertlbly, adv. 

— Controversial, -shal, a. Pert, to, etc.; disputa- 
tions. — Controversially, adv. — Controversion, n. 
A turning to the opposite side ; antistrophe. 

Contumacy, konlu-ma-sl, n. Persistent obstinacy ; 
stubborn perverseness. (Law.) Willful contempt 
of, and disobedience to, lawful summons or rules of 
court. [L. contumacia, fr. contumax, -macis, stub- 
born ; perh. s. rt. temnere, to contemn.] — Contuma- 
cious, -maShus, a. Exhibiting eontumacy ; con- 
temning authority. (Law.) Willfully disobedient 
to summons or orders of a court. — Contumacious- 
ly, adv. — Contuma'ciousness, n. 

Contumely, kon'tu-me-lT, n. Rudeness compounded 
of haughtiness and contempt ; reproach. [F. con- 
tumelie, L. contumelia ; perh. s. rt. contumax.] — Con- 
tume'lious, -lt-us, a. Overbearingly contemptuous ; 
insolent ; reproachful. — Contumeliously, adv. — 
Contume'liousneBS, n. 

Contuse, kon-tuz'', v. t. [-tcsed (-fuzd'), -tusing.] 
To beat, pound, or bray together ; to bruise by beat- 
ing. [L. con and tundere, tusum, to bruise, Skr. tud, 
to strike.] — ContuSion, -zhun, n. Act of or state 
of being, etc. 

Conundrum, ko-nun'drum, n. A sort of riddle in 
which some odd resemblance between unlike things 
is proposed for discovery ; a puzzling question, 
whose answer involves a pun. [Perh. corrupt, of 
L. conandum, thing to be attempted, fr. conari, to 
attempt.] 

Conusance, Conusant. Same as Cognizance, etc. 

Convalesce, kon-va-les', v. i. [-lesced (-lest'), -les- 
CING.] To recover health and strength after sick- 
ness. [L. convalescere, fr. con and valere, to be 
strong.] — Convalescence, -sens, -cency, n. Recov- 
ery, etc. ; state of a body renewing its vigor after 
siexness. — Convalescent, a. Recovering, etc. — 
n. One recovering, etc. — ConvalesSently, adv. 

Convection, kon-vekShun, n. Act or process of con- 
veying or transmitting. (Physics.) A process of 
transmission, as of heat or electricity, by currents in 
fluids, [L,. con and vekere, vectum, to carry.] 

Convene, kon-ven', v. i. [-vened (-vend''), -vening.] 
To come together, meet in the same place, assemble, 
unite. — v. t. To cause to assemble, call together, 
convoke ; to summon judicially to meet or appear. 
[F. convenir, fr. L. con and venire, ventum, to come.] 
— Conven'able, a. — Convener, n. — Convenient, 
-yent, a. Adapted to an end; fit; becoming; afford- 
ing convenience ; commodious. — Conveniently, 
adv.— Convenience, -yens, -iency, n. State of be- 



ing, or that which is, convenient ; an accommoda- 
tion. —Con'' vent, n. A community of recluses de- 
voted to a religious life ; a body of monks or nuns; 
a house occupied by such a community ; abbey ; 
monastery; nunnery. — Conventual, a. Pert, to, etc. 
— Conventicle, -i-kl, n. An assembly, esp. for pub- 
lic worship. — Co&ventlcler, -f-klgr, n. One who 



supports or frequents, etc. — Convenlion, n. Act 

of coining together ; arbitrary custom ; usage ; an 
assembly of delegates for a deliberative purpose; 



an informal or preliminary compact, as between 
belligerents, etc. — Conventional, a. Formed by 
agreement ; stipulated ; growing out of, or depend- 
ing on, custom ; sanctioned by usage. — Conven- 
tionally, adi .— Conventionality, n. State of being, 
etc. — Conventionalism, -izm, n. What is estab- 
lished by convention or informal agreement. — Con- 
ventionalist, n. One governed by, etc. ; one who 
adheres to a convention or treaty. — Conven'tion- 
ary, a. Pert, to a convention. 

Converge, kon-vgrjl v. i. [-verged (-vgrjd'), -ver- 
ging^] To tend to one point, incline and approack 
nearer together. [L. con and vergere, to turn.] — 
Convergent, a. Converging. — Convergence, -gen- 
cy, -jen-sl, n. Quality of, etc. 

Converse, n. and a. See under Convert. 

Converse, kon-vers', v. i. [-versed (-vgrsf), -vers- 
ing.] To keep company, or have familiarity ; to 
commune ; to talk familiarly, chat. [F. converser, 
fr. L. conversari, to live with any one, orig. pass, of 
conversare, to turn round, freq. fr. cow and vertere, 
versum, to turn.] — Converse, n. Familiarity; talk; 
conversation. — ConversSr, n. — ConverSable, a. 
Qualified for conversation ; sociable. — ConverSa- 
bleness, n. — ConverSably, adv. — Conversant, a. 
Having customary intercourse ; familiar by use or 
study; versed; having concern or relation. — Con- 
versa'' tion, n. Familiar intercourse; close acquain- 
tance ; informal talk : discourse ; colloquy ; confer- 
ence.— Conversa'tional, a. Pert, to, etc.; colloquial. 

— Conversalionalist, -tionist, n. One who excels in, 
etc.— ConverSative, -tiv, a. Relating to intercourse 
with men ; social. — Conversazione, kon'var-sat'se- 
o'na, n. ; pi. -oni, -c/ne. A meeting or company for 
conversation, esp. on literary subjects. [It.] 

Convert, kon-vgrt', v. t. To change from one form, 
substance, religion, party, use, etc., to another ; to 
turn, transmute, appropriate. — v. i. To be turned 
or changed ; to undergo a change, be transmuted. 
[L. convertere, -versum, to turn round, change.] — 
Concert, n. One converted from one opinion or 
practice to another ; esp. one who turns from sin to 
holiness; proselyte; neophvte; pervert.— Convert- 
er, n. One who, etc. (Mech.) A retort in which 
iron is decarbonized and converted into Bessemer 
steel. — Convertible, a. Capable of being, etc. ; 
transmutable ; transformable; capable of being ex- 
changed or interchanged ; reciprocal. — Convert''- 
ibleness. -ibillty, n. — Convertlbly, adv. — Con- 
vertend', n. (Logic.) A proposition submitted to 
the process of conversion, — or of being made the 
converse.— Con 1 ' verse, -vers, n. (Logic.) A propo- 
sition produced by interchanging the terms of an- 
other. (Math.) A change in the form of a propo- 
sition, inverting its order and making the conclu- 
sion the premise. — a. Turned about ; reciprocal. 

— Conversely, adv. — Conversion, n. Act of 
changing from one condition to another ; transmu- 
tation ; change from one side, party, etc., to another. 
(Law.) An appropriation of property. (Logic.) 
Act of interchanging the terms of a proposition. 
(Math.) A change of the form of a proposition. 
(Mil.) A change of front. (Theol.) A radical 
change of heart or moral character. 

Convex, konveks, a. Rising or swelling into a 
rounded form. — n. A.convex body. See Lens. [L. 
convexus, fr. convehere, to bring together.] — Con'- 
vexly, adv. — ConvexSdness, -vexlty, -vexness, n. 
State of being convex ; exterior surface of a con- 
vex body. — ConveV ©-concave, a. Convex on one 
side, and concave on the other.— Convex'o-con'vex, 
a. Convex on both sides. — Cenvex'o-plane, a. Con- 
vex on one side, and plane on the other. 

Convey, kon-va', v. t. [-veyed (-vad'), -veying.] To 
carry from one place to another ; to transfer to an- 
other, make over ; to impart or communicate. [OF. 
conveter, convoier, to convey, convoy, eonduct, fr. 
L. con and via, a way.] — ConveySr, n. — Convey'- 
ablo, a. — Conveyance, n. Act of conveying ; 
transmission ; transference ; instrument or means 
of conveying. (Law.) A written instrument by 



son, cube, full ; moon, foot ; eow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 

8 



CONVICT 



114 



COPPER 



■which property or title is conveyed from one to an- 
other. — Convey 'ancer, n. {Law.) One who draws 
up conveyances of property. — Convey'ancing, n. 
(Law.) Act or practice of, etc. — Convoy', v. t 
[-voyed (-void'), -voting.] To accompany for pro- 
tection. — Con' voy, n. Act of, etc.; a protecting 
force accompanying ships or property ; the ship or 
fleet protected; property convoyed; a drag or brake 
upon wheels of a vehicle when going down hill. 



Convict, kon-vikf, v. t. To prove guilty of an of- 
fense charged ; to pronounce guilty, as by legal 
decision ; to show by proof ; to confute, convince 



confound. [L. con and vincere, victum, to conquer.] 

— Con'vict, n. One proved guilty of crime ; male- 
factor ; felon ; criminal. — Conviction, n. Act of 
proving, finding, or adjudging guilty ; act of con- 
vincing of error ; confutation ; state of being con- 
vinced, esp. of being convicted of sin, or by one's 
conscience. — Convictlve, -iv, a. Fitted to, etc. — 
Convince", v. t. [-vinced (-vmsf), -vincing.] To 
overcome by argument, satisfy by proof, persuade, 
convict. — Convm'cer, -ser, ». — Convin'cible, a. — 
Convin'cingly, adv. 

Convivial, kon-viv'T-al, a. Relating to an entertain- 
ment ; festal ; jovial ; social ; gay. [L. convivium, a 
feast, fr. con and vivere, to live.] — Conviviality, 
n. Good humor or mirth attending festive occa- 
sions. — Conviv'ially, adv. — Convive, koN-vev', n. 
A boon companion. [F.] 

Convoke, kon-vok', v. t. [-voked (-vQkf), -voking.] 
To call together, summon, assemble, convene. [L. 
con and vocare, -catum, to call.] — Convocation, n. 
Act of, etc.; assembly or meeting. (Church. ofEng.) 
A general assembly of the clergy, by their repre- 
sentatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs. Con- 
gregation; congress; convention; synod: council. 

Convolve, kon-volv'', v. t. [-volved (-volvd'), -volv- 
ing.] To roll or wind together, twist. [L. con and 
roloere, volutum, to roll.] — Con'volute, -lut, a. 
(Bot.) Rolled together, or one part on another.— 
Convoluted, a. Curved or rolled together. — Con- 
volution, «. Act of rolling or winding together, or 
one thing on another; state of being, etc. — Convol- 
vulus, n. ; pi. -vuli, -vu-li. (Bot.) A genus of 
plants comprising many species ; bind-weed. [L.] 

Convoy. See under Convey. 

Convulse, kon-vuls', v.t. [-vulsed (-vulsf), -vulsing.] 
To draw or contract violently and irregularly, as 
the muscular parts of the body; to agitate, disturb, 
rend. [L. con and vellere, vulsum, to pluck.] — Con- 
vul'sion, -shun, n. (Med.) Unnatural contraction 
of the muscular parts. Any violent and irregular 
motion ; commotion ; disturbance ; spasm. — Con- 
vulsive, -6iv, a. Producing, or attended with, etc. 
— Convulsively, adv. 

Cony, ko'nl or kun'Y, n. A rabbit. [Peril. E. ; D. 
konijn, Dan. kanin, G. kaninchen, rabbit ; perh. fr. 
OF. connil or connin, fr. L. cuniculus, rabbit, Skr. 
khan, to dig.] 

Coo, koo, v. i. [cooed (kood), cooing.] To make a 
low sound, as pigeons. [Onomat.] 

Cook, kdek, v. t. [cooked (kot»kt), cooking.] To 
prepare, as food for the table, by boiling, roasting, 
baking, broiling, etc. ; to concoct, tamper with, alter. 

— v. i. To prepare food for the table. — n. One 
•who, etc. [AS. coc, fr. L. coquere, to cook, coquus, 
a cook.] — Cook'ery, -er-T, n. Art or practice of, etc. 

Cooky, kotrtc'I, n. A small, thin, sweet cake. [D. koek, 
cake, dim. koekje.] 

Cool, kool, a. Moderately cold ; producing coolness ; 
calm, or free from excitement by passion ; dispas- 
sionate; self-possessed ; manifesting coldness or dis- 
like; chilling ; negligent of propriety in minor mat- 
ters ; impudent. — n. A moderate state of cold. — 
o. t. [cooled (koold), cooling.] To make cool or 
cold ; to moderate the excitement of ; to allay, as 
passion ; to calm, moderate. — v. i. To become less 
hot ; lose heat ; to become less ardent or more mod- 
erate. [AS. col, D. koel, Dan. kbl, G. kuhl] — CeoK- 
er, n. That which cools or abates heat or excite- 
ment; a vessel in which liquors, etc., are cooled. — 
Cool'ish, a. Somewhat cool. — Cool'ly, adv. In a 
teool manner. — Cool'ness, n. State of being cool ; 
moderate cold; want of ardor, zeal, affection, etc. ; 
calmness; indifference. — Cool'-headed, a. Having 
a temper not easily excited ; free from passion. 

Cooly, -lie, koo'lT, n. An East Indian porter; a la- 
borer transported from the East, for service else- 
where. [Hind, and Tartar kuli, laborer.] 

Cocm. koom, n. Dirty, refuse matter, as that in boxes 
of carriage-wheels or at the mouth of ovens. [Cf . 



G. kahm, D. kaam, mold gathered on l*fl«ud», F 

cambouis, cart-grease.] 

Coomb, Comb, koom, n. A dry measure of 4 hHBhels, 
or half a quarter. [AS. cumb, D. kom, G. kum^f, hol- 
low vessels, fr. LL. curnba, stone tomb or troueh. Gr. 
kumbe, bowl, boat; s. rt. cup.} — Coomb, Coombe, 
koom,_ra. A valley on the declivity of a hill. 

Coop, koop, n. A barrel or cask; a grated box or in- 
closure forsmall animals, esp. poultry. — v. t. 
[cooped (koopt), cooping.] To confine in a coop, 
or in a narrow compass; to crowd, confine, imprison. 
[AS. cypa, basket, D. kuip, tub, Ic. kupa, cup, bowl, 
G. kufe, coop, tub, fr. L. cupa, tub, Gr. kupe, hoie, 
hut, Skr. kupa, pit, hollow ; s. rt. cup, q. v.] — 
Cooper, kot>p- or koop'er, n. One who makes barrels, 
tubs, etc.— v. t. To do cooper's work upon. — Coop 1 '- 
ery,-i, n. Trade of, etc. — Coop'erage, -ej, n. Price 
paid for cooper's work; place where cooper's worfi 
is done; business of a cooper. 

Cooperate, ko-op'Sr-at, v. i. To act or operate jointly 
with another. [L. con and operare, -atum, to work.] 

— Coop'ora'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; concurrent effori 
or labor. — Cooperative, -tiv, a Operating jointly. 

— Cobp'erator, -tgr, n. 

Coordinate, ko-6r'dt-nat, a. Equal in rank or order; 
not subordinate. — v. t. To make coordinate, or 
equal in rank; to harmonize. — n. A person or thing 
of the same rank with another, pi. (Math.) Lines, 
or other elements of reference, by which the posi- 
tion of a point is defined with respect to fixed lines, 
or planes, called coordinate axes and coordinate 
planes. [L. con and ordinare, -atum, to arrange.] — 
Cobr'dinately, adv. — Coor'dina /, tion, n. State of 
being, etc.; act of harmonizing different parts or ob- 
jects. — Cobr'dinative, -tiv, a. (Oram.) Express- 
ing orjndicating coordination. 

Coot, koot, n. A short-tailed water-fowl, frequenting 
lakes and still waters; a stupid fellow; simpleton. 
[D. koet, W. cwtiar, lit. bob-tailed hen, fr. cwta, 
docked, and iar, hen, cwtau, to shorten ; s. rt. cut.~] 

Cop, kop, n. The conical ball of thread formed on a 
spindle. [W., a tuft. See Cob.] 

Copaiba, kc-pa'ba, -va, -va, n. (Med.) A resinous juice, 
of a bitterish, pungent taste, from a tree of Spanish 
America. [Sp. and Pg., fr. Brazil. cupauba.~] 

Copal, ko'pal, n. A resinous substance from 2 East 
India and S.Amer. trees — used in manufacture of 
varnishes. [Sp., fr. Mexican copalli, resin.] 

Copang, ko'pang, n. A Japanese gold coin, worth 
nearly $11. 

Coparcenary, ko-par'se-na-rT, n. (Law.) Partnership 
in inheritance; joint heirship. [See Parcenary.] — 
Copar'cener, n. A joint heir. — Copar'ceny, -nT, n. 
An equal share of an inheritance. 

Copartner, ko-part'ner, n. A joint partner; associate; 
partaker. — Copartnership, n. Joint interest or con- 
cern; an unincorporated business association. 

Cope, kop, n. A covering for the head; anything ex- 
tended over the head, as the vault of the sky; a 
sacerdotal cloak. (Founding.) The top part of a 
flask. [Variation of cape, q. v.] — Copying, n. (Arch.) 
The highest course of masonry in a wall. — Cope'- or 
Coping-stone, n. Head or top stone, in a wall, etc. 

Cope, kop, v. i. [coped (kept), coping.] To strive, 
contend, esp. on equal terms or with success; to 
match, equal. — v.t. To match one's self against. 
[D. koopen, to buy, bargain; 6. rt. AS. ceapian, to 
cheapen. See Cheap.] 

Copeck, -pek. See Kopeck. 

Copernican, ko-pSr'nl-kan, o. Pert, to Copernicus, 
a Prussian astronomer who taught the solar system 
now received. 

Copier. See under Copy. 

Copious, ko'pT-us, a. Large in quantity or amount; 
abundant; rich; full; exuberant. [OF. copieux, L. 
copiosus, fr. copia, plenty; prob. fr. con and rt. of 
opes, riches.] — Co'piously, adv. — Copiousness, n. 

Copper, kop'pgr, n. A metal of reddish color, duetile, 
malleable, and tenacious; a coin, also a vessel, esp. 
a boiler, made of copper. — v. t. [coppered (-p?rd), 
-pering.] To cover or sheathe with copper. [D. 
koper, G. kupper, F. cuivre, LL. cuper, L. cuprum 
(contr. fr. Cupriwn ass, Cyprian brass), fr. Gr. kup- 
rios, pert, to Cyprus, whence the Romans got cop- 
per.] — Cop'permg, n. Act of covering with, or a 
covering of, etc.— Cpp'perish, -pery, -T, a. Contain- 
ing or like, etc. — Cop'per-head, n. A poisonous 
American serpent, which gives no warning of its at- 
tack. — plate, n. An engraved plate of polished 
copper; a print from such a plate. — smith, w. One 
who manufactures copper utensils. — worm, n. A 



km, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve. term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, dr i 



COPPICE 



115 



CORN 



small worm, which penetrates the bottoms of ships; 
the ring-worm. — Cop'peras, n. Sulphate of iron, or 
green vitriol; a green salt, of a styptic, astringent 
taste. [OF. eoperose, perh. f r. L. cupri rosa, copper- 
rose; cf. Gr. chalkanthos, copperas, lit. brass-flower.] 
Coppice, kop'pis, Copse, kops, n. A wood of small 
growth; underwood; brushwood. [OF. copeiz, newly 
cut wood, fr. coper, to cut, fr. cop (F. coup), a blow, 
stroke, LL. colpus, L. colaphus, Gr. kolaphos, a blow.] 

— Copse, v. t. To trim or cut, as brushwood. 
Coprollte, kop'ro-llt, n. (Geol.) Petrified dung of ani- 
mals. [Gr. kopros, dung, and lithos, stone.! — Cop- 
rolalia, a.— Copropb/agous, -rof'a-gus, a. Feeding 
on dung. [Gr. pkagein, to eat.] — Copropb/agan, n. 
A beetle which lives upon the dung of animals. 

Copt, kopt,n. A descendant of the ancient Egyptians; 
an Egyptian Christian, esp. of the ancient Mono- 
physite church. [Ar. kibti, pi. kibt, an Egyptian.] — 
Cop'tic, o. Pert, to, etc. — n. The language of, 
etc. 

Copula, kop'u-la, n. (Logic.) The word uniting the 
subject and predicate of a proposition. [L., for co- 
apula, It. con and rt. of apere, to join, Gr. haptein.] 

— Cop'ulate, -lat, i>. t. To unite in sexual embrace. 
(L. copidare, -latum, fr. copula.} — Copula'tion, n. 
Act of coupling; coition.— Cop'ulative, -tiv, a. Serv- 
ing to couple. (Gram.) Uniting the sense as well as 
the words. — n. (Gram.) A copulative conjunction. 

— Cop'ulatory, -to-rt, a. Pert, to, etc. ; copulative. 
Copy, kop'T, n. A writing like another writing; trans- 
script; book printed according to the original; one 
of a series of repetitions of an original work. (Print.) 
Manuscript, etc., for the compositor. Anything to 
be imitated ; a model ; pattern. — v. t. [copied 
(kop'id), copying.] To write, print, engrave, etc., 
after an original; to imitate, transcribe, model after. 

— v. i. To do a thing in imitation of something else. 
[F. copie, copy, also abundance, f r. L. copia, plenty. 
See Copious.] — Copier, -yer, -T-Sr, -yist, n. One 
who, etc.; a plagiarist. — Cop'y-book, n. A book 
containing copies for learners to imitate. — hold, n. 
(Eng. Law.) A tenure of estate by copy of court 
roll; land held in copy-hold. — hold'er, n. One pos- 
sessed of land in copy-hold. — Cop'ying-press, n. A 
machine for taking, by pressure, a copy of manu- 
script recently written. — Cop'yright, -rlt, n. An 
author's exclusive right to print, publish, and vend 
his own works, for his own benefit, during a certain 
time. —v. t. To secure by copyright, as a book. 

Coquette, ko-kef, n. A vain, trifling woman, who en- 
deavors to attract admiration, and gain matrimonial 
offers, intending to reject her suitor. [F., fem. of 
coquet (dim. of cog), a little cock, i. e. vain as a cock, 
strutting.] — Coquet', v. t. To attempt to attract 
notice, admiration, or love, with a view to disap- 
point. — v.i. To trifle in love. [F. eogweter-.] — Co- 
quefry, -rt, w. Affectation of amorous advances; 
trifling in love. [F. coquetterie.] — Coquet' tish, a. 
Practicing coquetry; befitting a coquette. 

Coquina, ko-ke'na, n. A soft whitish stone, formed 
of shells, found in Florida, etc. [Sp^, shell-fish.] 

Coracle, kor'a-kl, n. A boat used in Wales, made by 
covering a wicker frame with leather or oil-cloth. 
[W. corwgl. dim. of corwg, a trunk, carcase, cwrwg, 
frame, boat.) 

Coracoid, kor'a-koid, n. (Anat.) A small, sharp pro- 
cess of. the shoulder-blade, shaped like a crow's 
beak. — a. Shaped like a crow's Deak. [Gr. korax, 
crow, and eidos. form.] 

Coral, kor'al, n. The solid secretion of zoophytes, 
produced within the tissues of the polyps, consist- 
ing almost purely of carbonate of lime; a piece of 
coral; spawn of the lobster, which has the color of 
coral. TOF.; ~L.corallum or -Hum, Gr. korallion.] — 
Cor'alline, -tin. a. Consisting of, like, or contain- 
ing coral.— n. (Bot.) A submarine, calcareous plant, 
consisting of many-jointed branches, resembling 
moss; a piece of certain minute corals, growing in 
moss-like form; a red coloring matter obtained by 
treating phenol with sulphuric and oxalic acids. — 
Cor'alloid, -loidal, a. Formed or branching like, 
etc. [Gr. eidos, form.] 

Corb, k6rb, n. A basket used in coaleries. (Arch.) An 
ornament in building; corbel. [L. corhis, basket.] 

Corban, kor'ban, n. An alms-basket. (Jewish Antiq.) 
An offering or sacrifice devoted to God; vow by 
which one bound himself not to give to, or receive 
from another, some particular object. [Heb. qorban, 
offering to God, Ar. qurban, sacrifice, victim.] — 
Corb, n. Alms-basket. 

Corbeil Corbel, k&r'bel, n. (Arch.) A bmeket of stone, 




Corbel. 



wood, or iron, often carved in the s-f^-^j, 
form of a basket, head, etc., pro- 
jecting from a wall to support a 
cornice, parapet, end of an arch, 
or other structure or mass ; the || J 
vase or tambor of the Corinthian 
column; a niche. — Cor'bel, v. t. 
To furnish with corbels. [OF. cor- 
bel, F. corbeau, fr. It. & LL. corbella, little basket, dim. 
fr. L. corbis, basket; also F. corbeille, fr. L. corbicula.] 
Cord, kord, n. A string, or small rope; a solid meas- 
ure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet; a pile 8 ft. long, 4 
ft. high, and 4 ft. broad, — orig. measured with a 
cord. — v. t. To bind with a cord; to pile up, as 
wood, for sale by the cord. [F. corde, LL. cord a, 
L. chorda, cord, Gr. chorde, string, orig. of gut.] — 
Cord'age, -ej, n. Ropes or cords,— used collectively. 

— Cordelier, kord'le-a or kor de-ler', n. One of 
the religious order of St. Francis; a Gray friar; one 
of a violent Jacobin party during the French Revo- 
lution. [F., a twist of rope.] — Cordeliere, -lyar'', n. 
A black, Knotted silk handkerchief. [F.] —Cordon, 
kdr'doN or kSr'don, n. A ribbon borne as a badge 
of honor. (Arch.) The edge of a stone on the out- 
side of a building. (Fort.) The projecting coping 
of the scarp-wall. (Mil.) A series of military posts. 
[F.] — Corduroy, kor'du-roi, n. A thick cotton stuff, 
corded or ribbed on the surface. [Prob. for F. corde 
du roi, king's cord.] — Corduroy road. A roadwav 
having logs laid side by side across it, as in marshy- 
places, — so called from its ribbed surface. 

Cordate, kSr'dat, -dated, a. (Bot.) Having the form 
of a heart. [OF. and L. cor, heart.] — Cbr'dately, 
adv. In a cordate form.— Cordial, kSr'dt-al or k&r'- 
jal, a. Proceeding from the heart; hearty; sincere; 
affectionate; tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate. 

— n. Anything that comforts and exkilarates. (Med. ) 
That which invigorates, esp. medicine which does 
so. (Com.) Aromatized spirit, employed as a bever- 
age. [F.] — Cordiality, n. Sincere affection and 
kindness; warmth of regard; heartiness. — Cor'di- 
ally, adv. — Cor'dialness, n. 

Cordovan, kor'do-van, n. Spanish leather, or goat- 
skin tanned and dressed; cordwain. [Sp., from Cor- 
dova, or Cordoba.] — Cordwainer, kSrd'wan-er, n. 
A worker in cordovan leather; shoemaker. [E. cord- 
wain, corrupt, of Cordovan.] 

Core, kor, n. An ancient Hebrew dry measure: a 
homer. [Heb. cor. J 

Core, kor, n. The heart or inner part of a thing, esp. 
of fruit. (Founding.) The internal mold which 
forms a hollow in casting. —v. t. [cored (kord), 
coring.] To take out the core or inward parts of. 
[OF. and L. cor, heart.] — Cor'er, n. 

Corespondent, ko-re-spond'ent, n. A joint respond- 
ent; one associated with another in a suit, as in an 
action of crim. con. 

Coriaceous, ko-rl-a'shus, a. Consisting of or resem- 
bling leather; leathery. [L. corium, leather.] 

Coriander, ko-rT-an'der, n. A plant whose seeds are 
considered in medicine as stomachic and carmina- 
tive. [F. coriandre, L. coriandrum, Gr. koriannon, 
fr. korts, bug, fr. the bug-like smell of the seeds.] 

Corinthian, ko-rin'thY-an, a. Pert, to Corinth. (Arch.) 
Pert, to the Corinthian order of architecture, pro- 
fusely ornamented. See Capital. 

Cork, k6rk, n. The outer bark of the cork tree, of 
which stoppers are made; a stopper for a bottle, jug, 
etc. — v. t. [corked (k6rkt), corking.] To stop 
or furnish with cork. [Sp. corcho, D. kurk, Dan. 
and Sw. kork, f r. L. cortex, -ticis, bark.] — Corked, 
k6rkt, a. Tasting of the cork, — said of wine. — 
Cork'y, -Y, a. Of or pert, to, etc. — Cork'-jacket. n. 
A jacket having pieces of cork inclosed within can- 
vas, used to aid in swimming, — -screw, n. A 
screw for drawing corks from bottles. 

Cormorant, kdr'mo-rant, 
n. A voracious web- 
footed sea-bird, of the 
pelican family ; a glut- 
ton, or gluttonous ser- 
vant. [F. cormoran, fr. 
Sp. cuerro marino, L. 
corvus marinus, sea- 
crow.] 

Corn, k6rn, n. A single 
seed of certain plants, 
as wheat, rye, barley, 
and maize; a grain; the ^^g|$5^>w^ 



various cereal or fari- 
naceous grains growing 




Cormorant. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiuen, boNboN, chair, get. 



CORN 



116 



CORRECT 



is ears, and used for food ; in Scot., oats ; in the 
U. S., maize, or Indian corn ; plants which produce 
corn ; a small, hard particle ; a grain. — v. t. 
[corned (k6md), corning.] To preserve with 
salt in grains, cure by 6alting ; to form into small 
grains, granulate ; to feed with grain ; to render 
intoxicated. [AS.; Ic, Dan., Sw., G. korn; L. 
granum.] — Corn'y, -T, n., Producing or containing, 
etc. ; tasting well of malt. — Corn'-broom, n. A 
broom made from the tops of sorghum or broom- 
corn, whose stalks resemble Indian coin. — cob,n. 
The spike on which the kernels of Indian corn 

grow. cock ie, n. A weed having bright flowers. 

— crake, n. A bird frequenting corn-fields, the 

land-rail. shelPer, n. One who, or a machine 

which, separates kernels from the cob. — shuck, n. 
The husk covering Indian corn. — starch, n. A 
preparation fr. maize used in puddings, custards, 
etc. 

Corn, k6rn, n. A hard, horn-like induration of the 
skin, esp. on the toes. [F. come, LL. corna, fr. L. 
cornu, horn; s. rt. horn.] — Cor'neous, -us, a. Horn- 
like ; of a horny substance. — Corn'y, -T, a. Strong, 
stiff, or hard, like a horn. — Cor'nute, -nuted, a. 
Grafted with horns ; horn-shaped. 

Cornea, kSr'ne-a, n. (Anat.) The strong, horny, 
transparent membrane forming the front part of 
the eye ball. See Eye. [L., fr. conm.] 

Cornel, kSr'nel, n. A shrub and its fruit ; dog-wood. 

IF. cornille, LL. corniola, L. cornus, fr. cornu, horn, 
lecause of the_h:iidness of the wood.] 

Cornelian, kSr-neKyan, n. A kind of chalcedony. 
[Often spelled carnelian.] [F. cornaline, Pg. corne- 
lina, It. corniola, G. carneol,ii.Li. cornu, horn, from 
its semi-transparent, horny appearance.] 

Corner, kdr'ner, n. The point where converging lines 
meet ; angle ; space between converging lines or 
walls which meet; an inclosed or retired place ; a 
part; an embarrassed position. {Stock Exchange.) 
The condition of a stock or commodity when a 
future delivery, in excess of the amount in the 
market, has been undertaken by parties who are 
therefore compelled to settle with the buyers at ficti- 
tious rates; a scarcity of a commodity, created for the 
purpose of increasing profits. — v. t. [cornered 
(-nerd), -nering.J To drive into a corner, or into a 
position of difficulty or necessary surrender ; to 
get ccntrol of, — said of stocks. [OF. cornier, LL. 
corneria, corner, angle; akin to L. cornu, horn, pro- 
jecting point.] — Cornerstone, n. The stone at the 
corner of two walls, uniting them ; esp. the stone at 
Corner of the foundation ot an edifice ; that which 
is indispensable. — Cor'nerwise, a/lv. Diagonally; 
with the corner in front; from corner to corner. 

Cornet, kSr'net, n. (Mus.) A wind instrument blown 
with the mouth ; a species of trumpet ; a certain 
organ stop or register. A cap of twisted paper, used 
by grocers. (Mil.) The standard-bearer in a caval- 
ry troop. [F., dim. of come, L. cornu, horn.]— Cor r - 
netcy, -sT, n. Office of a cornet. — Cor'net-a-pis'- 
ton, n. A brass wind instrument, like the French 
horn, with valves moved by pistons. [F.] 

Cornice, kdr'nis, n. (Arch.) A molded projection 
finishing the part to which it is affixed. [OF. and 
It.; LL. cornice, -ids, fr. LL. coronix, frame, Gr. kor- 
enis, cornice, lit. crooked ; s. rt. L. corona, q. v.] 

Cornish, kdrn'ish, a. (Geog.) Pert, to Cornwall, 
Eng. — n. The dialect or people of, etc. 

Cornucopia, kSr-nu-ko'pT-a, n. ; pi. -vije, -pT-e. The 
horn of plenty, overflowing with fruits and flowers, 
— an emblem of abundance. [L. cornu, horn, and 
copia, plenty.] 

Corol, kor'ol. Corolla, ko-T.l'la. n. (Bot.) The inner 
part of a flower, surrounding the organs of 
fructification and composed of leaves, 
called petals. [L., a little crown, garland, 
dim. of corona, q. v.] — Cor'ollate, dated, 
a. Like, or having, corollas. — Cor'ollary, 
-la-rT, n. That which follows over and 
above a proposition demonstrated; an in- 
ference; deduction; consequence. [L. cor- 
ollarium, a present of a garland, hence a 
gratuity, additional inference.] 

Corona, ko-ro'na, n. ; pi. -km, -ne. (Arch. 
A large, flat member of a cornice. (Anat. 
The upper surface, as of a tooth. (Astron.) Corolla 
A luminous appearance surrounding the ___„. 
moon during a total eclipse of the sun. "' I"r*y ' 
(Bot.) A crown-like margin of the top of ?„•„„,' 
a flower : an appendage at the top of „' Awi 
some petals or seeds. (Meteorol. ) A circle, peiaiea. 





around a luminous body, as the sun or moon; a 
phase of the aurora borealis, formed by convergence 
of luminous beams around a point in the heavens. 
[L., garland, wreath, fr. Gr. korone, curved end of a 
bow, koronis, -nos, curved.] — Cor'onal, a. Pert, to 
the kingly crown, or to coronation, or to the crown 
or top of the head, or (Astron.) to the corona. — ». 
A crown ; garland ; the frontal bone. — Cor'onary, 
-na-rY, a. Pert, to, or resembling a crown. — n. A 
small bone in a horse's foot. — Corona'tion, n. Act 
or solemnity of crownimg a sovereign. — Cor'oner, 
n. An officer of the law appointed to inquire into 
the manner of a violent death. [LL. coronator, lit. 
one who crowns.] — Cor'onet, n. An 
inferior crown worn by noblemen ; an 
ornamental head dress. (Far.) The 
upper part of a horse's hoof. [F., dim. 
of OF. corone, crown.] — Coro'iiis, n. 
(Gr. Gram.) A sign of contraction ['] 
placed over a word. 

Corporal, kSr'po-ral, n. (Mil.) The low- Coronet, 
est officer ot an infantry company. (Naut.) An 
officer under the master at arms. [Corrupt, fr. F. 
caporal, It. caporale, a chief, corporal, LL. capora- 
lis, commander, f r. It. capo, L. caput, head.] — Cor'- 
poralship, n. Office of, etc. 

Corporal, kdr'po-ral, a. Pert, to the body ; having a 
body or substance; not spiritual; material; bodily.— 
n. (Eccl.) A linen cloth, to cover the elements in 
the eucharist. [F. corporel, L. corporalis, bodily, fr. 
L. corpus (OF. corps, cors), body.] — CorporaKity, n. 
State of being, etc. — Cor'porally, adv. — Corpo- 
rate, a. United in an association, and endowed by 
law with rights and liabilities of an individual ; in- 
corporated ; pert, to a corporation. — Cor'porately, 
adv. In a corporate capacity. — Corporation, n. 
A body politic or corporate, authorized to act as a 
single person, and with the capacity of a perpetual 
succession. — Corporator, n. A member of a cor- 
poration. — Corpo / real, a. Having a body; consist- 
ing of a material body or substance ; material. — 
Corpo /r really, adr. — Corpo'real'ity, -re'ity, n. 
Materiality.— Corpo'realism, -izm, n. The doctrine 
that body is the only real existence ; materialism. 

— Corpo'realist, n. One who denies the reality of 
spiritual existences ; a materialist. — Corps, kor, pi. 
korz, n. sing. & pi. A body of men, esp. of troops ; 
an organized division of an army. — Corps-d'armee, 
kor / dar / ma / ', n. A portion of a grand army possessed 
of all constituents of an independent army. [F., 
body of the army.] — Corpse, k6rps, Corse, k6rs, n. 
The dead body of a human being.— Corselet, n. A 
light breastplate. (Entom.) The part of a winged 
insect answering to the breast of other animals. [F.] 
— Cor r s9t, n. An article of women's dress, inclos- 
ing the waist; stays. — v. t. To inclose in, etc. 
[F.] — Cor'sage, -sej, n. The boddice of a woman's 
dress. [F.] — Corpulent, a. Having an excessive 
quantity of flesh; fat; pursy; obese. [F.; L. corpu- 
tentus.] — Cor'pulently, adv. — Corpulence, -lency, 
-sX.n. Fatness. — Corpus Chris'' ti, -kris'ti. (Eccl.) 
A festival of the church of Rome, kept on Thursday 
after Trinity Sunday, in honor of the eucharist. 
[L., body of Christ.] — Corpuscle, kfrKpus-l, n. A 
minute particle, or physical atom. (Anat.) An ani- 
mal cell. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus.'] — Cor- 
puscular, -la'rian, a. Pert, to, or composed of, 
etc. — Corpus'cule, n. A corpuscle. 

Corposant, kSr^po-zant, n. A flame-like appearance 
seen at the mast-head and yard-arms of ships on 
tempestuous nights. _ [It. corpo santo, holy body.] 

Corradiate, kor-ra'dt-at, v. t. To concentrate to one 
point, as light or rays. [L. con and radiare, -atian, 
to radiate, q. v.] — Corra / dia / 'tion, n. 

Corral, kor'ral, n. A yard or inclosure, esp. for cat- 
tle, etc. [Sp., fr. corro, a ring, circle, fr. L. currere, 
to run.] — Corral', v. t. To surround and inclose ; 
to pen, as cattle. 

Correct, kor-vekf, a. Conformable to truth, recti- 
tude, propriety, etc. ; free from error ; accurate ; ex- 
act ; regular. — v. t. To make or set right ; to bring 
to the standard of truth, justice, etc. ; to reprove or 
punish for faults; to obviate or remove, counteract 
or change, rectify, emend, punish, chasten. [L. cor- 
rigere, -rectum, fr. con and regere, to lead straight.] 

— Correct'ly, adv. — Corrector, -er, n. — Correct- 
ness, n. — Correction, n. Act of correcting; emen- 
dation of errors; change for the better, amendment; 
punishment; discipline; what is substituted in the 
place of what is wrong; counteraction of what is in- 
convenient. — House of correction. A house where 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : end- eve, tSrm ; Tn, ice ; 8d.d, tone, 6r ; 



C0RHELAT3 



117 



COSMOS 



disorderly persous are confined: a bridewell. — Cor- 
rec'tloaal, -rec'tive, -tiv, a. Tending, or having 
power, to corrtot.— Correc'tive. n. That which has, 
etc. — Correc'tively, adi . — Corrigendum, -rf-jen'- 
dum, n. ; pi. -genda, -da. A word or thing to be 
corrected. [L., fut. pass. p. of corr ige re. ] — Cor 'ri- 
gible, -ri-jY-bl, a. Capable of being, etc.; deserving 
chastisement. — Cor'rigibleness, n. 
Correlate, kor-re-lat', v. i. To have reciprocal or mu- 
tual relations; to be mutually related. — v. t. To 
bring into mutual relation ; to make, or regard as, 
coincident. [L. con and E. relate, q. v.] — Correla'- 
tion, n. Reciprocal relation. — Correlative, -tiv, a. 
Having or indicating, etc. ; reciprocal. — a. One 
who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal i-elation to 
ume other. (Gram.) The antecedent of a pronoun. 

— Correl'atively, adv. 

Correspond, kor-re-spond r , v. i. To be adapted, be 
Congruous ; to have intercourse or communication, 
esp. by letters ; to agree, fit, write. [L. con and E. 
respond, q. v.] — Correspond'ent, a. Having or in- 
dicating correspondence ; suitable ; congruous; con- 
formable. — n. One who corresponds ; one with 
whom intercourse is carried on by letters. — Corre- 
■pond'ently, -ingly, adv. In a corresponding man- 
ner; suitable. — Correspondence, -ency, n. Mutual 
adaptation of one thing to another : congruity ; fit- 
ness ; friendly intercourse ; esp. by letters ; letters 
between correspondents. — Correspon'sive, -siv, a. 
Answerable ; adapted. 

Corridor, kor'rY-dor, n. (Arch.) A passage-way to 
apartments independent of each other. [F. ; It. cor- 
rxdore, fr. correre, L. currere, to run.] 

Corrigendum, Corrigible, etc. See under Correct. 

Corrival, fcor-ri'val, n. A fellow-rival ; competitor ; 
co-rival. — a. Having opposing claims; emulous. 

Corroborate, kor-rob'o-rat, v. t. To make more cer- 
tain, confirm. [L. con and roborare, to strengthen, 
fr. robwr, hard wood. See Robust. ]— Corroborant, a. 
Strength-giving: confirming. — n. (Med.) A medicine 
which, etc. — CorroVora'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. ; confirmation. — Corroborative, -tiv, 
a. Corroborating ; confirmatory. — n. A corrobo- 
rant. — Coi-rob' oratory, -to-rY, a. Corroborative. 

Corrode, kor-rod', v. t. To eat away or consume by de- 
grees; to canker, gnaw, rust, wear away. [F. corroder, 
fr. L. con and ro-lere, rosum, to gnaw.* See Rodent.] 

— Corrod'ent, a. Any substance that corrodes. — 
Corrodlble. -ro'sible, a. Capable of being, etc. — 
Corro'sion. -zhun, n. The eating away by "slow de- 
grees, as by the action of acids on metals. — Corro''- 
sive, -siv, a. Eating away ; having the power of 
gradually wearing, consuming, or impairing : acri- 
monious; fretting or vexing. — n. That which, etc. 
— Corrosive sublimate. Bi-chloride of mercury, a 
virulent acrid poison. — Corro'sively, adv.— Corro''- 
■iveness, n. 

Corrugate, kor'roo-gat, v. t. To form or shape into 
wrinkles or folds. — a. Shaped into wrinkles; fur- 
rowed; contracted. [L. con and rvgare, to wrinkle, 
fr. ruga, wrinkle.] — Corruga'tion, n. A contrac- 
tion into wrinkles. — Cor'rugant, a. Able to, etc. 

Corrupt, kor-rupt'', v. t. To change from soundness 
to putrescence; to putrefy; to change from good to 
bad, vitiate, debase, entice, bribe. — v. i. To be- 
come putrid or tainted, rot; to become vitiated, lose 
purity. — a. Changed, etc.; spoiled; tainted; de- 
praved; perverted. [L. con and rumpere, ruptum, to 
break in pi?ces. See Rupture.] — Corruptly, adv. 

— Corrupt'er, n. — Corruptible, a. Capable of 
being, etc. — n. That which may dec iv and perish; 
the human body. — Corrupt / 'ibleness! -ibil'ity, n. 
Susceptibility of'corruption. — Corruptibly, adv.— 
Corrup'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; prod- 
uct of corruption; putrid matter; putrescence; de- 
filement: contamination. (Lav.) Taint or impurity 
of blood, by which one is disabled from inheriting 
or transmitting any estate. — Corruptive, -iv, a. 
Having the quality of corrupting.— Corrupt 'ness. n. 

Corsage, Corse, Corselet, etc. See under Corporal. 

Corsair, k6r'sar, n. A pirate : piratical vessel. [F. 
oorsaire, Proven, corsari, one who makes the coma, 
Proven, and It. corsa, course, cruise, L. cursus, fr. 
currere. to run. See Course.] 

Cortege, k6r / tazh'\ n. A train of attendants. [F., fr. 
It. corteggio, train, fr. corte, court, q. v.] 

Cortes, kSr'tes, n. pi. The legislative bodies of Spain 
and Portugal, composed of nobility, clergy, and rep- 
resentatives of cities. [Sp. and Pg. corre, court.] 

Cortex, kor'teks, n. ; pi. -tices, -tf-sez. Bark of a 
tree; outer covering. (Med.) Peruvian bark. (Anat.) 




A membrane covering any part of the body. [L.] — 
Cor'tical, -ti-kal, a. Pert, to, consisting of, or re- 
sembling, bark or rind; external. — Cor'ticate, -ca- 
ted, a. Having or resembling, etc. — Corticifonn, 
-tis'Y-iorm, a. Resembling bark. [L. forma, formT] 

— Cor'ticose, -kos, -cous, -kus, a. Resembling or 
made of bark. — Cor'ticine, -tl-sin, n. A carpeting 
material made of ground cork and India rubber. 

Corundum, ko-run'dum, n. (Jlin.) The earth alumina, 
as found in a crystalline state. [Hind, kurand.] 

Coruscate, kor'us-kat or ko-rus'kgt, v. i. To throw 
off vivid flashes of light; to glitter, gleam, sparkle. 
[L. coruscare, -catum, to vibrate, glitter; perh. s. rt. 
L. currere, to run.]— Corus'cant, a. Flashing. — 
Corusca'tion, a. A flash of light or of intellectual 
brilliancy; blaze; radiation. 

Corvet, k6r'vet, Corvette, kor-vef, n. ( Xaut.) A sloop 
of war, ranking below a frigate, and carrying not 
more than 20 guns. [F. corvette, Sp. and Pg. corveta, 
corvette, fr. L. corbita, a ship of burden, fr. corbis, 
basket.] 

Corvine, kor'vin, a. Pert, to the crow or raven. [L. 
corvus, crow.] 

Corybant, kor'T-bant, n. ,• E. pi. -bants: L. pi. -ban- 
tes, -tez. A priest of Cybele. [Gr. korubas, -bantos.] 

— Coryban'tic, a. Madly excited, like priests of Cy- 
bele, when celebrating Her rites. 

Corymb, kor'imb, n. (Bot.) An inflorescence, in which 
the lesser flower-stalks rise to the same height, form- 
ing an even surface. [L. corymbus, Gr. kontmbos.] — 
Corymbose, ko-rim'bos or kor'-, a. Consisting of, 
or resembling, etc. 

Corypheus, kor'T-fc'us, n. The chief or leader of a 
Greek dramatic chorus ; any chief or leader. [L. 
cori/phseus, Gr. koruphaio?, fr. koruphe, head.] 

Co-secant, ko-se'kant,7i. (Geom.) p 

The secant of the complement n 

of an arc or angle. In the fig- 
ure, AD is the secant of the 
arc CE, and the co-secant of 
the complement of that arc, or 
BE. [For co. secans = comple- 
menti secans, secant of the com- 
plement. See Secant.] — Co'- Co-secant, Co-tan- 
sine, -sin, n. The sine of the gent, 
complement of an arc or angle. 

In the figure, BF is the sine of the arc CF, and the 
co-sine of EF, the complement of that arc. [For co. 
sinus. See Sine.]— Co-tan'gent, n. 
The tangent of the complement of 
an arc or angle. In the figure, CD 
is the tangent of the arc CE, and 
the co-tangent of EB, the comple- 
ment of that arc. [For ro. tangens. 
See Tangent.] 

Cosey, Cosily. See Cozy. 

Cosmetic, koz-mct'ik, -ical. a. Improving beauty, 
esp. of the complexion. — Cosmetic, n. An exter- 
nal application, to improve the complexion. [F. 
cosmetique, fr. Gr. kosmetikos, skilled in decorating, 
fr. kosmos. See Cosmos.] 

Cosmos, koz'mos, n. The universe, — so called from 
its perfect arrangement; the system of law, har- 
mony, and truth combined within the universe. 
[Gr. kosmos, order, also, the world, universe.] — Cos''- 
mic, -mical, a. Pert, to the universe, ana having 
reference to universal law or order; pert, to the solar 
system as a whole. (Astron.) Rising or setting with 
the sun; not acronycal. — Cos'micaUy, adv. With 
the sun at rising or setting. — CosmogOny, -nl, n. 
Science of the formation of the world or universe. 
[Gr. genein, to bring forth.] — CosmogOnist, n. One 
versed in, etc. — Cosmog'raphy, -fT, n. Description 
of the world or universe, including the figure and 
relation of its parts, and manner of representing 
them on a plane. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — Cos- 
mog'rapher, n. One versed in. etc. — Cosmograpb/- 
ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Cosmol'ogy, -jl, n. Sci- 
ence of the world or universe; or a treatise on its 
structure and parts. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Coa- 
moKogist, ru — Cosmoplas'tic, a. Pert, to the for- 
mation of, etc. [Gr. pf/xssein, to form.] — Cosmopol- 
itan, -mop'olite, -lit, n. One who has no fixed resi- 
dence, but is at home in every place; a citizen of the 
world; one who regards the interests of mankind 
rather than of his own class or country; a liberal. 
[Gr. polites, a citizen.] — Cosmopolitism, -lt-tizin, n. 
Condition or character of a cosmopolite. — Cosmo- 
rama, -ra'rua, n. An exhibition, through a lens, of 
drawings of different parts of the world. [Gr. hor- 
ama, a sight, ir.horan, to see.] — Cosmoram r ic, a. 



za 



Co-sine. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boN'box, chair, get. 



COSSET 



118 



COUNTENANCE 



Pert, to a cosmorama. — Cosmotheism, -the'izm, n. 
The philosophical system which identifies God and 
the universe; pantheism. [Gr. theos god.] — Cos- 
mothet'ic, a. (Metaph.) Assuming the actual ex- 
istence of the physical world. [Gr. tithenai, to place.] 

Cosset, kos'set, n. A lamb reared by hand ; a pet. — 
v. t. To fondle, pet. [It. casiccio, fr. casa, house.] 

Cost, kost, re. Amount paid for anything; charge; ex- 
pense; whatever, as labor, self-denial, suffering, etc., 
is requisite to secure benefit; loss of any kind; det- 
riment; suffering, pi. (Law.) Expenses in litiga- 
tion. — v. t. [cost, costing.] To require to be given, 
expended, or laid out for ; to require to be borne, 
cause to be suffered. [OF. coster, to cost, L. constare, 
to stand together, consist, cost, fr. con and stare, to 
stand.] — Costly, -IT, a. Of great cost; expensive; 
sumptuous. — Cost'liness, n. 

Costal, kos'tal, a. Pert, to the side of the body or ribs. 
[L. costa, rib.] 

Costard, kos'tard, n. A large apple; the head. fr. its 
shape. [ME., fr. OF. coste, a rib, this kind of apple 
being ribbed or ridged.] — Cos'tard- or Cos'ter-mon- 
ger, -mun'ger, n. An apple-seller; peddler of fruit. 

Costeaning, kos'ten-ing, n. Process by which miners 
seek lodes. [Corn, cothas and stean, dropped tin.] 

Costive, kos'tiv, a. Retaining fecal matter in the bow- 
els; constipated. [Corrupt, fr. F. constipe", fr. L. con- 
stipare, -patum. See Constipate.] — Cos'tiveness. 
re. Unnatural detention, etc. 

Costume, kos-tum'' or kos'tum, re. An established 
manner or style, esp. of dress; adaptation of acces- 
sories, as in a picture, poem, etc., to the circum- 
stances described. [F. and It.; LL. costuma; s. rt. 
custom.} — Costumier, n. A dealer in, etc.; esp. in 
fancy costumes_ for balls, theaters, etc. 

Cot, kot, Cote, kot, re. A small house; cottage; hut; 
also, a shed or inelosure for beasts; a cover for a 
sore finger. — Cot, Cott, kot, re. A sleeping place of 
small size; a little bed; cradle; folding bedstead. 
[AS. cote, D. and Ic. kot, G. koth, LL. cota, cot, hut; 
b. rt. coat. ] — Cot'betty, -bet-tl, -quean, -kwen, re. A 
man who busies himself with women's affairs. — 
Cots'wold, -wold, n. Sheep-cotes in an open coun- 
try. — Cot'tage, -tej, re. A small dwelling; cot; hut. 
— Cot'tager, Cofter, re. One who lives in a cottage. 

Co-tangeut. See under Co-secant. 

Coternporaneous, etc. See Contemporaneous. 

Coterie, ko-te-re / ', re. A set of persons who meet famil- 
iarly; a club. [OF. coterie, LL. cottria, a tenure of 
land by cotters (F. cottiers) who clubbed together.] 

Cotillon, Cotillion, ko-til'yun, re. A dance of 8 per- 
sons; quadrille; tune regulating the dance. [F., lit. 
a petticoat, fr. cotte, coat, frock.] 

Cotter, kofter, n. A wedge-shaped piece of wood, 
iron, etc., for fastening the parts of a structure; a 
key. [Peril, corrupt, fr. cutter.} 

Cotton, kot'tn, re. The fibrous down enveloping the 
seeds of the cotton-plant; thread or cloth made of 
cotton. — a. Made of, etc. — v. i. To rise with a 
regular nap. [F. and Sp. coton, Ar. qutn, qutunJ] — 
Cotton flannel. A twilled cotton fabric, with a long 
plush nap; Canton flannel.— C. velvet, velvet whose 
warp and woof are of cotton, and the pile of silk. — 
Cotton'y. -I, a. Downy; soft, like cotton; contain- 
ing, or like, cotton ; clieap looking. — Cofton-gin, 
-jin, n. A machine to separate the seeds from cot- 
ton. plant, n. A plant of several 

species, growing in warm climates, and 
bearing the cotton of commerce. — 
-seed. a. The seed of, etc.,— yieldin 
oil and oil-cake, —-waste, n. The rei 

use of cotton factories. wood, n. 

(Bot.) An American tree of the pop- 
lar kind, —-wool, re. Cotton in its raw 
state. 

Cotton, koftn, v. i. To unite together, 
agree, adhere. [W. cytcno, to consent, 

Co'tyledon, kot-Y-le'dpn. re. (Bot.) A Cotton-plant, 
seed-lobe of a plant, which involves and nourishes 
the embryo plant, and then perishes. [Gr. kotvledon, 
fr. kotule, a cup; perh. s. rt. hut.]— Cotyled'onal, a. 
Having the form of, etc. — Cotyled'onous. -mis, «. 
Pert, to, etc. ; having a seed-lobe. 

Couch, kowch, v. t. [couched (kowcht), couching.] 
To lay down or deposit; to compose to rest; to put 
in language, phrase, state. — v. i. To lie down, as 
on a bed, repose; to lie down for concealment, hide; 
to bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, etc. 
— re. A place for rest or sleep; a layer of barley pre- 
pared for malting. (Painting, Gilding, etc.) A pre- 




liminary layer, as of color, size, etc. [OF. covcher, 
colchcr, to place, L. collocare, to place together, fr. 
con and locus, a place.] —To couch a cataract. (Surg.) 
To depress it by means of a needle in order to its 
removal.— To c. a spear, or lance. To place the butt 
in the projection on the side of armor called the rest, 
so bringing it into position for attack. — Couch'ant, 
a. Lying down; squatting. (Her.) Lying down 
with the head raised, — said of a lion or other beast. 

— Couch 'er, n. — CouchZ-grass, n. A species of grass 
which extends rapidly its creeping roots. 

Cougar, koo'gar, n. (Zo'61.) A species of panther found 
in southern N. Amer.; also the puma or S. Amer. 
lion. [F. couguar, S. Amer. dialects, cuguacuara. 
cuguaeuarana.~i 

Cough, kawf, n. A violent effort of the lungs to throw 
oft irritating matter. — v. i. [coughed (kawft), 
coughing.] To expel air from the throat or lungs 
with force or noise. — v. t. To expel from the lunges 
by a cough, eject by a cough, expectorate. [Afe. 
hwostan, JD. kugchen, MHG. kuchen, to cough.] — 
Cougher, kawf'er, re. 

Could, kdbd, imp. of can. See Can. 

Coulter. Same as Colter. 

Council, kown'sil, re. An assembly for consultation 
or advice; congress; diet; convention; convocation. 
[F. concile, L. concilium, fr. con and calare, to call.] 

— Coun'cil-man, n.; pi. -men. A member of a coun- 
cil, esp. of the common council of a city. — Couns- 
ellor, -er, n. A member of a council. 

Counsel, kown'sel, re. Mutual advisement, instruc- 
tion, or interchange of opinions; exercise of delib- 
erate judgment; result of consultation; deliberate 
purpose; one who gives advice, esp. in legal matters; 
collectively, the legal advocates united in the man- 
agement of a case. — v. t. [counseled (-seld), -sel- 
ing.] To advise, admonish, or instruct; to recom- 
mend. [OF. conseil, consel, fr. L. consilium, deliber- 
ation.fr. consulere, to consult, q. v.] — To keep coun- 
sel. To hold a purpose, etc., as a secret. — Coun- 
selor, -er, n. One who, etc.; an adviser; one who i* 
consulted and gives advice on questions of law; a 
barrister. — Coun'selorship, n. 

Count, kownt, v. t. To number, enumerate, reckon, 
eompute; to consider as belonging to one, esteem, 
ascribe.—?;.*. To number or be counted; hence, 
to swell the number, add strength or influence; to 
depend, rely. (Law.) To plead orally. — n. Act of 
numbering, or amount ascertained by numbering; 
reckoning. (Law.) A statement of a plaintiff's case 
in court. (Crim. Law.) One of several charges in 
an indictment. [OF. cunter, conter, fr. L. compile 
tare, to reckon ; same as compute.] —Counter, 
kowntSr, re. One who counts, or keeps an account; 
that which indicates a number; a piece of coin- 
shaped metal, wood, etc., used in reckoning; a table 
on which money is counted, and goeds laid for ex- 
amination by purchasers. — Counfer-jump'er, re. A 
salesman in a shop. — Count'able, a. — Countless. 
a. Innumerable. — Counting-house, -room, ». 
Place for keeping accounts, etc., and transacting 
business. 

Count, kownt. re. A nobleman in Europe, equal in 
rank to an English earl. [OF. conte, comte, fr. L. 
comes, -itis, a companion, count, f~. con and ire, 
iturn, to go. Ski-. i.\ — Count-palatine. Orig., the 
judge and highest officer of German kings, after- 
ward of German emperors and archdukes; later, 
an officer delegated by German emperors to exercise 
certain imperial privileges. — Countless, n. The 
consort of an earl or count. — Coun'ty, -tt, u. Orig. 
an earldom: a territorial division of a state, for pur- 
poses of administration, justice, etc. ; a shire. — 

. County corporate. A county invested with particu- 
lar privileges by charter, grant, etc. — C. court. A 
court having jurisdiction over a county. — C. pala- 
tine. In Eng., one having particular privileges, — so 
called a palatio (from the palace), because the 
owner had originally royal powers in administering 
justice.— C. town. A town where the county busi- 
ness is transacted; shire town. 

Countenance, kown'te-nans, re. Appearance or ex- 
pression of the face; aspect; mien; the face; fea- 
tures ; encouraging aspect ; favor ; aid. — v. t. 
[■nanced (-nanst), -nancing.] To encourage by a 
favoring aspect; to sanction, approve, support. 
[OF. contenance, L. continentia, fr. contirtsre, to con- 
tain, maintain, comport one's sell'.] — Out of counte- 
nance. With the countenance cast down; not as- 
sured; confounded; abashed. — To keep the c. To 
preserve a composed look. — Coun'tenancer, n. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tfrm ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



COUNTER 



119 



COUPLE 



Counter. See under Count, v. t. 

Counter, kown'ter, a. Contrary; opposite. — adv. ■ 
Contrary; in opposition; in an opposite direction. 
[This word is prefixed to many others, chiefly verbs 
and nouns, expressing opposition.]— n. {Xa'utA An 
arched space in the stem of a vessel. (3Ius.) Coun- 
ter-tenor. (.Far.) That part of a horse between the 
shoulders and under the neck. The back-leather or 
heel part of a boot; heel stiffening of a shoe. \F. 
contre, L. contra, against, fr. con and rt. of trans, 
beyond.]— Coun'ter-tim'ber, n. (Xaut.) A timber 
in the stern of a vessel, strengthening the counter. 

Counteract, kown-ter-akt', v. t. To act in opposition 
to, hinder, defeat, frustrate.— Counterac'tioH, n. 
Action in opposition; resistance. — Counteract 'ive, 
-iv, a. Tending to, etc. 

Counterbalance, kown-tgr-baKans, v. t. [-balanced 
i,-aust), -ancing.J To oppose with an equal weight; 
act against with equal power or effect: countervail. 

— n. Equal opposing weight; equivalent. 
Counter-brace, kown'ter-bras, >i. (Xaut.) The brace 

of the ioretopsail on the leeward side of a vessel. 
Counterchange, kown-ter-chanj', v. t. To exchange; 

reciprocate. — Coun'terchange, n. Exchange; re-, 

ciprocation. 
Counter charm, kown-ter-charm', v. t. To destrov the 

effect of a charm upon. — Coun'tercharm, n. That 

which dissolves or opposes, etc. 
Countercheck, kown-ter-chek'', r. t. To oppose, check. < 

— Coun'tercheck, u. Check; stop; rebuke. 
Counter-deed, kown'ter-ded, n. (Law.) A writing 

which destroys, invalidates, or alters a public deed. 

Counterdraw. kown-ter-draw', v. t. [imp. -drew; p. 
p. -drawn; -drawing.] To copy, as a design, by 
tracing upon some transparent substance, through 
which it appears. 

Counter-extension, kown'tSr-ex-ten'shun, n. (Surg.) 
Fixation of the upper portion of a limb while ex- 
tension is practiced on the lower portion, as in cases | 
of fracture or luxation. 

Counterfeit, kown'ter-fit, v. t. To put on a sem- | 
blance of, esp. for a bad purpose; to imitate without ' 
right, and to deceive or defraud; to forge. — v. i. ! 
To dissemble, feign. — a. Having resemblance to; 
fabricated to defraud by passing the false copy for 
genuine; false, spurious, hypocritical, — n. That : 
which, etc.; a likeness; counterpart: one who per- 
sonates another; an impostor; cheat [OF. contre- 
j'ait, p. p. of rontrcfaire, fr. contre and /aire, L. ' 
facere, to make.] — Coun'terfeiter, n. One who, 
etc.; esp. one who forges bank-notes or coin; a 
forger. — Coun'terfeitly.w^r. By forgery; falsely. 

Counter-gage, kown'ter-gaj, n. (Carp.) A method 
of measuring joints, by transferring. 

Counter-guard, kown'ter-gard, n. (Fort.) A low | 
work before the salient point of a bastion, to pre- 
serve the bastion. 

Counter-indication, kowH /, ter-in / dl-ka / shun,n. (Med.) 
Any symptom which forbids the use of a particular 
remedy in disease. 

Counter-irritate, kown'ter-ir'ri-tat, v. t. (Med.) To 
produce counter-irritation in. — Coun'ter-ir'ritant. 
n. That which, etc. — Conn' ter-irrita'tion. n. Ir- 
ritation excited in one part of the body to relieve ir- 
ritation in another part. 

Counter-jumper. See under Count, v. t. 

Countermand, kown-ter-mand", v. t. To revoke, as a 
former command. — Coun'termand, n. Revocation 
of n former command. [F. contremander, fr. contre 
and mav/Jer, to command, L. mendare.] 

Countermarch, kown-ter-march', ?;. i. (Mil.) To march 
back, or in reversed order. — Coun'ter-march, n. A 
marching back. (Mil.) A change of the wings or 
face of aoattalion. 

Counter-mark, kown'ter-miirk, n. An additional mark I 
oq goods, to afford security or proof. (Far.) An | 
nrtificial oavity made in the teeth of horses when 
the crown is worn smooth, to disguise their age. — 
Countermark', v. t. To apply, etc. 

Counter-mine, kown'tgr-mln, n. (3111.) A gallery 
under ground, from which to destroy the mines of | 
the enemy; means of counteraction. — Counter- j 
mine', v. t. (Mil.) To oppose by a counter-mine, i 
To frustrate by secret and opposing measures, —v. 
»'. To make a counter-mine or counter-plot. 

Counterpane, kown'ter-pan, -point, n. A coverlet for ' 
a bed. [OF. contrepoinct, back-stitch or quilting- j 
stitch, also a quilt, corrup. fr. coutrepoincter, to j 
quilt: coutre = coute, quieute, a quilt, fr. L. cirtcita, ! 
ci^hion, qnilt; EL. culcita ptincta, stitched quilt, : 
pvjir/ere,pimctwi, to prick, stitch.] — Coun'terpane, 



v. (0. Law.) A counterpart. [OF. contrepan, a 
pledge, pawn, fr. contre andean, pawn.] 

Counterpart, kown'ter-part, n. A part corresponding 
to another part; copy; duplicate; a thing that mar 
be applied to another so as to fit perfectly, as a seal 
to its impression; hence a person or thing having 
qualities lacking in another: an opposite, (Ifus.) 
The part arranged in connection with another. 

Counter-plea, kown'tgr-ple, n. (Law.) A replication 
to a plea or request. 

Counterpoint, kown'ter-point, rt. A cover for a bed. 
[See Counterpane.] — (Mus.) The art of composing 
music in parts, the setting of a harmony of one or 
more parts to a melody. [OF. contrepoinct, lit. 
point against point, —musical notes having been 
indicated by dots or points.] 

Counterpoise," kown-ter-poiz', v. t. To act against with 
equal weight, counterbalance. — Coun'torpoiae, /<. 
A weight sufficient to balance another; equal power 
acting in opposition; relation of two such forces; 
equilibrium; equiponderance. 

Counter-poison. kown'tSr-poi-zn, n. A poison that 
destroys the effect of another. 

Counter-proof, kown'ter-pruot, n. (Engraving.) A 
print taken off from another just printed, and there- 
fore a reverse of it. — Counterprove', -proov', v. t. 
To take a copy in reverse. 

Counter-revolution, kown'ter-rev-o-lu'shun, n. A 
revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a 
former state of things. 

Counterscarp, kown'ter-skiirp, n. (Fort.) The ex- 
terior slope of the ditch; the whole covered way, 
with its parapet and glacis. 

Countersign, kown'ter-sin, v. t. To sign in addition 
and opposite to the signature of a principal, — to at- 
test the authenticity of a writing. — n. The signa- 
ture of a secretary, etc., to attest authenticity. (Mil.) 
A private signal "or phrase, whieh must be given to 
pass a sentry. — Coun'ter-sig'nal, n. A correspond- 
ing signal. 

Countersink, kown'ter-sink, v. t. To form, as a de- 
pression, to receive the head of a 6Crew or bolt be- 
low the surface; to cause to sink, as a screw or bolt, 
even with or below the surface. — n. A depression 
for receiving the head of a screw ; a tool for forming 
such depression. 

Counter-tenor, kown'ter-ten'er, n. (Mus.) A middle 
part between tenor and treble. 

Counter-timber. See under Counter. 

Countervail, kown-ter-vaK, v. t. [-vailed (-vald"), 
-vailing.] To act against with equal force, power, 
or effect ; to thwart, balance, compensate. [F. 
contre and valoir, L. ralere, to avail.] — Coun'ter- 
vail, n. Equal weight, strength, or value; compen- 
sation; requital. 

Countervallation, kown'tgr-val-la'shun, n. (Fort.) A 
ehain of redoubts around a fortress, to prevent sor- 
ties by the garrison: oonstruction of such works. 

Cqunterview, kown'ter-vu, n. An opposite or oppos- 
ing view; opposition; contrast. 

Countess. See under Count, n. 

Counting-house. Countless, etc. See under Cotott, v. t. 

Country, kun'trT, n. A region; region of one's birth, 
residence, or citizenship; rural regions, as opp. to 
town; inhabitants of a region. (Laic.) A jury, as 
representing the citizens of a country: one's con- 
stituents, or the public. —a. Pert, to "the territory 
away from a city ; rural; rustic; destitute of refine- 
ment : rude. [OF. contree. It. and LL. contr&da. 
f r. L. contra.] — Countrified, -trT-fid, a. Having the 
appearance and manners of, etc. ; uncouth. — 
Coun'try-dance, n. See Contra-dance. — man, n. ; 
pi. -men. An inhabitant or native of a region; a 
fellow-citizen; a dweller in the country, as opp. to 
the city; a rustic. — woman, n.; pi. -women, -wim''- 
en. — seat, n. A dwelling in the country. 

County. _See under Count, n. 

Coupe, koo-pa-', n. A compartment in a French dili 
gence, or in a railroad carriage ; a four-wheeled 
close carriage for two persons. [F., p. p. of couper, 
to cut.] 

Couple, kup'1, 7i. Two things of the same kind con- 
nected or taken together; a betrothed or married 
pair; brace. — v. t. [coupled (kup'ld), coupling.] 
To link or connect together, join; to unite as male 
and female, marry.— v. i. To come together aa 
male and female, form a sexual union, embrace. 
[F., fr. L. copula, a bond, band. See Copula.] — 
Coup'ler, n. — Coup'let, n. Two lines of verse that 
rhyme with each other. — Coup'ling, n. Act of 
bringing or coming together ; connection ; sexual 



», cube, full; moon, foot; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



COUPON 



120 



COWARD 



union. (Mach.) That which couples one thing 
with another, as a hook, chain, etc. 

Coupon, koo'pon or -poN. n. {Com.) An interest cer- 
tificate attached to a transferable bond, to be cut 
off for payment when interest is due. [F., fr. cou- 
per, to cut.] 

Courage, kur'ej, n. The quality enabling one to en- 
counter danger without fear ; bravery ; daring ; 
firmness; resolution. [F., fr. OF. and L. cor, the 
heart.] — Coura'geous, -a 'jus, a. Possessing, or 
characterized by, etc.; bold; hardy; enterprising. — 
Coura'geously, adv. — Coura'geousness, n. 

Courant, koo-ranf, -ran'to, n. A piece of music in 
triple time; a lively dance; a newspaper. [F. cou- 
rant, p. pr. of courir, to run, L. currere, cursum.] — 
Cou'rier, -rT-er, n. A messenger sent in haste, usu- 
ally on public business; an express; an attendant 
on travelers, who makes arrangements for them on 
the way. [F.J — Course, kors, n. Act of moving 
from one point to another; path traversed; motion 
considered with reference to its direction; line of 
progress ; progress from point to point without 
change of direction; also, one of a succession of 
motions in different directions considered as one 
act; orderly progress; methodical action; conduct; 
behavior; a succession of practices connectedly fol- 
lowed; part of a meal served atone time. (Arch.) 
A continued level range of brick or stones through- 
out the face of a building, pi. The menstrual flux. 
(Naut.) The principal sails of a ship. See Sails. 

— v. t. [coursed (korst), coursing.] To run, hunt, 
or chase after, pursue; to run through or over; to 
cause to run. — v. i. To run, as if in a race or in 
hunting. [OF. CQurs, L. cursus, fr. currere.'] — In 
course. In regular succession. — Of c. By conse- 
quence; in natural order. — Cours'er, n. One who, 
etc; esp. a swift horse. 

CJourt, kort, n. An inclosed space; yard or area; resi- 
dence of a sovereign, nobleman, etc; palace; per- 
sons composing the retinue of a sovereign, etc.; as- 
sembling of the retinue of a sovereign; attention to 
one in power; conduct designed to gain favor; po- 
liteness; civility. (Law.) A legal tribunal, includ- 
ing judges, jury, lawyers, sheriffs, etc.; the judge in 
a case, as disting. fr. the counsel. The session of a 
judicial assembly; any jurisdiction, civil, military, 
or ecclesiastical. — v. t. To seek the favor of, strive 
to please, pay court to; to seek in marriage, woo; to 
attempt to gain by address, solicit. [F. cour, OF. 
cart, curt, IX. cortis, court-yard, retinue, tribunal, 
L. cors, cortis, inclosure, cattle-yard.] — Court'er, 
n. — Court'-card, n. See Coat-card. — day, n. A 
day in which a court sits to administer justice.— 
■dress, n. A dress worn at court. — hand, n. The 
handwriting used in records and judicial proceed- 
ings. — house, n. A house in which courts are held. 
•leet, n. (Eng. Law.) A court of record held annu- 
ally, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, 
before the steward of the leet. — martial, -mar'shal, 
n. ; pi. Courts-martial. A court consisting of mil- 
itary or naval officers for trying offenses against 
military or naval law. — -plas'ter, n. Sticking-plas- 
ter made of silk. — -yard, n. An inclosure round a 
house. — Courteous, kerfyus, a. Of court-like or 
elegant manners; pert, to, or expressive of, courtesy; 
well-bred; polite; complaisant. — Courteously, adv. 

— Court'eousness, n. — Courtesy, kert'e-sT, n. Ele- 
gance of manners; act of civility or respect; urban- 
ity; affability; good-breeding; favor or indulgence, 
as disting. f r. right. — Courtesy, kgrfsT, n. A ges- 
ture of respect or civility by women.— v. i. [COURTE- 
sied (-sid), -sying.] To bow the body slightly, with 
bending of the knees, as an expression of civility or 
respect. — Courtier, korfyer, n. One who frequents 
courts; one who courts favor.— Court'ly, a. Pert, 
to a court; court-like; high-bred; dignified and ele- 
gant; disposed to favor the g--ent; fawning; obsequi- 
ous; sycophantic. — Court 'liness. n. High-breeding; 
elegance of manners. — Oourt'ship, n. Act of solic- 
iting favor by complaisance or flattery s act of woo- 
ing in love. — Courtesan, kert'e-zan, n. Orig. a fol- 
lower of the court; a prostitute; harlot; strumpet. 
[Sp. cortesana, fern, of cortesano, pert, to the court, 
courteous, fr. corte, court.] 

Cousin, kuz'ii, n. One collaterally related more re- 
motely than brother or sister; a title given by a king 
to a nobleman, esp. to one of the council. [F.; IX. 
cosinus, contr. fr. L. consobrinus, child of a mother s 
sister, fr. con and sobrinus, cousin-german, fr. sostor, 
sister.] — Cousinly, a. Like or becoming a cousin. 

— Cous'inship, n. Relationship of, etc. — Cous'in- 



ger'man, -jcr'man, n. ; pi. Cousins-german. A first 
cousin; cou6in in the first generation. 

Cove, k6v, n. A small inlet, creek, or bay; recess in 
the sea-shore; a strip of prairie extending into wood- 
land; recess in a mountain side; a boy or man. — v. 
t. (Arch.) To arch over. [AS. co/a, chamber, cave, 
1c. to^, hut, cell, G. koben, cabin, pig-sty.] — Cov'- 
ing, n. (Arch.) Projection of the upper stories of 
a house over those beneath; jambs of a fire-place. 

Covenant, kuv'e-nant, n. A mutual agreement in 
writing and under seal ; contract; stipulation; a 
writing containing terms of agreement. (Theol.) 
The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, 
conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as 
obedience, repentance, faith, etc. (Law.) A form 
of action for violation of a contract. — v. i. To enter 
into a formal agreement, bind one's self by con- 
tract, agree, bargain, stipulate.—?;, t. To grant or 
promise by covenant. [OF. convenant, covenant, p. 
pr. of couvenir, to agree, fr. L. convenire. See Cok- 
vene.]— Cov'enanter, n. One who makes or sub- 
scribes a covenant. — Covenantor, n. (Law.) The 
party who makes a covenant. 

Cover, kuv'er, v. t. [covered (-erd), -ering.] To 
overspread or envelop; to brood or sit on; to hide 
from sight, conceal ; to place under shelter, protect, 
defend; to extend over, be sufficient for, compre- 
hend or include, account for or solve, counterbal- 
ance; to copulate with,— said of the male; to keep 
under aim, or aim at point-blank. — n. Anything 
laid, set, or spread over another; an envelope; lid; 
thing which veils or conceals; screen; disguise; con- 
dition of concealment, shelter, or defense. (Hunt- 
ing.) "Woods, underbrush, etc., which shelter game. 
A table-cloth and furniture; esp. table furniture for 
one person at a meal. [F. covrir, courrir. It. cop- 
rire, fr. L. cobperire, to cover, fr. con and operire, 
to shut, hide.] — Cov'ered, -erd, p. a. Designed for 
concealment, shelter, etc. — Cov'erer, n. — Cov'es- 
let, n. The uppermost cover of a bed. [OF. covre- 
lit, fr. covrir, and lit, a bed, L. lectus.] — Cov'ert, a. 
Covered over: hid; sheltered. (Law.) Under covei, 
authority, or protection, as a married woman. — ». 
A place which covers and protects; shelter; defenses 
feathers covering the bases of birds' quills. [OF.] 

— Cov'ertly, adv. Secret]}'. — Cov'ert-bar'on, a. 
(Law.) Under the protection of a husband; married. 

— Cov'erture, -er-chur, n. Covering; shelter; de- 
fense. (Law.) Condition of a woman during mar- 
riage, — i. e., under the cover or protection of her 
husband. 

Covet, kuv'et, v. t. To wish for eagerly, inordinately, 
or unlawfully; to long for, hanker after, lust after. 
[OF. coveiler, It. cubttare, L. cupere, to desire.] — 
Cov'etable, a. — Cov'eter, n. — Cov'etiveness, T iv- 
nes, n. (Phren.) Excessive desire of accumulating 
property ; acquisitiveness. See Phrenology. — 
Cov'etous, -us, a. Very desirous; excessively eager; 
avaricious; penurious; miserly. — Covetously, adv. 

— Cov'etousness, n. 

Covey, kuv'i, n. An old bird with her brood of 
young; a 6mall flock of birds; a company; set. [F. 
couve'e, fr. couvi, p. p. of couver, to sit or brood on, 
fr. L. cvbare, to he down.] 

Covin, kuv'in, n. (Law.) A collusive agreement be- 
tween persons to prejudice another. [OF. 
covaine, fr. convenir. See Covenant.] — Cov / 
-us, a. Deceitful; collusive; fraudulent. 

Cow, kow, n. ; pi. Cows ; old pi. Kine. The female 
of bovine animals. [ME. cu, cou, pi. Icy, hue, and 
kin, kwyn; AS. cu, pi. cy, D. koe, Sw. and Dan. ho, 
Olr. and Ga. 60, L. bos, Gr. bous, Skr. gu.] — Cow'- 
bird, n. The cow blackbird, an Amer. starling. — 
-catcb/er, n. A frame in front of a locomotive, to 
catch or throw off obstructions on the track. — herd, 
n. One who tends cows. — hide, n. The skin of 
cattle, or leather made from it; a whip made from 
it. — v. t. To beat with, etc. — -lick, n. A tuft of 
hair turned up, — as if licked by a cow. — pox. n. 
(Med.) A disease which appears in pimples on the 
cow, the matter from which is used for vaccination, 
as preventive of small pox; kine-pox. — slip, n. 
A species of primrose, growing in moist places. [AS. ■ 
cuslyvpe, fr. cu and slyppe, dung.] — tree, n. A 
South American tree which yields a fluid like milk. 

Cow, kow, v. t. [cowed (kowd), cowing.] To depress 
with fear, sink the spirits or courage. [Ic kuga, to 
tyrannize over, Dan. hue, to bow, subdue.] 

Coward, kow'ard, n. One who lacks courage; a timid 
or pusillanimous man; craven; poltroon: daMard.— 
a. Destitute of courage; timid; Dase; pert, to a cow- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t8rm ; In, Tee ; Sdd, tone, 



COWER 



121 



CRANE 



ard; proceeding from, or expressive of, cowardice. 
[OF. couard, It. codardo, fr. OF. coe, It. codn, L. 
cauda, a tailsperh. one who turns tail.] — Cow'ard- 
ice, -is, 7i. Want of courage. — Cow'ardly, -IT, a. 
Wanting courage; befitting a coward: timorous; 
pusillanimous: mean: base. — ado. In the manner 
of, etc. — Cowardliness, n. 

Cower, kow'er, v. i. [-ered (-Srd), -ering.] To sink 
by bending the knees; to crouch, esp. through fear. 
[Ic. and Sw. kura, Dan. kure, to doze, lie quiet.] 

Cowl, kowl, n. A monk's hood or habit; a cap for 
chimney-tops. [AS. cufle, Ic. kufl, kofl, L. cucullus, 
cap, hood; s. rt. L. scutum, a shield.]— Cowled, 
kowld, a. Wearing a cowl. (Bot.) Shaped like, 
etc. 

Cowl, kowl, n. A vessel for water, carried on a pole, 
or cowl-staff, between two persons. [OF. cuvel, 
cuveau, dim. of cure, L. cupa, tub.] 

Cowry, koWrT, n. A small shell, used for money in 
Africa and the East Indies. [Hind, kauri.] 

Coxalgia, koks-al'jl-a. -al'gy, -it, n. {Med.) Pain in 
the hip: hip-joint disease. [P. coxalgie, fr. L. coxa, 
hip, and Gr. algos, pain.] 

Coxcomb, koks'kom, n. A strip of red cloth notched 
like the comb of a cock, on the cap of a licensed 
fool; the cap itself : a vain superficial pretender to 
accomplishments: a fop. {Bot.) A plant producing 
red flowers like a cock's comb. [Corrupt, of cock's 
comb.] — Coxcombical, -comical, -kom'ik-al. a. Be- 
fitting a coxcomb: foppish. — Coxcomb'ically, adv. 
— Cox'combry, -kom-rT, n. The manners of, etc. 

Boxawain. See Cockswain, under Cockboat. 

*oy, koi, a. Shrinking from approach or familiarity; 
shy ; modest ; bashful. [OF. coi, coit, L. quietus, 
quiet.fr. quies, rest.] — Coy'ish, a. Somewhat re- 
served. — Coy'ly, adv. — Coy'ness, n. 

Coyote, koi-ot', n. The prairie wolf. [Sp., fr. Mexi- 
can coyotl.] 

fioz, kuz, n. A contr. of cousin. 

3ozen, kuz'n, v. t. [cozened (kuz'nd), -ening.] To 
cheat, beguile, deceive. [F. cousiner, to claim kin- 
ship for convenience, to sponge.]— Coz'enage, -ej, 
n. Practice of, etc. ; artifice ; trick. — Coz'ener, n. 

Cozy, Cosey, kc/zT, a. [cozier, coziest.] Snug; com- 
fortable; easy. — n. A woolen covering to retain 
heat in a tea-pot. [F. causer, to talk, chat, fr. G. 
kosen, OH.G. choson.] — Co'zily, adv. 

Irab, krab, n. (Zool.) A crustaceous aninial, having 
the body covered by a crust- 
like shell orcarapax; it has 
ten legs, the front pair of 
which terminate in claws. 
(Bot.) A wild apple; the tree 
producing it, — named from 
its astringent taste. (Mech.) 
A crane for moving heavy 
weights, esp. ships. [AS. crab- v^ran. 

6a, Sw. krabba, Ic. krabbi, Dan. and G. krabbe, D. 
krab, L. carabus, Gr. karabos, crab; D. krabben, L. 
scalpere, to scratch.] — Crab'-apple. n. A small, sour 
kind of apple. [Sw. krabbapleT] — -tree, n. The tree 
bearing, etc. — louse, n. A kind of louse infesting 
the human body. — Crab 'bed, a. Harsh; rough; 
peevish; morose: difficult; perplexing; cramped or 
scrawled, — said of handwriting. [D. kribben, to 
quarrel, be cross, fr. krabben (above), krihbig, peev- 
ish; Ic. krab, a crabbed hand, krabba, D. krabbelen, 
to scrawl, scribble.] — Crab'bedly, adv. — Crab'bed- 
ness, rt. 

jrack, krak, v. t. [cracked (krakt), cracking.] To 
break without entire separation of the parts; to fis- 
sure; to rend with grief or pain, distress, disorder, 
derange; to cause to sound abruptly and sharply; to 
snap; to utter smartly and sententiously; to cry up, 
extol. — v.i. To be" fractured without quite sepa- 
rating; to go to pieces, be ruined or impaired; to 
utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound. — n. A partial 
separation of parts, etc.: a chink; crevice; a sound 
as of anything suddenly rent; craziness of intellect; 
insanity. —a. Of superior excellence. [AS. cear- 
cian, D. kraken, G. krachen, Ga. cnac, to crack; D. 
krak, G. krach, Ga. erac, a crack.] — Crack'-brained, 
-brand, a. Impaired in intellect.— Crack'' or, n. One 
who, or that which, cracks; a small firework, ex- 
ploding with a sharp noise; a kind of hard biscuit- 
Crackle, krakl, v. i. To make slight cracks, or 
small, abrupt, snapping noises, frequently repeated. 
[Freq. of crack.] — Crack'le, Crack'lin, n. A kind 
of china, having the glaze or enamel apparently 
cracked in all directions. — Crack'ttng, n. Small, 
abrupt cracks or reports; rind of roasted pork. — 




Crack'nel, a. A kind of brittle biscuit. [F. craqve* 
lin, D., krakeling.] 

Cradle, kra'dl. n. A rocking bed for infants ; place 
in which anything is nurtured or protected during 
immaturity; infancy. (Agric.) A light framework 
added to a scythe, to receive grain as cut, and lay it 
in swaths. (Engraving.) An instrument for pre- 
paring plates for mezzotints. (Ship-building.) A 
framework of timbers to support a vessel when out 
of water. (Surg.) A case tor a broken bone. — r. t. 
[cradled (kra'dld), cradling.] To lay, or rock in 
a cradle; to nurse in infancy; to cut and lay with a 
cradle, as grain. — v. i. Tolie or lodge, as in a cra- 
dle. (Mining.) A machine roeked by the hand for 
washing out auriferous earth. [AS. cradol, W. cryd ; 
s. rt. L. crates, E. hurdle.] 

Craft, kraft, n. Dexterity in manual employment; 
the employment itself ; a trade ; cunning, art, or 
skill; artifice ; guile. (Naut.) Vessels of any kind. 
[AS. crseft, Sw., Dan., and G. kraft; s. rt. cramp.] 

— CrafVy, -I, a. Skillful at deceiving : cunning ; 
sly ; shrewd. — Craft'ily, adv. — Craftiness, n. — 
Crafts'man, n. ; pi. -men. One skilled in a manual 
occupation ; an artificer ; mechanic. 

Crag, krag, n. A steep, rugged, broken rock. (Geol.) 
A partially compacted bed of gravel mixed with 
shells, of the tertiary age. [W. craig, Ga. and Ir. 
creag.] — Crag'ged, -gy, -gl, a. Full of, etc.— Crag"'- 
gedneas^ -giness, n. 

Crake, krak, n. (Omith.) A species of rail frequenting 
corn, etc., whose cry is a grating croak. [Onomat.] 

Cram, kram, v. t. [crammed (kramd), cramming.] 
To stuff, crowd, fill to superfluity; to fill with food 
beyond satiety ; to qualifv for examination by 
hasty preparation, —v. i. To eat greedily, stuff ; to 
make a hasty review of studies. [AS. crammian, to 
stuff, Ic. kremja, to squeeze. See Cramp.] 

Crambo, kram'bo, n. A play in which one gives a 
word, to which another finds a rhyme ; a rhyme. 
[Perh. fr. Cramp.] 

Cramp, kramp, n. A restriction or restraint ; an iron 
instrument to hold together timbers, stones, etc. ; a 
piece of wood on which the upper leather of a 
boot is stretched. (Med.) A spasmodic contraction 
of a muscle. — v. t. [cramped (krampt), cramp- 
ing.] To hold tightly pressed together, restrain 
from free action ; to form on a cramp, as boot legs ; 
to afflict with cramp. [Sw. and D. kramp, Dan. 
krampe, cramp; Sw. krampa, Dan. kramjte, a cramp- 
iron ; D. krammen, G. krampen, to fasten with 
cramps; s. rt. cram, clamp, crimp, crumple, and perh. 
crab. See Clamp.] — Cramp'y, -T, a. Diseased with, 
or producing, cramp.— Cramp'-fish, n. (Ichth.) The 
torpedo, or electric ray, w T hose touch imparts a shock 
of electricity. — iron, n. A cramp; vise. — Cramp'- 
it, n. A metal tip of a sword-sheath ; a chape ; a 
cramp-iron. — Crampoons, -poonz', n. pi. Hooked 
pieces of iron, for raising heavy materials. (Mil.) 
Iron points worn on shoes to keep a foothold, as in 
climbing ramparts. [F. crampon.] 

Cran, kran, n. A measure by which fresh herrings 
are sold, holding about 3"i gallons. [Ga. crann.] 

Cranberry, kran'her-rT, n. A red, sour berry, used 
for making sauce, etc. [Corrup. of erane-berry, fr. 
its long stalk ; G. kranbeere, Dan. tranebser, Sw. 
tranbar. See Crane.] 

Cranch. See Craunch. 

Crane, kran, n. (Ornith.) A wading bird, having 
long bill, legs, and neck. A 
machine for moving heavy 
weights ; an arm turning on a 
vertical axis, for supporting 
kettles, etc., ever a fire ; a si- 
phon, or bent pipe, for drawing 
liquors out of a cask, (yaut!) 
A piece of wood or iron with 
two arms, used, in pairs, to stow 
spare spars in. — v. t. Tcraned 
(krand), craning. J To cause 
to rise; to raise, as if by a crane. 

— v. i. To stretch the neck in 
order to observe something ; to 
balk at a dangerous leap, etc., 
show timidity. [AS. cran, D. 

Dan. trane, Sw. trana, Ic. trani, W., Corn., and 
Armor, garan, Gr. geranos, L. grus, crane (bird), 
also D. kraan ; Dan. and Sw. kran, G. krahn, Gr- 
geranos, crane (m-ichine).] — Crane's-bill, n. (Bot.) 
The geranium, which has an appendage of the 
seed-vessel resembling the beak of a crane. (Surg.) 
Long-beaked pincers. — Cran'age, n. Right of using 




Crane. 
kraan, G. kranich. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot»t ; cow, oil ; linger mr ink, then, b»Nbow, ehair, get 



CRANIUM 



122 



CREED 



a crane in loading 
fqr the use. 
Cranium, kra'nl-um. 

-N1A, 



price paid 
pi. 



, Kra'ni-um, n.; pi. 
i. (Anat.y The skull of I 
imal ; brain-pan. [L. ; ^ 




Crane. 



Gr. kranion, skull, Icara, Skr. 
cira, the head.] — Cra'nial, a. 
Pert, to, etc. — CranioPogy, 
-jT, n. Science of the struc- 
ture of the skull, and its rela- 
tion to the faculties of the mind ; phrenology. [O 
logos, discourse.]-CranioPogist, -list, n. One versed 
in, etc. ; a phrenologist. — Cra'niologlcal, a. Pert, 
to, etc. — Cranionreter, n. An instrument for 
measuring skulls. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Crani- 
rtof, " 



'etry, -trT, 



Art 



etc., to discover their 



spe- 



cific differences. — Cranios'copy, -pi, n. Examin; 
tion of the skull, to discover the parts of the brain 
supposed to be the organs of particular faculties. 
[Gr. skopein, to view.] — Craniot'omy, -ml, n. 
(Surg.) Opening of the fetal head to effect deliv- 
ery. [Gr. temnevn, to cut.] 

Crank, krank, n. (Mach.) A bent axis, serving as a 
handle to communicate circular motion, or to 
change circular into reciprocating motion, or the 
reverse. A bend, turn, or winding ; a conceit con- 
sisting in a change of the form or meaning of a 
word ; a fit of temper ; a whim, absurd notion ; one 
full of cranks, or deranged. — a. (Naut.) Liable to 
careen or be overset, as a ship. Full of spirit; brisk; 
lively. [D. kronlxl, a little bend, krengen, to careen, 
Dan. kruenge, to heave down, lurch ; 1). and G. 
krank, sick.] — Crankle, kran/kl, v. i. To run in a 
winding course ; to bend and turn. — v. t. To break 
into bends, etc.; to crinkle. — n. A bend ; crinkle. 

Cranny, kran'ni, n. A small, narrow opening ; fis- 
sure ; crevice ; chink ; a secret, retired place ; hole. 

— v. i. To make crannies ; to haunt or enter by 
crannies. [Dim. fr. F. cran, L. arena, a notch, Skr. 
krit, to cut.] — Cran'nied, -nid, a. Full of, etc. 

Crape, krap, n. A thin, transparent stuff, made of 
raw silk gummed and twistecl, used for mourning 
garments. [F. crepe, fr. L. crtspus, curled, crisped.] 

— Crap'y, -Y, a. Resembling crape. 

Crapulent, krap'u-lent, -ulous, -lus, a. Sick from in- 
temperance. [L. crapvla, sickness from, etc.] 

Crash, krash, v. t. [crashed (krasht), crashing.] 
To break to pieces violently.— v. i. To make a loud, 
clattering sound, as of many things breaking at 
once. — n. Mingled sound of things breaking. [Same 
as crack and craze ; Sw. krasa, Dan. krase, to 
crackle.] 

Crash, krash, n. Coarse linen cloth. [See Crass.] 

Crass, kras, a. Gross ; dense ; coarse. [L. crassus, 
thick, fat, for crattus, closely woven.] — Crassi- 
tude, -T-tud, n. Grossness ; thickness. — Crass'a- 
ment, n. Thick part of a fluid, esp. of blood; a clot. 

Cratch, krach, n. A manger or open frame for hay; 
a crib. [F. creche, manger, OS. kribbia, E. crib.] — 
Cratch-cradle. Form of the cratch, made upon the 
fingers with string; scratch-cradle, cat's-cradle. 

Crate, krat, n. A hamper of wicker-work, for crock- 
ery. [L. crates, a hurdle.] 

Crater, kraler, n. The aperture or mouth of a vol- 
cano. [L. and Gr., a bowl, fr. Gr. kerannunai, to mix.] 

— Craterlform, a. Cup-shaped. [L. forma, form.] 
Craunch, Cranch, kranch, v. t. [cRAUNCHED(krancht), 

craunching.] To crush with the teeth, chew nois- 
ily, crunch. [Onomat] 

Cravat, kra-vat', n. A neck-cloth. [F. ; from the 
Croatians (F. Cravates) in the Austrian army, from 
whose dress it was adopted in France in 1G36.] 

Crave, krav, v. t. [craved (kravd), craving.] To 
ask with earnestness and humility; to long for, beg, 
beseech, implore. [AS. crafian, Sw. krafva, Dan. 
kraeve.] — Crav'er, n. 

Craven, kra'vn, n. One vanquished in battle ; a 
weak-hearted fellow; coward; dastard. —a. Cow- 
ardly with meanness; spiritless. [OF. cravante', fr. 
crevanter, to break.] 

Craw, kraw, n. The crop or stomach of fowls. [Dan. 
kro, Sw. krafva.] 

Craw-fish, Cray-fish, kraw'-, kra'fish, n. (Zoibl.) A 
crustaceous fresh-water animal, resembling the lob- 
ster, but smaller. [ME. erevis, fr. OF. crevisse, F. 
Screvisse, OHG. crebiz, G. krebs; s. rt. crab.] 

Crawl, krawl, v. i. [crawled (krawld), crawling.] 
To move slowly, as a worm ; or on the hands and 
knees, as a human being ; to creep ; to advance 
slowly and feebly ; to have a sensation as if insects 
were creeping about the body. — n. Act or motion 



of crawling. [Ic. krafla, to paw, scrabble, Sw. 
krala, Dan. kravle, to creep.] — CrawKer, u. 

Crayon, kra'un, //. A piece of chalk, or other soft sub- 
stance, for drawing; drawing made with pencil or 
crayon.— ?', t. [crayoned (-und), -oning.] To 
sketch, as with, etc. [F., ir._craie, L. creta, chalk.] 

Craze, kraz, v. t. [crazed (krazd), crazing.] Orig. to 
break into pieces, crush ; to confuse, impair ; to de- 
range the intellect of, render insane.— n. State of 
craziness; insanity; a strong habitual desire or pas- 
sion. (Pottery.) A defect in the glaze of earthen- 
ware, causing it to crack. [See Crash.] — Cra'zy, 
-zf, a. Broken ; decrepit ; disordered in intellect ; 
deranged. — Cra'zily, adv. — Cra'ziness, n. — Cra'- 
zy bone. The end of the elbow, a blow upon which 
benumbs the arm. 

Creak, krek, v. i. [creaked (krekt), creaking.] To 
make a sharp, harsh, grating sound, as by friction 
of hard substances. — v. t. To produce a creaking 
sound with. — n. The sound produced. [Onomat. 
See Cricket.] 

Cream, krem, n. The unctuous substance forming a 
scum on the surface of milk; the best part of a thing. 
— v. t. [creamed (kremd), creaming.] To skim 
or take off by skimming, as cream ; to take off the 
best part of. — v. i. To become covered with cream, 
or thick like cream ; to assume the appearance 01 
cream. [F. creme, LL. crema, eream, L. cremor, the 
milky substance obtained by soaking corn.]— Cream 
of tartar. Purified tartar or argal, the bi-tartrate of 
potassa. — which rises, like cream, to the surface of 
liquor in which it is purified. — Cream'y, -1, a. Full 
of, or like, etc. — Cream'-cake, n. A cake filled 
with custard made of cream, eggs, etc. — cheese, n. 
Cheese formed of milk mixed with cream. 

Crease, kres, n._ A mark made by folding. — v. t. 
[creased (krest), creasing.] To make a crease in. 
[Armor. kHz, W. krych, a wrinkle.] 

Creasote. See Creosote. 

Create, kre-af, v. t. To bring into being, came to 
exist, originate ; to be the occasion of, produce ; to 
constitute, appoint, make. [L. oreare, -attan, to 
create.] — Crea'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; esp., of bringing 
the world into existence ; constitution ; formation ; 
thing created, as the universe. — Crealionism, -izm, 
n. Doctrine that the soul is immediately created by 
God, — opp. to traducianism. — Crea'tor, -ter, n. 
One who, etc. ; esp. the Supreme Being. — Crea''- 
tive, -tiv, a. Having power to create, or creating.— 
Crea'tiveness, n. — Creature, kre'chur, n. Thing 
created; esp. a being created with life; animal; man; 
one who owes his fortune to another ; a servile de- 
pendent. [OF.] 

Creche, kresh, n. An asylum for very young children 
during their mothers' working hours. [F. See 
Cratch.] 

Creed, krSd, n. A summary of what is believed ; esp. 
of Christian belief. [From L. erecfo, 1 believe, the 
first word of the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds, fr. 
credere, -itum, Skr. craddadhami, to believe.] — 
Cre'dence, -dens, n. Reliance of the mind ; trust ; 
belief; what gives claim to credit or confidence. — 
Cre'dent, a. Believing ; giving credit. — Creden- 
tial, -shal, a. Giving a title to credit. — n. That 
wbich, etc. ; pi. testimonials or certificates showing 
that one is entitled to credit, or has authority or 
official powers. — Credible, a. Capable of being 
believed ; worthv of belief. — Credlbleness, -ibil'- 
ity, n. — Credibly, adv. — Credit, n. Reliance on 
the truth of something said or dpne; belief ; faith ; 
reputation derived from the confidence of others; es- 
teem ; reputation ; authority derived from character 
or reputation ; influence derived from the confi- 
dence or favor of others ; interest. (Com.) Trust 
given or received ; expectation of future payment ; 
mercantile reputation. (Book-keeping.) The side 
of an account on which are entered values received; 
item* entered on such side of an account. — v. t. To 
confide in the truth of ; put trust in, believe ; to 
enter upon the credit side of an account, set to the 
credit of.—Cre'ditfoncier, kra-de'f oN-se-a', n. A com- 
pany for carrying on local improvements by means 
of loans upon real estate. [F. ; fonder, landed, fr. 
fond, L. fundus, land.]— C. mohilier, -mo-be-le-a', n. 
A joint-stock company for banking purposes and the 
promotion of public works by means of loans on 
personal estate. [F. ; moMKer, personal, fr. L. mo- 
bilis, movable.] — Creditable, a. Deserving or pos- 
sessing, etc. ; reputable ; estimable. — Credltable- 
ness, n. — Creditably, adv. — Creditor, -3r, n. One 
who gives credit in business matters; one to whom 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, ,ttr;n ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



CREEK 



123 



CRINITE 



money is due. — Cred'ulous, -u-lus, a. Apt to be- 
lieve on slight evidence ; easily convinced or im- 
posed upon; unsuspecting. — Cred'ulously, adv. — 
Cred'ulousness, Credulity, -lY-ti, n. Readiness to 
believe without sufficient evidence. 

Creek, krek, n. A small inlet, bay, or cove ; a small 
river or brook ; any turn or winding. [AS. crecca, 
D. kreek, Sw. krik, Ic. kriki, F. crique.] 

Creel, krel, /;. A wicker basket, for carrying fish. 
[Ga. craidhleag.] 

Creep, krep, v. i. [crept, creeping.] To move 
along, as a reptile does ; to move on hands and 
knees, crawl; to move slowly, feebly, timorously, or 
stealthily ; to steal in, insinuate one's self; to fawn; 
to grow, as a vine, clinging to other support; to have 
a sensation of insects crawling upon the body. [AS. 
crespan, D. kruipen, Sw. krypa.] — Creep v er, n. 
One who, or that which, etc. ; a creeping vine ; a 
fixture with iron points worn on the shoe to prevent 
flipping. (Ornith.) A small bird, allied to the wren. 
pi. An instrument with hooks or claws to drag the S 
bottom of wells, etc. — Creep 'ingly, adv. By creep- ' 
ing; slowly; sneakingly ; ignobly. 

Cveese, Crease, Kris, kres, n. A Malay dagger. [Ma- 
lay kris.] 

Cremate, kre-mat r , v. t. To burn, esp. a corpse. [L. cre- 
mare, -atum, to burn.] — Cremation, n. Act of, etc. 

Cremona, kre-mo'na, n. A superior kind of violin, 
made at Cremona, in Italy. 

Crenate, kre'nat, -nated, a. (Bot.) Having the edge 
notched like a scallop-shell. [L. crena, notch. See 
Cranny.] _ 

Creole, kre'ol, n. One born in America, or the West 
Indies, of European ancestors; one born in tropical 
America, or adjacent islands, of any color. [F., fr. 
Sp. criollo, prop, created, grown up, contr. fr. cria- 
dillo, dim. of criado, p. p. of criar, to create, edu- 
cate.] 

Creosote, kre'o-sot, n. (Chem.) An oily, colorless 
liquid, having the smell of smoke, and strong anti- 
septic properties, obtained from distillation ©f wood. 
[Gr. kreos (L7. caro), flesh, and sozein, to preserve.] 

Crepitate, krep'T-tat, v. i. To burst with a sharp 
. sound, crackle, snap. [L. crepitare, -tatum, f req. of 
crepare, to rattle.] — Crepitation, n. Act of, etc. 

Crept. See Creep. 

Crepuscular, kre-pus'ku-lar, -culous, -lus, a. Pert, to 
twilight ; glimmering ; imperfectly clear. [L. cre- 
pusculum, twilight, dim. of creper, dark.] 

Crescent, kres'ent, a. Increasing ; growing ; shaped 
like the new moon. — n. The increasing moon; 
moon in her first or last quarter; figure of the new 
moon, borne in the Turkish flag; the flag itself; the 
Turkish power. [L. crescens, -centis, p. pr. of cres- 
cere, to increase, fr. creare, to create.] — Cres'cive, 
-siv, a. Increasing; augmenting; growing. — Cres- 
cen'do, a. (Mus.) With a constant- 
ly increasing volume of voice, — a 
direction for the performance of Cresaendo. 
music, indicated as in the margin. 
— n. A gradual increase in the fullness of tone with 
which a passage is performed; a passage to be per- 
formed with constantly increasing volume of tone. 
[It.] 

Cress, kres, n. (Bot.) A salad plant of various species. 
[AS. cserse, cressse, D. kern, G. kresse.] 

Cresset, kres'set, n. An open lamp, on a beacon, 
lighthouse, etc., or carried on a pole. [OF. crasset, 
D. kruysel, a hanging lamp, fr. kruyse, cruse, pot.] 

Crest, kre6t, n. A tuft, or other natural ornament, on 
an animal's head, as the comb of a cock; the plume 
or other decoration on a hel- 
met ; the helmet itself ; the 
head, as typical of high spirit; 
pride ; courage. (Her.) An 
appendage placed over the 
shield. The rising part of a 
horse's neck : see Horse. 
The foamy, feather-like top 
of a wave. (Fort.) The top 
line of a slope, —v. t. To 
furnish or adorn with a crest; 
to serve as a crest for. [OF. 
creste, L. crista, crest of a Crest. (Her.) 
bird.] — Crest'ed, a. Having, etc. — Crest-fallen, 
-fawln, a. With lowered front or hanging head; 
drooping; dejected; cowed. 

Cretaceous, kre-ta'shus, a. Having the qualities of, or 
abounding with, chalk. [L. creta, chalk.] — Creta'- 
ceously, adv. 

Cretic, kre'tik, n. (Gr. & L. Pros.) A poetic foot, 




composed of one short between two long syllables. 
[L. Creticus (pes, foot), a Cretan (metrical) foot.] 

Cretin, kre'tin, n. (Med.) An idiot of a kind" fre- 
quent in the valleys of the Alps, generally afflicted 
also with goiter. [F., for crestin, fr. L. castrare, to 
emasculate, hence stunt.] — Cre'tinism, -izm, n. 
Condition or disease of, etc.; idiocy; goiter. 

Cretonne, kre-ton', n. A fabric having a warp of 
hemp and woof of flax, — used to upholster furni- 
ture. [Creton, the originator.] 

Crevasse, kre-vas', n. A crevice or split, as in a gla- 
cier; a breach in the levee or embankment of a 
river. [OF., fr. crever, to cleave, burst asunder, L. 
crepare, to crackle, burst.] — Crevice, -is, n. A 
narrow_opening from a split; a cleft; fissure; rent. 

Crew, kroo, n. A company of people associated to- 
gether; throng; assemblage; a ship's company; the 
seamen belonging to a vessel. [OIc. kru, a crew; Sw. 
dial, kry, to swarm; s. rt. crawl.] 

Crew. See Crow. 

Crewel, kroo'el, n. Worsted yarn slackly twisted. 
[For clewel, dim. of clew, ball of thread.] 

Crib, krib, n. The manger or rack of a stall; stall for 
cattle; inclosed bedstead for a child: bin for stor- 
ing grain, salt, etc.; a literal translation of a classic 
author, — v. t. [cribbed (kribd), cribbing.] To 
shut in a narrow habitation; to pilfer or purloin. — 
To crowd together, be confined. [AS. ; D. 



krib, Ic. and Sw. krubba, crib, manger.' 



Crib' 



makes up a third hand for himself, partly from his 
opponent's. — Crib / 'bage-board, n. A board with 
holes, to score the game at cribbage with pegs. — 
Crlb'bing, n. (Mining.) A plank lining of a shaft, 
etc. (Far.) A horse's trick of gnawing the crib. 

Cribble, krib^bl, n. A coarse sieve or screen.— v. t. 
[cribbled (-bid), -bling.] To cause to pass through 
a sieve or riddle ; to sift. [L. cribellum, dim. of 
crihrum } a sieve; Skr. kri, to separate.] 

Crick, knk, n. A spasmodic affection, esp. of the 
neck or back. [Same as creek.] 

Cricket, krik'et, n. An orthopterous insect, having a 
chirping note. [OF. criquet, fr. criquer, to creak, 
rattle, D. kriek, a cricket, krikkrakken, to crackle.] 
A game with bat, ball, and wicket; a low stool. — v. 
i. To play at cricket. [Dim. fr. AS. cricc, staff; s. 
rt. crutch. J — Crick'eter, n. 

Cricoid, kri'koid, a. (Anat.) Resembling a ring. 
[Gr. krikos, ring, and eidos, form.] 

Cried, Crier. See under Cry. 

Crime, krim, n. A violation of law, divine or human; 
esp. a gross offense, outrage, or great wrong; sin; 
vice. [F.; L. crimen, crinnnis.] — Criminal, krTm'- 
t-nal, a. Guilty of, involving, or pert, to crime. — 
n. One guilty of, etc.— Grim, con., abbr. of Crim- 
inal conversation. (Law.) Adultery. — Criminally, 
adv. — Criminality, -T-tT, n. Guiltiness. — Crim /r - 
inate, v. t. To charge with, or convict of, crime; 
to impeach. — Crimina'tion, n. — Criminatory, -to- 
rt, a. Pert, to or involving crimination; accusing. 

Crimp, krimp, a. Easily crumbled. — v. t. [crimped 
(knmpt), crimping.] To form into ridges, waves, 
or plaits ; to pinch and hold, seize, decoy. (Cook- 
ery.) To cause to contract, or to render cnsp, as 
the flesh of a fish, by gashing it, when living, with 
a knife. — n. One who decoys. [Akin to cramp; 
D. krimpen, Sw. krimpa, to shrink, G. krimpen, to 
crumple, shrink cloth.] — Crimple. krimpl, v. t. 
[crimpled (-Id), -ling.] To cause to shrink or 
draw together, contract, curl, corrugate. 

Crimson, krim'zn, n. A deep-red color tinged with 
blue. — a. Of a deep red color. — v. t. [crimsoned 
(-znd), -soning.] To dye with crimson. — v. i. To 
become crimson; to blush. [OF. cramoisin, LL. 
cramoisinus, Ar. and Per. qirmisi, crimson, Skr. 
krimija, produced by an insect (i. e., cochineal), fr. 
krimi, insect, and jan, to produce; s. rt. carmine.] 

Cringe, krini, v. t. [cringed (krinjd), cringing.^] To 
cause to shrink, contract, draw together. — v. t. To 
draw one's self together as in fear or servility; to 
bow obsequiously, fawn. — n. Servile civility; a 
mean bow. [AS. cringan, to sink in battle, suc- 
cumb; s. rt. crank.] — Crin^ger, n. 

Cringle, krin/gl, n. A withe for fastening a gate. 
(Naut.) An iron ring on the bolt-rope of a sail; a 
rope, having a looped end to secure it to a sail. [Ic. 
kringla, circle, ring, kringar, pulley ; Sw. taring, 
around, D. kring, circle.] 

Crinite, kri'mt, a. Resembling a tuft of hair. [L. 
crinis, hair.] — Cri'natory, -ri, a. Pert, to hair.— 
Crin'oline, -lin, n. A lady's stiff petticoat, — orig. of 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tnen, bowboN, chair, get. 



CRINKLE 



124 



CROSS 



hair-cloth, afterwards expanded by hoops. [F. 
crin (L. crinis), hair, and fin (L. linuni), flax. See 
Linen.] — Crinose', -n5s', a. Hairy. 
Crinkle, krinkl, v. t. [crinkled (-kid), -ling.] To 
form with short turns or wrinkles. — v. i. To run 
in and out in short bends. [Freq. of cringe.] 



Cripple, krip'l, n. One who creeps, halts, or limps. 
—v. t. ("crippled (-pld), -pling.J To deprive of the 
use of the limbs, esp. of the legs and feet ; to lame 



deprive of strength or use, disable. [D. kreupel, 
lame, Ic. kryppill, G. krueppel^a. cripple. See Creep.] 

Crisis, kri'sis, n. : pi. -ses, -sez. The decisive mo- 
ment; turning-point. (Med.) The change of a dis- 
ease which indicates recovery or death. [L.; Gr. 
krisis, fr. krinein, to decide, separate.] 

Crisp, krisp, a. Formed into stiff curls or ringlets; 
having windings or indentations ; brittle ; friable; 
effervescing ; sparkling, — said of liquors. — v. t. 
[crisped (krispt), crisping.] To curl, as the hair; 
to wreathe, as Dranches of trees: to wrinkle or curl 
on the surface or edges. — v. i. To form little curls. 
[AS.; L. crispus, pern. s. rt. L. carpere, to pluck, E. 
harvest.'] — Crisp'er, n. One who, or that which, 
crisps. — Crisply, adv. — Crisp'ness, n. — Crisply, 
-T, a. Formed into short, close ringlets; frizzled; 
prepared so as to break short; brittle. 

Crispin, kris'pin, n. A shoemaker. [St. Crispin, pa- 
tron saint of the craft.] 

Criss-cross, kris'kros, n. A mark formed by two 
lines crossing, usually at right angles ; a child's 
game played on paper or a slate. — adv. In op- 
posite directions ; with opposition or hindrance. 
[Corrupt, of Christ-cross.] — CriBS'-cross-row, n. See 
Christ-cross-row. 

Crith, krith, n. (Chem.) The unit of weight for gases, 
being 0.0896 gram. [Gr. krithe, a barley-corn.] 

Critic, kritlk, n. One skilled in judging of the 
merits of literary or art works ; a connoisseur ; a 
harsh judge ; caviler ; carper. — a. Pert, to, etc. 
[Gr. kritikos, able to judge, krites, a judge, fr. 
krinein. See Crisis.] — Critical, a. Having skill 
toiudgeof literary or artistic matters; exact; nicely 
judicious ; captious ; pert, to criticism ; character- 
ized by thoroughness and a reference to principles; 
pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis or turning- 
point; decisive ; of doubtful issue ; attended with 
risk. — Critically, adv. — Critlcalness, n.— Criti- 
cise, -siz, v. t. [-cised (-sizd), -cising.] To examine 
and judge as a critic; to animadvert on. — v. i. To 
act as a critic, pass judgment, animadvert.— Critl- 
ciser, n. — Criticism, -sizm, n. Art of judging of 
beauties and faults; judgment passed or expressed; 
detailed examination and review. — Critique'', krT- 
tek', n. Art of criticism ; critical examination or 
estimate of a work of literature or art; thorough 
analysis of any subject. [F.] — Crite'rion, -rt-un, 
n. ; pi. -ria, -rt-a, or -rions. A standard of judging; 
approved or established rule, principle, or test, by 
comparison with which a judgment is formed. 

Croak, krok, v. i. [croaked (krokt), croaking.] To 
make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog or 
crow; to forebode evil, grumble. — v. t. To utter 
in a low, hoarse voice. — n. The sound of a frog, 
raven, etc. [Onomat. ; cf . crake, creak, crow.] — 
Croak'er, n. One who croaks, complains unreason- 
ably, or habitually forebodes evil; a small Amer. 
fish, which croaks when caught. 

Crochet, kro-sha', n. A kind of netting made with a 
small hook. — v. t. To do netting with, etc. [F., 
dim. of croc, a crook.] 

Crock, krok, n. An earthen vessel; pot; pitcher; cup; 
smut collected on pots, kettles, etc. ; soot ; lamp- 
black. — v. t. To blaeken with soot, or with the 
coloring matter of cloth. — v. i. To give off crock, 
smudge, blacken. [AS. crocca, Ic. krukka, Sw. 
kruka, D. kruik, G. krug, Ga. crog, W. crochan, pot, 
pitcher, Skr. karaka, water-pot, karkari, pitcher.] — 
Crock'ery, -§r-Y, n. Earthen-ware; vessels of clay, 
glazed and baked; pottery. 

Crocket, krok'et, n. (Arch.) 
An ornament in imitation of 
bent foliage. [See Crook.] 

Crocodile, krok-'o-dil, n. A 
large amphibious reptile of 
Africa and Asia. [F. ; L. croc- ' 
odilus, f r. Gr. krokodeilos, a . 
lizard.] — Crocodile tears. 
False or affected tears ; hyp- 
ocritical sorrow.— Crocodil''- 
ian, -dil't-an, a. Pert, to, crocodile. 




Crocus, kro'kus, n. A genus of early flowering 
plants; a mineral powder of a deep yellow or red 
color. [L. ; Gr. krokos, crocus, saffron, Skr. kiinku- 
ma, Heb. karkom, Ar. karkam, saffron.] 

Croft, kroft ? n. A small close, or inclosed field, for 
pasture, tillage, etc. [AS.; D. kroft, a hillock.] 

Cromlech, kromlek, n. A structure of uprighr stones, 
with flat ones resting on them, found in countries 
formerly occupied by the Celts, and supposed to be 
sepulchers or druidical altars. [W., fr. crom, bend- 
ing, and llech, flat stone.] 

Cromorna, kro-mdr'na, n. (Mus.) A reed stop in the 
organ, of a tone resembling the oboe. [G. Tcrumm- 
horn, crooked horn.] 

Crone, kron, n. An old woman, — usually in con- 
tempt; more rarely an aged man. [Ir. and Ga. crion, 
dry, withered, W. crino, to wither.] — Cro'ny, -nt, 
n. Intimate companion; associate; familiar friend. 

Crook, kro"6k, n. A bend, turn, or curve; device used 
as a subterfuge; trick; artifice; an instrument bent 
at the end, esp. a shepherd's or bishop's staff, — v. t. 
[crooked (krdokt), crooking.] To turn from a 
straight line, make crooked, bend, turn from rec- 
titude, pervert. — v. i. To be bent or curved. [Ic. 
krokr, Sw. krok, Dan. krog, Ga. crocan, W. crwg, a 
hook, crook; s. rt. crochet, cross, crutch.] — Crook'- 
back, n. One who has a crooked back or round 
shoulders. — Crook^ed, p. a. Characterized by a 
crook or curve; bent; not straightforward; perverse. 

— Crookedly, adv. — Crookedness, n. 

Croon, kroon, n. A low, continued moan; murmur; 
a simple piece of music; plain, artless melody. —v. 
t. [crooned (kroond), crooning.] To sing in a 
low tone, hum; to soothe by singing softly. — v.i. 
To make a continuous noise in a low, hollow tone, 
as cattle do when in pain; to moan; to hum, sing, or 
murmur softly. [Scot.; onomat.] 

Crop, krop, n. The protuberant stomach of a bird, 
situated in the breast; the craw; the top of any- 
thing, esp. of a plant; that which is cropped or gath- 
ered from a single field, or of a single kind of grain, 
fruit, etc., or in a single season; fruit; harvest.— 
v. t. [cropped (kropt), cropping.] To cut off 
the ends of , bite or pull off, pluck. — v.i. (Ceol.) 
To appear above the surface, as a seam or bed of 
coal; to come to light, be manifest,— with out. [AS.; 
D. krop, G. kropf, W. cropa, Ga. and Ir. sgrdoan, a 
bird's crop; D. kroppen, to cram, grow to a rqund 
head.]— Crop'per, n. A kind of pigeon having a 
large crop; a hurt by a fall from a horse. (Mech.) A 
machine for facing cloth by means of spiral knives. 

— Crops, n. pi. The region above the shoulder in the 
ox. — Crop'eared, -era, a. Having the ends of the 
ears cut off. 

Croquet, kro-ka', n. A game in which wooden balls 
are driven by mallets through hoops arranged on a 
lawn. [F., dim. of croc, hook.] 

Croquette, kro-kef, n. (Cookery.) 
meat, seasoned, and fried. [F 
crunch.] 

Crosier, kro'zher, n. The official 
staff of an archbishop, or 
bishop. [OF. croce, LL. crocia, 
crochia, crook; s. rt. cross.] 

Cross, kros, n. A gibbet, consist- 
ing of two timbers placed trans- 
versely; the theological and re- 
ligious import of the death of 
Christ; the Christian doctrine; 
the gospel; the symbol of 
Christ's death, and hence, of u. 5. 

Christianity; affliction regarded Crosiers, 
as a test of virtue; trial; vexa- , 

tion; disappointment. (Arch.)?- *" s v91? ?• , 
A cross-shaped ornament. The »• Archbishop s. 
cross-like mark signed by those unable to write; a 
mixing of breeds or stock, esp. in cattle-breeding; 
product of such intermixture. (Sum.) An instru- 
ment for laying off off sets perpendicular to the main 
course. — a. Lying athwart; transverse; intersect- 
ing; adverse; contrary; perverse; unfortunate; peev- 
ish or fretful; ill-humored; mutually inverse; inter- 
changed. — v.t. [crossed (krost), crossing.] To 
put across or athwart; to draw something, as a line, 
across; to pass from one side to the other of; to run 
counter to, thwart, clash or interfere with; to debar; 
to make the sign of the cross upon; to cancel, erase ; 
to mix the breed of. — v. i. To lie or be athwart; to 
pass from one side toward_the other, or from place 
to place; to interbreed. 
crux, crucis, cross, orig. 



A ball of minced 
., fr. croquer, to 




d. [Proven, cros, croiz, fr. L. 
j. gibbet.] — Crossly, -It, adv. 



am, fame, far, Dasa or oj)era, fare ; find, eve, term •, Yn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 3r i 



CROTCH 



125 



CROWN 



In a cross way; peevishly.— Cross'ness, it— Cross'- 
wiBe, adv. In the form of a cross; across. — Cross'- 
lng, re. Act by which anything is crossed; act of in- 
terbreeding ; intersection of roads ; paved walk 
across a street. — Cross'' -ac'tion, re. {Law.) An ac- 
tion brought by defendant against plaintiff on the 
same matter as the original suit. — bar, re. A trans- 
verse bar. — beam, re. (Arch.) A beam running from 
wall to wall of a house. — bill, n. {Law.) A defend- 
ant's bill in a chancery or equity suit. — bill, re. 
{Ornith.) A bird, the mandibles of whose bill curve 
in opposite directions, and cross each other. — bow, 
n. A weapon formed by placing a bow crosswise on 
a stock. — breed, re. A breed produced from parents 
of different breeds, —-bun, re. A cake marked with 
across. — cut, n. A short eut across. (Mining.) A 
level driven across the course of a vein. — cut-saw, 
n. A saw managed by 2 men, one at each end, for 

cutting large logs crosswise. days, n. pi. (Eccl.) 

The 3 days preceding the Feast of the Ascension. — 
-exam'ine, v. t. [examined (-ind), -ining.] (Law.) 
To examine for the purpose of eliciting facts not 
brought out in direct examination or controverting 
the direct testimony. — exam'ina'tion, n. Exam- 



ination of a witness, called by one party, by the op- 
posite party. — eyed, -id, a. Having the eyes turned 
toward the nose, so that they look in directions 
which cross one another. — fire, n, (Mil.) The cross- 
ing of lines of fire from two or more points. — 
-grained, -grand, a. Having the grain or fibers 
crossed; perverse and untractable; contrary; vexa- 
tious. — -Jack, kro'jak, n. (Naut.) The lower yard 
of the mizzen-mast. — legged, -legd, a. Having the 
legs crossed. — patch, n. An ill-natured person. — 
•piece, n. A piece of any structure fitted crosswise. 
— pur 'pose, n. An opposing purpose; that which is 
inconsistent or contradictory, pi, A game in which 
questions and answers concur so as to involve ludi- 
crous combinations of ideas. — To be at cross-pur- 
poses. To act counter to one another unintention- 
ally. — ques'tion, v. t. To cross-examine. ref- 
erence, n. A reference made from one part of a book 
to another, where the same or a similar subject is 
treated of. — road, n. A road crossing another; by- 
road. — ruff, re. The play in whist when partners 
trump different suits, and lead accordingly. — sea, 
n. (Naut.) A chopping sea, caused by waves run- 
ning in different directions. — tie, n. A sleeper con- 
necting the rails of a railroad. — tree, n. (Naut.) A 
timber at the upper ends of the lower masts. — 
Crosslet, re. A small cross. (Her.) A cross whose 
arms are terminated with small crosses, or again 
crossed near the end.— Crucial, kroo'shal, a. Formed 
like, or pert, to, a cross; severe; searching, as if by 
Buffering on the cross. [F.] — Cru'ciate, -shY-at, a. 
{Bot.) Having leaves or petals arranged crosswise. 
— Cruciferous, -Sr-us, a. Bearing a cross. (Bot.) 
Cruciate. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Cru'cify, -sT-fi, v. t. 
[-Cified (-fid), -fying.] To fasten to a cross; de- 
stroy the power of, subdue completely. [OF. cruci- 
Jier, fr. L. figere, fixum, to fix.] — Crucifixion, -fik'- 
ehun, n. Act of, etc.; death on the cross; intense 
suffering. — Cru'ciflx, n. Figure of a cross, with 
Christ upon it. — Cru'ciform, a. Cross-shaped. (Bot.) 
Having 4 equal petals, disposed crosswise. — Cru- 
cigerous, -sij'gr-us, a. Bearing, or marked with, 
etc. [L. gerere, to bear.] — Crusade, -sad', n. A me- 
diaeval military expedition to recover the Holy Land 
from the Mohammedans; any expedition for a re- 
ligious purpose ; a hot-headed or fanatical enter- 
prise. [Proven, crosada, F. croisade.] — Crusad'er, 
n. One engaged in, etc. — Crusa'do, n. A Portu- 
guese coin, having a cross stamped upon it. [Pg. 
cruzado, f r. cruz, cross.] 
Crotch, kroch, n. Place of division, as of a trunk into 
branches; fork; a forked piece of wood, metal, etc. 
[F. croc, a hook, Ic. krokr, a crook. See Crook.] - 
Crotch'et, n. 




of which may turn up or down according to its situ- 
ation. (Print.) A bracket. See Bracket. Acrooked 
or perverse fancy; whim; conceit. [Same as crochet; 
dim. of F. croc.] — Crotch'ety, -T, a. Given to 
crotchets; whimsical. 
Croton-bug, kro' tun-bug, n. (Entom.) A kind of cock- 
roach. [Perh. in reference to the Croton water sup- 



ply of New York.] — oil, n. (Med.) A vegetable oil 
of hot, biting taste, — a powerful drastic cathartic. 
[Gr., a dog-louse, tick, also the plant whose seeds 
yield castor and croton oils, and are shaped like 
ticks, perh. fr. Gr. krotein, to rattle.] 

Crouch, krowch, v. i. [crouched (krowcht), crouch- 
ing.] To bend down, stoop or lie low, bend obse- 
quiously, stoop meanly, fawn, cringe [See Crook.] 

Croup, kroop, n. The buttocks of certain quadrupeds, 
esp. of a horse; place behind the saddle. [F. croupe, 
crupper, hind part of a horse, Ic. kroppr, hunch* 
hump; same as crop.) — Crupper, Crouper, krup'er 
in Amer. ; krBp'er in Eng., n. The rump of a h'crsef 
a strap passing under a horse's tail and holding the 
saddle back. — v. t. To fit -with, etc. — Croupier. 
kroo'pY-er or kroo-per', n. One at the lower end of 
the table as an assistant-chairman at a dinner; one 
who watches the cards and collects the money at a 
gaming-table. [F.] 

Croup, kroop, n. (Med.) An inflammatory affection 
of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse 
ringing cough and difficult respiration. [Scot., the 
disease,also to croak, cry hoarsely; AS. hropan, Ic 
hropa, D. roepen, G. rufen, to call.] 

Crow, kro, re. A large bird, usually black, uttering a 
harsh, croaking note ; an iron lever with a claw 
shaped like a crow's beak; the voice of the cock.— 
v. i. [imp. crew or crowed; p.p. crowed (krod) 
or (obs.) crown (kron); crowing.] To make the 
shrill sound of a cock; to shout in exultation or de- 
fiance; to brag; to utter a sound of joy, as an infant. 
[AS. crawan,D. kraaijen, G. kraehen, to crow; AS. 
crawe, Ic. kraka, a crow; s. rt. crake, croak, crane.} 
— Crow'-bar, re. A bar of iron, used as a lever.— 
-foot, re. (Bot.) A genus of plants; crow-toe. (Naut.) 
Cordage suspending an awning. (Mil.) A caltrop. 
— keep'er, re. A stuffed figure; scarecrow. — -quill, 
n. A pen made from a crow's feather, also from 
steel,— for fine writing or drawing. — Crow's-feet, n. 
pi. Wrinkles at the outer corners of the eyes.— 
-nest, re. (Naut.) A look-out place on a mast. 

Crowd, krowd, v. t. To press or drive together; to fill 
by pressing, encumber by excess of numbers or 
quantity ; to press by solicitation, dun, treat dis- 
courteously. — v. i. To press together in numbers, 
swarm; to urge or press forward. — re. A number of: 
persons or things closely pressed together; the lower 
orders of people; throng; multitude; vulgar; rabble. 
[AS. creodan. to crowd, press, D. kruijen, to push (a 
wheelbarrow), drive ; AS. croda, a crowd.] — To 
crowd sail. (Naut.) To 6et an extraordinary spread 
of sail. — Crowd'er, n. 

Crown, krown, re. A wreath encircling the head, esp. 
as a badge of merit, dignity, or power; a jeweled cap 
or fillet worn on the head as an emblem of sover- 
eignty; any object sought for as a prize; anything 
imparting beauty, dignity, or distinction; one enti- 
tled to a regal or imperial crown; the sovereign; re- 
fal or imperial power; sovereignty; royalty; a coin 
earing the image of a crown ; topmost part of any- 
thing; the part of a hat above the brim and the flat 
circular part at the top. (Arch.) The highest mem- 
ber of a cornice; summit of any part of a building. 
(Bot.) An appendage at the top of the claw of some 
petals; the head of a root: see Root. (Naut.) That 
part of an anchor where the arms join the shank; 
also, bights formed by turns of a cable. — v. U 
[crowned (krownd), crowning.] To invest with a 
crown, or with royal dignity; to adorn, dignify; to 
form the topmost part of, complete, perfect. (Mil.) 
To effect a lodgment upon. [OF. corone, crown, L. 
corona. See Corona.] — Crown'er, re. — Crown'- 
glass, n. The finest window-glass, formed in large 
circular plates or disks. — impe'rial, n. (Bot.) A 
plant of the lily family, having showy, drooping 
flowers. — law, re. In Eng., that part of common law 

applying to criminal matters. law'yer, n. One 

who acts for the crown, or pleads in criminal cases. 
— office, re. (Eng. Law.j A department of the Court 
of King's or Queen's Bench, commonly called the 
crown side of the court, which takes cognizance of 
criminal cases. — pa'per, re. Paper of a particular 
size, which formerly had the water-mark of a crown. 
— post, re. (Arch.) See King-post. — prince, re. 
The prince royal who succeeds to the crown. — saw, 
re. (Mech.) A tubular saw, — a hollow cylinder with 
teeth on the edge. — wheel, re. (Mach.) A wheel 
with cogs at right angles to its plane. — work, n. 
(Fort.) An outwork running into the field, consist" 
ing of two demi-bastions at the extremes, and a bas- 
tion in the middle, with curtains. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f<3ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CRUCIAL 



126 



CUBE 



under Cross. 




Crucial, Crucify, Crucifix, etc. See 

Crucible, kroo'sY-bl, n. A chemical 
vessel or melting-pot, capable of 
enduring great neat without in- 
. jiwy. [LL. crucibulum, a hanging 
lamp, also melting-pot, fr. OF. 
cruche, earthen pot, creuset, B. 
kroes, pot, crucible.] 

Crude, krood, a. In its natural 
state; not cooked or prepared for Crucible 
use; raw: unripe; immature; not 
reduced to order or form; undigested; hasty and ill- 
considered; displaying superficial and undigested 
knowledge. (Paint.) Coarsely done; not accurately 
colored. [L. crudus, raw; s. rt. Skr. krura, sore, cruel, 
E. raw.] — Crude' ly, adv. — Crude'ness, Cru'dity, 
-dt-tt, n._ Condition of being, or that which is, etc. 

Cruel, kroo'el, a. Disposed to give pain ; causing, 
or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery; savage; in- 
human ; pitiless. [OF.; I.. crudelis; s. rt. crudus. 
See Crude.] — Cru'elly, -el-lt, a<h\ — Cru'elty, -ti, 
n. Character of being, etc.; a cruel deed. 

Cruet, kroo'et, n. A small glass bottle for vinegar, 
oil, etc.; a caster. [OF. creuset, D. kruik, kroes, pitch- 
er, jug. See Crucible.] 

Cruise. See Cruse. 

Cruise, krobz, v. i. [cruised (kroo?d), cruising.] To 
go back and forth on the ocean ; to wander hither 
and thither on land. — n. A voyage without settled 
course. [D. kruisen, to cross, crucify, also to cruise, 
or traverse backwards and forwards, fr. kruis, F. 
croix, L. crux, cross.] — Cruis'er, n. One who, or a 
ship that, cruises. 

Cruller, kruKl5r, n. A kind of crisp sweet-cake boiled 
in fat. [Sw. krullig, crisp. See Curl.] 

Crumb, krum, n. A small fragment or piece, esp. of 
bread ; the soft part of bread. — v. t. To break into 
crumbs or small pieces. [AS. cruma, D. kruim, G. 
krume, a crumb; D. kruimekn, G. kruemeln, to crum- 
ble.] — Crumb'-cloth, w. A cloth under a table to 
receive falling fragments. — Crum'ble, -bl, n. A 
very small fragment ; small crumb. — v. t. [crum- 
bled (-bid), -bling.] To break into small pieces.— 
v.i. To fall or break into, etc., decav. perish.— 
Cram''bly,-blY,a. Easily crumbled; brittle.— Crum'- 
my, -ml, a. Full of crumbs ; soft ; not crusty. 

Crumpet, krum'pet, n. A kind of soft bread-cake, 
not sweetened. [W. crempog, pancake, fritter.] 

Crumple, km m'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -pling.] To 
press into wrinkles or folds, rumple. — v. i. To 
shrink irregularly, wrinkle. [Freq. of cramp.] — 
Crum'pling, n. A small, withered apple. 

Crunch, krunch, v. i. (crunched (kruncht), crunch- 
ing.] To chew with violence and noise, craunch ; 
to grind or press noisily. [Onomat. ; D. schransen, 
to eat heartily.] 

Cruor, kroo'or, n. Gore ; coagulated blood. [L.] 

Crupper. See under Croup. 

Crural, kroo'ral, a. Pert, to the leg; shaped like a leg 
or root. [I>. crus, cruris, leg.] 

Crusade, Crusado. See under Cross. 

Cruse, kroos, n. A small cup or bottle. [7c. krus, a 
pot, Sw. krus, mug, Dan. kraus, jug, D. kroes, cup, 
crucible. See Crock, Cruet.] — Cru'set, n. A 
goldsmith's crucible or melting pot. 

Crush, krush, v. t. [crushed (krusht), crushing.] 
To press and bruise between hard bodies ; to over- 
whelm by pressure ; to overcome completely, sub- 
due, ruin . — v. i. To be pressed into a smaller com- 
pass by external force ; to be condensed. — n. A 
violent compression. [OF. cruisir, to crack, break, 
Sw. krysta, Dan. kryste, Ic. kreista, kreysta, to 
squeeze.] — Crush'er, n. 

Crust, krust, n. The hard, external covering of any- 
thing; any concretion. — v. t. To cover with a hard 
case, or crust; to incrust, envelop, — v. i. To gather 
into a hard crust ; to concrete or freeze at the sur- 
face. [OF. cntste, L. crusta, crust of bread ; Ir. 
cruaidh, hard, Gr. kruos, frost.] — Crust'y, -T, a. Of 
the nature of erust ; hard ; of a harsh exterior or 
rough manner; surly; morose. — Crust'ily, adv.— 
Crustiness, n. — Cnista'cea, -she-a, n. pi. One of 
the classes of articulated animals, including lob- 
sters, shrimps, and crabs, which have a crust-like 
shell covering the body and legs. — Crusta'cean, n. 
An animal of the class Crustacea. — a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Crusta'ceol'ogy, n. Science of the Crusta- 
cea ; malacostracology. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — 
Crusta'ceous, -shus, a. Pert, to, or having, a crust- 
like shell ; crustacean. 
Crutch, kruch, n. A staff with a cross-piece, to be 



placed under the arm for support in walking. [D. 
krul; Sw. krycka, G. kruecke,hh. crocia. See Crook.] 
— Crutched, krucht, p. a. Supported on crutches ; 
marked with the sign of the cross. — Crutched friar. 
(Eccl.) One of a religious order, whose members bore 
the sign of the cross, — crossed friar, crouched friar. 

Cry, kri, v. i. [cried (krid), crying.] To speak, call, 
or exclaim loudly ; to vociferate, proclaim; to weep 
and sob; to bawl, as a child; to utter inarticulate 
sounds, as animals. — v. t. To utter loudly or vehe- 
mently ; to advertise by outcry. — n. A loud utter- 
ance; outcry; clamor: expression of triumph, won- 
der, pain, distress, etc. ; public advertisement by 
outcry ; a pack of hounds. [OF. crier, It. gridare, 
Sp. gritt or, fr. L. nuiritare, to shriek, freq. of qveri, 
to lament.]— To cry up. To extol publicly. — To c. 
down. To decry, depreciate, dispraise, condemn. — 
Crying, a. Calling for notice ; compelling regard; 
notorious ; heinous. — Cri'er, n. One who, etc. ; 
esp. an officer who proclaims the orders of a court 
or gives public notice by proclamation. 

Cryolite, kn'o-lit, n. (Min.) A mineral found only 
in the gneissof Greenland, which melts easily: com- 
mercial ore of aluminium. [F. cryolithe, fr. Gr. k)~uos, 
hoar-frost, and lithos, stone.] 

Crypt, kript, n. A subterranean cell or cave ; esp. a 
vault under a church, for burial purposes. (Arch. > 
The space under a building ; subterranean chapel ; 
hiding-place. [L. a-i/pta, Gr. krupte, fr. kruptein. to 
hide; s. rt. grot.] — Cryp'tic, -tical, a. Hidden; se- 
cret; occult. — Cryptogam, n. (Bot.) A flowerless 
plant, or one which does not fructify by means usu- 
al to others. [Gr. gamos, marriage.] — Cryptoga'mi- 
an, -gamlc, Cryptog'amous, -mus, a. Pert, to cryp- 
togams, or to cryptogamy ; having the fructification 
concealed. — Cryptog'amy, -mT, n. Concealed fruc- 
tification. — Cryptography, -IT, n. Art of writing 
in secret characters ; secret characters or cipher. 
[Gr. graphein, to write.] — Cryptol'ogy, -jT. n. Se- 
cret or enigmatical language. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 
— Cryp'tonym, -nim, a. A concealed name, known 
only to the initiated. [Gr. onoma, name.] 

Crystal, kris'tal, n. (Chem. and Min.) The regu- 
lar form which a substance assumes in solidify- 
ing ; a fine kind of glass ; glass of a watch case. — 
a. Of, or like, crystal ; clear ; transparent. [OF. 
cristal, L. crystallnm, fr. Gr. krustaUos, clear ice, 
rock-crystal, fr. krvstainein. to freeze, fr. kruos, 
frost.] — Crystalline, -lln, o. Of crystal ; having a 
texture produced by crystallization ; imperfectly 
crystallized ; resembling'crystal ; pure ; clear ; pel- 
lucid.— Crystalline fnonor, or lens. A white, trans- 
parent, firm substance, formed like a convex lens, 
in the vitreous humor of the eye : see Eye. — Crys'- 
tallize, -liz, v. t. [-lized (-ftzd), -lizing.] To eause 
to form crystals, or assume crystalline form. — v. i. 
To be converted into, etc. — Crys'talliza'tion, n. 
Act of, or thing formed by, etc. — Crystallography, 
-fT, n. Doctrine or science of, or treatise on, crys- 
tallization. [Gr. graphein, to write.] 

Ctenoid, ten'oid, n. A fish having unenameled scales, 
jagged at the edges. [Gr. kteis, ktenos, a comb, and 
eidos, form.] 

Cub, kub, n. A young animal, esp. the young of the 
bear. — v. t. or i. [cubbed (kubd), -wng.] To bring 
forth (animals). [Ir. cuib, cub, whelp, cu, dog, W. 
cenau, whelp, ci, dog; s. rt. L. conis, dog, E. hound.] 

Cube, kub, n. (Geom.) A regular solid boriv, with 
six equal square sides. (Arith.) 
The product of a number multi- 
plied twice into itself ; as, 4X4 
=16x4=64, the cube of 4.— v. t. 

[CUBED (kubd), CUBING.] To 

raise to the third power, by multi- ' 
plying a number into itself twice. 
[F. ; L. cubm, Gr. kubos.] — Cube Cube. 

root. (Arith.) The number or quantity which, 
multiplied into itself, and then into the product, 
produces a certain cube; thus, 3 is the cube root of 
27. — Cu'bic, Cu'bical, a. Having the form or prop- 
erties of a cube ; contained, or capable of being 
contained, in a cube. — Cubic equation. An equation 
in which the highest power of the unknown quan- 
tity is a cube. —C.foot. A solid foot, equivalent to 
a cubical solid, which measures a foot in each of its 
dimensions. — C. number. A number produced by 
multiplying a number into itself, and that product 
by the same number. — Cu'bicalry, adv. — Cu'bic- 
alness, ».— Cu'bature, -chur, n. Process of determin- 
ing the cubic contents of a body. — Cu'biform, a. 
Cube-shaped. [L. forma, form.] — Cu'boid, -boW- 




2m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Tee : 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



CUBEB 



127 



CUNNING 




American Cuckoo. 
To make a cuckold of. [OF. cou- 



al, a. Having nearly the form of, or resembling, a 
cube. [Gr. eidos, form.]— Cu'bo-cube, n. (Math.) 
The 6th power. — Cu'bo-cu'bo-cube, n. 9th power. 

Cubeb, ku'beb, n. A small, spicy, tropical berry, 
stimulant and purgative. [Hind, kababa.] 

Cubit, ku'bit, n. (Anat.) The fore-arm. A measure 
of length, — the distance from the elbow to the end 
of the" middle finger. [L. cubitus, lit. bend, elbow, 
Gr. kuptein, to bend.] — Cu'bital, a. Pert, to the cu- 
bit or ulna; of the length of, etc. 

Cucking-stool, kuk'ing-stool, n. A ducking-stool, in 
which scolds, etc., were fastened and plunged into 
the water. [Pern, corrupt, fr. ducking-stool.] 

Cuckoo, kot>k / od, n. A bird, named from its note, which 
lays its eggs an 
other birds' 
nests. [Onomat. ; 
F. coucou, L. cu- 
culus, Gr. kok- 
kux , Skr. ko- 
kila.] — Cuck'- 
oo-spiVepit'tle. 
n. An exuda- 
tion or spume 
on some 
plants, esp. 
about the 
joints of lav- 
ender and 
rosemary. — 
Cuck'old, n.' 
A man whose 
wife is un- 
faithful.— v. t. 
cvol, fr. coucou. 

Cucullate, ku'kut-lat or -kul'lat, -lated, a. Covered, 
as with a hood or cowl, resembling a hood. [L. 
cucullus, cap, cowl.] 

Cucumber, ku'kum-bgr, n. A creeping plant and its 
fruit. [L. cucumis, -meris.] 

Cucurbit, -bite, ku-k§r'bTt, n. A chemical vessel 
used in distillation, orig. of the shape of a gourd. 
[L. cucurhita, a gourd.] — CucurTjita'ceous, -shus, a. 
(Bot.) Of, or like, the melon and cucumber family. 

Cud, kud, n. Food brought up into the mouth by 
ruminating animals from their 1st stomach, and 
chewed a 2d time; a piece of chewing tobacco; quid. 
[Fr. rt. of AS. ceowan, to chew; same as quid.] 

Cuddle, kud'dl, v. i. [cuddled (-did), -dling.] To 
lie close or snug ; to squat, crouch, snuggle. [AS. 
cudh, familiar, D. kudde, a flock, OD. cudden, to 
flock together.] — Cud'dy, -dt, n. (Xaut.) A small 
cabin in a boat. A very small apartment. 

Cudgel, kuj'el, n. A short, thick stick ; club. —v. t. 
[cudgeled (-eld), -eling.] To beat. [W. cogyl, 
Ga. cuaitte, club.] — Cud'geler, n. 

Cue, ku, n. A tail ; esp. a tail-like twist of hair at the 
back of the head ; last words of an actor's speech, 
regarded as a hint for the succeeding player to 
speak; hint or intimation; the part one is to perform; 
a straight rod used in playing billiards. [F. queue, 
OF. coe, L. coda, cauda. tail.] 

Cuff, kuf , n. A blow with the open hand ; a stroke ; 
box; buffet.— v. t. [cuffed (kuft), cuffing.] To 
strike with the flat of the hand, as a man ; or with 
talons or wings, as a fowl. [Sw. kuffa, to thrust, push, 
kufva, to suppress, cow.] — n. The fold at the end 
of a sleeve. [S. rt. coif.] 

Cuirass, kwe-ras', n. A piece of armor, covering the 
body from neck to girdle. [OF. cuirace, LL. coratia, 
breastplate, fr. L. corium (F. cuir), hide, leather.] — 
Cuirassier, -ser', n. A soldier armed with, etc. [F] 

finish, kwis, n. Defensive armor for the thighs. [F. 
cuisse, thigh, fr. L. coxa, hip.] 

Cuisine, kwe-zen', n. The kitchen ; style of cooking ; 
cookery. [F., fr. L. coquina, for cuhna, kitchen, fr. 
coquere, to cook.] — Cu'linary, -na-rT, a. Pert, to the 
kitchen or cookery. 

Culdee, kul-de', n. A monk of an order once estab- 
lished in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. [Corrupt, 
fr. L. Cult or Dei, worshiper of God; Ir. ceilede, fr. 
ceile, servant, and de, gen. of dia, God.] 

Cul-de-sac, koold'sak', n. A street closed at one end; 
a trap. (Mil.) A position in which an army has no 
exit but to the front. (Nat. Hist.) A bag-shaped 
cavitv, or organ, open only at one end. [FH 

Cull, kill, v. t. [culled (kuld), culling.] To sepa- 
rate, select, or pick out. [OF. coillir, cueillir, L. 
colligere, to collect.] — CulPer, n. One who, etc.; 
esp. one who selects wares for market. 

Cullender. See Colander. 



Cullls, kuKlis, n. A fine and strong broth; a savory 
jelly. [F. coulis, fr. router, to strain, fr. L. colare, to 
filter, strain.] (Arch.) A gutter in a roof; a chan- 
nel. [F. coulisse, groove.] 

Cully, kuKU, n. An associate of prostitutes ; one 
easily deceived; a mean dupe.— v. t. To trick, 
cheat, or impose on; to deceive. [L. colevs, culeus, 
the scrotum, OF. couUlon, coillon, a vile fellow.] 

Culm, kulm, n. (Bot.) The stalk or stem of corn and 
grasses. [L. cubitus, stalk, stem.] (Min.) Anthra- 
cite coal, esp. when foundin small masses; glance- 
coal. [W. civlru, knot or tie.] — Culmif'erous, -ei-'.i-, 
a. Bearing culms, or producing straw; containing 
glance-coal. [L..ferre, to bear.] 

Culminate, kullni-nat, v. i. To reach the highest 
point of altitude, or of rank, size, numbers, etc. — 
a. Growing upward, as disting. fr. lateral growth. 
[L. culmen, same as columeu, top. See Column.] — 
Culmina'tion, n. Attainment of, etc. ; passage 
across the meridian; transit. 

Culpable, kuKpa-bl, a. Deserving censure; worthy 
ot blame; faulty; censurable. [OF., fr. L. culpare, 
-atum. to blame, f r. cidpa, fault.] — Cul'pableness, 
-biKity, -tl, n. — Cul'pably, adr. — Cul'prit, ». One 
accused or convicted of crime; a criminal. [Prob. 
corrupt, fr. culpate.] 

Cultus, kuKtus, Cult, n. Homage; worship: a system 
of religious belief, worship, or rites. [L. cultus, 
care, reverence, fr. colere, cultum, to cultivate.] — 
Cul'tivate, w. t. To till, fertilize; to direct special 
attention to, foster, cherish ; to improve by labor, 
care, or study; to civilize, refine. [F. cultiver, LL. 
cultivare, -atum, fr. L. colere.] — Cul'tivable, a.— 
Cultiva'tion, n. Art or practice of, etc.; tillage; 
fostering care ; civilization ; state of being culti- 
vated ; advancement in physical, intellectual, or 
moral condition , refinement; culture. — Cultiva- 
tor, -ter, n. One who, etc.; 
an implement used in the 
tillage of growing crops, tot 
loosen the surface of the 
earth. — Culture. kuKchur, 
n. Act of, etc.: cultivation; 
refinement of mind or man- 
ners. — v. t. [cultured Cultivator, 

(-churd), -Turing.] To cultivate. [F.; L. ctdtura.] 

Culteri kul'ter, ?i. A colter. See Colter. [L., 
knife.] — Cul'trate, -trated, a. (Bot. & Ornith.) 
Sharp-edged and pointed, like a pruning knife. 

Culverin, kul'ver-in, n. A long and slender piece of 
ordnance, formerly used. [OF. couleuvrine, fr. 
coulenvre, L. colubra, serpent, adder.] 

Culvert, kuKvert, n. An arched drain for water un- 
der a road, canal, etc. [OF. cotdouere, gutter, fr. 
colder, to flow, L. colure, to filter.] 

Culvertailed, kuKrer-tald, a. United, as pieces of 
timber, by a dove-tailed joint. [AS. culfre, L. 
columba, dove.] 

Cumber, kum'ber, v. t. [-bered (-herd), -Bering.] 
To hang or rest on as a troublesome weight: to be 
burdensome or oppressive to; to ciog. obstruct, em- 
barrass, impede. [OF. combrer, to hinder, LL. 
cumbrus, a heap, corrupt, fr. L. cumulus.] — Cum'ber- 
some, -sum, a. Burdensome or hindering; not easily 
managed ; oppressive ; vexatious. — Cum / 'bersome- 
ly, adv. — Cum'bersomeness. n. — Cum'brance, 
-brans, n. Encumb:ance. — Cum / 'brous, -b'^s. a. 
Rendering action difficult; giving trouble. — Cum'- 
brously. adv. — Cum^brousness, n. — Cu'mulate, 
-lat, v. t. To heap together: amass. [L. cumulare, 
-latum, fr. cumulus.] — Cumula^tion, n. Act of, etc.; 
a heap. — Cu'mulative, -tiv, a. Forming a mass ; 
aggregated; augmenting ; gaining or giving force 
by successive additions. (Law.) Given by the 
same testator to the same legatee, — said of a legacy. 
— Cu'muluB, n. (Meteor.) One of the four primary 
forms of clouds. — being massed, and often bringing 
rain. [L.] — Cu / mulc-8tra / 'tus, n. A form of cloud 
between cumulus and stratus, which is in layers. 

Cumfrey. See Comfrey. 

Cumin, kum'in, n. An umbelliferous plant, resem- 
bling fennel, and having aromatic seeds. [L. cum- 
inum, Gr. kvminon, Heb. kammon.] 

Cunctative, kunk'ta-tiv, a. Causing or prone to de- 
lay; tardy. [L. cunctari, -tatus, to delay.] 

Cuneal. ku'ne-al. -neate, -neated, -neat'ic, -niform, 
-ne'iform, a. Having the form of a wedge; pert, to 
the wedge shaped characters in ancient Persian 
and Assyrian inscriptions. [L. cuneus,* wedge, and 
forma, form.] 

Cunning, kun'ning. 



Well-instructed ; skillful 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; lingei or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



CUP 



128 



CURSE 




experienced ; given to underhand maneuvering ; 
artfully deceitful; sly; crafty; exhibiting skill or 
craft; ingenious; curious, —n. Faculty or act of 
using stratagem ; deceit ; art. [Ic. kunnandi, 
knowledge, fr. kunna, AS. cunnan, to know.] — 
Cun'niiigly, adv. — Cun'ning-ness, n. 

Cup, kup, n. A small drinking vessel; contents of a 
cup; cupful; a drink composed of wine iced and 
flavored ; that which must be endured ; portion ; 
lot. (Surg.) A cupping-glass, pi. Repeated pota- 
tions ; revelry ; drunkenness. — v. t. [cupped 
(kupt), cupping.] To supply with cups. (Surg.) 
To bleed by scarification and a cupping-glass. [AS. 
cuppe, fr. L. cupa, vat, cask, Gr. kupellon, cup, fr. 
kupe, a hollow, Skr. kupa, a well, hollow. See 
Coop.] — Cup'ping, n. (Surg.) Operation of 
drawing blood with a cupping-glass. — Cup'ping- 
glass, n. A glass cup to be applied to the skin, to 
draw blood by exhausting the air. — Cup-bearer, n. 
One who fills and hands the cups at an entertain- 
ment. — Cup'board, kub'Srd, n. A closet with 
shelves, for cups, plates, etc. — Cu'pel, n. A small 
vessel used in refining precious metals; a shallow 
crucible. — Cupel', v. t. To separate by means of a 
cupel; refine. [L. cupella, dim. of cupa.] — Cupella'- 
tion, n. The analyzing or refining of gold, silver, 
etc., in a cupel. — Cu'pola, -la, 
n. ; pi. -las, -laz. (Arch.) A 
spherical vault on the top of 
an edifice. The round top of 
a furnace; the furnace itself. 
[It., fr. L. cupula, a little cask, 
dim. of cupa.] — Cu'pule, -pul, 
n. (Bot.) A little cup, as of 
the acorn. (Nat. Hist.) A fleshy 
concave disk by which cuttle- 
fish, etc., grasp and cling. 

Cupidity, ku-pid'T-tt, n. Eager 
desire for possession, esp. of 
wealth ; covetousness ; lust. 
[F. cupidity, L. cupiditas, fr. 
cupere, to desire, whence Cu- 
pido, Cupid, god of love.] Cupola. 

Cupreous, ku'pre-us, a. Of or resembling copper ; 
coppery. [L. cupreus, fr. cuprtim, copper.] — Cu- 
priferous, -er-us, a. Containing or affording cop- 
per, [h.ferre, to bear.] — Cu'prite, -prit, n. (Chem.) 
A salt consisting of cuprous acid and a base. (Min.) 
Red copper ore. 

Cur, kSr, n. A worthless or degenerate dog; a worth- 
less, snarling fellow. [Sw. kurre ; OD. korre, dog, 
Ic. hurra, to murmur, grumble.] — Cur'rish, a. 
Like a cur ; quarrelsome ; churlish. — Cur'nshly, 
adv. — Cur'rishness, n. 

Curable, Curate, Curator, etc. See under Cure. 

Curacoa, koo-ra-so', n. A cordial, flavored with 
orange-peel, cinnamon, and mace, first made in 
the island of Curacoa. 

Curare, -ri, ku-ra're, n. A South American vegetable 
poison used by Indians upon arrows, etc., — de- 
stroying control by the # nerves of the voluntary 
muscles. [Written urari, woorali, ivourari, etc.] 

Curassow, ku-ras'so, n. A So. Amer. bird having a 
short, compressed bill, much arched from the base, 
and the orbits and cheeks more or less naked. 

Curb, kgrb, n. A check or hindrance; esp. a chain or 
strap upon a horse's bit, which may be drawn tight- 
ly against the lower jaw; a wall to hold back a mass 
of earth in its place; a wall set within or round the 
mouth of a well; a curb-stone. —v. t. [curbed 
(kSrbd), curbing.] To bend to one's will, restrain, 
confine; to furnish with a curb, as a well; to re- 
strain by a curb, as a bank of earth. [F. courber, L. 
curvare, to bend ; s. rt. curve.] — Curb'roof, n. A 
roof having a double slope; gambrel roof; mansard 
roof. — stone, n. A stone placed edgewise against 
earth or stonework to prevent its giving way. 

Curd, kerd, n. The coagulated or thickened part of 

| milk, eaten as food, also of any liquid, —v. t. To 
curdle ; congeal. — v. i. To become coagulated or 
thickened ; to separate into curds and whey. [Ir. 
cruth,G&. gruth, curds.] — Curd'y, -T, a. Like, or 
full of, etc. — Cur'dle, -dl, v. i. and t . (curdled 
(-did), -dling.] To change into curd, coagulate or 
concrete; to thicken, congeal. 

Cure, kur, n. Spiritual charge; care of souls; office 
of a curate; curacy; medical care; remedial treat- 
ment of disease ; successful remedial treatment ; 
restoration to health; remedy; restorative. — v. t. 
(cured (kiird), curing]. To heal, restore to health, 
soundness, or sanity; to remedy, remove ; to pre- 



pare for preservation by drying, salting, etc. — v. i. 
To effect a cure ; to be healed. [OF. ; L. cura, cure ; 
perh. s. rt. L. cavere, to pay heed to ; not s. rt. E. 
care, q. v.] — Cur'er, n. — Cur'able, a. That may 
be, etc. — Cur'ableness, -ability, n. — Cureless, a. 
Incurable. — Cur'ative, -tiv, a. Pert, to the cure of 
diseases ; tending to cure. — Cura'tor, -ter, n. A 
superintendent, as of a museum, etc. ; trustee; 
guardian. [L.] — Cu'rate, -rat, n. One who has 
the cure of souls; orig., any clergyman; now, an 
assistant to a rector or vicar. — Perpetual curate. 
One not removable at pleasure. — Cu'racy, -si, n. 
Office or employment of, etc. — Cu'rious, -rl-us, a. 
Solicitous to be correct; careful; scrupulous; ex- 
hibiting care; artfully constructed; eager to learn; 
habitually inquisitive; inviting and rewarding in- 
quisitiveness; singular. [F. curieux, OF. curios, L. 
curiosus, careful, fr. cura.} — Cu'riously, adv. — Cu'- 
riousness, n. — Curios'ity, -I-tl, n. State of being, 
etc.; scrupulousness; disposition to inquire, investi- 
gate, or seek after knowledge ; inquisitiveness; 
that which is curious, or fitted to excite or reward 
attention. [F. curiosM, L. curiositas.] — Cu'rio, n. ; 
pi. -Rios, -rT-oz. An article of virtu from abroad, 
esp. f r. China or Japan. [Abbr. of curiosity.] — Cure, 
ku-ra', n. A curate; parson. [F.] 

Curfew, ker'fu, n. The ringing of a bell at nightfall, 
orig. a signal to cover fires, extinguish lights, and 
retire to rest. [OF. couvre-feu, f r. couvrir, to cover, 
and/ew, fire.] 

Curl, kSrl, v. t. [curled (kerld), curling.] To twist 
or form into ringlets or coils; to deck as with curls; 
to raise in waves or undulations; to ripple. — v. i. 
To bend into ringlets, as hair; to move in curves, 
spirals, or undulations. — n. A ringlet, esp. of hair; 
an undulating or curving line ; flexure; sinuosity; 
a disease in potatoes, in which the leaves seem 
curled and shrunk up. [D. krul, Dan. krolle, a 
curl ; D. krullen, Dan. krolle, Sw. dial, krulla, to 
curl; Sw. krullig, crisp, D. kreuk, Dan. krog, Sw. 
krok, a crook.] — Curl'er, n. — CurKy, -T, a. Hav- 
ing curls; tending to curl. — Curl'iness, n. — CurK- 
ing-irons, -tongs, n. ; pi. An instrument for curl- 
ing hair. 

Curlew, ker'lu, n. A wading 
bird, of the snipe kind. 
[Named fr. its cry ; OF. 
corlieu. It. chiurlo, Sp. chi- 
orlito, LL. corlinus.] 

Curmudgeon, ker-muj r un, n. 
An avaricious fellow ; miser; 
niggard ; churl. [Corrupt, 
fr. corn-mudging, corn- 
hoarding; ME. muchen, OF. 
mucer, to hide.] — Curmud''- 




geonly, 
ant, 



Curlew. 



Currant, kur'rant, n. A small dried grape, used in 
cookery; a garden shrub, and its berry. [Fr. Cor- 
inth, Greece, whence raisins were exported.] 

Current, kur'rent, a. Running or moving rapidly; 
now passing or present, in its progress; circulating 
through the community; generally received; com- 
mon.— n. A stream, esp. of a fluid; ordinary pro- 
cedure; progressive and connected movement. [OF. 
curant, p. pr. of curre, L. currere, to run.] — Cur'- 
rently, adv. — Cur'rentness, n. — Cur'rency, -st, n. 
State or quality of being current; general accept- 
ance ; circulation : current value ; general estima- 
tion; TTioney. — Cur'ncle, -rt-kl, n. Achaisedrawn 
by two horses abreast. [L. curriculum, a course, 
also a light car, dim. fr. currere.]— Curriculum, n. 
A racecourse; a specified course of study. [L.] 

Curry, kur'rT, v. t. [curried (kur'rid), currying.] 
To dress by scraping, cleansing, beating, smoothing, 
and coloring, — said of leather; to comb, ( rub, or 
cleanse the skin of, — said of a horse. [OF. conroier, 
courroyer, to dress leather, f r. conroi, equipage, gear, 
fr. con and roi, array, order, Sw. reda, Dan. rede, 
order, Ic. reidhi, tackle ; s. rt. array, ready.] — To 
curry favor. To seek to gain favor by flattery, or 
officious civilities. [ME. favell, a horse.] — Cur'rier, 
-rT-5r, n. A dresser of leather.— Cur'ry-comb, -kom, 
n. An instrument for cleaning horses. 

Curry, kur'rY, n. A kind of sauce used in India, con- 
taining pepper and other spices; a stew of fowl, fish, 
etc., with curry sauce. — v. t. To cook with curry. 
[Pers. khur, meat, flavor, taste, khurdi, broth.] 

Curse, kgrs, v. t. [cursed (kSrst) or curst, cursing.] 
To wish evil against, execrate ; to bring evil upon, 
vex, harass or torment, injure. — v. i. To use pro- 
fane language, swear. — n. Imprecation of evil; 



ftm. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



CURSIVE 



129 



CUTLET 



malediction; imprecation; that which brings evil or 
affliction ; torment. [AS. cursian, to curse, curs, a 
curse ; perh. fr. Sw. korsa, Dan. ko>se, to make the 
sign of the cross, Sw. and Dan. kors, cross.] — Curs''- 
ed, a. Blasted by, or deserving, etc. ; execrable; 
hateful. — Curs'ealy, adv. — Curs 'or, n. 

Cursive, kSr'siv, a. Running ; rapid ; flowing. [L. 
currere, cursum, to run.] — Cur'sory, -so-rY, a. Char- 
acterized by haste ; hastily performed : superficial ; 
careless. — Cur'sorily, adv. — Cur'sorinesB, n. 

Curt, kert, a. Characterized by brevity ; short ; con- 
cise ; abrupt ; crusty. [L. "curtus, clipped ; s. rt. 
shear.]— Curtly, adv. — Curfness, n. — Curtail, 
-tSK, v. t. [-tailed (-tald'), -tailing.] To cut short, 
abridge, diminish. [OF. courtault, courtaut, docked, 
fr. court, short, L. curtus.] 

Curtain, ker'tin, n. A movable cloth screen or cover- 
ing intended to darken or conceal. (Fort.) Part of 
the rampart and parapet between the flanks of two 
bastions. — v.t. [curtained (-tind'), -taining.] To 
inclose, or furnish, with curtains. [OF. cortine, cur- 
tine, a curtain, fr. LL. cortina, small court, inclos- 
ure, rampart, dim. of cors, cortis, a court.] — Cur'- 
tilage, -lei, n. (Law.) A yard, court-yard, or piece 
of ground pert, to a dwelling-house. [LL. curtile, 
court, court-yard, fr. L. cors.] — Cur' tain-lec'ture, 
-chur, n. A reproof given by a wife to her husband 
within the bed-curtains, or in bed. 

Curtesy, kert'e-sY, n. (Laiv.) A husband's life es- 
tate in the lands of his deceased wife, when he has 
had issue by her, capable of inheriting. [Prob. fr. 
court. See Curt.] 

Curule, ku'rool, a. (Rom. Antiq.) Belonging to a 
chariot, — said of the chair of certain magistrates, 
borne in a chariot when they went to council. [L. 
curulis, fr. currus, chariot, fr. currere, to run.] 

Curve, kSrv, a. Bent without angles; crooked; curved. 

— n. A bending without an- 

fles ; thing bent ; a flexure. 
Geom.) A line of which no 
three consecutive points are 
in the same straight line.— ^urve. 

v. t. [curved (kSrvd), curvixg.] • To bend, crook, 
inflect. — v. i. To bend. [L. curvus, Gr. kurtos, 
bent ; s. rt. circle, curb.] — Curv , edness, -ity, -Y-tY, 
n. State of being, etc. — CurVate, -ated, a. Curved. 

— Curva'tion, n. Act of, etc.— Curv'ature, -chur, n. 
Continual flexure of a line or surface from a recti- 
linear direction. — Curvilin' , eal, -ear, -e-ar, a. Con- 
sisting of, or bounded by, curve lines. [L. linea, 
line.]— Curvet, n. A leap of a horse ; a prank ; 
frolic. — v. i. To make a curvet; to frisk. — v. t. To 
cause to, etc. [It. corvetto, a curvet, corvettare, to 
corvet, fr. corvare, L. curvare, to bow, bend.] 

Cushat, kush'at, n. The ring-dove or wood-pigeon. 
[AS. cusceote.] 

Cushion, kush'un, n. A stuffed bag, to sit or recline 
upon; any stuffed or padded surface, —v. t. [cush- 
ioned (-und), -ioning.] To seat on, or furnish with, 
etc. [OF. coissin. It. cuscino, fr. L. culcita.] 

Cusp, kusp, n. (Arch.) A projecting point in the or- 
namentation of arches, panels, etc.; a pendant of a 
pointed arch. (Astrol.) First entrance of any house 
in the calculations of nativities, etc. (Astron.) The 
point or horn of the crescent. (Math.) The point 
at which two curves or branches of the same curve 
meet. [L. cuspis, -pidis, point.]— Cusp^id, n. (Anat.) 
One of the canine or eye teeth: see Tooth. — Cusp- 
idal, a. Ending in a point. — Cusp'idate, -dated, a. 
(Bot.) Having a sharp end, like a spear-point. 

Cuspidor, kusp'I-dor, n. A spittoon; an earthenware 
waste-basket. [Sp. escuspidor, fr. escuper, to spit.] 

Custard, kus'tard, n. A dish composed of milk and 
eggs, sweetened, and baked or boiled. [OF. crous- 
tade, fr. L. crustare, -aturn, to encrust.]— Cus'tard- 
ap'ple, n. {Bot.) A plant of the West Indies, whose 
fruit contains a yellowish, custard-like pulp. 

Custody. kus'to-dY, n. A keeping or guarding ; esp. 
judicial or penal safekeeping ; restraint of liberty; 
confinement ; imprisonment. [L. custodia, fr. custos, 
a guardian ; s. rt. hide.] — Custo'dial. -dY-al, a. 
Pert. to. etc. — Custo'dian, n. One who has, etc. ; a 
keeper; superintendent. 

Custom, kus'tum. n. Way of acting : habitual prac- 
tice : habitual buying of goods: business support: 
patronage. (Law.) Lons established practice, or 
usage, considered as unwritten law, and resting for 
authority on long consent. The eustomary tolCtax, 
or tribute, pi. Duties imposed on commodities im- 
ported or exported. [OF. costume, custume, LL. 
costuma, fr. L. consuescere, -suetum, to accustom, fr. 



con and suere, to be accustomed; perh. fr. suus, one's 
own.] — Cus'tomable. a. Common; habitual; sub- 
ject to the payment of duties.— Cus'tomably, -arily, 
-rY-lY, adv. In a customary manner ; habitually.— 
Cus'tomary, a. According to custom ; established 
by common usage; conventional. (Law.) Holding 
or held by custom. — Cus'tomer, n. One who fre- 
quents a place to buy; a purchaser ; buyer.— Ugly 
customer. One difficult to manage. — Cus'tom- 
house, n. The building where duties are paid, and 
vessels entered or cleared. 
Cut, kut, v. t. [cut, cutting.] To separate the parts 
of with a sharp instrument : to make an incision in, 
divide, sever; to hew, as wood; or mow and reap, as 
grain or corn ; to remove bv cutting; to dock ; to 
shape by cutting, carve, hew out ; to wound the 
sensibilities of ; to intersect, cross ; to castrate or 
geld. — v. i. To serve in dividing or gashing; to ad- 
mit of incision or severance ; to divide, sever, inter- 
sect, etc.: to run rapidly ; to divide a pack of cards, 
to decide the deal or trump, —n. An opening made 
with a sharp instrument ; a cleft ; gash ; wound ; a 
stroke with an edged instrument; that which wounds 
the feelings; a notch, passage, or channel made by 
cutting ; surface left by a cut ; portion severed or 
cut off ; an engraved block ; impression from such 
an engraving; act of dividing a pack of cards: right 
to divide: manner in which a thing is cut or formed; 
shape ; style ; fashion. [W. cwtau, Ga. cutaich,U 
shorten, dock ; W. acta, short, bob-tailed, cwtws, e 
lot, Ga. cutach, short, cut, a bob-tail, piece, Ir. cut, t 
short tail, cot. a part, share.] — A short cut. A cros 
path which shortens the way.— Cut and dried. Pre 
pared beforehand ; not spontaneous. — C. glass. 
Glass having the surface shaped by grinding and 
polishing.— To c. a dash, or a figure. To make a dis- 
play. — To c. capers. To play pranks, frolic. — To c. 
doicn. To fell: to abash, shame: to lessen, diminish. 

— To c. out. To remove from the midst: to shape by 
cutting, fashion ; to take the place of, supersede. — 
To c. short. To arrest or check abruptly, abridge. 

— To c. under. To undersell. — To c. up. To cut to 
pieces, damage, destroy. — To c. the acquaintance of. 
or to c. a person. To drop intercourse with, avoid 
recognizing. — To c. the cards. To divide a pack 
into portions. — To c. the teeth. To put forth teeth, 

— To c. across. To pass through in the most direct 
way.— To c. in. To divide, or turn a card, for de- 
termining who are to play. — To c. in or into. To 
interrupt. — Cut'ter, n. One 
who. or an instrument 
which, etc. ; a front tooth, 
that cuts: an incisor. (Naut.) 
A small boat used by ships 
of war ; a sloop-rigged ves- 
sel with a bowsprit which 
may be run in upon deck. 
A one-horse sleigh. — Cut'- 
ting, n. Act or operation of, 
etc. ; something cut, cut off, 
or cut out. as a twig cut 
from a stock for grafting; an 
excavation cut through a cutter. 

hill. — Cut'off, n. That which cuts off or shortens. 
(3fach.) An attachment to a steam-engine which 
cuts off the passage of steam from the steam-chest 
to the cylinder. — purse, n. One who cuts purses, 
to steal their contents, — said when purses were 
worn at the girdle ; a thief : pickpocket. — -throat, 
n. One who cuts throats; a murderer : ruffian ; as- 
sassin. — a. Murderous; cruel. — -water, n. (Naut.) 
Fore part of a ship's prow, which cuts the water : 
see Ship. Part of the pier of a bridge, formed with 
an angle directed up the stream. — worm, n. Alarve 
or caterpillar which eats or cuts awav plants. 

Cute, kiit, a. Clever; keen; sharp. [Abbr. of acute.] 

Cutis, ku'tis. n. (Anat.) The true skin : a dense 
resisting membrane, next below the cuticle. [L., 
skin; s. rt. hide.]— Cuta'neous, -ne-us, o. Pert, to, 
upon, or affecting, the skin.— Cu'ticle. -tT-kl, a. The 
outer skin: scarf-skin: epidermis. (Bot.) The thin 
external covering of the bark of a plant. [L. cutic- 
vla, dim. of cutis.] — Cutic'ular, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Cutlass, kuflas, n. A broad, curving sword, with 
but one cutting edge. [F. coutelas, It. coltellaccio, fr. 
F. coutel. It. coltelto, a knife, dagger, fr. L. cultellus, 
knife, dim. of culter, plowshare.] — Cutler, n. One 
who makes or deals in cutlery. [OF. cotelier.] — 
Cut'lery, -ler-Y. n. Business of a cutler; cutting in- 
struments in general, or in the mass. 

Cutlet, kut'let, n. A piece of meat, esp. of veal or 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNOON, chair, get. 



CUTTLE 



130 



DACE 




mutton, cut for broiling ; generally part of the rib 
with the meat belonging to it. [F. cdtelette, dim. of 
cote, L. costa, a rib.] 

Cuttle, kut'tl, Cut'tle-fish, n. A molluseous animal, 
having ten arms furnished with cu- 
pules or sucking cups, by which it 
attaches itself to other bodies. [AS. 
cudele, OD. kuttel-visch, G. kuttel-fisch.] 

Cyanogen, si-an'o-jen, n. {Chem.) A 
compound radical, being a gas com- 
posed of 1 equivalent of nitrogen and 2 
of carbon, an essential ingredient in 
Prussian blue. [Gr. kuanos, dark blue, 
and rt. of gennaein, to beget.]— Cyanic, 
a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Cy'- ~, 
anate, -nat, n. A salt in which the Cuttle-fish, 
acid is cyanic acid. — Cy'anide, -nid, n. A bosic 
compound of cyanogen witli other elements. — Cya- 
nom'eter, n. An instrument for measuring degrees 
of blueness, as of the sky. [Gr. metron, measure.] 

Cycle, si'kl, n. An imaginary circle or orbit in the 
neavens ; an interval of time in which a certain 
succession of events is completed, and then returns 
again and again in the same order. {Bot.) One en- 
tire round in a spire or circle. [F.; L. cyclus, Gr. 
kuklos, circle, cycle, Skr. chakra, wheel, circle, as- 
tronomical figure ; s. rt. circle, curve, ring.] — Cycle 
of the moon, or Golden number. A period of 19 years, 
after which the new and full moons occur again on 
the same days of the month. — C. of the sun. A pe- 
riod of 28 years. — Cyclic, siklik, -lical, a. Pert. 
to, or moving in cycles. —Cyclic poets. Certain epic 
poets who followed Homer, and wrote on the Trojan 
war, — keeping within the circle of a single subject. 

— Cy'cloid, re. {Geom.) Acurve generated by apoint 
in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled 
along a straight line, keeping always in the same 
plane. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Cycloid'al, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Cyclom'etry, -trl, n. Art of measuring cir- 
cles. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Cy'clone, -klon, n. 
A rotatory storm or whirlwind of extended circuit. 

— Cyclope'dia, -pse'dia, -pe'dT-a, a. The circle or 
compass of the arts and sciences, or of human knowl- 
edge ; a dictionary of arts and sciences ; encyclo- 
pedia. [Gr. engkuklios paideia, lit. circular ^com- 
plete) instruction ; en, in, and kuklos ; paideia, in- 
struction, fr. pais, paidos, a child.] — Cyclopedic, a. 
Pert, to the circle of the sciences, or to a cyclopedia; 
encyclopedic. 

Cyclopean, si-klo-pe'an. a. Pert, to the Cyclops ; gi- 
gantic; vast and rough; massive. {Arch.) Pert, to 
the earliest buildings found in Greece, consisting of 
roughly-hewn, uncemented rocks. [Gr. Kuklops, one 
of a mythical race of giants in Sicily, having one 
circular eye in the center of the fore- 
head ; kuklos, circle, and ops, eye.] 

Cygnet, sig'net, n. A young swan. [L. 
cygnus, Gr. kuknos, a swan.] 

Cylinder, silln-dSr, n. { Geom.) A solid 
body which may be generated by the 
rota'tion of a parallelogram round one 
of its sides ; a body of roller-like form, 
of which the longitudinal section is ob- 
long, and the cross-section circular. [OF. 
cylindre, L. cylindrus, Gr. kulindros, lit. 
a roller, f r. kulindein, kuliein, to roll.] — Cylinder. 
Cylin'dric, -dricai, o. Formed like, or having prop- 




erties of, etc. — Cylin'driform, a. Formed like, etc. 
[L. forma, form.] — Cyllndroid, n. A solid body 
resembling a right cylinder, but having the bases 
elliptical. [Gr. eidos, form.] 

Cyma, si'ma, n. {Arch.) A member or molding of 
the cornice, the profile of which is wave-like in 
form. [Gr. kuma, a wave.] {Bot.) A cyme, q. v. 

Cymbal, sim'bal, n. A dish-shaped musical instru- 
ment of brass, held in the hand, and producing, 
when two are struck together, a ringing sound. [OF. 
cimbale, cymbale, L. cymhalum, Gr. kumbalon, fr. 
kumbos, cup, basin, Skr. kumbha, pot; s. rt. cup.] 

Cyme, sim, w. {Bot.) A flat-topped or convex flower- 
cluster, like a co-rymb, except that the inflorescence 
commences with the terminal buds. [L.cyma, Gr. 
kuma, cabbage sprout.] — Cylnose, -mos, -mous, 
-inns, a. Containing or in the form of a cyme. — 
Cym'ling, n. A squash. 

Cymric, kim'rik, a. Pert, to the Cymry, or people of 
Wales, or to their language; Welsh. [W. Cymru, 
Wales.] 

Cynic, sinlk, -ical, a. Having the qualities of a surly 
dog; snarling; surly; austere; pert, to the dog-star; 
pert, to the philosophers called cynics, or to their 
doctrines. — Cynic, n. One of a sect of ancient phi. 
losophers, named from their morose tenets; one who 
holds views resembling those of the cynics; asnarler; 
misanthrope. [Gr. kunikos, dog-like, a cynic, fr. 
kuon, a dog, L. canis, Ir. cm, Skr. cvan.] — Cynic- 
ally, «(/(. — Cynlcalness, n. — Cynicism, -sizm, n. 
Practice or principles of a cynic^ 

Cynosure, sin'o-shoor or si'no-shoor, n. The constel- 
lation of the Lesser Bear, to which, as containing 
the polar star, the eyes of mariners are often di- 
rected; anything to which attention is turned; cen- 
ter of attraction. [L. cynosura, Gr. kunosoura, name 
of the constellation; kunos oura, dog's tail.] 

Cypress, si'pres, n. A coniferous tree, generally ever- 
green, and having wood remarkable for durability, 

— anciently used at funerals, and so an emblem or 
mourning. [OF. cypres, L. cyparissus, cupressus, Gr. 
kaparissos; prob. not f r. Cyjirus.] 

Cyprian, sip'rY-an, n. A native of Cyprus; a lewd 
woman; harlot. — a. Pert, to the island of Cyprus, 
renowned for the worship of Venus; pert.to lewd- 
ness, or those who practice it. 

Cyriologic, sir'Y-o-lojIk, a. Pert, to capital letters. 
[Gr. kurios, chief, and logos, discourse.] 

Cyst, sist, n. {Physiol.) A pouch or sac, without 
opening, containing morbid matter. [Gr. hustis, fr. 
kuein, to hold, contain.] — Cystic, a. Having the 
form of, or living in, etc.: containing, pert, to, or 
contained in, etc. — Cys'toeele, -sel, n. Hernia of 
the urinary bladder. [Gr. kele, tumor.] — Cyst'ose, 
-os, a. Containing, or resembling, a cyst; cystic. — 
Cystofomy, -ml, n. Act of opening cysts; esp. the 
operation of cutting into the bladder to extract a 
stone, etc. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] 

Czar, Tzar, zar, n. A king; chief; a title of the em- 
peror of Russia. [Russ. tsare, L. Csesar.] — Czarina, 
za-re'na, n. Title of the empress of Russia. [Russ. 
tsaritsa.] — Ozarowitz, zar'o-wits, n. Title of the 
eldest son of the czar of Russia. [Russ. tsare'ivitch.} 

— Czarev'na, -na, n. Wife of the czarowitz. [Russ.] 
Czech, tchek, n. One of a branch of the Slavonic race, 

including the Bohemians, Hannacks (or Moravians), 
and Slovacks. 



D. 



D, de. The 4th letter in the English alphabet. {Mus.) 
The 2d note of the scale, corresponding to Be. 

Dab, dab, v. t. [dabbed (dabd), dabbing.] To strike 
gently, as with the hand or a soft or moist substance. 
— n. A gentle blow; sudden hit; a lump of anything I 
soft, with which something is dabbed; a small, flat 
fish, allied to the flounder. [OD. dabben, to pinch, 



knead, dabble, G. tanpen, to grope, fumble; s. rt. I baptize, and E. chick.] 



tap.] — Dab'ber, n. That with which one dabs; an 
implement used in printing, stereotyping, etc. — j 
Dab'ble, v. t. [dabbled (-bid), -bung.] To wet by 
little dips or strokes, moisten. — v. i. To play in | 
water, as with the hands; to work in a superficial I 



manner, touch here and there, tamper, meddle. 
[Freq. of dab; OD. dabbelen.] — Dab'bler, n. 

Dab, Dabster, dab'ster, n. One skilled at his business; 
an expert. [Prob. corrupt, fr. adept or dapper.] 

Dabchick, dab'chik, n. A water-fowl allied to the 
grebe; dipchick; didapper; dobchick; a babyish per- 
son. [Sw. doppa, D. doopen, to dip, G. taufen, to 
■ E. c/ - ' 



end with, the first strain, — indicated by D. C. 
[It., fr. da, from, and capo, head, beginning! 
Dace, das, n. A river fish, of silvery color. [F. dard, 
OF. dars, f r. LL. dardus, a dart, fr. its swiftness.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, term ; Y-n, ice ; Sdd, tone, Qr ; 



DACTYL 



131 



DANCE 



Dactyl, daklil, n. (Pros.) A poetical foot of 3 sylla- 
bles, 1 long, followed by 2 short, or 1 accented fol- 
lowed by 2 unaccented. [L. dactylus, Gr. daktulos, 
finger, dactyl.] — Dac'tylar, a. Pert, to, etc. — Dac- 
tylic, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, dactyls. — re. A 
line consisting chiefly or wholly of dr.ctj'ls. — DaC- 
tylist, n. A writer of, etc. — DactyloKogy, -jT, re. A 
method of communication for the deat and dumb, 
in which motions of the fingers answer to the writ- 
ten alphabet. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Dactil'iog''- 
raphy, -fY, re. Art of gem-engraving. [Gr. daktuhos, 
finger-ring, and graphein, t© write.] 

Dad, Daddy, dad'dY, re. Father, —a word used by 
children. [W. tad. Corn, tat, Armor, tarl, tat, It. 
it aid, Gr. and Skr. tata, father.] — Dad'dy-long-legs, 
re. A spider having a small round body, and very 
long, slender legs; the crane-fly. 

Daddle, dad'dl, v. i. To walk unsteadily, like a child 
or old man; to do anything slowly. [Scot, daidle.] 

Dado, da'do, re. (Arch.) The die or square part in the 
middle of the pedestal of a column; that part of an 
apartment between plinth and impost molding; an 
arrangement of moldings, or a border of wood or 
paper, around the lower part of the walls of a room. 
[It. and Sp., a die, cube, pedestal; s. rt. die, q. v.] 

Daedal, de'dal, Daedalian, -dalY-an, a. Formed with 
art; ingenious; intricate. [Fr. Dsedalus, a mythic 
craftsman.]— Dsedalous, ded'a-lus, a. (Bot.) Hav- 
ing a margin with windings, — said of leaves. 

Daffodil, daf'fo-dil, re. (Bot.) A plant of the genus 
Narcissus, having a bulbous root, and beautiful flow- 
ers, usually yellow. [Corrupt, fr. F. fleur iVaffro- 
dille, OF. asphodile, L. asphodelus. See Asphodel.] 

Daft, daft, a. Delirious; insane; foolish. [Scot.] 

Dag, dag, re. A dagger; poniard; a kind of pistol for- 
merly used. — Dag'ger, re. A short sword; poniard. 
(Print.) A mark of reference in the form of a dag- 
ger [t], — called also obelisk. — v. t. To pierce with, 
etc.; to stab. [W. dagr, OGa. daga, Armor, dag, 
dager, F. dague, a dagger, ME. and OD. daggen, to 
stab.] — To look daggers. To look fiercely, reproach- 
fully, or angrily. — At d. drawn. At enmity. 

Dag, dag, re. A loose end, as of locks of wool; a leath- 
er latchet. [AS., anything loose.] — Dag'-lock, re. 
A dirty lock of wool on a sheep. 

Daggle, dag'gl, v. t. [daggled (-gld), -gling.] To 
trail so as to wet or befoul; to wet, dirty. — v. i. To 
be drawn through water and mud; to draggle. [Prov. 
E. dag, to sprinkle, Sw. dagga, to bedew, fr. dagg, 
dew; s. rt. dew.] — Dag'gle-tail, re. A filthy person; 
slattern; slut. 

Daguerreotype. da-g?r'o-tip, re. A method of taking 
pictures by photography, on plates of silvered cop- 
per, etc.; picture so produced. — v. t. [daguerreo- 
typed (-tipt), -typing.] To represent by the photo- 
graphic art, as a picture; to impress with great dis- 
tinctness. [Fr. Daguerre, inventor's name.] — Da- 
guerre 'otyper, -typist, n. One who takes, etc.— 
Daguerrean, -guerreian, -ger'Y-an, re. Pert, to Da- 
guerre or to his invention .— Daguerre'otyple, -typ'- 
lcal, -tYp'-, a. Of, or pert, to, the daguerreotype. — 
Daguerre'etypy, -tlp-T, re. Art of producing, etc. 

Dahlia, daKya, re. A genus of flowering plants native 
to Mexico. [Fr. Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist.] 

Daily. See under Day. 

Daimio, di'mY-o, ~ One of the feudal nobles of Japan. 
[Jap., fr. Chin. v -t ming, great name.] 

Dainty, danlY, a. Delicious to the taste; toothsome; 
elegant in form, manner, or breeding; requiring 
dainties: over-nice; fastidious; ceremonious. — re. 
That which is delicious, delicate, or nice; delicacy. 
[OF. daintie, agreeableness, dain, dainty, quaint, 
curious, fr. L. dignitas, dignity, worth, dignus, 
worthy.] — Dain'tily, -tY-lY, adv. — Dain'tiness, re. 

Dairy, dalY, re. Place where milk is kept, and made 
into butter or cheese; business of making butter 
and cheese. [ME. daierie, dei/erie, fr. deye, Ic. 
dei-gja, Sw. deja, maid servant, dairymaid.] — Dai '- 
rymaid, re. A female servant in charge of milk, etc. 
— man, re. One who sells milk, butter, cheese, etc. 

Dais, dais, re. A raised floor at the upper end of the 
dining-hall; upper table of a dining-hall; seat with 
a canopy for those at the high table. [OF., fr. L. 
discus, platter, table, Gr. diskos, quoit, round plate.] 

Daisy, da'zY, re. A common spring flower. [AS. dse- 
ges-eage, day's eye, daisy.] 

Dale, dal, re. A low place between hills; vale; valley. 
[AS. dsel, Dan., Sw., D., OS., and Goth, dal, G. thai.] 
— Dales'man, n. ; pi. -men. One living in a dale. 

Dally, dallY, v. i. [dallied (-lid), -lying.] To waste 
time in effeminate or voluptuous pleasures, or in 



idleness and trifles; to linger, delay; to interchange 
caresses; to use fondling or wantonness. [AS. dweli- 
gean, to err, be foolish, Ic. dvala, to delay, D. dwa- 
ten, to err, wander; s. rt. dwell.] — Dal'lier, re. A' 
fondler; trifler. — Dal'liance, -lY-ans, re. Act of, etc. 

Dalmatica, dal-matlk-a, re. (Eccl.) A white gc^Ffty 
worn over the alb and stole, by deacons in the ffcrt).- 
Cath. church, —imitated from a dress orig. worn in'. 
Dalmatia. A robe of kings in the middle ages. 

Dal Segno, dal san'yo. (Mus.) A direction to go .rv . 
back to the sign, and repeat from thence to the '/ji« 
close. [It., from the sign.] 

Daltonism, dawllon-izm, n. Inability to distinguish- 
certain colors ; color-blindness. [1 r. the chemist- 
Dalton, who had this infirmity.] 

Dam, dam, re. A female parent, —used of beasts, or 
of a woman, in contempt. [Corrupt, fr. dame, q. v.Ji 

Dam, dam, re. A mole, bank of earth, wall, etc., to o%» 
struct the flow of water, — v.t. [dammed (damd), 
damming.] To obstruct or restrain the flow of, by a 
dam ; to shut up, confine. [D. and Dan. dam, Ic. 
dammr, Sw. and G. damm, a dam, D. dammen, Sw. 
damma, to dam.] 

Damage, dam'ej, re. Any permanent injury to person, 
property, or reputation; hurt; loss; mischief ; detri- 
ment, pi. (Law.) A compensation or indemnity to 
one party, for a wrong or injury done by another. — 
v. t. [damaged (-ejd), -aging.] To inflict injury 
upon, hurt, impair. [OF., fr. L. damnum, damage.] 

— Dam'ageable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Damn, 
dam, v. t. [damned (damd), damning (darning or 
dam'ning).] To condemn; to adjudge to punish- 
ment or death; to censure. (Theol.) To condemn to 
punishment in the future world. To condemn as 
bad, by hissing, etc. [OF. damner, L. damnare, -na- 
tum, fr. damnum.] — Damned, damd, in serious dis- 
course dam'ned, p. a. Sentenced to punishment in 
a future state; hateful; abominable. —Damnation, 
-na'shun, re. (T/ieol.) Condemnation to eternal pun- 
ishment. — Damliable, a. Worthy of, etc.; odious; 
detestable. — Dam'nably, adv.— Dam'natory, -rt, a. 
Condemning to damnation, condemnatory. 

Damascene, dam r as-sen, Dam'son, -zn, re. A kind of 
plum. [L. Damascenus, of Damascus, celebrated 
for its plums.] — Dam'ask, a. Pert, to, originating 
at, or like, the manufactures of Damascus; having 
the color of the damask rose. — n. A stuff with 
raised figures, woven in the loom, — orig. made at 
Damascus, of rich silk, now made of silk intermin- 
gled with flax, cotton, or wool, linen woven in imi- 
tation of the figures in damask silk. — v. t. [dam- 
asked (-askt), -asking.] To decorate with orna- 
mental figures, as silk with raised flowers, etc., or 
steel with etchings, or inlaid devices; to embellish, 
variegate. — Damask color. That of the Damask 
rose. — D. rose. A variety of rose native to Damas- 
cus. — D. silk. A heavy, rich, figured silk, — usually 
called damask. — D. steel. A fine quality of steel 
orig. made at Damascus, and valued for sword- 
blades. — Dam'asken, -een, v. t. To damask.— Danv'- 
askin, re. A kind of saber, — orig. made at, etc. 

Dame, dam, re. A lady in rank or culture; the mis- 
tress of a family in common life; mistress of a com- 
mon school; a matron. [F., fr. L. domina, tern, of 
dominus, a lord.]— Dam'sel, -zel, re. A young un- 
married woman; girl. [F. demoiselle, fr. LL. domi- 
cellus, a page.] 

Damn, Damnable, etc. See under Damage. 

Damp, damp, a. Moderately wet; moist; humid. — re. 
Moisture; humidity; fog; dejection; depression; dis- 
couragement, pi. (Mining.) Gaseous products, elim- 
inated in coal-mines, wells, etc. — v. t. [damped 
(dampt), damping.] To moisten, make humid, ren- 
der chilly, depress or deject, discourage. [D. and 
Dan., vapor, Sw. damb, dust, G. damp/, vapor, D. 
dampen, to steam, Dan. dampe, to reek.] — Dampen, 
damp'n, v. t. or i. |-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make 
or become moist. — Damp'er, re. That which damps 
or checks; as a valve in a flue, to regulate the draught 
of air, or a contrivance in mechanism, to check some 
action at a particular time. — Dampliess, n. Mod- 
erate humidity; moisture. 

Damsel. See under Dame. 

Damson. See under Damascene. 

Dance, dans, v. i. [danced (danst), dancing.] To 
move with measured steps, or to a musical accom- 
paniment; to move nimbly or merrily, caper, frisk. 

— v. t. To cause to dance, dandle. —re. A brisk 
amusement, in which the movements of persons are 
regulated by art, in figures and by the sound of in- 
struments. (Mus.) A tune by which dancing is reg- 



siin, cQbe, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



DANDELION 



132 



DAUB 



ulated. [OF. dancer, F. danser, to dance, fr. OHG. 
danson, to draw along, trail ; s. rt. L. tendere, to 
stretch.] — To dance attendance. To wait obsequi- 
ously.— Dan'cer, n. — Danseuse, dawx-se'z'', n. A 
female dancer, esp. at a theater, etc. [F., fem. of 
danseur, a dancer.] 

Dandelion, dan'de-h'un, n. A plant, with large yellow 
compound flowers. [F. dent de lion, lion's tooth, from 
the size and form of its leaves.] 

Dander, dan'der, n. Corrupt, of Dandruff, q. v. — 
Anger or vexation. [Low.']— To get up one's dander, 
or nave one's dander raised. To get into a passion. 

Dandle, dan'dl, v. t. [dandled (-did), -dling.] To 
move up and down in affectionate play, as an in- 
fant ; to caress, fondle ; to treat as a child, toy 
with, pet. [OD. danten, to do foolish things, trifle, 
fr. dant, a capricious, effeminate man, OHG. taen- 
deln, to trifle, dandle, lounge, fr. tant, G. tand, a 
trifle, idle prattle.]— Dan'dler, re.— Dan'dy, -dt, n. 
One who affects finery in dress and manner; a fop; 
coxcomb. [OF. dandin, fr. OD. dant.] — Dan'dy- 
ism, -izm, n. Manners and character of, etc. 

Dandruff, dan'druf, -driff, -der, n. Scurf which 
forms on the head, and comes off in scales. [W. ton, 
surface,_skin, and peril. W. drwg, Ga. droch, bad.] 

Danger, dan'jSr, re. Exposure to injury, loss, pain, 
etc. ; peril ; hazard ; risk ; jeopardy. [F., orig. ab- 
solute power; hence power to harm; fr. LL. domin- 
ium, power. See Dominate.] — Dan'gerous, -us, a. 
Attended with, or causing danger. — Dan'gerously, 
adv. — Dan'gerousness, re. 

Dangle, dan'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To hang 
loosely, or with a waving, swinging, or jerking mo- 
tion. — v. t. To cause to dangle; to swing. [Dan., 
Sw., and Ic. dingla, to dangle; Sw.danka, to saunter 
about.] — To dangle about, or after. To hang upon 
importunately, beset, follow obsequiously. — Dan'- 
gler, n. One who hangs about others, esp. women. 

Dank, dank, a. Damp ; moist ; humid ; wet. [Sw. 
dial., a marshy place, Sw. dag, dew. See Daggle.] 

— Danklsh, a. Somewhat damp. 

Daphne, daf 'ne, re. The laurel, a diminutive shrub, 
having a fragrant flower. [Gr.] 

Dapper, dap'pSr, a. Little and active; nimble; neat 
in dress; smart. [D., bold, G. tapfer, brave.] 

Dapple, dap'pl, a. Marked with spots of different 
shades of color; variegated, — re. One of the spots 
on a dapple animal. — v. t. [dappled (-pld), -pling.J 
To variegate, spot. [Ic. depill, a spot, dot, fr. dapi, 
Sw. dial, depp, pool of water; s. rt. dip, dimple.] 

Dare, dar, v. i. [durst (dSrst), daring.] To have 
sufficient courage; to be bold enough; to venture. 

— v. t. [dared (dard), daring.] To have courage 
for, venture to do; to profess courage to meet; to 
challenge, provoke, defy, brave [AS. durran, to 
dare (.dear, I dare, dorste, I durst or dared), Goth. 
dors, OHG. tar, Gr. tharsein, Skr. dhrish.] — Dar'er, 
n. — Dar'ing, a. — Dar'ingly, adv. — Dare'-devil, n. 
A rash, venturesome fellow. 

Dark, dark, n. Destitute of light; not reflecting or 
radiating light; obscure; not easily seen through; 
mysterious ; hidden ; destitute of knowledge and 
culture; unrefined; evincing foul traits of charac- 
ter; vile; wicked ; foreboding evil; gloomy; suspi- 
cious. — n. Absence of light; obscurity; condition 
of ignorance; secrecy. [AS. deorc, D. donker, Sw., 
Dan., and G. dunkel, dark.] — Darken, darken, v- t. 
[-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make dark or black, 
obscure, render dim, deprive of vision; to render 
ignorant or stupid; to render less clear or intelli- 
gible; to cast a gloom upon; to make foul, sully.— 
v. i. To grow dark or darker. — Dark'ener, re.— 
Dark'ish, a. Somewhat dark ; dusky ; dim.— 
Darkly, adv. — Dark'ness, n. State of being, etc. ; 
obscurity ; gloom ; secrecy ; state of ignorance or 
error; wickedness; impurity; want of clearness or 
perspicuity; calamity ; perplexity. — Dark'ling, a. 
In the dark. — Dark'some, -sum, a. Dark; gloomy; 
obscure. —Dark'y, -T, re. A negro. 

Darling. See under Dear. 

Darn, darn, v. t. [darned (darnd), darning.] To 
mend, as a hole, by imitating the texture of the 
stuff with thread and a needle. — n. A place 
mended by darning. [W. damio, to piece, break in 
pieces, fr. W., Corn., & Armor, darn, piece, OF. 
dame, a slice, a broad and thin piece.] — Darn'er, re. 

Darn, darn, v. t. A substitute for the profane damn. 

Darnel, dar'nel, n. A weed, — rye-grass. [OF. dame, 
stupefied; Sw. darrepe, darnel, fr. dar, stupefying, 
and repe, name of the weed.] 

Darnex, Darnic. Same as Dornic. 



Darrein, dar'rin, a. (Law.) Last. [OF. darrein, 
derrain, f r. L. de and retro, back, backward.] 

Dart, dart, n. A weapon thrown by the hand; a 
javelin; any missile weapon; anything that pierces 
and wounds, — v. t. To throw with a sudden 
thrust, hurl, launch; to throw suddenly or rapid- 
ly; to send, emit, shoot. — v. i. To be let fly or 
launched; to start and run with velocity; to shoot 
rapidly along. — n. A fish, the dace. IOF.; F. 
dard, AS. darodh, Ic. darradhr, a dart, Sw. dart, 
a dagger; perh. s. rt. AS. derian, to injure.] — 
Dart'er, n. One who darts or throws a dart. 
(Ornith.) The snake-bird, a bird of the pelican 
family, — which darts out its long neck at its prey. 

Darwinian, dar-win'T-an, a. Pert, to the theory of 
natural selection, struggle for existence, and sur- 
vival of the fittest, taught by Charles Darwin in his 
"Origin of Species" and other works, —n. One 
who believes, etc. ; an evolutionist. — Dar'winism, 
-win'ianism, -izm, n. The doctrine of evolution. 

Dash, dash, v. t. [dashed (dasht), dashing.] To 
throw with violence; to break, as by throwing or 
collision; to put to shame, confound; to throw in 
or on in a rapid, careless manner, overspread par- 
tially, touch here and there ; to form or sketch 
rapidly or carelessly ; to erase by a stroke, strike 
out, obliterate. — v. i. To rush or strike violently. 
— n. Violent striking of two bodies; crash; sudden 
check; frustration; ruin; an admixture, infusion, 
or adulteration ; a partial overspreading ; a rapid 
movement, quick blow, sudden onset; capacity for 
quick, bold movements against an enemy ; a vain 
show or blustering parade; aflourish. (Punctuation.) 
A mark or line, thus [— ], denoting a break, stop, or 
transition in a sentence, or a change in its construc- 
tion, a significant pause, or an unexpected turn of 
sentiment. (Mus.) A mark [T] denoting that the 
note is to be performed in a short, distinct manner; 
the line drawn through a figure in the thorough- 
bass, as a direction to raise that figure half a tone 
higher. (Racing.) A single trial of speed, — disting. 
fr. a heat. [Dan. daske, Sw. dial, daska, " 



The 



slap.] — Dash/er, n. That which, etc. ; a dash- 
board. — Dasb/y, -T, a. Ostentatiously fashionable ; 
showy. — Dash/ingly, adv. Conspicuously.— Dasb/- 
board, -bord, n. A board on the front of a vehicle 
to intercept mud, etc. J~ 

Dastard, das'tard, n. One who meanly shrinks from 
danger; coward; poltroon. —a. Meanly shrinking; 
cowardly. [OD. dasaert, a fool, Ic. dsestr, exhaust- 
ed, breathless, p. p. of dsesa, to groan, lose breath 
from exhaustion, Sw. dial, dasa, to lie idle.] — Das''- 
tardize, v. t. [-ized (-tzd), -izing.] To make a das- 
tard of . — Das'tardly, a. Meanly timid ; base. 

Data, da'ta, n. pi. Factsgiven or admitted; ground 
of inference or deduction. — Da' turn, n. Something 
given, esp. as a standard; a datum-line, a horizontal 
line or level, from which surface points are reck- 
oned in surveying. [L. datus, -a, -um, p. p. of dare, 
to give.] — Date, dat, n. Specification of the time 
when a writing, inscription, coin, etc., was execu- 
ted; precise period or time of; epoch; end; conclu- 
sion ; duration; continuance, —v. t. To note the 
time of writi.ig or executing; to fix the time of; to 
refer to as a starting point, —v. i. To have begin- 
ning, have a date. [F., fr. LL. .lata, a date, fr. 
dare.] — Date'less, o. — Da'tive, -tiv, re. (Law.) 
That which may be given or disposed of at pleas- 
ure. (Gram.) The case of a noun which expresses 
the remoter object, generally indicated in English 
by to or for with the objective. — a. (Law.) Capa- 
ble of being disposed of at will and pleasure; re- 
movable, as disting. fr. perpetual, — said of an 
officer; given by a magistrate, as disting. fr. being 
cast upon a party by the law. Pert, to the dative. 

Date, dat, re. The fruit of the date-palm. [OF., fr. L. 
dactylus, Gr. daktulos, a finger, also a 
date, fr. the shape of the fruit.] — 
Date'-palm, -pam, -tree, n. The genus 
of palms bearing dates. 

Daub, dawb, v. t. [daubed (dawbd), 
daubing.] To smear with soft, ad- 
hesive matter; to plaster ; to paint in 
a coarse or unskillful manner ; to dis- 
guise, conceal. — n. A viscous, sticky 
application. (Paint.) A picture coarse- 
ly executed. [OF. dauber, to plaster, n . t 
prob. orig. dalber, fr. L. dealbare, Sp. iJaie Iree ' 
jalbegar, to whitewash, plaster, fr. L. de, down, 
and albare, to whiten, fr. albus, white.]— Daub 'er, 
n. — Daub'ery, -Sr-t, re. A daubing; imposition. 



tne aanve. 
[OF., fr. L. 

I 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, te"rm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 8r : 



DAUGHTER 



133 



DEAN 




Daughter, daw'ter, to. A female child or descendant. 
[AS. dohtor. D. dochter. Dan. and Sw. dotter, Goth. 
daufitar, OHG. tohter, G. tochter. Gr. thugater, Skr. 
duhitri; s. rt. du#.] — Daugh'terly, -It, «. Becom- 
ing a daughter; filial. —Daugh'ter-in -law, n. The 
wife of one's son. 

Daunt, dant, v. t. To repress or subdue the courage 
of, dismay, appall, intimidate. [F. dompter, OF. 
danter, fr. L. aomitare, to subdue, freq. of domare, 
to tame; s. rt. tame.] — Daunt'lesB, a. Incapable of 
being, etc.; bold; intrepid. 

Dauphin, daw'fin, n. The eldest son of the king of 
France, and heir of the crown. [Fr. Dauphine", a 
French province, the lords of which had as their 
crest a dolphin, OF. dauphin, daulphin, L. del- 
phinus.] — Dau'phiness, n. Wife of the dauphin. 

Davenport, dav'en-port, to. A writing-table. 

Davit, dav'it or da'vit, n. {Xaut.) A spar used on 
ships, as a crane to hoist the anchor 
to the top of the bow. pi. Arms 
projecting over a ship's side or 
stern, having tackle to raise a boat 
by. [Prob. corrupt, fr. F. darier, 
forceps.] 

Davy-lamp, da'vY-lamp, to. A lan- 
tern whose light is inclosed within 
wire gauze, as a protection against 
explosions of gases in mines, — t>™+„ 

invented by Sir Humphrey Davy. Davits. 

Daw, daw, n. A bird of the crow family; jackdaw. 
[E.; onomat.] 

Dawdle, daWdl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To 
waste time in trifling employment, trifle. — v. t. To 
waste by trifling. [See Dandle.] — Daw'dler, to. 
An idler. 

Dawn, dawn, v. i. [dawned (dawnd), dawning.] To 
begin to grow light in the morning, or to open and 
give promise, as the understanding or character. — 
n. The break of day; first appearance of light; first 
opening or expansion; beginning. [AS. dagian, to 
dawn, fr. dseg, day, G. tagen, fr. tag. See Day.] 

Day, da, n. The period from sunrise to sunset; period 
of the earth's revolution on its axis, — divided into 
24 hours; a specified time or period; day of battle; 
successful contest ; victory. [AS. dseg, D., Dan., 
and Sw. dag, Ic. dagr, Goth, dags, G. tag ; not s. rt. 
L. dies, Ir. dia, W. dydd, day.] — Civil day. The 
day used in ordinary reckoning of time, among 
most nations beginning at midnight. —Day by day. 
Daily; every day; continually. —Days in bank. 
{Eng. Law.) Stated days for the return of writs 
and appearance of parties. —Da ys of grace. {O. 
Ting. Law.) Three days beyond the return day in 
tne writ for the party summoned to make his ap- 
pearance. {Merc. Law.) Days allowed, usually 3. 
for payment of a note, after the specified day of 
payment. —Day's work. {Naut.) The reckoning 
of a ship's course for 24 hours, from noon to noon. 

— One day, or one of these days. At an indefinite 
time in the future.— Daily, da'll, a. Happening 
or pert, to each successive day; diurnal; quotidian. 

— adv. Every day; day by day. — n. A publica- 
tion appearing every day. — Day '-book, to. A book 
in which are recorded the accounts of the day. — 
-break, to. The first appearance of light in the 
morning; dawn of day. — -dream, n. A vain fancy; 
reverie; castle in the air; unfounded hope. — labor, 
n. Labor hired or done by the day. — light, n. The 
light of day, or of the sun. — spring, n. The be- 
ginning of the day; dawn. — star, n. The morning 
star. — time, n. Time between sunrise and sun- 
setting. — Days'man, to. ; pi. -men. An umpire or 
arbiter, — who appoints a day to hear a cause. 

Daze, daz, v. t. [dazed (dazd), dazing.] To over- 
power with light, dazzle, confuse, bewilder. [Ic. 
dasa, to become weary or exhausted, Sw. dasa, to 
lie idle; s. rt. doze and perh. dizzy and dull.'] — Daz- 
zle, d&z'zl, r. t. [dazzled (-zld), -zling.] To 
overpower with light ; to surprise with brilliancy 
or display of any kind. — v. i. To be intensely 
bright; to be rendered blind or dim by excess of 
brightness. — Daz'zlingly, -W, adv. 

'" zl.) In some communions, one 



de'kn, n. {Eccl.) 
admitted to a grade in the ministry lower than priest 
or elder ; in others, a church officer who assists the 
pastor at the Lord's Supper, etc. [AS., fr. L. diaco- 
mis, Gr. diakonos, orig. a servant.] — To deacon out. 
To read line by line, as a hymn, for others to sing, 
as was formerlv done by deacons.— Dea'coness, n. 
A woman specially devoted to the service of the 
church — caring for the sick, etc. — Dea'conry, -rl, 



-ship, Diaconate, di-ak'o-nat, n. Office or ministry 
of a deacon or deaconess.— Diac'onal, a. Pert, to, etc. 
Dead, ded, a. Destitute of life ; put to death ; inani- 
mate ; resembling death in appearance or quality : 
without show of life; without motion; inactive; un- 
productive ; unprofitable,; dull; monotonous or un. 
varied; producing death; sure as death; wanting in 
religious spirit. {Law.) Cut off from the rights of 
a citizen, or property holder. {Engin.) Not impar- 
ting motion or power. — adv. To a degree resem- 
bling death; to the last degree; completely; wholly. 

— n. The most quiet or death-like time ; period of 

Srofoundest repose or gloom, pi. Those who are 
ead ; the departed. [AS. dead, D. dood, Dan. and 
Sw. dod, Ic. daudhr, Goth, dauchs.] — Dead ahead. 
{Naut.) Directly ahead, — said of the wind. — D. 
drunk. So drunk as to be helpless. — D. language. 
A language no longer spoken. — D. letter. A letter 
uncalled for at a post-office and sent to the general 
post-office to be opened ; that which has become ob- 
solete. — D. lock. An interlocking or counteraction 
of things, producing an entire stoppage. — Deads, 
dedz, n.pl. {Mining.) Places yielding no ore; heaps 
of refuse, containing no ore. — Dead'ly, -IT, a. Ca- 
pable of causing death ; mortal ; fatal ; destructive; 
willing to destroy ; implacable. — adv. So as to re- 
semble, or to cause, death ; mortally ; implacably.— 
Dead'liness, n. — Dead'ness, n. State of being or 
seeming dead ; inertness ; coldness ; indifference. 
— Dead'en, ded'n, v. t. [-exed (-nd), -ening.] To 
impair in vigor, force, or sensibility; to lessen the 
velocity or momentum of, retard ; to make spirit, 
less; to deprive of gloss or brilliancy. — Dead '-an 
gle, n. {Fort.) The space before the parapet out of 
reach of the fire of the garrison. — beat, a. Tired 
out. — n. One whose constitution or resources are 
exhausted; a worthless idler who sponges on others. 
— center, -point, n. {Mach.) Either of the 2 points 
in the orbit of a crank at which the crank and con- 
necting-rod he in a straight line. coForing, n. 

{Paint.) The first layer of colors, usually gray.— 
-eye, n. {Xaut.) A wooden block, pierced with 3 
holes, to receive the lanyard. — head, n. One who 
receives free tickets to theaters, public conveyances, 
etc. — heat, «. A race in which the competitors 
come in even. — house, n. A morgue; place for the 
temporary reception of dead bodies. — latch, n. A 
kind of latch whose bolt may be so locked that it 
cannot be opened from within by the handle, or 
from without by the key. — lift, n. The lifting of a 
thing at disadvantage ; lift made with main strength; 
an extreme exigency. — light, to. 
{Xaut.) A strong shutter for a cabin 
window, to exclude water. — line, to. 
A line inclosing space in a military 

Srison, on passing which a prisoner is ' 
able to be shot. — march, n. A 
piece of solemn music for a funeral. 

— -reckoning, n. {Xaut.) Method of 
determining a ship's position without 

celestial observations. wall, to. A 

blank wall, without windows, etc. — ^T :.. ,- 
-water, n. {Naut.) The eddy water Dead-light, 
closing behind a moving ship. — weight, «. A heavy 
or oppressive burden. 

Deaf, def or def, a. Wanting the sense of hearing; un- 
willing to hear ; not to be persuaded. [AS. deaf, 
D. doof, Dan. dov, Sw. dof Ic. daufr, G. taub ; prob. 
s. rt. Gr. tuphos, smoke, stupor, E. dumb.] — Deaf' en, 
v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make deaf, stun. 
{Arch.) To render impervious to sound, as a floor, 
by filling the space beneath it with mortar, etc. — 
Deafness, to.— Deaf '-mute, to. One deaf and dumb. 

Deal, del, v. t. [dealt (delt), dealing.] To divide, 
distribute ; to throw out or bestow successively or 
indiscriminately. — v. i. To make distribution ; to 
traffic, trade, carry on business ; to act, have trans- 
actions with, manage, treat. — to. A part or portion; 
an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent; division 
or distribution of cards; portion distributed ; divis- 
ion of a timber by sawing ; a pine or fir board or 
plank, esp. one above 7 inches in width, and exceed- 
ing 6 feet in length; wood of the pine or fir. [AS. 
dselan, D. deelen, Dan. dele, Ic. deila, Goth, dailjan, 
to divide, share, fr. AS. dael, D. and Dan. deel, Ic. 
deild, Goth, dads, a portion, also D. deel, board, 
plank, and Ic. deild, dole, dealings.] — Deal'er, n. 
One who deals ; a trader. — Deal'ing, to. Manner of 
treating others ; trade; distribution, as of cards. 

Dean, den, n. An ecclesiastical dignitary, subordinate 
to a bishop; an officer in universities; head or secre- 




suk, cube, full ; moon, fcJot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



DEAR 



134 



DECARBONIZE 



tary of a college faculty. [F. doyen, OF. deien, a 
dean, fr. L. decanus, one set over 10 soldiers, later, 
over 10 monks, hence a dean, fr. decern, ten ; s. rt. 
<era.] — Dean'ery, -er-T, n. Office, revenue, residence, 
or jurisdiction, of a dean. — Dean' ship, n. Office of, 
etc. — Dec'anal, a. Pert, to a deanery. 

Dear, der, a. Bearing a high price ; costly ; marked 
by scarcity, and exorbitance of price ; highly val- 
ued; mnch esteemed ; greatly beloved ; precious.— 
adv. Dearly; at a high rate. — n. A dear one; dar- 
ling. [AS. deore, dyre, Ic. dyrr, Dan. and Sw. dyr, 
D. duur, dear, expensive, OHG. tiuri, G. theuer, 
dear, beloved, sacred.] — Dearly, adv.— Dear'ness, 
n.— Darling, dar'ling, a. Dearly beloved; regarded 
with tender fondness ; favorite. — n. One who is, 
etc. [AS. deorlinq, dim. of deore.] — Dearth, derth, 
n. Scarcity, rendering dear; want; famine ; barren- 
ness ; poverty. [Ic. dyrdh.] 

Dearborn, der'bern, n. A light 4-wheeled carriage. 

Death, deth, n. Cessation of bodily life ; decease ; de- 
mise; dissolution; exit; total privation or loss; man- 
ner of dying ; cause, agent, or instrument of loss of 
life; a skeleton, as the symbol of death ; danger of 
death. [AS. dearth, D. doort, Dan. and Sw. dod, Ic. 
daudhi, Goth, dauthus, G. tod. See Dead.] — Civil 
death. Separation of a man from civil society or en- 
joyment of civil rights, as by outlawry, banish- 
ment, entering into a monastery, etc. —Death's door. 
A near approach to death. — Spiritual death. 
(Script.} Corruption and perversion of the soul by 
sin, with the loss of the favor of God.— Deathless, 
a. Not subject to death or destruction; immortal. — 
Death 'ly, -IT. a. Resembling death or a dead body; 
deadly; fatal. — Death'-bed, n. The bed on which 
one dies; the closing hours of life. — rate, n. The 
ratio of the number of deaths to the population.— 
-rattle, n. A rattling in the throat of a dying per- 
son. — warrant, n. (Law.) An official order for 
the execution of a criminal. — watch, n. An in- 
sect that makes a ticking noise, vulgarly thought to 
prognosticate death. — Death's '-head, re. A figure 

representing a human skull. man, n. ; pi. -men. 

An executioner ; hangman. 

Debacle, de-ba'kl, n. A violent rush of waters ; con- 
fused rout ; overthrow; breaking up. [F., fr. bacler, 
to bar, fr. L. bacidus, a bar.] 

Debar, de-bar', v. t. [-barred (-bard), -barring.] To 
cut off from entranee, as if by a bar or barrier ; to 
shut out, exclude, deny, refuse. [de and bar.] 

Debark, de-bark', v. t. [-barked (-barktX -barking.] 
To land from a ship or boat, disembark. — v. i. To 
leave a vessel and pass to the land. [F. deoarquer, f r. 
barque. See Bark.] — Debarka'tion, re. Act of, etc. 

Debase, de-bas', v. t. [-based (-bast'), -basing.] To 
reduce to a lower state of worth, dignity, purity, 
etc. ; to abase, degrade, lower, [de and base.] — 
Debas'er, re. — Debased, -bast', a. (Her.) Turned 
from its base; upside down. — Debase'ment, n. Act 
of or state of being debased ; degradation. 

Debate, de-bat', re. Contention in words or argu- 
ments ; dispute ; controversy. — v. t. To fight or 
strive for, contend for in words or arguments, con- 
test, argue, dispute. — v. i. To engage in strife or 
combat, contend, struggle, deliberate. [F. debattre, 
to debate, fr. L. de, down, and batuere, to beat. See 
Batter.] —Debating society. A society for debate 
and improvement in extemporaneous speaking. — 
Debat'er, n. One who debates; a disputant. — De- 
bat'able, a. Liable to be, etc. ; disputable. 

Debauch, de-bawch', v. t. [-batched (-bawcht), 
-bauching.] To corrupt in character or principles ; 
to vitiate, pollute, seduce. — re. Excess in eating or 
drinking ; drunkenness ; gluttony ; lewdness ; an 
act of debauchery. [OF. desbaucher, fr. des (L. 
dis), away from, and bauche, LL. bugia, little house, 
workshop, i. e., to entice away from work.] — Deb- 
auchee, deb-o-she', n. A sensual or dissipated per- 
son ; rake ; libertine. — Debaucher, -bawch'er, n. — 
Debauch'ery, -er-T, n. Corruption of fidelity ; in- 
dulgence of the appetites; intemperance ; lewdness. 
— Debauch'ment, n. Act of debauching. 

Debenture, de-ben'chur, n. A writing acknowledg- 
ing a debt ; a custom-house certificate entitling an 
exporter of imported goods to a drawback. (Com.) 
Securities for money loans. [Fr. L. debentur, they 
are due, fr. debere, to owe, — these receipts begin- 
ning Debentur mihi, etc.] 

Debilitate, de-bil't-tat, v. t. To make feeble, faint, 
or languid ; to weaken, enervate, relax. [OF. de- 
ciliter, L. debilitare, -tatum, f r. debilis, weak, f r. de 
and habilis, able ; i. e., unable.] — Debil'ity, -tl, n. 



State of being feeble, or weak ; languor ; infirmity; 
imbecility. [OF. debilite, L. debilitas.] 

Debit, deb'it, n. A recorded item of debt; debtor side 
of an account ; debt. — v. t. To charge with debt ; 
enter on the debtor side. [L. debere, debitwn, to owe, 
fr. de and habere, to have.]— Debt, det, n. That 
which is due from one to another ; obligation ; lia- 
bility ; a duty neglected or violated ; fault ; crime; 
trespass. [OF. dette, debte, L. debita.] — Debt'or, 
-er, n. One who owes another monev, goods, or 
services ; one indebted. [OF. deteur, L. debitor.] 

Debonair, deb-o-nar', a. Characterized by courteous- 
ness, affability, or gentleness ; complaisant. [OF. 
debonaire = de bon aire, of good manner.] — Debo- 
nair 'ly, adv. — Debonair'ness, n. 

Debouch, de-boosh', v. i. To issue out of a confined 
place, or from defiles. [F. deboucher, fr. de and 
boucher, to stop up, fr. bouche, mouth, L. bucca, 
mouth, cheek.] — Debouchure, da'boo'shoor', n. The 
outward opening, as of a valley, river, etc. [F.] 

Debris, da-bre', n. (Geol.) Fragments, taken collec- 
tively; esp., fragments from a mountain, piled up at 
the base. Rubbish; remains; ruins. [F., fr. OF. 
desbriser, to rend asunder, fr. briser, to Dreak. See 
Breeze or_BRiss, also Bruise.] 

Debut, da-boo', n. A beginning or first attempt; first 
appearance, as of an actor, public speaker, etc. [F., 
first stroke, first throw in a game, fr. but, an aim. 
See But, n.] — Debutant, -tax', n. One who makes 
his first appearance before the public. [F.] — Debu- 
tante, -t&Nt', n. A woman who, etc. [F.] 

Decade, dek'ad, n. The sum or number of 10. [F., fr. 
Gr. dekas, -ados, a company of 10, f r. deka, L. decern, 
AS. ten. See Ten.] — Dec'agon, re. (Geom.) A 
plane figure of 10 sides and 10 angles. YGr. deka 
and gonta, angle, fr. gonu, knee.] — Dec'agram, n. 
A decimal weight of 10 grams, or 154.38 grains Troy. 
[F. decagramme. See Gram.] — Decahe'dron, re.; 
pi. -dra, -dra. (Geom.) A solid figure having 10 
sides. [Gr. hertra, seat, base ; s. rt. sit.] — Decahe'- 
dral, a. Having 10 sides. — Decaliter, de-kal'T-tSr 
or dek'a-li-ter, n. A decimal measure of capacity, 
containing 10 liters, or 610.28 cu. inches = 2 gallons 
and 64.44 cu. in. [See Liter.] — Dec'alogue, -log, n. 
The 10 commandments. [F. ; L. decalogys, Gr. dek- 
alogos, fr. logos, a speech.] — Decal'ogist, -jist, n. 
One who explains the decalogue. — Decam'e'ron, n. 
A work comprised in 10 books ; esp. a collection of 
tales of Boccaccio. [It. decamerone, fr. Gr. deka and 
meros, part ; not f r. hemera, a day.] — Decameter, 
de-kam'e-ter or dek'a-me-t5r, n. A decimal meas- 
ure of length = 10 meters = 393.71 inches. [See 
Meter.] — Decan'drous, -drus, a. (Bot.) Having 
10 stamens. [Gr. aner, andros, a male.] — Dec'apod, 
n. (Zobl.) A crustacean with 10 feet or legs, as 
crabs, lobsters, etc. [Gr. pous, podos, foot.] — Dec'- 
aster, n. A decimal solid measure = 10 steres = 10 
cu. meters =353.166 cu. inches. [See Stere.] — Dec'- 
astich, -stik, re. A poem consisting of 10 lines. [Gr. 
stichos, a row.] — Dec'astyle, -stfl, n. (Arch.) A 
building having a portico with 10 columns in front. 
[Gr. stulos, column.] — Dec'asyllab'ic, -sil-lab'ik, a. 
Consisting of 10 syllables. [Gr. sullabe, syllable, 
q. v.]— Dec'uple, -u-pl, a. Tenfold; multiplied by 
10. — n. A number 10 times repeated. — v. t. To 
make tenfold ; to multiply by 10. [Gr. dekaplous, 
fr. deka.] — [See further under December.] 

Decadence, -dency. See under Decay. 

Decalcomania, de-kal'ko-ma'nl-a, -manie, -ma'ne, n. 
Art of permanently transferring pictures or designs 
to china, glass, marble, etc. [F. de'calcomanie, f r. de 
and calquer, to trace, copy, fr. L. calcare, to tread 
under foot.] 

Decamp, de-kamp', v. i. [-camped (-kamf), -camp- 
ing.] To move away from a camping-ground, de- 
part suddenly. [F. de'eamper, fr. L. dis, away, and 
campus, camp, q. v.] — Decamp'ment, n. Departure 
from, etc. ; a marching off. 

Decanal. See under Dean. 

Decant, de-kant', v. t. To pour off gently, as liquor 
from its sediment; to pour from one vessel into an- 
other. [F. decanter, It. decantare, fr. de, down, 
and canto, side, corner. See Cant.] — Decanta'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. — Decant'er, n. A vessel used 
to decant liquors or receive decanted liquors ; one 
who decants. 

Decapitate, de-kap'T-tat, v. t. To cut off the head of, 
behead. [LL. decapitare, -tatum, f r. L. de and caput, 
capitis, head.] — Deeap'ita'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Decarbonize, de-kar'bon-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] 
To deprive of carbon, [de and carbonize, q. v., un- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd. t5ne. 6r ; 



DECAY 



135 



DECLINE 



der Carbon.] — Decar'boniza'tion, n. Act or pro- 
cess of depriving a substance of carbon. — Decar / '- 
burize, -bu-riz, v . t. Same as Decarbonize. 

Decay, de-ka', v. i. [decayed (-kad r ), decaying.] 
To pass gradually from a sound, prosperous, or per- 
fect state, to one of imperfection, weakness, or dis- 
solution; to fail; to rot. — v. t. To impair, bring to a 
worse state. — n. Gradual failure of health, sound- 
ness, prosperity, etc. ; decline. [OF. decaer, f r. de and 
caer, L. cadere, to fall.] — Deca'dence, -dency, -sT, 
n. Decay ; fall ; deterioration. [F.] — Deciduous, 
-sid'u-us, a. Of temporary existence ; shed yearly, 
as leaves or antlers; not perennial or permanent. [L. 
deciduus, falling, fr. decidere, f r. de and cadere.] — 
Decid'uousness, n. 

Decease, de-ses r , n. Departure, esp. departure from 
this life; death; demise, — v. i. [deceased (-seat'), 
deceasing.] To die. [OF. deces, fr. L. decedere, 
-cessum, to depart, fr. de and cedere, to go.] 

Deceive, de-sev', v. t. [-ceived (-sevdO, -ceiving.] 
To lead into error, impose upon, delude, insnare, 
disappoint. [OF. decerer,L>. decipere,-ceptum, to de- 
ceive, fr. de and capere, to take.] — Deceiv'er, n. 
One who deceives; a cheat; impostor.— Deceiv' able, 
a. Subject or liable to be, etc. —Deceit, -set', n. 
Attempt or disposition to deceive; deception; fraud; 
imposition. — Deceifful, -ful, a. Trickish; fraudu- 
lent. — Deceit'fully, adv. — Deceit'fulness, n. — De- 
ception, -sep'shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
that which, etc.; deceit. [OF.] — Decep'tive, -tiv, 
-tory, -to-rT, a. Tending to, etc. ; misleading. 

December, de-sem'bgr, n. The 12th or last month in 
the year. [L., fr. decern, ten, this having been the 
10th month with the Romans, whose year began in 
March. See Decade and Ten.] — Decern' vir, -ver, 
n. : E. pi. Decemvirs, -verz, L. pi. -viri, -vT-ri. One 
of 10 magistrates, who had absolute authority in an- 
cient Rome. [L., fr. decern, and vir, a man.] — De- 
cern' viral, -vT-ral, a. Pert, to, etc. — Deeem'virate, 
-rat, n. Office or term of office of, etc.; a body of 10 
men in authority. — Decen'nary, -sen'na-rY, n. A 
period of 10 years. {Law.) A tithing consisting of 10 
neighboring families. [L. annus, a year.] — Decen- 
nial, -nT-al, a. Consisting of, or happening once in, 
etc. — Decillion, -sil'yun, n. A number consisting, 
by English notation, of a million involved to the 10th 
power, or 1 with 00 ciphers annexed; by French or 
common notation, a thousand involved to the 11th 
power, or 1 with 33 ciphers. See Numeration. [L. 
decern.'] — Decill'ionth, -yunth, a. Pert, to, etc.; 
preceded by a decillion less one. — n. The quotient 
of 1 divided by, etc.; one of a decillion equal parts. 

— Decigram, des'T-gram, n. A decimal measure of 
weight equal to 1-10 of a gram, or 1.5438 grains Troy. 
[F. decigramme, fr. L. decimus, tenth, fr. decern, and 
F. gramme: see Gram.] — Deciliter, de-siKi-ter or 
des'T-le-tgr, n. A decimal measure of capacity = 1-10 
liter = G.1028 cu. inches. [See Liter.] — Decimal, 
des r i-mal, a. Pert, to decimals: numbered or pro- 
ceeding by tens. —n. A number expressed in the 
scale of tens; decimal number; esp. decimal frac- 
tion. [OF., fr. L. decimus.] — Decimal fractions. 
Fractions whose denominator is some power of 10, 
as -J*-, -; o o'* an< l is not usually expressed, but is 
signified by a point at the left of the numerator, as 
.2, .25. — Circulating or circulatory decimal. A deci- 
mal fraction in which the same figure, or set of fig- 
ures, is constantly repeated; as, 0.354.354354; called 
also recurring decimal. — Decimate, v. t. To take 
the tenth part of, tithe; to select by lot and kill 
every tenth man of; to destroy a certain portion of, 
devastate. [L. decimare, -matum, fr. decimus.] — 
Decima'tion, n.— Decima'tor, -ter, n. One who, etc. 

— Decimeter, de-sim^e-ter or des'Y-me-ter, n. A 
decimal measure of length = 1-10 meter = 3.9371 
inches. [See Meter.] — Decline, da-seni', n. A 
French coin = 1-10 franc, about 2 cents. [F.] — Dec- 
ister, desls-ter, n. A solid measure, the 1-10 of a 
stere, or cubic meter — 3.5317 cu. feet. [See Stere.] 

— Decu'rion, -r;-un, n. A Roman officer command- 
ing 10 soldiers. [L. ilecurio, fr. decuria, a division of 
10, fr. decern.] — [See nlso under Decade.] 

Decent, de'sent, a. Suitable in words, behavior, dress, 
and ceremony; free from obscenity; modest; mod- 
erate, but competent; respectable. [F.,fr. L. decern, 
■centis, p. pr. of decere, to become, befit, fr. decus, 
honor, fame.]— De'cently, adv. — De'centness, n. 

— De'cency, -st, n. State or quality of being decent; 
proper formality ; modesty ; what is becoming. 

Deception, Deceptive, etc. See under Deceive. 



Decide, de-sid'. v. t. To determine the result of, settle, 
end, conclude. — v. i. To determine, form a defi- 
nite opinion, come to a conclusion, give decision. 
[OF. decider, L. decidere, -cisum, fr. de and csedere, 
to cut; s. rt. L. scindere, to cut.] — Decid'ed, a. Free 
from ambiguity; unequivocal; unquestionable; free 
from doubt or wavering; determined; positive; un- 
deniable; clear. — Decid'edly, adv. — Decid'er, n. — 
Decid'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Decision, 
-sizh-'un,?*. Act of settling or terminating, as a con- 
troversy; determination; conclusion; account or re- 
port of a conclusion, esp. of a legal adjudication; 
quality of being decided; prompt and fixed deter- 
mination. — Deci'sive, -siv, a. Having the power or 
quality of deciding a question, etc. ; marked by 
promptness and decision; final: conclusive; positive. 

— Decisively, adv. — Deci'siveness, ».— Deci'sory, 
-so-rY, a. Able to decide or determine. 

Deciduous. See under Decay. 

Decipher, de-siler, v. t. [-phered (-fSrd). -phering.] 
To translate from a cipher into intelligible terms; to 
find out the meaning of, reveal, [de, neg. and cipher, 
q. v.] — Decipherable, a. — Decipherer, n. 

Deck, dek, v. t. [decked (dekt), decking. | To cover, 
overspread; to dress, clothe, esp. to clothe with ele- 
gance, array, adorn; to furnish with a deck, as a 
vessel.— n. The floor-like covering of a ship; a pack 
of cards. [OD. decken, to hide, D. dekken, G. decken, 
L. tegere, Gr. stegein, to cover, AS. theccan. to thatch; 
D. dek, a deck, cover, Gr. tegos, stegos, roof; s. rt. 
thatch.] — Deck'er, n. One who, or that whieh, 
decks or adorns; a vessel which has a deck or decks, 

— used esp. in composition. — Deck 'hand, n. (Waut.) 
An inferior seaman, who works on deck, not aioft. 

Declaim, de-klam', v. i. [-claimed (-klamd / '), -claim- 
ing.] To speak rhetorically, make a formal oration, 
harangue; to speak or talk pompously and elabo- 
rately; to rant. — v. t. To utter in public, deliver in 
a rhetorical or set manner. [OF. dec/amer, L. de- 
clamare, -matum, fr. de and clamare, to cry out.] — 
Declaim'er, n. — Declamalion, n. Act or art of, 
etc.; a set speech; pretentious rhetorical display, 
with more sound than sense.— Declam'atory, -to-ri, 
a. Pert, to, etc.; characterized by rhetorical dis- 
play; without solid sense or argument. 

Declare, de-klar', v.t. [-clared (-klard r ), -claring.] 
To make known publicly, publish, proclaim; to as- 
sert, affirm. {Com.) To make full statement of , as 
of goods liable to taxes, duties, etc. — v. i. To make 
a declaration, proclaim one's self. (Law.) To state 
the plaintiff's cause of action in legal form. [OF. 
declarer, L. declarare, -atum, fr. de and clarus, 
clear.] — To declare one's self. To avow one's opin- 
ion. — Declar'edly, -ed-lT, adv. Avowedly ; explicit- 
ly. — Declaration, n. Act of declaring ; thing de- 
clared; document by which an assertion is verified. 
(Law.) That part of the process or pleadings setting 
forth the plaintiff's cause of complaint; the narra- 
tion or counts. [F.] — Declarative, -klar'a tiv, 
-atory, -to-rT, a. Making declaration, etc.; explan- 
atory; assertive; affirmative. 

Decline, de-klin', v. i. [-clined (-klind'), -clining.] 
To bend over or hang down, as from weakness, 
weariness, despondency, etc.; to tend towards a 
close or extinction; to fail, sink, decay : to turn 
aside, deviate, stray ; to refuse. — v. t. To bend 
downward, depress; to turn away from, refuse to 
comply with, reject courteously, shun, avoid. 
(Gram.) To inflect in order in the changes of gram- 
matical form.— n. A falling off; tendency to a worse 
state; deterioration. (Med.) That period of a dis- 
order when the symptoms abate in violence: a grad- 
ual wasting awav of the physical faculties. Decay; 
consumption. [OF. decliner, L. decUnare, fr. de and 
clinare, to bend, incline, lean; s. rt. L. clivis, a hill, 
slope, E. lean.] — Declin'er, n. — Declin'able, a. 
That may be declined; admitting of inflection. — 
Declension, -klen'shun, n. Declination; descent; 
slope; a falling off from excellence; deterioration; 
decay ; act of courteously refusing ; declinature. 
(Gram.) Inflection of a word, according to gram- 
matical forms; the form of the inflection of a word 
declined by cases. — Dec'linate, -l'l-nat, a. (Bot.) 
Bending downward, in a curve: curved downward; 
declined. — Declina'tion, n. Act or state of bending 
downward, or of falling off from excellence, or of 
deviating or turning aside; obliquity; withdrawal. 
(Astron.) Angular distance of an object from th*» 
celestial equator. (Dialing.) The arc of the hori- 
zon, between the vertical plane and prime vertical 
circle, or between the meridian and the plane. 



stin, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



DECOCT 



136 



DEEM 



{Gram.) Act of inflecting a word through its vari- 
ous terminations. — Declination of the compass, or 
needle. Variation of the needle from the true merid- 
ian of a place. — Dec'linator, -lT-na-ter, n. An in- 
strument for taking the declination of a reclining 
plane. — Declin'atory, -klin'a-to-rt, a. Containing a 
refusal. — Declinature, -klin'a-chur, n. Act of put- 
ting away or refusing. — Declinometer, n. An in- 
strument for measuring the declination of the mag- 
netic needle. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Declivity, 
-kliv'T-tl, n. Deviation from a horizontal line; de- 
scent of surface; inclination downward; a descend- 
ing surface; slope. [F. de'cliviti, L. declivitas.] — 
Declivous, -kli'vus, -clivitous, -kliv'T-tus, a. Grad- 
ually descending; sloping. 
Decoct, de-kokt', v. t. To prepare by boiling, make 
an infusion of, prepare for assimilation by the heat 
of the stomach, digest. [L. decoquere, -coctum, to 
boil down, fr. de and coquere, to cook. See Cook.] 

— Decoctlble, a. Capable of being boiled or di- 
gested. — Decodion, n. Act of preparing by boil- 
ing ; an extract prepared by boiling. 

Decollate, de-koKlat, v. t. To sever the neck of, be- 
head, decapitate. [L. decollare, -latum, fr. collum, 
the neck.] — Decollation, n. Act of beheading. 
[OF.] — Decollete, da'kol-le-ta 1 ', a. Leaving the neck 
and shoulders bare; low-necked, as a dress. [F.] 

Decolor, de-kuKer, v. t. To deprive of color, bleach. 
[F. decolorer, L. decolorare, fr. de and color, color.] 

— Decol'ora'tion, n. Removal or absence of color. 
Decompose, de-kom-poz'', v. t. [-posed (-pozdO, -pos- 
ing.] To separate the constituent parts of, set free 
from chemical combination, resolve into original 
elements. — v. i. To become resolved from existing 
combinations; to undergo dissolution, [de and com- 
pose, q. v.]— Decomposable, a. — Decomposition, 
-zish'un, n. Act of, etc.; analysis; state of being 
separated; release from previous combinations. 

Decompound, de-kom-pownd'', v. t. To compound or 
mix with that already compound; to reduce to con- 
stituent parts, decompose. — a. Compound of what 
is already compounded. (Bot.) Several times com- 
pounded or divided, as a leaf or stem, [de intens. and 
compound, q. v.] — Decompoundable, a. — Decom- 
posite, -pozlt, a. Compounded more than once. 

Decorate, dek'o-rat, v. t. To adorn, embellish, orna- 
ment, beautify. [L. decorare, -atum, to adorn, fr. 
decus, decdris, an ornament, grace ; s. rt. decere, to 
befit, decorus, seemly.] — Dec'orator, -t§r, n. — Dec- 
ora'tion. n. Act of decorating; that which enriches 
or beautifies; ornament. —Decoration day. May 
30th, on which the graves of those who fell in the 
Amer. civil war are decorated with flowers. — Dec'- 
orative, -tiv, a. Suited to embellish; adorning.— 
Decorous, de-ko'rus or dek'o-rus, a. Suitable to 
the time, place, and occasion ; becoming; proper; 
seemly. — Decorously, de-ko'- or dek'o-, adv. — De- 
corousness, de-ko r - or dek'o-, n. — Deco'rum, n. 
Propriety of speech, manner, etc.; dignity. [L.J 

Decorticate, de-k6r'«-kat, v. t. To take off the exte- 
rior coating or bark of; to peel. [L. decorticare, -ca- 
tum, f r. de and cortex, bark.] — Decortication, n. 

Decoy, de-coi', v. t. [-coyed (-koidO, -coying.] To 
entice into a snare, lead into danger by artifice, en- 
trap, insnare. — n. Anything intended to lead into 
a snare; esp. a sportsman's lure to entice birds into 
a net or within shot; a place into which wild fowls 
are enticed. [L. de-, down, and OF. cot, coy, quiet, 
tame. See Coy.] — Decoy'-duck, n. A duck, or im- 
itation of a duck, employed to decoy others. 

Decrease, de-kres', v. i. [-creased (-krest'), -creas- 
ing.] To become less, be diminished gradually. — 
v. t. To cause to lessen, make less. — n. A becom- 
ing less; gradual diminution; decay; wane, as of the 
moon. [L. decrescere, -cretum, fr. de and crescere, 
to grow.] — Decrement, n. State of becoming grad- 
ually less; quantity lost by waste, etc.— Decres'cent, 
-kres'ent, a. Decreasing. — Decres- 
cendo, da-kres-en'do, a. (Mus.) 
"With decreasing volume of sound, r,......, 

— a direction to performers, written -L»«,rest.euuu. 
upon the staff, or indicated as in the margin. [It.] 

Decree, de-kre', n. An order or decision by a court or 
other competent authority; law; statute; ordinance; 
edict, — v. t. [decreed (-kred r ), -creeing.J To de- 
termine judicially by authority, or by decree; to 
order, appoint. — v. i. To decide or appoint author- 
itatively, determine decisively. [OF. decret, fr. L. 
decernere, decretum, to decree, lit. to separate, fr. de 
and cernere, to sift, separate, decide, Gr. krinein : s. 
rt. sheer, skill.] — Decre'tal, a. Containing, or pen. 



to, a decree. — n. An authoritative order or decree; 
esp. a letter of the pope, determining some question 
in ecclesiastical law; a collection of the pope's de- 
crees. — Decre'tist, n. One versed in the decretals. 
-Decre'tive, -tiv, a. Having the force, or of the 
nature of a decree; determining.— Dec'retory, dek'- 
re-to-rt, a. Established by decree; definitive; serv- 
ing to determine; critical.— Decletorily, -rt-lY, adv. 

Decrepit, de-kreplt, a. Wasted or worn by the in- 
firmities of old age. [Incorrectly written decrepid.] 
[L. decrepitus, noiseless, hence moving noiselessly 
like aged people, fr. de and crepitus, a noise, prop, 
p. p. of crepare, to crackle.] — Decrepltness, -itude, 
n. — Decrepitate, -tat, v. t. To roast or calcine, so 
as to cause a continual explosion or crackling. — v. 
i. To crackle, as salts when roasting. — Decrep'ita'- 
tion, n. Act of decrepitating. 

Decrescendo, Decrescent. See under Decrease. 

Decretal, Decretory, etc. See under Decree. 

Decry, de-kri', v. t. [-cried (-krid'), -crying.] To 
cry down; to censure as faulty, mean, or worthless; 
to depreciate, detract, disparage. [OF. descrier, to 
call in bad coin, to discredit, disparage, fr. des (L. 
dis) and crier, to cry.] — Decri r er, n. — Decri'al, n. 
Clamorous censure; condemnation by censure. 

Decumbent, de-kum'bent, a. Bending or lying down ; 
prostrate ; recumbent. {Bot.) Reclining on the 
ground, and tending to rise at the summit. [L. de- 
cumbens, p. pr. of decumbere, fr. de and cumbere, for 
cubare, to lie down.]— Decum'bently, adv. — De- 
cum'bence, -bency, -sT, n. Act, posture, or state of, 
etc. — Decum'biture, -chur, n. State or time of con- 
finement from sickness. 

Decuple. See under Decade. 

Decurion. See under December. 

Decurrent, de-kur'rent, n. (Bot.) Extending down- 
ward, as the base of a leaf. [L. decurrens, p. pr. of 
decurrere, fr. de and cttrrere, cursum, to run.] — De- 
cur 'sive, -siv, a. Running down; decurrent. 

Decussate, de-kus'sat, v. t. To cross at an acute 
angle; to intersect or lie upon in the form of an 
X. [L. decussare, -satum, to cross, fr. decussis t a 
coin worth 10 asses (decern asses) and marked-with 
an X (= 10). See Ace.] — Decus'sate, -sated, a. 
Crossed ; intersected. (Bot.) Growing in pairs, 
each at right angles to the pair above or below 
(Rhet.) Consisting of 2 rising and 2 falling clauses, 
in alternate opposition to each other. — Decussa'- 
tion, n. Act of crossing at an acute angle; state of 
being crossed; intersection in the form of X. 

Dedecorous, de-dek'o-rus, a. Disgraceful; unbecom- 
ing. [See Decorous.] 

Dedentition, de-den-tish'un, n. The shedding of 
teeth, [de and dentition, q. v.] 

Dedicate, ded'Y-kat, v.t. To set apart and consecrate, 
as to a divinity, or for a sacred purpose: to devote, 
or give wholly or earnestly up to; to inscribe or ad- 
dress, as to a patron. — a. Set apart; consecrated; 
dedicated. [L. dedicare, -catum, to devote, fr. de 
and dicare, to proclaim, devote.] — Dedicator, -ter, 
n. One who dedicates, esp. a book.— Ded'icatee', 
n. One to whom a thing is dedicated. — Dedica'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. — Dedicatory, -to-rt, -to'rlal, 
-rl-al, a. Composing or serving as a dedication. 

Deduce, de-das', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -ducing.] To 
derive by logical process; to obtain as the result of 
reasoning, infer. [L. de and ducere, dvctum, to 
lead.] — Deduce'ment, n. Act or process of dedu- 
cing; that deduced; inference.— Dedu'cible, -st-bl, 
a. Capable of being deduced or inferred. — De- 
duct, -dukf, v. t. To take away, in calculating; 
subtract. — Deduc 'tion, n. Act or method of de- 
ducing, inferring, or concluding; act of deducting 
or taking away ; that deduced; inference; conclu- 
sion; that deducted; part taken away; abatement. 

— Deductive, -iv, a. Of, or pert, to, deduction; 
capable of being deduced from premises; deducible. 

— Deductively, adv. — Dedu'cive, -siv, o. Perform- 
ing the act of deduction. 

Deed, ded, n. That which is done, acted, or effected; 
an act ; illustrious act ; achievement ; exploit ; 
power of action ; agency ; efficiency. (Law.) A 
sealed instrument in writing, containing some 
transfer, bargain, or contract, esp. in regard to real 
estate. — v. t. To convey or transfer by deed. [AS. 
dsed, D. and Dan. daad, Ic. dadh, act.] — In deed 
or indeed. In fact ; in truth ; verily. — Deed'lesB, a. 
Inactive. 

Deem, dem, v. t. [deemed (demd), deeming.] To 
conclude on consideration; to think, judge, regard. 
•— w. i. To be of opinion, think, estimate. [AS. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fire ; end, eve, *3r?> • lu. I«: ; 3dd, tone, 6r ; 



DEEP 



137 



DEFINE 




deman, to judge, deem, D. doemen, Ic. dsema, to 
doom; AS. dom, a doom, judgment.] 
Deep, dep, a. Extending far below the surface; of 

freat perpendicular dimension; extending far back 
rom the front; low in situation; hard to penetrate 
or comprehend; mysterious ; profound; secret; of 
penetrating or far-reaching intellect ; thoroughly 
versed ; profoundly moving or affecting; penetra- 
ting; thorough; profoundly quiet or dark; unmixed; 
sunk low ; depressed ; abject ; strongly colored ; 
dark ; intense : of low tone; grave; heavy.— adv. 
To a great depth; far down; profoundly; deeply. — 
n. That which is deep, esp. deep water; the ocean; 
that which is profound ; most quiet or profound 
part ; the midst ; the depth. [AS. deop, D. diep, 
Dan. dyb, Ic. djupr, G. tie/; s. rt. dip, dive.] — 
Deeply, adv. — Deep'ness, n. — Deep'en, dep'n, v. 
t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make deep or in- 
crease the depth of, make darker or more intense, 
more poignant or affecting, or more grave or low in 
tone. — v. i. To become more deep. —Depth, n. 
Deepness ; measure of deepness ; a deep, or the 
deepest, or the middle, part, —as, depth of winter. 
[Ic. di/pdh, D. diepte.] 

Deer, der, n. sing, and pi. A ruminant quadruped of 
eeveral species, the males 
of which have antlers. 
iAS. deor, Goth, dius, 
OHG. tior, L. /era, Gr. 
therion, wild animal, D. 
dier. Dan. and Ic. dyr, 
Sw. djur, animal, beast.] 
— Deer'stalking, 
-etawk'ing.n. The hunt- 
ing of deer on foot, by 
stealing upon them un- 
awares. 

Deface, de-fas', v. t. 

[DEFACED (-fast'), -FA- 
CING.] To destroy or mar 
the face or external ap- 
pearanc of; to disfigure; 
to spoil by obliterating Deer 

important features of. 

[OF. desfacer, fr. des (L. dis) and face (L. fades), 
face.] — Deface'ment, n. Act of or condition of 
being, etc.; that which, etc. — Defa'cer, n. 

De facto, de-fak'to._ Actually; in fact; existing. [L.] 

Defalcate, de-fal'kat, v. t. To cut off, take away or de- 
duct part of, — used chiefly of money, accounts, 
etc. [LL. defalcate, -catum, to deduct, orig. to cut 
off with a sickle, fr. L. de andfalx,falcis, sickle.] — 
Defalcation, n. A cutting off; diminution; deficit; 
withdrawment ; that cut off ; an abstraction of 
money, etc., by an officer having it in charge ; em- 
bezzlement. 

Defame, de-fam', v. t. [-famed (-famd'), -faming.] 
To harm the good fame of by slanderous reports; 
to speak evil of, asperse, slander, calumniate. [OF. 
defamer, L. diffamare, f r. de and fama, report.] — 
Defam'er, n. — Defamation, def-a-ma'shun, n. Ma- 
licious circulation of reports injurious to another; 
slander; detraction; aspersion. — Defam'atory, -to- 
rt, a. Containing defamation. 

Default, de-fawlt', n. Omission of what ought to be 
done ; failure ; lack ; destitution. (Law.) A neg- 
lect of, or failure to take, some step necessary to se- 
cure the benefit of law. — v. i. To fail to appear in 
court; to let a case go by default. — v. t. To fail to 
perform. (Law.) To call (one who should be pres- 
ent in court), and make an entry of his default, if 
he fails to appear. [OF. deffaute, default, fr. de and 
faute,falte, fault, fr. IL.faUere, to fail.]— To suffer 
a default. To permit an action to be called without 
appearing to answer. — Default'er, n. One who 
makes default or fails to appear in court when called ; 
one who fails to account for money in his care; a 
delinquent; peculator. 

Defeat, de-fet', n. An overthrow, as of an attack, an 
army, etc. ; rout ; frustration. — v. t. To render 
null and void ; to overcome or vanquish, as an 
army ; to resist with success, ruin, subdue, foil, 
frustrate. [F. defaite, fr. ddfaire, to undo, fr. de 
(L. dis) and/aire (L./ac<?re), to make or do.] — De- 
feasance, -fe'zans, n. A rendering null or void. 
(Laic.) A condition, relating to a deed, which be- 
ing performed, the deed is defeated or rendered 
void; or a collateral deed, made at the same time 
with a conveyance, containing conditions, on per- 
formance of which the estate then created mav be 
defeated. [Norm. Law F. defaisance.] — Defea'- 



sible, -fe'zt-bl, a. Capable of being defeated, an- 
nulled, or made void. 

Defecate, def e-kat', v. t. To clear from impurities, 
as lees, dregs, etc.; to clarify, purify; to free from 
extraneous or polluting matter. — v.i. (Med.) To 
void excrement. — a. Freed from anything that can 
pollute ; refined ; purified. [L. defsecare, -catum, 
fr. de and fsex,fsecis, dregs, lees.] — Defeca'tion, n. 

Defect, de-fekt', n. Want of something necessary for 
completeness ; imperfection; failing; blemish ; de- 
formity; fault. [L. defectus, a want, prop. p. p. of 
deftcere, to fail, fr. de and facere, to do.] — Defect'- 
ive, -iv, o. Wanting in substance, quantity, or 
quality ; incomplete ; imperfect ; faulty. (Gram.) 
Lacking some of the usual forms of declension 
or conjugation. — Defectively, adv. — Defective- 
ness, n. — Defecation, n. Act of abandoning a per- 
son or cause to which one is bound ; apostasy ; 
backsliding. — Den'cient, -fish'ent, a. Wanting to 
make up completeness; not sufficient; inadequate; 
short. [L. deficiens, p. pr. of deftcere.'] — Deficiently, 
adv. — Defi'cience, -ciency, -shen-sT, n. State of be- 
ing, etc. ; want ; failure. — Deficit, -T-sit, n. Defi- 
ciency in amount or quality; lack. [L., 3d pers. pr. 
of deficere, lit. it is wanting.] 

Defend, de-fend', v. t. To repel danger or harm 
from, guard from injury. (Law.) To deny, as the 
claim of a plaintiff; to contest, as a suit. [OF. de- 
fendre, L. defendere, -fensum, fr. de and (obs.) 
fendere, to strike.] — Defend'er, n. — Defendant, n. 
One who makes defense against evil ; defender. 
(Law.) The party opposing a complaint, demand, 
or charge, at law or in equity. — Defen'sative, 
-sa-tiv, n. That which serves to guard or defend, 
as a plaster for a wound. — Defense', -fence', n. 
Act of, state of being, or that which, etc. ; protec- 
tion ; guard ; fortification ; apology ; justification. 
(Law.) The defendant's answer or plea. — De- 
fenseless, -fence'less, a. Destitute of defense; un- 
protected. — Defen'sible, -sT-bl, a. Capable of be- 
ing defended. — Defen'sive, -siv, n. Serving to de- 
fend; proper for defense ; carried on by resisting 
attack; in a state or posture to defend. — n. That 
which defends; a safeguard.— To be on the defen- 
sive, or to stand on the d. To be in a state of resist- 
ance. — Defen'sively, adv. — Defen'sor, -ser, n. 
(Law.) An advocate in court; guardian or protec- 
tor; defendant. (Eccl.) The patron of a church; 
officer in charge of the temporal affairs of a church. 

Defer, de-fgr', v. t. [-fekred (-ferd'), -ferring.] To 
put off, postpone to a future time, delay, adjourn, 
protract, — v.i. To put off, delay, wait. [OF. dif. 
ferer, to defer, delay, L. differre, to bear different 
ways, also, to delay, fr. dis, apart, and ferre, to 
bear.] — Defer'rer, n. 

Defer, de-fer', v. t. To lay before, submit respect- 
fully, refer. — v. i. To yield from respect to the 
wishes of another. [OF. deferer, to charge, accuse, 
L. deferre, to bring down, bring a thing b'efora one, 
fr. de, down, and ferre, to bear.]— Deference, n. 
A yielding of judgment or preference to the opinion 
of another; regard; respect. — Deferen'tial, -shal, a. 
Expressing deference; accustomed to defer. 

Defiance, Defier, etc. See under Defy. 

Deficient, Deficit, etc. See under Defect. 

Defile, defll', n. A narrow way, in which troops can 
march only in a file, or with narrow front ; a long, 
narrow pass, as between hills, etc. —v. i. To march 
off file by file ; to file off. [F. diftler, to file off, de- 
file, orig. to unravel, fr. de (L. dis), apart, and Titer, 
to spin threads, fr.fil, a thread, also a file, rank, L. 
filum, a thread. See File.] 

Defile, de-fil', v. t. [-filed (-fild'), -filing.] To 
make unclean, render foul or dirty, pollute, cor- 
rupt; to make impure or turbid; to sully; to tarnish, 
as reputation, etc.; 1 to vitiate ; to debauch, violate ; 
to make ceremonially unclean. [ME. defoulen, to 
tread down, also to make foul, partly fr. OF. de- 
fender, to trample on, fr. de and LL. folare, fidlare, 
to full cloth: see Full, v. t. ; partly fr. AS. fylan, to 
make foul, fr. ful, foul : see Foul.] — Defil'er, n. — 
Defile'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; foul- 
ness ; uncleanness ; pollution. 

Define, de-fin', v. t. [-fined (-find'), -fining.] To 
bring to a termination ; to end ; to determine the 
boundaries of, mark the limits of ; to determine 
with precision, fix the precise meaning of, explain, 
expound or interpret. [OF. definer, L. definire, fr. 
de and finire, -itum, to set a bound, fr. Jinis, end, 
limit.] — Defin'er, n. — Defin'able, a. — Definite, 
def'T-nit, a. Having certain limits in extent, or in 



sun, cube, full ; moon, iCbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. 



DEFLAGRATE 



138 



DE JURE 



signification ; precise ; fixed ; exact ; serving to de- 
fine or restrict. — Definitely, adv. — Def ' initeness, 
n. — Definition, -nish'un, n. Act of defining, dis- 
tinguishing, explaining, etc.; description of a thing 
by its properties ; explanation of the meaning of a 
word or term. (Log.) An enunciation of the con- 
stituents making up the logical essence. — Defini- 
tive, -tiv, a. Determinate ; final : conclusive ; un- 
conditional. — n. ( Gram.) A word used to define 
or Mmit the extent of the signification of a common 
noun. — Definitively, adv. — Definltiveness, n. 
Deflagrate, defla-grat, v. i. (Chem.) To burn with a 
sudden and sparkling eombustion. — v. t. To cause 
to burn, etc. [L. de and ftagrare, -gratum, to flame.] 

— Deflagration, n. A sparkling combustion, with- 
out explosion. — Deflagrable, de-fla'- or defla-, 
a. Having the quality of burning, etc — Defla- 
grator, n. A form of the voltaic battery producing 
rapid and powerful combustion. 

Deflect, de-flekt r , v. i. To turn aside, deviate from a 
right line, proper position, course, or direction ; to 
swerve. — v. t. To cause to turn aside. [L. de and 
flectere, flexum, to bend.] — Deflection, n. Act of, 
etc. ; deviation. (Naut.) Departure of a ship from 
its true course. (Opt.) Deviation of the rays of 
light toward the surface of an opaque body. — De- 
flexure, -flek'shur, n. A bending or turning aside. 

Defloor, -flower, de-flowr', v. t. [-floured or flow- 
ered (-flOWrd'), -FLOURING Or -FLOWERING.] To 

deprive of flowers ; to rob of the choicest ornament, 
esp. of virginity: to ravish, seduce. [OF. defleurer, 
LL. deflorare, to gather flowers, ravish, fr. de and 
flos,floris, a flower.] — Deflour'er, -flower'er, n.— 
Deflora'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Defluxion, de-fluk'shun, n. (Med.) A discharge or 
flowing off of humors. [L. dejluxio, f r. de and flu- 
ere,fluxum, to flow.] 

Deforce, de-fors', v. t. [-forced (-forsf), -forcing.] 
(Law.) To keep from the lawful possession of the 
owner. [OF. deforcer (LL. difforciare), fr. de and 
force, LL. fortia, power, fr. L./orte, strong.] — De- 
force'ment, n. A wrongful withholding, as of lands 
or tenements, to which another has a right. — Defor- 
ciant, -shant, n. (Eng. Law.) One who keeps out, 
etc. — Deforciation, -shT-a'-, n. (Law.) A withhold- 
ing by force or fraud from rightful possession. 

Deforest, de-f or'est, v. t. To clear of forests, destroy 
the trees of. 

Deform, de-f6rm', v. t. [-formed (-f6rmd r ), -form- 
ing.] To mar or alter in form, disfigure, render dis- 
pleasing or ugly. [OF. defforme, L. defom.is, ugly, 
fr. de and forma, form, beauty.]— Deformation, n. 
Act of, etc. — Deform'edly, adv. In an ugly manner. 

— Deform'er, n. — Deformity, -Y-ti, n. State of be- 
ing deformed ; want of symmetry ; irregularity of 
shape or features ; anything destroying beauty, 
grace, or propriety; distortion ; defect ; absurdity. 

Defraud, de-frawd', v. t. To deprive of right by 
fraud, deception, or artifice; to withhold wrongfully, 
injure by embezzlement, cheat, deceive, frustrate. 
[OF. defrauder, L. defraudare, fr. de and j ram, 
fraudis, fraud.]— Defraud'er, n. 

Defray, de-fra', v. t. [-frayed (-fradO, -fraying.] 
To meet the cost of, bear the expense of. [OF. de- 
frayer, fr. de and frait, LL. fractus, cost, expense, 
fr. L. frangere, fractum, to break.] — Defray'al, 
-ment, n. Act of, etc. — Defray'er, n. 

Deft, deft, a. Apt ; fit ; dexterous ; neat. [AS. daft, 
fr. dafan, to be fit or apt.] — Deftly, adv. 

Defunct, de-funkf, a. Having finished the course of 
life; dead; deceased. [L. defunctus, p. p. oidefungi, 
to discharge, depart, die, f r. de and fungi, to per- 
form.]— n. A dead person. 

Defy, de-fi', v. t. [defied (-fid'), -fying.] Ong., to 
renounce faith or obligation with, reject. To pro- 
voke to combat or strife ; to act in hostility to ; eall 
out to combat, challenge, dare, brave. [F. defer, 
LL. diffidare, prop, to commit a breach of faith, fr. 
L. dis and fides, faith.] — Defi'er, n. — Defi'ance, 
-ans, n. Act of, etc.; a challenge ; provocation; state 
of opposition. — Defi'ant, a. Full of, etc.; bold; in- 
solent. 

Degenerate, de-jen'er-at, v. i. To be or grow worse 
than one's kind ; to be inferior or degraded; to de- 
teriorate. — a. Having deteriorated ; mean ; base ; 
low. [L. degenerare, -atum, fr. degener, degenerate, 
fr. de and genus, generis, birth, race.] — Degen'erate- 
ly, adv. — Degen'erateneBS, ».— Degeneration, De- 
generacy, -si, n. Act of becoming, or state of hav- 
ing become degenerate; decay; meanness; poorness. 
— Degenerative, -tiv, a. Tending to degenerate. 



Deglutinate, de-glulY-nat, v. t. To loosen by dissolv- 
ing the glue which unites ; to unglue. [L. de and 
glutinare, fr. gluten, glue.] 

Deglutition, deg-lu-tish r un, n. Act or power of swal- 
lowing. [L. de and glutire, to swallow.] 

Degrade, de-grad', v. t. To reduce to a lower rank or 
degree; to deprive of office or dignity; to reduce in es- 
timation, eharacter, or reputation; abase; lower ; re- 
duce. ( Geol.) To wear down, as hills and mountains. 
[OF. degrader, L. degradare, fr. de and gradus, rank 
See Grade.] — Degrad'ed, p. a. Reduced in rank, 
character, etc. ; sunken ; low ; base. (Nat. Hist.) 
Presenting the typical characters in an imperfect 
condition. — Degradlngly, adv. — Degradation, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. ; diminution of strength, 
efficacy, or value. (Geol.) A gradual wearing down 
or wasting, as of rocks, banks, etc., by the action of 
water, frost, etc. (Nat. Hist.) Condition of a type 
which exhibits degraded forms, species, or groups. 

Degree, de-gre r , n. One step upward or downward, 
in quality, rank, acquirement, etc. ; grade ; grada- 
tion; point of progression to which one has arrived; 
station ; quality ; extent : grade to which scholars 
are admitted in recognition of their attainments by 
a college or university. (Genealogy.) A certain re- 
move in the line of descent, determining proximity 
of blood. (Geom.) A 860th part of the circumfer- 
ence of a circle. (Algebra.) State as indicated by 
sum of exponents. A division, space, or interval, 
marked on a mathematical instrument, etc., as on a 
thermometer. (Mus.) Difference in elevation be; 
tween 2 notes. [OF. degre, degret, fr. L. de and 
gradus. See Degrade.] — By degrees. Step by 
step; by little and little. — To a degree. To an ex- 
treme ; exceedingly. 

Dehiscent, de-his'sent, a. (Bot.) Opening, as the cap- 
sule of a plant. [L. de and hts- 
cere, to yawn, gape; s. rt. chaos, 
yawn.] — Dehis'cence, -sens, n. 
Act of gaping. (Bot.) The 
opening of pods and of cells 
of anthers at maturity, to emit 
seeds, pollen, etc. 

Dehort, de-hfirf, v. t. To urge 
to abstain from, dissuade. [L. 
de and hortari, -tatus, to urge, 
exhort.] — Dehorta'tion^n. 
Dehort'atory, -to-ri, a. 
ing to dissuade. 

Deicide, Deify, etc. See u . 
Deity. Dehiscent Silicula. 

Deign, dan, v. i. [deigned (dand), deigning.] To 
think worthy, vouchsafe, condescend. — v. t. To 
condescend to give. [OF. deigner, degner, L. dig- 
nari, fr. dignus, worthy. See Dainty.] 

Deity, de'T-tY, n. The collection of attributes which 
make up the nature of a god; divinity ; godhead ; a 
god or goddess. — The deity. God, the Supreme Be- 
ing. [OF. deite, L. deitas, fr. deus, AS. Tiw (whence 
Tuesday), Ic. tivi, OHG. Ziu (whence Ziwes tac, Q. 
LHenstag, E. Tuesday), W. duw, Ga. and Ir. dia, 
Skr. deva, god, Gr. Zeus, Jupiter, fr. Skr. div, to 
shine ; s. rt. L. dies, day; not s. rt. Gr. theos, a god.] 
— De'ist, n. One who believes in the existence of a 
God, but denies revealed religion; one who professes 
no form of religion, but follows nature and reason; 
a freethinker. — Deist'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to deism or 
to deists. — Deist'ically, adv. — Deism, -izm, n. 
Doctrine or creed of, etc. — Deify. -Tt-fl, v . t. [-fied 
(-lid), -fying.] To make a god of, apotheosize ; to 
treat with supreme regard, render god-like. [OF. 
deifier; h.facere, to make.] — Delfi'er, n.— Deiflc, 
-ical, a. Making divine. — De'ifica'tion, n. Act of, 
etc.— Delform, a. Like a god; of godlike form. [L. 
forma, form.] — Deicide, -sid, ». Act of killing a 
divine being, esp. of putting Christ to death ; one 
concerned in, etc. [L. csedere, to cut, kill.] — Deip- 
arous, -ip'a-rus, a. Bringing forth a god, — said of 
the Virgin Mary. [L. parere, to bring forth.] 

Deject, de-jekt', v. t. To cast down the spirits of, dis- 
courage, dishearten, depress. [L. dejicere, -jectum, 
fr. de and jacere, to throw.] — Deject'edly, adv. In 
a dejected manner; sadly. - Deject'edness, n. — De- 
ject 'er, n. — Dejection, n. Lowness of spirits from 
grief or misfortune; melancholy; weakness. (Med.) 
Act of voiding excrement ; matter voided. — Dejec - 
ture, -jek'chur, n. Excrement. 

Dejeuner, da-zh'e-na', De^eune, da-zhgn', n. A break- 
fast; lunch. [F., fr. L. dis and jejunus, fasting.] 
De jure, de-ju're. Bv right; of right; by law, often 
opp. to de facto. [L.] 



Tend- 
nder 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, ice ; Odd, tone, dr ; 



DEKAGRAM 



iay 



DELVE 



Dekagram, Dekaliter, etc. See Decagram, etc., un- 

derDECADE. 
Delaine, de-lan', n. A fabric for ladies' dress-goods, 

— orig. all wool, now of cotton and wool, or worsted. 
[F. de laine, of wool.] 

Delay, de-la', v. t. [-layed (-lad'), -laying.] To 
put off, defer : to stop, detain, or hinder, for a time, 
retard the motion of, procrastinate, protract. — v. i. 
To move slowly, linger, tarry, — n. A deferring; 
procrastination ; a lingering; stay ; detention. [OF. 
delai. It. dilata, fr. L. (lis and ferre, latum, to Dear, 
whence, defer] — Delay 'er, n. 

Dele, de'le, v. t. (Print.) Erase, remove, —a direc- 
tion to cancel something which has been put in (. 
type; usually expressed as in the margin. [L., Q> 
imper. of delere, deletum, to destroy, blot out.] 

— Delete, -let', v. t. To blot out, erase, destroy. — 
Dele'tdon, n. Act of, etc. — Deleble, del'e-bl, a. 
Capable of being, etc. — Del'ete'rious, -rl-us, a. De- 
structive to life; poisonous; pernicious. — Delen'da, 
-da, n. ill. Things to be erased. 

Delectable. Delectation, etc. See under Delicate. 

Delegate, del'e-gat, v. t. To send as one's representa- 
tive ; to commission, depute ; to intrust to the care 
or management of another, assign, commit. — n. 
One deputed to represent another ; one elected to 
represent the people of a territory in Congress, with 
the right of debating, but not of voting ; a deputy ; 
representative; commissioner; attorney.— a. Sent to 
act for another; deputed. [L. de and legare, -gatum, 
to send, depute.]— Delega'tion, n. Act of delega- 
ting ; appointment of a delegate ; one or more per- 
sons representing others, as in Congress, etc. (Law.) 
A substitution by which a debtor gives a third per- 
son, who becomes obliged in his stead to the creditor. 

Delenda, Delete, Deleterious, etc. See under Delb. 

Delf , delf , Delft, Delft'ware, n. Earthen ware, covered 
with white glazing, — orig. made at Delft, Holland. 

Deliberate, de-lib'er-at, v. t. To weigh in the mind, 
consider maturely, reflect upon, ponder. — v. i. To 
take counsel with one's self, weigh the arguments 
for and against a proposed course of action, reflect, 
consider. — a. Weighing with a view to decision; 
carefully considering probable consequences ; cir- 
cumspect; formed with deliberation; well advised; 
not hasty or sudden; slow. [L. deliberare, -atum, fr. 
de and librare, to weigh, fr. libra, a balance.]— De- 
lib'erately, adv. — Deub'erateness, n. — Delib'era'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. — Deliberative, -tiv, a. Pert, 
to, or proceeding or acting by deliberation.— Delib'- 
eratively, adv. In the way of deliberation. 

Delicate, del'T-kat, a. Full of pleasure; delightful; 
pleasing to the senses, or to a nice or cultivated taste; 
softly tinted, — said of color: fine or slender, —said 
of thread; slight or smooth, light and yielding,— said 
of texture; soft and fair, — said of the skin or a sur- 
face ; refined; scrupulous not to offend, — said of 
manners or feelings; tender, not able to endure hard- 
ship, —said of constitution, health, etc.; requiring 
nice handling; dainty; nicely discriminating. [L. 
delicatus, luxurious; delicia, luxury, pleasure, deli- 
cere, to amuse, allure, fr. de and lacere, to allure.] — 
Del'icacy, -ka-st, n. State or condition of being del- 
icate; agreeableness to the senses; nicety of form, 
texture, or constitution; frailty or weakness; ex- 
treme propriety; susceptibility or tenderness; effem- 
inacy ; luxury; self-indulgence; critical niceness ; 
that which is pleasing, delicate, or refined ; a luxury 
or pleasure; thing pleasant to the senses, esp. to the 
sense of taste; a dainty. — Del'icately, adv. — Del'- 
icateness, n. — Deli'cious, -lish'us, a. Affording ex- 
quisite pleasure; most grateful to the senses, esp. to 
the taste. [OF. delicieus, LL. deliciosus, fr. L. de- 
licia.] — Deli'ciously, adv. — Deli'ciousness, n. — 
Delight, de-lit', n. A high degree of gratification of 
mind; lively happiness; joy; that which affords de- 
light. —v. t. To give great pleasure to; to please 
m hi 



highly. 
L. delec 



v. i. To have or take delight. [OF. deliter, 
L. delectare, -atum, to delight, freq. of delicere, F. 
delit, delight (noun).] — Delight'ful, -ful, -some, 
-sum, a. Affording, etc.; delicious; charming. — 
Delight'fully, adv.— Delight 'fulness, n. — Delec'ta- 
ble, a. Delightful. [F.j L. delectabilis.] — Delec'- 
tably. adv. — Delec'tableness, n. — Delecta'tion, n. 

Deligate, del'i-gat, v. t. (Surg.) To bind up, band- 
age. [L. de and ligare, to bind.] — Deliga'tion, n. 
Act or operation of, etc. 

Delimit, de-lim'it, v. t. To lay out, as the boundary 
of a country. [L. de and E. limit, q. v.] — Delimita- 
tion, n. Act of, etc., esp. when a rearrangement of 
territory is made; a boundary-line. 



Delineate, de-lin'e-at, v. t. To represent by sketcn, 
design, or diagram; to portray to the mind, depict, 
sketch, picture, describe. [L. de and lineare, -atum, 
to draw in outline, fr. linea, a line.] — Delin'ea'tion, 
n. Act of, etc. ; description ; portrait ; outline ; 
draught. — Delin'ea'tor, -tgr, n. One who, etc.— 
Delin'eament, -e-a-ment, n. Representation by, etc. 

Delinquent, de-link'went, a. Failing in duty; offend- 
ing by neglect of duty. — n. One who fails to per- 
form his duty; an offender; one who commits a fault 
or crime. [L. delinquens, p. pr. of delinquere, to be 
wanting in duty, i'r. de and linquere, to leave.] — De- 
linquency, -wen-st, n. Failure or omission of duty; 
fault; crime. 

Deliquesce, del'T-kwes', v. i. [-quesced (-kwesf), 
-quescing.] To dissolve gradually and become liq- 
uid by absorbing moisture from tlie air. [L. de and 
liquescere, to melt, fr. liguere, to be fluid.] — Deli- 
ques'cent, -sent, a. Liquefying in the air. (Bot.) 
Branching so that the stem is lost in the branches. — 
Deliques'cence, -sens, n. Act or state of being, etc. 
— Deliq'uiate, -lik'wY-at, v. i. To deliquesce. — De- 
liq'uium, a. ( Chem.) A melting or dissolution in th« 
air, or in a moist place. [L.] 

Delirium, de-lir'T-um, n. (Med.) A state in which 
one's ideas are wild, irregular, and unconnected; 
mental aberration. Strong excitement; wild enthu. 
siasm; insanity; frenzy; madness. [L. , fr. delirus, 
one who leaves the furrow in plowing, fr. de and 
lira, furrow.] — Delirium tremens. (Med.) A violent 
delirium induced by excessive and prolonged use of 
intoxicating liquors. — Delir'ious, -T-us, a. Suffer- 
ing from, etc.; wandering in mind; insane.— Delir'- 
iouaness, n. — Delir'iant, n. (Med.) A poison which 
occasions mental aberration — as belladonna. 

Delitescence, del-T-tes'sens, -cency, -sen-st, n. State 
of being concealed; retirement. (Med.) The period 
during which poisons lie dormant in the system. 
[L. delitescent, p. pr. of delitescere, fr. de and lates- 
cere, to hide one's self, f r. latere, to lie hid.] 

Deliver, de-liv'gr, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -eking.] To 
free from restraint, set at liberty, save from evil; to 
give or transfer, part with to, make over; to com- 
municate, pronounce, utter, impart; to give forth in 
action, discharge; to relieve of a child in child-birth. 
[F. de"livrer, LL. deliberare, to liberate, give over, f r. 
L. de and liberare, to set free. See Liberate.] — 
Deliv'erer, n.— Deliv'erance, -ans, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. — Deliv'ery, -Sr-t, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; rescue; release; surrender; ut- 
terance; parturition; freedom; preservation. 

Dell, del, n. A small retired dale or valley; ravine; 
dingle. [Same as dale. q. v.; OD. delle, pool, ditch.] 

Delphian, del'fT-an, Del'phic, a. (Gr. Antig.) Rela- 
ting to Delphi, in Greece, and its oracle; oracular. 

Dolphin, -phine, del'fin, a. Pert, to the dauphin of 
France or to an edition of the classics, prepared for 
his use. [See Dauphin.] — Del'phine, a. Pert, to 
the dolphin, a genus of fishes. [L. delphinus, a dol- 
phin.] 

Delta, del'ta, n.; pi. -tas, -taz. The Greek letter A; 
a triangular tract of land; esp. the space between 2 
mouths of a river. (Geol.) Alluvial flats formed 
about diverging mouths of a river.— 
Del'toid. a. Like the Greek A; trian- 
gular. TGr. delta and eidos, form.] — 
Deltoid leaf. (Bot.) One of triangular 
form. — D. muscle. (Anat.) The mus- 
cle in the shoulder which moves the 
arm directly upward. 

Delude, de-lud'', v. t. To lead from 
truth or into error, mislead the judg- 
ment of; to frustrate or disappoint; to 
deceive, beguile, cheat. [L. de and 
ludere, lusum, to play, mock.] — De- j^tx - d , f 
lud'er, n. - Delud'able, a. - Delu'- V* 1101 * 1 Ieaf ■ 
sion, -zhun, n. Act of , or state of being, etc.; false 
belief; error; illusion; fallacy. — Delu'sive, -siv, a. 
Fitted or tending to mislead. — Delu'sory, -so-rl, a. 
Apt to delude. 

Deluge, del'uj, n. An overflowing of the land by 
water; an inundation; esp. the flood in the days of 
Noah; anything which overwhelms, as a great ca- 
lamity. — v. t. [deluged (-ujd), -uging.] To over- 
flow, as with water, inundate, drown; to overwhelm 
under a general calamity. [F. deluge, OF. deluve, 
Li. diluvium, fr. dis and luere, to wash.] 

Delve, delv, v. t. [delved (delvd), delving.] To dig; 
to open with a spade; to fathom, penetrate, trace 
out. — v. i. To labor with the spade. [AS. delfan, 
D. delven ; s. rt. dale, dell] — Delv'er, n. 




sun. cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



DEMAGNETIZE 



140 



DEMOTIC 



Demagnetize, de-mag' net-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -iz- 
ing.j To deprive of magnetic polarity; to restore 
from a sleep-waking state, [ete and magnetize, q. v.] 

Demagogue, dem'a-gog, n. One who controls the mul- 
titude by specious or deceitful arts; an artful politi- 
cal orator, [fc.; Gr. demagogos, fr. demos, the com- 
mon people, and agein, to lead.] — Dem'agogism, 
-gog-izm, -agogy, -gog'T, -agog'ery, -er-T, n. Arts or 
practices of, etc. 

Demain. See Demesne. 

Demand, de-mand', v. t. To ask or call for, as one 
who has a claim, right, or power, to enforce the 
claim; to make requisition of ; to inquire earnestly 
or authoritatively, question; to require as necessary; 
to be in urgent need of. {Law.) To call into court, 
summon. — v. i. To make a demand, ask, inquire! 

— n. Act of, etc.; requisition; exaction; earnest in- 
quiry; question; diligent search; manifested want; 
thing claimed; claim. [OF. demander, L. deman- 
dare, fr. de and mandare, to entrust.] — In demand. 
In request; much sought after. — On d. On presen- 
tation and request of payment. — Demand'' able, a.— 
Demand'ant, «. One who demands; the plaintiff in 
an action. — Demand'er, n. 

Demarcation, -kation, de-mar-ka'shun, n. Act of 
marking, or of setting a limit; division; separation; 
a limit ascertained and fixed. [F. demarcation, fr. 
de" (L. de), down, and marquer, to mark; not fr. de 1 - 
marquer, to take away a mark, f r. L. dis, etc.] 

Demean, de-men', v. t. [-MEANED(-mend'), -meaning.] 
To manage, conduct, treat, deport. [OF. demener, 
to conduct, guide, manage, fr. de and mener, to con- 
duct, LL. minare, to lead from place to place; L. 
minare, to urge, drive on, rninari, to threaten.] — v. 
t. To debase, lower, degrade. [A blundering for- 
mation f r. E. mean, base.] — Demean'or, -er, n. Man- 
ner of behaving; conduct; deportment; mien. 

Dementia, de-men'shY-a, n. Loss of mental power as 
a result of brain-disease. [L., madness, dementire, to 
be out of one's mind, f r. de and mens, mentis, mind.] 

— De'mency, -sT, n. Dementia. — Demen'tate, -tat, 
a. Deprived of reason, — v. t. To deprive of reason. 

— Dementa'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 
Demephitize, de-mefT-tlz, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tiz- 

ing.] To purify from foul, unwholesome air. [Fr. 
de and F. me'phitiser, to infect with mephitis, q. v.] 

Demerit, de-mgr'it, n. That which deserves blame or 
detracts from merit; fault; crime; vice; state of one 
who deserves ill. [OF. demerite, LL. demeritum, fr. 
L. de and merere, to deserve. See Merit.] 

Demesne, de-men', -main'', -man, n. (Law.) The chief 
manor-place, with that part of its lands not granted 
out in tenancy. [OF. demaine, domaine (demesne 
being a false spelling), fr. L. dominium, lordship; 
same as domain, q. v.] 

Demicadence, dem'T-ka'dens, ti. (Mus.) An imperfect 
cadence, or one that falls on any other than the key- 
note. [F. demi, half (It. demi, L. demidius, fr. dis, 
apart, and medius, middle), and cadence, q. v.] — 
Dem'i-god, n. A fabulous hero, half divine, pro- 
duced by the cohabitation of a deity with a mortal. 

— Dem'i-lune, -lun, n. (Fort.) A work beyond the 
main ditch of a fortress, and in front of the curtain 
between 2 bastions, to defend the curtain; a ravelin. 
See Ravelin.— Dem / i-monde r , -moNd', n. The lower 
half of society; persons of doubtful reputation; esp. 
women kept as mistresses. [F. ; monde, L. mundus, 
the world.] — Demi-rep, n. A woman of suspicious 
chastity. [Contr. of demi-reputation.~] — Dem'i-ri'- 
lie'vo, -re'le-a'vo, n. (Sculp.) Half-relief, or the 
standing out of a figure from the background by 
half its thickness. 
[It.] — Dem'i-seml- 
qua'ver, -kwa'ver, n. 
(Mus.) A short note, 
equal in time to the 
half of a semi-qua- 
ver, or l-32d part of 
whole note. — Demi-tint, n. (Paint.) A grada- 
tion of color between positive light and positive 
shade. — Demi- volt, n. An artificial motion of a 
horse, in which he raises his fore-legs peculiarly. 
[F. volte, a gait of a horse, fr. L. volvere, to turn.] 

Demijohn, dem'Y-jon, n. A glass bottle with large 
body and small neck, inclosed in wicker-work. [F. 
dame-jeanne (i. e.. Lady Jane), corrupt, of Dama- 
ghan, a town in Khorassan, once famous for glass- 
works.] 

Demise, de-mlz', n. Transmission by formal act or 
conveyance to an heir or successor; transference; 
decease of a royal, princely, or distinguished per- 




Demi-semi-quavers 



son. (Laic.) Conveyance or transfer of an estate* 

— v. t. [demised (-mizd''), -mising.] To transfer or 
transmit by succession or inheritance; to bequeath; 
to lease. fOF., p. p. of desmettre, to displace, dis- 
miss, L. dimittere, to send away, fr. dis and mittere t 
to send.] — Demisable, -za-bl, a. — DemisSion, 
-mish'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; degra- 
dation; humiliation. 

Demit, de-mif, v. i. To let fall, depress; to lay down 
formally, as an office; to yield or submit. [L. de 
and mittere, to send.J 

Demiurge, dem'T-erj, n. God as creator and former 
of the world; an aeon, or exalted and mysterious 
agent in the creation of the world and of man from 
matter, — so called by the Gnostics, and regarded 
as the source of everything evil. [Gr. demiourgos, 
workman, esp. maker of the world, fr. demos, the 
people, and ergon, a work.] — Demiur'gic, a. Pert. 
to, etc.; formative; creative. 

Demobilize, de-mob'Y-liz, v. t. (Mil.) To dismiss 
from active service, or a war footing; muster out; 
disarm, — said of troops. [F. ddmobihser, f r. de and 
mobiliser, to mobilize, fr. mobile, L. mobilis, mov- 
able, fr. movere, to move.] — Demob iliza'tion, n. 
Process of, etc. 

Democracy, de-mok'ra-sT, n. A form of government 
in which supreme power is vested in the people, and 
the legislative and executive functions are exercised 
by the people or by persons representing them; prin- 
ciples held by one of the political parties of the U. 
S. [OF. democratic, Gr. demokratia, fr. demos, the 
people, and kratein, to be strong, rule, fr. kratm, 
strength.] — Dem'ocrat, n. An adherent or promoter 
of, etc.— Democratic, -ical,o. Pert, to, or favoring, 
etc.; constructed upon the principle of popular gov- 
ernment ; favoring popular rights,— Democratically, 
adv. 

Demolish, de-mollsh, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] 
To throw or pull down, pull to pieces, ruin, over- 
throw, destroy, raze. [OF. demolir, L. demoliri, 
-litus, fr. de and moliri, to endeavor, displace, fr. 
moles, a heap, effort.] — Demollsher, n. — Demoli- 
tion, -lish'un, n. Act of, etc.; destruction. 

Demon, de'mun, n. (Gr. Antiq.) A spirit holding a 
middle place between men and gods; a departed 
soul. An evil spirit; devil. TOF.; L. dsemon, Gr. 
daimon.'] — Demoniac, de-mo'nf-ak, -niacal, dem- 
o-ni'ak-al, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.; influenced by 
evil spirits; devilish. — Demo'niac, n. A human be- 
ing possessed by, etc. — Demo'nian, a. Having the 
nature of, etc. — De'monism, -izm, n. Belief in 
demons or false gods. — De'monist, n. One who 
believes, etc. — De'monship, n. State of being, etc. 

— DemonolStry, -a-trT, n. Worship of, etc. [Gr. 
latreia, worship.] — DemonolSgy, -o-jT, n. A 
treatise on evil spirits. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 

Demonetize, de-mon'e-tiz, v. t. [-tized (-tTzd>, 
-tizing.] To deprive of value, or withdraw from 
use, as currency. — Demon' stiza'tion, n. Process 
of, or state of being, etc. 

Demonstrate, dem'on- or de-mon'strat, v. t. To point 
out, indicate, exhibit: to show, prove, or establish 
so as to exclude doubt or denial. (Anat.) To ex- 
hibit and describe the parts of a dead body, when 
dissected. [L. de and monstrare, -stratum, to show.] 

— Demonstrable, a. Admitting of decisive proof. 

— Demon'strableness, -strabil'ity, n. — Demon- 
strably, adv. — Demonstration, n. Act of, etc.; 
proof; manifestation of feelings by outward signs. 
(Anat.) Exhibition of parts of a subject prepared 
by the dissector. (Logic.) Act of proving by syl- 
logistic process. (Math.) A course of reasoning 
showing that a certain result is a necessary conse- 
quence of assumed premises. (Mil.) A decisive 
exhibition of force, or a movement indicating an 
intention. — Demonstrative, -tiv, a. Tending to 
demonstrate; having the power of demonstration; 
expressing feeling, thoughts, etc.; frank; open.— 
Demonstrative pronoun. (Gram.) One distinctly 
designating that to which it refers. — Demonstra- 
tively, adv. — Dern'onstra'tor, n. One who, etc. — 
Demon'stratory, -rt, a. Tending to, etc. 

Demoralize, de-mor'al-Tz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] 
To destroy or undermine the morals of; to render 
corrupt in morals, discipline, courage, etc. [F. de"* 
moraliser, fr. de (OF. des, L. dis, apart) and moral- 
iser, to expound morally.] — Demor'aliza'tion, n. 
Act of, or state resulting from, etc. 

Demotic, de-mofik, a. Pert, to the people; popular; 
common. [Gr. demotes, a commoner, ir. demos, the 
people.] — Demotic alphabet or character. A form 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn. ice ; Odd. tone, 6r j 



DEMULCENT 



141 



DEOXIDATE 



of writing used in Egypt since 6 or 7 centuries b. c, 
for books, deeds, etc. : a simplification of the hieratic 
character; — called also enchorial character. 

Demulcent, de-mul'sent, a. Softening, mollifying, 
lenient. — n. {Med.) A substance of a bland, mu- 
cilaginous nature, to protect the tissues from the 
action of irritant humors. [L. demulcens, p. pr. of 
demulcere. to sooth, fr. de and mulcere, to allay.] 

Demur, de-mer', v. i. [-mukked (-merd'), -murring.] 
To delay, pause, suspend proceedings in view of a 
doubt or difficulty. (Law.) To raise an objection, 
and abide upon it for decision by the court. — n. 
Stop; pause; hesitation as to proceeding ; suspense 
of decision or action. [OF. demeurer, demourer, to 
stay, fr. L. demorari, to retard, delay, fr. de and 
morari, to delay, fr. mora, delay; prob. s. rt. L. 
mentor, mindful.] — Demur'rage, -rej, n. (Com.) 
Detention of a vessel by the freighter beyond the 
time allowed by her charter-partv ; payment for 
such detention. [Also applied to land carriage, by 
wagons, railways, etc.]— Demur'rer, n. One who 
demurs. (Law.) A stop in an action upon a point 
to be determined by the court before further pro- 
ceedings can be had. 

Demure, de-mur', a. Of sober or serious mien ; of 
modest appearance ; grave ; modest in outward 
seeming only; making a show of gravity. [OF.de 
mws = de bons mitrs, of good manners; murs fr. L. 
moi-es, morals.] — Demurely, adv.— Demure'ness, n. 

Demy, de-mi r , n.; pi. Demies, -miz'. A size of paper 
next smaller than medium. — a. Pert, to, or made 
of, this size of paper. IDemi : see Demicadence.] 

Den, den, n. A cave or hollow place in the earth, for 
concealment, shelter, or security ; a customary 
place of resort; haunt; retreat. — v. i. To dwell as 
in a den. [AS. denn, OD. denne.] 

Denarius, de-na'rY-us, n. ; pi. -rii, -rY-T. An old 
Roman coin worth about lb cents, —orig. worth 10 
of the pieces called as. [L., fr. deni, 10 by 10, fr. 
decern, ten. See December.] — Den'ary, -rt, a. Con- 
taining 10; tenfold. — n. The number 10. 

Denationalize, de-nash'un-al-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), 
-izing.] To divest of national character or rights, 
by transference to the service of another nation, [de 
and nationalize."] 

Denaturalize, de-nach'Sr-al-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), 
-izing.] To render unnatnral ; alienate from na- 
ture; to denationalize, [de and naturalise.] 

Dendrite, den'drit, n. (Min.) A stone pr mineral, 
showing branching figures resembling trees. [Gr. 
dendron, a tree; s. rt. drus, tree, oak, E. tree.] — 
Dendrit'ic, -drlfik, -ical, a. Containing, etc.— 
Den'droid, a. Resembling a shrub or tree. [Gr. 
eidos, form.] — Den'driform, -drT-f6rm, a. Den- 
droid. [L. forma, form.] — Dendrol'ogy, -jY, m. A 
treatise on trees ; natural history of trees. [Gr. 
logos, discourse.]— Dendrol'ogist, n. One versed 
in, etc. — Dendrom'eter, n. An instrument to meas- 
ure trees, f Gr. metron, measure.] 

Dengue, den'ga, n. A violent fever, with rheuma- 
tism, epidemic in tropical countries, — called also 
dandy-, bouquet-, and bucket-fever. See Break- 
bone fever. [Called dandy in Brit. W. India 
islands, from the attitudes of the sufferers; corrupt, 
by Spaniards into Sp. dangue, dengue, lit. prudery.] 

Deniable, Denial, etc. See under Deny. 

Denim, den'im, n. A coarse cotton drilling used for 
overalls, etc. 

Denizen, den'Y-zn, n. An adopted or naturalized 
citizen; a stranger admitted to residence in a for- 
eign country; dweller; inhabitant, —v. t. [-zened 
(-znd), -zening.] To make a denizen, provide with 
denizens. [OF. deinzein, f r. deinz = F. dans, L. de 
intus, from within.] — Denization, n. Act of, etc. 

Dennet, den'net, n. A 2-wheeled carriage, like a gig. 

Denominate, de-nom'Y-nat, v. t. To give a name or 
epithet to, entitle, name, designate, —a. Having a 
specific name; specified in the concrete as opposed 
to abstract. [L. denominare, -atum, fr. de and 
nomen, a name.] — Denom'inable, a. Capable of 
being, etc. — Denom ina/tion, n. Act of, etc.; that 
by which anything is styled; a name, esp. a general 
name indicating a class of like individuals; a class, 
or collection of individuals, called by the same 
name; a sect. — Denominational, a. Pert, to, etc. 
— Denominative, -tiv, a. Conferring or possessing, 
etc.: derived from a substantive or adjective. — n. 
(Gram.) A verb formed from a noun either sub- 
stantive or adjective. — Denom'ina tor, -ter, n. One 
who, or that which, gives a name. (Arith.) The 
number below the line in vulgar fractions, snowing 



into how many parts the integer is divided. (Alg.) 
That part of any expression below the horizontal 
line signifying division. 

Denote, de-nof, v. t. To indicate, point out, mark; 
to be the sign of, signify, mean, intend. [OF. de 
noter, L. denotare, fr. de and notare, to mark, nota, 
a mark.] — Denot^ able, a. — Den'ota'tion, n. 

Denouement, da-noo'moN, n. The catastrophe, esp. 
of a drama, romance, etc.; solution of a mystery; 
issue; event. [F., fr. denouer, to untie, fr. de (L. 
dis) and noue (L. nodus), a knot.] 

Denounce, de-nowns', v. t. [-no'unced (-nownsf), 
-nouncing.] To give formal or official notice of. 
announce, declare ; to threaten by some outward 
expression ; to point out as deserving of punish- 
ment, etc., inform against, stigmatize. [OF. de- 
noncer, L. denuntiare, -atum, to declare, fr. de and 
nuntius, a messenger. See Nuncio.]— Denounce'- 
ment, n. Notification, esp. of a threat, calamity, 
etc.; denunciation. — Denoun'cer, n.— Denun'ciate, 
-shY-at, v. t. To denounce. — Denun'cia'tion, n. 
Act of, etc.; that by which anything is denounced; 
public accusation. — Denun'cia'tor, n. — Denun'ci 
atory, -to-rY, a. Containing, etc.; accusing. 

Dense, dens, a. Having the constituent parts closely 
united ; close ; compact. [L. densus, Gr. dasus.] - 
Dense'ly, adv. — Den'sity, -sY-tl, n. Quality of be- 
ing, etc. (Physics.) The proportion of solid matter 
to a given bulk or volume. — Densimeter, n. An 
apparatus for measuring the specific gravity of liq- 
uids. [Gr. metron, a measure.] 

Dent, dent, n. The mark made by a blow; indenta- 
tion. — v. t. To make a dent upon, indent. [Same 
as dint, q. v. ; not s. rt. F. dent, tooth.] 

Dental, den'tal, a. Pert, to the teeth. (Gram.) 
Formed by aid of the teeth, etc. — n. An ar- 
ticulation formed by aid of the teeth or gum of 
the teeth. [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] — Dental. formula. 
{Zo'ol.) A notation of the number and kind of teeth 
of mammiferous animals. — Den'tate, -tated, a. 
Toothed ; sharply notched ; serrate. — Denta'tion, 
Form or formation of teeth. — Den'ticle, -tY-kl, 



n. A small tooth or projecting point. [L. denticulus, 
dim. of dens.] — Dentic'ulate, -lated, a. (Bot.) 
Notched into little tooth-like projections ; finely 



dentate. — Dentic ula'tion, n. State of being, etc. — 
i of teet 
form.] — Dentoid, a. Dentiform. [( 



Having the form of teeth. 



& 



Den'tiform 
fo 

eidos, form.]— Den'tifrice, -fris, n. A powder to 
clean the teeth. [L. dentifricium, fr. fricare, to 
rub .] — Den 'til, n. (Arch.) An ornamental pro- 
jection in cornices. — Den'tist, n. One who cleans, 
extracts, repairs, or fills natural teeth, and inserts 
artificial ones. — Den'tistry, -rY, n. Art or profes- 
sion of a dentist. — Denature, -ture, n. An artificial 
tooth or set of teeth. — Denti'tion, -tish'un, n. Pro • 
cess of cutting the teeth. (Zo'ol.) System of teeth 
peculiar to an animal. [L. dentire, -itum, to cut teeth.] 

Denude, de-nud', v. t. To divest of all covering, 
make bare or naked, strip. [L. de and nudare, 
-datum, to make naked, fr. nudus, jare.] — Den'uda'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. (Geol.) "".e laying bare or 
wearing away of rocks, as by running water. 

Denunciate, Denunciatory, etc. See under Denounce. 

Deny, de-ni / ', v. t. [denied (-ntd), denying.] To 
contradict, gainsay, declare not to be true; to re- 
fuse, reject ; to refuse to grant, withhold ; to dis- 
claim connection with, responsibility for, etc.; to 
disown, abjure. [OF. denier, deneier, L. denegare, 
f r. de and negare, to say no.] — To deny one's self. 



To decline the gratification of desires, practice self- 
denial. — Denver, n. — Deniable, a. — Deni'al, n. 
Act of, etc.; assertion of the untruth of a statement: 
contradiction; refusal^ disavowal. 

Deobstruent, de-ob'stroo-ent, a. (Med.) Removing 
obstructions ; aperient — n. {Med.) A medicine 
which opens the natural passages of the fluids of 
the body; an aperient, [de and obstruent, q. v.] 

Deodand, de'o-dand, n. (Eng. Law.) A thing which 
has caused a person's death, and is therefore given 
to God, that is, forfeited to the crown, to be applied 
to pious uses. [L. Deo dandum, to be given to God.] 

Deodorize, de-o / aSr-iz, v. t. To deprive of odor, esp. 
of bad odor from impurities. — Deo'dorizer, n. 

Deontology, de-on-tol'o-jY, n. Science of that which 
is morally obligatory. [Gr. deon, deontos, necessary, 
p. n. of dei, it is necessary, and logos, discourse.] — 
Deontol'ogist, n. One versed in, etc. 

Deoxidate, -ydate, de-oks'Y-dat, v. t. (Chem.) To de? 
prive of oxygen, or reduce from the state of an ox- 
ide, [de and oxidate.] — Deox ida'tion, n. Act or 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



DEPART 



142 



DEPHESS 



process of, etc. — Deoxidize, -dlz, v. t. [-dized 
(-dlzd), -DiziNO.] To deoxidate. 

Depart, de-part', v. t. To go forth or away; to quit, 
leave, or separate from a place or person; to quit 
this world, decease, die. — v. t. To leave, quit, re- 
tire from. [OF. devarttr, fr. de and partir, to part, 
L. partiri, to divide, fr. pars, a part.] — Depart'- 
ment, n. A part or portion; a distinct course of life, 
action, study, etc.; subdivision of business; esp. one 
of the principal divisions of executive government; 
territo.ial division; esp. one for governmental pur- 
poses; a military subdivision of a country; sphere; 
province: distriet. — Departmenfal, a. Pert, to, etc. 
— Departure. -piir'chur, n. Act of departing; death ; 
abandonment, as of a rule of duty, action, plan, etc. 
(Navigation & Sum.) Distance east or west from 
the meridian from which a ship or course departs. 

Depend, de-pend', v. i. To hang; to be sustained by 
something above; to be in suspense, remain unde- 
termined; to rely for support, stand related to any- 
thing, as to a cause or condition ; to trust, confide, 
rely; to be in a condition of service. [OF. dependre, 
1/. dejiendere, f r. de and pendere, to hang.] — De- 
pendent, -ant, a. Hanging down: relying on, or 
subject to something else for support; conditional; 
subordinate. — n. One who, or that which, etc.; one 
sustained by, or relying on, another; a retainer; a 
corollary; consequence. [L. p. pr. tlependens, -entis; 
F. p. pr. dependant.] — Depend'ence, -ens, n. Act or 
state of, etc.; mutual connection and support; con- 
catenation; inter-relation; subjection to the direction 
of another; inability to provide for one's self; reli- 
ance; trust; thing dependent. — Depend'ency, -sT, n. 
State of being, etc.; thing hanging; that attached to 
something else as its consequence, subordinate, sat- 
ellite, etc.; a territory remote trom the state to which 
it belongs, but subject to its dominion; a colony.— 
Depend'ently. ctdr. — Depend'er, n. 

Dephlegmato, de-fleg'mat, v. t. To deprive of super- 
abundant water, as bv evaporation or distillation; 
to rectify. [NL. dephlrgmare, -matum, fr de and L. 
phlegma', phlegm.] — Dephlegma'tion, n. Operation 
of separating water from spirits and acids by evap- 
oration or distillation; concentration. 

Dephlogisticate, def-lo-jislY-kat. v. t. (O. Chem.) To 
deprive of phlogiston, ©r the supposed principle of 
inflammability, [de and phlogisticate.] — Dephlogis- 
ticafpd air. Oxygen gas, — so called by Priestley. 

Depict, de-pikt', v. t. To forma painting or picture 
of, portray: to represent in words, describe. [L. de 
and pingere, pictum, to paint, whence, )>ictura, pic- 
ture.] — Depicture, -pik/chur, v t. [-TURED(-ehurd), 
-Turing.) To make a picture or painting of. 

Depilatory, de-pi Ka-to-rT, a. Having power to remove 
the hair and make bald. [ L. depilare, to strip of 
hair, fr. de and pilus, hair.] 

feplete, de-plef, v. t (Med.) To empty, as the ves- 
sels of the human system, by venesection; to ex- 
haust the strength, vital powers, or resources of. [L. 
deplere, depletur" to empty out, fr. de and plere, to 
fill.]-Deple'tion. Act of, etc. (Med.) Venesec- 
tion: blood-letting. - Deple'tory, -to-rT, a. Calcu- 
lated to deplete. 

Deplore, de-plor', i; t. [-PLOitED(-plord'), -plorino.] 
To feel or express deep grief for; to weep, convey as 
tokens of grief, mourn, lament, bewail, bemoan. 
[I,, de and plorare, to cry out, wail, lament.] — De- 
plor'er, n. — Deplor'able, a. Pitiable; sad: calami- 
tous; wretched.— Deplor'ableness,n.— -Deplor'ably, 
atlr. Lamentably; miserably. 

Deploy, de-ploi', v. t. [-ployed (-ploid'), -ploying.] 
(jfil.) To open, extend, display. — 1>. i. To open, 
extend in line. [Same as display ; F. ddploi/er, to un- 
roll, OF. desplouer, to unfold, fr. des (Li. dis) and 
plover (L. plicdre), to fold.] — Dep'loita'tion, n. 
Same as Exploitation. [F.J 

Deplume, de-plum', v. t. [-plumed (-pltlmd'), -plum- 
ing.] To deprive of plumes or plumage, lay hare, 
expose. [L. de and plumare, to cover with feathers, 
fr. phima, feather; deplumis, featherless.] — Dep'lu- 
ma'tion, n. The stripping or falling off of feathers. 
(Med.) A disease of the eyelids, attended with loss 
of the eyelashes. 

Depolarize, de-po'lar-Tz, v t. (Opt.) To deprive of 
polarity, [de and polarize.] 

Depone, de-pon', v. t. [-poned (-pondO.-poNiNG.] To 
assert under oath, make deposition of, depose. — p 
t. To testify under oath, make an assertion, give tes- 
timony. [L. de and ponere, to put.] — Depo'nent, a. 
(Oram.) Having a passive form with an active 
meaning, — said of certain verbs. — n. (Law.) One I 



who gives a deposition under oath. (Oram.) A de- 
ponent verb. [L. deponens, laving down, p. pr.] 

Depopulate, de-pop'u-lat, r. t. To deprive of inhabi- 
tants, dispeople, —v. i. To become dispeopled. [L. 
de and populare, -atum, to lay waste, deprive of peo- 
ple, f r. populus, a people.] — Depop'ula'tion, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. — Depop'ula'tor, -t6r, n. 

Deport, de-pSrt'. r. t. To transport, carry away, ex- 
ile; to demean, conduct, behave. [OF. deporter, to 
bear, endure, L. deportare, to carry down, remove, 
fr. de and portfire, -atum, to carry.] — Deporta'tion, 
n. Act of or state of being, etc.; banishment; trans- 
portation. — Deport'ment, n. Manner of deporting 
one's self, esp. with respect to the courtesies and du- 
ties of life; demeanor: conduct. 

Depose, de-p5z', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To 
reduce from a throne or high station, degrade, di- 
vest of office; to bear written testimony to, aver 
upon oath. — v. i. To bear witness, testify by depo- 
sition. [OF. deposer, fr. de and poser, to place; L. 
pausare, to pause, later, to place, ir. ponere, position, 
to place. J— Depos'able, a. Capable of being de- 
posed. — Depos'al, n. Act of divesting of office. — 
Depos'er, n. One who, etc.— Deposit, -p5z-, v.t. To 
lay down, place, put; to lay away for safe keeping, 
store; to commit to the custody of another: esp. to 
place in a bank, as money, to be drawn at will. — n. 
That which is deposed, or laid down, esp. matter 
precipitated from solution in liquid; that intrusted 
to the care of another, esp. money left with a banker, 
subject to order. [F. depositer, L. deponere.] — In 
deposit, or on deposit. In trust or safe keeping as a 
deposit; in a state of pledge. — Depositary, -T-ta-rT, 
n. One with whom anything is left in trust; a 
trustee; guardian. (Law.) One to whom goods are 
bailed, to be kept for the bailor without recompense. 

— Deposition, -zish'un, ». Act of deposing or de- 
positing; precipitation; act ©f setting aside a public 
officer; displacement; removal; thing deposited; sed- 
iment. (Laio.) Testimony taken down in writing, 
under oath or affirmation; affidavit. —Depositor, 
-Y-tSr, n. One who makes a deposit. — Depository, 
•Y-to-rT, n. Place where anything is deposited for 
sale or keeping. — Depot, de-po' or de'po, n. A 
place of deposit: warehouse: storehouse. (Mil.) A 
station where stores are kept, or recruits assembled 
and drilled; the headquarters of a regiment. A rail- 
road station. [Same as deposit ; F. dipot, fr OF. de- 
post, pledge, gage, L. depositum, thing laid down.] 

Deprave, de-prav', v. t. [-praved (-pravd'), -PRA« 
vino.] To make bad or worse, corrupt, contaminate, 
pollute. [OF. depraver, L. depravare, -ratttm, fr. de 
and pravus, crooked, depraved.] — Dep'rava'tion, n. 
Act of or state of being, etc.; corruption; profligacy. 

— Depravity, -prttv'T-tY, n. The state of being cor- 
rupted; extreme wickedness. 

Deprecate, dep're-kat, v. /. To seek to avert by 
prayer, pray for deliverance from, regret deeply. 
[L. deprecari, -catum, fr. de and precari, to pray, fr. 
prex, a prayer.] — Depreca'tion, n. Art of depreca- 
ting; prayer that evil may be removed: entreaty for 
pardon. — Dep'reca'tive, -tiv, a. Having the form 
of a prayer; deprecatory. — Dep'reca'tor, -ter, n. — 
Dep'recatory, -rT, a. Serving to deprecate; tending 
to avert evil by prayer. 

Depreciate, de-pre'sht-at, v. t. To lessen in price; to 
represent as of little value, disparage, traduce, de- 
tract, underrate — v. i. To fall in value, become of 
less worth, sink in estimation. [L. de and pretiare, 
-atum, to prize, fr.pretiwn, price.] — Depre'cia lion, 
». Act or state of, etc.: reduction of worth. — De- 
pre'eia'tive, -tiv, a. Inclined to underrate: tending 
to depreciate. — Depre'cia'tor, -ter, n. — Deprecia- 
tory. -to-rT, a. Tending to depreciate. 

Depredate, dep're-dat, v. t. To subject to plunder 
and pillage; to despoil, lay waste; to destroy by eat- 
ing, devour. [L. de and ' prsedan, -datum, to plun- 
der, fr prseda, plunder, prey.] — Depreda'tion. n. 
Act of or state of being, etc. — Dep'reda'tor, -t?r, n. 

Depress, de-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- 
ing.] To press down, cause to sink, let fall: to bring 
down or humble; to cast a gloom upon; to embar- 
rass, as trade, commerce, etc.; to lessen the price of, 
cheapen. [L. deprimere, depressum, fr de and pre- 
mere, to press.] — To depress the pole. (Naut.) To 
cause it to appear lower or nearer the horizon, as by 
sailing toward the equator.— Depression, -presh'un, 
n. Act of or state of being, etc.; a falling in of the 
surface; a cavity or hollow; humiliation; dejection, 
despondency; embarrassment or hindrance, as of 
trade, etc. (Astren.) Angular distance of a celes- 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term , In, Ice , Odd, tone, 6r 



DEPRIVE 



143 



DESERT 



tial object below the horizon. (Alg.) Operation of 
reducing to a lower degree, — said of equations. 
(Surg.) A method of operating for cataract: couch- 
ing.— Depressive, -iv, a. Able, or tending to de- 
press. — Depress'or. -5r, n. 

Deprive, de-prlv', v. t. [-prived (-prlvd'), -priving.] 
To take away, remove; to dispossess, divest, divest 
of office, depose, dispossess of digmtv, esp. ecclesi- 
astical; to strip, bereave, rob, despoil. [L. de and 
private, to bereave, deprive, fr. privus, one's own, 
private.] — Depriv'er, n. — Depriv'able, «.— Dep'ri- 
va'tion, n. Act of or state of being, etc. (Eccl. Law.) 
The taking away from a clergyman his benefice or 
dignity. 

Depth. See underDEEP. 

Depurate, dep'u-rat, v. t. To free from impurities, 
heterogeneous matter, or feculence; to purify. [LL. 
de/iurare, -atum, fr. L. de and purare, to purify, fr. 
purus, pure.l— Depura'tion, n. 

Depute, de-put', v. t. To appoint as substitute or 
agent: to delegate. [OF. deputer, to depute, fr. L. 
cleputare, -tatum, to cut off, prune, also impute, 
later, to select, fr. do and putare, to cleanse, prune, 
arrange, think.] — Dep'uta'tion, n. Act of, etc.; 
person or persons deputed bv another partv to act 
on his behalf.— Dep'utize, -tfz, v. t. To depute. — 
Dep'uty, -tT, n. One appointed as the substitute of 
another, and empowered to act for him: lieutenant; 
delegate: envoy; agent; vicar. [OF. depute.] 

Deracinate, de-ras'T-nat, v. t. To pluck up by the 
roots, extirpate. [F. de'raciner, fr. ratine, L. radix, 
radio'!', root.] 

Derange, de-rani', t>. t. [-ranged (-ranjd'), -ran- 
ging.] To put out of place, order, or rank, throw 
into confusion or disorder, disturb in the action or 
function, render insane ; to displace, unsettle, dis- 
concert. [F. de'ranger, fr. de and ranger, to range, 
fr. rang, row, rank.] — Derange'ment, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; disorder ; esp. mental disorder ; 
insanity; lunacy; mania. 

Derelict/de'r'e-likt, n. Forsaken by the natural own- 
er or guardian ; abandoned ; abandoning responsi- 
bility ; unfaithful. — n. (Law.) A thing volunta- 
rily abandoned by its proper owner ; a tract of land 
left drv by the sea, and fit for use. [L. derelictus, 
p. p. of derelinqvere, to forsake wholly, fr. de and 
relmquere, to leave.] — Derelic'tion, n. Act of leav- 
ing with an intention not to reclaim ; state of being, 
etc.; unfaithfulness. {Law.) The gaining of land 
from the sea. 

Deride, de-rid', v. t. To laugh at with contempt, turn 
to ridicule, mock, taunt. [L. deridere, •risum, fr. de 
and ridere, to laugh.l — Derid'er, n. — Derid'ingly, 
adv. — Deria'ion, -rizh'un, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. ; an object of contempt : laughing-stock ; 
scorn ; mockery ; insult. — Deri'sive, -siv, a. Ex- 
pressing, or characterized by, derision. — Deri'sive- 
ly, adv. — Deri'sory, -so-rT, a. Mocking ; derisive. 

Derive, de-rfv', v. t. [-rived (-rivd'), -riving.] To 
receive, as from a source, obtain by transmission ; 
to trace the origin, descent, or derivation of, recog- 
nize transmission of, deduce, infer, draw. — v. t". To 
flow, proceed.be deduced. [OF. deriver, fr. L. de- 
rivare, -latum, to drain, draw off water, fr. de and 
rivus, a stream.] — Deriv'er, n. — Deriv'able, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. ; transmissible ; inferrible. — 
Deriva'tion. a. Act of procuring an effect from a 
cause, means, or condition, as profits from capital, 
truth from testimony, conclusions or opinions from 
evidence ; act of tracing origin, as in grammar or 
genealogy : state or method of being derived; thing 
derived: derivative: deduction. (Math.) Operation 
of deducing one function from another according to 
some fixed law. (Med.) A drawing of humors from 
one part of the body to another.— Derivative, -rf v'- 
a-tiv, a. Obtained by derivation secondary. —n. Any- 
thing obtained, or deduced, from another. ( Gram.) 
A word formed from another word. (Mus.) A 
chord, not fundamental, but obtained from another 
by inversion. (Med.) That adapted to produce a 
derivation. (Math.) A function expressing the re- 
lation between two consecutive states of a varying 
function. — Derivatively, adv. 

Derm, derm, 7?. The natural covering of an animal; 
skin. [Gr. derma, dermatos, fr. derein, to skin, flay; 
8. rt. tear.]— Derm'' al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Dermal"' - 
gia, -jT-a, n. (Med.) Neuralgia of the skin. [Gr. 
algos, pain.] — Dermatol 'ogy, -o-iT, n. Science of 
the structure of the skin, and its diseases. [Gr. log- 
on, discourse.] 

Dernier. der'nY-er, a. Last; final ; ultimate, [F., fr. 




L. de retro, F. den-iere, behind, fr. L. retro, back- 
ward, behind.] — Dernier i-essort. Last resort. [F.l 

Derogate, der'o-gat, v. t. To annul in part, repeal 
partly, restrict ; to detract from, disparage, depreci- 
ate. — v. i. To take away, detract. — a. Diminished 
in value; damaged. [L. derogare, -gatum, fr. de and 
rogare, to ask.] — Deroga'tion, n. Act of, etc. (Stock 
Exchange.) An alteration or lessening of a contract 
to sell stocks. — Derog'atory, -to-rl, a. Tending to, 
etc.: injurious.— Derog'atorily, adv. 

Derrick, der'rik, n. A mast supported at the top 
by stays or guys, with tackle for raising ' - 
■weights. [Name of a London 
hangman, hence of a gallows.] — 
Derrick crane. A crane, the 
boom or derrick of which can be 
brought to different angles with Zyf 
the upright. 

Derringer, der'rin-jer, n. A short- 
barreled, large-bored pistol. [In- 
ventor's name.] 

Dervis, -vise, der'vis, Der'vish, n. 
A Turkish or Persian monk ; esp., 
one who professrs poverty and 
leads an austere life. [Per. dar- 
vish, poor.l 

Descant, dei'kant, h. A variation Derrick Cran ;. 
of an air ; a discourse formed on its theme, like va- 
riations on a musical air; a comment. (Mus.) The 
highest part in a score ; soprano ; a composition in 
parts: art of composing in parts. — Descant', v. i. 
To sing a variation or accompaniment: to comment, 
discourse with particularity. [OF. descant, des- 
chant, fr. des (L. dis) and cant, chant (L. cuntus), 
song, L. cantare, to sing.] — Descant'er, n. 

Descend, de-send', v. i. To pass to a lower place ; to 
come or go down in any way, etc. ; to plunge, fall ; 
to make an attack, as if from a vantage-ground ; to 
lower one's self, condescend; to pass from the more 
general or important to the particular or more trivial; 
to be derived, proceed by generation or by transmis- 
sion. (Astron.) To move to the southward. (Mus.) 
To fall in tone, pass from a higher to a lower tone. 
— v. t. To go down upon or along ; to pass from 
the top to the bottom of. [OF. descendre, L. de- 
scendere, -censum, fr. de and scandere, to climb.] — 
Descend'ant, n. One who descends, as offspring, 
however remotely. [OF., p. pr. of descendre.] — De- 
scendant, a. Descending; proceeding from an an- 
cestor or source. [L. descendens, -entts, p. pr. of de- 
scendere. ] — Descend'er, n. — Descendible, a. Ad- 
mitting descent; capable of being transmitted by in- 
heritance.— Descendibility, n.— Descen'sion, -sen'. 
shun, n. Act of going downward ; descent ; degra- 
dation. —Descen'sional, a. Pert, to, etc. — Descen'- 
sive. -siv, a. Descending: tending downward; hav- 
ing power to descend. — Descent', n. Act of, etc. ; 
incursion ; sudden attack ; progress downward, as 
in station, virtue, etc., from the more to the less im- 
portant, from the better to the worse, from a higher 
to a lower tone, etc. ; derivation as from an ances- 
tor ; lineage ; birth ; extraction ; transmission by 
succession or inheritance: sloping surface ; decliv- 
ity: thing derived; descendants ; issue ; a step in the 
process of derivation ; a generation. 

Describe, de-skrlb', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), -scri- 
bing.] To form or represent by lines, real or imagi- 
nary ; to sketch in writing, give an account of, rep- 
resent, recount, explain, depict ; to have or use the 
power of describing. [L. describere, fr. de and scri- 
bere, scriptum, to write. See Scribe.] — Describ'er, 
n.— Describ'able, a.— Descrip'tion, -skrlp'shun, n. 
Act of describing ; sketch of anything in words ; 
class to which a representation applies ; qualities 
distinguishing such a class. — Descrip'tive. -tiv, a. 
Tending to, or having the quality of, etc. ; contain- 
ing description. — Descrip'tiveiy, aelv. — Deacry, 
de-skri', v. t. [-scried (-skrid'), -scrying.] To dis- 
cover by the eye, as distant objects, faintly seen, 
espy, detect, discern. [Same as describe; OF. de- 
scrire, for descrivre, L. describere.] — Descri'er, n. 

Desecrate, des'e-krat, v. t. To divest ©f a sacred 
character: to treat sacrilegiously. [L. desecrare, -cra- 
tum, f r. de and sacrare, to declare sacred, fr. sacer, 
sacred.] — Desecra'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Desert, de-zert', n. A reward. See under Deserve. 

Desert, de-ze"rt', v, t. To part from, end connection 
with. (Mil.) To leave without permission, forsake 
in violation of duty. — v. i. To quit a service with- 
out permission, run away. — Dea'ert, a. Forsaken; 
without life or cultivation; waste; barren; desolate. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNbos, chair, get. 



DESERVE 



144 



DESTITUTE 



— n. A deserted or forsaken tract of land; a wilder- 
Bess; solitude. [OF., waste, deserted, also a wilder- 
ness, L. desertus, p. p. of deserere, to abandon, fr. de 
and severe, to bind, join.]— Desert'er, n. One who 
forsakes his duty, post, party, or friend ; esp. a sol- 
dier or seaman who quits the service without leave. 

— Deser'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 
Deserve, de-zSrv', v. t. [-served (-zervd'), -serving.] 

To earn by service, merit, be entitled to. — v. i. To 
be worthy of recompense. [OF. deservir, L. rfe- 
servire, fr. de and servire, to serve, servns, a servant.] 

— Deserv'er, n. — Desert', n. Thing deserved ; re- 
ward or punishment merited ; worth ; due. [OF. 
deserte, p.p. of deservir.]— Deserv'edly, adv. Justly. 

— Deserv'ingly, adv. In a deserving manner. 
Deshabille, des-a-bil', n. An undress ; careless toilet. 

f F., fr. de'shabiller, to undress, fr. des and habiller, 
to dress.] 

Desiccate, des'ik-kat or de-sik'kat, v. t. To exhaust 
of moisture; to dry. [L. desiccare, -catum, fr. de and 
siccare, to dry, fr. siccus, dry.) —v. i. To become 
dry. — Desic'cant, a. Drying, — n. {Med.) An ap- 
plication that dries a sore. — Desicca'tion, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc. — Desic'cative, -tiv, a. Dry- 
ing; tending to dry. — n. An application tending to 
dry up secretions. 

Desiderate, Desideratum, etc. See under Desire. 

Design. de-sTn' or -zin', v. t. [-signed (-sind' or 
-zlnd'), -signing.] To draw the preliminary out- 
line of, sketch for a model; to mark out and exhibit, 
appoint, designate ; to form a plan of, contrive ; to 
intend or purpose, —v. i. To nave a purpose, in- 
tend.— re. A preliminary sketch; plan ; preliminary 
conception ; scheme ; contrivance ; adaptation of 
means to a preconceived end ; object for which one 
plans; aim; intent; decorative figures, as of a medal, 
embroidery, etc. [OF. designer, ,L. designare, -natum, 
fr. de and signare, to mark, signum, a mark, sign.] 

— Design'er, n. — Designedly, -IT, adv. By design; 
intentionally. — Design'able, a. Capable of being 
marked out. — Designate, des'ig-niit, v. t. To mark 
out and make known, indicate, call by a distinctive 
title, denominate, style; to point out by distinguish- 
ing from others; to set apart for a purpose or duty. 

— Designation, re. Act of, etc. ; indication ; selection 
and appointment for a purpose: that which desig- 
nates; appellation; use or application; signification. 

— Des'ignative, -tiv, a. Serving to indicate. — Des'- 
ignator, -ter, n. 

Desipient, de-sip'Y-ent, a. Trifling ; foolish ; sport- 
ive. [L. desipiens, p. pr. of desipere, to be foolish, 
fr. de and sapere, to be wise.] 

Desire, de-zTr', v. t. [-sired (-zird'_), -siring.] To 
long for the enjoyment or possession of, wish for, 
express a wish for, entreat, request. — re. Natural 
eagerness to obtain any good ; expressed wish ; peti- 
tion ; object of longing ; inclination. [OF. desirer, 
L. desiderare, -atum, to long for, fr. sidus, sideris, a 
star. See Consider.] — Desir'er, re. — Desir'ous, 
-us, a. Feeling desire; covetous; eager. — Desir'- 
ously, adv. — Desir'ousness, n. — Desir'able, a. 
Worthy of, etc. ; fitted to excite a wish to possess.— 
Desir'ably, -blY, adv. — Desir'ableness, re. — Desid'- 
erate, -sid'er-at, v. t. To be sensible of the lack of; 
to want, miss, desire. — Desid'erative, -tiv, a. Ex- 
pressing or denoting desire. — n. An object of de- 
sire ; desideratum. (Gram.) A verb formed from 
another by ehange of termination, and expressing 
desire of doing what is indicated by the primitive 
verb. — Desid'era'tum, re. ; pi. -ta, -ta. That of 
which the lack is felt ; a want generally acknowl- 
edged. [L., p. p. of desiderare.] 

Desist, de-sist', v. i. To stand aside, cease to proceed 
or act. forbear. [OF. desister, L. desistere, fr. de 
:md sistere, to put, place, fr. stare, to stand.] — De- 
sist 'ance, n. Act or state of desisting. 

Desk, desk, re. A table with a sloping top; frame or 
case; pulpit; the clerical profession. [Same as dish 
and disk; AS. disc, L. discus, disk, platter.] 

Desman, des'man, re. ; pi. -mans, -manz. An amphib- 
ious animal; the musk-rat. 

Desmine, des'min, re. (Min.) A mineral that crystal- 
lizes in little silken tufts ; stilbite. [Gr. desmos, 
bundle, ligament, f r. dein, to bind.] — Desmol'ogy, 
-jY, n. (Physiol.) Science of the ligaments. [Gr. 
logos, discourse.] 

Desolate, des'o-lat, v. t. To deprive of inhabitants, 
make desert; to lay waste, ruin, ravage, — a. Des- 
titute of inhabitants; laid waste, in a ruinous con- 
dition; left alone; without a companion; afflicted. 
[L. desdktre, -atum, fr. de and solare, to make lone- 



ly, fr. solus, alone.]— Des'olately,ac?v.— Des'olater, 
n. — Desola'tion, re. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
a desolate place or country : ruin ; havoc ; devasta- 
tion; ravage; destitution; gloom. 

Despair, de-spar', v. i. [-spaired (-spard'), -spair- 
ing.] To be without hope; to give up all expecta- 
tion, despond. [OF. desperer, L. desperare, fr. ae and 
sperare, to hope.] — n. Loss of hope; that which is 
despaired of. — Despair 'er, n. — Despairingly, adv. 
— Des'pera'do, -per-a'do, re. A desperate fellow; 
one urged by furious passions; madman. [OSp., p. 
p. of desperar.] — Des'perate, -at, a. Beyond nope; 
despaired of; past cure; proceeding from despair; 
without regard to danger or safety ; rash ; head- 
long ; frantic. — Des'perately, adv. — Des'perate- 
ness, n. — Despera'tion, n. Act of despairing; state 
of despair or hopelessness. 

Despatch. See Dispatch. 

Despise, de-spiz', v. t. [-spised (-splzd'), -spising.j 
To look upon with contempt, have a low opinion 
of, contemn, disdain, slight, undervalue. [OF. de- 
spiz, p. p. of despve, L. despicere, fr. de and specerty 
to look.] — Despis'er, n. — Des'picable, a. Fit to 
be despised ; mean ; pitiful ; paltry ; sordid ; base; 
degrading. — Des'picableness, n. — Des'picably, 
-blT, adv. — Despite', -spit', n. Extreme malice; 
angry hatred ; an act prompted by hatred, — prep- 
In spite of ; notwithstanding. [OF. despit, C de- 
speclus, contempt, p. p. of despicere.]— Despite'ful, 
-fill, n. Full of despite; malignant.— Despite'fully, 
adv. — Despite'fulness, n. 

Despoil, de-spoil', v. t. [-spoiled (-spoild'X -spoii* 
ing.] To strip or divest, as of clothing ; to rob, be- 
reave, rifle. [OF. despoiller, L. despoliare, -atum, 
f r. de and spoliare, to rob, spolium, spoil, booty.) — 
Despoil 'er. w. — DespoTia'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. 

Despond, de-spond', v. i. To give up, abandon hope, 
become dispirited or depressed. [L. despondere, to 
promise away, to lose courage, f r. de and spondere, 
to promise solemnly.] — Despond'ence, -ency, -en- 
sT, n. State of desponding ; discouragement ; de- 
jection. — Despond'ent, a. Marked by, or given to, 
etc. — Despond 'ently, -ingly, adv. — Despond'er, n. 

Despot, des'pot, n. One who possesses absolute power 
over another; esp. a sovereign invested with abso- 
lute power; one who rules regardless of a constitu- 
tion or laws; a tyrant. [OF. despote, LL. despotus, 
Gr. despotes; s. rt. Gr. posis, husband, Skr. pati, 
lord, L. potens, powerful.] — Despot'ic, -ical, a. 
Having the character of, or pert, to, a despot; ab« 
solute in power; tyrannical; arbitrary. — Despot'* 
ically, adv. — Des'potism, -izm, n. The power, 
spirit, or principles of, etc.; tyranny; agovernment 
directed by, etc. : absolutism ; autocracy. 

Despumate, des'pu-mator de-spu'mat, v. i. To throw 
off impurities, form scum, foam. [L. despumare, 
-atum, fr. de and spumare, to foam, fr. spuma, froth, 
scum.] — Des'puma'tion, n. Separation of the scum 
on the surface of liquor; clarification. 

Desquamation, des'kwa-ma'shun, n. (Med.) Separa- 
tion of the cuticle or epidermis in flakes or scalesi 
exfoliation. [L. desquamare, -attim, to scale off, fr. 
de and squama, scale.] 

Dessert, dez-zert', n. A service of pastry, fruits, etc., 
after an entertainment. [F., fr. desservir, to clear 
the table, f r. de and servir, to serve at table.] — De8« 
sert'-spoon, n. A spoon intermediate in size be- 
tween a tea-spoon and table-spoon. — spoonful, n. ; 
pi. -spoonfuls. Contents of, etc. 

Destemper, des-tem'pgr, Distem'per, n. (Paint.') A 
peculiar sort of painting with opaque colors, ground 
and diluted with water, glue, etc. [F. de'trempe, fr. 
de and tremper, to dip, soak, for temprer, L. tern- 
perare, to temper.] 

Destine, des'tin, v. t. [-tined (-tind), -tining.] To 
determine the future condition or application of, 
set apart by design; to fix, as by an authoritative 
decree, establish irrevocably, design, mark out, de- 
vote, ordain, allot, bind. [OF. destiner, L. destinare, 
-atum, fr. destina, a support, proof ; s. rt. stand.']— 
Destina'tion, n. Act of destining or appointing; 
that to which anything is, etc.; predetermined end, 
object, or use; point aimed at ; purpose ; lot; fate; 
end. — Des'tiny, -tT-nt, n. That to which one is 
destined; fate; doom; the fixed order of things; the 
power conceived of as determining the future.— 
Des'tinist, n. A believer in destiny; fatalist. 

Destitute, des'tT-tut, a. In want; devoid; deficient; 
lacking; needy ; indigent. [L. destitvtus, p. p. of 
(/(stituere, to set away, forsake, fr. de and statuere. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : 6nd. eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



DESTROY 



145 



DEUTEROGAMY 



to set.] — Destitu'tion, n. State or condition of be- 
ing, etc.: deprivation; poverty. 
Destroy, de-stroi', v. t. [-stroyed (-stroid'), -stroy- 
ixg.J To pull down, break up the structure and 
organic existence of; to bring to naught, put an end 
to, esp. to the life, prosperity, or beauty of; to de- 
molish., ruin, extirpate, annihilate, kill. [OF. de- 
struire, to destroy, L. destruere, -structum, to pull 
down, fr. de and struere, to build.] — Destroy'er, n. 

— Destructible, a. Liable to, or capable of being, 
etc. — Destruc'tibil'ity, -T-tT, n. — Destruction, n. 
Act Of , or state of being, etc.: destroying agency; 
cause of ruin. — Destruc'tionist, n. One who de- 
lights in destroying that which is valuable. {Theol.) 
One who believes in the final destruction of the 
wicked. — Destructive, -tiv, a. Causing destruc- 
tion; tending to bring about ruin, death, or devas- 
tation ; mortal ; deadly ; ruinous ; mischievous. — 
h. One who destroys ; a radical reformer; destruc- 
tionist. — Destruc'tively, adv. — Destruc'tiveness, 
n. Quality of destroying. (Phren.) The faculty 
which impels to, etc. See Phrenology. 

Desudation, des'u-da'shun, n. {Med.) A copious 
sweating; profuse or morbid perspiration. [L. des- 
udatio, fr. de and sudare, to sweat.] 

Desuetude, des'we-tud. n. Cessation of use; discon- 
tinuance of practice, custom, etc.: disuse. [L.desue- 
tudo, fr. de and suescere. to become accustomed.] 

Desulphurate, de-sul'fu-rat, r. t. To deprive of sul- 
phur. 

Desultory, des'ul-to-rT. a. Leaping from one subject 
to another, without rational connection; without 
logical sequence ; disconnected ; rambling ; discur- 
sive; loose. [L. desultorius, fr. desultor, aleaper.fr. 
desUire, desuttum, fr. de and sahre, to leap.] — Des'- 
ultorily, -rY-lt, adv. — Des'ulto'riness, n. 

Detach, de-tach', v. t. [-tached (-tachf), -tach- 
ing.] To part, separate, disunite; to separate for a 
special object, —used esp. in military language. [F. 
detacher, to unfasten: s. rt. tack. See Attach.] — 
Detach'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
thing detached, esp. a body of troops or part of a 
fleet detailed for special service. 

Detail, de-tal', v. t. [-tailed (-tald'), -tailing.] To 
relate in particulars, particularize. (Mil.) To ap- 
point for a particular service. — Detail, de'tal or 
de-tal', n. A minute portion; a particular, — used 
Chiefly in the plural; a narrative of minute points. 
(Mil.) The selection for a particular service of a 
person or company; person or company so selected. 
[OF., a small piece, fr. detailler, to cut into parcels, 
Jr. rfeand tattler, to cut; s. rt. tailor.] — Detail'er, n. 

Detain, de-tan', v. t. [-TAiNED(-tand'), -taining.1 To 
keep back or from, restrain from proceeding, hold i 
in custody, arrest, check, delay, hinder. [OF. de- 
tenir, L. detinere, -tentum, fr. de and tenere, to hold.] 

— Detain'er, n. One who detains. (Law.) Deten- 
tion of what is another's, even when the original 
taking was lawful. (Eng. Law.) A writ authoriz- 
ing a prison-keeper to keep a person in custody. — | 
Detain'ment, n. Act of detaining. — Detain' der, n. 
(Law.) A writ. — Det'inue, -T-nu, n. A person or 
thing detained. [OF.] — Detent', n. (Mech.) That 
which locks or unlocks a movement, as wheelwork 
in a clock. [OF. detente.] — Deten'tion, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc.; restraint; delay. [OF.] 

Detect, de-tekt', v. t. To uncover, find out, bring to 
light, discover, expose. [L. detegere, -tectum, fr. de 
and tegere, to cover.] — Detect'er, -or, -er, n. — De- 
tection, n. Act of, etc. : discovery. — Detect'ive, 
-iv, a. Fitted for, skilled, or employed in, etc. — n. 
A policeman whose business is to detect rogues. 

Deter, de-ter', v. t. [-tekeed (-terd'), -terring.] To 
prevent by fear; to hinder or prevent by opposing 
motives from doing that to which one is impelled. 
[L. deterrere, fr. de aniterrere, to frighten, terrify.] 

— Deter 'ment, n. Act of, etc. ; that which, etc. — 
Deter'rent L -ter'rent, a. Tending to, etc. 

Deterge, de-terj', v. t. [-terged (-tgrjd'), -terging.] 
To cleanse, purge away. [L. detergere, fr. de and 
tergere, to rub or wipe off.] — Deter 'gent, -jent, a. 
Cleansing ; purging. — n. (Med.) A medicine that 
cleanses the vessels or skin from offending matter. 

— Deter'sion, -shun. n. Act of, etc. — Deter'sive, 
-siv, a. Having power to, etc. — Deter' sively, adv. 

Deteriorate, de-te'rlf-o-rat, v. i. To make worse. — v. 
i. To grow worse, be impaired in quality, degen- 
erate. [L. detenorare, -aturn, fr. deterior, worse.] — 
Dete'riora'tion, n. State of growing worse, or of 
having grown worse. 

Determine, de-ter'min, v. t. [-mined (-mind), -min- 



ing.] To fix the boundaries of, mark off and sepa- 
rate, set bounds to, bring to an end, fix the form or 
character of; to bring about, as a cause, an effect; to 
fix the course of, impel, direct, ascertain definitely, 
settle by authoritative sentence, resolve on, bring to 
a conclusion or resolve. (Logic.) To define or limit 
by adding a differentia. (Physical Sc.) To ascer- 
tain the Quantity of. — v. i. To come to a decision, 
resolve, limit, settle, shape, decide. [OF. deter- 
miner, L. determinate, -atum, fr. de and terminare, 
to bound, terminus, boundary.] — Deter'miner, n. — 
Deter'minable, a. — Deter'minant, n. That which 
serves to determine. (Math.) The sum of a series 
of products of several numbers, formed according to 
specified laws. — Deter'minate, -nat, a. Having 
defined limits: fixed: established; conclusive; posi- 
tive. — Deter'minately, adv. — Deter'mina'tion, n. 
Act of determining, or state of being determined, 
tendency to a certain end; a judicial decision, or 
ending of controversy ; thing determined upon ; 
resoluteness; decision of mind. (Chem.) The as- 
certaining the amount of any ingredient in a sub- 
stance. (Logic.) Act of limiting a concept or no- 
tion bv giving its essential constituents; addition 
of a differentia to a concept or notion, dividing 
its extent. (Nat. Hist.) The referring of minerals, 
plants, etc., to their species. — Deter'minative, -tiv, 
a. Having power to determine; conclusive. 

Deterrent. See under Deter. 

Detersion, Detersive, etc. See under Deterge. 

Detest, de-test', v. t. To hate extremely, abhor, abom- 
inate, loathe. [OF. detester, to loathe, L. detestari, 
-tatus, to imprecate evil by calling the gods to wit- 
ness, fr. de and testan, to testify, fr. testis, a wit- 
ness.]— Detest'able. a. Worthy of, etc.; abomin- 
able; execrable; abhorred. — Detest'ably, adv.— 
Detestation, det'es- or de'tes-ta'shun, n. Act of, 
etc.; hatred; loathing. — Detest'er, n. 

Dethrone, de-thron', v. t. [-throned (-thrond'), 
-throning.] To remove or drive from a throne, de- 
pose. [OF. desthroner, fr. des (L. dis) and throne, 
throne, LL. thronus, episcopal seat, Gr. thronos, seat.] 
— Dethrone'ment, n. Deposition.— Dethron'er, n. 

Detinue. See under Detain. 

Detonate, det'o-nat, v. i. (Chem.) To explode with 
a sudden report. — r. t. To cause to explode. [L. 
detonare, -atum, to thunder down or away, f r. de and 
tonare, to thunder; s. rt. stun, thunder.] — Detona'- 
tion, n. Explosion by inflammation of combustible 
bodies. — Det'onize, -nlz, v. t. [-nized (-nizd), -niz- 
ing.] To cause to explode, burn with an explosion, 
calcine with detonation. — v. i. To detonate. 

Detort, de-t&rt', v. t. To turn from the original or 
plain meaning, pervert, wrest. [L. detorquere, -tor- 
turn, fr. de and torquere, to twist.] — Detor'tion, 
-sion, -shum n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

De'tour, da-toor', n. A turning; circuitous route ; 
deviation from the straight or usual path. [F., fr. 
de'tourner, to turn aside, fr. di and tourner, to turn.] 

Detract, de-trakt', v.t. To take away, take credit or 
reputation from, decry, depreciate, vilify, slander, 
traduce. — v. i. To remove a part, take away repu- 
tation, depreciate worth. [L. detrahere, -tractum, fr. 
de and trahere, to draw.] — Detrac'tion, n. Act of, 
etc.; calumny; aspersion; censure. — Detract'or, -er, 
n.— Detractor ess, n. A female detractor.— Detract'- 
ory, -o-rt, a. Defamatory; derogatory. 

Detriment, det'rt-ment, n. That which causes dam- 
age; diminution; injury; prejudice; mischief; harm. 
[OF.; L. detrimentwn, loss, lit. a rubbing awav.fr. 
deterere, -tritum, fr. de and terere, to rub.] — Detri- 
ment'aL, a. Causing detriment ; pernicious. —De- 
trition, -trish'un, n. A wearing off or away. — De- 
tri'tus, n. ( Geol.) A mass of matter worn from 
solid bodies by attrition. [L., p. p. of deterere.] 

Detrude, de-trood', v. t. . To thrust down, push down 
forcibly. [L. de and trudere, to shove.] — Detru'- 
sion, -zhun, n. Act of, etc.; the slipping of one por- 
tion of a substance over another. 

Detruncate, de-trun'kat, v. t. To shorten by cutting, 
cut off, lop. [L. de and truncare, -catum, to shorten, 
fr. truncvs, maimed, cut short.]— Detrunca'tion, n. 

Deuce, dus, n. (Gaming.) Two; a card or die with 2 
spots. [F. deux, L. duo.) 

Deuce, dus, n. An evil spirit; demon; the devil. [D. 
OF., and L. Deus, God, — a Norman oath.] — Deu'- 
ced. -sed, a. Devilish; extravagant; enormous. 

Deuterogamy, du-ter-og'a-mt, n. A 2d marriage, after 
the death of the first husband or wife. [Gr. deuteros, 
second, and gamos, marriage.] — Deuterog'amist, ru 
One who, etc. — Deuteron'omy, -o-mT, n. (Bibl.) 



sun, cube, full ; 
10 



l, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



DEVASTATE 



146 



DIACAUSTIC 



The 5th book of the Pentateuch, containing the 2d 
iving of the law by Moses. [Gr. nomas, law!] — Deu- 
erop^athy, -thl, n. (Med.) A sympathetic affection, 
s headache from an overloaded stomach. [Gr. 



pathos, suffering, f r. pathein, to suffer.] — Deuter- 
os'eopy, -pi, n. Second sight; meaning beyond the 
literal sense; second intention. [Gr. skopia, a look- 
ing out.] — Deutox'ide, -id, n. (Chern.) A compound 
of 2 equivalents of oxygen with 1 of a base. 

Devastate, dev'as- or de-vas'tat, v. t. To lay waste, 
desolate, demolish, pillage. [L. de and vastare, -ta- 
tum, to lay waste, fr. vastus, waste.]— Devastation, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Law.) Waste of 
the goods of the deceased by an administrator. 

Develop, de-vel'up, v. t. [-oped (-upt), -oping.] To 
free from a cover or envelope, disclose or make 
known, unfold gradually, exhibit, detect. (Math.) 
To change the form of (an algebraic expression) by 
executing indicated operations without changing 
the value. (Photog.) To render (a picture) visible by 
subjecting it to chemical action. — v. i. To go 
through a natural evolution, by successive changes 
to a more perfect state; to become visible gradually. 
[F. de'velopper, f r. de and s. rt. F. enveloper, E. to 
wrap, lap.] — Development, n. Act of, etc. (Math.) 
Act of expanding an expression into another of 
equivalent meaning; the equivalent expression into 
which another has been developed. — Development 
theory. (Nat. Hist.) Doctrine that all existing forms 
of matter and spirit were developed by uniform 
laws from simpler forms, without creative act. 

Devest, de-vest', v. t. To divest. (Law.) To alienate, 
as title or right, deprive of. — v. i. To be lost or 
alienated, as a title or an estate. [Except in the 
legal sense, spelled divest, q. v.] 

Deviate, de'vl-at, v. i. To go out of one's way, turn 
aside from a course, swerve, digress, deflect, err. 
[L. deviare, -atum, fr. de and via, a way.] — Devia'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc.; state of having deviated; error. 

— De'vious, -vl-us, a. Out of a straight line; indi- 
rect; going out of the right course of conduct; err- 
ing. — De'viously, adv. 

Device. See under Devise. 

Devil, dev'l, n. The evil one, Satan, represented in 
Scripture as the traducer, father of lies, tempter, 
etc.; an evil spirit; false god; an expletive express- 
ing emphasis. (Manuf.) A revolving cylinder armed 
with spikes, for tearing, cutting, or opening raw 
materials, as cotton, wool, rags, etc. A very wicked 
person; a dish, broiled with much pepper.— v. t. To 
make like a devil; to cut up cloth or rags in, etc.; to 
grill with pepper. [AS. deoful, deofol, L. diabolus, 
Gr. diabolos, fr. diabaUein, to slander, traduce, fr. 
dia, across, and ballein, to throw ] — Printer's devil. 
The youngest apprentice in a printing office, who 
runs errands, sweeps, etc. — To play the d. with. 
To interfere with, molest, ruin. — Devilish, dev'l- 
ish, a. Like, or pert, to, the devil ; wicked in the 
extreme ; infernal ; hellish ; satanic ; detestable. 

— Devilishly, adv. — Deviltry, -l-trl, n. Diabol- 
ism; malicious mischief. — Devllkin, n. A little 
devil. — Devirs-darn'mg-nee'dle, n. A dragon-fly, 
having a long, cylindrical body, resembling a nee- 
dle.— DeVil-fish, n. A name of several sea-creatures, 
esp. of a genus of ray found in the Atlantic, and of 
the cuttle-fish. — Di'abol'ic, -ical, a. Like, or pert, 
to, the devil; impious; nefarious; demoniac. — Di'- 
abol'ically, adv. — Diabol'icalness, n. — Diablerie, 
dya'bl-re', Diab'lery, dl-ab'ler-I, n. Deviltry; sor- 
cery; mischief. [F. diablerie, fr. diable, devil.] 

Devious. See under Deviate. 

Devise, de-viz', v. t. [-vised (-vTzd'), -vising.] To 
form in the mind by new combinations of ideas, ap- 
plications of principles, or arrangement of parts; to 
strike out by thought; to plan for, purpose to ob- 
tain. (Law.) To give by will, — used of real estate; 
to bequeath. — v. i. To form a scheme, lay a plan, 
contrive.— n. Act of disposing of real estate by will; 
a will or testament, properly of real estate; property 
given by will. [OF. deviser, to regulate, bequeath, 
talk, It. divisare, to divide, describe, think, L. divi- 
dere, -visum, to divide; OF. devise, a division, proj- 
ect, emblem, It. divisa, division, share, choice, LL. 
divisa, portion of land, decision, mark, device.] — 
Devis'able, a. Capable of being devised, invented, 
contrived, or bequeathed.— Devisee, -ze', n. (Law.) 
One to whom a devise is made or real estate be- 
queathed. — Devis'er, n. One who devises; an in- 
ventor. — Devis'or, -6r, n. (Law.) One who gives 
real estate by will: a testator. — Device, de-vis", n. 
Thing devised, or formed by design; contrivance; 



invention ; a stratagem ; a heraldic motto, usually 
connected witli an emblematic picture; power of de- 
vising; invention; genius. 

Devoid, de-void', a. Destitute; not in possession. [OF.. 
desvoider, to empty out, fr. des and void, L. viduus.] 

Devoir, dev-w6r', n. Duty; service owed; due act of 
civility; compliment. [F., fr. L. debere, to owe.] 

Devolve, de-volv / ', v. t. [-volved (-volvd''), -volving.] 
To roll onward or downward, overthrow; to trans- 
fer from one to another, deliver over, hand down. 

— v. i. To pass by transmission or succession; to be 
handed over or down. [L. de and volvere, to roll.] 

— Devolution, n. Act of, etc. 

Devote, de-vot', v. t. To appropriate by vow, set 
apart by a solemn act ; to consign over, execrate, 
doom to evil; to give up wholly, direct the atteotion 
of wholly or chiefly; to attach, addict, dedicate, re- 
sign, doom, consign. [L. de and vovere, -votum, to 
vow, promise solemnly.] — Devot'edness, n. State 
of being, etc.; addictedness. — Devotee', n. One 
wholly devoted, esp. to religion; one superstitions! y 
given to religious ceremonies; a bigot. — Devot'er, 
n. — Devotion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; af- 
fection; esp. feelings toward God appropriate to the 
act of worship; religiousness; piety; act of devoted- 
ness or devoutness; thing consecrated; an object of 
affection. [OF.] — Devotional, a. Pert, to, used in, 
or suited to, devotion. — Devout, -vowt', a. Ab- 
sorbed in religious feelings; pious; reverent; ex- 
pressing piety; warmly devoted; earnest ; prayer- 
ful; sincere. — Devout'ly, adv. —Devout'' ness, n. 

Devour, de-vowr', v. t. [-vouked (-vowrd'), -vour- 
ing.] To eat up greedily, consume ravenously; to 
seize on and destroy or appropriate greedily," self- 
ishly, or wantonly; to enjoy with avidity, consume, 
waste, annihilate. [OF. devorer, L. devorare, fr. de 
and vorare, to consume.] — Devour'er, n. 

Dew, du, n. Moisture from the atmosphere condensed 
by cool bodies upon their surfaces, esp. at night. — 
v. t. [dewed (dud), dewing.] To wet with dew, 
bedew. [AS. deaw, D. dauw, Ic. dogg, OHG. tou.\ 

— Dew'y, -I, a. Covered, or appearing as if covered, 
with dew; pert, to or like dew; falling gently.— 
Dewiness, n. — Dew'-drop, n. A drop of dew. — 
-lap, n. The fold of skin, etc., hanging from the 
throats of oxen, which laps or licks the dew in 
grazing; a fold of skin, etc., on the human throat 
or chin, esp. when flaccid with age. — point, n. 
(Meteor.) The temperature at which dew begins 
to form. — ret'ting, n. Process of softening and re- 
moving mucilage from the fibrous and cellular por- 
tions of flax and hemp, by exposing the stalks to 
dew, rain, eun, and air. 

Dexter, deks'ter, a. Pert, to, or on, the right hand; 
right, as opp. to left. [L.; Gr. dexios, dexiteros, Skr. 
dakshma, on the right, fr. daksh, to suit, be strong.] 

— Dexterity, -te'r'T-tl, n. Readiness and physical 
grace; activity of the mind; quickness and skill in 
managing affairs ; adroitness ; tact; aptitude; fac- 
ulty. — Dex'terous, -trous, -trus, a. Ready and ex- 
pert; skillful in contrivance; quick at inventing ex- 
pedients; done with dexterity; apt; handy; versed. 

— Dexterously, adv. — Dex terousness, n. — Dex'- 
tral, a. Right, as opp. to left.— Dextrorse, -trorsal, 
-trdr'sal, a. Rising from right to left, as a spiral 
line or a climbing plant. [L. dextrorsum, contr. fr. 
dextrovorsum, -versum, toward the right side, fr. 
dexter, right, and p. p. of vertere, vortere, to turn.] 
— Dextrose, -tros, n. Grape-sugar ; starch-sugar; 
sugar obtained from starch and dried fruits,— which 
causes a right-hand rotation in polarized light. 

Dey, da, n. The European title for the governor ot 
Algeria, before its conquest by the French. [Turk. 
ddi, orig. a maternal uncle ; in Algiers, the com- 
mander of the Janizaries, who frequently became 
pasha of that province.] 

Dhow, Dow, dow, n. A coasting vessel of Arabia, East 
Africa, etc. [Ar.] 

Diabetes, di-a-belez, n. sing. & pi. (Med.) A disease 
attended with a persistent, excessive discharge of 
urine. [Gr. diabainein, to stand with the legs apart, 
fr. dia, apart, and bainein, to go.] — Diabet'ic, -ical, 
a. Pert, to, or afflicted with, etc. 

Diablerie, Diabolic, etc. See under Devil. 

Diacaustic, di-a-kawslik, a. Pert, to a species of 
caustic curves formed by refraction. — ??. (Med.) 
That which is caustic by refraction, as the 6un's 
rays concentrated by a convex lens,— used as a cau- 
tery. (Math.) A curve formed by the consecutive 
intersections of rays of light refracted through a 
lens. [Gr. dia, through, and kaiein, to burn.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r i 



DIACONAL 



147 



DICHOTOMIZE 




Diaconal. Diaconate. See under Deacon. 

Diacoustic, di-a-kows'tik or -koos'tik, a. Pert, to the 
science of refracted sounds. — Diacous'tics, »i. Sci- 
ence of the properties of sound refracted through 
different mediums. [Gr. dia and akouein, to hear.] 

Diacritic, -ical, di-a-krit'ik-al, a. Separating; indica- j 
ting something to be distinguished. [Gr. dia, be- 
tween, and kruiein^ to separate.] 

Diadem, di'a-deni, n. A fillet, worn as a badge of ! 
royalty, a crown ; sovereignty; dignity. (Her.) 
An arch rising from the rim of a crown, and uniting I 
with others over its center. [OF. diademc, L. ana l 
Gr. diadema, fr. Gr. dia and dein, to bind.] 

Diaeresis. Dieresis. di-er , e-sis,n.;pZ. -ses, -sez. (Gram.) | 
The separation of 1 syllable into 2 ; a mark [ " ] orer 
the second of 2 adjacent vowels, to denote that they 
are to be pronounced separately, as, aerial. ft. 
diseresis, Gr. diairesis, fr. dia and hairein, to take.] 

Diagnosis, di-ag-no'sis, n. (Jled.) Determination of a 
disease by distinctive characteristics. Scientific de- 
termination of any kind. [Gr., fr. dia and gnosis, 
inquirv, knowledge, fr. gignoskein, to know.] — Di- 
agnostic, a. Pert, to, or furnishing, a diagnosis ; 
indicating the nature of a disease. — n. Symptom 
by which a disease is distinguished from others. 

Diagonal, di-ag'o-nal, a. (Geom.) Joining 2 not ad- 
jacent angles of a quadrilateral 
or multilateral figure, and divid- 
ing it into 2 parts ; crossing at an 
angle with one of the sides. — n. 
A right line drawn from one an- 

fle to another, not adjacent, of a _. 
gure of 4 or more sides. [Gr. dia Diagonal, 
and gonia, corner, angle.]— Diag'onally, -IT, adv. 
In a diagonal direction. 

Diagram, di'a-gram, n. (Geom.) A figure to illus- 
trate a statement, or facilitate a demonstration. An 
illustrative outline or drawing. [L. and Gr. dia- 
gramma, fr. Gr. dia and graphein, to draw.] — Di'a- 
graph, -graf, n. An instrument used in perspective. 

Dial, di'al, n. An instrument showing the time of 
day from the shadow of a style on a graduated sur- 
face ; the graduated face of a time-piece on which 
the time is shown by pointers. (XL. dialis, pert, to 
a day, fr. L. dies, day.] — Di'aling, n. Science of 
measuring time by dials ; art of constructing dials. 

— Di'alist, n. A constructor of, etc. — Di'al-plate, 
n. The graduated face of, etc. 

Dialect, di'a-lekt, n. Means or mode of expressing 
thoughts ; language ; tongue ; local form of a lan- 

fuage; idiom ; patois ; phraseology. [F. dialecte, L. 
iatectos, manner of speaking, Gr. dialektos, speech, 
discourse, language of a district, fr. dia and legein, 
to choose, speak.] — Dialectic, -tical, a. Pert, to a 
dialect or to dialects : logical. — Dialec'tics, n. sing. 
That branch of logic which teaches the rules of rea- 
soning ; application of logical principles to discur- 
sive reasoning. [G. dialektike (techne), (art of) dis- 
cussing by questioning.] — Di'alecti'cian, -tish'an, 
w. One versed in dialectics ; a logician ; reasoner. 

— Di'alogue. -log, n. A conversation between two 
or more, esp. in theatrical performances; a composi- 
tion in which persons are represented as conversing. 

— Dial'ogist. -jist, n. A speaker in, or writer of dia- 
logue. — DiaPogist'ic. -gist'ical, a. Pert, to, or in 



St 
r 
course in dialogue 



ogize, -jlz, v. i. To dis- 



Diallage, di'al-lej, n. A dark-green laminate mineral, 
a variety of hornblende er augite. [Gr., change, fr. 
the change of luster between its natural joints.] 

Dialysis, di-al'T-sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. A diuresis. 
(Rhet.) Asyndeton. (Med.) Debilitv ; a solution 
of continuity ; separation of parts. " [Gr. dia and 
luein, to loose.] — Dialyt'ic, -lifik, a. Unloosing. 

Diamagnetic. di'a-mag-net'ik, a. Pert, to, or exhibit- 
ing the phenomenaof, diamagnetism. — n. A sub- 
stance which, in afield of magnetic force, takes a 
position at right ansrles to that of the ordinary mag- 
net. — Di^amagnet'ically, adv. — Diamag'netism, 
-izm, n. Science of diamagnetic phenomena : con- 
dition of magnetic action which characterizes dia- 
magnetics. 

Diameter, di-am'e-ter, n. (Geo v.) A right line 
through the center of a figure or bod; 
terminated 
Length 
ter of 
thickness, 
the lower part . _ 
used as a unit for measuring all the parts Diameter. 
Of an order. [OF. diametre, L. and Gr. diametros. 



fr. Gr. dia and metrdn, to measure. J — Diam'etral, 
a. Pert, to a diameter.— Diamet'ric, -rical, a. Pert. 
to, etc. ; directly adverse. — Diamet'rically, adv. 
In a diametrical'direction ; directly. 
Diamond, dKa-mund or di'mund, n. A mineral and 
gem remarkable for hardness ; crystallized 
carbon ; a geometrical figure otherwise 
called rhombus or lozenge ; one of a suit of 
playing cards, stamped with the figure of a 
diamond. (Print.) A small type, in size 
between pearl and brilliant. [OF., Gr.,and 
D. diamant. It. and Sp. diamante, corrup. 
of adamant, q. v.] 
i£S~ This line is printed in the tvpe called Diamond. 

Diapason, di-a-pa'zon, n. (Gr. Mus.) The oc- 
tave or interval which includes all the tones. Con- 
cord, as of notes an octave apart ; harmony ; entire 
compass of tones ; scale or pitch for giving a stand- 
ard pitch; one of certain stops in the organ, which 
extend through the scale of the instrument. [L. and 
Gr., contr. of Gr. dia jiason chordon sumphonia, con- 
cord through all the notes.] 

Diaper, di'a-per, n. Figured linen cloth for towels, 
napkins, etc. ; a towel or napkin ; infant's breech- 
cloth. (Arch.) Paneling filled up with arabesque 
gilding and painting, or with wrought work in low 
relief. — v. t. [diapered (-nerd), -pering.] To 
variegate with figures, as cloth ; to put a diaper on, 
as a child. — v. i. To draw figures. [OF. diapre, 
diaspre, figured cloth, diaspre. jasper, a stone used 
in jewelry, Olt. diaspro, L..jasr,is, Gr. iaspis.] 

Diaphanous, di-af'a-nus, a. Transmitting rays of 
light, as glass ; transparent ; clear. [Gr. dia and 
phainein, to show, appear.] — Diaphaneity, -ne'I-tl, 
n. Qualitj' of being, etc. 

Diaphoaics, di-a-foCiks, n. Doctrine of refracted 
sound. [Gr. dia and phone, sound, tone.] 

Diaphoresis, di'a-fo-re'sis, n. (Med.) Augmentation 
of insensible perspiration. [Gr. dia and pherein, to 
carry.] — Diaphoretic, -ical, a. Having power to, 
etc. — Diaphoretic, n. A medicine which, etc. 

Diaphragm, di'a-fram, n. A dividing membrane or 
partition, commonly with an opening through it. 
(Anat.) The muscle separating the chest from the 
abdomen ; midriff. [L. and Gr. diaphragma, fr. Gr. 
dia and phragnunai, to inclose.] 

Diarrhea, -rhcea, di-ar-re'a, n. (Med.) A morbidly 
frequent evacuation of the intestines. [L. diarrhoea, 
Gr. diarrhoia, fr. dia and rhein, to now.] — Diar- 
rhet'ic. -rhoefic, a. Producing, etc. 

Diary, di'a-rY, n. A register of dailv occurrences ; 
journal; blank-book dated for daily memoranda. 
[L. diarittm, fr. dies, day.] — Di'ariat, n. One who 
keeps, etc. 

Diastase, di'as-tas, n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous sub- 
stance, generated during- germination of grain for 
the brewery, which accelerates formation of sugar 
during fermentation. [Gr. diastasis, fr. diastenai, 
to divide, fr. dia and stenai, to stand.] 

Diastole, di-as'to-le, n. (Med.) A dilatation of the 
heart. (Gram.) A figure by which a syllable nat- 
urally short is made long. [Gr., fr. dia and stellein, 
to set, place.] 

Diastyle, di'a-stll, n. (Arch.) An edifice in which 3 
diameters of the columns are allowed for each inter- 
columniation. [Gr. dia and stulos, column.] 

Diatessaron, di-a-tes'sa-ron, n. (Anc. Mus.) The 
interval of a fourth. (Theol.) A harmony of the 4 
Gospels. [Gr., fr. dia and testares, four.] 

Diathesis, di-ath'e-sis, n. (Med.) Bodily condition, 
esp. that which predisposes to a particular disease. 
[Gr., fr. dia and tiihenai, to place, put.] 

Diatonic, di-a-ton'ik, a. (Mus.) Pert, to the scale of 
8 tones, the 8th of which is the octave of the first. 
[Gr. diatonikos, fr. dia and teinevi, to stretch, tonos, 
a stretching, tone.] —Diatonic scale. (Mus.) A scale 
consisting of 8 sounds with 7 intervals, of which 2 
are semitones and 5 whole tones. 

Diatribe, di'a-trlb, n. A continued discourse or dis- 
[ putation; an invective harangue; reviling; reproach, 
f Gr., fr. dia and tribein, to rub.] 

Dibber, dib'bgr, Dibble, dib'bl, n. A pointed hand 
instrument, to make holes for planting seeds, etc. 
— Dib'ble, v. t. [dibbled (-bid), -bling.] To plant 
with a dibble, make holes for planting seeds, etc. — 
v. i. To dip, as in angling. [Fr. dip, q. v.] 

Dice, etc. See under Die, n. 

Dichotomize, di-kot'o-mTz, v. t. To cut into 2 parts, 
halve, bisect. (Astron.) To exhibit as a half -disk 
or semicircle. — v. i. To divide into 2 parts or pairs. 
[Gr. dicha, in two (Gr. dis, L. bis, Skr. dvis, twice ; 



son, cube, full : moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. DOHboK, chair, get. 



DICHROISM 



148 



DIFFIDENT 



e. rt. Gr. and L. duo, Skr. dva, E. two), and temnein, 
to cut.] — Dichofomous, -mus, a. (Bot.) Regularly 
dividing by pairs, from top to bottom. — Dichot- 
omy, -mY, n. Division of genera into 2 species. 
(Astron.) That phase of the moon in which it shows 
half its disk. {Bot.) Successive division and sub- 
division of a stem, etc., into 2 parts. {Logic.) Di- 
vision of a class into 2 sub-classes opposed to each 
other by contradiction. 

Dichroism, di'kro-izm, n. (Opt.) Property of pre- 
senting different colors by transmitted light, when 
viewed in 2 different directions. [Gr. dis, twice, and 
chroa, chroma, color.]— Di / achro''mat''ic, a. Having 
or producing 2 colors. — Diachro'mic. a. Furnish- 
ing 2 colors, — said of defective vision, in which 
the compound colors are resolvable into 2 elements 
only, instead of 3. 

Dickens, dik'enz, re. The devil, — used as a vulgar 
interjection. [Contr. of devilkins.'] 

Dicker, dik'Sr, re. The number of 10, esp. 10 hides or 
skins ; a chaffering barter of small wares. — v. i. To 
negotiate a dicker; to barter. [L. decuria, a division 
containing 10, fr. decern, ten.] 

Dickey, Dicky, dik't, re. A seat behind a carriage, 
for servants, etc. ; a bosom to tie over the front of a 
shirt ; a shirt-collar. 

Dicotyledon, di'kot-T-le'don, n. (Bot.) A plant whose 
seeds divide into 2 lobes in germinating. — Di'coty- 
led'onous, -nus, a. Having 2 cotyledons. 

Dictate, dik'tat, v. t. To deliver, state, or utter, for 
another to reduce to writing ; to communicate with 
authority ; to deliver to a subordinate, as a com- 
mand; to prescribe, enjoin, urge. — v. i. To deliver 
commands.— re. A statement delivered with author- 
ity ; authoritative rule or principle ; order ; direc- 
tion; impulse; admonition. [L. dictare, -tatum, freq. 
of dicere, to say.] — Dictation, re. Act of, etc. — 
Dicta'tor, -tSr, re. One who, etc.; one invested with 
absolute authority, esp. in times of distress. — Dic- 
tato'rial, -rt-al, a. Pert, or suited to a dictator; ab- 
solute ; imperious ; overbearing. — Dictato'rially, 
adv. — Dicta' torship, re. Office or term of office of, 
etc. — Dicta' tress, -trix, re. A female who dictates. 
— Dicta' ture, -ta'chur, n. Dictatorship. 

Diction, dik'shun, n. 'Choice of words ; selection of 
terms, manner of expression ; style ; phraseology. 
[F. ; L. dictio, fr. dicere, dictum, to say ; s. rt. Gr. 
deiknunai, Skr. dig , to show.] — Dic'tum, re. ; pi. -ta, 
-ta. An authoritative saying or assertion. (Law.) 
A judicial opinion by judges on points not necessa- 
rily in the case. — Dictionary, -a-rt, re. A book in 
which words are alphabetically arranged and ex- 
plained; a lexicon ; vocabulary ; a work containing 
information in any department of knowledge, ar- 
ranged alphabetically, under heads. [F. dictionnaire, 
NL. dictionarium, fr. L. dictio.] 

Did. See Do. 

Didactic, -tical, di-dak'tik-al, a. Fitted or inclined 
to teach ; arranged in a form suitable for instruc- 
tion ; preeeptive. [Gr. didaktikos, fr. didaskein, to 
teach.] — Didac'tically, adv. — Didac'tics, re. Art 
or science of teaching. 

Didactyl, di-dak'til, n. An animal having 2 toes. — 
Didac'tyl, -tylous, -us, a. Having 2 toes. [Gr. dis 
and daktulos, finger, toe.] 

Didapper, did'ap-er, n. A diving bird; the black-chin 

freloe ; dab-chick. [For dive-dapper ; E. dapper, 
opper, diver, Sw. doppa, to dip. See Dip, Dive.] 

Diddle, did'dl, v. i. To totter, as a child in walking. 
[Scot., to shake, jog.] 

Dido, di'do, n. ; pi. -dos, -doz. A trick; antic; caper. 

Didst. Second per. imp. of do. See Do. 

Die, di, v. i. [died (did), dying.] To cease to live, 
become dead, expire, become lost or extinct ; to 
sink, faint; languish, with weakness, discourage- 
ment, love, etc.; become indifferent; to recede and 
grow fainter, become imperceptible ; to become 
vapid, flat, or spiritless, as liquor. [Ic. deyja, Sw. 
do, Dan. doe, Goth. diwan.~\ 

Die, di, n. A small cube, marked on its faces with 
spots from 1 to 6, used in gaming, 
by being thrown from a box ; 



any small cubical body. [PI. 
this sense, Dice (dis); in the fol- 
lowing senses,DiES(diz).] (Arch.) 
The cubical part of the pedestal, D - 

between base and cornice. The 
piece of metal on which is cut a device to be stamped 
(on a coin, medal, etc.); one of two pieces of hard- 
ened steel forming together a female screw for cut- 
ting the threads of screws. [OF. det, later de\ pi. 



dez, LL. dadus, a die, lit. thing given forth, fr. 
datus, p. p. of L. dare, to give.] — Dice, dis, re. ; pi. 
oidie. A game. — v. i. To play with dice.— 
Di'cer, n. One who, etc. — Die'-sink'ing, n. Pro- 
cess of engraving dies. — -stock, n. An implement 
for holding dies while cutting threads on screws. 

Dieresis. Same as Di.ekesis. 

Dies non, di'ez-non. (Law.) A day on which courts 
are not held. [L. dies non juridicus.'] 

Diet, di'et, n. Habitual food ; victuals ; course of 
food selected with reference to a particular state of 
health. — v. t. To feed, nourish, esp. to cause to 
eat and drink sparingly, or by rule. —v. i. To eat, 
feed, esp. to eat sparingly. [OF. diete, diet, LL. 
dieta, a ration, Gr. diaitta, mode of life, diet, perh. 
fr. diao for zao, I live, Zend ji, Skr. jiv, to live; s. 
rt. quick.'} — Di'etary, -a-rt, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. 
Rule of diet; allowance of food.— Dietetic, -ical, a. 
Pert, to the rules of, etc. — Dietetics, n. That part 
of medicine or hygiene relating to, etc. — Diet'er, 
-a'rian, n. One who observes rules for, etc. 

Diet, di'et, n. A legislative or administrative assem- 
bly in some countries of Europe. [Same as preced- 
ing, bnt influenced by L. dies, a day— day ap- 
pointed for business, assembly.] 

Differ, differ, v. i. [-fered (-ferd), -feeing.] Ta 
be or 6tand apart, disagree, be unlike or discordant; 
to have a difference or quarrel. — v. t. To cause to 
be different or unlike. [L. dis, apart, and ferre, to 
bear.] — Difference, -ens, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. ; disagreement ; dissension ; cause of dis- 
sension ; occasion of quarrel; that by which one 
thing differs from another ; characteristic quality. 
(Logic.) Quality or attribute added to those of the 
genus to constitute a species ; differentia. (Math.) 
The quantity by which one quantity differs from 
another. — v. t. [differenced (-enst), -encing.] 
To cause to differ, make different, distinguish. — 
Different, a. Distinct; of various or contrary na- 
ture, form, or quality; unlike; dissimilar. — Dif- 
ferently, adv. — Differentiate, -shf-at, v. t. (Math.) 
To obtain the differential, or differential coefficient 
of. (Logic.) To distinguish or describe, by giving 
the differentia, or specific difference of a thing; to 
define exactly, specialize. — v. i. , To constitute, 
mark, or show a difference; to discriminate. — Dif'- 
fer-en'tia'tion, -shT-a'shun, n. (Logic.) Act of dis- 
tinguishing a thing, by giving its differentia, or spe- 
cific difference. (Math.) Act or process of differen- 
tiating. (Physiol.) Production of a diversity of 
parts by a process of evolution or development. 
(Metaph.) Tendency in being, organic or inorganic, 
to assume more complex structure or functions.— 
Differen'tia, -sht-a, n. {Logic.) The distinguish- 
ing part of the essence of a species; specific differ- 
ence. [L.] — Differential, -shal, a. Creating a dif- 
ference; discriminating; special. (Math.) Pert, to 
a differential. (Mech.) Differing in amount or in 
producing force, — said of motions or effects; in- 
tended to produce difference of motion or effect, — 
said of machinery, etc. — n. (Math.) An increment^ 
usually an indefinitely small one, given to a vari- 
able quantity. — Differential calculus. One of the 
higher branches of mathematics. See Calculus. — 
D. coefficient. Limit of the ratio of the increment 
of a function of a variable to the increment of the 
variable itself, when these increments are indefi- 
nitely email. — D. coupling. (Mach.) A slip-coup- 
ling to regulate the velocity of the connected shaft. 
— D. gear. A combination of wheel- work produ- 
cing a motion equal to the difference between two 
other motions. — D. motion. A single combination 
producing such a velocity-ratio as would ordinarily 
require a train of mechanism. — D. screw. A com- 
pound screw producing a motion equal to the dif- 
ference of the motions of the component screws. — 
D. thermometer. Que measuring small differences 
of temperature. 

Difficulty, dif ft-kul-tT, n. State of being hard to ac- 
complish, or to deal with; a thing hard to accom- 
plish ; a controversy ; variance or disagreement ; 
obstacle ; perplexity ; distress ; objection. [OF. 
difficulte, L. difficultas, fr. dis and facilis, easy.] — 
Difficult, a. Hard to make, do, or perform; beset 
with difficulty; not easily wrought upon; not com- 
pliant; painful; austere; rigid. — Difficultly, adv. 

Diffident, dif fT-dent, a. Wanting confidence in 
others, or in one's self; distrustful; timid; bashful; 
reserved. fL. diffidens, p. pr. of diffidere, to distrust, 
f r. dis and fidere, to trust.] — Diffidently, adv. — 
Diffidence, -dens, n. State of being, etc. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In. Toe ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



DIFFRACT 



149 



DIM 



Diffract, dif-frakt', v. t. To break or separate into 
parts. [L. dis and frangere, fractum, to break.] — 
Diffrac'tion, n. (Opt.) The deflection and de- 
composition of light in passing by the edges of 
opaque bodies or through slits, causing the appear- 
ance of fringes of prismatic colors. 

Diffuse, dif-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'). -fusi.vg.] To 
pour out and spread, as a fluid; to send out, or ex- 
tend, in all directions ; to expand, disseminate, 
spend, waste, publish, proclaim. [L. dis and fun- 
dere, fusum, to pour, spread.] — Diffus'er, n. — Dif- 
fus'edly, adv. In a diffused manner; dispersedly. 
— Diffus'edness, n. — Diffu'sible, -zt-bl, a. Capable 
of being, etc. — Diffu / sibil , ity, n. — Diffu'sion, 
•zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; dissemina- 
tion ; spread ; propagation : dispersion. — Diffuse'', 
-fus', a. Poured out ; widely spread ; not re- 
strained, esp. as to style ; copious; prolix; ampli- 
fted. — Diffusely, adv.— Diffuse'ness, n. Quality 
of being diffuse; esp. in writing, the use of many 
words to express the meaning; lack of conciseness; 
verbosity. — Diffu'sive, -siv, a. Having the quality 
of, etc.; capable of spreading by flowing; extend- 
ing. — Diffu'sively, adv. — Diffu'siveness, n. 

Dig, dig, v. t. [dug or (obs.) digged (digd), dig- 
ging.] To turn and throw up, as the earth ; to 
loosen or remove with a spade, etc.; to delve; to 
hollow out, as a well; form, as a ditch; excavate. — 
v. i. To work with a spade, etc., do servile work, 
delve. [AS. dician, to make a dike, Dan. dige, to 



- Dig/ger, n. — Dig'ging, n. Act 
or°place of, etc. pi. Places where ore, esp. gold, is 
dug; regions; localities. 

Digamma, di-garn'ma, n. A letter (F) of the Greek 
alphabet, which early fell into disuse, pron., prob., 
like E. w. [Gr., fr. dis, twice, and gamma, because 
formed like 2 gammas, one above the other.] 

Digastric, di-gas'trik, a. (Anat.) Having a double 
belly; pert, to a muscle between the lower jaw and 
the mastoid process. [Gr. dis and gaster, belly.] 

Digest, di-iest', v. f. To arrange methodically; work 
over and classify ; to prepare in the stomach for 
conversion into "blood, turn intc chyme, — said of 
food; to think over, reflect upon; to bear with pa- 
tience. (Chem.) To soften by heat and moisture, 
(iferf.) To suppurate, —v. i. To undergo diges- 
tion; be prepared by heat, suppurate. [L. digerere, 
-gestum, to separate, dissolve, fr. dis and gerere, to 
bear, wear.] — Di'gest, n. Thing digested; esp. that 
which is worked over, classified, and arranged ; 
compendium ; abridgment ; pandect; a collection 
of Roman laws. [L. digestum.]— Digest'er, n. One 
who digests; thing that aids digestion; a closed ves- 
sel, for dissolving bones, etc., by exposure to a high 
temperature. — Digestible, -I-bl, a. Capable of 
being, etc. — Digestlbleness, -ibillty, n. Quality 
of being, etc. — Digeslion, -chun, n. Act of digest- 
ing; classification; conversion of food into chyme; 
preparation by heat and moisture; gradual solution; 
production of pus.— Digestive, -iv, a. Causing, 
used for, or pert, to digestion. 

Digbt, dlt, v. t. [dight or dighted; dighting.] To 
put in order, dress, adorn. [AS. dihtan, MHG. dih- 
ten, G. dichten, fr. L. dictare, to dictate, q. v.] 

Digit, dijlt, n. A finger; a finger'B breadth, or 3-4ths 
of an inch. (Arith.) One of the ten figures, 0, 1, 2, 
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, by which numbers are expressed. 
(Astron.) A 12th part of the diameter of the sun or 
moon. [L. digitus, a finger, an inch.] — Digital, 
a. Pert, to the fingers, or 
to digits. — Dig' itate, 
-tated, a. (BotT) Having 
leaflets arranged, like fin- 
gers, at the extremity of 
a stem, or petiole. — Digi- 
ta'tion, n. A division into 
finger -like processes. — 
Dig1tiform,-T-ti-f6rm, a. 
(Bot.) Formed like fin- 
gers. —Dig' itigrade, 
-grad, a. yZobl.) Walk- 
ing on the toes. — n. An 
animal that steps on its 
toes, as the lion, wolf. etc. 
[L. qradi, to step, walk.] 

Dignify, dig'nY-fi, v. t. T-fied (-fid), -fyino.] To 
invest with dignity or honor, give distinction to. 
[OF. dignifier, LL. dignificare, fr. L. dignus, worthy, 
and facere, to make.] — Dig'nity, -tl, n. State of 
being worthy or honorable ; elevation of mind or of 
rank; quality inspiring respect ; loftiness and ele- 



fance ; one holding high rank. [OF. d ignite, L. 
ignitas, fr. dignus.] — Dig'nitary, -ta-rt, n. One 
who possesses exalted rank, esp. ecclesiastical rank. 
Digraph, di'graf, n. A combination of 2 written 

j characters to express one sound. [Gr. dis, twice, 

! and graphein, to write.] 
Digress, dt-gres', v. i. [-gressed (-gresf), -gress- 

I inc.] To turn aside; esp. in writing or speaking, 
to turn aside from the main subject of attention or 
course of argument; to turn aside from the right 

| path, deviate, expatiate, amplify, transgress. [L. 

i dis, apart, and gradi, gressus, to step.] — Digres'- 
sion, -gresh'un, n. Act of, etc.; part of a discour.-e 
deviating from its main design ; transgression ; 
offense.— Digres'sional, a. Pert, to, or consisting 
in, etc. — Digres'sive, -iv, a. Departing from the 
main subject. — Digress Ively, adv. 
Dike, dlk, n. A ditch; channel for water made by 
digging ; bank thrown up to exclude water from 
low lands. (Geol.) A wall-like mass of mineral 
matter, filling up fissures in the original 6trata. — v. 
t. [diked (dikt), dikixg.] To surround, protect, 
or drain by dikes. [AS. die, D. ch'ik, Ic. diki, Dan. 
dige, Sw. dike, dike; Gr. teichos, Skr. dehi, mound, 
rampart; s. rt. ditch, dig, dough.] 
Dilapidate, dl-lap'T-dat, v. t. To suffer to fall into 
decay or partial ruin ; to diminish by waste and 
abuse, squander, — v. i. To get out of repair, be- 
come decayed, go to ruin. [L. dilapidare, -datum, 
to scatter like stones, fr. dis and lapis, a stone.] — 
Dilap-'ida'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
ecclesiastical waste. — Dilap'idator, n. One who 
causes dilapidation. 
Dilate, dT-laf or di-lat', v. t. To enlarge or extend 
in all directions, expand, distend, spread out, am- 
plify, expatiate. — v. i. To expand, swell; to 6peak 
largely and copiously, expatiate, descant. [OF. 
dilater, fr. L. dilatus, spread abroad, fr. dis and 
latus, p. p. of/erre,to carry.] — Dilafer, n. — Dila'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; expansion. 
— Dil'ata'tion, n. Same as dilation. [OF.] — Dila'- 
table, a. — Dila'tabil'ity, n. — Dila'tive, a. Causing 
dilatation. — Dilat'or, n. That which expands; a 
muscle that dilates any part. — Dil'atory, -to-rl, a. 
Inclined to put off what ought to be done at once; 
given to, or marked with procrastination; intended 
to make delay, or to gain time and defer action; 
sluggish; backward; tardy. — Dil'atorily, adv.— 
Diratoriness, n. 
Dilemma, dl-lem'ma or dl-lern'ma, n. {Logic.) An 
argument which affords an antagonist alternatives, 
but is conclusive against him, whichever alterna- 
tive he chooses. A perplexing state ; difficult or 
doubtful choice. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. dia, between, 
and lambanein, to take.] 
Dilettant, dil-et-tanf, -tante, -tan'ta, n. ; pi. -tanti, 
-te. An admirer of the fine arts ; an amateur ; esp. 
one who follows an art desultorily, without serious 




Digitate Leaf. 



purpose, or for amusement. [It. dilettante, p. pr. of 
delettare, L. delectare, to delight.] — Dilettan'teism. 
-ta-izm, n. Quality of being, etc. 



Diligent, dil'T-]ent, a. Interestedly and perseveringly 
attentive ; steady in application to business ; prose- 
cuted with care and constant effort ; assiduous ; 
sedulous ; industrious ; careful. [L. diligens, p. pr. 
of dUigere, to esteem highly, fr. dis and legere, to 
select.] — Diligently, adv. — Diligence, -jens, n. 
Quality of being, etc.; assiduity; industry. 

Diligence, de-le-zhaxs /r , n. A French stage-coach. [F.] 

— DiKly, -It, n. A stage-coach. [Contr. of diligence.] 
Dill, dil, n. A plant bearing pungent and aromatic 

seeds. [AS. dile, D. dille, Sw. and G. dill] 
Dilly-dally, diKlT-daFlt, v. i. To loiter or trifle. [See 

Dally.] 
Dilute, di-laf, v. t. To make thinner or more liquid 
by admixture with something ; to diminish, by mix- 
ing, the strength, flavor, color, etc., of ; to reduce, 
esp. by addition of water. — v.i. To become thin. 

— a. Thin ; attenuated ; reduced in strength, as 
spirit or color. [L. diluerc, dilution, fr. dis and luere, 
to wash.]— Dilut'er, n. — Dilu'tion, n. Act of. 'or 
state of being, etc. — Dil'uent, -u-ent, a. Diluting. 
n. That which, etc.; esp. what weakens the blood, 
by mixture with it. — Dilu'vial, -vt-al, a. Pert, to, 
or produced by, a deluge, esp. the deluge in Noah's 
days. — Dilu'vian, «. Pert, to a deluge.— Dilu'vion, 
-am, n. (Geol.) A deposit of superficial loam, sand, 
etc., caused by action of the sea. [L. diluvium.] 

Dim, dim, a. Not bright or distinct; of obscure luster, 
sound, or vision; dull of apprehension; dark; mys- 
terious, sullied, tarnished, —v. t. [dimmed (dimd) 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f$ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



DIME 



150 



DIPTERAL 



dimming.] To render obscure, darken, dull ; to de- 
prive of distinct vision, darken the senses or under- 
standing of. [AS. dim, Ic. dimmr, Sw. dimmig, dim, 
Sw. dimma, a teg, a mist; Skr. tamas, gloom, fr. tarn, 
to choke, obscure.] — Dimly, adv. — Dim'ness, n. — 
Dim'mish, a. Somewhat dim. 

Dime, dim, n. A silver coin of the United States, 
worth 10 cents ; the tenth of a dollar. [F. ; OF. 
disme. L. decimus, the tenth, fr. decern, ten.] 

Dimension, df-men'shun, n. Measurement in length, 
breadth, and thickness ; extent ; size ; application; 
importance. (Alg.) A literal factor, as numbered in 
characterizing a term. [OF.; L. dimensio, fr. dis and 
metiri, mensus, to measure.] — Dimen'sive, -siv, a. 
Marking the dimensions or limits. 

Dimeter, dim'e-tgr, a. Having two poetical measures. 

— n. A verse of 2 measures. [Gr. dis and metron, 
measure.] 

Dimidiate, dY-mid't-at, v. t. To divide into 2 equal 
parts. — a. Divided into two equal parts. (Jfat. 
Hist.) Consisting of but one half of what the nor- 
mal condition requires, appearing as if halved ; hav- 
ing one half set off against the other in functions. 
[L. dimidiare, -atum, fr. dimidius, half.] — Dimid'i- 
a'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Diminish, dY-minlsh, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] 
To make smaller ; to lessen the authority or dignity 
of. (Mus.) To make smaller by a semitone. To 
take away, subtract, abate, reduce, impair. — v. i. 
To become or appear less or smaller ; to lessen, [dis 
and E. tninish, fr. OF. menusier, LL. minutiare. fr. 
L. minuere, -nutum, to lessen.] — Diminlshable, a. 

— Dimin'isher, n. — Diminu'tion, -nu'shun, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. ; reduction in size, 
quantity, degree, dignity, or consideration. (Law.) 
Omission, inaccuracy, or defect in a record. [OF.] — 
Dimin'utive, -tiv, a. Of small size; minute; little. 

— n. Something of small size or value; insignifi- 
cant thing. (Gram.) A derivative from a noun, de- 
noting a small or young object of the kind denoted 
by the primitive. — Dimin'utively, adv. — tm«»*«'- 
utivenesB, n. — Dimin'uen'do, adi 
(Mus.) In a gradually diminishing 
manner, — a direction, written on Diminuendo, 
the staff or indicated as in the margin. [It., p. pr. 
of diminuire, to diminish.] 

Dimissory. See under Dismiss. 

Dimity, dim / 'Y-tY, n. A kind of stout, white, cotton 
cloth, ribbed or figured. [Gr. dimitos, dimitv, lit. 
made with double thread, f r. dis and mitos, a thread 
of the woof.] 

Dimorphous, di-m6r / 'fus, a. Occurring under 2 dis- 
tinct forms. (Crysta'dog.) Crystallizing under 2 
forms fundamentally different. [Gr. dis and morphe, 
form.] — Dimor'phism, -fizm, n. Property of being, 
etc. 

Dimple, dim'' pi, n. A slight natural depression on 
the surface of the body, esp. on the CiieeK o. chin ; 
indentation on any surface. — v. i. [dimtleTj (-pld), 
-pling.] To form dimples, sink into depressions. — 
v. t. To mark with, etc. [Same as dingle, dim. of dip.] 

Din, din, n. Loud, stunning noise ; racket ; clamor.— 
v.t. [dinned (dind), -NiNG.] To strike with con- 
tinued or confused sound; to stun with noise. [AS. 
dyn, Ic. dynr, din ; AS. dynnan, to make a loud 
sound, Ie. dynja, to pour, rattle down like hail, Skr. 
dhuni, roaring, dhvan, to roar, buzz.] 

Dine, din, v. i. [dined (dlnd), dining.] To partake 
of the noon meal, or principal meal of the day ; to 
take dinner. — v. t. To give a dinner to or at. _[F. 
diner, OF. disner, LL. dimare.] — Din'ner, n. The 
principal meal, entertainment; feast. [F. diner.~] 

Ding, ding, v. i. [dinged (dingd), dinging.] To talk 
with vehemence, importunity, or reiteration ; to 
bluster ; to sound, as a bell, ring, tinkle. — n. A 
thump or stroke, esp. of a bell. [Onomat: Ic. deng- 
ja, to hammer, Dan. dsenge, Sw. danga, to bang.] — 
Ding'-dong, n. The sound of bells; a repeated and 
monotonous sound. 

Dinghy, Dingey, din'gY, n. A boat of the East Indies 



Dimin' 



Din 



narrow dale or valley between 



ship's smallest boat. [Bengalee.] 
gle, din'gl, n. A narrow i 

hills. [See Dimple and Dip 
Dingo, din'go, n. The Australian native dog. 
Dingy, din'jY, a. [-giek, -giest.] Soiled; sullied; of 

dark color; dun. [Fr. dung.] — Din'giness, n. 
Dinner. See under Dine. 
Dinosaur, di'no-sawr, -saurian, -saw'rY-an, n. (Pa- 

leon.) An extinct reptile, of gigantic size, having 

characteristics of mammals and of birds. [Gr. dei- 

nos, terrible, and saura, lizard.] 



*. To make asmall cavity on, by a blow 
Bio 



Dint, dint, 
or pressure. [AS. dynt, Sw. dial, dunt, a blow ; Ic. 
dyntr, a din t, dynta, to dint.] 

Diocese, di'o-ses, n. The district in which a bishop 
exercises ecclesiastical authority. [OF. ; L. dioecesis, 
Gr. dioikesis, lit. housekeeping, administration, prov- 
ince, fr. Gr. dia and oikein, to manage a household, 
fr. oikos, house.] — Diocesan, di-os'e-san or di'o-se'- 
san, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. A bishop. 

Dioptric, -trical, di-op/trik-al, a. Assisting vision by 
means of the refraction of light; using refraction in- 
stead of reflection, as a lighthouse with lenses in- 
stead of reflectors; pert, to dioptrics. [Gr. dioptra, 
an optical instrument for taking heights, fr. dia and 
optein, to see.]— Diop'trics, n. Science of the re- 
fraction of light in passing through different media, 
esp. through different lenses. 

Diorama, di'o-ra'ma or -ra'ma, n. "View of a paint- 
ing, illuminated and seen through an opening ; 
building for such an exhibition. [Gr. dia and ho- 
rarna, a sight, thing seen, fr. horan, to see.] — Dio- 
ram'ic, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Dip, dip, v. t. [dipped (dipt) or dipt, dipping.] To 
immerse in a fluid and withdraw again; to plunge, 
as into difficulty, engage ; to take out by immersing 
and removing again some receptacle, as a ladle, pail, 
etc. — v. i. To immerse one's self ; to remove some- 
thing, by immersing and withdrawing a receptacle; 
to thrust in and partake ; to enter slightly or curso- 
rily; to incline downward.— n. Action of dipping, 
or of plunging for a moment into a liquid ; inclina- 
tion downward ; slope ; pitch ; sauce to be dipped 
out with a spoon ; a dipped candle. [AS. dippan, 
dyppan, D. dyppe ; s. rt. deep, dive.] — Dip of the 
horizon. (Astron.) Apparent angular depression of 
the visible horizon below the true or natural hori- 
zon. — Dip of the needle, or magnetic dip. Angle 
formed by the line of magnetic force, with a hori- 
zontal line. — Dipped candle. One made by repeat- 
edly dipping a wick in melted tallow. — Dip'per, n. 
One who, or that which, etc. ; a vessel for dipping 
liquids. (Ornith.) A small diving bird, resembling 
the blackbird; the dabchick, a N. Amer. grebe; also, 
the spirit-duck, of N. Amer. (Astron.) The 7 prin- 
cipal stars in the constellation of the Great Bear, — 
arranged in the form of a dipper.— Dip'ping-nee'dle, 
n. A magnetic needle, suspended to move in a ver- 
tical plane and indicate on a graduated circle the 
magnetic dip. 

Dipetalous, di-pefal-us, a. (Bot.) Having 2 flower- 
leaves or petals. [Gr. dis undpetalon, leaf.] 

Diphtheria, dif- or dip-the'rY-a, n. (Med.) A virulent 
zymotic disease, in which the mucous membrane, 
esp. of the throat and air passages, becomes coated 
With a false membrane. [Gr. diphthera, leather (the 
membrane).] — Diphtheric, -ther'ik, -therific, a. 
Pert, to, etc. 

Diphthong, dif- or diphthong, n. (Orthoepy.) A 
union of 2 vowel sounds pronounced in one sylla- 
ble, as, ou in out, — called a proper diphthong ; union 
of two vowels in the same syllable, only one of them 
being sounded, as, at' in rain, —called an improper 
diphthong. [OF. diphthongue, Gr. diphthonggos, with 
2 sounds, fr. dis and phthonggos, sound.] — Diph- 
thongal, -thon'gal, a. Pert, to, or consisting of , etc. 

Diphyllous, dif 11-us or di-flKus, a. (Bot.) Having 2 
leaves, as a calyx, etc. [Gr. dis and phullon, leaf.] 

Diploe, dip'lo-e, n. (Anat.) The network of bone 
tissue between the plates of the skull. (Bot.) The 
cellular substance of a leaf. [Gr., fr. diploos, dou- 
ble.] 

Diploma, dY-plo'ma, n. ; pi. -mas, -maz. Orig. a state 
fetter of recommendation, —consisting of 2 leaves ; 
a writing conferring some authority, privilege, hon- 
or, etc. ; esp. a record of a literary degree. [L. and 
Gr., lit. thing folded double, fr. Gr. Sis and ploos, 
f old.] — Diplo'macy, -sT, -matism, -tizm, n. Art of 
conducting negotiations between nations, esp. in 
securing treaties; dexterity in securing advantages. 
— Diplomat, -mate, -mat, -mafic, Diplo'matist, n. 
One employed or skilled in, etc. — Diplomatic, 
-ical, a. — Diplomatically, aav. — Diplomatics, w. 
Science of diplomas, or art of reading ancient writ- 
ings, public documents, etc.; paleography. 

Dipper, Dipping-needle. See under Dip. 

Dipsomania, dip-so-ma / 'nt-a, n. Inordinate desire for 
alcoholic liquors; oenomania. [Gr. dipsa, thirst, and 
mania, mania.] -Dipsoma'niac, n. One who has, etc. 

Dipteral, dip't?r-al, a. (Entom.) Having 2 wings 
only. (Anc. Arch.) Having a double row of columns 
on each flank, as well as in front and rear. [Gr. dis 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term : Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



DIPTOTE 



151 



DISAVOW 




and pteron, wing.] — Dip'- 
terous, -us, a. Having 2 
wings, as among insects, or 
wing-like processes, as in 
plants. 

Diptote, dip'tot, n. (Gr. & 
L. Gram.) A noun which 
has only two cases. [Gr. dis 
and ptotos, falling, fr. pip- 
tein, to fali.l 

Diptych, dip'tik, n. An an- 
cient tablet, having 2 fold- 
ing leaves ; a catalogue of 
bishops and saints. [Gr. dis 
and ptussein, to fold.] 

Dire, dlr, a. Evil in a great degree : dreadful ; hor- 
rible; terrible. [L. dims, Gr. deinox, terrible, Skr. 
di, to fly.] — Dire'ness. n. -Dire'ful. -ful, a. Same 
as Dike. — Dire'fully, adr. 

Direct, dT-rekt', a. straisht ; not crooked, oblique, 
or circuitous ; straightforward : not swerving from 
truth and openness ; sincere ; immediate ; unam- 
biguous: absolute: in the line of descent; not collat- 
eral. (Asfron.) In the direction of the general plane- 
tary motion, or from west to east. — v. t. To give di- 
rection or bearing to: to determine the course of; to 
point out the proper course to, put upon the right 
track; to instruct as a superior; to put a direction or 
address upon, superscribe.— v. i. To give direction, 
act as guide. — re. (Mus.) A character [ W] placed 
at the end of a staff on the line or space of the first 
note of the next staff, to apprise the performer of 
its situation. [L. dirigere, -rectum, to straighten, 
direct, fr. dis, apart, end regere, to rule, control.] — 
Direct chord. Olw.) One in which the fundamental 
tone is the lowest. — D.fire. {JUL) One in a direc- 
tion perpendicular to the line of troops or to the 
parapet aimed at. — D. tax. A tax assessed directly 
on possessions, discing, fr. taxes on articles of con- 
sumption, or customs. — Directly, adv. In a di- 
rect, immediate, express, or absolute manner ; 
straiffhtway ; immediately. — Direct'ness, re.— Di- 
rector, re. — Direc'tion, re. Act of directing, or of 
aiming, rejulating, guiding, or ordering; authorita- 
tive instruction; address of a person written upon a 
thing sent; superscription: course upon which any- 
thing is moving or aimed to move : line or point of 
tendency; body of persons charged with the manage- 
ment of a matter ; administration ; management ; 
government. — Directive, -iv, a. Having power, or 
tending, to direct. — Direct'or, -5T, n. One who, or 
that which, etc. ; esp. one of a body of persons ap- 
pointed to manage the affairs of a company ; part 
of a machine which directs its motion or action. — I 
Direct'orate, -rat, re. A body of directors, or the j 
office of director. — Directo'rial. -rt-al, a. Having 
the quality of, or pert, to a director or directory. — 
Direct'orship, n. Office of, etc. — Directory, -rt, 
a. Containing directions : directorial. — re. A col- 
lection of directions, rules, or ordinances ; esp. a 
book of directions for the conduct of worship ; a 
book containing the names and residences of the in- 
habitants of any place ; a body of directors ; esp. 
a committee which held executive power in France 
under the first republic— Direcfress, n. A woman 
who, etc. — Direct'rix, re. A directress. (Geom.) A 
line along which a point in another line moves, and 
■which governs its motion and determines the posi- 
tion of the curve generated by it, or along: which 
the generatrix moves in generating a warped or sin- 
gle curved surface; a straight line so situated with 
respect to a conic section that the distance of any 
point of the curve from it has a constant ratio to the 
distance of that point from the focus. — Dir'igent, 
-T-jent, a. Directing. — re. (Geom.) A directrix. 

Direption. dT-rep'shun. n. Act of plundering or de- 
spoiling. [L. direj'tio. fr. diripere, -reptwn, to tear 
asunder, plunder, f r. dix and rapere, to seize.] 

Dirge, derj, n. A piece of mournful music, to accom- 
pany funeral rites. [Contr. from the first word of a 
hymn beginning " Dirige gressus meos," formerly 
sung at funerals.] 

Diligent. See under Direct. 

Dirk. dSrk, re. A kind of dagger or poniard. — v. t. To 
stab with, etc. [Ir. duirc] 

Dirt, dert, n. Any filthy substance, as excrement, 
earth, mud, dust, etc.— v. t. To make foul or filthv; 
to soil, dirty. [Ic. drit, OD. driet. dirt: Ic. drita, D. 
drijten, to void excrement.] — Dirt'y. -I, a. [dirt- 
ier, dirtiest.] Denied with dirt: nasty; filthy; foul; 
serving to defile; sordid; base; groveling. — ;;. t. [dir- 



tied (-tid), dirtying] To make filthy, soil: to tar- 
nish, scandalize. — Dirt'ily, adv. — Dirt'iness, n. — 
Dirf-eat'ing, re. (J/d</.) A disease of the nutritive 
functions among negroes, in which there is an irre- 
sistible desire to eat dirt; use of clay for food, among 
poor whites of the South and certain savage tribes. 
Act of eating one's words, or of enduring insult. 

Diruption, dT-rup'shun, n. A bursting or rending 
asunder. [L. dis and rumpere, ruptum, to break.] 

Disable, dis-a'bl, v. t. [-abled (-a'bld), -ablixg.] To 
render unable or incapable, make unfit for service, 
disqualify, incapacitate. (Laiv.) To deprive of legal 
right or qualification. [ lis priv. (L. dis, orig. dvis, 
fr. due, two, hence, in two, apart, away; s. rt. bis) 
and a'le, q. v.] — Disability, -l-tr, re. State of bein» 
disabled; want of competent physical or intellectual 
power, opportunity, etc., or of legal qualification. 

Disabuse, dis-a-buz', v. t. [-bused (-buzd'), -busing.] 
To free from mistake, undeceive, set right. 

Disadvantage, dis-ad-van'tej, n. Deprivation of ad- 
vantage; unfavorable or prejudicial quality, condi- 
tion, circumstance, etc.; prejudice to interest, fame, 
credit, profit, etc. ; loss ; damage. — Disad'vanta'- 
geous, -ta'jus, a. Attended with, etc ; inconven- 
ient; detrimental. — Disad'vanta'geously. adv. — 
Disad'vanta'geousness, re. 

Disaffect, dis-af-fekt'', v. U To alienate the affection 
of, fill with discontent and unfriendliness; to dis- 
turb the functions of, disorder. — Disaffec'tion, re. 
State of being, etc.; disgust; ill-will; disloyaltv; hos- 
tility. 

Disaffirm, dis-af-ferm', v. t. To affirm the contrary 
of, contradict, deny. (Law.) To refuse to confirm; 
to annul, as a judicial decision. — Disaffirm 'ance, n. 
Act of, etc. (Law.) Overthrow or annulment by 
the decision of a superior tribunal. — Disaf' urina- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. ; refutation. 

Disagree, dis-a-gre', v. i. [-greed (-gred'), -gree- 
ixg.] To fail to accord or agree; to lack harmony, 
be at variance ; to differ in opinion, be unsuited, 
have unfitness. — Disagree'able, -a-bl, a. Not agree- 
able, conformable, or congruous; exciting repug- 
nance; offensive; displeasing. —Disagree'' ableness, 
re. — Disagree'ably, adv. — Disagreement, re. Act 
of, or state of being, etc.; difference of opinion; un- 
suitableness; a falling out or controversy; discrep- 
ancy; variance; jar; wrangle; discord. 

Disallow, dis-al-low', v. t. [-lowed (-lowd'), -low- 
ing.] To refuse to allow, permit, authorize, or sanc- 
tion ; to disown and reject, disapprove, prohibit, 
condemn. — v. i. To refuse permission, etc. — Disal- 
low'able, a. — Disallow'ance, -ans, re. Act of, etc. ; 
prohibition; rejection. 

Disannul, dis-an-nuK, r. i. To annul, render void, 
nullify, [rlis intens., not priv., and annul.] 

Disappear, dis-ap-per'", v.i. [-peared (-perd'), -peak- 
ing!] To vanish from sight, become invisible, cease 
to appear or to be perceived; to cease to be or exist, 
become merged in something else.— Disappear'ance, 
-ans. re. Act of, etc. 

Disappoint, dis-ap-point', v. t. To defeat of expecta- 
tion or hope, hinder of result, tantalize, balk, de- 
feat.— Disappointment, re. Act of. or state of being, 
etc.: that winch, etc.; miscarriage; frustration. 

Disapprove. dis-ap-prooV, v. t. [-proved (-proovd'). 
-proving.] To pass unfavorable judgment upon; 
to regard as wrons or inexpedient; to censure; to re- 
fuse official approbation, decline to sanction, disal- 
low. — Disapprovingly, adv. — Disapprov'al, Dis- 
approbation, -pro-ba'shun, re. Act oi disapproving. 
— Disap 'probatory, -to-rT, a. Containing disappro- 
bation: tending to disapprove. 

Disarm, diz- or dis-arm', v. t. To deprive of arms or 
of means of attack or defense: to deprive of means 
or disposition to harm. — Disarm'' ament, re. Act of, 
etc. — Disarm^er. re. 

Disarrange, dis-ar-ranj , 1 v. t. To unsettle or disturb 
the order or due arrangement of. — Disarrange , - 
ment. re. Act of, or state of being, etc.; confusion. 

Disarray, dis-ar-ra', v. t. To throw into disorder, 
break the array of ; to undress, unrobe. — n. Want 
of array or regular order; disorder: confusion: state 
of bom's imperfectly attired; undress; dishabille. 

Disaster, diz-as'ter, n. Orig. a baleful aspect of a 
planet or star. An unfortunate event: esp. a sudden 
misfortune; calamity; mischance: grief. [OF. des- 
astre, fr. des (L. dis) "and astre (L. ast.rum, Gr. aster), 
a star, planet, also destiny, fate.] — Disastrous, 
-trus. a. Attended with, etc. — Disastrously, adv. 

Disavow, dis-a-vow', v. t. To refuse to acknowledge, 
deny responsibility for, approbation of, etc.; to dis- 



sfin. cube, full; moon, f 6t»t ; cow, oil; linger or ink. then, boxboN. chair, get. 



QUA 



DISBAND 



152 



DISCOURAGE 



prove, disown, disallow. — Disavowal, n. Act of, 
etc. ; disclaimer. — Disavow' er, n. 

Disband, dis-band', v. t. To loose the bands or banded 
existence of; to disperse; esp. to break up the mili- 
tary organization of. — v. i. To become separated or 
scattered; esp. to quit military service by breaking 
up organization. — Disband'ment, n. Act of, etc. 

Disbar, dis-bar', i>. t. To expel (barristers) from the bar. 

Disbark, dis-bark', v. t. To put on shore, disembark. 

Disbelieve, dis-be-lev', v. t. Not to believe; to hold 
not to be true or actual; to refuse credit to. — Disbe- 
liever, n. — Disbelief, -lef, n. Act of, etc.; refusal 
of credence; unbelief ; system of error. 

Disburden, dis-ber'dn, v. t. To rid of a burden, lay 
off as oppressive, become relieved of, unload, disen- 
cumber, free. — v. i. To ease the mind. 

Disburse, dis-bers', v. t. [-bursed (-bersf), -bursing.] 
To pay out, expend. [OF. desbourser, fr. des and 
bowse, purse. See Burse.] — Disbursement, n. Act 
of, etc. ; what is paid out. — DisbursCr, n. One who 
disburses money. 

Disburthen, dis-ber'thn, v. t. To disburden. 

Disc. See Disk. 

Discard, dis-kard', v. t. To throw out of the hand as 
useless, — said of cards; to cast off or dismiss; put or 
thrust away, discharge, cashier, reject. 

Discern, diz-zern'', v. t. [-cerned (-zerndO, -cerk- 
ing.] To behold as separate, note the distinctive 
character of, make out and distinguish by the eye, 
recognize, perceive with the mind, apprehend, pen- 
etrate, discriminate, descry. — v. i. To see the dif- 
ference, make distinction. [OF. discerner, L. dis- 
cernere, fr. dis and cemere, Gr. krinein, to separate; 
s. rt. discreet.'] — Discern'er, n.— Discernible, -Tt-bl, 
a. Capable of being discerned; perceptible; visible; 
evident; manifest.— Discern'ibleness, n.— Discern'- 
ibly, adv. — Discern'ment, n. Act of discerning; 
faculty of the mind by which it distinguishes one 
thing from another; judgment; discrimination; pen- 
etration; sagacity. 

Discharge, dis-charj', v. t. To relieve of a charge, 
load, or burden, unload; to let go the charge of, as a 
gun; to relieve from a state of tension, as a Ley den 
jar; to relieve of something weighing upon one, as a 
debt, claim, accusation, etc.; to relieve of an office or 
employment, take out or remove, as a charge, bur- 
den, contents, etc.; to let fly, as a missile, shoot; to 
relieve one's self of, by fulfilling conditions, per- 
forming duty, etc.; to perform or execute, as an of- 
fice, or part; to give forth, emit or send out, give 
vent to, utter. — v. i. To throw off or deliver a load, 
charge, or burden.— n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
thing discharged. — Dischar'ger, n. One who, or 
that which, etc. ; esp. in electricity, an instrument 
for discharging a Leyden jar or electrical battery. 

Disciple, dis-si'pl, n. One who receives instruction 
from, or accepts the doctrines of, another; pupil; 
follower; adherent; supporter. [OF. ; L. disc ipulus, 
fr. discere, to learn, fr. docere, to teach.] — Disci'- 
pleship, n. State of being a disciple. — Discipline, 
-sY-plin, n. The treatment suited to a disciple or 
learner; development of the faculties by instruction 
and exercise; training to act in accordance with 
rules; subjection to rule; punishment byway of cor- 
rection and training. {Eccl.) Reformatory or penal 
action toward a church member. Subject-matter of 
instruction. — v. t. [-plined (-plind), -plining.] 
To educate, develop by instruction and exercise; 
to accustom to regular action, bring under control, 
drill; to improve by corrective methods; to inflict 
ecclesiastical censures and penalties upon. [OF.; L. 
disciplina.] — Dis'cipliner, n — Disciplinable, -a-bl, 
a. Capable of being, liable or deserving to be, etc. 
— Dis'ciplinableness, n. — Disciplinary, -a-rt, a. 
Pert, to, or intended for, etc.— Dis'ciplina'rian, -rT- 
an, a. Pert, to, etc. — n. One who, etc.; esp. one 
who enforces rigid discipline. — Dis'ciplinant, n. 
{Eccl.) One of a religious order who practice scourg- 
ing themselves, or impose other rigid discipline. 

Disclaim, dis-klam r , v. t. To reject all claim to; to 
deny ownership of, or responsibility for; to refuse 
to acknowledge, disown, disavow, renounce, reject. 
{Law.) To decline accepting, as an estate, interest, 
or office. — Disclaimer, n. One who, etc. {Law.) 
A denial, disavowal, or renunciation, as of a title, 
claim, interest, estate, or trust. A public disavowal, 
as of pretensions, opinions, etc. 

Disclose, dis-kloz r , v. t. To unclose, open; to remove 
a cover or envelope from; to bring to light; to make 
known, as that which has been kept secret, divulge, 
tell, utter, — v.i. To burst open, gape; to make a 



disclosure or revelation. — Disclos'er, n. — Disclo'- 
sure, -klo'zhur, n. Act of, etc.; thing revealed. 

Discoid. See under Disk. 

Discolor, dis-kul'er, v. t. To alter the color of, stain, 
tinge; to alter the true complexion or appearance of. 
— DiscoFora'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
spot; stain. 

Discomfit, dis-kum'flt, v. t. To scatter in fight, break 
up the plans of, throw into perplexity and dejec- 
tion, disconcert, rout. — n. Rout; overthrow; dis- 



comfiture. [OF. desconfiz, p. p. of desconfire, to van- 
quish, fr. des and confire, L. conjicere, to finish, pre- 
serve.] — Discom'fiture, -f T-chur, n. Act of, or state 



of being, etc.; defeat; frustration. 

Discomfort, dis-kum'fert, n. Want of comfort; in- 
quietude. — v. t. To destroy or disturb the comfort, 
peace, or happiness of. 

Discommend, dis-kom-mend / ', v. t. To mention with 
disapprobation, blame; to expose to censure or ill 
favor.— Discommend'' able, a. Deserving, etc. — Dis- 
com'menda'tion, n. Blame ; censure. 

Discommode, dis-kom-mod'', v. t. To put to inconven- 
ience, incommode, annoy. 

Discommon, dis-kom'un, v. t. To deprive of the right 
of common, or of the privileges of a place. 

Discompose, dis-kom-poz /r , v. t. To disarrange, inter- 
fere with, break up; to throw into disorder, destroy 
the composure of; to put out of place or service, de- 
range, agitate, ruffle, fret, displace.— Discompo' sure, 
-po'znur, n. State of being, etc. 

Disconcert, dis-kon-sSrf, v. t. To break up the har- 
monious progress of, throw into disorder, discom- 
pose, abash, confuse, frustrate. — Disconcer'tion. n. 

Disconnect, dis-kon-nekf, v. t. To dissolve the union 
or connection of, sever. — Disconnection, n. 

Disconsolate, dis-kon'so-lat, a. Destitute of comfort 
or consolation; deeply dejected; melancholy; inspir- 
ing dejection; saddening; cheerless. [L. dis and con- 
solari, -latum, to console.] — Disconsolately, ado . — 
Discon'solateness, ». 

Discontent, dis-kon-tenf, n. Want of content; un- 
easiness and inquietude of mind; dissatisfaction. — 
v. t. To deprive of content, make uneasy, dissat- 
isfy. — Discontentedly, adv. — Discontent' edness, 
-ment, n. State of being, etc. ; inquietude. 

Discontinue, dis-kon-tin-'u, v. t. To interrupt the con- 
tinuance of; to intermit, as a practice or habit, put 
an end to; to cease attention to, or entertainment or 
reception of; to break the continuity of, disunite. — 
v. i. To lose continuity or cohesion of parts; to be 
separated or severed; to part. — Discontin'uer, n. — 
Discontinuance, -ans, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; want of continuity of parts. {Law.) A break- 
ing off or interruption of an estate; termination of 
an action in practice by the voluntary act of the 
plaintiff; entry on the record that the plaintiff dis- 
continues action; technical interruption of the pro- 
ceedings in pleading, when a defendant does not 
answer the whole of the plaintiff's declaration, and 
the plaintiff omits to take judgment for the part un- 
answered. — Dis'contin'ua'tion, n. Breach of con- 
tinuity; discontinuance; disruption. — Discon'tinn'- 
ity, -nu'Y-tY, n. Want of continuity or cohesion. — 
Discontinuous, -u-us, a. Not continuous. 

Discord, dis'kord, n. Want of concord or agreement; 
variance leading to contention and strife; dissension; 
clashing, {Mus. ) Union of musical sounds which 
strikes the ear disagreeably, owing to the incommen- 
surability of the vibrations which they produce. 
[OF.; L. discordia, fr. dis and cor, cordis, heart; s. 
rt. heart.] — Discord'ant, a. At variance; clashing; 
jarring; opposing. (Mus.) Not in harmony or con- 
cord. — Discord'antly, adv. — Discord 'antness, n. — 
Discord'ance, -ancy, -an-sY, n. State or quality of 
being, etc.; inconsistency. 

Discount, dis'kownt, n. An allowance made upon an 
account, debt, price asked, etc.; deduction for in- 
terest, in advancing money upon a bill or note not 
due; act of discounting. — Discount, dis'kownt or 
dis-kownt', v. t. To deduct from an account, etc.; 
to loan money upon, deducting the allowance for 
interest. — v. i. To lend money, abating the dis- 
count; to anticipate and make allowance for.— Dis'* 
counter, ».— Discountable, a. 

Discountenance, dis-kown'te-nans, v. t. To put out 
of countenance, put to shame, abash; to refuse t« 
countenance or give approval to, discourage. — ». 
Unfriendly regard; cold treatment; disapprobation. 
— Discoun'tenancer, n. 

Discourage, dis-kur'ej, v. t. To extinguish the cour- 
age of, deprive of confidence; t* deter one from, 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 8dd, tone, or ; 



DISCOURSE 



153 



DISGRACE 



dishearten one with respect to, dissuade, disooun- 
tenance. — Disc our 'ageable. a. — Diacour 'agement, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which, etc. — 
Discour'ager. n. 
Discourse, dis-kors', n. Orig., power to run over, to 
compare and judge: oral exposition of a subject; 
talk; conversation; dissertation or treatise; sermon. 

— v. i. [-coursed (-korst'), -coursing.] To exer- 
cise reason: to talk or treat of in writing, in a formal 
manner. — v. t. To utter or give forth. [OF. dis- 
cours, L. discursus, a running about, conversation, 
f r. dis, apart, and currere, to run.] — Discours'er, n. 

— Discoursfve, -iv, a. Reasoning ; containing dia- 
logue or conversation.— Discur'sive, -ker'siv, -sory, 
-ser-Y, a. Discoursive-, rambling: digressive. — Dis- 
cursively. adi\ — Discur'sion, -shun, n. Expatia- 
tion; desultory talk: act of discoursing. 

Discourteous, dis-kert'yus or -kerfe-us, a. Uncivil; 
rude.— Discour'teously, adv. — Discourfesy, -te-sl, 
n. Rudeness of behavior or language. 

Discous. See under Disk. 

Discover, dis-kuv'Sr, v. t. To remove the covering or 
envelope from, expose to view, make known; to ob- 
tain for the first time sight or knowledge of, as of a 
thing not known; to find out, disclose, reveal, im- 
part, detect, invent. — Discoverable, a. — Discov'- 
erer, n. One who discovers; one who first findc out 
an unknown country, or a new principle, truth, or 
fact; an explorer. — Discovery, -er-T, n. Act of, 
etc.; thing discovered. 

Discredit, dis-kredft, n. Want of credit; act of dis- 
crediting, or state of being discredited; disgrace; re- 
proach. — v. t. To refuse to credit, disbelieve, de- 
prive of credibility or of credit, bring reproach upon. 

— Discreditable, a. Tending to injure credit; dis- 
graceful; disreputable. 

Discreet, dis-kref, a. Possessed of discernment or 
discretion; wise in avoiding evil, and in adapting 
means to ends; circumspect; wary. [OF. discret, L. 
discretus, p. p. of discernere, to discern. See Dis- 
cern.] — Discreetly, adv.— Discretion, -kresh'un, 
n. Quality of being discreet; sagacity; freedom to 
act according to one's own judgment. — At discre- 
tion. Without conditions or stipulations. — Discre'- 
tional, -ary. -er-I, n. Left to discretion; unrestrained 
except by judgment. — Discre'tionally, -arily, adv. 
At or according to discretion. — Discrete, -kref, a. 
Separate; distinct; disjunctive; containing a dis- 
junctive clause, — opp. of concrete. — Discrete move- 
ment of the voice. A leap from one pitch to another. 

— D. proportion. Proportion where the ratio of the 
means is different from that of either couplet. — Dis- 
crefive, -tiv, a. Disjunctive; separating. 

Discrepant, dis-krep-'ant, a. Discordant; at variance; 
disagreeing; different. [OF.; L. discrepans, p. pr. of 
discrepare. to differ in sound, fr. dis and crepare, to 
make a noise, crackle ; s. rt. decrepit.'] — Discrep'- 
ance, -ancy, -an-st, n. State or quahty of being, etc. 

Discriminate, dis-krim'Y-nat, v. t. To separate, dis- 
tinguish; to mark as different, distinguish by a pe- 
culiar note or sign. — v. i. To make a difference; to 
distinguish accurately. — a. Distinguished; having 
the difference marked. [L. discriminare, -atum, to 
divide, separate, fr. discrimen.a, space between, sep- 
aration, fr. discernere. See Discern.] — Discrim''- 
inately, adv. Distinctly. — Discrimf nateness, n. — 
Discrim / ina / 'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
faculty of nicely distinguishing ; that which dis- 
criminates; mark of distinction. — Discrim'inative, 
-tiv, a. Marking a difference; characteristic; observ- 
ing distinctions: discriminating. 

Discrown, dis-krown', v. t. To deprive of a crown. 

Discursion, Discursory, etc. See under Discourse. 

Discus, dis'kus. a. ; E.pl. Discuses ; L. pi. Disci, -si. 
A quoit ; a disk. [L. See Disk.] 

Discuss, dis-kus', v. t. [-cussed (-kust'), -cussing.] 
To break up, disperse; to examine or consider by 
disputation. {Law.) To exhaust a remedy against, 
as against a debtor before proceeding against the 
surety. [L. discutere, -cussum, to shake asunder, fr. 
dis and quatere. to shake ; s. rt. quash.'] — Discuss'er, 
n. — Discus'sion, -kush'un, n. Act or process of 
discussing; examination by argument; debate; dis- 

Sutation. — Discussfve. -iv. a. Able or tending to 
iscuss. — Discu'tient, -shent, a. Serving to dis- 
perse morbid matter. — n. A medicine to disperse a 
tumor or any coagulated fluid in the body. 
Disdain, dis- or diz-dan', v. t. [-dained (-dandO, 
-Daining.] To reject as not deserving notice ; to 
look with scorn upon, contemn, despise, —v. i. To 
be filled with contemptuous anger. — n. A feeling 



of contempt and aversion ; haughtiness ; scorn % 
arrogance. [OF. desdein, disdain, desdegner, to dis- 
dain, fr. des (L. dis) and degner (L. dignari), to 
deem worthy, fr. L. dignus, worthy. See Deign.] 

— Disdainful, -ful, a. Full of, or expressing, dis- 
dain ; contemptuous ; haughty. — Disdainfully, 
adv. — Disdainfulness, n. 

Disease, diz-ez', n. Orig., lack of ease; uneasiness; a 
morbid condition of body; sickness; disorder; dis- 
temper; malady. — v.*. To afflict with sickness,— 
used almost exclusively in the p. p. diseased. 

Disembark, dis-em-bark', v. t. To put on shore, 
land, debark. — v. i. To go on land. — Disem barka '- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Disembarrass, dis-em-bar'ras, v. t. To free from em- 
barrassment or perplexity ; to clear. — Disembar''- 
rassment, n. 

Disembody, dis-em-bodf , v. i. To divest of the body, 
free from the flesh, discharge from military organi- 
zation. 

Disembogue, dis-em-bog', v. t. [-bogued (-bogd'), 
-boguing.] To discharge at the mouth, as a stream; 
to vent. [Sp. desembocar, fr. des (L. dis), em (L. in), 
and boca (L. bucca), _mouth.] — Disemboguefnent, 
-embouchure', -aN'boo-shoor', n. Discharge of the 
waters of a river, etc. [F. bouche, mouth.] 

Disembowel, dis-em-bow'el, v. t. To take out the 
bowels of, eviscerate, gut. 

Disembroil, dis-em-broiK, v. t. To free from confusion, 
disentangle. 

Disenable, dis-en-a'bl, v. t. To deprive of power, dis- 
able, disqualify. 

Disenchant, dis-en-chant', v. t. To free from en- 
chantment or spells. — Disenchant'er, n. — Disen- 
chantment, n. 

Disencumber, dis-en-kum'bSr, v. t. To free from en- 
cumbrance or impediments. — Disencum 'brance, n. 

Disendow, dis-en-dow', v. t. To deprive of endow- 
ment. 

Disengage, dis-en-gaj', v. t. To release from some 
previous connection or engagement ; to liberate, 
free, extricate, disentangle, wean. — v. i. To re- 
lease one's self, set one's self free, become de- 
tached.— Diseng; 'gedness, -ga'jed-nes, n. State of 
being, etc. — Disengage 'ment, -gaj'ment, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc.; freedom from engrossing 
occupation; leisure. 

Disennoble, dis-en-no'bl, v. t. To deprive of that 
which ennobles,_lower, degrade. 

Disenroll, dis-en-rol", v. t. To erase from a roll or list. 

Disentangle, dis-en-tan'gl, v. i. To free from entangle- 
ment, extricate from complication or perplexity, 
unravel, clear, disengage. — Disentanglement, n. 

Disenthrall. See Disinthrall. 

Disenthrone, dis-en-thron', v. t. To deprive of a 
throne, dethrone. _ 

Disentomb, dis-en-toom', v. t. To take out from a 
tomb, disinter. 

Disestablish, dis-es-tab'lish, v. t. To unsettle or 
break up what has been established. — Disestab- 
lishment, n. Act^or process of, etc. 

Disesteem, dis-es-tem', n. Want of esteem; low re- 
gard ; disfavor. — v. t. To feel an absence of es- 
teem for, regard with disapproval; to slight. — Dis- 
es'timafion, n. Disesteem; disfavor. 

Disfavor, dis-fa've'r, n. Want of favor ; disesteem; 
state of not being in favor; an unkindness; dis- 
obliging act. — v. t. To withhold or withdraw favor 
from, regard with disesteem. — Disfa/vorer, n. 

Disfigure, dis-fjg'ur, v. t. To mar the figure or appear- 
ance of; to render less complete or beautiful, de- 
face, injure. — Disfig'urement, -uraf ion, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc. ; that which disfigures. 

Disfranchise, dis-fran'chiz, v. t. [-chised (-chizd), 
-CHISING.J To deprive of a franchise or chartered 
right; to dispossess of the rights of a citizen, or of 
a particular right, as of Voting, holding office, etc. 

— Disfran r chisement, n. 

Disgorge, dis-gOrj', v. t. [-gorged (-g6rjd , >, -gor- 
ging.] To eject from the stomach, throat or mouth; 
to vomit ; to pour forth violently, as if from a 
mouth; to give up, make restitution of. —v. i. To 
vomit forth what anything contains, make restitu- 
tion. [OF. desgorger. See Gorge.] — Disgorge'- 
ment, n. Act of disgorging; thing disgorged. 

Disgrace, dis-gras', n. Lack or loss of favor, support, 
or countenance ; ignominy ; infamy ; that which 
brings dishonor; cause of shame; opprobrium; re- 
proach; dishonor.— v. t. [disgraced (-grasf), -gra- 
cing.] To deprive of favor, dismiss with dishonor, 
bring reproach or shame upon, degrade, defame, 



sun, cube, full -, moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



DISGRUNTLE 



154 



DISORGANIZE 



debase. — Disgrace'ful, -ful, a. Bringing disgrace 
or dishonor; shameful; ignominious. — Disgrace' - 
fully, adv. — Disgrace'fulness, n. — Disgra'cer, n. 

— Disgra'cious, -shus, a. Ungracious ; unpleasing. 
Disgruntle, dis-grun'tl, v. t. To disappoint, dis- 
please, disconcert. 

Disguise, dis-gTz', v. t. [-guised (-gizd'), -guising.] 
To change the guise or appearance of; esp. to con- 
ceal by an unusual dress, hide by a counterfeit ap- 
pearance; to affect or change by liquor; to intoxi- 
cate.— n. A dress or exterior put on to deceive; 
artificial language or manner assumed for decep- 
tion; change of manner by drink; slight intoxica- 
tion. [OF. desguiser. See Guise.] — Disguis'edly, 
adv. In disguise. — Disguia'er, n. 

disgust, dis-gust', n. Repugnance to what is offen- 
sive ; aversion ; distaste ; dislike. — v. t. To pro- 
voke disgust in, offend the taste of, displease. — 
Disgust'ful, -ful, a. Provoking disgust; nauseous. 

— Dlsgust'ingly, adv. In a manner to, etc. 

Ktish, dish, n. A vessel used for serving up food; any 
particular kind of food; state of being concave or 
like a dish. — v. t. [dished (disht), dishing.] To 
put in a dish, for serving at table; to make like a 
dish; to frustrate or disappoint. [Same as disk and 
desk, AS. disc, L. discus. See Disk.] — Disb/ful, 
-ful, n.; pi. -fuls, -fulz. Contents of, etc. — Dish '- 
cloth, -clout, n. A cloth for wiping dishes. 

Dishabille, dis-a-bil', n. Same as Deshabille. 

Dishearten, dis-hart'n, v. t. [-heartened (-hart 'nd), 
-ening.] To deprive of heart, courage, or hope; to 
dispirit, depress, deject. 

Dishevel, dY-shev'l, v. t. [-eled (-Id), -eling.] To dis- 
arrange or cause (the hair) to hang loose. [OF. des- 
cheveter, f r. des (L. dis) and chevel (L. capillus), hair.] 

Dishonest, diz- or dis-on'est, a. Wanting in honesty; 
fraudulent; disposed to deceive ; characterized by 
fraud. — Dishon'estly, adv. — Dishon'esty, n. Want 
of honesty, probity, or integrity; violation of trust; 
dishonor; unchastity; incontinence. 

Dishonor, dis- or diz-on'gr, n. Want of honor; dis- 
grace; ignominy; shame; reproach. — v. t. To de- 
prive of honor, bring reproach or shame on: to vio- 
late the chastity of, debauch, ravish ; to refuse to 
accept or pay, — said of a draft or acceptance which 
is due and is presented. — Dishonorable, a. Bring- 
ing or deserving dishonor; shameful; base; want- 
ing in honor; disgraced. — Dishon'orableness, n. — 
Dishonorably, adv. — Dishon'orer, n. 

Disincline, dis-in-klin', v. t. To excite the dislike or 
aversion of . — Disin'clina'tion, n. State of being 
disinclined; unwillingness ; aversion ; repugnance. 

Disinfect, dis-in-fekt', v. t. To cleanse from infec- 
tion. — Disinfectant, n. That which, etc. — Disin- 
fection, n. Act of, etc. 

Disingenuous, dis-in-jen'u-us, a. Not noble: mean; 
unworthy ; wanting in candor or frankness. — Dis- 
ingenuously, adv. — Disingen'uousness, n. 

Disinherit, dis-m-her'it, v. t. To cut off from hered- 
itary right, deprive of an inheritance. — Di3inher'- 
itance. -ison, -T-zn, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Disintegrate, dis-in'te-grat, v. t. To separate into 
integrant parts. — Disin'tegrable, a. — Disin'tegra'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Geol.) 
Wearing away of strata by atmospheric action. 

Disinter, dis-in-ter', v. t. To take out of the grave; 
to bring out, as from hiding. — Disinterment, n. 

Disinterested, dis-in't§r-est-ed, a. Not influenced by 
regard to personal advantage; free from self-inter- 
est; unbiased; impartial ; indifferent. — Disin'ter- 
estodly, adv. — Disin'terestedness, n. 

Disinthrall, dis-in-thrawl', v. t. To release from 
thraldom, emancipate. — Disinthrall'ment, n. 

Disjoin, dis-join', v. t. To part, disunite, separate. — 
v. i. To become separated, part. —Disjoint'', v. t. 
To put out of joint, dislocate; to separate at junc- 
tures, break in pieces; to break the natural order 
and relations of. — v. i. To fall or break in pieces. 

— Disjoint'ly, adv. In a disjointed state. — Dis- 
junct', -junkt', a. Disjoined ; separated. — Dis- 
junction, n. Act of disjoining ; disunion ; a dis- 
junctive proposition. — Disjunct'ive, -iv, a. Tend- 
ing to disjoin; separating; disjoining, — n. {Gram.) 
A disjunctive conjunction or proposition. — Dis- 
junctive conjunction. {Gram.) One connecting words 
or clauses expressing an opposition or separation in 
thought. — D. proposition. One in which the parts 
are connected by disjunctive conjunctions. — Z>. 
syllogism. {Logic.) One in which the major propo- 
sition is d isjunctive. —Disjunctively, adv. 

Disk, Disc, disk, n. A flat, circular plate; a discus; 




quoit. (Astron.) The face of a celestial body. 

(Bot.) The whole surface of a leaf; central part of 

a radiate compound flower; a part of the receptacle 

expanded under or around the pistil. [L. discus, 

quoit, plate, Gr. diskos, quoit, fr. 

dikein, to throw ; s. rt. desk, ^'iKfflffiX 

dish.] — Disc'ous, -us, -oid, -oid' 

al, a. Disklike; circular, wide, 1 

and flat. — Discoid jlowers. {Bot.) 

Compound flowers, consisting of 

tubular florets only, as the tansy. 

Dislike, dis-lTk', n. Positive and 
usually permanent aversion; an- 
tipathy; repugnance. — v. t. To 
have an aversion_to. 

Dislocate, dis'lo-kat, v. t. To dis- 
place, disjoint, put out of joint. 

— a. Dislocated. — Dislocation, .,. 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Discoid Flowers. 
{Geol.) Displacement of rocks or portions of strata 
from their original position. {Surg.) A disjoint- 
ing; luxation. 

Dislodge, dis-loj', v. t. To drive from a lodge or place 
of rest or repose, or of hiding or defense, — v. i. To 
go from a place of rest. — Dislodg'ment, n. Act or 
process of dislodging or state of being dislodged. 

Disloyal, dis-loi'al, a. Not loyal: false to allegiance; 
faithless; treacherous: perfidious; false in love; in- 
constant. — Disloy'ally, adv. — Disloy'alty, n. 
Want of loyalty or fidelity. 

Dismal, diz'mal, a. Gloomy to the eye or ear; sor- 
rowful and depressing to tfie feelings; dreary; dole- 
ful; sorrowful; melancholy. [Pern. fr. OF. dismal, 
LL. decimalis, decima, a tithe, fr. L. decern, ten, — 
i. e., in tithing time.] — Dis'mally, adv. 

Dismantle, dis-man'tl, r. t. To deprive of dress, 
strip, deprive of apparatus, furniture, equipments, 
defenses, or fortifications. 

Dismast, dis-mast', v. t. To deprive of masts. 

Dismay, dis-ma', v. t. [-mayed (-mad'), -Maying.] 
To disable with alarm or apprehension ; to fill with 
distressing fear, daunt, appall. — n. Loss of firm- 
ness and energy through fear; discouragement; ter- 
ror ; horror ; consternation. [Sp. desmayar, OF. es- 
mayer, It. smagare, orig. dismagare, fr. OHG. & AS. 
magan, to be able, have might or power, E. may.] — 
Dismay'edness, n. State of being, etc. 

Dismember, dis-mem'b§r ? v. t. [-bered (-bSrd), -Ber- 
ing.] To divide limb from limb, strip of essential 
parts, mutilate, sever. — Dismem'berment, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc; mutilation ; division; sep- 
aration. 

Dismiss, dis-mis', v. t. [-missed (-mist'), -missing.] 
To send away, cause or permit to go; to remove from 
office, service, or employment ; to lay aside or re- 
ject, as a petition or motion in eourt. [L. dimittere, 
-missum, fr. dis and mittere, missum, to send.] — Di»- 
miss'al, -mis'sion, -mish'un.n. Act of dismissing; 
leave to depart ; removal from employment ; dis- 
charge ; a setting aside as trivial or invalid. — Dis- 
miss'ive, -iv, a. Giving dismission, or leave to de- 
part. — Dim'issory, -er-T. a. Dismissive; dismissing 
to anothi-r jurisdiction. 

Dismount, dis-mownt', v. i. To come down, descend, 
alight from a horse . — v. t . To throw or bring down 
from an elevation, place of honor and authority, 
etc. ; to throw or remove from a horse, or from a 
gun carriage ; to break the carriages of (pieces of 
artillery). 

Disobey, dis-o-ba', v. t. To neglect or refuse to obey ; 
to break the commands of. — v. i. To refuse obe- 
dience. — Disobe'dience, -dt-ens, n. Neglect or re- 
fusal, etc. — Disobe'dient, a. Neglecting or refus- 
ing, etc. — Disobe'diently, adv. 

Disoblige, dis-o-blij', v. t. To offend by an act of un- 
kindness or incivility ; to be unaccommodating to. 

— Disobli'ger, n. — Disobli'gingly, adv. — DisoV- 
liga'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Disob'ligatory, -to-rT, a. 
Releasing obligation. 

Disorder, dis-6r'dEr, n. Want of order ; neglect of 
system; breach of public order ; disturbance of the 
peace of society ; disturbance of the functions of 
the animal economy or of the mind ; malady; dis- 
temper. — v. t. To disturb the order of, throw into 
confusion ; to make sick ; to disturb the regular 
operations of, derange, discompose. — Disor'derly, 
-IT, a. In a state of disorder. — Disor'derliness, n. 

Disorganize, dis-6r'gan-Iz, v. t. To break or destroy 
the organic structure or connected system of ; to 
throw into utter disorder. — Disor'ganiz / er, n. — 
Dieorganiza'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; End, eve, term ; in, ice ; Odd, tone, 3r ; 



DISOWN 



155 



DISREGARD 



Disown, diz- or dis-on', v. t. To refuse to own or ac- 
knowledge ; to disavow, disclaim, renounce. 

Disparage, dis-par'ej, v. t. [-aged (-ejd), -aging.] 
To dishonor by comparison with what is inferior, 
injure by depreciating comparisons, decry, under- 
value, detract from, degrade. [OF. desparager, fr. 
des (L. dis) and parage (LL. paraticum, paragium), 
rank, fr. L. par, equal. See Peer.]— Dispar'age- 
ment, n. Injurious comparison with an inferior; 
indignity ; derogation ; disgrace. — Disparager, n. 

Disparate, dis'pa-rat, a. Unequal ; unlike ; dissim- 
ilar. {Logic.) Pert, to 2 coordinate species or di- 
visions. — Dis'parates, n. pi. Things so unlike that 
they cannot be compared with each other. [L. dis- 
par, unequal, unlike; dis and par.] — Disparity, 
-par'T-tT, n. Difference in age, rank, condition, or 
excellence ; dissimilitude ; disproportion. 

Dispark, dis-park', v. t. To throw open, as a park; to 
set at large, release. 

Dispart, dis-parf, v. t. To part asunder, divide, sep- 
arate.— v. i. To separate, open, cleave. — n. (Gun.) 
The difference between the thickness of metal at 
the mouth and at the breech of a piece of ordnance; 
a piece of metal, cast on the muzzle, to make the 
line of sight parallel to the bore. — v. t. To allow 
for the dispart in, when aiming ; to do away with 
the dispart of, by making the diameter of the base- 
ring and swell of the muzzle equal. 

Dispassion, dis-pash'un, n. Freedom from passion.— 
Dispassionate, a. Free from, or not dictated by, 

gassion ; cool ; temperate ; impartial ; unruffled. — 
lispasSionately, adv. 

Dispatch, dis-pach'', Despatch', v. t. [-patched 
(-pachtO, -patching.] To send off on a special er- 
rand, usually in haste; to get rid of by sending off ; 
put out of the way; esp. to put to death, kill; to dis- 
pose of, as business. — v. i. To make haste. — n. 
The sending of a messenger in haste ; any sending 
away ; rapid performance, as of business ; prompt- 
ness; speed; a message sent off, esp. from one public 
officer to another. [OF. despescher, fr. des and 
pescher, to hinder, LL. pedicare, f r. pedica, a fetter, 
fr. pes, pedis, a foot.] — Dispatcher, n.— Dispatch'- 
ful, -ful, a. Bent on haste ; indicating haste. 

Dispauper, dis-paw'per, v. t. (Law.) To deprive of 
a pauper's claim to public support, or of capacity of 
suing in forma pauperis. 

Dispel, dis-peK, v. t. [-pelled (-peld r ), -pelling.] 
To drive away, banish, dissipate. [L. dis and pel- 
fere, to drive.] 

Dispense, dis-pens', v. t. [-pensed (-pensf), -pen- 
sing.] To deal or divide out in portions; to apply, 
as laws, to particular cases; to administer, carry out. 

— v.t. To permit neglect or omission, suspend op- 
eration, followed by with. [Same as spend; OF. dis- 
penser, L. dispensare, to weigh out, dispense, fr. dis- 
pendere, -penswtn, to spread, expand, fr. dis and pan- 
dere, to spread.] — Dispens^er, n. — Dispensable, a. 
Capable of being dispensed or administered, of be- 
ing dispensed with. — Dispensary, -sa-rT, n. A 
place in which medicines and medical advice are 
given gratis to the poor ; shop in which medicines 
are prepared. —Dispensation, n. Act of dispen- 
sing or dealing out ; thing dispensed ; esp. ( Theol.), 
a system of principles, promises, and rules ordained 
and administered. The granting of a license, or the li- 
cense itself, to do what is forbidden.— DispenSative, 
•tiv, a. Granting dispensation. — DispenSatively, 
adv. — Dis'pensa/tor, n. A distributor; dispenser, 
— DispenSatory, -to-rt, a. Granting, or authorized 
to grant, dispensations. — n. A book of directions 
for compounding medicines; a pharmacopoeia. 

Dispeople, dis-pe'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -pling.] To 
depopulate. 

Dispermous, di-sperm'us, a. (Bot.) Containing 2 
seeds only. [Gr. dis, twice, and sperma, seed.] 

Disperse. dis-pers', v. t. [-persed (-pgrsf), -pers- 
ING.] To scatter here and there; to spread, asknowl- 
edge, light, etc., diffuse, disseminate ; to cause to 
vanish or separate. — v. i. To separate, vanish, be 
dispelled. [L. dispergere,-spersum, to scatter abroad, 
fr. dis and spargere. to scatter ; s. rt. sparse.] — Dis- 
persed harmony. (Mus.) Harmony of such a na- 
ture that the tones composing the chord are widely 
separated, as by an octave or more. — Diapers'' er, n. 

— DisperSion, n. Actof, or stateof being, etc. (Opt.) 
Separation of light into its different colored rays. 

Dispirit, dis-pir^it, v. t. To depress the spirits of ; 
dishearten, depress, daunt, frighten. 

Displace, dis-plas', v. t. To change the place of, re- 
move, put out of place ; to discharge, depose, dis- 



miss, discard. — Displace'' able, a. — Displace 'ment, 
n. Act of, or state ot being, etc.; quantity of water 
displaced by a floating body, as by a ship. (Medical 
Chem.) A process by which soluble substances are 
extracted from organic matter. 

Display, dis-pla', v. t. [-played (-plad'), -playing.] 
To unfold, spread wide; to exhibit, set in view os- 
tentatiously, parade, expand. — n. An unfolding; 
exhibition ; manifestation ; parade. [Same as de- 
ploy ; OF. desploier, -pleier, to unfold, exhibit.fr. 
des (L. dis) and jdoier, phier, plier (L. jdicare), to 
fold ; s. rt. ply.] — DisplaySr, n. 

Displease, dis-plez', v. t. [-pleased (-plezd'), -pleas- 
ing.] Not to please ; to excite a feeling of disap- 
probation or dislike in, make angrv, offend, disgust, 
vex, affront. — Displeas'ure, -plezh'er, n. The 
feeling of one displeased; slight anger or irritation; 
that which displeases. 

Disport, dis-port', n. Play; pastime; diversion, —v. i. 
To play, sport. — v. t. To divert or amuse. [OF. des- 
porter, fr. des and porter, L. portare, to carry.] 

Dispose, dis-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd r ;, -posing.] 
To distribute and put in place, set in order, regulate; 
to assign to a service or use, bestow for an object or 
purpose ; to give a tendency or inclination ; esp. to 
incline the mind of .—[OF. aisjx)ser, fr. dis and poser, 
to place. See Pose.] — To dispose of. To determine 
the fate of, exercise the power of control over ; to 
pass over into the control of s*>me one else: to part 
with, get rid of .— Disposed', -pozd', j>. a. Inclined; 
minded. — Disposer, n. — Dispos'able, a. Subject 
to disposal ; liable to be made use of. — Dispos'al, 
-sure, -zhur, n. Act or power of, etc.; direction; dis- 
tribution."— Disposition, -zish'un, n. Act of, or 
state, or manner of being, etc. ; arrangement ; or- 
der; tendency to any action or state resulting from 
natural constitution ; natural aptitude e»f mind or 
acquired aptitude or ciiaracter ; moral character. 

Dispossess, dis-pos-ses'' or -poz-zes', v. t. To put out 
of possession, eject. — Dispossession, -sesh'un or 
-zesh'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Law.) 
An injury to real property which consists of a dep- 
rivation of possession. 

Dispraise, dis-praz', n. Detraction from praise : cen- 
sure; reproach; disparagement.— v.t. To withdraw 
praise from; to censure, blame. — DispraisSr. n. 

Dispread, dis-pred', v. t. To spread abroad, expand 
widely. — v. i. To expand, be spread. 

Disproof. See under Disprove. 

Disproportion, dis-pro-porShun, n. Want of propor- 
tion or symmetry, of suitableness or adequacy. — 
v. t. To make unsuitable, mismatch. — Dispropor- 
tionate, -tional, -tionate, a. Unsuitable; inade- 
quate. — Dispropor'tionabiy, -ally, -ately, adv. 

Disprove, dis-proov', v. t. To prove to be false or er- 
roneous: to confute, refute. — DisprovSr, n. — Dis- 
prov /, able, a. — Disproof', n. Act of, etc. ; convic- 
tion of error : refutation. 

Dispute, dis-puf, v. i. To contend in argument, argue 
a question for and against, discuss, debate ; to 
strive in opposition to a competitor. — v. t. To 
argue for and against, discuss ; to struggle for the 
possession of ; to oppose by argument, call in ques- 
tion, controvert, doubt, argue, impugn. — n. Con- 
troversy ; debate ; struggle ; altercation. [OF dis- 
puter, L. disputare, -atum, from dis and putare, to 
think, orig. to make clean, clear up.] — Dispufer, 
Dis'putant, n. One who, etc.— Disputable, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. ; controvertible. — Dis'putable- 
ness, n. — Disputa'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; argumenta- 
tion.— Disputatious, -shus, Disput Stive, -putS-tiv, 
a. Inclined to dispute ; apt to cavil or controvert. 

Disqualify, dis-kwoKT-fi, v. t. To render unfit, inca- 
pacitate ; to deprive of legal capacity, power, or 
right. — Disqual / ifica / 'tion, n. Act of,' or state of 
being, etc.; disability; esp. legal disabilitv; depriva- 
tion of legal right or capacity; want of qualification; 
that which disqualifies. 

Disquiet, dis-kwiSt, n. Want of quiet or tranquillity; 
uneasiness; restlessness; anxiety, —v. t. To render 
unquiet, make uneasy, disturb. — DisquiSter, n. — 
DisquiStness, -etude, -tud, n. Want of peace or 
tranquillity; disturbance; agitation; anxiety. 

Disquisition, dis-kwY-zish'un, n. A systematic in- 
quiry into, or discussion of, any subject; elaborate 
argumentative essay; dissertation; an immethodical 
discussion. [L. disquirere, -quisitum, to examine, fr. 
dis and qvserere, to seek. See Query.] 

Disregard, dis-re-gard', v. t. Not to regard; to pay no 
heed to, neglect, slight. — n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc.; omission to notice. — Disregard Sr, n. 



eon, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



DISRELISH 



156 



DISTEMPER 



Disrelish, dis-rel'ish, n. "Want of relish; distaste; aver- 
sion; bad taste; nauseousness. — v. t. Not to relish; 
to feel disgust at; to make nauseous. 

Disrepute, dis-re-put', -rep'uta'tion, n. Loss or want 
of reputation or credit; disesteem; dishonor; dis- 
grace. — Disrep/utable, a. Not reputable; tending 
to bring into discredit; low; mean; shameful. — Dis- 
rep'utably, adv. 

Disrespect, dis-re-spekf, n. Want of respect or rev- 
erence; incivility; irreverence. — v. t. To show dis- 
respect to. — Disrespectful, -ful, a. Wanting in re- 
spect; uncivil. — Disrespecffuily, adv. 

Disrobe, dis-rob', v. t. To divest of a robe, or of that 
which clothes or decorates. — Disrob'er, n. 

Disrupt, dis-rupt', a. Rent asunder; broken. [L. dis 
and rumpere, -ruptum, to break, burst.] — Disrup'- 
tion, -ture, -chur, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.— 
Disruptive, -iv, a. Causing, or accompanied Dy, etc. 

Dissatisfy, dis-safis-fi, r. t. To render unsatisfied or 
discontented; to displease. — DissaVisfac'tion, n. 
State or condition of being dissatisfied or discon- 
tented; displeasure; disapprobation; dislike. — Dis- 
sat'isfaC'tory, -to-ri, a. Causing dissatisfaction. 

Dissect, dis-sekt', v. t. To cut in pieces, as an animal 
or vegetable, to examine the structure and use of 
its parts; to anatomize; to analyze into its constit- 
uent parts, for purposes of science or criticism. [L. 
dis and secare, section, to cut.] — Dissecfible, a. 
Capable of being dissected. — Dissec'tion, n. Act of 
dissecting, or of separating into constituent parts 
for critical examination. —Dissect'' or, -Sr, n. 

Disseize, dis-sez', v. t. (Law.) To deprive of actual 
seizin or possession ; to dispossess wrongfully. — 
Disseizee', -se-ze', n. One disseized, or put out of 
possession of an estate unlawfully. — Dissei'zin, n. 
Unlawful dispossessing of one actually seized of the 
freehold. —Disseizor, n. (Law.) One who, etc. 

Dissemble, dis-sem'bl, v. t. [-sembled (-bid), -bung.] 
To hide under a false semblance, put an untrue ap- 
pearance upon, disguise, mask; to make pretense 
of, feign, dissimulate, cloak, cover. — v. i. To con- 
ceal the real fact, motives, intention, or sentiments, 
under some pretense. [OF. dis and sembler, to ap- 
pear. See Dissimulate, under Dissimilar.] — Dis- 
sembler, n. One who,_etc; a hypocrite. 

Disseminate, dis-sem r Y-nat, v. t. To sow, as seed: to 
scatter for growth and propagation ; to spread or ex- 
tend by dispersion, diffuse, circulate, disperse. [L. 
dis and seminare, -natum, to sow, fr. semen, seed.] — 
Dissem'ina'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
diffusion ; dispersion. — Dissem'inative, -tiv, a. 
Tending to, etc. — Disseminator, n. 

Dissent, dis-sent', v. i. To differ in opinion, disagree. 
(Eccl.) To differ from the established church. To 
be of a contrary nature. — n. Act of dissenting; dif- 
ference of opinion; disagreement. (Eccl.) Separa- 
i tion from an established church, esp. that of Eng- 
land. [L. dis and sentire, to feel, think, judge.] — 
Dissenta'neous, -ne-us, a. Disagreeing; contrary.— 
Dissent 'er, n. One who dissents; esp. one, not a 
Roman Catholic, who separates from the church of 
England; a dissident.— Dissen'tient, -shent, a. Dis- 
agreeing; declaring dissent. — n. One who, etc.— 
Dissen'sion, -shun, n. Violent disagreement in 
opinion; breach of friendship and union; strife. 

Dissertation, dis-ser-ta'shun, n. A formal or elabo- 
rate discourse, disquisition, essay. [L. dissertare, 
-tatum, to debate, freq. of disserere : to set asunder, 
discuss, fr. dis and serere, to join, bind.] 

Disserve, dis-serV, v. t. To injure, hurt, harm.— 
DisserVice, -is, n. Injury; mischief .— DiBserV- 
iceable, a. Unserviceable; harmful; injurious. 

Dissever, dis-seVSr, v. t. To part in two, divide asun- 
der, sever. [OF. dessevrer, fr. dis and sevrer, L. sep- 
arare, to sever.] — DisseVerance, n. Act of, etc. 

Dissident, dis'sY-dent, a. Not agreeing; dissenting.— 
n. (Eccl.) One who separates from the established 
religion; a dissenter. [L. dissidens, p. pr. of dissi- 
dere, to sit apart, disagree, fr. dis and sedere, to sit.] 
— Dis'sidence, n. Disagreement; dissent. 

Dissilient, dis-siKT-ent or -yent, a. Bursting and 
opening with an elastic force. [L. dissiliens, p. pr. 
of dissUire, to leap or burst asunder, fr. dis and sa- 
tire, to leap.]— DissiKience, n. Act of leaping or 
starting asunder. 

Dissimilar. dis-sim'T-lgr, a. Unlike; heterogeneous. 
— Dissim / ilar , ity, -lar'T-tT, n. Want of resemblance ; 
unlikeness; dissimilitude. — Dissim'ilarly, -ler-lY, 
adv. — Dis'simiKitude, -tad, n. Want of similitude; 
unlikeness ; dissimilarity. (Rhet.) A comparison 
by contrast. — DissiiVulate, -lat, v. i. To dissemble, 



feign. [OF. dissimuler, L. dissimula.re, fr. dis and 
similis, like.] — Dissim / ula''tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Dissipate, dis'sT-pat, v. t. To drive asunder; to de- 
stroy by wasteful extravagance, scatter, spend, 
squander, consume, lavish. — v. i. To separate and 
disappear, waste away, vanish; to be extravagant, 
wasteful, or dissolute in the pursuit of pleasure. 
[L. dissipare, -patum, fr. dis and obs. supare, to 
throw.] — Dissipation, n. Act of dissipating or 
dispersing; state of dispersion; a dissolute course of 
life ; profuseness in vicious indulgences ; a trifle 
distracting attention^ state of distracted attention. 

Dissociate, dis-so'sht-at, v. t. To separate, disunite. 
[L. dis and sociare, to unite, f r. socius, a companion.] 

— Disso'cia'tion, -shT-a'shun, n. Act of dissocia- 
ting; state of separation; disunion. (Chem.) Decom- 
position of chemical bodies effected by heat or me- 
chanical force, without intervention of chemical at- 
traction. — Disso'ciable, -sha-bl, a. Not well as- 
sorted; incongruous; unsuitable to society. — Disso'- 
cial, -shal, a. Unfriendly to society. 

Dissolve, diz-zolV, v. t. [-solved (-zolvd'), -solv- 
ing.] To separate into component parts; to break 
the continuity of, disconnect; to convert into a liq- 
uid, melt, liquefy; to destroy the power of; to ter- 
minate, cause to disappear. (Law.) To annul, re- 
scind. — v. i. To waste away, be dissipated; to be 
come fluid, be melted; to fade away, vanish. [L. 
dis and solvere, solutum, to loose.] — Dissolved blood. 
(Med.) That which does not readily coagulate. — 
DissolVable, a. — DissolVent, a. Having power to 
melt or dissolve. — n. That which has, etc.; a men- 
struum; solvent. — DissolVer, n. —Dissoluble, dis'« 
so-lu-bl, a. Capable of being dissolved, liquefied, 
or disunited. — Dis'solute, -hit, a. Abandoned to 
vicious pleasures; wanton; vicious; licentious; lewd; 
debauched. — Dissolutely, adv.— Dissoluteness, n. 

— Dissolution, n. Act of dissolving, sundering, or 
separating into component parts ; change from a 
solid to a fluid state; change of form by chemical 
agency; dispersion of an assembly by terminating 
its sessions; breaking up of a partnership; extinc- 
tion of life; state of being dissolved; destruction. 

Dissonant, dis'so-nant, a. Discordant; unharmonious; 
disagreeing; incongruous. [L. dissonans, p. pr. of 
dissonare, to be discordant, fr. dis and sonare, to 
sound.] — DisSonance, -nancy, -sY, n. A mingling 
of discordant sounds; jargon; want of agreement; 
incongruity; inconsistency. 

Dissuade, dis-swad', v. t. To advise or exhort against. 
[OF. dissuader, L. dissuadere, -suasum, fr. dis and 
suadere, to persuade.] — Dissuad'er, n. — Dissua'- 
sion, -zhun, n. Act of dissuading ; exhortation 
against a thing; a dissuasive. — Dissuasive -siv, a. 
Tending to dissuade.— n. An argument, or coun- 
sel, employed to deter one from a measure. 

Dissyllable, dis-siKla-bl, n. A word of 2 syllables 
only. [OF. dissyllabe, L. disyllabus, Gr. disullabos, 
Gr. di and suitable, syllable.] — Dissyllabic, a. Con- 
sisting of, etc. 

Distaff, dis'taf, n. ; pi. Distaffs. The 
staff for holding the flax, tow, or 
wool, from which thread is drawn in 
spinning by hand; the holder of a 
distaff; a woman. [AS. distsef.'] 

Distain, dis-tan', v. t. [-iained 
(-tand'), -taining.] To stain, sully, 
disgrace. [OF. desteindre, fr. des (L. 
dis) and teindre (L. tingere), to tinge, 
dye.] 

Distant, dis'tant, a. Separate; far sep- T)i s t a ff 
arated; remote,— in place, time, con- 
sanguinity, etc. ; reserved in manners; cold; faint, 
obscure, — .is from distance. [OF.; L. distans, p. pr. 
of distare, to stand apart, fr. dis and stare, to stand.] 

— Distantly, adv. — Dis'tance, -tans, n. Space be- 
tween two objects; remoteness of place; interval of 
time; respect; ceremoniousness. — v. t. [distanced 
(-tanst), -tancing.] To place at, or cause to appear 
as if at, a distance; to leave behind in a race, sur- 
pass, excel. — Angular distance. The angle of sep- 
aration between the directions in which two bodies 
are seen; apparent distance. 

Distaste, dis-tasf, n. Aversion of the taste; dislike 
of food or drink; disrelish; disgust; alienation of af- 
fection; displeasure; dissatisfaction. — v.t. Not to 
have relish for; to dislike the taste of, loathe. — Dis- 
taste'ful, -ful, a. Unpleasant to the taste; displeas- 
ing to the feelings; nauseous; offensive; repulsive; 
manifesting dislike. — Distastefully, adv. 

Distemper, dis-tem / 'per, n. A morbid state of the 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t§rm ; In, Ice ; odd. tone, dr ; 






DISTEND 



15; 



DIVAN 



animal system, — esp. of brutes; ill humor, or bad 
temper. (Paint.) A preparation of opaque or body 
colors, with size instead of oil; destemper. — v. i. 
[distempered (-perd), -pering.] To derange the 
functions of, whether bodily or mental, bring dis- 
ease upon; to disturb, make ill-humored. (Paint.) 
To make into distemper. — Distem'perature. -chur, 
n. Commixture of contrarieties; confusion; dis- 
turbance; slight illness; mental uneasiness. 

Distend, dis-tend', v. t. To lengthen out, stretch or 
spread in all directions, dilate, expand, swell. — v. i. 
To become expanded or inflated. [L. dis and ten- 
dere, to stretch.]— Distensible, -si-bl, a.— Disten- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; space occu- 
pied by the thing distended. 

Distich, dis'tik, n. (Pros.) A couple of verses mak- 
ing complete sense; a couplet of 2 lines, of different 
kinds of verse, repeated in the same order. [Gr. 
disticfton, f r. dis, twofold, and stichos, row, rank.] — 
Dis'tich, -tichous, -us, a. Having, or disposed in, 2 
rows; two-ranked. 

Distill. dis-tiK, v. i. [-tilled (-tildO, -tilling.] To 
fall in drops, flowgently; to use a still, practice dis- 
tillation.—?), t. To let fall in drops; to subject to, 
or obtain by, distillation; to rectify, purify. [L. dis 
and stillare, -atum, to drop, fr. stiXla, a drop.] — Dis- 
tilKer, n. — Distill'able, a. — Distilla'tion, n. Act 
of falling in drops ; operation of extracting spirit 
from a substance Dy evaporation and condensation; 
rectification ; substance extracted by distilling. — 
Destructive distillation. (Chem.) Distillation of sub- 
stances at very high temperatures. — Distill 'ery, 
-er-Y, n. Works where distilling is carried on. 

Distinguish, dis-tin'gwish, v. t. [-guished (-gwisht), 
-guishing.] To separate or recognize by visible 
marks; to separate by definition of terms or logical 
division of a subject; to recognize by characteristic 
qualities; to make to differ, discriminate; to make 
eminent or known, honor. — v. i. To make dis- 
tinctions, exercise discrimination. [OF. distinguer, 
L. distinguere, distinction, to distinguish, mark with 
a prick, fr. dis and obs. stinguere, to prick; s. rt. Gr. 
stizein, to prick, E. sting.] — Distin'guisher, n.— Dis- 
tinguishable, «.— Distinguished, -gwisht, p. a. 
Having distinction; eminent; noted; illustrious.— 
Distinguishing, p. a. Constituting difference, or 
distinction from everything else ; peculiar ; char- 
acteristic. — Distinct, dis-tinkt'', a. Having the dif- 
ference marked ; distinguished ; spotted ; varie- 
gated; separate in place; not united by growth or 
otherwise ; different ; individual ; not to be con- 
founded with any other thing; definite; clear; ob- 
vious. — Distinct'ly, adv. — Distincfness, n. — Dis- 
tinction, n. Marking off by visible signs ; divis- 
ion ; discrimination ; distinguishing quality ; esti- 
mation of difference; conspicuous station; superi- 
ority; rank; note; eminence. — Distinctive, -iv, a. 
Marking or expressing distinction. — Distinctively, 
adv. With distinction; plainly. 

Distort, dis-tdrf, v. t. To twist out of natural shape, 
force out of the true posture or direction, wrest 
from the true meaning, deform, pervert, bend. [L. 
dis and torquere, tortum, to twist.] — Distortion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; visible deformity.— 
Distort' ive, -iv, a. Causing or having distortions. 

Distract, dis-trakt', v. t. To perplex, confuse ; to 
agitate by conflicting passions; to render insane, 
craze, — used in the p. p. [L. dis and trahere, trac- 
tum, to draw ; s. rt. draw. ] — Distraction, n. Con- 
fusion of attention, or of affairs ; perturbation of 
mind; a state of disordered reason. —Distract 'ive, 
-iv, a. Causing perplexity. — Distraught', -trawt', 
a. Distracted. 

Distrain, dis-tran', v. t. [-trained (-trand'), -train- 
ing.] (Law.) To seize for debt, without legal pro- 
cess. [OF. destraindre, L. distringere, -strictum, to 
pull asunder, fr. dis and stringere, to hurt, com- 
press, strain.] — Distrainor, -e"r, n. — Dis'trict, n. 
A defined portion of a state or city for legislative, 
elective, or other purposes; portion of territory of 
undefined extent; quarter; tract; region; country. 
— v.t. To divide into districts. [OF. ; I>L. districtus, 
a district, orig., within which a lord may distrain.] — 
Disti-ict court. U. S. A subordinate tribunal hav- 
ing jurisdiction over certain cases within a judicial 
district. — Distress', n. Extreme suffering, of body 
or mind; that which occasions suffering ; state of 
danger or necessity. (Law.) The act of distraining; 
thing taken by distraining. — v. t. [distressed 
(-tresf), -tressing.] To cause pain or anguish to. 
( Law.) To seize for debt, distrain. [OF. distresse.] 



— Distressful, -iul, a. Inflicting, indicating, or pro- 
ceeding troin, distress. 

Distribute, dis-trib'Qt, v. t. To divide among sev- 
eral ; to dispense, administer, apportion, allot, as- 
sign; to divide or separate, as into classes, orders, 
etc. — v. i. To make distribution. [L. dis and tri- 
buere, tributum, to impart. See Tribute.] — Dis- 
tributer, n. — Distributable, a. — Distribution, ». 
Act of distributing or dispensing; almsgiving; sepa- 
ration into parts or classes; classification; arrange- 
ment of topics in a discourse. (Print.) The sepa- 
ration of type, and placing each letter in its proper 
box. — Distributive, -tiv, a. Tending to distribute ; 
dealing to each his share. (Logic.) Assigning the 
various species of a general term. (Gram.) Express- 
ing separation or division. — Distrib'utively, adv. 

District. See under Distrain. 

Distrust, dis-trust', v. t. Not to confide in or rely 
upon; to mistrust, disbelieve. — n. Doubt of re- 
ality or sincerity; suspicion of evil designs. — Dis- 
trustful, -iul, a. Apt to distrust; suspicious; dif- 
fident; modest. — Distrustfully, adv. 

Disturb, dis-terb', v. t. [-turbed (-terbd'), -turb- 
ing.] To throw into confusion; to interfere with, 
terminate abruptly; to agitate the mind of . render 
uneasy, discompose, perplex, trouble. [OF. des- 
tourber, L. disturbare, fr. dis and turbare, to dis- 
turb, fr. turba, a crowd, tumult. See Turbid.] — 
Disturb'ance, -ans, a. Derangement of the regular 
course of things ; confusion of the mind ; public 
commotion; brawl; disorder. (Law.) Interruption 
of a right. — Disturb'' er, n. 

Disunite, dis-u-nit', v. t. To destroy the continuity 
or union of; to break the concord of, divide, sever, 
sunder, separate. — v. i. To part, become separate. 

— Disu'nity, -nT-ti, n. State of separation. — Dis- 
union, -un'yun, n. Termination of union; a breach 
of concord and its effect; in U. S., severance by any 
State of connection with the Federal government. 

— Disun'ionist, n. An advocate of disunion. 
Disuse, dis-us', n. Cessation of use, practice, or ex- 
ercise; cessation of custom ; desuetude. — Disuse, 
-uz', v. t. [-used (-iizd'), -using.] To cease to use 
or practice, desist from employing; to disaccustom. 

— Disu'sage, -zej, n. Gradual cessation of use, etc. 
Ditch dich, n. A trench in the earth, esp. one for 

draining wet land, for fencing incloeures, etc.; a 
fosse or moat. See Ravelin, — v. t. [ditched 
(dicht), ditching.] To dig a ditch in.—?;. ?'. To 
make a ditch. [Same as dike, q. v.] — Bitch'er, n. 
One who digs ditches. 

Ditheism, di'the-izm, n. Doctrine of the existence of 
2 gods, good and evil; dualism. [Gr. dis, double, 
and theos, god.] — Ditheist'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Dithyramb, dith'T-ram, ram'bus, n. An ancient 
Greek hymn in honor of Bacchus. [Gr. Dithuram- 
bos, a name of Bacchus, a hymn in his honor.] — 
Dithyram'bic, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.; wild, im- 
petuous, and boisterous. — n. A dithyramb ; a 
poem written in wild, enthusiastic strains. 

Ditone, di'ton, n. (Mus.) An interval comprehend- 
ing 2 whole tones. [Gr. dis and tonos, a tone.] 

Dittany, dit'ta-nY, n. (Bot.) An aromatic perennial 
plant, whose leaves smell like lemon-thyme, and 
yield an essential oil. [OF. dictame, Gr. diktamnbs, 
the herb growing on Mt. Dicte, in Crete.] 

Ditto, dit'to, *»ntr. Do., n. That which has been 
said; the aforesaid thing; same thing. — adv. As 
before; in the same manner; also. [It.; L. dictum, 
thing said, fr. dicere, to say.] 

Ditty, dit'tY, n. A song; esp. a little poem to be sung. 
[OF. ditie, a kind of poem, fr. L. dictatum, thing 
dictated, fr. dictare, to dictate.] 

Diuresis, di-u-re'sis, n. (Med.) Excretion of urine. 
[Gr. dia, through, and ouron, urine.] — Diuret'ic, 
a. Exciting the secretion and discharge of urine. — 
n. A medicine which, etc. 

Diurnal, di-er'nal, a. Pert, to the daytime; daily; 
recurring every day; performed in a day; constitu- 
ting the measure of a day. (Bot.) Opening during 
the day, and closing at night. — n. A book of the 
daily service of the Rom. Cath. Church for the 
"little hours." [L. diurnalis, fr. dies, a day; same 
as journal.] — Diur'nally, adv. Daily; every day. 

Diutumal, di-u-ter'nal, a. Of long continuance ; last- 
ing. [L. diuturnus, fr. diu, a long time, old abl. 
form of dies, day. J 

Divan, dY-van', n. A book; collection of poems; ac- 
count-book ; a council ; the Turkish council of 
state; royal court; court of justice; office for cus- 
toms; the council chamber; audience chamber; sa- 



eun, cube, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



DIVARICATE 



158 



DOCIMACY 




loon for company; a kind of cushioned seat. rPer. 

and Ar.] 
Divaricate, di-varT-kat, v. i. To part into 2 branches; 

to open., fork, diverge from. — v. t. 

To divide into 2 branches. — a. 

(Bot.) Widely divergent. [L. dis and 

varicare, -eatum, to spread apart, 

straddle, fr. varus, bent apart.] — Di- 

var^ica'tion, re. A parting; forking; 

wide divergence ; equivocation. 

(Nat. Hist.) Intersection of fibers 

at different angles. 
Dive, div, v. i. [dived (divd), di- 
ving.] To descend or plunge into 

water head first; to plunge thorough- 
ly into any business or condition; to 

sink, penetrate. [AS. dyfan, dufan, 

Ic. dtjfa ; s. rt. dip.] — Di'vef , re. 

One who dives, or who goes deeply 

into a business. (Ornitft.) A bird 

of certain genera, given to diving. — Di'ving-bell, re. 

A hollow vessel, orig. bell-shaped, air-tight, except 

at the bottom, in which one mavgo into deep water. 

— Dive'dapper, re. (Ornith.) The didapper, q. v. 
Diverge, di-verj'", v. i. [-verged (-vend'), -ver- 
ging.] To tend from a common point indifferent 
directions; to deviate gradually from a given line; 
to vary from a type, or a normal state, or from the 
truth. [L. dis and vergere, to incline, tend, verge.] 

— Diverge'ment, Divergence, -gency, -sT, n. A re- 
ceding from each other in radiating lines. — Di- 
vergent, a. Deviating gradually, etc. 

Divert, d I- vert', v. t. To turn off from any course, 
direction, or intended application ; to turn from 
business or study; to please, amuse, entertain, rec- 
reate. [OF. divertir, L. divertere, -versum, fr. dis 
and vertere, to turn.] — Divert'er, n. — Divers, di r - 
verz, a. Several; sundry; more than one, but not 
many. — Di 'verse, -vers, a. Different in kind; un- 
like ; dissimilar, — adv. In different directions.— 
Diversely, adv. In different ways, or directions. — 
Diversity, -tT, re. A state of difference ; unlike- 
ness; multiplicity of difference; variety. — Diver '- 
sion, -shun, re. Act of turning aside, from any oc- 
cupation, object, etc.; that which diverts from care 
or amuses; solace; recreation; sport. (Mil.) Act 
of drawing the attention and force of an enemy 
from the principal point of attack. — Divertlve, -iv, 
a. Tending to divert ; amusing. — Diver'sify, -fT, 
v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make diverse or 
various in form or qualities. [F. diversifier, LL. 
diversificare, f r. L. diversus and facere. to make.] — 
Diver'sifica'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.— 
Diver'sified, -fid, p. a. Distinguished by various 
forms, or by a variety of aspects. — Diver'siform, 
-f6rm, a. Of a different form; of varied forms. [L. 
forma, form.] — Divertisement, de-verliz-moN, re. 
A ballet, etc., between acts of longer pieces. [F.] 

Divest, dY-vest', v. t. To strip, as of clothes, arms, or 
equipage; to deprive. [L. dis and vestire, to clothe, 
f r. vestis, garment.] — Divestiture, -Y-chur, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. 

Divide, dY-vId', v. t. To sever into parts; to cause to 
be separate; to make partition of among a number, 
apportion; to make discordant or hostile; toseparate 
into 2 parts, for ascertaining opinions for and 
against a measure. (Logic.) To separate into 
species. — v. i. To be separated, part, open; to vote 
by separating a legislative house into 2 parts. [L. 
dividere, -visum, fr. dis and obs. vidSre, to know, 
prob. s. rt. videre, to see.] — Dividend, re. The 
share of interest or profit of stock in trade, etc., be- 
longing to each proprietor. (Arith.) A number or 
quantity to be divided. — Divid'er, re. One who, or 
that which, divides ; esp. (pi.) an instrument for 
dividing lines, describing circles, etc.; compasses. — 
Divisible, -viz'Y-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — 
Divisibility, re. Quality of being divisible. — Di- 
vision, -vizh/un, re. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
that which divides; portion separated by the divid- 
ing of a mass; difference in opinion or feeling; dif- 
ference of condition ; separation of the members of 
a deliberative body to ascertain the vote. (Arith.) 
Process of finding how many times one number or 
quantity is contained in another; rule by which the 
operation is performed. (Mil.) A section of an 
army or fleet, complete in itself, and commanded by 
a general officer. — Divisional, a. Marking, express- 
ing, or making division; pert, to a division or dis- 
trict. — Divi'sive, -siv, a. Forming division or dis- 
tribution; creating division or discord. — Divi'sor, 



-zer, n. (Arith.) The number by which the div- 
idend is divided. — Common divisor. Any number 
dividing 2 or more numbers without a remainder. 

Divine, dY-vIn', a. Pert, to, proceeding from, or ap- 
propriated to God, or celebrating his praise; above 
what is human ; superhuman; godlike ; holy; sa- 
cred; pert, to divinity or theology. — n. A priest; 
clergyman; one skilled in divinity, theologian.— 
v. t. [divined (-vind'), -vining.] To foresee or 
foreknow, foretell, presage, prognosticate. — v. i. 
To practice divination, impart presages of the fu- 
ture, have presages or forebodings, guess or con- 
jecture. [OF. divin, devin, divine, also a diviner or 
augur, theologian, deviner, to divine, predict ; L. 
divinus, divine, s. rt. divus, godly, dews, God.] — 
Divin'er, re. One who practices divination. — Di- 
vina'tion, re. Act or art of divining or foretelling 
future events; augury; omen. — Divinely, adv. In 
a godlike manner; by the agency of God. — Divin'- 
ing-rod, re. A forked rod, commonly of hazel, used 
by seekers for water or metals under ground. — 
Divinity, -vin'Y-tY, re. State of being divine ; god- 
head; the Deity; God; a false god; a celestial being, 
inferior to God, but superior to man; supernatural 
power or virtue; awe-inspiring character; supreme 
dignity; science of divine things; theology. 

Divisible, Division, etc. See under Divide. 

Divorce, dY-vors r , re. (Law.) A legal dissolution of 
the marriage contract; separation of a married wom- 
an from the bed and board of her husband ; separa- 
tion of things closely united ; the sentence or writ- 
ing dissolving marriage.— v. t. [divorced (-vorst'), 
-vorcing.] To separate by divorce, disunite, sun- 
der. [OF.; L. divortium, a divorce, fr. divortere, a 
form of divertere, to separate. See Divert.] — 
Divorce'able, a. — Divorce'ment, n. Divorce. - Di- 
vorcer, re. Person or cause producing divorce. — 
Divor'cive, -siv, a. Having power to divorce. 

Divulge, dY-vuli', v. t. [-vulged (-vuljdO, -vulging.] 
To make public, disclose, impart. [F. diuulguer, L. 
divulgare, fr. dis and vulgare, to make common, fr. 
vulgus, the common people.] — Divul'ger, n. 

Divulsion, dY-vuKshun, re. Act of plucking away ; a 
rending asunder. [L. divulsio, f r. ais and vellere, vuv- 
sum, to pluck.] — Divul'sive, -siv, a. Tending to, etc. 



diz'n or di'zn, v. t. [dizened (-znd), dizen- 
s gaudily, deck, overdress. [ME. dysyn, 
to put flax on (distaffs), hence to clothe, deck.] 



ing.] To dress gaudily, 



Dizzy, diz'Y, a. Having a sensation of vertigo; giddy; 
confused ; indistinct ; causing giddiness ; unreflect- 
ing; heedless, — v. t. To make giddy, confuse. [AS. 
dysig, silly, OD. duyzigh, dizzy.] — Diz'ziness, re. 

Djinn, jin, n. See Jinnee. 

Do, do, n. (Mus.) A syllable attached to the 1st tone 
of the major diatonic scale for solmization. 

Do, doo, v. t. or auxiliary, [imp. did ; p. p. donk 
(dun) ; doing.] To perform, execute, make ; to 
produce, as an effect or result ; to perform com- 
pletely, finish, accomplish ; to cook completely ; to 
translate or transform into, as a written text; to de- 
ceive, play a trick upon, hoax, humbug. (Stock 
Exchange.) To cash or advance money for, as a 
bill or note. — v. i. To act or behave ; to fare ; to 
be in a state with regard to health. [AS. don (imp. 
dyde, p. p. gedon), D. doen (imp. deed, p. p. gedaan); 
s. rt. deed, deem, doom.] — To do over. To make 
over, perform a second time. — To do up. To pack 
together; to iron and starch (linen). — To do with. 
To dispose of, make use of. — To have to do with. 
To have concern, business, or intercourse with ; to 
deal with. — 7b do for. To put an end to, ruin, dis- 
appoint, etc. — To do without. To get along with- 
out. — To have done. To have made an end. — To 
have done with. To have completed ; to be through 
with. — Do'er, n. One who, etc. ; an actor ; agent. 

Do, doo, v. i. To be worth, be fit, avail, manage, ac- 
complish a purpose,— as, this will do. [Prov. E. dow, 
AS. dugan, to-be worth. See Doughty.] 

Do., pron. ditlo^ See Ditto. 

Doab, Dooab, doo'ab, n. In India, a tongue of land 
between the confluence of rivers. 

Docetism, dos'et-izm, re. Doctrine that Christ suffered 
only in appearance. [Gr. dokein, to appear.] 

Docile, dosll, a. Teachable ; ready to learn ; tract- 
able. [F. ; L. dociUs, fr. docere, to teach ; s. rt. di- 
dactic, disciple, doctor, etc.] — Docility, -tT, n. 
Teachableness. — Doclble, a. Docile. [L. docibilis, 
fr. docere.] — Doclbleness, -ibillty, r>. 

Docimacy, dos'Y-ma-sY, re. Art or practice of apply- 
ing tests to ascertain the nature, quality, etc., of ob- 
jects. [Gr. dokimasia, an essay, examination, fr. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, t€rm ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, Cr ; 



DOCK 



159 



DOLLAR 



dektmazein, to assay metals.]— Docimas'tic, a. Prov- 
ing by experiments. 

Deck, dok, n. A plant, some species of which are 
weeds, having a long tap-root. [AS. docce, a dock, 
Ga. dogha, burdock, Gr. daukos, a kind of carrot.] 

Dock, dok, v. t. [docked (dokt), docking.] To cut 
off, as the end of a thing, curtail, clip ; to deduct 
from ; to destroy or defeat, bar. — n. The stump of 
a tail, or part left after clipping ; case to cover a 
horse's clipped tail. [W. tocio, to clip, Ic. dockr, a 
short tail, Sw. docka, a skein (of silk) = length cut 
off.]— Dock'et, n. A summary or digest; a label 
tied to goods. (Law.) An abridged entry of pro- 
ceedings in an action, or list of such entries ; list of 
causes ready for hearing or trial. A list of matters 
to be acted on in any assembly. — v. t. To make an 
abstract of the heads of ; to enter in a docket, mark 
the contents of on the back, as of papers. 

Dock, dok, n. An inclosure or basin to receive vessels; 
space between 2 piers for ships; place where the ac- 
cused stands in court. — v.t. To place in a dock. 
[OD. dokke, a harbor, Dan. dokke, Sw. docka, G. 
docke, a dock, LL. doga, ditch, canal, Gr. doche, re- 
ceptacle, fr. dechcsthai, to receive.] — Dry or grav- 
ing dock. A dock from which water may be exclu- 
ded. — Floating or sectional d. A water-tight struc- 
ture for raising vessels out of water by its buoyancy. 
— Wet d. One where the water is shut in, and kept 
at a given level, to load and unload ships. — Dock'- 
age, -ej, n. Charge for the use of a dock. — Dock'- 
yard, n. A repository for naval stores, timber, etc. 

Doctor, dok'ter, n. One qualified to teach; a learned 
man ; one who has received the highest degree in a 
faculty; one licensed to practice medicine ; a physi- 
cian ; a mechanical contrivance to remedy a diffi- 
culty.— v.t. [doctored (-terd), -toring.J To at- 
tend or treat as a physician ; to make a doctor; to 
alter for the better ; to adulterate, tamper with, fal- 
sify. — v.i. To practice physic. [L., a teacher, fr. 
docere, doctupi, to teach.] — Doc'toral, a. Pert, to 
the degree or practice of a doctor. — Doc'torate, -at, 
-ship, n. The degree of a doctor.— Doc'toress, Doc'- 
tress, n. A female doctor. — Doc'trine, -trin, n. Act 
of teaching ; instruction ; thing taught ; body of 
principles in any branch of knowledge ; dogma ; 
tenet. [F. ; L. doctrina, fr. doctor.] — Doc'trinal, a. 
Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Doc'trinally, adv. — 
Doc'trinaire', -tre-nar', n. One who rigidly ap- 

Elies to practical concerns the abstract doctrines of 
is own philosophical system ; a political theorist ; 
propounder of new opinions. — a. Pert, to, etc. — 
Doc'ument, n. An original or official paper, relied 
upon as the basis or support of anything else. — v. t. 
To furnish with documents. [F. ; L. documentum, 
fr. docere.] — Document 'al, a. Pert, to, consisting 
In, or derived from, etc. — Documentary, -rf, a. 
Pert, to written evidence ; consisting in documents. 

Dodder, dod'der, n. A parasitical vine, which, de- 
caying at the root, is nourished by the plant sup- 
porting it. [Dan.; Sw. dodra, G. dotter.~\ 

Dodecagon, do-dek'a-gon, n. (Geom.) A regular poly- 
gon, bounded by 12 equal 
sides, and containing 12 
equal angles. [Gr. do- 
deka, twelve, and gonia, JB§ 
an angle.] — Do'dec'a- dp ■ 
he'dron, n. A regular 
solid contained under 12 
equal and regular penta- 
gons ; a solid having 12 
equal faces. [Gr. heara, 
seat, base.] — Dodec'ahe''- 
dral, a. — Dodec'astyle, 




Dodecahedrons. 



-stll, n. (Arch.) A portico having 12 columns in 
front. [Gr. stulos, a column.] 

Dodge, doj, v. i. [dodged (dojd), dodging.] To start 
suddenly aside, be evasive, quibble. — v. t. To 
evade by starting aside. — n. Act of evading by 
some skillful movement ; a dexterous device or 
trick. [Perh. s. rt. Scot, dod, to jog, North E. dad, 
to shake; cf. Skr. dhn, to shake.]— Dodg^er, n. 

Dodo, do'do, n.; pi. Do'does, -doz. A large bird 
of Mauritius, now extinct. [Pg. doudo, silly.] 

Doe, do, «. A she-deer ; esp. the female of the fallow- 
deer. [AS. da, a doe; Dan. daa, a deer.] — Doe' skin, 
n. Skin of the doe ; compact, twilled woolen cloth. 

Doer. See Do. — Does, duz. 3d pers. pr. ind. of Do. 

Doff, dof, V. t. [DOFFED (doft), DOFFING.] To put off 

(dress) ; to rid one's self of, defer. [Coritr. of do off.] 

Dog, dog, n. A quadruped of the genus Canis; a 

mean, worthless fellow; a fellow, — used» humor- 



ously. (Astron.) One of the 2 constellations in the 
southern hemisphere. An andiron. (Mech.) A 
grappling iron ; an iron with fangs to secure a log 
to be sawed; a catch or clutch, esp. the carrier of a 
lathe, and an adjustable stop to change the motion 
of a machine tool. — v. t. [dogged (dojrd), dog- 
ging.] To follow insidiously or persistently ; to 
worry ; hunt. JD. dog, Sw. dogg, mastiff. Dan. 
dogge, bull-dog. J — To give or throw to dogs. To 
throw away, as useless. — To go to the dor/*. To be 
ruined. — Dog'ged, a. Surly; obstinate. — Dog'- 
gedly, adv.— Dog'gedness, n— Dog/gish. a. Churl- 
ish ; snappish. — Dog'ber'ry, n. The berrv of the 
dogwood. — -bri'er, n. The dog-rose. — cart, n. A 
one-horse vehicle for sportsmen. — cheap, <>. Cheap 

as dog's meat; very cheap. day, n. One of the 

days when Sirius, or the Dogstar, rises and sets with 
the sun: they commence late in July, and end early 

in September. fish, n. A species of shark. — 

-Latin, n. Barbarous Latin. — rose, n. A species 
of rose which bears the hip ; the eglantine or sweet- 
briar. star, n. Sirius, in the constellation Canis 

Major. — tooth, n. A sharp pointed human tooth, 
between the incisors and grinders ; eye-tooth ; ca- 
nine tooth. See Tooth. (Arch.) An ornament con- 
sisting of tooth-like projections. — trot, n. A gentle 

trot, like a dog's. watch, n. (Naut.) One of 2 

watches of 2 hours each, between 4 and 8 p. M. — 
-wood, n. A genus of large shrubs or small trees, 
having hard and serviceable wood. — Dog's-ear, 
dogz'er, n. The corner of the leaf of a book turned 
down.— v. t. To turn down, etc.— Dog'-eared, -erd, 
a. Having the corners, etc. — Dog'gerel. -gSr-el, a. 
Low in style and irregular in measure, — said of 
poetry. — n. Mean, undignified verse. 

Doge, doj, n. The chief magistrate in the republics of 
Venice and Genoa. [It, fr. L. dux, duke, leader.] — 
Do'gate, -gat, n. Office or dignity of, etc. 

Dogger, dog'ger, n. (Naut.) A two-masted fishing 
vessel, used by the Dutch. [D., codfish.] 

Dogma, dog/ma, n.; E. pi. -mas, -maz ; L. pi. -mata, 
-ma-ta. That which is held as an opinion i an es- 
tablished tenet ; peremptory opinion, a principle of 
doctrine asserted without sufficient evidence. [L. 
and Gr., fr. Gr. dokein, to think: s. rt. L. decet, it 
behooves, Skr. dag as, fame.] — Degmat'ic, -ical. a. 
Pert, to a dogma; disposed to assert authoritatively; 
magisterial; positive. — Dogmatically, adv. Arro- 
gantly: positively. —Dogmatics, n. sing. Science 
of Christian doctrines ; doctrinal theology. — Dog'- 
matism, -tizm, n. Arrogance or positiveness in opin- 
ion.— Dog'matize, v. i. [-tized (-tizd), -tizing.] To 
assert positively ; teach with bold and undue con- 
fidence. — Dog^matist, -tiz'er, n. 

Doily, doi'lt, n. A small napkin, generally colored, 
used with fruit and wine. [Manufacturer's name ; 
perh. also D. dwaal, a towel/) 

Doit, doit, n. A small Dutch coin, worth about half a 
farthing; any small piece of money; any trifle. [D. 
duit; perh. s. rt. dot, perh. fr. F. d'huit, of 8, i. e., the 
l-8th of a penny.] 

Dolabriform, do-lab^ri-fdrm, a. (Nat. Hist.) Having 
the form of an ax or hatchet. [L. dolabra, pickax, 
unci forma, form.] 

Dolce, doKcha, Dolcemente, dol'cha-men'ta, adv. 
(Mus.) Softly ; sweetly, — a direction to the per- 
former. [It., fr. L. dulcis, sweet, soft.] 

Doldrums, dol'drumz, n. pi. A part of the ocean near 
the equator, abounding in calms, squalls, and light 
baffling winds. — To be in the doldrums. To be in a 
state of listlessness or fretfulness ; to be bored. 

Dole, dol, n. Act of dividing and distributing ; thing 
distributed; alms; gratuity. — v.t. [doled (dold), 
doling.] To deal out in small portions ; distribute. 
[AS. dal, dsel, same as deal. See Deal.] 

Doleful, dolful, a. Full of grief; piteous; rueful; wo- 
ful; gloomy; dismal. [OF. doel, duel, grief, mourn- 
ing, doloir, L. dolere; to grieve, fr. dolor, grief.] — 
Dole'fully, adv. — Dole'some^sum, a. Doleful ; sor- 
rowful. — Dolor, n. Pain; grief; distress; anguish. 
[L.] — Doloriferous, -er-us, a. Producing pain or 
distress. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Dolorif'ic, -ical, a. 
Causing pain or grief. [L./acere, to make.] — Dol '- 
orous, -us, a. Full of, or occasioning sriei ; painful; 
distressing. — Dol'orously, adv. — Doloro'so, -zo, 
adv. (Mus.) In a pathetic manner. [It.] 

Doll, dol, n. A puppet or image of a ba bv for a child. 
[Perh. fr. OD. dol, a whipping top, dotlen, to sport, 
play; perh. Dol, contr. of Dorothy.] 

Dollar, doKler, n. A silver coin of the U. S., equal to 
100 cents; a coin of similar value, current in Mex- 



boh, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, get. 



DOLMAN 



160 



DOOR 



ico, S. Amer., Spain, etc. ; the value of a dollar. 
[Abbr. of Joach'unsthaler, a coin first made about 
1518 fr. silver, mined at Joachimsthal, Bohemia.] 

Dolman, dol'man,n. A lady's cloak. [Turk, dolaman.] 

Dolmen, dol'men, Tol'men, n. A stone table, found 
among relics of the Druids : a cromlech. [Celt.] 

Dolomite. doKo-mit, n. ( Geol. & Min.) A magnesian 
carbonate of lime. [Fr. the F. geologist, Dolomieu.] 

Dolphin, dol'fin, n. (tchth.) A cetaceous mammal, the 
true dolphin ; also a fish of about 5 feet in length, 
celebrated for its changes of color when dying. 
(Entom.) A species of aphis infesting beans, (Naut.) 
A rope or strap wound round a mast to support 
the puddening when the lower yards rest in the 
slings ; a spar secured to an anchor to which cables 
may be bent ; a mooring-post. [OF. daulphin, L. 
delphinus, Gr. delphis.] 

Dolt, dolt, n. A heavy, stupid fellow, blockhead, ig- 
noramus, dunce, simpleton. [Corrup. of dulled.'] — 
Doltish, o. _ Dolt-like ; stupid. 

Domain, do-man', n. Dominion; authority; territory 
over which dominion is exerted; landed property; 
estate; esp. land about the mansion-house of a lord, 
and in his immediate occupancy. (Law.) Owner- 
ship of land, estate, or patrimony, in one's own 
right. [OF. domaine, f r. L. dominium, lordship, f r. 
dominus, a lord. See Demesne.] — Eminent domain. 
In U. S. the inherent sovereign power of a state, 
giving to the legislature the control of private prop- 
erty for public uses. 

Dome, dom, n. A building; house. (Arch.) A struc- 
ture above the roof, usually hemispherical in form; 
cupola; an erection resembling a cupola. [OF., fr. 
LL. and Gr. doma, a house, Gr. domos, a building.] 

Domesday, doomz'da. See Doomsday, unler Doom. 

Domestic, do-mes'tik, a. Pert, to the house or home, 
to one's place of residence and family, also to a na- 
tion considered as a family, or to one's own coun- 
try; intestine; remaining much at home; devoted to 
home duties or pleasures; living near the habitations 
of man; tame; made in one's own house, nation, or 
country. — n. One who lives in the family of an- 
other, as hired assistant; pi. articles of home manu- 
facture, esp. cotton goods. [F. domestique, L. domes- 
ticus, fr. domus, house.] — Domes'ticate, -tt-kat, v. t. 
To make domestic, conduct as if at home, accustom 
to live near the habitations of man, tame.— Domes'- 
tica'tion, n. Act of domesticating. — Domesticity, 
-tis'Y-tY, n. State of being domestic; a household 
act or life. —Domicile, -sil, n. An abode or man- 
sion; place of permanent residence. (Law.) Resi- 
dence at a particular place accompanied with proof 
of an intention to remain there, — v. t. [domiciled 
(-sild), -ciLiNG.] To establish in a fixed residence. 
[OF. ; L. domicilium, f r. domus and perh. celare, to 
hide.] — Domicil'iary, -sil'Y-a-rY or -sil'ya-rY, a. 
Pert, to domicile, or the residence of a person or 
family. — Domiciliary visit. (Law.) A visit to a 
private dwelling, esp. to search it, under authority. 

— Domicil'iate, -Y-at, v. t. To domicile.— Dom'icil'- 
ia'tion, n. Permanent residence. 

Dominate, dom'Y-nat, v. t. To predominate over, rule, 
govern. — v. i. To predominate. [L. dominari, 
-natum, fr. dominus, a lord, fr. domus, house; s. rt. 
domare, to tame, E. tame.] — Dominance, -nancy, 
-sY, n. Ascendency ; authority. — Dominant, a. 
Ruling; prevailing; predominant, —n. (Mus.) The 
5th tone of the scale. [Y.] — Dominant chord. (Mus.) 
The chord based upon the dominant. — !), estate or 
tenement. (Law.) The estate to which a servitude 
or easement is due from another estate. — Domina'- 
tion, n. Act of dominating; exercise of power in 
ruling; government; authority; the 4th of the sup- 
posed orders of angelical beings. [F.] — Domlna- 
tive, -tiv, a. Ruling; imperious. — Domlnator, -tSr, 
n. A ruler or ruling power; predominant influence. 

— Domineer'', v. i. [-neered (-nerd'). -neering.] 
To rule with insolence or arbitrary sway. [OD. 
domineren, OF. dominer, fr. L. dominari.]— Domin- 
ion, -yun, n. Supreme authority; predominance; 
territory over which authority is exercised. [LL. 
dominio.] — Dominical, a. Pert, to, or given by, 
our Lord; indicating Sunday. [OF.] —Dominical 
letter. One of the first 7 letters of the alphabet, 
used in almanacs to denote Sunday. 

Dominican, do-min'Y-kan, a. Pert, to the Dominicans, 
or to St. Dominic— n. A monk of the order founded 
by Dominic de Guzman; a predicant; preaching- 
friar; jarobin; black-friar. 

Dominie, dom'Y-nY, n. In Scot., a schoolmaster, par- 
son. [L. dominus, a lord, master.] — Domino, n. ;pl. 



idiiimuii 



iiiinii iiiui! i. 



Dominos. 



-nos or -noes, -noz. A cape 
with a hood, formerly worn 
by priests over head and face; 
a hood worn by canons of a 
cathedral church; a woman's 
mourning veil, or half-mask; 
a loose cloak, with a hood, 
used as a disguise; one wear- 
ing a domino, pi. A game 
played with 28 pieces of ivory, indented with spots 
from a 1 to double 6. One of the pieces of the game. 
[Sp., orig. dress worn by a master, f r. domine, a mas- 
ter, L. dominus. See Dominate.] — Don, n. Sir; 
Mr. ; Signor, — a title of courtesy in Spain ; a grand 

Eersonage, or one affecting consequence, pi. The 
eads of colleges and fellows of English universi- 
ties. [Sp., lit. master, fr. dominus.] — Dona, don'ya, 
n. Lady ; Mistress ; Madam, — a Spanish title of 
courtesy for women. [Fern, of don.] — Don'na, -na, 
n._ The title of a lady in Italy. [It.] — Duenna, 
doo-en'na, n. ; pi. -nas, -naz. The chief lady in 
waiting on the Queen of Spain; an elderly lady in 
charge of young ladies in Spain or Portugal; a gov- 
erness. [Sp. dueiia, same as E. and F. dame.] 

Don, don, v. t. [donned (dond), donning.] To put 
on, invest one's self with, — opp. to doff. [Contr. 
of do on.] 

Donate, do'nat, v. t. To give, esp. for a specific ob- 
ject. [L. donare, -atum, to give, fr. donum, Gr. doron, 
Skr. dana, a gift; s. rt. anecdote, date, dose, dower, 
etc.] — Donalion, n. Act of giving; thing given or 
bestowed, gift, grant. (Law.) Act by which one 
voluntarily transfers to another the title to a thing 
of which he is owner, without any consideration. 
[F.] — Donation-party. A party assembled at the 
house of some one, each bringing some present. — 
Don'ative, don'a-tiv, n. A gratuity, present. (Eccl. 
Law.) A benefice conferred by the patron, without 
presentation, institution, or induction by the ordi- 
nary. — a. Vested or vesting by donation. — Dona'- 
tor, do-na'ter, n. (Law.) A donor, giver. —Do'nor, 
-ner, n. A giver; benefactor. (Law?) One who con- 
fers a power.— Donee', -ne', n. One to whom a gift 
is made. (Law.) Party executing a power; appointor. 

Donatism, don'a-tizm, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Principles 
embraced by African schismatics of the 4th century, 
called Donatists, fr. Donatus, their leader. 

Done. See Do. 

Done, dun, p. p. Given out; issued; made public,— 
used in the dating clause of an official public docu- 
ment. [Done", done, corrup. of F. donne", p. p. of 
donner, L. donare, to give. See Donate.] 

Donjon, dun'jun, n. A tower in ancient castles, the 
strongest part of the fortifications; the keep. See 
Castle. [Same as dungeon, q. v.] 

Donkey, don'kY, n. ;pl. -keys, -kiz. An ass, or mule; 
a stupid or obstinate fellow. [Dim. of dun, a name 
for a horse, fr. the color.] — Don'key-en'gine, n. A 
small assistant engine in steam-vessels. — pomp, n. 
One feeding boilers, worked by the donkey-engine. 

Donna. See under Dominie. 

Donor. See under Donate. 

Doodle, doo'dl, n. A trifler, simpleton. [Perh. contr. 
of do little ; perh. fr. Scot, dawdle, to be slovenly.) 

Doom, doom, v. t. [doomed (doomd), dooming.] To 
pronounce sentence or judgment on, condemn; to 
ordain as penalty; to mulct or fine; to assess a tax 
upon; to destine, fate. — n. Judicial sentence; penal 
decree; that to which one is sentenced; penalty; un- 
happy fate. [AS., Sw., and Dan. dom, Ic. domr, 
OHG. tuom, judgment, Gr. themis, law, Skr. dha, to 
plaee, set; s. rt. deem.] — Dooms'day, dobmz'da, n. 
A day of doom, sentence, or condemnation; day of 
the final judgment. — Dooms'day-book, n. A book 
compiled by order of William the Conqueror, con' 
taining a survey of all lands in England, that they 
might De doomed, or adjudged for taxation. 

Door, dor, n. An opening in the wall of a house for 
going in and out at; frame by which such an open- 
ing is closed; means of access; entrance-way, and 
the apartment to which it leads. [AS. duru, D. dear, 
Dan. dor, OHG. tor, G. ihuer, Gr. thura, Skr. dvara.] 
— In doors, or within doors. Within the house; un- 
der cover. — Next door to. Near to; bordering on.— 
Out of doors, or without doors, and, colloq., out doors. 
Out of the house, in open air, abroad. — To lie at 
one's door. To be imputable or chargeable to. — 
Door'-keeper, n. One who guards the entrance of a 
house or apartment; a porter, janitor. — nail, n. 
The nail or knob on which the knocker of a door 
strikes, — hence the phrase, dead as a door-nail. — 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : 2nd, eve, tSrm ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



DOR 



161 



DOUBT 




-plate, n. A plate upon a door, bearing the resident's 
name, etc. — post, n. The jamb or side piece of, 
etc. — way, n. The passage of, etc. 

Dor, Dott, dor, Dor'-beetle, Dor'-bug, n. A large, 
brownish, destructive tree-beetle ; the cockchafer ; 
May-bug; —the imago of the voracious white grub- 
worm. [AS. dora, drone, locust.] 

Dorado, do-ra'do, n. A southern constellation, con- 
taining 6 stars. (Ichth.) A large fish, a species of 
dolphin. [Sp., gilt, fr. dorar, to gild.] 

Doree. do-re' or do'rl, Do'ry, -rT, John'-dory, n. 
(Ichth.) An acanthopterygious fish, of a golden yel- 
low color. [Corrup. of F.jaune-dore'e, golden vellow.] 

Dorian, do'rT-an, Doric, dor'ik, a. Pert, to Doris, or 
the Dorian race, in ancient Greece. (Arch.) Pert, 
to, or resembling, the 2d order of columns, between 
the Tuscan and Ionic. See Capital. (Mus.) Of, 
or pert, to, one of the ancient musical keys, marked 
bv severity tempered with gravity and joy.— Dor'- 
icism, -sizm, n. A phrase of the Doric dialect. 

Dormant, dor'mant, a. Sleeping; not in action; qui- 
escent; not disclosed, asserted, or insisted on. (Her.) 
In a sleeping posture. — n. (Arch.) The large beam 
lying across a room; a joist; sleeper. [F., p. pr. of 
dormir, L. dormire, to sleep.] — Dor'mancy, -si, n. 
State of being dormant. —Dormant partner. (Com.) 
A partner who takes no share in the active business, 
but shares in the profit or loss; sleeping or silent 
partner. — Dor'mer , D.-win'- 
dow, n. (Arch.) A vertical win- 
dow on the inclined roof of a 
house.— Dor'mitive, -tiv, n. 
(Med.) A medicine to promote 
sleep; an opiate, narcotic, sopo- 
rific—a. Causing sleep.— Dor'- 
mitory, -rT, n. A room or set of 
rooms for sleeping in; bed-room. 
[L. dormitorium, fr. dormitor, a 
sleeper, fr. donnitare, to sleep, Dormer-window, 
freq. of dormire.] 

Dormouse, dor'mows, n. ; pi. -mice, -mis. A small ro- 
dent mammal which feeds on acorns, nuts, etc., 
like the squirrel, and is torpid in winter. [Prov. E. 
dor, to sleep (s. rt. doze, q. v.), and mouse.] 

Domic, dor'nik. n. Coarse damask and table-linen, 
made at Dornick or Tournav. 

Dorsal, dor'sal, a. Pert, to the back. _[F.;LL. dor- 
salis, fr. L. dorsum, the back.] — Dorsiferous, -er- 
us, -sip'arous, a. (Bot.) Bearing seeds on the back 
of the leaves, as ferns. [L. ferre, to bear, parere, | 
to bring forth.]— Dos'el, n. (Arch.) Tapestry at 
the back of an altar, etc. — Dos'sier, -sT-a, n. The 
back of a chair; head of abed; bundle of papers. 
[F., fr. dos, back, L. dorsum.] 

Dory, do'rT, n. A fish. See Doeee. — A canoe or 
small boat. 

Dose, dos, n. Quantity of medicine given at one time; 
as much as one can take, or as falls to one to receive; 
anything nauseous that one must take. — v. t. 
[dosed (dost), dosing.] To form into doses, give 
m doses, give medicine to, give potions to constantly 
and without need, give anything nauseous to. [F.; 
Gr. dosis, fr didonai, Skr. da, to give.] 

Dosel. See under Dorsal. 

Dossil, dos'sil, n. (Surg.) A pledget or portion of 
lint of cylindrical form. [F. dousil. LL. duciculus, 
peg, tap for a cask, fr. L. ducere, to draw.] 

Dost, dust. Second vers. pr. of do. 

Dot, dot, n. A small spot, made with a pen or point. 
— v. t. To mark with dots or specks, diversify with 
small detached objects. — !-, i. To make dots or 
specks. [D. dot, a little lump, Sw. dial, dett, dot, 
point, something dropped, Ic. and Sw. dial, detta, to 
drop, fall.] — Dot' ted, p. a. Marked with dots; di- 
versified with small, detached objects.— Dotted note. 
(Mus.) A note followed by a dot to indicate an in- 
crease of length equal to i of its simple value. — D. 
rest. A rest lengthened by a dot. [Notes and rests 
are sometimes followed by 2 dots, to indicate an in- 
crease of length equal to % of their simple value.] 



m 



~^r 



_«_JL. 



Dotted Notes and Rests. 

Dot, a dowry. Dotal, Dotation. See under Dower. 

Dote, dot, v. i. To have the intellect impaired, esp. 
by age, so that the mind wavers: to be excessively 
or foolishly fond. [OD. doten, to dote, mope, Ic. 
dotta, to nod with sleep, OF. redoter, to dote, talk 



senselessly.] — Do'ter, -tard, n. One who, etc. — 
Do'tage, -tej, n. Childishness; imbecility; senility; 
excessive fondness; weak and foolish affection.— 
Dot'tard. n. A decayed tree. [For dotard.] — Dot'- 
terel, -ter-el, -trel, n. A wading bird, like the plover, 
easily taken by stratagem ; a silly fellow; dupe. 
Double, dub'l, a. Twofold ; multiplied by 2 ; in- 
creased by its equivalent; in pairs; presenting 2 of 
a set together ; coupled ; divided into 2 ; vacilla- 
ting: deceitful. (Bot.) Having several rows of pet- 
als formed by cultivation from stamens and car- 
pels. — adv. Twice ; twofold. — v. t. [doubled 
(-Id), -lixg.] To multiply by 2, make twice as 
great, duplicate; to fold one part upon another part 
of; to contain or be worth twice as much as: to pass 
around or by. (Mil.) To unite, as ranks or files, so 
as to form one. — v. i. To increase or grow to twice 
as much; to return upon one's track. (Print.) To 
set up a word or phrase a second time by mistake.— 
n. Twice as much; that which is doubled together; 
a plait; fold; a turn in running to escape pursuers; 
a trick : shift ; artifice ; a counterpart; a roofing 
slate of the smallest size used. [OF.; L. duplus, lit. 
twice full, fr. duo, 2, and plus, s. rt. plenus, full.] — 
Double counterpoint. (Mus.) That species of counter- 
point in which 2 of the parts may be inverted, by 
setting one of them an octave higher or lower. — D. 
note. (Mus.) A note of double the length of the 
semibreve or minim; a breve.— To d. upon. (Mil.) 
To inclose between 2 fires.— Doubler, n. — Doub'- 
ly, -II, adv. In twice the quantity. — Doub'leness, 
n — Double -base, -bass, -bas, n. (Mus.) The largest 
and lowest-toned instrument in the violin form. — 
-breastfed, a. Lapping over on the breast, with but- 
tons on each side. — deal'er. n. One who acts two 
different parts; a deceitful, trickish person. — deal- 
ing, rc. Artifice; duplicity. — -end 'er, n. (Naut.) 
A vessel which can sail with either end foremost. — 
-ea'gle. n. An Amer. gold coin worth $20. — en'try, 
7». A mode of book-keeping in which 2 entries are 
made of every transaction^so that one checks the 
other. — face, -facedness. -last'ness, n. The acting 
of different parts; duplicity. — -fiow'er, n. (Bot.) A 
flower having several rows of petals, as the result of 
cultivation. — mind'ed, a. Having different minds 
at different times: un>ettled ; wavering; unstable. 

quick,;!. (Mil.) The fastest step, in marching, 

next to the run, requiring ld5 steps in one minute. 

— a. Performed in, etc. — v. t. 8c i. To move in 
double-quick time. — -salt, n. (Chem.) A com- 

Eound salt consisting ot 2 salts in chemical com- 
ination. — star, n. (Astron.) Two stars so near 
to each other as to be seen separate by means of a 
telescope only. — tongued, -tungd, a. Speaking dif- 
ferently about a thing at different times; deceitful. 

— Double-entendre, doo'bl-ox-tox'dr, n. An ex- 
pression admitting of a double interpretation, one 
of which is often indelicate. [F.; entendre, to mean.] 

— Doublet, n. Two of the same kind : a pair; 
couple. (Print.) A word or phrase unintentionally- 
doubled. Inner garment of a man ; waistcoat. 
(Lapidary Work.) A counterfeit stone, composed 
of 2 pieces of crystal, with color between them. 
(Opt.) An arrangement of two lenses for a micro- 
scope, to correct spherical aberration and chro- 
matic dispersion, pi. Two dice, having each the 
same number of spots on the_upper face. [OF., 
dim. of double.] — Doubloon', -loon', n. A Spanish 
and Portuguese coin, double the value of the pistole, 
worth nearly $16. [Sp. doblon, fr. dohlo, double.] 

Doubt, dowt, v. i. To be in uncertainty respecting 
anything : to be undetermined, waver, fluctuate, 
hesitate: to fear, be apprehensive, scruple, suspect. 

— v. t. To question or hold questionable, hesitate 
to believe: to fear, apprehend, suspect, believe. — 
n. Uncertainty of mind or of condition: fear; ap- 
prehension ; difficultv expressed or urged for so- 
lution; objection. [OF. dottier, doubter, L. dubitare, 
-tatum, to doubt, be of two minds, f r. dubius, doubt- 
ful, fr. duo. two.] — Doubt'er, n. — Doubt'able, -a-bl, 
a. Capable of being doubted ; questionable. — 
Doubt'ful, -ful, a. Not settled in opinion; admit- 
ting of doubt"; not clear or certain; not easy to be 
defined, classed, or named: ambiguous; equivocal; 
of uncertain issue; affected by fear. — Doubt 'fully. 
adv. — Doubt'fulne88, n. — Doubt'less, ad/'-. With- 
out doubt or question; unquestionablv. — Du'bious, 
-bT-us. a. Doubtful. — Du'biously, adv. — Du'bi- 
ousness. n.— Du'bitable, a. Liable to be doubted. 

— Dubita'tion, n. Act of doubting. — Du'bitative, 
-tiv. n. Tending to doubt. 



sun, cube, ful! ; moon, fde-t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



DOUCEUR 



162 



DRAFT 



Douceur, doo-ser', n. A present; gift; bribe. [F., fr., 
doux, sweet.] 

Douche, doosh, n. A jet of water or vapor directed 
upon some part of the body, to benefit it medicinal- 
ly. [F., fr. It. doccia, conduit, water-pipe, spout, 
fr. docciare, to pour, fr. L. ductus. See Duct.] 

Dough, do, n. A mass of flour or meal moistened and 
kneaded, but not yet baked. [AS. dah, D. deeg, 
Dan. and Ic. deig, Goth, daigs, dough ; Goth. 
deigan, to knead, Skr. dih, to smear.]— Dougb/y, 
-T, a. Like dough ; soft ; yielding to pressure.— 
Dough'-face, n. One who is easily molded. — 
Dough'nut. n. A small cake, usually in form of a 
ring, sweetened and fried in lard. 

Doughty, dow'tT, a. Characterized by bravery; val- 
iant ; redoubtable. [AS. dyhtig, fr. dugan, to be 
strong ; Dan. dygtig, able, fr. due, to avail; Sw. 
dugtig, Ic. dygdhugr, fr. Sw. and Ic. dvga, to avail. 
See Do.] — Dough' tily, -tt-lT, adv. — Dough'tiness. n. 

Doom, dows, v. t. [doused (dowst), dousing.] To 
thrust or plunge into water ; to dip. [Not the same 
as dowse, q. v.] [Sw. dunsa, to plump down.] 

Dove, duv, n. A Dird of the pigeon family, some 
species of which are domesticated; a pigeon; esp. 
tame pigeon. [AS. dufa, OS. duva.] — Dove' cot, 
-cote, -kot, n. A building or box for doves. — Dove'- 
tail, n. {Carp.) A joint or tenon 
made by letting one piece, in the 
form of a dove's tail spread, into a 
corresponding cavity in another, so 
that it cannot be drawn out. —v. t. 

t tailed (-tald), -tailing.] To unite 
y, etc.: to fit ingeniously. — Dove r - 
tail-mold ing, n. (Arch.) An orna- 
ment iu Norman architecture, con- 
sisting of a rounded molding form 




Dovetails. 



ing a series of figures in the form of a dove's tail. 

Dover's Powder, do'vSrz-pow'der. (Med.) A com- 
pound of ipecacuanha, opium, and sulphate of potash 
or sugar of milk, a sedative and sudorific. [Named 
fr. the inventor.] 

Dowable, Dowager. See under Dower. 

Dowdy, dow'dl, a. Awkward ; vulgar-looking. — n. 
An awkward, ill-dressed woman. TScot. dawdie, 
slovenly, <?aw, da, sluggard, drab, Goth, dauths.] — 
Dow'dyish, a. Like a dowdy. — Dow'diness, n. 

Dowel, dow'el, v. t. [-eled (-eld), -eling.] To fasten 
together by dowels, — n. A dowel-pin ; a piece of 
wood driven into a wall, so that other pieces may be 
nailed to it. [F. douelle, a tap or socket, G. doebel, a 
peg, plug.] — Dow'el-pin, n. A pin of wood or metal 
used for joining two pieces, as of wood, stones, etc. 

Dower, dow'er, n. Endowment; gift; property with 
which a woman is endowed, esp. that which a 
woman brings to a husband in marriage, or that 
portion of a man's real estate which his widow en- 
joys during her life, or to which a woman is en- 
titled after the death of her husband. [OF. 
doaire, douaire, LL. dotarium, fr. L. dotare, -atum, 
to endow, fr. dos, dotis, gift, dowry, Gr. dos, a gift, 
Skr. da, to give.] — Dow'ered -Srd, a. Furnished 
with dower, or a portion. — Dow'erless, a. Desti- 
tute of, etc. — Dow'ry, -rT, n. A gift ; the estate 
whicb a woman brings to her husband in marriage; 

fortion given with a wife; dower. — Dot, dot, n. In 
ranee and in Louisiana, a dowry. [F., fr. L. dos.] 

— Do'tal, a. Pert, to, constituting, or comprised 
in, etc. — Dota'tion, n. Act of bestowing a dowry 
on a woman, or of establishing funds for the sup- 
port of (an institution, charity, etc.). — Dow'able, 
a. Capable of being endowed: entitled to dower. 

— Dow'ager, -jer, n. (Eng. Law.) A widow en- 
dowed, or having a jointure. A title given in Eng. 
to a widow, to distinguish her from the wife of her 
husband's heir bearing the same name. [OF. doua- 
giere.] — Queen dowager. The widow of a king. 

Dowlas, dqw'las, n. A kind of coarse linen cloth. 
[Prob. f r. Doidlens, in France.] 

Down, down, n. Fine, soft, hairy outgrowth from the 
skin or surface of animals or plants. [Ic. dnnn, Sw. 
dun, Dan. duun; s. rt. fume, dust.'] — Down'y, -T, a. 
Covered with, made of, or like, down; soft; quiet. 

Down, down, n. A hillock of sand thrown up by the 
wind near the shore; a tract of sandy, level, and 
barren land. pi. A road for shipping in the Eng. 
Channel. [AS. dun, a hill, Ir. and Ga. dun, hill, fort.] 

Down, down, prep. In a descending direction along; 
toward the mouth of a river. — adv. In a descend- 
ing direction: tending to a lower place or condition; 
from a remoter or higher antiquity; to a less bulk; 
in a low position or condition; on the ground; in 



humility, dejection, misery, etc. — a. Downcast ; 
dejected ; downright ; plain ; absolute ; positive; 
downward; proceeding from the chief terminus. — 
n.pl. A state of depression; abasement; failure,— 
as, ups and downs. [Corrup. of ME. adown, AS. of- 
dune, off, or from, the hill. See above.] — Down in 
the mouth. Low spirited; dejected. — D. with. Take 
down, throw down, put down. — Up and d. With 
rising and falling motion; back and forth; hither 
and thither. — Down 'cast, a. Cast downward; di- 
rected to the ground; flowing or circulating down- 
ward. —n. (Mining.) The ventilating shaft down 
which air passes to a mine. — fall, n. A falling 
downward; sudden descent from rank, reputation, 
happiness, etc. ; destruction ; ruin. — -fallen, a. 
Fallen; ruined. — haul, n. (Naut.) A rope made 
fast to the upper corner of a sail, to haul it down. — 
-heart'ed, a. Dejected in spirits. — hill, n. Decliv- 
ity ; slope. — a. Descending ; sloping. pour, n. 

A pouring downwards, as of rain. — right, adv. 
Straight down ; perpendicularly ; in plain terms; 
absolutely. — a. Plain ; artless ; unceremonious ; 
blunt, — said of persons ; undisguised ; absolute ; 

unmixed, — said of things. sifting, n. Act of 

sitting down; repose. — stairs, a. Below; upon a 
lower floor. — adv. Down the stairs ; to a lower 
floor. — throw, n. (Geol.) A dislocation in strata, 
in which the beds on one side appear thrown below 

the corresponding strata on the other. trod, 

-trod'den, a. Trodden under foot. — -ward, -wards, 
adv. From a higher place to a lower; in a descend- 
ing course ; from a remote time. — ward, a. Mov- 
ing or extending to a lower place ; tending toward 
the earth or its center ; descending from a head 
or source ; tending to a lower condition or state. 

Dowry. See under Dower. 

Dowse, dows, v. t. [dowsed (dowst), dowsing.] To 
strike in the face. (Naut.) To strike or lower in 
haste, slacken suddenly. [Norw. dusa, to cast down 
from, OD. doesen, to beat heavily, strike : prob. s. 
rt. dash, not s. rt. douse.]— To extinguish. [AS. 
dwaescan, to extinguish.] 

Doxology, doks-oKo-jT, w. A short hymn of praise to 
God. [LL. and Gr. doxologia, fr. Gr. doxa, glory 
: (lit. opinion, fr. dokein, to think), and legem, to 
speak.]— Doxolog'ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Doxy, doks'I, n. A sweetheart, mistress, or para- 
mour; a prostitute. [EFriesic dokke, Sw. docka, 
| MHO. tocke, a doll.] 

; Doze, doz, v. i. [dozed (dozd), dozing.] To slum- 
ber, sleep lightly t be drowsy or half asleep. — v. t. 
To pass or spend in drowsiness. — n. A light sleep ; 
drowse ; slumber. [Ic. and Sw. dial, dusa, Dan. 
dose, to doze, AS. dwses, stupid ; s. rt. dizzy, and 
perh. daze, dull, dwell.] — Do' zy, -zT, a. Inclined to 
sleep ; drowsy ; sluggish. — Do'ziness, n. 

Dozen, duz'n, n. ; pi. Dozen (before another noun) 
or Dozens, -nz. A collection of 12 individuals ; a 
set of 12 ; an indefinite number. [OF. dozame, fr. 
doze, L. duodecim, twelve. See Duodecimal.] 

Drab, drab, n. A woman of vile character ; a strum- 
pet; prostitute. [Ga. drabag, Ir. drabog, a slattern, 
Ir. drab, a spot, stain.] 

Drab, drab, n. A thick, woolen cloth of a dun color ; 
a dull brownish-yellow or gray color. — a. Of a 
dun color. [F. drap, Sp. traj o, L. drappus, cloth-1 

Drabble, drab'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
draggle; to wet and befoul. — v. i. To fish for bar- 
bels with a long line and rod. —Draff, draf, n. Ref- 
use ; lees ; dregs ; hog-wash ; grains given to cows. 
[Ic, D., and Sw. draf, draff, Dan. drav, dregs, Ga. 
drabh, grains of malt, Ir. drabh, grains, refuse; s. rt. 
drab.] — Draffy, -T, a. Waste ; worthless. 

Drachma, drak'ma, n. ; E.pl. -mas, -maz, L. pi. -hue. 
-me. A Greek silver coin ; a Greek weight of about 
2 dwt. 7 gr. Troy. [L. ; Gr. drachme, lit. a handful, 
used of a coin and of a weight, fr. drassesthai. to 
grasp.] — Dram, Drachm, dram, n. In apothecaries' 
weight, l-8th ounce, or 60 grains ; in avoirdupois 
weight, l-16th ounce ; a minute quantity, mite ; as 
mueh liquor as is drunk at once ; habitual intem- 
perance. [OF. drame, drachme.] 

Draconian, dra-ko'nY-an, a. Pert, to Draco, an Athe- 
nian lawgiver, who punished all crimes with death; 
rigorous ; cruel. 

Draft, draft, n. Act of drawing, esp. of loads by 
beasts. (Mil.) A selection of men from a military 
band, also from any collection of persons. An or- 
der directing the payment of money ; bill of ex- 
change ; deduction from the gross weight of goods ; 
a figure described on paper ; sketch ; outline : depth 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



DRAG 



163 



DRAW 



of water necessary to float a ship : a current of air. 
—v. t. To draw the outline of, delineate ; to com- 
pose and write : to draw from a military band or 
post, or from any company; to detach. [Corrup. of 
draught, a., v. under Draw.] — Draff-horse, n. A 
horse employed in drawing, esp. heavy loads. — 
Drafts'man, n. Same as Draughtsman. —Drafts, 
n. A game. [See Draughts, under Draw.] 

Drag, drag, v. *. [dragged (dragd), dragging.] To 
draw along by main force, pull, haul ; to pulverize 
(land) by drawing a drag or harrow over it; to pass 
through (water) with a drag ; to draw along labori- 
ously, as something burdensome ; to pass in pain or 
with difficulty. — v. t. To be drawn along on the 
ground ; to move heavily or slowly onward ; to fish 
with a drag.— n. A net, to be drawn along the bot- 
tom under water, to raise sunken bodies: a sledge for 
heavy bodies ; a carriage; a heavy harrow, for break- 
ing up clods ; a burglar's implement for forcing 
safes ; something to retard the progress of a mov- 
ing body ; a clog ; a heavy motion, as if dragged 
along. (Founding.) The bottom part of a flask. 
[A form of draw, q. v. ; Sw. dragga, to search with 
a grapnel, fr. drag, a grapnel, Dan. drag, a pull, 
draught, haul, Ic. drag, iron rim on a sledge, Sw. 
and Ic. draga, Dan. drage, to draw.] — Drag'-bar, 
n. A coupling used on railroads. — net, n. A fishing 
net drawn along the bottom of the water. — sheet, 
n. (Na.ut.) A contrivance to lessen the drift of a 
vessel in a gale. — Draggle, drag'gl, v. t. [-gled 
(-gld), -gling.] To dirty by drawing on the ground 
or on wet grass ; to drabble, — v. i. To become wet 
or dirty by, etc. [Freq. of drag.'] 

Dragces, dra-zha', n. pi. (Pharmacy.) Sugar-coated 
pills, etc. [F., fr. NL. and Gr. tragemata, sweet- 
meats. See Dredge, v. t.] 

Dragoman, drag'o-man, n. ; pi. -mans. An inter- 
preter, in the Levant and the East. [Sp.; Ar. tarju- 
man, interpreter, Chald. targum, interpretation.] 

Dragon, drag'un, n. (Myth.) A monstrous winged 
serpent or liz- 
z a r d, with 
crested head 
and claws. A 
fierce, violent 
person. (As- 
tron.) A north- 
ern constella- 
tion figured as 
a dragon. A 
luminous ex- 
halation from 
marshy 
grounds, mov- 
ing like a 
winged ser- 
pent ; a short 
musket hooked 
to a swivel at- 
tached to a soldier's belt, decorated with a drag- 
on's head at the muzzle. (Zool.) A genus of E. 
Indian reptiles, having an extension of the ribs, 
covered with a fringe-like arrangement of the skin, 
which enables it to glide through the air for short 
distances. [In Scripture the term dragon is applied 
to marine fishes or serpents, to venomous land ser- 
pents, and to Satan.] [F. and Sp. ; L. draco, Gr. 
arakon, lit. sharp-sighted one, f r. drakein, Skr. dric , 

to see J — Drag'on-fish, n. The dragonet. fly, 

n. (Entom.) A genus of swift insects, having 
strongly reticulated wings and along body.— Drag'- 
on's-blood. n. A red, resinous substance obtained 
from several tropical trees. — -head, n. (Bot.) A 
plant of several species. (Astron.) The ascending 
node of a planet, indicated in almanacs by the sym- 
bol A • — tail, n. The descending node of a planet, 
indicated by y. — Drag'onet, n. A little dragon. 
(Ichth.) A fish of the goby family. — Dragoon', 
-goon', n. (Mil.) A cavalry soldier, — formerly 
trained to serve also on foot. — v. t. [dragooned 
(-goond'), -gooning.] To reduce to subjection or 
persecute, by soldiers ; to harass, force, persecute. 
[F. and Sp., dragoon, also dragon, perh. fr. using the 
musket so named.] — Dragoon'-bird, n. ( Ornith.) A 
Brazilian bird, having a large_crest of feathers 
above the bill. — Drag'onade', -nad', n. The perse- 
cution of French Protestants by soldiery under Louis 
XIV. ; any devastating incursion. 

Drain, dran, v. t. [drained (drand), draining.] To 
draw off by degrees ; to empty or exhaust of ; to 
make gradually dry or empty ; to exhaust of wealth, 




Dragon. 



resources, etc. ; to filter. — v. i. To flow off gradu- 
ally ; to be emptied of liquor by flowing or dropping. 

— n. Act of draining, or of emptying by drawing 
off ; that by which anything is drained, a channel, 
trench, water-course, sewer. [AS. drehnigean, dren- 
ian, to drain, Ic. dragna, to draw along ; s. rt. drag, 
dreg.] — Drain'er, «.'— Drain'able, a. — Drain'age, 
-ej, n. A draining; mode in which the waters of a 
country pass off by its streams. (Engin.) System 
of drains removing water from towns, etc. 

Drake, drak, n. The male of the duck kind; the drake- 
fly; a small piece of artillery. [Contr. of ME. en- 
drake, male duck, fr. AS. ened, duck ; OIc. andriki, 
drake, fr. ond, duck ; Sw. anddrake, Dan. andrik, 
drake, fr. and, duck ; Goth, reiks, chief, mighty.] 

Dram. See under Drachma. 

Drama, dra'ma or dra'ma, n. A composition, to be 
acted, representing phases of human life ; a real 
series of events invested with dramatic unity. [L. 
and Gr., fr. Gr. dran, to do, act.]— Dramatic, -ical, 
a. Pert., appropriate to, or resembling, a drama. — 
Dramatically, adv. By representation ; in the 
manner of the drama. — Dramatist, n. Author of 
a dramatic composition ; writer of plays. — Dram'a- 
tize, -tiz, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tizing.] To com- 
pose in the form of the drama, represent in, etc. — 
Dram'atis Perso'nae, -ne. The characters repre- 
sented in a play; interlocutors in a drama. — Dram'- 
atur'gy, -ter'jY, n. Art of dramatic poetry and rep- 
resentation. [Gr. ergein, to work.] 

Drape, drap, v. i. [draped (drapt), draping.] To 
make cloth, —v. t. To cover or adorn with drapery. 

tF. draper, to make cloth, fr. drap, cloth. See 
)rab.] — Dra'per, «. One who sells cloths. — Dra'- 
pery, -per-T, n. Occupation of a draper; cloth, or 
woolen stuffs in general; garments with which any- 
thing is draped; hangings of any kind, esp. cloth- 
ing of the human figure in sculpture and in paint- 
ing. 

Drastic, dras'tik, a. (Med.) Acting with violence; 
powerful. [Gr. drastikos, fr. dran.' See Drama.] 

Draught, etc. See under Draw. 

Dravidian, dra-vid'T-an, a. Pert, to the aboriginal 
races of India, esp. those of the southern districts ; 
pert, to the languages of S. India, apparently the 
native idioms before the invasion of tribes speak- 
ing Sanskrit,— the Tamil being the most important. 
[Drai-ida, Skr. name for southern Hindostan.] 

Draw, draw, v. t. [imp. drew (droo) ; p. p. drawn ; 
drawing.] To bring toward or after one by force .• 
to pull along, drag ; to attract, entice, bring forth, 
as, to pull from a receptacle, extract, deduce from 
premises, receive from a lottery, win; to remove the 
contents of, as, to drain by emptying, extract the 
bowels of; to inhale, utter or produce by inhalation; 
to extend in length, stretch ; to extend, or produce, 
as a line on any surface, form by marking, produce, 
as a sketch or picture ; to form a figure or picture 
of, delineate, depict ; to write in due form, prepare 
a draught of ; to require a depth of (water) for 
floating, — said of a vessel ; to sink in water. — v. i. 
To pull, exert strength in drawing ; have force to 
drag along ; to exert an attractive force. (Med.) 
To act as a sinapism,— said of a blister, poultice, etc. 
To furnish transmission to smoke, gases, etc.; to un- 
sheathe ; to sketch, paint, etc. ; to become con- 
tracted, shrink ; to move, come, or go, lit., to draw 
one's self, — with prepositions and adverbs; to make 
a written demand for money deposited or due. — n. 
Act of drawing, draught ; a lot or chance drawn ; 
part of a bridge raised up, swung round, or drawn 
aside. [ME. drawen, AS. and OS. dragan ; s. rt. 
drag. See Drag.] — Drawn butter. Butter melted 
for use as gravy. — D. game, or battle. One in which 
neither party wins ; one equally contested. — To 
draw a curtain. To cause a curtain to slide, in 
closing or unclosing. —To d. back. To receive back, 
as duties on goods.— To d. in. To bring or pull in, 
collect; to entice, inveigle. — To d. interest. To pro- 
duce or gain interest. — To d. off. To withdraw, 
abstract. — To d. on. To bring on, occasion, cause. 

— To d. up. To compose, draught, form in writing; 
to arrange in order, as troops ; to array. — Draw'er, 
n. One who, or that which, ete. One who draws 
liquor ; one who delineates, a draughtsman ; one 
who draws a bill of exchange or order for payment ; 
thing drawn ; a sliding box in a case ; pi. an under- 
garment for the legs. — Drawee', n. Person to whom 
an order or bill of exchange is addressed, or on 
whom it is drawn. — Draw'back, n. A discourage- 
ment or hindrance. ( Com. Money paid back ; 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t > cow. oil j linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. 



DRAWL 



164 



DRILL 



bill of exchange, draft; a current of air ; 

draws, as, a sink or drain ; pl. {Med.) a mild vesi- 



esp. duties paid back by the government, on ex- 
portation of commodities on which they were levied. 
— bridge, n. A bridge to be raised up, let down, or 

drawn aside. See Castle. head, n. (Railroad 

Much.) A buffer to which a coupling is attached. — 
-knife, Drawing-knife, n. A joiner's tool for shav- 
ing off surfaces, by drawing it toward one. — Draw- 
ing, n. Act of pulling or attracting ; a representa- 
tion on a plain surface of the appearance of objects; 
distribution of prizes in a lottery.— Drawing-room, 
n. A room for the reception of company ; room to 
which company withdraws from the dining-room ; 
company assembled in such a room ; a reception of 
company in it. [Prop, withdrawing-room.]— Draught, 
draft, n. Act of drawing or pulling ; as, of moving 
loads, of drawing a net, of drinking, (Mil.) of draw- 
ing men from a military band or from any company, 
of delineating; representation; thing drawn, as, that 
taken by sweeping with a net; quantity drawn in at 
once in drinking; a potion or potation ; (Mil.) forces 
drawn, a detachment ; a sketch, outline, or repre- 
sentation ; ( Com.) an order for payment of money, 
irrent of air ; that which 
pl . 
catory, a sinapism. Capacity of being drawn 
(Ufaut.) Depth of water necessary to float a ship, 
esp. when laden. (Com.) Allowance on goods, to 
insure full weight, pl. A game played on a check- 
ered board; checkers. The bevel given to the pat- 
tern for a casting, that it may be drawn from the 
sand without injury to the mold. — a. Used for 
drawing; drawn directly from the barrel, etc. — v. t. 
To draw out, call forth. [Fr. AS. dragan ; D. and 
Dan. dragt, a load, Dan. dragen, to draw ; same as 
draft, q. v.] — Draught'-board, n. Board on which 
draughts are played. — Draughts'' man, n. ; pl. -men. 
One who draws writings or designs. 

Drawl, drawl, v. i. and t. [drawled (drawld), drawl- 
ing.] To utter in a slow, lengthened tone. — n. A 
lengthened utterance of the voice. [Extension of 
draw ; D. dralen, Ic. dralla (= drag-la), to loiter.) 

Dray, dra, n. A low cart for heavy burdens drawn by 
a horse; a drag; a squirrel's nest. [AS. drsege, a 
draw-net, fr. dragan, Sw. drog, a dray, lit. thing 
drawn. See Drag, Draw.] — Dray'age, -ej, n. Use 
of a dray,;or charge therefor. — Draylnan, n. ; pl. 
-men. One who attends a dray. 

Dread, dred, n. Overwhelming apprehension of dan- 
ger; reverential fear; awe; terror; dismay; an object 
of fear. — a. Exciting fear; terrible ; frightful; ven- 
erable in the highest degree, — v. t. To fear in a 
great degree; to regard with terrific apprehension.— 
v. i. To be in great fear. [AS. drsedan, OS. dradan, 
OHG. tratan, to dread.] — Dread'ful, -ful, a. In- 
spiring dread, awe, or reverence; terrible; shocking. 
— Dread'fully, adv. — Dread'fulness, n. — Dread*- 
less, a. Free from dread; intrepid. — Dread'naught. 
-nawt, n. A fearless person ; a garment of thick 
cloth, to exclude storm and cold; the cloth itself. 

Dream, drem.w. A series of thoughts in sleep; a sleep- 
ing vision; an idle fancy or suspicion; revery; va- 
gary.— v. i. [dreamed (dremd) or dreamt (dremt), 
dreaming.] To have images in the mind, during 
slumber; to let the mind run on in revery; to antici- 
pate as a coming reality; to imagine. — v. t. To im- 
agine, think of, or believe in a dream, or in an anal- 
ogous state. [AS., a sweet sound, harmony, joy, OS. 
drom, joy, dream, Dan. and Sw. dram, D. droom, Ic. 
draumr, G. ti-aum, dream; s. rt. drum, drone ; not s. 
rt. L. dormire, to sleep.] — To dream away, out, 
through, etc. To pass in revery or inaction; to spend 
in idle vagaries. — Dream'er, m. —Dream 'y, -T, a. 
{dreamier; dreamiest.] Full of dreams; appro- 
priate to dreams. — Dreamless, a. Free from, etc. 

Drear, Dreary, drer'Y, o. [drearier; -iest.] Excit- 
ing cheerless sensations or associations; comfortless; 
dismal; gloomy. [AS. dreorig, sad, orig. bloody, fr. 
dreor, blood, gore, G. traumg, sad, fr. OHG. tror, 
gore.]— Drear lly, -Y-lf, adv. — Dreariness, n. 

Dredge, drej, n. An instrument to take by dragging, 
esp. a machine for taking up mud, etc., from the bed 
of a stream, — v.t. [dredged (drejd), dredging.] 
To catch, gather, or deepen with a dredge. [OF. 
drege, D. dregnet, AS. draege-net, drag-net; fr. D. 
dragen, AS. dragan, to draw. See Drag.] — Dredg'- 
er, n. — Dredglng-machine', n. An engine to take 
up mud from the bottom of rivers, docks, etc. 

Dredge, drej, v. t. To sprinkle flour on (meat, etc.).— 
n. A mixture of oats and barley sown together. 
(OF. dragee, mixed grain, digestive powder, now a 
plum, It. treggea, fr. Gr. tragemata, dried 



fruits, fr. trogein, to gnaw. See Dragees.J — Dredg' 
er, n. A utensil for dredging meat. 

Dregs, dregz, n. pl. Corrupt or defiling matter con 
tained in a liquid, or precipitated from it; feculence 
lees; sediment; the vilest part of anything. [Ic 
dregg, Sw. dragg, lees, dregs, Ic. draga, to draw 
not s. rt. G. dreck, dirt, nor Gr. trux, dregs.] — Dreg 
gish, a. Full of, or foul with, lees; feculent.— Dreg 
gy, -gt, a. Containing, etc.— Dreg/giness, n. 

Drench, drench, v. t. [drenched (drencht), drench- 
ing.] To cause to drink; esp. to put a potion down 
the throat of , as of ahorse; to purge violently; to 
wet thoroughly, soak, saturate with liquid. — n. A 
drink; draught; esp. a potion of medicine forced 
down the throat ; one that causes purging. [AS. 
drencan, to drench, fr. drincan, to drink, D. drenken, 
to water (a horse), Ic. drekkja, Sw. dranka, to steep, 
G.traenken, to soak.] — Drench'er, n. 

Dress, dres, v. t. [dressed (drest) or drest, dress- 
ing.] To make straight. (Mil.) To arrange as sol- 
diers in a straight line, align. To adjust, put in good 
order; to treat with remedies, as a sore; to prepare 
for use, get ready. (Mach.) To cut to proper di- 
mensions; to smooth or finish work. To put clothes 
upon, attire, array, adorn; to break and train for 
use, as a horse, —v. i. (Mil.) To arrange one's self 
in a line of soldiers. To clothe one's self. — n. 
Clothes; garments; a lady's gown; attention to ap- 
parel, or skill in adjusting it. [OF. dresser, drescer, 
to set up, arrange, dress, f r. LL. drictus, contr. fr. L. 
directus, direct, straight.] — To dress up, or out. To 
dress elaborately, artificially, or pompously. — To d, 
a ship. (Naut.) To deck her with colors. — Dress'" 
er, n. One who, etc. ; esp. a surgeon's assistant who 
dresses wounds, etc.; a table on which food is pre- 
pared; a cupboard for dishes, etc. — Dressing, n. 
Dress; raiment; an application to a sore or wound; 
manure spread over land. (Cookery.) Stuffing ; 
forcemeat. Gum, starch, etc., used in preparing 
silk, linen, etc. (Arch.) An ornamental molding 
around doors, windows, etc. — Dress'y, -1, a. At- 
tentive to, or showy in, dress. — Dress'-coat, n. A 
coat with narrow skirts, disting. f r. a frock-coat. — 
-goods, n. pl. Fabrics for womens' and childrens* 

outer garments. mak'er, n. A maker of gowns, 

etc.; mantua-maker. — Dress'ing-gown, n. A light 
gown, used while dressing ; a loose wrapper worn 
within doors by gentlemen. — room, n. An apart- 
ment in which to arrange one's dress, etc. 

Dribble, Driblet. See under Drop. 

Drier. See under Dry. 

Drift, etc. See under Drive. 

Drill, dril, v. t. [drilled (drild), drilling.] To 
pierce or bore with a drill; to train in the military 
art, instruct in the rudiments of any branch of 
knowledge. — v. i. To muster for military or other 
exercise. — n. A pointed instrument for boring 
holes in metals and other hard substances: see Bit, 
under Bite; a drill-press; training of soldiers in the 
military art; instruction and exercise in any bus* 
ness. [D. drillen, to 
bore, also to train to 
arms ; s. rt. thrill.] — 
Drilling, n. Act of 
piercing with a drill. — 
Drill' -press, n. A ma- 
chine-tool for boring 
in metal . — sergeant, 
-sar'jent, n. A non- 
commissioned officer 
who drills soldiers. 

Drill, dril, v. t. and i. To 
sow (seeds) in rows, 
drills, or channels.— n. 
An implement for 
making holes for sow- 
ing seed; a furrow to 
put seed into. (Same 
as trill, cor- 
r u p t . of 
trickle ; cf. 
W. rhillio, 
to put in a ( 
row, f r . 
rhill, row, 
tren c h . ] — 
Drilling, n. 
Act of plant- 




Drill-press. 
Drill'-plow, -plough, n. A plow for sowing 
grain in drills. 



ing with 
drill. 



&m. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; odd, tone, or ; 



DRILLING- 



165 



DROPSY 



Drilling, drilling, n. A coarse linen or cotton cloth, 
. for trowsers, etc. [G. driUich, fr. L. trilex, -ids, hav- 
ing 3 threads, fr. tres, three, and liciu.ni, a thread.] 
Drink, drink, v. i. [imp. drank, formerly drunk; p. 

JO.DRUNKOrDRANK, formerly DRUNKEN; DRINKING.] 

To swallow anything liquid; to partake of intoxi- 
cating liquors in merriment, feasting, etc., or to ex- 
cess.— v. i. To swallow (liquids), imbibe, absorb; 
to take in through the senses, hear, see. — n. Liquor 
to be swallowed. [AS. drincan, D. drinken, to drink; 
s. rt. drench, drown, perh. drag.] — To drink to. To 
salute in drinking. — Drink'er, n. One who, etc.; 
esp. who uses spirituous liquors to excess.— Drink' r - 
able, a. — Drunk, a. Overcome by drinking; intox- 
icated; inebriated. — Drunk'en, -n,a. Drunk; given 
to excessive drinking; pert, to or proceeding from 
intoxication. — Drtmk'enness, n. State of being, 
etc.; inebriety; disorder of the faculties as if from 
intoxication. — Drunk'arft, n. One who habitually 
drinks to excess; a toper, inebriate. 

Drip, etc. See under Drop. 

Drive, drfv, v. t. [imp. drove (drov); p. p. driven 
(driven); driving.] To push forward, compel to 
move on; to chase, hunt; to urge on and guide, as 
beasts drawing a vehicle; to take in a carriage. (Min- 
ing.) To dig horizontally. To urge, impel, hurry for- 
ward, force, constrain; to carry on, prosecute.— v. 
i. To rush and press with violence; to be impelled; 
to proceed by urging on a vehicle or the animals 
drawing it; to aim or tend to a point.- n. An ex- 
cursion in a carriage, — disting. fr. a ride, which is 
taken on horseback; a road prepared for driving; a 
strong direct blow given to a cricket ball. [AS. 
dri/'an, D. drijven, Ic. drifa, Sw. drifya, Dan. drive, 
MHG. triben, to drive.]— To let drive. To aim a 
blow, strike with force. — Driv'er, n. One who or 
that which, etc.; esp. one who drives horses, runs a 
locomotive, oversees slaves, etc. (31ach.) That which 
communicates motion to something else. (Naut.) 
The after-sail in a ship, etc. ; spanker: see Sail.— 
Drive'-way, n. A passage-way for carriages.— Driv'- 
ing-band, n. (Mach.) A belt or gearing for trans- 
mitting power to machinery. — shaft, n. A shaft 
for, etc. — wheel, n. A wheel that communicates 
motion; wheel of a locomotive upon which the en- 
gine acts. —Drift, n. That which is driven; a mass 
of matter forced into its present position ; a drove or 
flock, as of cattle, birds, etc. ; act or motion of drift- 
ing, force which impels; course along which any- 
thing is driven; tendency of an act, argument, etc.; 
object aimed at; import of words. (Arch.) The hor- 
izontal force which an arch exerts. (Geol.) A col- 
lection of earth and rocks distributed over portions 
of the earth's surface. (Mech.) A conical hand- 
tool for shaping a hole in metal. (Mil.) A tool for 
driving down the composition in a firework. (Min- 
ing.) A passage under ground. (Rant.) Direction 
of a current; distance to which a vessel is drawn off 
from her desired course ; a piece in the sheer-draught, 
where the rail is cut off. — v. i. To be driven along 
by a current of water; to be driven into heaps. (Min- 
ing.) To follow a vein, prospect, — v. t. To drive 
into heaps. [D., a drove, current; Ic, a snow-drift; 
Sw., impulse; G. trift, a drove, herd.] — Drifl/y, -T, 
a. Full of, or tending to form, drifts. — Drifts-sail, 
n. (Naut.) A sail used under water in a storm, to 
keep the head of a vessel right upon the sea, and 
prevent her driving too fast in a current. — way, n. 
A common way for driving cattle in. (Mining & 
Naut.) Same as Drift, —-wood, n. Wood drifted 
or floated by water. — Drove, drov, n. A collection 
of cattle, etc., for driving or in motion- a moving 
crowd of people. (Agr.) A drain or channel for 
irrigating land. [AS. draf, fr. drifan.\ — Drov'er, n. 
A driver of sheep, cattle, etc. 

Drivel, driv'l, v. i. [-eled (-Id), -eling.] To let spit- 
tle flow from the mouth, like a child or dotard; to be 
weak or foolish; to dote. — n. Slaver; saliva flowing 
from the mouth; unmeaning utterance; nonsense; 
a fool; idiot. [ME. drauelen, Platt-Deutsch drabbeln, 
to slaver; s. rt. Ir. drab, a stain: see Drab; Sw. draf- 
vel, nonsense.]— Driveler, driv'l-e'r, n. A slabberer; 
idiot; fool. 

Drizzle, driz'zl, v. i. [-zled (-zld), -zling.] To rain 
gently, fall in very small drops. — v. t. To shed in 
minute drops.— n. Fine rain or mist; mizzle. [Freq. 
fr. AS. dreosan, to fall, Dan. drysse, to fall in drops. J 
— Driz'zly, -zli, a. Shedding small rain. 

Droll, drol, a. Fitted to provoke laughter ; queer ; 
funny; comical. — n. One who raises mirth by odd 
tricks; jester; buffoon; antic; something exhibited 



farce. [F. drole, a wag, droier, to play 
tne wag, drolerie, waggery, D. droUig, odd, Sw. and 
Ic. troll, a hobgoblin?]— DrolKish, a. 



hav- 



for sport ; 

the wag, drolerie, wagg 

Ic. troll, a hobgoblin/]— DrolKish, a. Somewhat 

droll. — DrolKery, -er-f, n. Quality of being droll; 

archness; fun. 

Dromedary, drunKe-dSr-T, n. A species of camel 
ing one bunch on the back.— 
disting. f r. the B actrian 
Camel, which has two. [OF. 
dromedaire, LL. dromedariua, 
L. dromas, fr. Gr. dramein, 
Skr. dram, to run.] 

Drone, dron, n. The male o;" 
the honey-bee, which makes 
no honey, but after living a 
few weeks, is killed or driven 
from the hive; a lazy fellow; 
sluggard.— v. i. [dr'onld i,drond), droning. 
live in idleness. [AS. dran. Dun. drone, Sw. 
nare, ir. drona, to drone, fr. the sound made by the 
insect.] — ». A humming, low sound; that which 
gives out a monotonous tone, as, the largest tube ol 
the bagpipe.— v. i. To give a low, heavy, dull sound. 
— v. t. To read or recite in a dull, monotonous tone. 
[D. dreunen. to make a trembling noise, Sw. drona, 
to drone, bellow, Dan. drone, to rumble, Skr. dhran, 
to sound.] — Dron'ish, a. Like a drone; idle; slug- 
gish. — Drone'-bee, n. The male bee. — fly, n. A 
two-winged insect resembling the drone-bee. — pipe, 
n. The largest tube of a bagpipe. 

Drool, drool, v. i. To drop saliva. [Contr. f r. dnvelA 

Droop, droop, v. i. [drooped (droopt), drooping.} 
To sink or hang down, as an animal, plant, etc.. 




from weakness ; to grow faint, be dispirited, flag, 

languish. [Ic. drupa; s. rt. drjupa, to drip, drop.) 

Drop, drop, n. The quantity of fluid which falls m 



one small spherical mass, globule about to fall, 
smallest easily measured portion of a fluid; what- 
ever is arranged to drop, hang, or fall from an ele- 
vated position, as, a door or platform opening down- 
ward, trapdoor, machine for lowering weights to a 
ship's deck, contrivance for lowering a gas jet, cur- 
tain which drops in front of a stage, etc.; a drop 
press. (Mach.) Distance of a shaft below the base 
of a hanger, pi. Any medicine measured by drops. 
(Naut.) Depth of a sail, from head to foot, amid- 
ships.— v. t. [dropped (dropt), -ping.] To pour 
or let fall in drops, distill; to cause to descend sud- 
denly, let fall; to let go, dismiss, set aside; to com- 
municate in an indirect, cautious, or gentle manner; 
to lower, as a curtain, the muzzle of a gun, etc.; to 
send by dropping into the post-office box, as a letter-, 
to cover with drops, speckle, bedrop; to give birth 
to, — said of sheep, cattle, etc. — v. i. To distill, 
fall in globules, let drops fall; to descend suddenly, 
abruptly, or spontaneously; to die suddenly, come 
to an end, cease; to come unexpectedly; to fall or 
be depressed; to lower. (Naut.) To be deep in ex- 
tent. [AS. dropa, D. drop, Ic. drojri. Sw. droppe, a 
drop; AS. dropian, Ic. drjupa, to drop.] — Drop se- 
rene. (Med.) An affection of the retina, causing 
blindness, — prob. so called because it produces no 
visible change in the organization of the eye. — To 
drop aste)~n. (Naut.) To pass or move toward the 
stern; to slacken the velocity of a vessel, to let an- 
other pass her. — To d. down. (Naut.) To move 
down a river, or toward the sea. — Droplet, n, A 
little drop. — Drop'per, n. — Drop'-lefcter, n. A let- 
ter dropped into a post-office box, for delivery in 
the same town. — press, n. A machine for emboss- 
ing, punching, etc., by means of a weight made to 
drop on an anvil. — scene, n. A curtain which drops 
in front of the stage, in a theater, —-wort, -wert, n. 
(Bot.) A species of Spiraea, including 6ome orna- 
mental shrubs.— Drip, v. i. and t. [dripped (dript), 
dripping.] To let fall in drops. — n. A falling in 
drops; that which fall6 in drops. (Arch.) Edge of 
a roof; eaves; cornice. [Dan. dryp, a drop, dryppe, 
to drip, AS. drypan, to let dropj — Drip'ping, n. 
What falls in drops, as fat from roasting meat.— 
Drip'-stone, n. (Arch.) A tablet over door-ways, 
window.-, etc., to throw off rain. — Drip 'ping-pan, 
n. A pan to receive the fat dropping from roasting 
meat. — Drib'ble, -bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] 
To fall in drops, or in a quick succession of drops; 
to slaver, as a child or idiot. — v. t. To throw down 
in drops. [Freq. of drip.] — Driblet, -let. n. A 
very small drop; small quantity or sum. 
Dropsy, drop's^, n. (Med.) An unnatural collection 
of serous fluid in any part of the body. (Bot.) A 
disease of plants, occasioned by excess of water. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, chin, boNboN, chair, get. 



DROSKY 



166 



[OF. hydropisie, I*. hudropisig, Gr. hydrops, fr. ku- 
dor, water; s. rt. water.] — Drop'sical, a. Diseased 
with, like, or pert, to, dropsy. — Drop'slcalness, n. 

Drosky, dros'kl, n. A 4-wheeled Russian carriage ; a 
kin 1 1 of victoria used in German cities. [Russ. drofbi.] 

Drosometer, dro-soro'e-ter, w. An instrument for 
measuring the quantity of dew on the surface of a 
body. [GV. drosoe, dew, and metron, measure.] 

Dross, dros, n. The scum or extraneous matter of 
metals, thrown off in melting; rust; crust of metals; 
impure matter; refuse. [AS. dros, prop, what falls, 
fr. dreosan, to fall, D. droemem, dregs, G. drusen, 
lees, dregs, druse, ore decayed by the weather.] — 
Dross'y, -T, a. Composed of, like, or pert, to dross; 
worthless. — Dressiness, n. 

Drought, drowt, n. Dryness of the weather, prevent- 
ing growth of plants. [AS. drugadhe, fr. drug- 
tan, to dry, dryge, dry; D. droogte, fr. droog, dry.] 

— Drought'y, -I, a. Characterized by drought ; 
wanting rain; arid; adust; thirsty. — Drought 1- 
ness, n. — Drouth, n. Same as Drought. 

Drove, Drover. See under Drive. 

Drown, drown, v. t. [drowned (drownd), drown- 

1 ing.] To overwhelm in water, submerge, deluge; 

, to deprive of life by immersion, sink under water 
till dead ; to overpower, overcome. — v. i. To be 
suffocated in water or other fluid. [AS. druncnian, 
Sw. drvmkna, Dan. drukne, to be drowned, fr. Sw. 
dricka, Dan. drikke, to drink.] 

Drowse, drowz, v. i. [drowsed (drowzd), drows- 
ing.] To sleep unsoundly, slumber.— v. t. To make 
heavy with sleepiness. — n. A slight or imperfect 
sleep ; a doze. [AS. drusian, to be sluggish.] — 
Drow'sy, -zl, a. [-sier, -siest.] Inclined to doze; 
heavy with sleepiness; disposing to sleep ; stupid ; 
soporific. — Drow'sily, adv. — Drow'siness, n. 

Drub, drub, v. t. [drubbed (drubd), drubbing.] To 
beat with a stick, thrash, pommel. — n. A blow with 
a stick or cudgel; a thump. [AS. drepan, to hit, 
slay, Ic. drepa, Sw. drapa, Dan. drabe, to kill, Sw. 
drabba, to hit.] — Drub'ber, n. 

Drudge, druj, v. i. [drudged (drujd), drudging.] 
To work hard, labor in mean offices with toil. — n. 
One who drudges. [Ir. drugaire, a drudge, slave.] 

— Drudg'er, n. — Drudg'ery, -er-Y, ». Act of 
drudging; hard labor; ignoble toil. 

Drug, drug, n. Any substance used in the composi- 
tion of medicine, or in dyeing or in chemical opera- 
tions; any commodity that lies on hand, or is not 
salable. — v. i. [drugged (drugd), -ging.] To ad- 
minister drugs. — v. t. To season with drugs; tinc- 
ture with something offensive or injurious; dose to 
exeess. [ME. dragges, fr. OF. dragie : see Drage*es 
and Dredge, v. t. ; or ME. drogges, fr. OF. drogue, 
It., Sp., and Pg. droga, a drug, trash, rubbish, 
prob. Jr. D. droog, dry.] — Drug'gist, ». One who 
deals in drugs, esp. one who buys and sells, without 
compounding them. — Drug'get. n. A coarse 
woolen cloth, to protect carpets. [OF. droguet, dim. 
of drogue, Sp. droguete. It. droghetta, dim. of droga.] 

Druid, droold, n. A priest among the ancient Celts 
in Gaul, Britain, and Germany. [Ir. and Ga. druidh, 
magician, W. derwydd, a druid.] — Druldess, n. 
A female Druid; enchantress. — Druidlc, -leaL a. 
Pert, to, or like Druids or their religion. — Druid- 
ism, n. System of religion, philosophy, etc., of, etc. 

Drum, drum, n. (Mus.) A hollow cylinder or hemi- 
sphere, upon which vellum is stretched, to be 
beaten with a stick. (Mil.) A drummer. Anything 
drum-shaped, as a sheet-iron radiator, receiving 
heat from a stove-pipe; a cylindrical box in which 
figs, etc., are packed. (Anat^) The tympanum or 
barrel ©f the ear. (Arch.') The upright part of a 
cupola; also the bell-formed part of the Corinthian 
and composite capitals. (Mech.) A cylinder revolv- 
ing on an axis, for turning wheels by means of 
straps around it. (Jchth.) A fish which makes a 
drumming or grunting sound under water. — v. i. 
[drummed (drumd), drumming.] To beat on a 
drum, beat with the fingers, as with drum-sticks; 
to beat, as the heartthrob; to go about to gather 
recruits, secure partisans, customers, etc. — v. t. To 
ex-ecute on a drum, as a tune; with out, to expel 
with beat of drum; with up, to assemble by beat of 
drum, gather; without up, to solicit the custom of. 
[Perh. onomat. and s. rt. drone; Dan. drum, a 
booming sound, lc. thruma, to rattle, E. thrum; D. 
from, Dan. tromme, G. trommel, a drum.] — Drunv'- 
mer, n. One who beats, etc. ; a traveling salesman. 
— Drum'ming, n. Act of beating (a drum); act of 
Striking repeatedly with the ends of the fingers, etc.; 



DUCK 

noise made by a partridge by beating his wings upon 
his sides. — Drum'flsh, n. See Drum, n. — -head, n. 
The upper part of a drum; top of a capstan, pierced 
with holes for levers used in turning it.— Drum-head 
court-martial. (Mil.) A court-martial called sud- 
denly or on the field. — major, n. Chief drummer 
of a regiment; leader of a military band or drum 
corps when marching. — stick, n. Stick for beating 
a drum; upper joint of a fowl's leg, shaped like, etc. 

Drummond-light, drum'mund-lTt, n. An intense light, 
produced by turning 2 streams of gas, one oxygen 
and the other hydrogen, upon a ball of lime, or a 
stream of oxygen gas through a flame of alcohol. 
[Fr. the inventor.] 

Drunk, Drunkard, etc. See under Drink. 

Drupe, droop, n. (Bot.) A pulpy, coriaceous or 
fibrous pericarp or fruit, without valves, containing 
a nut or stone with a kernel. See Pericarp. [1., a 
stone-fruit, f r. L. drupa, Gr. aruppa, an over-ripe 
olive, fr. drupepes, ripened on the tree (drus, tree, 
and peptein, to cook, ripen), or fr. drupetes, falling 
from the tree (piptein, to fall).] — Drupa'ceous, 
-shus, a. Producing, pert, to, or like, etc. — Dru'- 
pel, n. Any fleshy or pulpy fruit having many small 
stony seeds, as the raspberry. 

Druse, droos, n. (Mining.) A cavity in a rock, stud- 
ded within with crystals or filled with water. [G., 
crystallized piece of ore, Bohem. druza.] 

Druse, drooz, n. One of a peculiar Arabic-speaking 
sect or people of Mt. Lebanon, Syria. 

Dry, dri, a. [drier, driest.] Free from moisture, 
as (said of the weather) free from rain or mist, for 
vegetable matter) from juices or sap, (of animals) 
not giving milk, (of persons) thirsty, needing drink, 
(of the eyes) not shedding tears; destitute of that 
which interests or amuses ; unembellished ; plain ; 
characterized by shrewdness, or sarcasm ; sharp. 
(Fine Arts.) Exhibiting a sharp, frigid preciseness 
of execution. — v. t. [dried (drid), drying.] To 
free from moisture. — v. i. To grow dry, lose mois- 
ture; to evaporate wholly, be exhaled. [AS. dryge, 
D. droog, G. trocken, dry; s. rt. drought, drug, perh. 
drink.] — Dry-cupping. (Med.) Application of a 
cupping-glass without scarification of the skin. — D. 
goods. (Com.) Cloths, laces, ribbons, etc., disting. 
fr. groceries. — D. measure. A measure of volume 
for dry or coarse articles. — D. wine. That in which 
saccharine matter and fermentation are so balanced, 
that they have decomposed each other, and no 
sweetness is perceptible. — To d. up. To scorch or 
parch with thirst; to stop talking. — Dri'er, Dry'er, 
n. — Dry'ing, a. Adapted to exhaust moisture ; 
rapidly becoming dry and hard.— Dryly, adv.— 
Dry'ness, n. — Dry'bone, n. (Min.) Smithsonite ; 

carbonate of zinc. dock, n. See Dock. nurse, 

n. A nurse who attends and feeds a child by hand. 
— point, n. A needle used in copper-plate en- 
graving to draw fine lines and make dots in stip- 
pling and shading. — rot, n. Decay of timber, con- 
verting its substance into dry powder. — rub, v. t. 
[dry-rubbed (-rubd), -rubbing.] To rub and 
cleanse without wetting. — salt'er, n. A dealer in 
salted or dry meats, pickles, sauces, etc., also in 

drugs, dye-stuffs, and chemicals. salt'ery, n. 

Articles kept by, or business of, a dry-salter. 

Dryad, dri'ad, n. (Myth.) A nymph of the woods. 
[L. dryas, Gr. druas, fr. drus, tree; s. rt. tree.] 

Duad, Dual, Duarchy, etc. See under Duo. 

Dualin. See Nitro-glycerine. 

Dub, dub, v. t. [dubbed rdubd), -bing.] To strike 
with a sword and make a knight; to invest with any 
dignity, entitle; to prepare (a game cock) for fight- 
ing, by trimming the hackles and cutting off the 
comb and gills. [AS. dubban, to dub, OSw. and Ic. 
dubba, to strike; perh. same as dab.Y — Dub'ber, n. 

Dubious, Dubitation, etc. See under Doubt. 

Ducal, Ducat, Duchy, etc. See under Duke. 

Duces tecum, du'sez-te'kum. (Law.) A process 



ordering one to bring specified documents, etc. 
with him into court. [L., You will bring with 
Duck, duk, n. A kind of coarse cloth or light eanva 



. you 



for tents, small sails, bed-sacking, etc. [D. doek, 
linen cloth, Dan. dug, Sw. duk, G. tuch, cloth.] 
Duck, duk, n. A water fowl; a dip of the head. [Dan. 
dukand, Sw. dykfagel, a diver (bird).] — v. t. 
[ducked (dukt), ducking.] To plunge into water 
and suddenly withdraw; to immerse; to plunge the 
head of in water, immediately withdrawing it; to 
bow, stoop, or nod. — v. i. To plunge the head in 
water; to drop the head or person suddenly. [D. 
duiken, to stoop, Dan. dukke, Sw. dyka, to dive]. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



DUCK 



367 



DUNG 



— To make ducks and 
drakes. To throw a flat 

stone, etc, obliquely 
upon the water, making 
it rebound; to squander. , 

— Lame duck. A de- ' 
f aulter at the stock ex- 
change. — Duck'er, n. 
One who, etc. ; a plun- 
ger; diver; a cringing, 
servile person; fawner. 

— Duck' ling, n. A 
young duck. — Duck'- 
bill, n. (Zobl.) Amam- 
mii'erous animal of Au- 



^-~ ' Jfc 



Duck (A. boschas). 



stralia and Van Diemen's Land, having a bill like 
a duck's, with the head of a quadruped ; ornitho- 
rhynchus. — Duck'ing-stool, n. A chair in which 
common scolds were formerly tied, and plunged 
into water ; cucking-stool. 

Duck, duk, n. A pet, darling. [Dan. dukke, Sw. 
docka, OHG. tocha, doll. See Doxy.] 

Duct, dukt, n. Any tube by which a fluid or other 
substance is conducted to its destination. [L. 
dticere, ductum, to lead. See Douche, Duke.] — 
Duc'tile, -til, a. Easily led or drawn out; tractable; 
flexible ; pliable ; obsequious ; capable of being 
drawn out into wire or threads. [F. ; L. ductilis, f r. 



ducere.) — Duc'tileness, -til'ity, -T-tT, 
•udeen, dud'en, n. A short tobacco- 
teen.] 



Dudeen, dud'en, n. A short tobacco-pipe. [Ir. dud- 



Dudgeon, duj'un, n. A small dagger; hilt of a dagger. 
[G. degen, sword; MHG., dagger.] 

Dudgeon, duj'un, n. Anger; resentment; malice; 
ill-will; discord. [W. dychan, a jeer, dygen, malice, 
resentment, dueg, spleen.] 

Duds, dudz, n. pi. Old clothes ; tattered garments; 
effects in general. [Scot, dud, rag, D. todde.) 

Due, du, a. Owed; proper to be paid or done to an- 
other ; required by the circumstances ; suitable ; 
enforced by conscience ; becoming ; appropriate; 
fit ; appointed ; exact ; liable to come at any mo- 
ment ; owing ; occasioned. — adv. Directly ; ex- 
actly: duly. — n. That which is owed, or which 
custom, station, or law requires to be paid; a fee; 
emolument; right; just title or claim. [OF. deu, p. 
p. of devoir, L. debere, to owe. See Debt.] — Du'ly, 
-IT, adv. In a due, fit, or becoming manner; regu- 
larly: at the proper time. — Due'-bill, n. (Com.) A 
written acknowledgment of a debt, not payable to 
order or transferable by indorsement. — Du/ty, -tl, 
n. What is due from one to another; esp. what one 
is bound, by any obligation, to do, or refrain from 
doing ; service rendered ; respectful obedience, — 
said esp. of military service : reverence ; regard. 
(Com.) Tax, toll, impost, or customs; excise.— 
Du'teous, -te-us, a. Performing what is due; or 
what law, justice, or propriety requires. — Du'teous- 
ly, adv. — Du'teousness, n. — Dutiable, -tT-a-bl, a. 
Subject to the payment of a duty. — Du'tiful, -ful, a. 
Performing obligations required by law, justice, or 
propriety ; submissive to superiors ; controlled by, 
or proceeding from, a sense of dutv ; obedient ; 
respectful. — Du'tifully, adv. — Du/tifulness, n. 

Duel, du'el, n. A combat between 2 persons; esp. a 

Sremeditated fight between 2 persons to decide a 
ifference. — v.i. To fight in single combat. — v. t. 
To attack or fight singly. [F.: It. duello, L. duellum, 
fr. duo, two ; L. duellum, bellum, war.] — Du'elist, 
n. One who, etc. —Duello, n. A duel; practice 
of dueling; code of laws regulating it. [It.] 

Duenna. See under Dominie. 

Duet. See under Duo. 

Duffel. Duffle, duf 'fl, n. A coarse woolen cloth, with 
thick nap. [D., name of a town in the Netherlands.] 

Dug, dug, n. A teat, or nipple, esp. of a beast. [Sw. 
do.gga, Dan. daegge, to suckle, Skr. duh, to milk.] 

Dug. See Dig. 

Dugong, du-gong r , n. A swimming mammal of the E. 
Indian seas, having the aquatic habits of the whales, 
but herbivorous. [Malav duyong.) 

Duke, duk, n. Orig. a leader; chief; in Eng. one of 
the highest order of nobility next below the Prince 
of Wales; in some European countries, a sovereign 
prince without the title of king. [F. due, L. dux, 
duds, fr. ducere, to lead; s. rt. tug, duct, conduct, 
adduce, etc.] — Duke'dom, -dum, n. Seigniory or 
possessions, title or quality, of a duke. — Ducb/ess, 
n. The consort of a duke; a lady having the sov- 
ereignty of a duchv in her own right. [F. duchesse, 
fem. of due.) — Du'cal, a. Pert. to. etc. [F.] — Du'- 




Lniin^'ness. ™. — 



cally. adv. — Duch'y, -T, n. Dukedom. — Duc'at, h. 
A coin of several countries in Europe, 6truck in the 
dominions of a duke. [OF.; It. aucato.) — Due'a- 
toon', n. A silver coin of several countries of Eu- 
rope. [F. & Sp. ducaton, fr. ducat.) 

Dulcet, dul'set, a. Sweet to the taste, the eai\ or the 
mind; luscious ; melodious ; 
harmonious. [OF. doucet, 
dolcet, Olt. dolcetto; OF. 
dols, dolce, L. dulcis, sweet.] 
— DuKcify, -sT-fi, v. t. [-fied 
(-fid), -fying.] To make 
sweet ; sweeten. [L. facere, 
factum, to make.] — Dul'cifi- 
ca'tion, n. — Dul'cimer, n. 
A stringed instrument, 
played on with little sticks Dulcimer, 

or metallic rods. [OF. doulccmer, Sp. dulremele, fr. 
L. dulce melos, sweet song, L. and Gr. melos, song.] 

Dull, dul, a. Slow of understanding ; slow in action, 
motion, perception, sensibility, etc. : lacking sharp- 
ness; blunt ; not bright or clear to the eve ; heavy; 
gross ; insensible ; furnishing little delight or vari- 
ety ; inanimate; sluggish: tarnished; obtuse. — v. t. 
[dulled (duld), -ling.] To make dull, stupid, or 
sluggish ; stupefy ; to make blunt ; to dim or ob- 
scure ; to deprive of activity. — v. i. To become 
dull. [AS. dol, dwol, Goth, dvvals, foolish, stupid, 
D. dol, G. toll, mad.] — Dull'ard, n. A stupid per- 
son ; dolt ; dunce. — DulKness, n. — Dttl'ly, adv. 

Dulse, duls, n. (Bot.) A sea-weed, which adheres to 
rocks, and is sometimes eaten. [Scot.] 

Duly. See under Due. 

Dumb, dum, a. Without power of speech ; not will- 
ing to speak ; mute ; silent. [AS. ; Ic. dumhr, Goth. 
dumbs, G. dumrn, mute : D. dom, Sw. dumb, Dan. 
dum, stupid.] — Dumb'ly, adv. — Dum^'ness. 
Dumb'-bells, n. Two spheres of iron 
connected by a bar, for swinging 
in the hands. — show, n. Gesture 
without words; pantomime.— 
-wait'er, n. A movable frame to 
carry dishes, etc., from one story to 
another. — Dum'found, -founder, 
v. t. To strike dumb, confuse. — Dumb-bells. 
Dam'my, -mT, n. One who is dumb; a dumb-waiter; 
a sham package in a shop ; figure on which clothing 
is exhibited; a locomotive with condensing engines, 
and without the noise of escaping steam; the exposed 
hand when .3 persons play at cards ; a clumsy, awk- 
ward, or thick-witted fellow ; one who plays a 
merely nominal part in any action ; a thing which is 
not what it pretends to be. — a. Silent; mute: sham. 

Dump, dump, n. A gloomy state of the mind ; melan- 
choly ; despondency, — usually in pi. [Dan., dull, 
low, Sw. dial, dump'in, melancholy, p. p. of dimba, to 
steam, D. dommg, damp, misty, fr. dampen, to 
quench: s. rt. damp.) — Dump'ish. a. Dull: stupid; 
moping. — Dumplshly, adv. — Dump'ishness, n. 

Dump, dump, r. t. [dumped (dumpt), dumping.] To 
unload from a cart by tilting it. [Sw. dompa, Sw. 
dial, dimpa, to fall down plump.] 

Dumpy, dump'!, a. Short and thick. [Cf. D. damp- 
neus, a misshapen nose, Ic. dumpa, to thump, Sw. 
dumpa, to dance awkwardly.] — Dump'ling, n. A 
thick pudding or mass of paste in cookery. 

Dun, dun, a. Of a dark eolor ; partaking of brown 
and black; swarthy; dark: gloomy; obscure. — v.t. 
To cure, as codfish, so as to give them a dun color. 
[AS. dunn, dark, Ir. and Ga. donn, brown, W. dron, 
swarthy.] — Dun'flsh, n. Codfish rendered dun by 
curing. — Dun'nish, a. Somewhat dun. 

Dun, dun, v. t. [dunned (dund), -ning.j To beset, or 
ask with importunity, as a debtor, for payment. — 
n. One who duns : an urgent demand of payment. 
[Same as din : AS. dynnan, Ic. dynju. to make a din, 
duna, to thunder.] — Dun^ner, n. A dun. 

Dunce, duns, n. A person of weak intellect ; a dul- 
lard ; dolt : thickskull ; simpleton. [Orig. a nick- 
name applied by the Thomists, or followers of 
Thomas Aquinas, to the Scotists, disciples of Johan- 
nes Duns Scotus.] 

Dunder, dun'der, n. The dregs of cane-juice, used in 
distilling rum. [Sp. redundar, to overflow.] 

Dunderhead, dun'der-hed, -pate, -pat, n. A dunce. 
[Prov._E., fr. D. donder, thunder.] 

Dune, doon, n. A low hill of sand on a sea-coast. [AS. 
dun, same as down, q. v.] 

Dung, dung, n. The excrement of an animal. — r. t. 
[dunged (dungdj), dunging.] To manure with 
dung. (Calico Print.) To immerse in a bath of cow- 



sun, cube, full ; moon, font ; cow, oil ; lir>p-er or ink, then. boNbox, chair, get. 



DUJXTG-EON 



168 



DYAD 



dung diffused in hot water. — v.u To void excre- 
ment. [AS. and OFries.; s. rt. dingy. 1 — Dung'y, -Y, 
a. Full of, etc. ; nasty ; vile. — Dung'-fork, n. A 
fork with several tines, used to remove or spread 
dung. — hill, n. A heap of dung ; any mean situa- 
tion or condition; a vile abode. 

Dungeon, dun'jun, n. A donjon, q. v., and see Cas- 
tle; a secure prison: esp. a dark, subterranean place 
of confinement. [OF. donjon, LL. domnio, dunjo, 
contr. f r. dominio, a principal possession, dominion. 
See Domain, Dominate.] 

Dunker. dunk'er, n. Same as Tunkee. 

Dunlin, dun'lin, n. (Ornith.) A species of sandpiper. 
[Prob. Celtic ; s. rt. dune, down.) 

Dunnage, dun'nej, n. (Naut.) Loose materials laid on 
a ship's bottom to raise goods above injury by water 
in the hold; loose articles wedged between parts of 
the cargo, to hold them steady. [Prob. s. rt. dune.'] 

Duo, du"o, n. (Mus.) A duet. [L., two ; Gr. duo, 
Skr. dra. See Two.] — Duet, du-ef, n. A musical 
composition for two performers. [It. duetto, fr. due 
= L. duo.]— Du'etti'no, -te'no, n. A short duet. 
[It., dim. of duetto.] — Du'al, a. Expressing or con- 
sisting of the number 2; pert, to 2. — Du'alism, -izm, 
n. The dividing into 2 ; anytbing divided into 2 ; a 
twofold division ; a system which assumes, or is 
founded on a double principle. — Du'alist, n. One 
who believes in dualism. — Dualistlc, a. Consist- 
ing of 2; pert, to dualism or duality.— Duality, -T-tY, 
n. That which expresses 2 in number ; division ; 
separation ; state or quality of being 2. — Du'ad, n. 
Union of 2 ; duality. [Gr. duas, duados, f r. duo.] — 
Du'archy, -ar-kY, n. Government by 2 persons. 
[Gr. arche, government.] — Du'ple, -pi, o. Double. 
FL. duplus] — Duple ratio. (Math.) That in which 
the antecedent term is double the consequent. — 
Sub-duple ratio. The reverse of duple ratio. — Du r - 
plex, a. Double ; twofold. [L., fr. duo and plicare, 
-catum, to fold.] — Duplex ratio. (Math.) Product 
of a ratio. — D. escapement. A peculiar kind of 
watch escapement, in which, the scape wheel hav- 
ing 2 sets of teeth, a double action takes place at 
each vibration of the balance. — Du'plicate, -kat, a. 
Double ; twofold. — n. That which exactly resem- 
bles something else ; a copy ; transcript ; counter- 
part ; that which is of the same kind as some other 
thing, but not necessarily resembling it in other re- 
spects. (Law.) A document essentially the same 
as another, and differing from a mere copy in hav- 
ing all the validity of an original. — v. t. To double ; 
to make a copy of. (Physiol.) To divide into 2 by 
natural growth or spontaneous action. — Duplicate 
proportioti or ratio. (Math.) The proportion or 
ratio of squares. — Duplicalion, n. Act of duplica- 
ting. (Physiol.) Act or process of dividing by nat- 
ural growth or spontaneous action. — Duplicative, 
-tiv, a. Having the quality of doubling. — Du'pli- 
cature, -chur, n. A doubling ; a fold, as of a mem- 
brane or vessel. — Duplicity, -plisl-tY, n. Double- 
ness of heart, speech, or dealing ; dissimulation ; 
deceit; guile; deception. (Law.) The use of two 
or more distinct allegations or answers, where one 
is sufficient. — Duumvir, du-um'vgr, n. ; pi. -viri, 
-vY-rl. One of 2 officers or magistrates in ancient 
Rome united in the same public functions. [L. duo 
and vir, man.]— Duum'virate, -rat, n. Union of 2 
men in one office ; office, dignitv, or rule of, etc. 

Duodecimal, du-o-des'T-mal, a. Proceeding in com- 
putation by twelves. [L. duodecim, 12, fr. duo and 
decern, 10.] — Duodecimals, n. pi. (Anth.) A kind 
of multiplication in which the denominations pro- 
«*eed by twelves, as of feet and inches. —Duodeci- 
mo, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to make 12 
leaves. — n. ; pi. -mos. A book in which a sheet is 
folded into 12 leaves ; the size of a book thus com- 
posed,— usually indicated thus: 12mo, or 12°. [L. in 
duodecimo, fr. duodecimus, 12th, fr. duodecim, 12.] — 
Du'odene, -den, n. (Mus.) A group of 12 tones, 
arbitrarily used as a unit of construction. [L. duo- 
deni, 12 apiece.] — Duoden'ary, -den'a-rt, a. Pert, to 
the number 12 ; twelvefold ; increasing by twelves. 
— Duode'num, n. (Anat.) The first of the small in- 
testines, about 12 fingers' breadth in length. [NL.] 

Dupe, dup. n. One who is misled ; a gull. — v. t. 
[duped (dupt), duping.] To deceive, trick, mis- 
lead by imposing on one's credulity. [F., orig. the 
name of the hoopoe, a bird easily caught.] 

Duple, Duplicate, Duplicity, etc. See under Duo. 

Dure, dur, v. i. [dured (durd), during.] To endure, 
last, continue. [F. durer, L. durare, -atum, fr. durus, 
hard, lasting, Ir. and Ga. dur, dull, hard, obstinate, 



firm, W. dir, certain, sure ; Gr. dunamis, force.] — 
Du'rable, a. Able to endure or continue in a par- 
ticular condition; not perishable or changeable; per- 
manent ; firm ; stable ; constant. — Dulableness, 
-billty, -tl, n. — Dulably, acfo. — Dur'ance, -ans, n. 
Continuance ; duration ; imprisonment ; duress. — 
Dura'tion, n. Quality of enduring; continuance in 
time ; prolonged existence ; portion of time during 
which anything exists. — Duress, du'res or du-res', 
n. Hardship ; constraint ; imprisonment. (Law.) 
State of compulsion in which one is induced, by re- 
straint of his liberty or menace of bodily harm, to 
do some legal act, or to commit a misdemeanor. [OF. 
duresce.] —During, prep. In the time of ; as long 
as the action or existence of. [Orig. p. pr. of dureT] 
— Durom^eter, n. An instrument for testing hard- 
ness of material, esp. of steel rails. [Gr. metron, 
measure.]— Dura-mater, dula-ma'ter, n. (Anat.) 
The outer membrane of the brain. [L.,lit. hard 
mother,— called mater, because formerly thought to 
give rise to every membrane of the body.] 

Durst. See Dare. 

Dusk, dusk, a. Tending to darkness or blackness ; 
darkish. — n. Imperfect obscurity ; twilight ; a 
color partially black or dark. [AS. deorc, dark, Sw. 
dial, dusk, a shower, duskug, misty.] — Dusk'y, -T, 
a. Partial! v dark or obscure; dark-colored; gloomy; 
sad ; intellectually clouded. — Duskily, adv. — 
Dusk'iness, n. — Dusklsh, a. Partially obscured. 

Dust, dust, n. Very fine, dry particles of earth, etc. ; 
powder ; fine sand ; the earth as the resting-place 
of the dead; the grave; a low condition ; gold-dust ; 
money ; specie. — v. t. To free from dust, sprink- 
le with dust, reduce to powder. [AS. and Ic., dust, 
D. duist, Dan. dyst, fine flour, Sw., Dan., and G. 
dunst, vapor, L. fumus, Skr. dhuma, smoke, Skr. 
dhuli, dust, dhu, to blow, shake off.] — To raise, or 
kick up, the dust. To make a commotion.— Dust'er, 
n. One who, or that which, etc. ; an overgarment 
to protect the clothes from dust. — Dust'y, -X, a. 
[-ier, -iest.] Filled, covered, sprinkled with, or 
like, etc. — Dustiness, n. — Dust'brush, n. A brush 
for removing dust, as from furniture. — man, n. ; 
pi. -men. One who carries away dirt and filth. 

Dutch, duch, a. Pert, to Holland, to its inhabitants, 
or their language, — used also, incorrectly, of Ger- 
mans. — v. t. To render clear and hard by dipping 
into hot oil, sand, etc.,— as goose-quills. [G. deutsch, 
lit. belonging to the people, MHG. diutisk, Goth. 
thiuda, AS. theod, a people, nation; s. rt. L. Teutones, 
Teutons, Skr. tu, to be strong.] — Dutch cheese. A 
small, round, hard cheese, made from skim milk. 
— D. clinker. A long, hard brick made in Holland. 
—D.foil, leaf, or gold. An alloy of copper and zinc, 
rolled or beaten into thin sheets. — D. oven. A tin 
screen for baking before a fire ; a shallow iron 
kettle for baking, with a cover to hold burning 
coals.— D. pink. Chalk or whiting dyed yellow, and 
used in distemper, and for paper-staining, etc. — D. 
tile. A glazed and painted ornamental tile, used in 
the jambs of chimneys. 

Duumvir. See under Duo. 

Dwarf, dwawrf, n. An animal or plant much below 
ordinary size ; esp., a diminutive man. — v. t. 
[dwarfed (dwawrft), dwarfing.] To hinder from 
growing to the natural size ; to stunt. [AS. dweorg, 
aweorh, D. dwerg, Ic. dvergr, Sw. and Dan. dverg, a 
dwarf.] — Dwarfish, a. Like a dwarf ; very small; 
petty ; despicable. — Dwarf Ishness, n. — Dwarf- 
wall, n. (Arch.) A low wall, not as high as the 
story of a building. 

Dwell, dwel, v. i. [dwelled (dweld) usually dwelt, 
dwelling.] To abide as a permanent resident ; to 
inhabit for a time ; to be domiciled, reside, stay, 
remain. [AS. dwellan, to retard, delay, dwal, dull, 
torpid, Ic. dvelja, Sw. dvaljas, to dwell, tarry.] — 
To dwell on, or upon. To continue on, occupy a long 
time with, hang on with attention, be absorbed with. 
— Dwell'er, n. — Dwell'ing, n. Habitation ; abode ; 
domicile. — Dwelling-house, n. A house intended 
for residence, disting. f r. a store, office, etc. — place, 
n. Place of residence, abode. 

Dwindle, dwin'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To 
diminish, waste away. —v. t. To make less, bring 
low; to break, disperse. — n. Process of dwindling ; 
decline. [AS. dwinan, Ic. dvina, Sw. tvina, to dwin- 
dle, Skr. dhvams, to fall to pieces, perish.] 

Dyad, di'ad, a. (Chem.) Having an equivalence of 
2; capable of being substituted for, combined with, 
or replaced by, 2 atoms of hydrogen.— n. A couple; 
pair. (Chem.) An atom whose equivalence is 2? 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tu. T ce ; 5dd, tone, 6r j 



DYAK 



169 



EARNEST 



etc. [F. dyade, L. dyas, dyadis, Gr. duos, duados, 

the number 2, fr. duo, a. v.l 
Irak, di'ak, n. One of the aboriginal race of Borneo, 

Sumatra, Celebes, etc. [Malay, savage.] 
Dye, di, v. t. [dyed (did), dying.] To stain, color, 

give a new and permanent color to. [AS. deagan, 

to dye, deag, deah, dye, color.] — Dy'er, n. — Dye / '- 

house, n. Place where dyeing is carried on. — stuff, 

n. Material used in dyeing. 
Dying. See Die. 
Dyke. See Dike. 
Dynamic, di-namlk, -ical, a. Pert, to strength or 

Dower, or to dvnamics. — Dynamics, n. sing. Sci- 



power, or to dynamics. — Dynanr 
" ircee, — opp. to stc 
forces of any kind, or laws which 



ence of moving forces, — opp. to statics; the moving 
moral or physical forces of any kind, or laws which 
relate to them. (Mus.) Science of the force of mu 



sical sounds. [Gr. dunamis, power, dunasthai, to be 
strong. See Dure.]— Dynamiter, n. {Opt.) An 
instrument to determine the magnifying power of 
telescopes. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Dynamef- 
rical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Dy'namite, n. See Nitro- 
glycerine. — Dyn'amonr eter, n. An instrument 
for measuring power, esp. that of animals, men, or 
machines. — Dyn'amomettfric, -rical, a. Pert, to a 
dynamometer, or the measure of force. — Dy'nasty, 
-U, n. Sovereignty ; esp. a race of kings, of the 
eame line, governing a particular country. [Gr. du- 
nasteia, lordship, fr. dunastes, a lord, fr. dunasthai.] 
— DynaB'tic, a. Pert, to, etc. 



Dyscrasy, dis'kra-sT, n. (Med.) An ill habit or 6tate 
of the constitution. [Gr. duskrasia, fr. dus-, insep- 
arable pref. with a bad sense (= E. mis-; s. rt. Skr. 
dus-, dur-, Ir. do-, Goth, tus-, tuz-, Ic. tor-, OHG. zur-, 
G. zer-), and krasis, mixture.] 

Dysentery, dis'en-ter-Y, n. (Med.) Inflammation of 
the rectum or colon, with griping pains, desire to 
evacuate the bowels, and discharges of mucus and 
blood. [Gr. dus- and entera, intestines, fr. entos, 
within.] — Dysenteric, -ical, a. Pert, to, accom- 
panied with, proceeding from, or afflicted with, etc. 

Dysmenorrhea, dis-men'o-re'a, n. (Med.) Difficult 
menstruation. [Gr. dus-, menes, menses (pi. of men, 
menos, month), and rhein, to flow.] 

Dyspepsia, dis-nep'sY-a or -sha, -sy, -st, n. (Med.) Dis- 
turbance of the functions of the stomach ; chronic 
difficulty of digestion. [Gr. duspepsia, fr. (his- and 
peptein, to cook, digest.] — Dyspep'tic, -tical, a. 
Afflicted with, pert, to, or consisting in, etc. — Dys- 
pep'tic. n. One afflicted with, etc. 

Dysphony, dis'fo-nT, n. (Med.) Difficulty of speak- 
ing, from an ill disposition of the organs of speech. 
[Gr. dus- and phone, sound, voice.] 

Dyspnoea, disp-ne'a, n. (Med.) Difficulty of breath- 
ing. [Gr. dus- and pnoe, pnoie, breathing, pnein, to 
blow, breathe.] 

Dysury, dis'u-rt, n. (Med.) Difficulty in discharg- 
ing urine, with pain and heat. [Gr. dus- and ouron, 
urine.] — Dysu'ric, a. Pert to^Dr afflicted with, etc. 



E. 



E, S, the 2d vowel and 5th letter of the English alpha- 
bet, is usually silent at the end of words, but indi- 
cates that the preceding vowel has its long sound, 
where otherwise it would be short, as in mane, mete, 
which without the final e would be pronounced 
man, met. (Mus.) E is the 3d tone of the model 
diatonic scale. £ t> (E flat) is a tone intermediate 
between D and E. 

Each, ech, a. A distrib. adj. pron., used either with 
or without a following noun, and denoting every 
one of the individuals composing a whole, con- 
sidered separately from the rest. [To each corre- 
sponds other. Each other is used elliptically for 
each the other.'] [ME. eche, elch, AS. selc (perh. for 
eal lie, all-like, perh. for a lie, ever-like), Scot, ilk, 
ilka, D. elk, OHG. eogalih, G.jeglich.] 

Eager, e'ggr, a. Orig. sharp; sour; keen; excited by 
desire in pursuit of an object ; ardent to pursue, 
perform, or obtain; earnest. [OF. eigre, aigre, L. 
acer, acris, keen ; s. rt. acrid, vinegar.] — Ea'gerly, 
adv. — Ea'gerness, n. Ardor; vehemence; avidity. 

Eagle, e'gl, n. A rapacious bird of the falcon family: 
its figure is used as a 
heraldic emblem and 
for standards and em- 
blematic devices; a gold 
coin of the U. S., worth 
$10. [OF. aigle, L. aquila, 
prop. fern, of aquilus, 
brown.] — Ea'gless, n. 
A female eagle. — Ea'- 
glet, n. A young eagle. 
— Ea'gle-eyed, a. Sharp-sighted. 

Eagre, Egre, e'ggr, Hygre, Higre, hi'gSr, n. A flood 
tide moving violently up a river, in one or more 
massive waves. [AS. egor, eagor, Ic. segir, ocean.] 

Ean,en, v.t.ori. To bring forth (young). [See Yean.] 

Ear, er, n. The organ of hearing; sense of hearing; 
willingness to listen; attention ; regard ; part of any- 
thing like an animal's ear. [AS. eare, D. oor, Ic. 
eyra, Sw. and OHG. ora, Dan. and MHG. ore, G. 
ohr, L. auris, Gr. ous, ear ; L. audire, Gr. aio, to 
hear, Skr. av, to be pleased, take care.] — About the 
ears. In close proximity. — By the e. In close per- 
sonal contest. — Up to the e. Deeply absorbed. — 
Button ear. In dogs, an ear falling in front, and 
hiding the inside. — Rose e. In dogs, one folding 
at the back and disclosing the inside.— Eared, erd. 
a. (Omith.) Having prominent feathers reseml ling 
ears, — as some owls, etc. — Earless, a. Without 
ears ; deaf ; unwilling to hear. — Earing, n. 




Eagle. 




(Naut.) A rope attached to the 
cringle of a sail, by which it is bent \ 
or reefed. — Ear'arop, n. An ear- 
ring. (Bot.) The auricula, a kind 
of primrose. — lap, n. Tip of the 
ear. — lock, n. A curl of hair near 
the ear; love-lock. — -mark, n. A 
mark on the ear, by slitting or 
cropping, to identify a sheep, etc.; 
any distinguishing mark. — v. t. 
To mark for identification. — ring, 
n. An ornament suspended from 
the ear by a ring passing through 
the lobe.— -shot, n. Reach of the 
sense of hearing; distance at which or Auricle 
words may be heard. — trump'et, ... , 
n. An instrument to aid in hear- «• h f. lx; h - ant- 
ing. — wax, n. Cerumen; a sub- «eiix;c. sea- 
stance secreted by the glands of pna '- P 1 ",? 08 :" 
the ear. — -wig, n. A leaf-eating ?-^V-°- (boa *- 
insect, vulgarly believed to creep f 1Ke -> lossa ; a. 
through the ear into the brain. J ra S us ; e. . anti- 
[AS. eor-wicga ; wicg, horse, fr. tra su s ! /• tne 
wegan, to carry.] concha ; o. lobe, 

Ear, er,H. The spike of Indian corn or lobulus. 
or other grain, containing the kernels. — v. i. To 
form ears, as corn. [AS. ear, D. aar, Ic, Dan., and 
Sw. ax, Goth, ahs, OHG. ahir ; s. rt. L. acus, needle. 
E. awn.] 

Ear, er, ?\ t. To plow or till. [AS. erian, erigan, Ic. 
erja, MHG. eren, em, L. arare, Gr. aroun.] 

Earl, erl, n. A nobleman of Eng. ranking below a 
marquis and above a viscount. [AS. eorl, Ic.jarl, 
warrior, hero, OS. erl, man: perh. s. rt. Gr. arsen, 
male; perh. contr. of AS. ealdor, an elder.] — EarK- 
dom, -dnm, n. Seigniory, jurisdiction, or dignity of 
an earl. — Earl'-mar'shal, n. An officer of state in 
Eng. who marshals great ceremonials, and is the 
head of the herald's office. 

Early, SrlY, a. In advance of the usual or appointed 
time; timely; not late. — adv. Soon; in good sea- 
son; betimes. [AS. asrlice, ser. See Ere.] 

Earn, Em, v. t. [earned (e"rnd), earning.] To de- 
serve by labor; to acquire bv service or performance. 
[AS. earnian, to earn, OHG. amen, G. ernten, to 
reap, fr. OHG. aren, arn, G. ernte, harvest.] — 
Earning, n. Thing earned; wages; stipend. 

Earnest, er'nest, a. Ardent in the pursuit of an ob- 
ject; eager to obtain; intent; fixed; eager; zealous; 
fervent ; hearty. — n. Seriousness ; reality. [AS. 
eornest, D. and G. ernst, MHG. ernest, earnestness; 



eon, cube, full; moon, fdotj cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get. 



EARNEST 



170 



ECCENTRIC 



Ic. ern, brisk, vigorous, Gr. ornumi, to excite.] — 
Earnestly, adv. — Ear'nestness, n. 

Earnest, er'nest, n. A pledge given in token of a 
bargain made. [W. ernes, em, a pledge, erno, to 
give a pledge, Ga. earlas, earnest-penny, Prov. E. 
arles ; pern. s. it. Gr. arrabon, L. arrha, OF. arrhes, 
Heb. erabon, a pledge.] — Ear'nest-mon'ey, n. 
Money paid to bind a bargain or to ratify a sale. 

Earth, erth, n. The globe we inhabit; the world; the 
solid materials forming it ; dry land ; soil of all 
kinds, including gravel, clay, loam, etc.; the ground; 
a region; country; the people on the globe. (Chem.) 
A tasteless and inodorous, uncolored, earthy-look- 
ing, metallic oxide; a similar oxide, having a slight 
alkaline reaction, —v. t. [earthed (ertht), earth- 
IMG.] To hide in, or cover with earth.— v. i. To 
- retire under ground, burrow. [AS. eorc/he, D. aarde, 
lc.jordh. Ban. and Sw. jord, G. erde; s. rt. Gr. era, 
the earth, perh. aroun, to plow; see Ear, v. t.] — 
Eartb/en, -n, a. Made of aarth, or of burnt clay, 
etc. — Earth'y, -Y, a. Of or pert, to, etc.; terrestrial; 
gross; unrefined.— Earth/iness, n. — Earthly, -IT, 
a. Pert, to earth; not heavenly or spiritual; sordid; 
carnal ; mean ; groveling ; of all things on earth ; 
possible. — Earth Tineas, n. Quality of being, etc.; 
excessive attachment to earthly objects ; worldli- 
ness. — Eartb/ling, n. An inhabitant of the earth; 
a mortal. — Earth'ward, adv. Toward the earth. — 
Earth'bath, n. A covering (a patient) with earth 
or sand, usually warmed, for remedial purposes. 
— board, n. (Agric.) The board of a plow, that 

turns over the earth; mold-board. clos'et, n. A 

privy in which dry earth is used to deodorize the 

fecal matter. nut, n. (Bot.) The farinaceous, 

sweet root of an umbelliferous plant; the seed-ves- 
sel and seed of a leguminous plant, called also pea- 
nut. — quake, n. A shaking or concussion of the 
earth, due to subterranean causes. — work, n. (En- 
gin.) The removal of large masses of earth, in 
constructing canals, railways, etc. (Mil.) A forti- 
fication made by throwing up embankments of 
earth. — worm, n. (Zobl.) A cylindrical, annulated 
worm, without head or external organs, found ev- 
erywhere in moist loam ; angle-worm. A mean, 
sordid person. 

Ease, ez, n. Freedom from pain, trouble, toil, con- 
straint, etc. ; repose ;_tranquillity ; facility; readi- 
ness.— v. t. [eased (ezd), easing.] To free from 
what pains, disquiets, or oppresses; to render less 
painful, disgusting, or oppressive; to release from 
pressure or restraint, shift a little. [OF. aise, It. 
agio, Pg. ago, ease; perh. s. rt. Ga. adhais, ease; not 
s. rt. eadhe, easy.] — To ease off, or away. (Naut.) 
To slacken gradually. — To e. a ship. (Naut.) To 
put the helm hard-a-lee, or regulate the sail, to pre- 
vent her pitching when close-hauled. — Eas'y, -Y, 
a. [easier, -iest.] At ease; free from pain, etc.; 
not causing pain or exertion; not difficult; causing 
ease or comfort ; not resisting ; tranquil ; calm ; 
compliant. (Com.) Not straitened in money mat- 
ters. — Eas'ily, -1Y, adv. With ease; readily; gently. 
— Easiness, n. — Eas'y-chair, n. An arm-chair for 
rest. — Ease'ment, n. That which gives ease; con- 
venience ; accommodation. (Law.) A liberty or 
advantage without profit, which one proprietor has 
in another's estate distinct from ownership of the 
soil, as a way, water-course, etc. 

Easel, e'zl, n. A wooden frame to support pictures 
while being painted. [D. ezel, G. esel, 
ass.] 

East, est, n. The point in the heavens 
where the sun rises at the equinox ; 
point opposite the west; eastern part of 
a country; regions east of any country; 
esp., the southern parts of Asia. — a. 
Toward the rising sun. — v. i. To move 
toward the east ; to orientate. [AS.; 
D. oost, Ic. austr, Dan. and G. ost, Sw. 
ostan, east, L. aurora, Gr. eos, Skr. 
ushas, dawn.] — East-north-east, east- 
south-east, etc. See Compass. — East'- 
ern, a. Situated in, etc.; oriental; go- 
ing toward the east. — East / ernmost / , a 
ern. — Easfward, adv. Toward the east. — East- 
erly, -IT, a. Coming from, also, situated or moving 
toward, etc. — adv. On or toward, etc. — Easting, 
n. (Jfav. If Surv.) Distance eastward from a given 
meridian. 

Easter, esfSr, E. day. n. A festival, celebrated on 
the Sunday after Good Friday, commemorating 
Christ's resurrection, corresponding to the Jewish 




passover. [AS. eastro, Easter festival, fr. Eastre, a 
goddess whose festival was in April; s. rt. east.] 

Easy. See under Ease. 

Eat, et, v. t. _[imp. eat (gt) or ate (at); p. p. eat (et) 
or eaten (efn); eating.] To swallow or partake 
of as food; to corrode, as metal, by rust ; to con- 
sume gradually, as a cancer, the flesh: to waste or 
wear away; to devour, gnaw. — v. i. To take food, 
feed; to taste or relish. [AS. etan, D. eten, Ic. eta, 
Sw. ata, Dan. sede, Goth, itan, OHG. ezzan, G. 
essen, L. edere, Gr. edein, Skr. ad; s. rt. fret.]— To 
eat one's words. To take back what one has said; 
retract. — To eat in or into. To corrode, gnaw, con- 
sume.— Eat'er, «. — Eat 'able, a. Capable of, or fit 
to be, etc.; esculent: edible, —n. Anything that 
may be eaten. — Eating-house, n. A house where 
food is sold ready cooked ; restaurant. 

Eau-de-Cologne, o / de-ko-lon / ', n. A perfumed spirit, 
erig. prepared at Cologne. [F., water of Cologne.] — 
Eau-de-vie, -ve, n. Brandy. [F.; vie = L. vita, life, 
fr. vicere, to live.] 

Eaves, evz, n. pi. (Arch.) The lower edges of a 
roof, overhanging the walls. [AS. efese, clipped 
edge of thatch, eaves, Ic. ups.] — Eaves'drop, v. i. 
To stand under the eaves or near the windows of a 
house, to listen to what is said within; to seek to 
hear others' conversation. — Eaves'' dropper, n. 

Ebb, eb, n. The reflux of the tide; return of tide- 
water toward the sea; a falling to a worse state; de- 
cline ; decay, —v. i. [ebbed (ebd), ebbing.] To 
flow back, return, as water toward the ocean ; to 
fall to a worse state, recede, sink. [AS. ebba, the 
ebb, ebban, toebb; D. eb, ebbe, n., ebben, v.; Dan. ebbe % 
n. and v.: Sw. ebb, n., ebba, v.; s. rt. even.] — Ebb/« 
tide, n. Reflux of tide- water ; the retiring tide. 

Ebionite, e'bY-o-mt, n. One of an early sect of Jew- 
ish Christians, combining Judaism with Christiani- 
ty, rejecting much of the New Testament, and ac- 
counted heretics by the Christian fathers. [Heb. 
ebjonim, the poor, a Jewish name for Christians.] 

Ebony, eb'o-nY, Eb'on, -un, n. A hard, heavy, and 
durable wood, usually black, which admits of a fine 
polish. [OF. ebene, h. hebenus, ebenus, Gr. ebenos, 
ebene, Heb. hobnim, fr. eben, a stone, fr. its hard- 
ness.]— Eb'on, a. Of, like, or black as ebony.— 
Eb'onize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd) -izing.1 To make black 
like ebony. — Eb'onite, -It, n. India-rubber hard- 
ened by vulcanization, black like ebony, and used 
for buttons, combs, electrical apparatus, etc. 

Ebriety, e-bri'e-tY, n. Intoxication ; drunkenness ; 
inebriety. [F. ebriete', L. ebrietas, fr. ebrius, drunk.j 
— Ebrioslty, n. Partial intoxication ; habitual 
drinking to excess. 

Ebullient, e-buKyent, a. Boiling over, as a liquid; 
manifesting exhilaration or excitement, as of feel- 
ing. [L. ebullire, to bubble up, fr. e, out of, and 
bullire, to boil. See Boil.] — Ebullience, -yens, 
-iency, -sY, n. A boiling over. — Ebulli'tion, -lish'un, 
n. The operation of boiling; effervescence; mani- 
fest exhilaration of feeling. [OF.] 

Eburnean, e-bSr'ne-an, a. Made of ivory. [L. ebur. 
neus, fr. ebur, ivory.] — Eburna'tion, n. (Pathol.) 
A diseased condition of bone or cartilage, making 
them unnaturally dense, and like ivory. 

Ecarte\ a'kar-ta', n. A game at cards played with a 
pack from which all cards below the 7s are removed. 
[F., p. p. of icarter, to discard, fr. es (L. ex, from) 
and carte, card, q. v.] 

Ecbatic, ek-batlk, a. (Oram.) Denoting mere re- 
sult or consequence, — disting. fr. telic, which de- 
notes purpose. [Gr. ek, out, and bainein, to go.] 

Ecbolic, ek-bollk, n. Producing abortion, — said of 
medicines. [Gr. ekbole, abortion, fr. ekballein, to 
cast out.] 

Ecce-homo, ek'se-ho'mo, n. A picture representing 
the Savior given up to the people by Pilate, and 
wearing a crown of thorns. [L., Dehold the man.] 

Eccentric, ek-senlrik, -trical, a. Deviating from the 
center or from the line of a circle; pert, to eccen- 
tricity or to an eccentric; not having the same cen- 
ter,— opp. to concentric ; deviating from the usual 
course; irregular; anomalous; odd; whimsical. — 
n. A circle not having the same center as another 
partly contained within the first ; one who, or that 
which, deviates from regularity. (Astron.) The 
supposed circular orbit of a planet about the earth, 
but with the earth not in its center, in the Ptole- 
maic system. (Mech.) A wheel having its axis of 
revolution out of its center of figure, used to obtain 
a reciprocating or alternate motion from a circu- 
lar one. [OF. eccentrique, fr. LL. ecceniros, Gr. 



am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term : Yn. fee ; 5dd, tSne. 



ECCHTMOSIS 



171 



EDGE 




ek kentr os , f r. ek, 
out, and kentron, 
center.] — Eccen'- 
trically. adv. — Ec- 
centricity, -tris' i-t t , 
n. State of beinir, 
etc. ; oddity. (As- 
tron.) Distance of T 
the center of the or- Eccentric of Steam-engine, 
bit of a heavenly body from that of the body 
around which it revolves. 

Ecchymoais. ek-Y-mo'sis, n. (Med.) A livid spot 
caused by effusion of blood under the skin. [Gr., 
fr. ek, out, and cheein, to pour.] 

Ecclesiastic, ek-kle'zT-as'tik, -tical. a. Pert, to the 
church or to its organization. — Eccle'sias'tic. n. A j 
clergyman : priest. [LL. ecclesiasticus, Gr. ekklesi- ' 
astikos, pert, to the ekklesia, assembly, church, fr. ek- ! 
kalein. to call forth, summon, fr. e/t*out, and kalein, I 
to eall.] — Eccle'sias'tically, adv. — Eccle'sias'ti- 
cism, -sizm, n. Strong attachment to ecclesiastical 
observances, privileges, etc. — Eccle'sias'tea, -tez, n. 
Lit. a preacher; a book of the Old Testament.— I 
Eccle Bias'ticus, ». A book of the Apocrypha. — j 
Eccle'siarch, -zt-ark. n. A ruler of the church. [Gr. I 
archos, leader.] — Eccle'aiol'ogy, -jT, n. Science of I 
church building and decoration. [Gr. lof/os, dis- 
course.] — Eccle'siolog'ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Eccle'siol'ogist, n. One versed in, etc. 

Echelon, esh'e-lon, n. (Mil) The position of a mili- 
tary body in the form of steps, or with one division 
more advanced than another. [F., fr. ichelle, lad- 
der, scale, L. scala.] 

Echinus, e-ki'nus, «. ; pi. -Hi A hedgehog. (Zobl.) 
A sei-urchin: sea-hedgehog. (Bot.) A prickly head 
of a plant. (Arch.) A molding carved with eggs 
and anchors. [L. : Gr. echinos, hedgehog.] — Ecb/- 
inate. ek'T-nat, -nated. a. Prickly, like a hedgehog. 

— Ech'inite, n. A fossil echinus. 

Echo, ek'o, n. ; pi. -oes, -5z. A sound reflected or 
reverberated to the ear. — v. t. [echoed (-od), 
-oixg.] To reverberate or send back; to repeat with 
assent, adopt.— v. i. To be reverberated; to cause an 
echo, be attended with an echo. [L. and Gr. ; Gr. 
echos, eche, a ringing in the ears ; s. rt. Skr. vag, to 
cry, howl, L. vox, a voice, E. catechise.'] — Echom'- 
eter, n. (Mus.) A scale for measuring duration of 
6ounds, and determining their powers. [Gr. metron, 
measure.]— Echom'etry, -trT, n. Art of, etc., also 
of constructing vaults so as to produce echoes. 

Eclaircise, ek-lar'sez or -sTz, v. t. To make clear, ex- 
plain. [F. e'claircir, fr. clair, L. clams, clear, q. v.] | 

— Eclair'cissement, -sis-may or -sis-ment, n. The | 
clearing up of anvthing obscure. [F.] 

Eclat. a-kla r or e-kla', n. Brilliancy of success or ef- j 
fort ; demonstration of admiration ; applause. [F., ' 
fr. Mater, to burst forth, OF. esclater, to shine, fr. 
OHG. schlizan, to split, burst; s. rt. slit.] 

Eclectic, ek-lek'tik, a. Selecting; choosing at will. — 
n. One who follows an eclectic method in philos- 
ophy, science, religion, etc. [Gr. ek, out. and legein, 
to choose.] — Eclectic physician. One belonging to 
no recognized school, Dnt claiming to select medi- 
cines, etc., from all. — Eclec'tically, adv. — Eclec- 
ticism. -tT-sizm, ru Act. practice, or svstem. of, etc. 

Eclipse, e-klips', n. (Astron.) An interception of the 
light of the sun or moon, by 
intervention of some other 
body, either betweea it and 
the eye, or between the lumi- 
nous body, and that illumi- 
nated by it. Temporary or par- 
tial loss of brilliancy, luster, 
honor, etc. — v.t. [eclipsed 
(-klipsf). -sing.] To darken 
•r hide (a heavenly body) ; 
to obscure, darken, or extinguish the beauty, luster, 
or honor, etc., of; to throw into the shade. — v. i. To 
suffer an eclipse, become eclipsed. [OF ; L. eclipsis, 
Gr. ekleipsis, a failure, esp. of the sun's light, fr. ek 
and leipein, to leave.] — Eclip'tic. t>. (Astron.) An 
imaginary great circle of the sphere, — the apparent 
path of the sun, or real path of the earth, as seen 
from the sun. (Geog.) A great circle on the globe, 
answering to the celestial ecliptic. — a. Pert, to, or 
described by, the ecliptic; pert, to an eclipse. 

Eclogue, ek'log, n. A pastoral poem, in which shep- 
herds converse with each other; a bucolic; idyl. [F. 
eclogue, L. ecloga. pastoral poem, Gr. ekloge, a selec- 
tion, esp. of poems. See Eclectic] 

Economy, e-kon'o-mt, n. Management of domestic 



Eclipses. S, sun ; 
E, earth ; M, 
moon. 



affairs, esp. as to expense or disbursement; the 
internal, and esp. the pecuniary, management of 
any undertaking, corporation, state, etc.: system of 
rules by which iniythin;; is managed; thrifty house- 
keeping ; frugality: parsimony. [F. e'conomie, OF. 
ouxmomie, L. ozconomia, Gr. oikonomia, fr. oikono- 
mein. to manage a household, fr. oikos, house, and 
nemein, to deal out.] — E'conomie, -ical, a. Pert, to 
the household: domestic- pert, to economy or man- 
agement of pecuniary affairs, private or public ; 
saving of unnecessary expense; prudent in expen- 
diture ; managed with frugality ; pert, to the re- 
sources and wealth of a country. — Economically, 
adv. — With economy ; frugally. — Economics, ri- 
sing. Science of domestic and internal management; 
political economy. — Econ'omist, n. One who man- 
ages with frugality ; one conversant with political 
economy. — Econ'omize, v. t. [-mized (-mTzd), -miz- 
ixg.] To use with prudence, expend with frugality. 

— v. i. To manage pecuniary concerns frugally. 
Ecraseur, a-kra-zer*, n. (Surg.) An instrument, used 

instead of a knife, to sever diseased parts bv the 
tightening of a chain, without hemorrhage. [F., fr. 
icraser, to crush. — Ecrasement, a-kraz-mox', n. 
The operation of, etc. [F.] 

Ecstasy, ek'sta-sY, n. A state in which the mind i3 
carried away beyond the reach of ordinary impres- 
sions ; frenzy : excessive joy ; rapture ; insanity ; 
madness. (Pathol.) A disease accompanied by loss 
of sensibility, voluntary motion, and mental power, 
the body be"ing erect and inflexible. [OF. ecs/ase, 
LL. ecstasis, a swoon, trance, Gr. ekstasis, displace- 
ment, a trance, fr. ek and histanai, to stand.] — Ec- 
static, -ical, a. Rendering one beside one's self ; 
delightful beyond measure; rapturous. 

Ecthlipsis, ek-thlip'sis, n. (Lat. Pros.) A figure by 
which a final m, with the preceding vowel, is cut 
off before a vowel beginning the next word. [Gr., 
fr. ek and thlibein, to press.] 

Ectype, ek'tlp, n. A copv from an original; a cast in 
relief from a design. [Gr. ektupos, worked in relief, 
fr.dk and tupos, stamp, figure.] — Ec'typal, -tl-pal, 
a. Taken from the original; imitated. — Ectypog'- 
raphy, -fT, n. A process of etching, giving lines 
raised on the plate, instead of sunk. 

Ecumenic, ek-u-menlk, -leal, a. General ; universal, 

— said esp. of church councils. [LL. ozevmenicus, 
Gr. oikoumenikos, fr. oikoumene (ge), the inhabited 
(world), fr. oikein, to inhabit, oikos, house.] 

Eczema, Sk'ze-ma, n. (Med.) An eruption of mi- 
nute vesicles upon the skin, without fever. [Gr., fr. 
ek and zein, to boil.] 

Edacious, e-da'shus, a. Given to eating ; voracious ; 
devouring. [L. edajc, fr. edere, to eat.] —Edacity, 
-das'Y-tY, n. Greediness ; voracity.— Edible, -Y-bl, 
a. Fit to be eaten as food ; esculent ; eatable. — 
Edlblenesa, n. State of being edible. 

Edda, ed'da, n. One of 2 mythological books of the 
old Scandinavian tribes, containing Sagas of gods 
and heroes, —one in prose, the other in poems. [Ic, 
lit. great-grandmother (of Scandinavian poetry).] 

Eddy, edUY, n. A current of air or water running 
back, or opposite to the main current : a current 
moving circularly; whirlpool.— v. t. [eddied (-did), 
-dying.] To move as an eddy. — v. t. To collect as 
into an eddy. [Ic. and Sw. dial, idha, Dan. ide, an 
eddy. fr. Ic. Goth., and OHG. id-, AS. ed-, baek.] 

Edelweiss, a'dl-vls, -weisse, -vls'sa, n. A white flow- 
er of the Swiss Alps. [G., fr. edel, noble, and weiss, 
weisse, whiteness, purity.] 

Edematous, e-dem'a-tus, -tose, -t5s. a. Pert, to, or af- 
fected with, a serous humor. [Gr. oidema, tumor, 
fr. oidein, to swell.] 

Eden, e'dn, n. The garden where Adam and Eve first 
dwelt : a delightful region. [Heb., delight.] 

Edentate, e-den'tat, n. An animal of the sloth and 
armadillo tribes, wanting fore teeth and canines. 
[L. edentare, -tatum, to render toothless, fr. e priv. 
and dens, dentis, tooth.] — Eden'tate, -tated, -tal, 
-talous, -us, a. Destitute of teeth ; of, or pert, to, 
the sloth and armadillo tribes. 

Edge, ej, n. The thin cutting side of a blade ; that 
which cuts as an edge does ; any sharp termimating 
border ; readiness or fitness to "cut ; acrimowy : se- 
verity ; border or part adjacent to the line of divis- 
ion ; verge; skirt; brink; early part; beginning.— 
r. t. [edged (ejd), edging.] To furnish with an 
edge, sharpen ; to furnish with a fringe or border ; 
to make sharp or keen, provoke to action, urge or 
egg on ; to move by little and little. — v. i. To move 
sideways or gradually ; to sail close to the wiarL 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get 



EDIBLE 



172 



EFT 



[AS. ecg, D. egge, Ic. and Sw. egg, Dan. eg, G.ecke; 
8. rt. L. acies, Skr. agri, edge, Gr. ake, point.] — To 
set the teeth on edge. To cause a disagreeable tin- 
gling sensation in the teeth, as from contact with 
acids, or by a grating noise. — Edging, n. That 
which forms an edge or border. — Edge'wise, adv. 
In the direction of, etc. — Edge'-bone, n. A bone of 
the rump, which, in dressed beef, presents itself 
edgewise to view. — tool, n. A sharp instrument. 

Edible. See under Edacious. 

Edict, e'dikt, n. That which is proclaimed by au- 
thority ; special proclamation of command or pro- 
hibition; law; decree; manifesto. [L. edicere, edic- 
tum, to proclaim, fr. e, out, and dicere, to say.] 

Edify, ed'Y-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To instruct 
and improve in knowledge, esp. in moral and relig- 
ious knowledge. [OF. edifier, L. sedificare, to build, 
f r. sedes, a building, and facere, to make.] — Ed'ifi- 
ca'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a building 
up, esp. in a moral and religious sense. — Edifice, 
-fis, n. A building; fabric,— chiefly applied to large 
structures. [F.] — Edifi'cial, -fish'al, a. Pert, to an 
edifice. — Ed'ifi'er, n. One who builds; one who im- 
proves another by moral instruction. — E'dile, -dtl, 
n. (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman magistrate, in charge of 
buildings, highwavs, public places, etc. [L. sedilis, 
fr. sedes.] — E'dileship, n. Office of edile. 

2dit, edit, v. t. To superintend the publication of ; 
prepare for publication. [L. edere, editum, to give 
out, publish, fr. e and dare, to give.] — Editor, -er, 
n. One who edits, esp. who prepares, superintends, 
and corrects a book, newspaper, etc., for publication. 
[L.] — Edito'rial. a. Pert, to an editor. — n. An 
article by the editor of a newspaper. — Edito'rially, 
adv. In the manner or character of an editor. — 
Editorship, n. Business or office of, etc.— Edi'tion, 
-dish'un, n. The publication of a literary work ; 
number of copies published at once. 

Educate, ed'u-kat, v. t. To bring up, as a child ; to 
cultivate and discipline the powers of the mind, in- 
struct, train, indoctrinate. [L. educare, -catum, f r. 
educere, to lead forth, bring up, fr. e and ducere, to 
lead.] — Educa'tion, n. Actor process of, etc. ; tui- 
tion ; nurture; teaching; breeding. — Educational, 
a. Pert, to, etc. — Educationist, n. One versed or 
interested in, etc.— Ed'ucator, n. One who educates 
or instructs. [L.] 

Educe, e-dus', v. t. [educed (-dust'), -cing.] To 
draw forth, as if from concealment, elicit, extract. 
[L. educere, eductum. See Educate.] — E'duct, n. 
Thing brought to light by separation, analysis, or 
decomposition. — Education, n. Act of drawing out 
or bringing into view. — Educt'or, -5r, n. 

Edulcorate, e-dul'ko-rat, v. t. To render sweet, 
sweeten. (Chem.) To purify. [L. e and dulcorare, 
-atum, to sweeten, f r. dulcis, sweet.] — EduPcora'- 
tion, n. Act of edulcorating. 

Eel, el, n. A species of soft-finned, snake-like fishes. 
[AS. sel, D., Dan., and G. aal, Ic. all, Sw. al, L. anguil- 
la, Gr. engchelus, eel ; L. anguis, Gr. echis, Skr. ahi, 
snake.] — Eel'-grass. n. A grass-like marine plant. 
— pot, n. A basket or trap used for catching eels. 
— pout, n. The burbot, a fresh-water fish. 

E'en, en. A contr. for Even. 

E'er, ar. A contr. for Ever. 

Eerie, Eery, elf, a. Awe-inspiring; weird. [Scot.] 

Effable, ef'fa-bl, a. Capable of being uttered or ex- 
plained; explicable. [L. effari, to utter, fr. ex, out, 
and fan, to speak.] 

Efface, ef-fas', v. t. [-faced (-fast'), -facing.] To 
erase or scratch out, rub off, render illegible, blot 
out, obliterate, cancel ; to remove from the mind. 
[F. effacer, fr. e priv. and face, L. fades, face.] — 
Efface'ment, n. Act of, etc. 

Effect, ef-fekt', n. That produced by an agent or 
cause ; result of causation ; impression produced ; 
power to produce results ; efficiency ; consequence 
intended, pi. Goods ; movables ; personal estate. 
— v. t. To produce, as, a cause, or agent, cause to 
be; to bring to pass, accomplish, achieve. [OF.; L. 
effectus, an effect, fr. efficere, -rectum, to effect, f r. ex 
and facere, to make. See Fact.] — For effect. For 
display, or for the purpose of producing an impres- 
sion. — Effect' or, -er, n. One who, etc. ; a maker ; 
creator. — Effectlble, a. Capable of being, etc. ; 
practicable ; feasible. — Effec'tion, n. Creation or 
production. (Geom.) Construction of a proposition. 
— Effective, -iv, a. Suited or tending to, etc. ; in 
Condition to act efficiently ; efficacious ; forcible ; 
energetic. — Effectively, adv. — Effectiveness, n.— 
Effect'ual, a. Producing, or able to produce, an in- 



tended effect ; adequate ; efficient. — Effect'ually, 
adv. — Effect'ualness, v.— Effect'uate, -u-St, v. t. 
To bring to pass, achieve, accomplish. — Effica'- 
cious, -shus, a. Effectual ; powerful. [L. efficax, 
fr. efficere.'] — Effica'ciously, adv. — Efficaciousness, 
Efficacy, -sY, n. Quality of being, etc. ; virtue : 
force ; energy. — Em'cient, -fish'ent, a. Causing 
effects ; producing results ; effective ; effectual. 
[F.] — n. The producing agent or cause. — Effi- 
ciently, adv. — Effi'cience, -ciency, -fish'en-sY, n. 
Efficacy. 

Effeminate, ef-fem'Y-nat, a. Soft or delicate to an un- 
manly degree; womanish; weak; voluptuous; cow- 
ardly.—?;, t. To make womanish, unman, weaken. 
[L. effeminare, -atum, to make womanish, fr. ex and 
femina, a woman.] — Effeminately, adv. — Effem'- 
inateness, -inacy, -sY, n. Unmanly softness. 

Effendi, ef-fen'dY, n. Master; sir, — a title of a Turk- 
ish state official or one learned in the law. [Turk. 
efendi, fr. modern Gr. aphentes, Gr. authentes, a des- 
potic master, ruler. See Authentic] 

Efferent, ef'fer-ent, a. Conveying outward; discharg- 
ing. [L. efferens, p. pr. of efferere, to bear out, fr. 
e and ferre, to bear.] 

Effervesce, ef'fer-ves', v. i. [-vesced (-vest'), -ves- 
cing.] To be in a state of natural ebullition; to bub- 
ble and hiss; to exhibit feelings that cannot be re- 
pressed. [L. effervescere, fr. ex and fervescere, to be- 
gin boiling, fr. fervere, to boil.] — Efferves'cent, 
-sent, a. Gently boiling or bubbling, by disengage- 
ment of gas. — Efferves'cence, -cency, -sen-sY, n. 
Act of, etc. — Efferves'cible, -sY-bl, a. Having the 
quality of, etc.; capable of producing effervescence. 

Effete, ef-fet', a. No longer capable of producing 
young; of worn-out energy; barren; worn out with 
age or excessive indulgence. [L. effetus, effostus, fr. 
ex and fetus, q. v.] 

Efficacious, Efficient, etc. See under Effect. 

Effigy, ef'fY-jY, Effigies, -fij'I-ez, n. Image of any 
person or thing; likeness in sculpture, painting, etc. ; 
impression on a coin representing the prince by 
whom it was issued. [L. effigies, fr. effingere, to form, 
fr. ex and fingere, to form.] — To burn or hang in 
effigy- To burn or hang an image of the person in- 
tended to be disgraced. 

Effloresce, ef-flo-res', v. i. [-eesced (-rest'), -res- 
cind.] (Chem.) To change over the surface, or 
throughout, to a powder; to become covered with a 
whitish crust or light crystallization. [L. efflores- 
cere, fr. ex and florescere, to begin to blossom, fr. 
florere, to blossom, fr. flos, a nower.] — Efflores'- 
cence, -cency, -sen-sT, n. (Bot.) Time of flowering. 
(Med.) Eruption, as in rash, measles, small pox, etc. 
(Chem.') Formation of powder on the surface of 
efflorescing bodies, as salts, etc.; powder or crust 
thus formed. — Efflores'cent, -sent, a. Liable to 
effloresce; covered with efflorescence. 

Effluent, ef'flu-ent, a. Flowing out. [L. ex and ftu- 
ere,fluxum, to flow.] — Effluence, -ency, -en-sT, n. 
A flowing out; that which issues; effluvium; efflux; 
emanation. — Efftu'vium, n. ; pi. -via, -vt-a. Subtile 
or invisible emanation ; esp. noisome or noxious 
exhalation. [L.] — Efflux, -fluxion, n. Act or state 
of, or that which, etc.; emanation; effluence. 

Effort, ef 'fgrt, ». An exertion of power, physical or 
mental; endeavor; struggle; attempt; trial; essay. 
[F. efforcer, to endeavor, fr. OF. force, LL. fortia, 
strength. See Force.] 

Effrontery, ef-frunt'Sr-Y, n. Excessive assurance ; 
shamelessness. [OF. effronterie, impudently, fr. L. 
ex and frons,frontis, forehead. See Affront.] 

Effulgent, ef-ful'jent, a. Diffusing a flood of light; 
shining; splendid. [L. ex and fulgere, to shine.] — 
Efful'gently, adv. — Efful'gence, -jens, n. State of 
being, etc.; extreme brilliancy. 

Effuse, ef-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To 
pour out, as a fluid, spill, shed. 
— v. i. To emanate, issue.— a. 
(Bot.) Spreading loosely, esp. 
on one side. [L. ex and fun- 
dere, fusum, to pour.] — Effu'- 
sion, -zhun, n. Act of pouring 
out ; thing poured out. (Pa- 
thol.) Escape of a fluid out of 
its natural vessel into another 
part ; secretion of fluids from 
the vessels, as of lymph or se- Effuse Brancii. 
rum, on different surfaces. — Effu'sive, -siv, a. 
Pouring forth largely. — Effu'sively, adv. — Effu'- 
siveness, n. 

Eft, eft, n. A salamander or newt. [AS. efete, prob. 




fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, ice ; 8dd tone, 6r ; 



E. G-. 



173 



ELD 



8. rt. Gr. ophis, serpent, Skr. apada, reptile, fr. a 
priv. and pad, foot. J 

E. g. or Ex. gr. Contr. for Exempli gratia, q. v. 
under Example. 

Egad, e-gad'. interj. An exclamation of exultation or 
surprise. [Prob. corrupt, of the oath " by God."] 

Egg, eg, n. A body produced by a female animal, 
within which, when impregnated, the embryo of a 
new individual is developed: eggs of oviparous ani- 
mals contain a supply of nourishment for the em- 
bryo, and are usually inclosed in a spheroidal shell. 
Anything egg-shaped [AS. and Dan. seg. D. and 
G. ei, Ic. egg, Sw. agg, Ir. ugh, W. wy, L. ovum, Gr. 
oon.] — Egg-nog', n. A drink consisting of eggs 
beaten up with sugar, milk, and wine or spirits. — 
Egg'-plant, n. A plant allied to the tomato, bearing 
e»g-shaped eatable fruit. 

Egg, eg, v. t. [egged (egd), egging.] To urge on; 
instigate. [Ic" eggja, to goad, fr. egg, edge, q. v.] 

Eglantine, eglan-tin or -tTn, n. A species of rose; 
sweet-brier. [F.; OF. aiglantine, as if fr. LL. acu- 
lentus, prickly, fr. L. aculeus, dim. of acus, needle.] 

Egoism, e'go-izm, n. (Philos.) Subjective idealism. 
An excessive love of self; selfishness. [F. ego'isme, 
f r. L. ego, I.] — E'goist, n. A follower or Descartes 
or Fichte; believer in the doctrine of subjective 
idealism ; one given to egotism. [F. egoiste.] — E'go- 
tism, -tizm, n. Practice of too frequently using the 
word I; self-praise ; self-commendation ; conceit; 
vanity. — E'gotist, n. One who, etc. — Egotistic, 
-ical. a. Addicted to, manifesting, or pert to ego- 
tism; vain; self-important; opinionated. 
v. i. [-tized (-ttzd), -tizing.J To commit, etc. 

Egregious, e-gre'jus, a. Disting. fr. common men or 
actions, — generally in a bad sense; extraordinary; 
monstrous: precious. [L. egregius, lit. chosen out of 
the flock, fr. e and grex, gregis, flock.] — Egre'- 
giously, adv. Greatly; remarkably; shamefully. 

Egress, e'gres, n. Act of going out or leaving; power 
to leave; departure. [L. egredi, egressum, to go out, 
fr. e and gradi, to step, go.] — Egres'sion, -gresh'un, 
n. Act of going out; egress. 

Egret, e'gret, n. (Ornith.) The lesser white heron. 
A heron's feather. (Pot.) The flying, feathery, or 
hairy crown of seeds, as down of the thistle. (Zobl.) 
A kind of ape. [F. aigrette, OF. hairon, Ic. hegri, 
AS. higere,a. heron.] — Egrette', -gret r , n. A tuft 
of feathers, diamonds, etc. ; an ornament of ribbons. 
[See Aigeet.] 

Egyptian, e-jip'shun, a. Pert, to Egypt, in Africa.— 
n. A native of Egypt; a gypsy, — supposed to have 
originated in Egypt. — Egyptol'ogy, -ol'o-jl, n. Sci- 
ence of, or a treatise on, Egyptian antiquities. — 
Egyptol'ogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. 

Eh, e, interj. An expression of inquiry or slight sur- 
prise. [AS. se, ea, D. he, G. ei.] 

Eider, i'der, E.-dnck, «. A sea-duck, which breeds in 
remote northern regions, 
and produces fine down. 
[Ic. sedhr, Sw. eider, Dan. 
ederfugl.'] — Ei'der-down, 
n. Down of the eider-duck. 

Eldograph, i'do-graf, n. An 
instrument for copying 
drawings on the same or a 
different scale. [Gr. eidos, 
form, and graphein, to 
draw. 

Eight, at, a. Twice 4 in number. — n. The number 
greater by a unit than 7; the sum of 4 and 4; a sym- 
bol representing eight units, as 8 or viii. [AS. eahta, 
D. and G. acht, Ic. and Sw. atta, Ir. ocht, L. octo, 
Gr.okto, Skr. ashtan.'] — Eighth, atth, a. Next in 
order after the 7th; consisting of 
one of 8 equal parts into which \ r A W 
anything is divided. — n. One I J I I . 

of 8 equal parts; an eighth part. 4 ~ 9 * 
(Mus.) The interval of an octave. Fio . ht u Kr n ^ a 
[AS. eahtodha.]- Eighth note. El S hth Notes - 
(Mus.) The 8th part of a whole note, or semibreve; 
a quaver. — Eighthly, adv. In the 8th place. — 
Eighteen, at'en, a. Twice 9 in number. — w. The 
number greater by a unit than 17; sum of 10 and 8; a 
symbol representing eighteen units, as 18 or xviii. 
[AS. eahtatyne.] — Eighteenth, -enth, a. Next in 
order after the 17th; consisting of one of 18 equal 
parts into which any thing is divided, — n. One of 
18 equal parts; the 8th after the 10th. — Eighty, aft, 
a. Eight times ten; fourscore. — n. The sum of 8 




Eider-duck. 



times 10; symbol representing eighty units, 
lxxx. [AS. eahtatig.] — Eightieth, -f-eth, a. 



The 



next in order after the 70th; consisting of one of 80 
equal parts into which anything is divided. 

Eisteddfod, ls-teth'vod, n. The Welsh national con- 
gress of bards, etc. [W., session; eistedd, to sit.] 

Either, either or i'ther (analogy and the best usage 
favoring e'ther), a. or pron. One or the other, — 
properly of 2 things; each of two, the one and the 
other. — conj. Either is always correlative to or, 
and precedes it, indicating the first of certain things, 
any one of which is true, is to be done, etc. [ME. 
either, eyther, aither, ay t her, AS. aegther, contr. fr. 
seghwsether (fr. a, aye, ever, ge- prefix, and hwaether, 
whether), D. ieder^ OHG. eoweaar, G.jeder.~\ 

Ejaculate, e-jak'u-lat, v. t. To throw out, as an ex- 
clamation. — v. i. To utter ejaculations. [L. ejac- 
ulari, -latum, fr. c and jaculari, to throw, fr. jacu- 
lum, javelin, dart, fr. jacere^ to throw.] — Ejac'ula'- 
tion, n. Uttering of a short, sudden exclamation or 
prayer ; exclamation or prayer uttered. {Med.) 
Emission of semen. — Ejac'ulatory, -to-rT, a. Cast- 
ing or throwing out: suddenly darted out; uttered 
in short sentences. — Eject, -jekt', v. t. To throw out, 
cast forth; to drive away, expel violentlv, or with 
disgrace; to dispossess, as of land, dwellings, etc. 
[L. ejicere, ejectum, fr. e and jacere. ] — Ejec'tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ejecfment, n. Ex- 
pulsion; ejection. {Law.) A species of mixed ac- 
tion, which lies for recovery of possession of real 
property, and damages and costs for unlawful de- 
tention of it. — Eject 'or, n. (Law.) One who ejects, 
or dispossesses another of his land. 

Eke, ek, v. t. [eked (ekt), eking.] To increase, en- 
large, extend; to supply what is scanty, prolong, — 
generally with out. — adv. In addition; also; like- 
wise. [AS. ecaw, Ic. auka, L. augere, to augment; 
AS. eac, Ic. auk, Sw. och, Dan. og, and, also.] 

Elaborate, e-lab'o-rat, v. t. To produce with labor; 
perfect with painstaking. — a. Wrought with labor; 
highly finished. [L. e and laborare, -atum, to labor, 
fr. labor.] — Elaborately, adv. — Elab'ora'tion, n. 
Act or process of producing with labor; state of be- 
ing so produced. (Physiol.) Natural process of for- 
mation or assimilation, performed by living organs 
in animals and vegetables. — Elab'orative, -tiv, a. 
Serving or tendingto elaborate.— Elab'ora'tor, n. 

Elaine, e-la'in, n. The liquid principle of oils and 
fats. [Gr. elaia, olive tree, elaion, olive oil.] 

Elan, a-laN', n. Ardor; zeal, from passion; enthusi- 
asm ; brilliancy and glow, from emotional excite- 
ment; dash. [F., fr. 4lancer, to dart, lancer, to hurl.] 

Eland, eland, n. The largest species of S. African 
antelope; the Cape elk. [D.] 

Elapse, e-laps r , v. i. [elapsed (-lapsf), elapsing.] 
To slide, slip, or glide by; to pass away silently, as 
time. [L. elabi, elapsus, fr. e and labi, to fall, slide.] 

Elastic, e-las'tik, a. Springing back; having the in- 
herent property of recovering its former figure ; 
springy; readily returning to a previous condition, 
after heing depressed or overtaxed. [Gr. elaunein, 
to drive; s. rt. L. alacer, brisk.] — Elasticity, -tis' r - 
T-tl, n. Quality of, etc.; rebound; power of resistance 
to, or recovery from, depression or overwork. 

Elate, e-laf, a. Lifted up; elevated; having the spirits 
raised by success or hope ; flushed with confidence ; 
puffed up; proud; swelling. — v. t. To exalt the 
spirit of, elevate or flush with success. [L. elatus, p. 
p. of efferre, to carry out, but for tlatus ; s. rt. tollere, 
to lift/) — Ela'tion, n. Inflation of mind; self-esteem 
or pride, resulting from success. 

Elbow, eKbo, n. The joint connecting arm and fore- 
arm; any flexure or angle, esp. if obtuse, as of a 
wall, building, etc. ; also an angular or jointed part 
of any structure. — v. t. [elbowed (el'bod), -bow- 
ing.] To push with the elbow, as when one pushes 
by another.— v. i. To jut into an angle, project; to 

fiush rudely along, iostle. [AS. elboga.t). elleboog, 
c. alnbogi, G. eltenbogen ; fr. AS. el (L. ulna, Gr. 
olene), elbow, and boga, a bending, bow; Skr. aratni, 
elbow.] — At the elbow. At hand; near. — Out at e. 
Ragged; shabby; in reduced circumstances. — E. 
grease. Energy; vigorous and continued labor.— 
EKbow-chair, n. A chair with arms to support the 
elbows; arm-chair. — room, n. Room to extend the 
elbows; room for motion or action. 
Eld, eld, n. Old age; old people; old times; antiquity. 
[AS. yldo, sell, eld, f r. eald, old; Ic. old, an age, alar, 
old people.] — Eld'er, a. Older; more advanced in 
age; prior, as in origin, —n. One who is older; a 
senior; an ancestor; predecessor; one who, on ac- 
count of age, acts as ruler or judge; one occupying 
an office requiring experience and dignity. [A5T 



sun, ctibe, full ; moon. fo"&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boNbox, chair, get. 



ELDER 



174 



ELEMENT 



pldra, compar. of eald ; ealdor, elder, prince, eld- 
ran, parents.] — Eld'erly, -It, a. Somewhat old. — 
Eld'ership, n. Seniority; office of elder. — Eld'est, 
a. Oldest. [AS. yldesta.] 

Elder, eld'er, n. A genus of plants having broad um- 
bels of white flowers and dark red berries. [AS. 
ellen.T.G. elloorn ; perh. same as alder .] — E.-flow'er, 
n. Flowers of two species of elder, dried, for fla- 
voring sweet wines. 

El Dorado, el-do-ra/do. A fabulous region in S. Amer. 
supposed to be immensely rich in gold, gems, etc.; 
any country abounding in treasure. [Sp., the golden 
region; el, the, and dorado, p. p. of dorare, to gild.] 

Eleatic, e-le-at'ik, a. Pert, to a sect of philosophers, 
so called fr. Elea, or Velia, in Italy.— n. One of, etc. 

Elecampane, ePe-kam-pan', n. A plant whose root 
has a pungent taste, and was used as a stomachic; a 
sweetmeat from the root. [Abbr. fr. F. enule-cam- 
pane, L. inula campana— inula, name of the plant, 
campana, growing in the field, fr. campus, field.J 

Elect, e-lekf, v. t. To pick out, make choice of; to 
select for office or employment, select by vote, 
choese, prefer, appoint. (theol.) To designate as 
an object of mercy or favor. —a. Chosen; taken 
by preference. (Theol.) Set apart to eternal life. 
Chosen, but not invested with office. — n. One 



chosen or set apart, pi. (Theol.) Those chosen 
for salvation. [L. eligere, electum, fr. e and legere, 
to gather, choose.] — Elect'icism, -T-sizm, n. Eclec- 



ticism.— Election, n. Act of choosing; choice; act 
of choosing one to fill an office; power of choosing; 
free will ; discriminating choice ; discernment. 
(Theol.) Predetermination of individuals as ob- 
jects of mercy and salvation. Those elected. [OF.] 
— Elec'tioneeV, -er', v. i. [-eered (-ei-d'), -eer- 
ing.] To use influence, argument, or arts for se- 
curing the election of a candidate. — Elect'ive, -iv, 
a. Exerting the power of choice; making selection; 
pert, to, consisting in, or dependent on, choice ; be- 
stowed by election. — Elective affinity, or attraction, 
(Chem.) Tendency to unite with certain things 
rather than witli others. — Elecfively, adv. By 
choice or preference. — Elect 'or, -er, n. One who 
elects, or has right of choice; one entitled to vote 
in favor of a candidate for office, or legally qualified 
to vote; one of the princes of Germany formerly 
entitled to choose the emperor; one chosen, by vote 
of the people in the II. S., to elect a president and 
vice-president. — Elecfress, n. The wife or widow 
of a German elector. — Elect'oral, -Sr-al, a. Pert, 
to, or consisting of, electors. — Electorate, -er-at, 
n. Dignity of an elector ; electorship ; territory of 
an elector. — Eligible, -jY-bl, a. Legally qualified; 
worthy to be chosen; desirable; oreferable. [F., fr. 
L. eligere.]- Eligibly, -b\X,.adv. Suitably. — El- 
igibleness, -bil'ity, -tl, n. — Elite, a-lef, n. A choice 
o r sel ect body; best part of anything. [F.] 
Electrum, e-lek'trum, n. Amber; an amber-colored 
alloy of gold and silver used by the ancients; Ger- 
man silver plate. [L.; Gr. elektron, amber, which 
has electric powers when rubbed.] — Elec'tric, -tric- 
a! a. Pert, to, occasioned by, derived from, or con- 
taining, electricity ; capable of occasioning elec- 
trical phenomena. —Elec'tric, n. A non-conductor 
of electricity. — Elec'trically, adv. In the manner, 
or by means of, etc. — Electrician, -trish'an, n. 
One versed in the science of, etc. —Electric Ity, 
-tris'Y-tY, n. A subtle agent or power in nature, 
evolved in any disturbance of molecular equilib- 
rium, whether from chemical, physical, or mechan- 
ical cause ; science of the phenomena of the electric 
fluid. — Elec'trifi'able, a. Capable of receiving, or 
of being charged with, etc. — Elec'trify, -fl, v. t. 
[-fied (-fid), -FYiNG.] To charge with electricity; 
to give an electric shock to; to excite suddenly; to 
surprise, esp. by something pleasing or inspiriting. 
[L. facere, to make.] — Elec'trize, v. t. [-trized 
(-trizd), -trizing.] To electrify. — Elec'tro-biol'- 
ogy, -bi-oKo-jY, n. That phase of mesmerism in 
which the actions, feelings, etc., of a mesmerized 
person are supposed to be controlled by the will of 
the operator; science of the electrical currents de- 
veloped in living organisms. [E. biology, q. v.] — 
Elec'tro-chemlstry, n. Science of the agency of 
electricity in effecting chemical changes. — Elec''- 
trode, -trod, n. Either of the so-called poles of the 
voltaic circle. [Gr. hodos } a way, path.] — Elec'tro- 
gild'ing, n. Process of gilding copper, etc., by vol- 
taic electricity. — Electrol'ogy, -jY, n. Science of 
the phenomena of electricity and its properties. 
[Gr. logos, discourse .] — Electrol'ysis, - Y-sis, n. Act 



or process of chemical decomposition, by the action 
of electricity, or galvanism. [Gr. lusis, a dissolving, 
fr. luein, to loose, dissolve.] — Electrolyte, -lit, n. 
A compound decomposable, or subjected to decom- 

Eosition, by an electric current. [Gr. lutos, dissotn- 
le.] — Elec'trolyze, -Hz, v. t. [-lyzed (-lizd), -lyz- 
ing.] To decompose by direct action of eh ctricity 
or galvanism. [Gr. luein, to dissolve.] — Elec'tro- 
mag'net, n. A mass of soft iron, rendr ed tem- 
porarily magnetic by a surrounding coil of wire 
through which a current of electricity is passing. — 
Elec'tro-magnefic, a. Pert, to magnetis-n;, us con- 
nected with electricity, or affected by it. — Elec'tro- 
mag'netism, n. Science of the development ui mag- 
netism by voltaic electricity, and of the cu, rents 
evolved.— Electrom'eter, n. An instnnni-.it for 
measuring the quantity or intensity of electricity, 
or which indicates its presence. [Gr. rneti on, meas- 
ure.] — Elec'tro-mo'tor, n. Apparatus for genera- 
ting a current of electricity. — Elec'tro-mus'cular, a. 
Pert, to the reaction of the muscles under, or their 
sensibility to, etc. — Elec'tro-neg'ative, -tiv, a. Hav- 
ing the property of being attracted by an electro- 
positive body, or a tendency to pass to the positive 
pole in electrolysis.— n. A body which, etc.— 
Elec'trophone, -fon, n. An instrument for procur- 
ing sound by means of electric currents. [Gr. 
phone, sound.]— Elec'trc-pos'itive, a. Of such a 
nature relatively to associated bodies, as to tend to 
the negative pole of a voltaic battery, while the a& 
sociated body tends to the positive pole. — Elec'tro- 
scope,-skop, n. An instrument for detecting changes 
in the electric state of bodies, or the species of elec- 
tricity present. [Gr. skopein, to see.] — Elec'trc-ther'- 
apeu'tics, -ther'a-pu'tiks, n. Science of the appli- 
cation of electricity as a curative agent.— Electro- 
type, -tip, n. A plate faced ( by electric deposition) 
with a shell of copper, silver, etc.. and backed with 
type-metal, presenting a facsimile of an engraving, 
page of type, etc. - v. t. [-typed f-tlpt), -typing.] 
To take capies of by electrotypy. [Gr. tunos, an im- 
pression, f r. tuptein, to strike.] — Elec'trotyp'er, n.— 
Elec'trotyp'y, -Y, n. Process of making electrotypes. 

Electuary, e-lekfu-a-rY, n. A medicine composed of 
powders, made up into a confection. [OF. lectuaire, 
electuaire, L. electuarium, fr. elvigere, Gr. ekleichein, 
to lick away, fr. ek and leichein, to lick.] 

Eleemosynary, el-e-mos'Y-na-rY, a. Pert, to, or in- 
tended for the distribution of, charity; given in, or 
founded or supported by, charity. — n. One who 
subsists on charity. [LL. eleewosynarvus, an almoner, 
fr. Gr. eleemosune, alms. See Alms.] 

Elegant, el'e-gant, a. Pleasing by grace and beauty; 
polished; graceful: refined; exercising a nice choice. 
[OF.; L. elegans, fr. e and legere, to choose, select.] 
— EFegantly, adv. — EKegance, -gans, -gancy, -sY, 
w. State or quality of being elegant ; grace ; that 
which is elegant. 

Elegy, eKe-jY, n. A mournful or plaintive poem; fu- 
nereal song. [OF. elegie, L. elegia, Gr. elegeia, fr. 
elegos, a lament, a poem in distichs, perh. fr. las- 
kein,to scream.] — Elegiac, e-le'jY-ak or el-e-ji'ak, 
a. Pert, to elegy, or written in elegiacs; used in 
elegies. — n. Elegiac verse. — Elegracal, a. Ele- 
giac. — El'egist, n. A writer of, etc. — El'egize, 
-jiz, v. t. To lament in an elegy; celebrate in ele- 
giac verse; bewail. 

Element, el'e-ment. n. One of the simplest or essen- 
tial parts of which anything consists; one of the ul- 
timate, undecomposable constituents of matter ; a 
simple portion of that which is complex; one of the 
essential ingredients of any mixture; one out of 
several parts combined in a system or aggregation. 
(Anat.) One of the smallest natural divisions of 
the organism. (Math.) An infinitesimal part of any- 
thing of the same nature as the entire magnitude 
considered. One of the necessary data upon which 
a calculation depends, pi. The fundamental prin- 
ciples of any system in philosophy, science, or art; 
rudiments. That which ancient philosophy sup- 
posed to be simple and undecomposable, as the 4 so- 
called elements, — air, earth, water, and fire ; state 
natural to anything, or suited for its existence, pi. 
(Eccl.) The bread and wine in the eucharist. [OF.; 
L. elementum, a first principle, perh. fr. alere, to 
nourish.] — Element'al, a. Pert, to the elements, 
first principles, and primary ingredients, or to the 
4 supposed material elements ; pert, to first prin- 
ciples ; rudimentary. — Elementally, adv. — Ele- 
menfary, -rY, a. Having only one principle or 
constituent part; pert, to the elements, rudiments, 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term : 



Tee ; odd, tone, 6r ; 



ELENGH 



175 



ELTJL 




etc.; treating of first principles of a science or art; 
simple; uncombined; initial: introductory. 

Elencn, e-lenk', n. {Logic.) That part of an argument 
on which its conclusiveness depends; a vicious and 
fallacious argument adapted to deceive ; sophism. 
[L. elenchiis, Gr. elengchos, fr. elengchein, to confute, 
prove.] — Elencb/ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Elephant. eKe-i'ant, n. A pachydermatous quadruped 
of India or Africa, hav- 
ing a trunk or prehen- 
sile proboscis and 2 ivo- 
ry tusks. — the largest 
land animal now liv- 
ing. [OF. olifant, ele- 
phant, L. and Gr. ele- 
phas, elephant, Heb. 
eleph, aleph, ox, AS. 
olfend, camel.] — Ele- 
phant paper. Drawing 
paper of large size, be- 
ing 28 bv 23 inches.— Pipnhnnt 
Elephantine, -tine, a. Elephant. 
Pert, to or like, etc.: huge; immense.— EFephanti"'- 
asis, n. {Med.) One of several skin diseases, attended 
with destruction o^ deformitv of the part affected. 
[L. and Gr.. — the skin resembling an elephant's.] 

Eleusinian, el-u-sin'f-an, a. Pert, to Eleusis, in 
Greece, or to_secret rites of Ceres, there celebrated. 

Elevate, eKe-vat, v. t. To lift to a higher place, raise, 
exalt: to animate, cheer ; to ennoble, dignify; to 
raise to a higher pitch or greater degree of loudness; 
to intoxicate slightly; to lighten, lessen by detrac- 
tion-, diminish. — a. Elevated ; raised aloft., [L. 
elevare, -atum, fr. e and levare, to make light, lift, 
fr. lev is, light.] — Eleva'tion, n. Act of, or condi- 
tion of being, etc. ; an elevated place. {Astron.) 
Altitude. (Gunnery.) Angle between the line of 
direction of a gun and the plane of the horizon. 
(Arch.) View of a machine, building, etc., drawn 
to scale, and without regard to perspective. — EK- 
eva'tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, elevates; 
esp. a contrivance for lifting persons, also goods, 
grain, etc., to an upper floor; abuilding containing 
elevators for grain. {Anat.) A muscle which raises 
a part of the body. {Surg.) An instrument for rais- 
ing a depressed portion of a bone. — Sieve, a-lav', n. 
One brought up by another ; a pupil; disciple. [F., 
fr. e'lever, L. elevare, to bring up, educate.] 

Eleven, e-lev'n, a. Ten and one added.— n. The 
sum of 10 and 1; a symbol representing eleven units, 
as 11 or xi. ; the players on one side in a game of 
cricket, 11 in number. [AS. endlufon {en = an, one), 
D. and G. elf, Ic. ellifu, Dan. elleve, Sw. elfva.'] — 
Elev'enth, -nth, a. Next after the 10th : constitu- 
ting one of 11 parts into which a thing is divided.— 
n. One of 11 equal parts. 

Elf, elf, Elve, elv, n. ; pi. Elves, elvz. A diminutive 
spirit, supposed to haunt desert places, and delight 
in mischievous tricks. — v. t. To entangle. [AS. 
self, Ic. alfr, Dan. and Sw. alf, OHG. alp, G. elf] — 
Elf'in, a. Pert, to, etc.— n. A little elf; sprite; 
urchin.— Elf ish, Elv'ish, a. Elf -like ; mischiev- 
ous. — Elf-ar'row, n. A flint shaped like an arrow- 
head, vulgarly supposed to be shot by fairies.— 
-lock, n. Hair knotted, as if the work of fairies. 

Elicit, e-hVit, v. t. To draw out, bring to light. [L. 
elicere, elicitum, fr. e and lacere, to entice, allure.] 

Elide, e-Hd', v. t. {Oram.) To cut off or suppress, 
as a syllable. [L. elidere, elisum, fr. e and Isedere, to 
dash against.] — EUs'ion, -lizh'un, n. The cutting 
off, for the sake of meter or euphonv, of a vowel or 
syllable, esp. a vowel at the end of a word before 
another,vowel in the following line. 

Eligible, Elite. See under Elect. 

Eliminate, e-lim'T-nat, v. t. {Alg.) To cause to dis- 
appear from an equation. To set aside as unim- 
portant in a process of inductive inquiry; to leave 
out of consideration ; to obtain by separating, as 
from foreign matters; to deduce, inter. [L. ?Km- 
inare, -atum, f r. e and limen, threshold.] — Elim'- 
ina'tion, n. Act of expelling or throwing off. 
{Alg.) The causing a quantity to disappear from an 
equation. The obtaining by separation; deduction. 

Elixir, e-liks'er, n. {3fed.) A compound tincture or 
medicine. {Alchemy.) A liquor for transmuting 
metals into gold. The refined spirit, or quintessence ; 
cordial or invigorating substance. [Ar. el (the) iksir, 
philosopher's stone.] 

Elizabethan, e-liz'a-beth'an, a. Pert, to Queen Eliza- 
beth, her times, or the architecture then prevalent. 

Elk, elk, n. A large monogamous European deer, with 




palmate antlers, allied to the Amer. moose; a large 
polygamous Amer. deer, with branching antlers, a 
congener of the European red deer. [Ic. elgr, Sw. 
elg, MHG. elch, L. alces, Gr. alke.) 

Ell, el, n. A measure of length, chiefly for cloth: the 
English ell is 45 inches ; the Flemish, 27; Scotch, 
37.2; French, 54. [AS. eln, D. and G. elle, Ic. alin, 
Sw. aln, D. alen, ell, cubit; L. ulna, elbow, cubit, 
Gr. olene, elbow, q. v.] 

Ellipse, el-lips', n. {Geom.) An oval figure bounded 
by a regular curve, — the section of a 
cone by a plane passing obliquely 
through its opposite sides. — Ellip/- 
sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. {Gram.) Omis- 
sion ; a figure of syntax, by which 
words are omitted. [L. ellipsis, Gr. ElHnse 
elleipsis, defect, fr. en, in, and leipein, v * 

to leave, — the inclination of the ellipse being in- 
ferior to that of the side of the cone.] — Ellip'soid, 
-soid, n. {Geom.) A solid, all plane sections of 
which are ellipses or circles. [Gr. eidos, form.] — 
Ellipsoid'' al, a. Pert, to or like an ellipsoid. — El- 
liptic, -tical, a. Pert, to or like an ellipse; having 
a part omitted; defective. — Ellip'tically, adv. Ac- 
cording to the form of an ellipse. ( Gram.) With a 
part omitted. — Elliptic'lty, -tis'Y-tT, n. Deviation 
from the form of a circle or sphere. 

Elm, elm, n. A tree of several species. [AS.; D. ohm, 
Sw. aim, Ic. almr, G. ulme, orig. 
elme, L. ulmus.] 

Elocution, el-o-ku'shun, n. Mode 
of delivery of anything spoken, 
esp. of a public discourse. [L. 
elocutio, fr. e and loqui, locutvs, to 
speak.] — Elocu'tionary, -a-rT, a. 
Pert, to elocution. — Elocu'tion- 
ist, n. One versed in, or a teacher 
of, etc. — El'oquent, -kwent, a. 
Able to express strong emotions ! 
in an elevated and effective man- ' 
ner; adapted to express emotion VXxn 

with fluency and power. [F., fr. 
L. eloqui.] — EFoquently, adv.— El'oqaence, -kwens, 
n. Expression of, etc.; what is eloquently said or 

, written: oratory; rhetoric; persuasive speech. 

Eloge, a'lozh, n. A funeral oration; panegyric on the 
dead. [F., fr. L. elogium, a short saying, inscription 
on a tombstone, f r. Gr. logos, speech.] 

Elohistic, el-o-hisfik, a. Pert, to Elohim, — said of 
passages in the Old Testament, where Elohim is 
used instead of Jehovah, as the name of the Supreme 
Being. [Heb. elohim, one of the names of God.] 

Elongate, e-lon'gat, a. Drawn out at length. — v. t. 
To lengthen, extend, stretch out. [LL. elongare, 
-gatum, fr. L. longus, long.] — Elonga'tion, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc.; protraction; extension; that 
which lengthens out ; removal to a distance; de- 
parture; intervening space. (Astron.) Angular dis- 
tance of a planet from the sun. {Surg.) Lengthen- 
ing of a limb from disease or injury, or in reducing 
a fractured bone, etc. 

Elope, e-lop', v. i. [eloped (-lopf), eloping.] To 
run away, or escape privately, — said esp. of a 
woman, who runs away with a "lover. [D. ontloopen, 
to escape, fr. ont- {= G. ent-, AS. and-, Gr. anti-, in 
opposition to) and loopen, to run ; s. rt. leap.) — 
Elope'ment, n. Secret departure. 

Eloquence, etc. See under Elocution". 

Else, els, a. Stpron. Other; one or something beside. 
— adv. & conj. Beside ; except that mentioned ; 
otherwise; if the facts were different. [AS. elles, 
otherwise, gen. of el, other ; Goth, aljis, fr. alis, 
other, L. alias, f r. alius.'] — Else'where, -hwar, adv. 
In any other placej in other places indefinitely. 

Elucidate, e-lu'si-dat, v. t. To make clear or mani- 
fest, explain, illustrate. [LL. elucidare, -datum, 
f :•. L. lucidus, clear.] — Elu'cida'tion^ n. Act of, or 
that which, etc. ; explanation ; exposition ; illustra- 
tion. — Elu'cida'tive, a. Making, or tending to 
make, clear. — Elu'cida'tor, -ter, n. One who ex- 
plains; an expositor. 

Elude, e-lud', v. t. To avoid by artifice, stratagem, 
ordexterity; to remain unexplained or undiscovered 
by ; to evade, escape, shun, mock. [L. e and lutlere, 
lusum, to play.]— Elud'ible, a. — Elu'sion, -zhun, n. 
Escape by artifice or deception; evasion. — Elu'sive, 
-siv, -sory, -so-rT, a. Tending to elude ; evasive j 
fallacious ; deceitful. — Elu'soriness, n. 

Erul, e'lul, n. The 6th month of the Israelitish eccl. 
year — parts of August and September. [Heb. alalt 
to harvest.] 



sun, cube, full ; moon, 



; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



ELUTRIATE 



176 



EMBRACE 



Elutriate, e-lu'trY-at, v. t. To purify by washing. 
[L. elutriare, -atum, fr. eluere, to wash.] 

Elve, Elvish. See under Elf. 

Elysium, e-lizh'T-um, n. ; E. pi. -iums, -Y-umz, L. pi. 
-ia, -Y-a. (Myth.) The abode of the blessed after 
death ; any delightful place. [L. ; Gr. Elusion, for 
E. pedion, the Elysian field.] — Elys'ian, -Y-an, a. 
Pert, to, etc. ; blissful. 

Elytron, el'Y-tron, -trum, -trum, n. ; pi. -tra, -tra. 
(Entom.) A wing-sheath or outer wing of a beetle. 
[Gr. elutron, fr. eleuein, to roll round.] 

Em, em, n. (Print.) The space occupied by the letter 
m when a square type, used as a unit for measuring 
printed matter. 

Emaciate, e-ma'shY-at, v. i. To lose flesh gradually, 
waste away.— v. t. To cause to lose flesh gradu- 
ally. — a. Emaciated. [L. emaciare, -atum, fr. e and 
macies, leanness, macer, lean.] — Ema'cia'tion, n. 
Condition of becoming, or state of being, etc. 

Emanate, em'a-nat, v. i. To issue forth from a 
source ; proceed, as a fountain, take origin, flow, 
arise, spring. [L. emanare, -natum, it. e and manare, 
to flow ; s. rt. madere, to be moist.] — Emana'tion, 
n. Act of, or thing which, etc.; effluvium ; efflux. 
— Em'anant, a. Emanating ; passing forth into an 
act; making itself apparent by an effect. 

Emancipate, e-man'sY-pat, v. t. To set free from 
servitude voluntarily; to liberate; to free from any- 
thing exerting undue or evil influence. — a. Set at 
liberty. [L. e and mancipare, -patum, to transfer 
ownership in, fr. manceps, one who buys (lit. takes 
in hand) property, fr. manus, hand, and capere, to 
take.] — Eman'cipa'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. ; liberation; release; f reedom. — Emanci- 
pator, -ter, n. 

Emasculate, e-mas'ku-lat, v. t. To castrate, geld ; to 
render effeminate. — a. Deprived of virility or 
vigor; unmanned. [L. emasculare, -latum, fr. e and 
mascidus, masculine, dim. of mas, male.] — Emas 7 - 
cula'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Embalm.em-bam', v. t. [-balmed (-b&md'), -balm- 
ing.] To preserve from decay by balm or other aro- 
matic oils or spices; to perpetuate in grateful remem- 
brance. [OF. embaumer, fr. en- (L. and E. in-) and 
baume, balm. See Balm.] — Embalm'er, n. 

Embank, em-bank', v. t. [-banked (-bankf), -bank- 
ing,] To inclose with a bank, bank" up. — Em- 
bank'ment, n. Act of surrounding or defending 
with a bank ; a mound or bank. 

Embargo, em-bar'go, n. A prohibition by public au- 
thority, and for a limited time, of departure from a 
port ; any hindrance or restraint. — v. t. £embar- 
goed (-god), -going.] To hinder from leaving port, 
by law or edict ; to hinder from going forward, by 
an embargo. [Sp., fr. embargare, to arrest, fr. em- 
(L. in-) and barra, a bar. See Bar.] 

Embark, em-bark'', v. t. [-barked (-barkf), -bark- 
ing. J To put on board a vessel ; to engage, enlist, 
or invest in any affair. — v. i. To go on board of a 
vessel, engage in any business, enlist. [OF. em- 
barquer. See Bark.] — Embarkation, n. Act of, 
etc.; thing embarked. 

Embarrass, em-bar'ras, v. t. [-rassed (-rast), -rass- 
jng.] To hinder through perplexity, render intri- 
cate, confound, perplex, disconcert, abash, distress. 
(Com.) To incumber with debt, make incapable of 
paying. [F. embarrasser, fr. barre, Proven, barra, pi. 
ban-as, a bar, q. v.] — Embarrassment, n. A state of 
entanglement or confusion; perplexity arising from 
insolvency, or inability to discharge debts. 

Embassy, em'bas-sY, n. The public function of an 
embassador; persons sent as embassadors; dwelling 
or office of an embassador. [OF. embassade, fr. LL. 
ambascia, a message. See Ambassador.] — Em- or 
Ambas'sador, n. A minister of the highest rank 
sent by one government to another, to represent 
the appointing power, in matters between the gov- 
ernments. — Embas'sado'rial, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Embattle, em-bat'tl, v. t. [-tled (-tld), -tling.] To 
arrange in order of battle, prepare or arm for battle. 

Embay, em-ba', v. t. [-bayed Gbad'), -baying.] To 
inclose in a bay or inlet ; to landlock. 

Embed, em-bed', v. t. To lay as in a bed ; to bed. 

Embellish, em-bel'lish, v. t. [-lished (-lisht), -lish- 
ing.] To make beautiful or elegant by ornaments; 
to adorn, decorate, grace, illustrate. [OF. embellir, 
fr. em-, en-, and bel, beautiful. See Beau.] — Em- 
bellisher, n. — Embellishment, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; ornament; beauty; adornment. 

Ember, em'bgr, n. A remnant of burning wood, 
smoldering amid ashes, — used chiefly in pi., to sig- 



nify hot cinders covered with ashes. [AS. 
Ic. eimyrfa, Dan. ennaer, embers.] 

Ember days, em'ber-daz. (EccL) Certain days set 
apart for fasting and prayer in each of the 4 sea- 
sons of the year, — being the Wednesday, Friday, and 
Saturday after the 1st Sunday in Lent ; the feast of 
Whitsuntide; Sept. 14th; and Dec. loth: the weeks in 
which these days fall are called ember weeks. [AS. 
yrnbren, ymbryne, orig. a circuit, fr. ymbe (G. um-, L. 
ambi-), around, and ryne, a running, fr. rinnan, to 
run, hence OSw. ymberdagar; Sw. tamper-dagar, 
corrupt, fr. L. quatuor_ tempora, the 4 seasons.] 

Ember-goose, em'ber-goos, n. A web-footed bird, of 
the Arctic regions ; the great northern diver ; loon. 
[Norw. embergaas, G. imber, D. embervogel.~] 

Embezzle, em-bez'zl, v. t. [-zled (-zld), -zling.] 
To appropriate fraudulently to one's own use. [ME. 
embecyll, to confuse, imbezil, to take away, bezzle, to 
squander. See Imbecile.] — Embez'zlement. n. 
Appropriation to one's own use of what is intrusted 
to one's care. — Embez'zler, n. 

Embitter. SeejMBiTTER. 

Emblaze, em-blaz', v. t. [-blazed (-blazd'), -blazing.] 
To emblazon.— Embla'zon, -zn, v. t. [-zoned (-znd), 
-zoning.] To deck in glaring colors, decorate ; to 
adorn with figures of heraldry or ensigns armorial. 
[OF. blasonner.'] — Embla'zoner, n. — Embla'zonry, 
-rY, n. Heraldic or ornamental decoration. 

Emblem, em'blem, n. An object symbolizing some 
other object, quality, etc. ; figure ; type ; symbol ; 
adumbration. [OF. embleme, a device, emblem, L. 
and Gr. emblema, ornament, fr. Gr. emballein, to put 
in, lay on, fr. en, in, and ballein, to throw, thrust, 
put.] — Emblematic, -ical, a. Pert, to, comprising, 
or using emblems. — Emblematically, adv. By 
way or means of emblems ; in the manner of em- 
blems. — Emblem'atist, n. A writer or inventor of 
emblems. — Emblem'atize, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), 
-tizing.] To represent, as by an emblem, sym- 
bolize. — Em'bolus, n. Something inserted in an- 
other; that which thrusts or drives, as a wedge or 
piston. (Pathol.) A plug lodged in a blood-vessel, 

— usually a clot of fibrine, detached shred of a mor- 
bid growth, globule of fat, etc. [L. embolus, Gr. 
embolos, fr. Gr. emballein.'] — Em / Dolizm, -izm, n. 
Intercalation; the insertion of days, months, etc., in 
an account of time, to produce regularity. (Pathol.) 
Occlusion of a blood-vessel by an embolus, — when 
in the brain, causing apoplexy and paralysis. [Gr. 
embolisma."] — Embolic, -bolis'mal, -liz'mal, -lis''- 
mic, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Emblement, em'ble-ment, n. (Law.) The produce 
or fruits of land sown or planted ; the claim of an 
outgoing tenant for growing crops. [Norm. F. em- 
blear, fr. OF. bled, bid, grain.] 

Embody, em-bod'*, v. t. [-bodied (-bodld), -body- 
ing.] To form into a Dody, invest with matter, 
make corporeal; to collect into a whole, incorporate, 
concentrate. — Embod'iment, n. Act of, state of 
being, or that which is, etc.; a complete system, like 
an organized body. 

Embogue, em-bog', v. i. To discharge, as a river, its 
waters into the seaor other river. [See Disembogue.] 

— Embog'uing, -boglng, n. Mouth of a river. 
Embolden, em-bold'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.) 

To give boldness or courage to, encourage. 

Embolic, Embolism, Embolus. See under Emblem. 

Embonpoint, oN-boN-pwoN'; n. Plumpness of person; 
fleshiness. [F.; en bon point, in good condition.] 

Embosom, em-bdoz'om, v. t. To take into the bosom, 
cherish; to hide or half conceal. 

Emboss, em- bos', v. t. [embossed (-bosf), -bossing.] 
To cover with bosses or protuberances, ornament in 
relief, fashion raised work upon. [OF. embosser. See 
Boss.] — Emboss'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. ; raised work. 

Embouchure, oN-boo-shoor', n. A mouth, or opening, 
as of a river, cannon, etc. [F. See Debouch.] 

Embowel, em-bow'el, v. t. [-eled (-eld"), -eling.] To 
remove the bowels of, eviscerate, embalm ; to hide 
in the inward parts, bury, secrete. 

Embower, em-bow'Sr, v. i. [-ered (-Srd), -ering.] 
To lodge or rest in a bower. — v. t. To cover with a 
bower, shelter_with trees. • 

Embrace, em-bras', v. t. [-braced (-brasf), -bra. 
cing.] To clasp or inclose in the arms, press to the 
bosom, cherish with affection ; te surround or in- 
close ; to include as parts of a whole, or divisions of 
a part, comprehend ; to seize eagerly, welcome. — 
v. i. To join in an embrace. — n. Close encircling 
with the arms ; pressure to the bosom; clasp; hug. 



lm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, dr » 



EMBRASURE 



177 



EMPIRIC 



Fort.) An open in a: in 



[OF. embracer, to embrace, fr. en (L. in) and bi-as, 
L. brachium, arm. See Brace.]— Embra'cer, «. — 
Embrace'ment, n. A clasp in the arms; embrace.— 
Embra'cery, -ser-T, n. (Law.) An attempt to cor- 
ruptly influence a jury, court, etc. 

Embrasure, em-bra'zher, n. (Fort.) An opening: in 
a wall or parapet, through 
which cannon are discharged : 
See Casemate and Castle. 
(A>-ch.) The enlargement of 
the aperture of a door or 
window, on the inside of the 
wall, to give more space or 
light. [F., fr. OF. embraser. to 

chamfer off door jambs, fr. EE, Embrasures in 
era and braser, to chamfer, a parapet, 
bevel.] AA, Merlons. 

Embrocate, em'bro-kat, v. t. (Med.) To rub (a dis- 
eased part) with spirit, oil. etc. [It. embroccare, L. 
embrocare, -catum, Gr. embrechein, to soak in, foment, 
fr. en, in, and brechein. to wet : s. rt. rain.} — Embro- 
cation, n. Act of rubbing a diseased part ; lotion 
with which an affected part is washed. [OF.] 

Embroglio. See Imbroglio. 

Embroider, em-broid'er, v. t. [-ered (-Srd), -ering.] 
To cover with ornamental needle-work or figures. 
[OF. en and broder, border, to broider, fr. bord, edge, 
hem ; s. rt. border.) — Embroid'erer, n. — Embroid r - 
ery, -er-Y, n. Variegated needle-work ; decoration. 

Embroil, em-broil', v. t. [-broiled (-broild'), -broil- 
ing.] To throw into perplexity, contention, or 
trouble ; to entangle, encumber, disturb, trouble. 
[OF. embrouiller, fr. brouiller, to tangle, jumble. 
See Broil. ?;.] — Embroil 'ment, n. State of conten- 
tion or confusion; disturbance. 

Embrue. See Imbrue. 

Embryo, em'brY-o, n.: pi. -OS, -oz. The germ of an 
organized being, in any stage of ante-natal devel- 
opment, — in egg, womb", or seed. [OF. and Gr. em- 
bryon. fetus, fr. Gr. en and bruon, p. pr. of bruein, to 
be full of a thing, swell ; perh. s. rt. brew.] — In em- 
bryo. In an incipient or undeveloped state ; in con- 
ception, but not yet executed. — EmbryoFogy, -jY, 
n. Science of the development of the embryo of 
animals. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Embryog'eny, 
-oj'e-nY, n. Embryology. [Gr. genesis, origin.] 

Emend, e-mend', v. t. To amend. [See Amend.] — 
Emenda'tion, n. Act of altering for the better; cor- 
rection; alteration of a text, to give a better reading. 
[L. emendare. -aturn, to free from fault.] — Em'en- 
da'tor, -ter, n. — Emend'atory, -to-rl, a. Pert, or 
contributing to, etc. 

Emerald, em/er-ald, n. (Min.) A precious stone of a 
rich green color. (Print.) A kind of type, in size 
between minion and nonpareil. [OF. esmeraude, L. 
smaragdus, Gr. smaragdos, Skr. marakata.) 

g^This line is printed in Emerald type. 

Emerge, e-merj r , v. i. [emerged (-merjd /r ), emer- I 
GI>"G.] To rise out of, or as out of, a fluid; to issue j 
and appear. [L. emergen. See Merge.] — Emer'- ; 
gence. -gency, -jen-sY, n. Act of, etc.; sudden ap- 
pearance ; unforeseen occurrence ; pressing neces- 
sity ; exigency. — Emer'gent, a. Rising out of a 
fluid or anything that covers ; issuing ; suddenly 
appearing ; calling for prompt action ; urgent. — 
Emer'sion, -shun, n. Act of rising, etc. 

Emeritus, e-rner'Y-tus, n. ; pi. -in, -ti. One honorably 
discharged from public service. — a. Honorably 
discharged from performance of public duty, — said 
of an officer in a university, etc. [L., one who has 
served his time, fr. e and nierere, to merit, serve.] 

Emerods, em'e-rodz, -roids. n. pi. {Med.) Hemor- 
rhoids; piles. [Corrup. fr. hemorrhoids, q. v.] 

Emersion. See under Emerge. 

Emery, em/er-Y, n. {Min.) An extremely hard, com- 
pact, dark-colored, granular mineral, allied to co- 
rundum and sapphire,— used for grinding and polish- 
ing metals, stones, and glass. [ME. and OF. emeril, 
smeriglio, Gr. smeris, fr. sman. smechein, to rub. It. 
wipe; s. rt. smear.'] — Emery cloth or paper. Cloth 
or paper coated with powdered emery for polishing 
metal, etc. — E. wheel. A wheel so faced, for polish- 
ing ; buff-wheel ; glazer. 

Emetic, e-metlc. a. Inducing to vomit. — n. Med- 
icine which, etc. [Gr. emetikos, fr. emein, to vomit.] 

Emeute, a-mut', n. A seditious commotion or mob, 
riot. [F., fr. L. emovere, to move out, stir up.] 

Emication, em-Y-ka'shun, n. A flying off m small 
particles, as heated iron or fermenting liquors; scin- 
tillation. [L. e and mlcare, -catum, to sparkle.] 



Emiction, e-mik'shun, n. The discharging of urine? 
urine. [L. e and mingere, mictum, to make water.] 

Emigrate, em'Y-grat, v. i. To remove from one coun- 
try to another, for residence. [L. e and migrare, 
-gratum, to migrate.] — Emigrant, a. Pert, to an 
emigrant; removing from one country to another. — 
n. One who, etc. — Emigration, n. Removal to an- 
other country for residence ; a body of emigrants. 

Eminent, em'Y-nent, a. High; lofty; towering; ex- 
alted in rank, office, or public estimation ; distin- 
guished; conspicuous; prominent; illustrious. [L. 
eminere, to stand out, be prominent, fr. e and minere, 
to project.] — Eminent domain. See Domain. — Em'- 
inently, -II, adv. — Eminence, -nency, -sX, n. A 
height, elevation; an elevated situation among men; 
distinction; preferment; a title of honor, appl. to a 
cardinal in the Rom. Cath. church. 

Emir, Emeer. e-mer', n. An Arabian prince, military 
commander, and governor of a conquered province; 
in Turkey, an honorarv title of the descendants of 
Mohammed. [Ar. amir, prince, fr. amara, Chald. 
and Heb. amar, he commanded; s. rt. admiral.) 

Emit, e-mif, v. t. To send forth, cause to issue; to 
issue forth, as an order or decree; to send into circu- 
lation, as notes or bills of credit. [L. e and mittere, 
missum, to send.] — Emissary, -sa-rT, n. A secret 
agent, to advance the interests of his employers: a 
spy. — a. Exploring; spying. — Emis'sion, -mish r - 
un, n. Act of sending or throwing out: issue: thing 
sent out, or put in circulation at one time. — Emis' 
sive, -siv, a. Sending out; emitting. 

Emmet, em'met, n. An ant or pismire. [AS. semete. 
G. ameise ; perh. s^rt. Ic. ama, to annoy.] 

Emolliate, e-mollY-at, r. r. To soften, render effem- 
inate. [L. e and mollire, to soften, fr. mollis, soft.] 

— Emollient, -yent, a. Softening; making supple. 

— n. {Med.) An external application to allay irri- 
tation, and alleviate soreness, swelling, and pain. — 
Emolli'tion, -lish'un, n. Act of softening. — Em- 
mollescence, -les'ens. n. The lowest degree of fusi- 
bility. [L. e and mollescere, to become soft.] 

Emolument, e-moKu-ment, n. Profit arising from of- 
fice ; gain ; that which promotes public or private 
good. [OF.; L. emolumentum, lit. a working out, fr. 
emoliri, to work out, fr. e and moles, a mass.] 

Emotion, e-mo'shun, n. A moving of the mind or 
soul; state of excited feeling; agitation. [L. e and 
movere, motum, to move.] — Emo'tional, -tive, -tiv, a. 
Pert, to, or attended or characterized by, emotion. 

Empale, em-paK, Impale", v. t. [-paled (-paid'), 
-paling.] To inclose, surround, shut in; to put to 
death by fixing on a stake. [OF. empaler, to spit on 
a stake, fr. en (L. in) and pal (L. palus), stake.] — 
Em- or Impalelnent, n. A fencing, or inclosing 
with stakes; execution by thrusting a stake into the 
body. (Bot.) The calyx of a plant. 

Empanel, em-pan'el, n. A list of jurors ; a panel. 

Emperil, em-plrH, v. t. To put in peril, endanger. 

Emperor. See under Empire. 

Emphasis, em'f a -sis, n.;pl. -ses, -sez. {Rhet.) Stress 
of utterance given to words or parts of a discourse, 
intended to be impressed specially on an audience; 
peculiar impressiveness of expression or weight of 
thought. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. en, in, and phasis, an 
appearance, phanein, to show.] — Em'phasize, v.t. 
[-sized (-sizd), -sizing.] To utter with stress of 
voice, lay emphasis upon, make emphatic. — Em- 
phatic, -fat Ik, -ical, a. Uttered with, or requiring, 
emphasis; attracting attention; forcible; impressive; 
striking. — Emphatically, adv. 

Emphysema, em-fi-se'ma, n. (Med.) A swelling pro- 
duced by air in the cellular tissue. [Gr., fr. en and 
phusan, to blow.] 

Empire, em'pir, n. Supreme power in governing; do- 
minion of an emperor, or, rarely, of a king; predom- 
inant influence; sway; rule; control; government; 
state. [OF.; L. imperium, command, fr.impemre, 
to command, fr. in arid parare, to make ready, order; 
8. rt. parade.] — Em'peror, -per-er, n. The sover- 
eign of an empire, — a title superior to king. [F. 
empereur, OF. empereor, L. imperator.]— Em'press, 
n. The consort of an emperor; a woman who rules 
an empire. [OF. empere'ts, L. imperatrix.] 

Empiric, em-pirlk or em'pir-ik, n. One who relies 
upon experiment and observation; one who confines 
himself to applying the results of his own observa- 
tion; esp., a quack doctor, charlatan. — Empiric, 
-ical, a. Pert, to, or founded upon, exoeriment or 
experience; depending upon, etc., without due re- 
gard to science and theory. [OF. empirique, L. em- 
piricus, Gr. empeirikos, fr. empeiria, experience, fr. 



sun, cube, full : moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, t-hen, boNboN, chair, get. 



EMPLASTIO 



178 



ENCOUNTER 



five legal or moral power or authority, or physi- 
i 



en and peira, trial, attempt; s. rt. Gr. poros, a way, 
E. /ore.] — Empir'ieally, adv.— Empiricism, -sizm, 
n. Method or practice of an empiric; practice of 
medicine founded on experience, and neglecting 
science; quaekery. (Metaph.) The doctrine that all 
knowledge is derived from experience. 

Emplaatie, em-plas'tik, a. Fit to be applied as a plas- 
ter; glutinous; adhesive. [Gr. emplassein, to daub 
over. See Plaster.] 

Employ, em-ploi", v. t. [-ployed (-ploid'), -ploying.] 
To keep in service; to use as instrument, means, or 
materials, or as agent, servant, or representative. — 
n. Employment. [OF. employer, to employ, fr. L. 
irnplicare. See Implicate.] — To employ one's self. 
To apply one's time and attention; to busy one's 
self. — Employ' er, n. — Employ^, oN-plw5-ya / ', Em- 
ployee', -ploi-e', n. One employed. [F. employ 4.] — 
Employ'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
that which engages or occupies; service; agency. 

Emporium, em-po'rl-um, n. ; L. pi. -ria, -rl-a, E. pi. 
-riums, -umz. A place of extensive commerce or 
trade; commercial city; mart. [L.; Gr. emporion, fr. 
emporia, commerce, emporos, passenger, merchant, 
f r. en and poros, a way, poreuesthai, to travel.] 

Empower, em-pow'er, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -ering. 
To give leg: ' 
cal force to, 

Empress. See under Empire. 

Empressement, oN-pres'moN, n. Eagerness; zeal. [F.] 

Emprise, em-prlz', n. An undertaking, enterprise. 
[OF., fr. en and prise, a taking, fr. prendre, to take, 
L. prendere.] 

Empty, emp'tt, a. [emptier, -tiest.] Containing 
nothing; void; not filled; destitute of effect, sincer- 
ity, or sense; unable to satisfy; hollow; waste; de- 
serted; producing nothing; lacking sense; destitute 
of reality, or real existence; unsubstantial. —v. t. 
[emptied (-tid), -tying.] To exhaust, deprive of 
the contents, —v. i. To pour or flow out, discharge 
itself, become empty. [AS. semtig, fr. semta, leisure.] 
— Emp'tiness, n. State of being empty; void space, 
or vacuum; exhaustion; destitution; want of solid- 
ity or substance; unsatisfactoriness; want of knowl- 
edge or sense.— Emp'tylng, n. Act of making empty. 
pi. The lees of beer, cider, etc.; yeast. 

Empyema, em-pi-e'ma, n. {Med.) A collection of 
blood, pus, etc., in a cavity of the body, esp. of the 
pleura. [Gr., fr. empuein, to have abscesses, fr. en 
and puein, to separate, i',\ puon, pus.] 

Empyreal, em-pir'e-al, a. Formed of pure fire or 
light; refined heyond aerial substance. [Gr. empuros, 
in fire, fr. en and pur, fire; s. rt. fire.'] — Empyrean, 
-pT-re'an, a. Empyreal, —n. The highest heaven, 
•where the ancients supposed the pure element of fire 
to subsist.— Em'pyreumat'ic, -pT-ru-mafik, -ical, a. 
Pert, to, or like the taste or smell of burnt animal or 
vegetable substances. 

Emu, Emeu, e'mu, n. A very large bird of Australia, 
related to the ostrich. [Pg. ema.] 

Emulate, em'u-lat, v. t. To strive to equal or excel; 
to vie with, rival. [L. semulari, -atus, fr. semulus, 
emulous.] — Emula'tion, n. Act of attempting to ex- 
cel; desire of superiority, with effort to attain it; 
competition; rivalry; contest; strife. — Em'ulator, 
-tSr, n. A rival ; competitor. — Em'ulous, -lus, a. 
Ambitiously desirous of like excellence with an- 
other; rivaling. — Em'ulously, adv. 

Emulgent, e-murjent, a. {Anat.) Milking or drain- 
ing out, —said of the renal arteries and veins. — n. 
An emulgent vessel; a remedy exciting the flow of 
bile. [L. emulgere, emulsum, fr. e and mulgere, to 
milk.] — Emul'sion, -shun, n. A soft, smooth, milk- 
like remedy, formed by mixing oil with water and 
gummy or saccharine substances or yelk of egg. 
[OF.] — Emul'sive, -siv, a. Softening; milk-like; 
yielding oil by expression; producing a milk-like 
substance. 

Emunctory, e-munk'to-rf, n. (Anat.) Any organ of 
the body serving to carry off excrementitious mat- 
ter. [L. emungere, emunctum, to blow the nose, 
wipe, cleanse, fr. e and mungere, to blow the nose.] 

Enable, en-a'bl, v. t. [-abled (-bid), -bling.] To 
give strength or ability to; to supply with sufficient 
power, [en- causal (F. en-, L. in-) and able, q. v.] 
en-akt', v. t. To decree, make into a 1 



Enact, en-al 



perform; to act the part of, play. — Enact'ive, -tiv, 
a. Having power to enact, as a law. — Enact'ment, 
n. The passing of a bill into a law; a decree; the 
acting, as a part in a play. — Enact 'or, -5r, n. 
Ensilage, e-nal'la-je, n. (Oram.) A substitution of 
one gender, number, case, person, tense, mode, or 



voice, of the same word, for another. [Gr., fr. en 
and allassein, to change.] 
Enamel, en-am'el, n. A substance like glass, but more 
fusible and nearly opaque; thing enameled. {Anat.) 
The smooth, hard substance covering the crown of 
a tooth. — v. t. [-eled (-eld), -elino.] To cover 
with, or paint in, enamel; to form an enamel-like 
surface upon.— v. i. To practice enameling. [F. 
en and amaile, amel, corrupt, fr. OF. esmail. It. 
smalto, enamel, MHG. smelzen, D. smelten, to smelt.] 

— Enam'eler, -elist, n. One who, etc. — Enam'elar, 
a. Like enamel; smooth; glossy. 

Enamor, en-am'er, v. t. [-ored (-Srd), -oring.] To 
inflame with love, charm, captivate. [OF. enamourer, 
fr. en and amour, L. amor, love.] 

Encage, en-kaj', v. t. To shut up in a cage. 

Encamp, en-kamp', v. i. [-camped (-kampf), -camp- 
ing.] To form and occupy a camp. — v. t. To form 
into a camp. — Encamp'ment, n. Act of pitching 
tents or forming huts for temporary rest ; place 
where an army or company is encamped; camp. 

Encaustic, en-kaws' tik, a. Pert, to the art of burning 
in colors, — appl. to a painting in wax liquefied by 
heat, also to painting on glass or porcelain, or wher- 
ever colors are fixed by heat. — n. The method of 
painting in heated or burnt wax, etc. [OF. encaus- 
tique, wrought with fire, Gr. engkaiein, to burn in, 
fr. en and kaiein (fut. kauso), to burn.] 

Enceinte, oN'sant', n. {Fort.) The main inclosure. 

— a. {Law.) Pregnant; with child. [F.,fr.enceindre, 
to gird about, surround, L. incingere, fr. in and tin- 
gere, to gird.] 

Encephalic, en-se-fal'ik, a. Pert, to the head or brain. 
[Gr. engkephalon, the brain, fr. en and kephale, the 
head.] — Enceph'alop'athy, -thT, n. {Pathol.) Dis- 
ease referable to disorder of the brain. [Gr. pathein, 
to suffer.] 

Enchain, en-chan', v. t. [-chained (-chand'), -chain- 
ing.] To chain, fasten with a chain ; to restrain. — 
Enchain'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Enchant, en-chant'', v. t. To charm by sorcery, hold 
as by a spell, delight highly, captivate, fascinate, en- 
rapture, hewitch. [F. enchanter, f r. L. incantare, to 
chant a magic formula against one, fr. in and can- 
tare, to sing.] — Enchant'er, n. One who, etc. ; a 
sorcerer, magician. — Enchant'ress, n. A woman 
who, etc.— Enchant'ment, n. Act of enchanting; 
use of magic arts, spells, or charms; that which en- 
chants ; incantation ; magic ; sorcejy ; witchery. 

Enchase, en-chas', v. t. [-chased (-chasf), -chasing.] 
To inclose in a border or rim, encircle; to adorn with 
embossed or engraved work. [F. enchdsser, fr. chdsse, 
same as chassis, frame, caisse, chest, case, q. v.] 

Enchorial, en-ko'rt-al, -choric, -kor'ik, a. Pert, to a 
country; native; popular; common, — said esp. of 
the common written characters of Egypt, disting. f r. 
the hieroglyphics. [Gr. engchorios, domestic, f r. en 
and chora, place, country.] 

Encircle, eD-ser'kl, v. t. [-cled (-kid), -cling.] To 
form a circle about, embrace ; to go or come round, 
encompass, inclose, surround, environ. 

Enclave, en'klav, n. {Geog.) A tract of land sur- 
rounded by foreign territory. {Her.) Something 
let into another. — v. t. To inclose within other land. 
[F., fr. L. in and clavis, a key.] 

Enclitic, en-klit'ik, -ical, a. { Gram.) Subjoined, — 
said of a word or particle so closely united to the 
preceding word as to seem to be part of it, and to 
lose its own accents, sometimes varying the accent 
of the preceding word.— n. {Gram.) A word closely 
joined to another. [Gr. engklitikos, f r. en and klinein, 
to incline; s. rt. lean.] 

Enclose. See Inclose. 

Encomium, en-ko'mT-um, n. ; E. pi. -ums, L. pi. -a, -a. 
Formal praise; high commendation; eulogy; pane- 



gyric; applause. [Gr. engkomion, a laudatory ode, fr. 
en and komos, revelry; s. rt. comic] — Enco'miast, n. 
One addicted to praise ; a panegyrist, eulogis" ' 
engkomiastes.] — Enco'miast'ic, -ical, a. Bet 



st. [Gr. 
estowing 
praise ; laudatory. 

Encompass, en-kum'pas, v. t. [-passed (-past), -pass- 
ing.] To describe a circle about, inclose, surround, 
invest, hem in, shut up. — Encom'passment, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. 

Encore, oN-kor', adv. Once more; again, — a call for 
a repetition of a part of a play, etc. — v. t. [-cored 
(-kord'), -coring.] To call for, etc. [F. ; It. ancoro, 
still, again, abbr. of L. in hanc horam, to this hour J 

Encounter, en-kown'ter, n. A meeting face to face; 
a running against ; a hostile meeting ; conflict t 
skirmish ; combat ; rencounter ; onset. — v. t. [ws» 



am, fSme, far, piss or opera &*& ' end, eve, term ; In, Ice j Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



ENCOURAGE 



179 



ENGAGE 



countered (-terd), -tering.] To come against face 
to face; esp., to meet in opposition or with hostile 
intent, — v. i. To meet, esp., as enemies. [OF. en- 
contrer, to encounter, fr. en (L. in) and contre (L. 
contra), against. See Counter.] 

Encourage, en-kur'ej, v. t. [-aged (-ejd), -agixg.] 
To give courage to, inspire with spirit or hope, em- 
bolden, incite, cheer, stimulate, comfort, promote, 
forward. [F. encourager, fr. «i and courage, fr. 
coettr, L. cor, heart.]— Encour'agement, n. Act of, 
etc.; incentive: that which supports, promotes, or 
advances. — Encour'aging. a. Furnishing ground 
for hope; favoring.— Encour'agingly, adv. 

Encnnite, en'krl-mt, n. The stone-lily, a fossil ani- 
mal of the star-fish family, the joints of whose stems 
are small calcareous disks. [Gr. en and krinon, lily.] 

Encroach, en-kroch', v. i". [-croached (-krochf), 
-croaching.] To enter gradually into the rights 
and possessions of another, intrude, trench, in- 
fringe, trespass. [F. en and croc, a hook.] — En- 
croach'er, n. — Encroacb/ment, n. Act of, etc.; 
that taken by encroaching on another. 

Encumber, en-kum'ber, Incum'ber, v. t. [-bered 
(-berd), -berixg.] To impede the action of, as with 
a burden; to load with debts, mortgages, etc.; to 
clog, oppress, embarrass, hinder. [OF. encornbrer. 
See Cumber.] — Encumbrance, n. That which im- 
pedes action ; clog ; impediment ; that which en- 
cumbers an estate; debt; lien; burden; hindrance. 

Encyclical, en-siklik-al, a. Sent to many persons or 
places; circular. [Gr. engkuklios, circular, succes- 
sive, f r. en and kuklos, ring.] — Encyclopedia, -paedia, 
en-si'klo-pe'dT-a, n. The circle of sciences; esp., a 
work in which the branches of science or art are 
discussed separately, and usually in alphabetical 
order. [Same as cyclopedia, q. v.J — Ency'clope'di- 
an, a. Embracing the whole circle of learning. — 
Ency'cloped'ic, -ped'ical, a. Pert, to an encvclo- 
pedia: universal in knowledge. — Ency'dope'dist, 
n. The compiler of an encyclopedia ; one whose 
knowledge embraces the whole range of science. 

EncyBted, en-sisfed, a. Inclosed in a cyst, bag, blad- 
der, or vesicle. 

End, end, n. The extreme or last portion; concluding 
part: the conclusion; result ; termination of being 
or of happiness; destruction; cause of destruction 
or death; object aimed at; purpose; what is left; 
remnant. — v. i. To bring to an end or conclusion, 
finish, terminate: to destroy, put to death. — v.i. 
To come to the end, be finished, cease. [AS., Dan., 
and G. aide, D. einde, Ic. endi, Skr. anta, an end, 
limit.] — End 'ing, n. Termination; result. {Gram.) 
The terminating letter or syllable of a word. — End'- 
less, a. Without end or conclusion ; perpetually 
recurring ; eternal ; interminable ; infinite ; inces- 
sant; void of design. —Endless screw. {Mech.) A 
screw combined with a wheel and axle, its threads 
working into teeth on the periphery of the wheel. 

— Endlessly, adv. — Endlessness, n. — End'wise, 
-wiz, adv. On end; erectly; with the end forward. 

Endanger, en-dan'jer, v. t. [-gered (-jerd), -gering.] 
To put to hazard. 

Endear, en-der', v. t. [-de a red (-derd'), -dearing.] 
To make dear, or dearer. — Endear'ment, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc.; that which, etc. 

Endeavor, en-dev'er, n. A putting forth of power for 
some end; an attempt; trial: effort; exertion. — v. 
i. [endeavored (-era), -oring.] To exert power 
to accomplish an o eject; to attempt, try, essay, aim. 

— v. t. To attempt to gain, [en causal and ME. and 
OF. devoir, duty. See Devoir.] 

Endecagon. See 'Hendecagon. 

Endemial, en-de'ml-al, -dem'ic, -domical, -demlk-al, 
a. (Med.) Peculiar to a people, nation, or district. 
[Gr. en and demos, a people.] 

Endive, en'div, n. (Bot.) A species of succory, — 
used as a salad. [F.: L. intubus.] 

Endocardium. en-de-kar'dT-um, n. (Anat.) The lin- 
ing membrane of the cavities of the heart. [Gr. 
endon, within, and kardia, heart.] 

Endogen, en'do-jen, n. A plant which increases in 
size by internal growth and 
elongation at the summit, in- 
stead of externally, and having 
no distinct pith, as the rattan, 
palm, cornstalk. [Gr. endon, 
within, and genesthai , to be pro- 
duced.] — Endogenous, -doj'e- 
nus, a. Increasing by internal 
growth and elongation at the 
summit. 



Endorse, Endorsement, etc. See Indorse, etc. 

Endoscope, en'do-skop, n. Apparatus to explore the 
urethra and bladder. [Gr. endon & sko/iein, to view.] 

Endow, en-doW, v. t. [-dowed (-dowd'), -dowing.J 
To make pecuniary provision for; esp., to furnish 
with dower: to enrich with any gift, quality, or 
faculty, indue. [F. en and douer, to endow. See 
Dower.] — Endowment, n. Act of settling a fund 
or provision for the support of anyone; property, 
f ur.d, or revenue permanently appropriated to any 
object; gift of nature; talents; natural capacity. 

Endue. See Indue. 

Endure, en-dur r , v. t. [-dured (-durd'), -during.] 
To remain firm under, sustain, Drook, undergo; to 
bear with patience, bear up under. — v. i. To con- 
tinue in the same state without perishing, abide, 
last; to remain firm under trial, sustain suffering 
patiently. [OF. endure r, fr. en and durer, to last. 
See Dure.] — Endur'able. a. — Endur'ance, n. A 
state of lasting or duration ; continuance ; act of 
bearing pain or distress without sinking; patience; 
fortitude: resignation. 

Eneid, ^Sneid, e-neld, n. An epic poem, by Virgil, 
in which ^Eneas is the hero. 

Enema, e-ne'-or en'e-ma, n. (Med.) An injection, 
or clyster, thrown into the lower bowel. [L. and 
Gr., fr. Gr. en and hienai, to send.] 

, en'e-mY, n. One who is actuated by unfriend- 



ly feelings; one who hates ; adversary ; opponent j 
foe. [OF. enemi, L. inimicus, fr. in priv. and amicus, 
friend.] — The enemy. (Theol.) The evil one; the 
devil. (Mil.) The opposing force, — used as a col- 
lective noun, either sing, or pi. — En'mity, -tl, n. 
Quality of being, etc.; hostility; rancor; hatred; ill- 
will ; malevolence. [ME. enmite, OF. enamistiet, 
later inimitie, fr. en pnv. and amitiet, amity, q. v.] 

Energy, en'er-jT, n. Internal or inherent power ; 
power efficiently exerted ; strength of expression i 
emphasis: vigor: spirit. (Mech.) Capacity for per- 
forming work, or moving against resistance. [OF. 
energie, Gr. energeia, fr. en and ergon, work; s. rt. 
work.] — Energetic, -ical, -jetlk-al, a. Exerting 
force ; active ; exhibiting energy ; operating with 
vigor and effect ; powerful ; efficacious ; potent; 
effective. — Energetically, adv. — En'ergize, -jlz, 
v. i. [-gized (-jizd), -GiziNG.] To act with force or 
vigor, — v. t. To give strength to. 

Enervate, e-ner' vat, a. Weakened; without force. — 
v. t. To deprive of nerve, force, strength, or cour- 
age; to enfeeble, debilitate ; to cut the nerves of. 
[L. enervare, -i-atum, fr. e and nervus, nerve.] — En- 
erva'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Enfeeble, en-fe'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bung.] To 
render feeble, deprive of strength, weaken, debili- 
tate, enervate. — Enfee'blement, n. Enervation. 

Enfeoff, en-fef, v. t. [-FEOFFED(-feft / '), -feoffing.] 
(Law.) To give a feud to, invest with a fee. [en- 
and ME. feffen, OF. feoffer. Law L. infeofare. See 




Endogen. 



Feoff, under Fee.] — Enfeoffment, n. (Law.) Act 
of giving the fee-simple of an estate; deed convey- 
ing the fee. 

Enfilade, en-fT-lad', n. (Mil.) A line or straight pas- 
sage. — v. t. To pierce, scour, or rake with shot 
through the whole length of (a work or line of 
troops). [F., f r. enfiler, to thread, go through a street, 
rake with shot, fr. en and./??, thread, ~L. filum.] 

Enfold. See Infold. 

Enforce, en-fors', v. t. [-forced (-forsf), -forcing.] 
To put force upon, constrain, compel; to make or 
gain by force ; to give force to, strengthen, urge with 
energy; to put in force, give effect to. — Enforce'- 
able, a. — Enforce'ment, n. Act of enforcing; com- 
pulsion ; restraint : a putting in execution ; that 
which enforces. — Enfor'cer, n. 

Enfranchise, en-fran'chiz, v. t. [-chised (-chizd), 
-chising.] To set free, liberate, release; to make 
free of a city, corporation, or state, naturalize. [See 
Franchise.]— Enfranchisement, n. Release from 
slavery or custody; admission to the freedom of a 
corporationor state. — EnfranChiser, n. 

Engage. en-gaj r , v. t. [-gaged (-gajd'), -gaging.] 
To put under pledge, bind, involve; to gain for 
service, enlist; to win and attach ; to occupy; to 
enter into contest with, encounter. — v. i. To be- 
come bound; to embark, take a part, enlist; to enter 
into conflict. [F. engager, fr. en and gage, q. v., 
pledge, pawn.] — Engaged', p. a. Pledged; prom- 
ised; esp., promised in marriage; betrothed; greatly 
interested ; earnest. — Engaged columns. (Arch.) 
Columns partly sunk into the wall to which they are 
attached. — E. wheels. (Mech.) Wheels in gear with 



sun, cube, full : moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil; linger or ink. titien. boNboN. chair, get. 



ENGENDER 



180 



ENSCONCE 




each other, — the driver being 
the engaging wheel, the follower 
the engaged. — Engagement, n. 
Act of, or state of Deing, etc.; 
thine engaged or pledged; that 
which engages; obligation; en- 
grossing occupation; avocation; 
employment ; promise. (Mil.) 
A general action or battle; com- 
bat ; tight. — Enga'ging, p. a. 
Winning ; attractive. — Enga'- 
gingly, adv. 
Engender, en-jen'der, v. t. [-dered 
(-derd), -dering.] To form in 
embryo, procreate ; to cause to 
exist, produce; to sow the seeds 
of, breed, beget, occasion, cause. 

— v. i. To be caused or pro- 
duced. [F. engendrer, L. ingen- 
erare, fr. in and generare, to be- _, 
get, fr. genus, generis, birth. -Engaged Columns. 
See Gender, Genos.] 

Engine, en'jin, n. (Mech.) A machine in which me- 
chanical powers are combined; any instrument by 
which any effect is produced; esp. one designed to 
kill; anything used to effect a purpose; means. [OF. 
engin, fr. L. ingenium, genius, also an invention. See 
Ingenious.]— Engineer', -er', n. One skilled in 
engineering; one who manages an engine; one who 
carries through an enterprise by skillful or artful 
contrivance. — v. t. [engineered (-erd'), -eering.] 
To perform the work of an engineer; to guide or 
carry through a measure or enterprise. — Engineer- 
ing, n. Science and art of utilizing natural forces 
and materials, — divided into military engineering 
(the designing and constructing defensive and of- 
fensive works) and civil engineering (the design- 
ing and constructing machinery and fixed public 
works, as roads, canals, etc.) — En'ginery, -jin-rT, 
n. Act of managing engines, or artillery; engines 
in general; instruments of war. 

English, in'glish, a. Pert, to England, its inhabitants, 
or their language. — n. The people of England; the 
language of the English nation and of their descen- 
dants in other countries; a peculiar impulse given 
to a ball in the game of billiards. (Print.) A kind 
of type, in size hetween pica and great primer. 

The type called English 

— English, v. t. [-lished (-glishf), -lishing.] To 
translate into English, Anglicize, interpret. (Bil- 
liards.} To strike (a ball) with the cue, so that the 
ball receives a rotary motion deflecting it from its 
natural course. [AS. Englisc.ir. Engle, Angle, the 
German tribe who settled in Britain.] 

Engorge, en-g6rj', v. t. [-gorged (-g6rjd'), -gorg- 
ing.] To swallow with greediness. — v. i. To feed 
with eagerness or voracity. [F. engorger, fr. en and 
gorge, throat. See Gorge.] — Engorge'ment, n. Act 
of swallowing greedily. (Med.) Congestion. 

Engraft, Engraft. See Ingraft. 

Engrail, en-gral', v. t. [-grailed (-grald'), -grail- 
ing.] To variegate or spot, as with hail; to indent 
or make ragged at the edges, as if broken with hail. 
[F. engreler, fr. grele, hail.] 

Engrain, en-gran', v. t. [-grained (-grand'), -grain- 
ing.] To dye in grain, or in the raw material; to 
incorporate with the grain or texture of anything. 

Engrave, en-grav', v. t. [imp. -graved (-gravd'); p. 
p. -graved or -graven; -graving.] To carve fig- 
ures, letters, or devices upon; to form by incisions 
upon wood, stone, metal, etc.; to impress deeply, 
infix. [OF. engraver, fr. en and G. graben, to dig, 
cut, carve. D. graven, to dig, graveren, to engrave 
(fr. the F.).] — Engrav'er, n. — Engrav'ing, n. Act 
or art of cutting metals, wood, etc., and of repre- 
senting figures and devices on them, esp. to be 
printed from them on paper ; an engraved plate ; 
impression from a plate; print 



Engross, en-gros', v. t. [-grossed (-grosf), -gross- 
ing.] To copy in a large, fair hand; to occupy 
wholly, absorb; to take unduly, swallow up, fore- 
stall, monopolize. [F. en and gros, large, OF. gros- 
soyer, to write in a large, fair hand.] — Engross'er, 
n. — Engross'ment, n. Act of, etc. ; thing engrossed. 

Engulf. See Ingulf. 

Enhance, en-hans', v. t. [-hanced (-hansf), -han- 
cing.] To raise to a higher point, advance, augment, 
increase, aggravate, —v. i. To be raised up; to grow 
larger. [OProven. enansar, to further, advance, fr. 



enans, before, fr. L. in ante.] — Enhance'ment, ru 
Act of, er state of being, etc. ; augmentation. 
Enigma, e-nig'ma, n. ;pl. -mas, -maz. An obscure ques- 
tion or saying; puzzle; riddle; a statement, whose 
hidden meaning is to be discovered; an action which 
cannot be satisfactorily explained. [L. senigma, 
-matis, Gr. ainigma, -matos, fr. ainissestiiai, to speak 
in riddles, f r. ainos, a story.] — Enigmat'ic, -ical, a. 
Pert, to, containing, or like, etc.; obscure. —Enig- 
matically, adv. — Enig'matist, n. One who makes, 
or talks in, enigmas. — Enig'matize, -tTz, v. i. 
[-TI2ED (-tizd), -tizing.] To deal in riddles. 
Enjoin, en-join', v. t. [-joined (-joind'J, -joining.] 
To put an injunction on, direct with authorrty. 
order. (Law.) To prohibit or restrain by a judicial 
order or decree. [F. enjoindre, L. injungere, fr. in 
and jungere, to join.] 
Enjoy, en-joi', v. t. [-joyed (-joid'), -joying.] To 
feel or perceive with pleasure ; to have and use with 
satisfaction; to have sexual intercourse with. [OF. 
enjoier, fr. en and joie, E. joy.] — Enjoy'able, a. — 
Enjoy'ment, n. Condition of enjoying; pleasure; 
cause of joy; gratification; satisfaction; happiness. 
Enkindle, en-kin'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.J To 

set on fire, kindle; to excite, rouse into action. 
Enlarge, en-larj', v. t. [-larged (-larjd'), -larging.] 
To make larger, increase the capacity of, dilate, as 
with joy, affection, etc., increase, expand. — v. i. To 
grow large or larger; to be diffuse in speaking or 
writing, expatiate. — Enlarge'ment, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; expansion or extension, as of 
the mind; ennoblement; release from confinement, 
servitude, distress, etc.; diffusiveness of speech. 
Enlighten, en-llt'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To 
supply with light, illuminate ; to make clear to the 
intellect or conscience, inform, instruct. — Enlight'- 
ener, n. — Enlight'enment, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. 
Enlist, en-list', v. t. To enter on a list, enroll, regis- 
ter; to engage in public service, unite firmly to a 
cause, — v. i. To engage in public service by en- 
rolling one's name ; to enter heartily into a cause. — 
Enlist'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; the 
j writing by which a soldier is bound. 
Enliven, en-liv'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.., To 
give life, action, or motion to; to give spirit or vi- 
vacity to, cheer, animate, inspirit, invigorate. [Fr. 
live.'] — Enliv'ener, n. 
Enmity. See under Enemy. 

Enneagon, en'ne-a-gon, n. (Geom.) A polygon of 9 
sides and 9 angles. [Gr. ennea, 9, and gonia, angle.] 
Ennoble, en-no'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
make noble, dignify, give titular rank to, aggran- 
dize.— Enno'blement, n. Act of, or that which, etc. 
Ennui, oN-nwe', w. A feeling of weariness and disgust; 
listlessness; tedium; lassitude. [F., orig. enui and 
anoi. See Annoy.] 
Enormous, e-n6r'mus, a. Deviating from, or exceed- 
ing, the usual rule; great beyond the common meas- 
ure; huge; vast; prodigious; exceedingly wicked; 
atrocious. [OF. enorme, L. enormis, fr. e and norma, 
rule.] — Enor'mously, adv. Excessively. — Enor'- 
mousness, n. — Enor'mity, -m\-tf,n. State of being, 
or that which is, immoderate, monstrous, or outrage- 
ous; atrocious crime; flagitious villainy. 
Enough, e-nuf, a. Satisfying desire; adequate; suffi- 
cient. — adv. Sufficiently; fully; quite; in a toler- 
able degree. — n. A sufficiency; a quantity which 
satisfies desire. [AS. genoh, genog, fr. geneah, it suffi- 
ces, D. genoeg, G. genug.] — Enow, -now'. A form 
of enough. 
Enquire. See Inquire. 
Enrage, en-raj', v. t. [-raged (-rajd'), -raging.] To 

fill with rage, provoke to madness, exasperate. 
Enrapture, en-rap'chur, v. t. [-tured (-churd), -Tur- 
ing.] To transport with pleasure; to ravish. 
Enravish, en-rav'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] 
To transport with delight, enchant. — Enrav'ish- 
ment, n. State of being, etc. 
Enrich, en-rich', v. t. [-riched (-richf), -riching.] 
To make rich, adorn; to fertilize; to store with 
knowledge, instruct. — Enrich'ment, n. Act of, or 
that which, etc.; decoration; embellishment. 
Enroll, en-rol', v. t. [-rolled (-r5ld'), -rolling.] To 
write in a roll or register, record, enlist; to envelop, 
involve. — Enroll'ment, n. Act of enrolling; that m 
which anything is enrolled; a register. 
Ensample, en-sam'pl. n. An example. [OF.; F. ex- 
ample, q. v.] 
Ensanguixie, en-san'gwin, v. t. To stain with blood. 
Ensconce,' en-skons', v. t. [-sconced (-skonst')i 



s. far. Diss or opera, fare ; 



Ice : 6dd, tone. 6r , 



ENSEMBLE 



181 



ENTREAT 



-sconcing.] To cover or shelter, as with a sconce 
or fort; to protect, hide securely. 

Ensemble, ox-som'bl, n. The whole ; all the parts 
taken together. [F., fr. L. insimul, at the same time, 
f r. hi and simul, together, at once.] 

Enshrine, en-shrin', v. t. [-shrined (-shrind'), 
-SHRINING.] To inclose in a shrine: to cherish. 

Ensiferous, en-sif'er-us, a. Carrying a sword. [L. 
ensis, sword, and ferre, to bear.] — En'siform, -sl- 
fdrm, a. Sword-shaped. [L. forma, form.] 

Ensign, en'sin, n. The banner distinguishing a com- 
pany of soldiers, army, or vessel; a badge, signal; a 
commissioned officer, who formerly carried the flag 
of a company or regiment. [OF. ensigne, LL. insigna, 
L. msigne, a" standard, neut. of insignis, remarkable. 
See Insignia.] — En'signcy, -si, -ship, n. Rank or 
office of an ensign. 

Ensilage, en'sl-lej, n. (Agric.) Process of preserving 
fodder crops in a green state, by depositing them in 
a silo. [F., fr. en and silo, q. V.J 

Enslave, en-slav', v. t. [-slaved (-slavd'), -slaving.] 
To reduce to slavery or bondage.— Enslave'ment, ». 
Act of, or state of being, etc. — Enslav'er. n. 

Ensnare. See Insnare. 

Ensphere, en-sfer', v. t. To place in, or form into, a 
sphere or orb. 

Ensue, en-su r , v. t. [-sued (-sud r ), -suing.] To fol- 
low, pursue. — v. i. To follow or come after, suc- 
ceed. [OF. ensuir, L. insequi, fr. in and sequi, to fol- 
low. See Sue.] 

Ensure. See Insure. 

Entablature, en-tab'la-chur, n. (Arch.) That part of 
an order which is over the col- 
umns, including the architrave, 
frieze, and cornice. [OF.;LL. in- 
tabulamentum, fr. L. in and tabula, 
board, table.] 

Entail, en-tal'. n. That which is en- 
tailed. (Law.) An estate or fee 

entailed, or limited in descent to ,.,,, . m \\ mm \ - 

particular heirs ; rule by which IllllUlilliWIIl l Will ilH 
the descent is settled. — v . t. [ex- 
tailed (-tald'), -tailing.] To set- 
tle inalienably on a person or 
thing, or on a person and his de- 
scendants. [F. entaille, fr. entailler, 
to cut away, fr. en and tailler, to 
cut. See Tail. J — Entailment, n. 
Act of, or condition of being, etc. 

Entangle, en-tan'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -glixg.] To 
twist or interweave so as not to be easily separated; 
to involve in complications, perplex, embarrass, 
puzzle. — Entanglement, n. State of being, etc.; 
intricacy; perplexity. 

Enter, en'ter, v. t. [-tered (-tSrd), -terixg.] To 
come or go into, penetrate; to unite in, join, engage 
in; to attain, reach, begin: to insert; to inscribe, re- 
cord. (Law.) To go into or upon lands, and take 
possession of them; to place in regular form before 
the court, usually in writing. — v. i. To go or come 
m; to begin; to penetrate; to constitute a part. [OF. 
entrer, L. intrare, to enter; s. rt. L. trans, across, 
Skr. tri, to cross.] — En'trance, -trans, n. Act of en- 
tering, also of taking possession (of property or of- 
fice); permission or power to enter; door or passage 
by which to enter; act of beginning; commence- 
ment: the causing to be entered, as of a ship or 
goods at a cugtom-house, a name upon a register, 
etc. — Entree', oN-tra'. n. Entry; permission or 
right to enter; a course of dishes at table; a side- 
dish. [F., p. p. of entrer.] — En'try, -tri, n. Act of 
entering: entrance; making a record; a passage; ves- 
tibule. (Com,) Exhibition of a ship's papers at the 
custom-house, to procure license to land goods. 
(Law.) The taking possession of lands or tenements 
by setting foot on them; a formal putting upon rec- 
ord. [F. entr£e.~] 

Enteric, en-ter'ik, a. (Med.) Pert, to the intestines. 
[Gr. enteron, intestine.] — Enteri'tis, n. Inflamma- 
tion of, etc. — Enterofomy. -ml, n. (Anat.) Dis- 
section of, etc. (Surg.) Incision of the intestines 
in reducing hernia. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] 

Enterprise, en'ter-prizl n. That which is undertaken; 
a bold attempt: adventure: willingness to engage in 
labor which requires boldness, energy, etc. — v. t. 
To undertake, venture upon. [F. entreprise; entre- 
prendre, to undertake, fr. entre, between, and pren- 
dre, to take.] — En'terpris'ing, a. Bold to undertake. 

Entertain, en-ter-tan'', v. t. [-taixed (-tand'), -taix- 
ing.] To maintain, support; to show hospitality to. 
receive as host; to engage agreeably the attention of. 




luimr 

Entablature. 



divert; to take into consideration: to harbor, cher- 
ish. — v. i. To receive guests. [F. entretenir, fr. 
entre (L. inter), between, and tenir (L. tenere), to 
hold.] — Entertain'er, n. — Entertaining, a. Af- 
fording entertainment; amusing; diverting. — En- 
tertain'ment, n. Act of receiving as host, or of 
I amusing, admitting, or cherishing; that which en- 
I tertains, esp. a feast, banquet; diversion; pastime. 
: Enthetic, en-thefik, a. (Pathol.) Pert, to, or orig- 
inating in, poisons in the body. [Gr. en and tithenai, 
to place.] 

Enthrall. See Ixtiirall. 
• Enthrone, en-thron', v. t. [-throned (-thrond'), 
! -throning.] To place on a throne, invest with sov- 
ereign authority. (Eccl.) To induct or install (a 
bishop) into a vacant see. — Enthrone'ment, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. 

Enthusiasm, en-thu / 'zl-azm, n. An ardent zeal in re- 
spect to some object, cause, or pursuit; fervor of 
soul; fanaticism. [OF. enthusiasme, Gr. entliousias- 
mos, fr. enikimazein, to be inspired, fr. enthous, for 
entheos, inspired, lit. full of the god, fr. en, within, 
and theos, god.] — Enthu'siast, n. One moved by 
enthusiasm; a visionary; fanatic; zealot. — Enthu'- 
siasfic, -ical, a. Filled with, etc.; zealous in the 
pursuit or support of an object or cause.— Enthu- 
siasfically, adv. 

Enthymeme, en'thl-mem, n. (Rhet.) An argument 
consisting of only 2 propositions, an antecedent and 
a consequent deduced from it. [Gr. enthianema, fr. 
en and thumos, mind.] 

Entice, en-ils', v. t. [-ticed (-ilsf). -ticing.] To 
draw on, or instigate, by hope or desire: esp. to lead 
astray, tempt, decoy, seduce, inveigle, persuade. 
[OF. enticer, enticher; perh. fr. MHG. zicken, to 
push, zecken, to drive, tease.] — Entice'ment, n. Act 
or practice of, etc.; what incites to evil; allurement; 
temptation; inducement. — Enti'cer, n. 

Entire, en-tir', a. Complete in all parts; full and 
perfect; whole; not participated with others; full; 
comprising all requisites in itself; without mixture 
or alloy; without defect; complete; unbroken. (Bot.) 
Consisting of a single piece, as a corolla. [F. entier, 
fr. L. integer. See Integer.] — Entirely, adv. 
Wholly; completely; fully.— Entire'ness, -ty, -tl, n. 
State of being entire; completeness; integrity. 

Entitle, en-ti'tl, v. t. [-tled (-tld), -tling.] To give 
a title to, dignify by an honorary designation, de- 
nominate, call; to give a claim to, furnish grounds 
for seeking. 

Entity, en'tl-tY, n. A real being, whether in thought 
or in fact; essence; existence. [LL. entitas, fr. ens, 
entis, p. pr. of L. esse, to be.] 

Entomb, en-toom', v. t. [-tombed (-toomd'), -tomb- 
ing.] To deposit in a tomb, bury, inter, inhume. 

Entomology, en-to-moKo-jI, n. That part of zoology 
which treats of insects. [Gr. entomon, an insect 
(neut. of entomos, cut into, fr. en and temnein, to 
cut: see Insect), and logos, discourse.] — Entomo- 
logical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to the science of entomol- 
ogy. — Entomologist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. — 
Entomos'tracan, -kan, n. (Zobl.) A crustacean of 
inferior grade. [Gr. ostrakon, burnt clay, i. e., the 
hard shell.] 

Entozoon, en-to-zo'on, n. ; pi. -zoa, -zo'a. (Zobl.) A 
parasite within a living Deing, as in the intestines 
or tissues. [Gr. entos, within, and zoon, animal.] — 
Entozo'al, -ic, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Entr'acte, oNtr-akf, n. The interval between the 
performance of 2 acts of a drama ; a dance, inter- 
lude, etc., performed between 2 acts. [F., fr. entre 
(L. inter), between, and acte (L. actus, fr. agere, ac- 
tum, to act), an act.] — Entremets, oNtr-ma', n. A 
small plate set on between the principal dishes at 
table. [F.; mets, a dish, mess, q. v.] — Entrepot, -po', 
n. A warehouse or magazine for deposit of goods ; 
a bonded warehouse; free port. [F., fr. L. interpos- 
itum, fr. inter and ponere, position, to put.] 

Entrails, en'tralz, n. pi. The bowels ; guts; viscera; in- 
ternal parts, as of the earth. [OF. entrailles, LL. 
intralia, intranea, L. interanea, entrails, fr. intera- 
neus, inward, fr. inter, within.] 

Entrance, Entree, Entry. See under Enter. 

Entrance, en-trans", v. t. [-tranced (-transf).-TRAN- 
cixg.] To put into a trance, make insensible to 
present objects; to ravish with delight or wonder. 

Entrap, en-trap' v. t. [-trapped (-trapf), -trap- 
pixg.] To catch as in a trap, insnare. 

Entreat, en-tret'', v. t. To treat, deal with, use or 
manage : to treat with, ask earnestly, importune, be- 
seech, beg, implore. [OF. entrai'ter, fir. en (L. in) 



8un, cube, full ; moon. fcJot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



ENTRUST 



182 



EPIGLOTTIS 



and traiter (L. tractar.e), to treat, q. v.] — Entreat'y, 
-T, n. Act of, etc.; solicitation; suit; petition. 

Entrust. See Intkust. 

Entwine, en-twin', v. t. [-twined (-twind'), -twin- 
ing.] To twine, twist together. 

Entwist, en-twist', v. t. To twist or wreathe around. 

Enucleate, e-nu'kle-at, v. t. To bring out, as a kernel 
from enveloping husks ; to make manifest, clear, 
explain. [L. enucleare, -atum, f r. e, out, and nucleus, 
q. v.] — Enu'clea'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Enumerate, e-nu'mer-at, v. t. To count, number, 
compute ; to recount, recapitulate. [L. enumerare, 
-atum, fr. e and numerare, fr. numerals, number.] — 
Enu'mera'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; a detailed account, 
in which each thing is specially noticed. (Rhet.) A 
recapitulation in the peroration of the heads of an 
argument. — Enu'merative, -tiv, a. Counting, or 
reckoning up, one by one. 

Enunciate, e-nun'shT-at, v. t. To announce, pro- 
claim, declare ; to make distinctly audible, utter, 
pronounce. — v. i. To utter words or syllables. [L. 
e and nunciare, -atum. See Announce.] — Enun'- 
cia'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; mode of pronunciation, 
esp. as regards distinctness of articulation : thing 
enunciated or announced; declaration . — Enun 'da- 
tive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. Pert, to enunciation or ut- 
terance. 

Enveigle. See Inveigle. 

Envelop, en-vel'up, t\ t. [-oped (-upt), -oping.] To 
surround as a covering ; to wrap up, inclose within 
a case, wrapper, etc. [OF. envoluper, enveloper, ME. 
wlappen, It.inviluppare. See Develop.] — Envel- 
ope, en'vel-op or oN-vel-op', Envel'op, -up,w. That 
which envelops; a wrapper; esp. wrapper of a letter. 
{Fort.) A mound of earth, covering a weak part of 
the works. — Envelopment, n. Act of enveloping ; 
an inclosing on all sides; that which envelops. 

Envenom, en-ven'um, v. t. [-omed (-umd), -oming.] 
To impregnate with venom, or anything noxious to 
life ; to poison ; to taint with bitterness or malice. 

Enviable, Envious, etc. See under Envy. 

Environ, en-vi'run, v. t. [-roned (-rund), -roning.] 
To surround, encompass, encircle ; to involve, en- 
velop. [OF. environner, fr. environ, round about, 
fr. en and virer, to turn, veer. See Veer. — Envi- 
ronment, n. Act of, state of being, or that which, 
etc.— Environs, en-vi'- or en'vi-runz, n. pi. Places 
surrounding another place, or in its neighborhood. 

Envoy, en'voi, n. One dispatched upon an errand ; 
esp. one deputed to negotiate a treaty, or transact 
business, with a foreign government, — disting. f r. 
an ambassador or permanent resident at a foreign 
court. [OF., a message, also envoye", a messenger, 
fr. envoyer, entreier, to send, f r. ent (L. bide), thence, 
away, and roycr, reier (L. viare), to travel, fr. L. 
via, a way. [See Voyage.] 

Envy, en'vY, v. t. [-vied (-vid), -vying.] To regard 
with discontent and malevolent longing; to be tilled 
with emulation at sight of; to desire strongly, covet. 

— v. i. To be filled with envious feelings. — n. 
Pain, mortification, or discontent, excited by an- 
other's superiority; an object of envious feeling. [F. 
envie, L. invidia, envy. See Invidious.] — En'vier, 
n. — En'viable, a. — En'vious, -us, a. Feeling, ex- 
hibitimr, or directed by, envy. — En'viously, adv. 

Enwrap. See In wra p. 

Eocene, e'o-sen, a. {Geol.) Pert, to the earliest part 
of the tertiary period, — alluding to the approxima- 
tion in its life to that of the present era. [Gr eos, 
day-break, dawn, and kainos, recent.] — E'oeine, 
-sin,w. (Chem.) A fluorescent rose-colored or red- 
dish-brown dye-stuff for silks. 

Eolian, e-o'li-an, Eolic, -ol'ik, a. Pert, to vEolia or 
^Eolis, in Asia Minor, to ^Eolus, god of the winds, 
or to the wind.— Eol'ic, n. The Greek dialect 6poken 
in ancient iEolia; music or verse of the iEolians. — 
Eolian harp, etc. See under 2Eolian. 

Eon. See AZon. 

Epact, e'pakt, n. The moon's age at the end of the 
year ; excess of the solar year or month beyond the 
lunar. [OF. epacte, fr. Gr. epaktos, added, fr. epag- 
ein, to bring in, fr. epi, to, and agein, to lead.] 

Eparch, ep'ark, n. Governor of a subdivision of a 
country. [Gr. eparchos, fr. epi and arche, dominion.] 

— Ep'archy, -Y, n. A province under an eparch. 
Epaulet, -lette, ep'aw-let', n. {Mil.) A badge worn 

on the shoulder by military and naval officers. [F. 
epaulette, dim. of e'paule, OF. espaule, espalle, shoul- 
der, fr. L. spatula, a blade, later shoulder, fr. spatha, 
Gr. spathe, blade.]— Epaule'ment, -pawl'-, n. (Fort.) 
Aside-work, made of gabions, fascines, or bags, filled 



with earth, or with earth heaped up. [F., f r. ipauler, 
to support with the shoulders.] 

Ependyma, ep-en'di-ma, re. (Anat.) The lining mem- 
branes of the ventricles of the brain. [Gr., an up- 
per garment, f r. epi and enduna, garment, fr. en and 
duein, to put on.] 

Epenthesis, e-pen'the-sis, n.; pi. -ses, -sez. (Oram.) 
Insertion of a letter or syllable in the middle of a 
word. [Gr., fr. epi, en, and tithenai, to put, set.] 

Epergne, a-parn', n. An ornamental stand in the cen- 
ter of a table. [F., economy, fr. dpargner, to save, 
G. sparen, AS. sparian, E. spare.] 

Epha, Ephah, e'fa, n. A Hebrew measure, equal to 
1 4-'.) bushels. [Heb. ephah, fr. Copt, epi, measure, 
op, to count.] 

Ephemera, e-fem'e-ra, n. (Med.) A fever of one 
day's continuance only. (Entom.) The day-fly, or 
May-fly; strictly, a fly that lives one day only, ap- 
plied also to short-lived insects. [Gr., fr. epi and 
hemera, a day.] — Ephem'eral, n. Anything which 
lasts but a day or a very short time. — Ephem'eral, 
-eric, -erous, -rus, a. Beginning and ending in a day; 
diurnal ; existing for a short time only. — Ephem"- 
eris, n. ; pi. Ephemerides, -mer'Y-dez. A journal; 
diary. (Astron.) An astronomical almanac; a tabu- 
lar statement of the assigned places of a planet, 
comet, etc., on successive days. [Gr., a diary.] 

Ephod, ef'od, n. (Jew. Aatiq.) The Jewish high 
priest's upper garment. [Heb., fr. dphad, to put on.] 

Epic, ep'ik, a. Containing narration ; relating great 
events. — n. An epic or heroic poem. [L. epicus, 
Gr. epikos, fr. Gr. epos, word, narrative, song ; s. rt. 
L. vox, voice.] — Ep'os, n. An epic poem, or its sub- 
ject; epopee. [Gr.] — Ep'opee, -pe, n. An epic poem, 
or the fable constituting its subject. [Gr. epopoiia; 
poiein, to make.] 

Epicene, ep'Y-sen, a. or n. Common to both sexes, — 
appl., in gram., to nouns having but one form of 
gender. [Gr. epi and koinos. common.] - 

Epicure, ep'Y-kur, n. A follower of Epicurus, a 
Greek philosopher who assumed pleasure to be the 
highest good ; one addicted to sensual enjoyments ; 
a voluptuary ; sensualist. — Epicurean, -ku're-an or 
-ku-re'an, a. Pert, to Epicurus or his philosophy; 
given to luxury; luxurious.— n. A follower of, etc.; 
one given to luxuries of the table. — Epicureanism, 
-izm, n. Attachment to the doctrines of, also the 
principles or belief of, etc.— Ep'icu'rism, n. Doc- 
trines of, etc.; sensual enjoyments; voluptuousness. 

Epicycle, ep'Y-si'kl, n. (Ptole- 
maic Astron.) A circle, whose 
center moves round in the cir- 
cumference of a greater circle. 
[F.; L. epicyclus, Gr. epikuklos, 
fr. epi and ktdclos, cycle, cir- 
cle.] — Epicy'cloid, -kloid, n. 
( Geom.) A cur"e generated 
by a point in the circumfer- 
ence of a movable circle, which 
rolls on the inside or outside 
of the circumference of a fixed 
circle, as by the point a or a' Epicycloid. 
in the circle A or A'. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Ep'icy- 
cloid'al, a. Pert, to, or having the properties of, 
etc. — Epicycloidal wheel. A contrivance to secure 
parallel motion in converting reciprocating motion 
into circular. 

Epidemic, ep-Y-dem'ik, -ical, a. Common to, or affect- 
ing, a whole people or community; generally pre- 
vailing. — Epidemic, n. (Med.) A disease which, 
arising from a wide-spread cause, affects many per- 
sons at once. [OF. epidimique, L. epidemus, Gr. 
epidemos, fr. epi and demos, the people.] 

Epidermis, ep-Y-dgr'mis, n. (Anat.) The cuticle or 
scarf-skin of the body ; outer layer of the skin of 
animals. (Bot.) External layer of the bark of a 
plant. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. epi and derma, skin.] 

Epidote, ep'T-dot/w. (Min.) A vitreous mineral, con- 
sisting of silica, alumina, lime, and oxide of iron, or 
manganese. [Gr. epi and uidonai, to give.] 

Epigastric, ep-Y-gas'trik, a. (Anat.) Pert, to the 
upper and anterior part of the abdomen. [Gr. epi 
and gaster, belly.] 

Epigenesis, ep-T-jen'e-sis, n. (Physiol.) The theory 
that, in conception, the germ is created new, not 
merely expanded, by the procreative power oi the 
parents, — opp. to the theory of evolution. [Gr. epi 
and genesis, generation.] 

Epiglottis, ep-Y-glot'tis, n. (Anat.) A valve of car- 
tilage at the base of the tongue, whieh closes the 
glottis and excludes food or drink from the larynx 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; in, Ice ; Odd, tone, 



EPIGRAM 



183 



EQUAL 



maoze, v. (. [-iiitu ^iiiu;, -i iaiau.j jloi 
or express by, etc. — Epigraph, -graf, n. 
scription on a building denoting its use: a r 
Ipilepsy, ep'Y-lep'sT, n. (Me'/.) The falling : 



while eating. [Gr., fr. epi and glottis, fr. glotta, 
glossa, the tongue.] 
Epigram, ep'Y-gram, n. A short poem on one sub- 

i'ect, ending with a witty thought. [F. epigramme, 
j. and Gr. epigranima, fr. Gr. epi and graphein, to 
write.] — Epigrammatic, -ical, a. Writing, deal- 
ing in, pert, to, or like, etc. ; concise ; pointed ; 
poignant. — Ep'igrammatlcally, adv. — Ep / igram / '- 
matist, n. Une who composes, etc. — Ep^gram'- 
matize, v. t. [-tized (-Hzd), -tizing.] To represent 

An in- 
motto. 

Epilepsy, ep'T-lep'sT, n. (Med.) The falling sickness; 
a disease characterized by convulsions, stupor, and 
foaming at the mouth. [OF. epilepsie, L. and Gr. 
epilepsia, fr. Gr. epi and lamoanein, to seize.] — Epi- 
lep'tic, a. Pert, to, affected with, or consisting of, 
epilepsy. 

Epilogue, ep'T-log, n. A speech or short poem ad- 
dressed to the spectators by one of the actors, after 
a play. (Rhet.) Closing part of a discourse. [F. ; 
L. efiilogus, Gr. epilogos, fr. epi and logos, a speech.] 
— EpTlogis'tic, -jis'tik, a. Pert, to, or of the nature 
of, etc. 

Epiphany, e-pifa-ni, n. An appearance, or becom- 
ing manifest. (Eccl.) A festival, celebrated Jan. 
6th, to commemorate the appearance of our Savior 
to the wise men of the East. [F. epiphanie, L. and 
Gr. epiphania, fr. Gr. epi and phainein, to show.] 

Epiphyte, ep'T-fit, w. (Boi.) A plant growing upon 
other plants, but not deriving its nourishment from 
them ; an air-plant. A vegetable parasite on men 
and animals. [F., fr. Gr. epi and phvton, plant, fr. 
phuein, to grow.] 

Episcopal, e-pis'kc-pal, a. Governed by bishops; pert, 
to, or vested in, bishops or prelates; pert, to the 
church of England, or the Prot. Episc. church of 



U. S. [OF. ; L. episcopalis, f r. niscopus, Gr. episko- 
pos, overseer, bishop. See Bishop.] — EpiB'copa'- 
lian,-lT-an,a. Pert, to episcopacy or to the Episc, 



church; episcopal, —n. One who adheres to, etc. 
a churchman. — Epis'copa'lianism, -izm, n. Epis- 
copacy. — Epia'copally, adv. — Episcopate, -pat, n. 
A bishopric; office and dignitv of a bisliop ; collec- 
tive body of bishops. — Episcopacy, -sT, n. Gov- 
ernment of the church by bishops, or by 3 orders of 
ministers — bishops, priests, and deacons. 

Episode, ep't-sod, n. (Rhet.) An incidental narra- 
tive, or digression, arising from the main subject. 
[Gr. epeisodos, a coming in besides, fr. epi, besides, 
eis, into, and hodos, a way.] — Episodic, -sSdlk, 
-ical, a. Pert, to, or contained in, etc. 

Epistle, e-pisl, w. A writing sent to a person; letter. 
[OF.; L. epistola, Gr. epistole, fr. epi and stellein, 
to send.] — Epis'tolary, -to-la-rl, a. Pert, or suitable 
to, or contained in, letters. 

Epistrophe, e-pis'tro-fe, n. (Rhet.) A figure in which 
successive clauses end with the same word or affir- 



mation 
Epitaph, ep" 
in memory of the dead. [F. epitaphe, L. epitaphi- 



•n. [Gr., fr. epi and strephein, to twist, turn.] 
1, ep't-taf, n. An inscription on a monument, 



fr. Gr. epitaphios (logos), funeral (oration), fr 
epi and taphos, tomb.] — Epitaphlc, a. Pert, to, or 
of the nature of, etc. 

Epithalamium, ep'Y-tha-la'mY-um, n. A nuptial song. 
[L.; Gr. epithalamion, fr. epi& th alamos, bridal bed.] 

Epithet, ep'Y-thet, n. An adjective expressing some 
quality, attribute, or relation of a person or thing ; 
title; appellation. [L. and Gr. epilheton, fr. Gr. epi 
and tithenai, to place, set.] — Epithetlc, a. Pert, 
to, consisting of, or abounding in, epithets. 

Epitome, e-pit'o me, n. ; pi. -mes, -raez. A brief sum- 
mary; abridgment; compendium ; abstract; synop- 
sis. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. epi and temnein, to cut.] — 
EpiVomist, n. One who makes, etc. — Epifomize, 
v. t. [-MizED (-mizd), -mizing.] To shorten or 
abridge. — Epit'omiz'er, n. 

Epizeuxis, ep-T-zuksIs, n. (Rhet.) A figure by which 
a word is repeated with vehemence or emphasis. 
[Gr., fr. ejri and zeugnunai, to join, yoke.] 

Epizoon, ep-Y-zo'on, v.; pi. -zoa, -zo'a. (Zobl.) One 
of a class of parasitic insects or worms living upon 
lice, acari, etc.; an animal infesting the surface of 
the body of another — as lice, fleas, etc. [Gr. epi and 
zoon, animal.] — Epizootic, -zo-otlk, a. Parasitic on 
animals; pert, to, or affected by, diseases prevalent 
among animals — eorresp. to epidemic diseases 
among men.— Epizo'oty, -o-tY, n. A murrain among 
horses, cattle, etc. 

Epoch, ep'ok, n. A fixed point of time, from which 
dates are reckoned : a remarkable period of time; 



era ; age. [L. epocha, Gr. epoche, f-r. epecfiein, to 
hold in, check, fr. epi and echein, to have, hold.] 

Epode, ep'od, n. (Poet.) The 3d or last part of the 
ode; a species of lyric poem invented by Arehilo- 
chus, in which a longer verse is followed by a 
shorter one. [OF.; L. and Gr. epodos, fr. Gr. epi 
and adein, to sing.] 

Eponym, -nyme, ep'o-nim, n. A name of a people, 
country, etc., derived from that of an individual; 
the person whose name is so used. [Gr. epi and 
onoma, name.] 

Epopee, Epos. See under Epic. 

Epsom Salt, ep'sum-sawlt. (Med.) Sulphate of mag- 
nesia having cathartic qualities, — orig. prepared fr. 
mineral waters at Ejjsom, England. 

Equal, e'kwal, a. Having the same magnitude, di- 
mensions, value, degree, etc. ; having competent 
power or means; fit; not variable; equable; not un- 
duly inclining to either side; uniform; fair; just; 
equitable. — n. One not inferior or superior to an- 
other. — v. t. [equaled (-kwald), EQUALING.] To 
be or become equal to, or commensurate with; to 
recompense fully; to make equal or equal to, equal- 
ize, regard as equals. [L. sequalis, fr. sequus, equal, 
just; s. rt. Skr. eka, one.] — E'qually, -IT, adv.— 
Equality, -kwoKl-tt. n. Condition or quality of 
being equal. (Math.) Exact agreement between ex- 
pressions or magnitudes with respect to quantity. — 
E'qualize, -kwal-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To 
make, pronounce, or compare as, equal. — E'qual- 
izalion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — E'qua- 
ble, a. Equal and uniform; continuing the same at 
different times; uniform in action or intensity; not 
variable. — E'quably, adv. — E'quabillty, -tY, n. 
Quality or condition of_being, etc.; evenness; uni- 
formity. — Equate, -kwat', v. t. To make equal, 
reduce to an average. [L. sequare, -atum. fr. sequvs.] 

— Equa'tion, n. A making equal: equal division. 
(Math.) An expression of the condition of equality 
between two algebraic quantities, the sign= being 
placed between them. (Astron.) Difference between 
the true and the mean place or other element of a 
celestial body .—Equation of payments. (Arilh.) Pro- 
cess of finding the mean time of payment of sums 
due at different times. — E. of time. (Astron.) Dif- 
ference between mean and apparent time. — Per- 
sonal e. (Astron.) Difference between an observed 
result and the true, depending on personal qualities 
in the observer. — Equa'tor, -ter, n. (Geog.) A great 
circle on the earth's surface, everywhere equally 
distant from the 2 poles, and dividing the earth's 
surface into 2 hemispheres. (Astron.) A great cir- 
cle of the celestial sphere, coincident with the plane 
of the earth's equator. [LL. sequator.'] — Equato / '- 
rial, -rt-al, a. Pert, to the equator. — n. (Astron.) 
A telescope so mounted that it may be directed to 
any star, etc., whose right ascension and declination 
are known. — Eq'uity, ek'wY-tY, n. The giving, or 
desiring to give, to each man his due, — disting. fr. 
justice in requiring a higher standard than enact- 
ment or custom. (Law.) An equitable claim ; a 
system of jurisprudence, whose object is to supply 
deficiencies of courts of law. Impartiality; recti- 
tude; honesty; uprightness. [OF. equity, L. tequilas.] 

— Eq'uitable, a. Possessing or exhibiting equity; 
giving, or disposed to give, each his due; pert, to the 
tribunal or rule of equitv; fair; reasonable; right; 
candid. [OF.] — Eq'uitableness, n. — Eq'uitably, 
adv. — E'quanimlty, -tY, n. Evenness of mind; 
composure: calmness. [L. seqvanimitas, fr. sequvs 
and animus, mind.] —Equiangular, e-kwY-an'gu- 
ler, a. Consisting of, or having equal angles. — 
Equidiflerent, a. Having equal differences; arith- 
metically proportional. — Equidislant, a. At an 
equal distance from the same point. — 
Equilateral, a. Having all the si r'es 
equal. [L. latus, lateris, side.] — Equi- 
librate, -brat, v. t. To balance equal- 
ly 2 scales, sides, or ends ; to keep 
in equipoise. [L. ssquilibrare, -bru- 
tum, lihrare, to weigh, poise, fr. libra, P „ ., . . 
balance.] - Equilibra'tion, «. Act ^hfteral 
of, or state of being, etc.; equipoise. J.rian to ie. 

— Equilib / 'rity, -lib'rY-tr. n. State of being equal- 
ly balanced. — Equilibrium, -rT-um, n. ; L. pi. -ria, 
-rl-a; E. pi. -eiums, -umz. Equality of weight or 
force ; a just balance in respect to an object, so 
that it remains firm ; equal balancing of the 
mind between motives or reasons. [L.] — In equilib- 
rio. In a state of equilibrium. [L.]— Equimulti- 
ple, -tT-pl, a. Multiplied by the same number or 




cube, full ; moon, f6t>t •, cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



EQUERRY 



184 



ERR 



quantity. — n. (A?-ith. & Gcom.) A product arising 
from the multiplication of primitive quantities by 
the same number or quantity. — E'quinox, n. The 
precise time when the sun enters one of the equi- 
noctial points. [F. e'quinoxe, OF. equinocce, L. sequi- 
noctium, time of equal day and night; fr. sequus and 
nox, noctis, night.] — Autumnal equinox. Time when 
the sun enters the 1st point of Libra, being about 
Sept. 23d. — Venial e. Time when the sun enters 
the 1st point of Aries, being about March 21st.— 
Equinoctial, -shal, a. Pert, to the equinoxes, or 
to the regions or climate of the equinoctial line or 
equator, or to the time when the sun enters the equi- 
noctial points, —n. (Astron.) The celestial equator, 

— so called because when the sun is on it, night and 
day are of equal length throughout the world. — 
Equinoctial colure. (Astron.) Meridian passing 
through the equinoctial points. — E. points. (Astron/) 
The 2 points where the celestial equator and ecliptic 
intersect each other, the one being in the first point 
of Aries, the other in the first point of Libra.— 
E'quipoise, -poiz, n. Equality of weight or force, 
equilibrium ; a state in which the 2 ends or sides of 
a thing are balanced; equality. — Equipollent, a. 
Having equal force; equivalent. (Logic.) Having 
equivalent signification and reach. [L. pollens, p. 
pr. of pollere, to be strong, able.] — Equipol'lence, 
-lency, -sr, n. State of being, etc. (Logic.) Equiv- 
alence between propositions. — Equiponderate, -at, 
v. i. To be equal in weight, — v. t. To counter- 
balance. [L. ponderare, to weigh.] — Equipon'der- 
ance, -ancy, -an-st, n. Equality of weight; equipoise. 

— Equiponderant, a. Having the same weight. — 
Equiv'alent, a. Equal in value, force, power, effect, 
import, etc. (Geom.) Equal in dimensions, but not 
euperposable. (Geol.) Contemporaneous in origin. 

— n. That which is equal in value, weight, dignity, 
or force. (Ckem.) Atomie weight of a substance, 
or a number which expresses the proportion by 
weight in which it combines with other substances. 
[OFT; L. sequivalens, p. pr. of xquivalere ; valere, to 
be worth. See Value.] — Equivalence, -lency, -st, 
w. Condition of being, etc.; equal power or force. 
(Ckem.) The quantity of the combining power of 
an atom, expressed in hydrogen units; valency.— 
Equiv'ocal, a. Having different significations equal- 
ly appropriate or plausible; ambiguous; uncertain; 
capable of being ascribed to different motives; un- 
certain as to its cause or effect. [L. sequivocus, of 
doubtful sense; vox, vocis, voice, sense.] — Equiv- 
ocally, adv. — Equiv'ocalness, n. — Equivocate, 
-kat, v. i. To use words of equivocal or doubtful 
signification with a view to mislead; to prevaricate, 
evade, shuffle. [OF. equivoquer.] — Equivocation, 
n. Ambiguity of speech ; evasion ; quibbling. — 
EquiVoca'tor, -t5r, n. — Equivoque, a-ke-vok', Equi- 
voke, ek'wt-vok, n. An ambiguous term; equivo- 
cation. [F. Equivoque.] 

T, e-k' 



Equerry, e-kwer'rl, 



T, ek'we-rt, n. A stable; an 



offieer in charge of nobles' or princes' horses. [F. 
e~curie, OF. escurie, LL. scuria, a stable, OHG. 
skiura, a shed; s. rt. esquire ; not s. rt. L. equus.] 

Equestrian, e-kwes'trf-an, a. Pert, to horses, their 
management, and the art of riding; riding on horse- 
back ; performed by one on horseback. — n. A 
horseman ; rider. [L. equestris, equester, fr. eques, 
horseman, fr. equus, horse.]— Equestrianism, -izm, 
n. Performance on horseback; horsemanship.— 
E'quine, -kwin, Equi'nal, a. Pert, to, or like, a 
horse. — Eq'uitant, ek'wY-tant, a. Mounted on a 
horse. (Bot.) Overlapping each other, — said of 
leaves. [L., p. pr. of equitare, to ride, fr. equus.] — 
Eq'uita'tion, n. Horsemanship. 

Equip, e-kwip'', v. t. [equipped (-kwipf), -ping.] To | 
supply with what is necessary to efficient action, — 
6aid esp. of ships or troops; to dress, array, decorate. 
[OF. equiper, esquiper; Ic. skipa, to set in order, 
skapa, to shape, form; s. rt. shape, ship.'] — Eq'ui- 
page, -pej, n. Furniture ; esp. furniture and sup- 
plies of a vessel, or of an army, body of troops, or 
single soldier ; equipment ; accouterments ; habili- 
ments; attendance; retinue. £OF.] — Equip^ment, 
n. Act of, state of being, or thing used in, etc. 

Bra, e'ra, n. ; pi. Eras, -raz. A fixed point of time, 
from which a series of years is reckoned; a succes- 
sion of years proceeding from a fixed point, or com- 
prehended between fixed points; epoch; date; pe- 
riod; age. [L. sera, an era, orig. counters, items of 
account, prop. pi. of ses, brass, money.] 

Eradiate, e-ra'dY-at, v. i. To shoot forth, as rays of 
light; to beam. [L. e, out, and radius, ray, radiare. 



-atum, to beam.] — Era'dia'tion, n. Emission of 
light or splendor. 

Eradicate, e-rad'T-kat, v. t. To pull up by the roots, 
extirpate, root out; to put an end to, exterminate, 
destroy. [L. eradicare, -catum, fr. e and radix, 
radicis, root.] — Erad'icable, a. — Erad'ica'tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. — Eradlcative, -tiv, a. 
Tending or serving to eradicate_. 

Erase, e-ras / ', v. t. [erased (-rasf), erasing.] To 
rub or scrape out, efface; to obliterate, as ideas in 
the mind or memory. [L. eradere, erasum, fr. e and 
radere, to scrape, shave.] — Eras - ' able, a. — Erase'- 
ment, n. Act of erasing; obliteration; destruction. 

— Eras'er, n. — Eras'ure, -ra'zhur, n. Act of eras- 
ing; obliteration. 

Erastian, e-rast'yan, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of 
the Ger. physician, Thos. Erastus, who held the 
church to be a creature of the state, dependent upon 
it for authority. — a. Pert, to, etc. — Erasfianism, 
-izm, n. Principles of, etc. ; state control of religion. 

Ere, ar, adv. Before; sooner than. — prep. Before in 
respect to time. [AS. ser, soon, before, Ic. ar, Goth. 
air, soon, early, D. eer, OHG. er, G. eher, sooner: s. 
rt. early.] — Ere-long', adv. Soon; before long. — 
Ere-now', adv. Before this time. — Ere-while', 
-whiles'', -hwilz', adv. Sometime ago; a little while 
before. — Erst, erst, adv. First ; at first ; in early 
times; once: formerly. [AS. asrest, superl. of ser.] 

Erect, e-rekf, «. Upright, or in a perpendicular pos- 
ture; raised; uplifted; firmly established; bold.— 
i'. t. To set upright, lift up, raise; to raise (a build- 
ing) : to give loftiness or high tone to, exalt ; to 
cheer; to set up (an assertion or consequence from 
premises, etc.); to establish anew, construct, build, 
institute, found. [L. erigere, erectum, fr. e and 
regere, to rule.] — Erect'er, n. — Erect/ile, -il, a. 
Capable of being, etc. — Erec'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; thing erected; a building.— 
Erecfive, -iv, a. Setting upright; raising. — Erect'- 
ly, adv. 

Eremite, er'e-mlt, n. Same as Hermit. 

Ergo, er'go, adv. Therefore; consequently. [L.] 

Ergot, ergot, n. An elongated, black, poisonous form 
of the kernel of rye and other grasses, caused by a 
fungus, —used to cause contraction of the uterus; 
spur; smut. (Far.) A protuberance behind and be- 
lowthe pastern-joint. [F., a diseaseof cereal grasses.] 

— Er'gotine, -in, n. (Che/n.) The narcotic poison ob- 
tained from, etc. — Er'gotism, -izm, n. Poisoning re- 
sulting from eating diseased grain, esp. bread made 
of spurred rye. 

Ermine, er'min, n. An animal allied to the weasel, 
inhabiting northern Europe and 
America, and having the fur white 
in winter, but the tip of the tail in- 
tensely black throughout the year; 
the fur of the ermine; the dignity 
of judges, whose state robes, lined 
with ermine, are emblematic of pu- 
rity. (Her.) One of the furs used Ermine, 
in blazonry, represented by spots shaped as in the 

cut. [OF. ; "Sp. armino. It. ermellino, K ^ 

LL. armdinus, fr. OHG. harmin, 
ermine-fir. harmo, an ermine.] 

Erode, e-rod', v t. To eat into or 
away; to corrode. [L. erodere, -ro- 
sum, fr. e and rodere, to gnaw.] — 
Ero'sion, -zhun, n. Act or opera- 
tion of. or state of being, etc. ; cor- 
rosion; canker. 

Erotic, e-rofik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or 
prompted by, love; amatory. [Gr. 
erotikos, fr. eros, love.] 

Erpetology. See Herpetology. 

Err, er, v. i. [erred (erd), erring (er'ring).] To 
wander from the right way; to mistake in judgment 
or opinion: to fail morally. [O F. errer, L. errare, 
-atum, OHG. irreon, MHG. and G. irren, to wander; 
Goth, airz-jan, OHG. irran, for irrjan, to make to 
err, OHG. irri, G. irre, astray ; Skr. ri, to go.] — 
Errant, er'rant, a. Deviating from an appointed 
course or direct path; roving; wild; extravagant; no- 
torious; arrant. [OF.] — Erratic, -ical, a. Roving 
about without a fixed destination ; eccentric ; not 
fixed or stationary; transported from the original 
resting place. — Erratic, n. (Geol.) Material borne 
away by natural agencies from its original site; a 
bowlder. — Erratically, ,adv. Without rule, order, 
or established method; irregularly. — Erra'tum, n.; 
pi. -ta, -ta. An error in writing or printing.— Erro'- 
neous, -us, a. Deviating from a right course; not 




Ermine. 



am, fame, far, pats or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In. ice ; Odd, tone, dr ; 



ERRAND 



185 



ESPOUSE 



conformed to truth or justice; containing error; lia- 
ble to mislead; irregular; false; mistaken. [L. erro- 
neus.] — Erroneously, adv. — Erro'neousness, n.— 
Er'ror, -rer, n. A deviation from the right course; 
want of truth; inaccuracy; violation of law or duty; 
blunder ; mistake ; transgression ; fault. (Math.) 
Difference between the result of any operation and 
the true result. (Law.) A mistake in the proceed- 
ings of a court of record in matters of law or of 
fact. [OF. and L.] 

Errand, er'rand, n. Something to be said or done by a 
messenger ; message ; commission; one's purpose in 
going. [AS. & Dan. serende, Ic. eyrendi, Sw. arende ; 
perh. s. rt. AS. earu, Ic. orr, swift, Skr. ri, to go.] 

Errhine, er'rin, n. (Med.) A medicine to be snuffed 
up the nose to cause sneezing; a sternutatory. [Gr. 
en and rhh. rhinos, nose.] 

Erae, ers, n. The language of descendants of the Gael 
or Celts in the west Highlands of Scotland, called 
by themselves Gaelic. — a. Pert, to the ancient in- 
habitants of Scotland. [Corrupt, of Irish.] 

Erst. See under Ere. 

Erubescent, er-oo-bes'sent, a. Red, or reddish; blush- 
ing. [L. entbescens, p. pr. of erubescere, to grow red, 
fr. rvhere, to be red, ruber, red.] — Erubes'cence, 
-cency, -sen-st, n. Act of,_etc; redness; blush. 

Eract, e-rukf, Eruc'tate, -tat, v. t. To eject, as wind, 
from the stomach; to belch. [L. eructare, -latum, fr. 
e and ructare, to belch.] — Eructa'tion, n. Act of 
belching; a bursting forth, as of wind or other mat- 
ter from the earth. 

Erudite, er'u-dit, a. Characterized by extensive 
knowledge; learned. [L. erudire, -ditum, to instruct, 
fr. e and rudis, rude.] — Erudi'tion, -dish'un, n. 
State of being, etc.; literature; learning. 

Eruginous, e-roo'jT-nus, a. Partaking of copper, or 
copper rust ; resembling rust. [L. aeruginosas, fr. 
serugo, rust, fr. ass, seris, metal, copper.] 

Eruption, e-rup'shun, n. Act of Dursting forth, as 
from inclosure or confinement; that which bursts 
forth suddenly or violently. (Med.) The breaking 
out of a cutaneous disease; the disease itself. [L. 
eruptio, fr. e and rumpere, ruptum, to break, burst.] 
— Erup'tive, -tiv, a. Breaking forth; attended with, 
or producing eruption. (Geol.) Produced by, etc. 

Erysipelas, er-T-sip'e-las, n. (Med.) St. Anthony's 
tire; an acute inflammatory disease of the skin and 
subjacent tissues. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. eruthros, red, 
and pella, pellatos, skin.] — Erysipelatous, -st-peK- 
a-tus, -sip'elous, -lus, a. Resembling, or of the na- 
ture of, etc. 

Escalade, es-ka-lad', n. (Mil.) An attack in which 
ladders are used to mount a rampart. — v. t. To 
scale; to mount and enter. [F.; Sp. escalado, p. p. 
of escalar, to scale, fr. escala, L. scala, ladder.] 

Escalop, es-skol'up, n. {Conch.) A bivalve shell, with 
one straight side, the face usually marked with ribs. 
A curving indenture in the margin of anything. [OF. 
escalope. See Scallop.] — Escal'oped, -upt, a. Cut 
or marked like, etc. (Her.) Covered with waving 
lines, or with indented borders overlapping. 

Escape, es-kap', v. t. [-caped (-kapf), -caping.] To 
flee from and avoid, shun; to avoid the notice of, 
evade. — v. i. To hasten away, avoid danger or in- 
jury; to be passed without harm. — n. Act of flee- 
ing from danger, evading harm, or avoiding notice; 
deliverance from injury or restraint. [OF. escaper, 
eschaper, It. scappare, to escape, scappata, LL. es- 
cmpium, an escape, flight, fr. ex cappa, (to slip) out 
of one's cape.] — Escapade', -pad, n. Fling, or Dack- 
ward kick of ahorse; an unconscious impropriety 
of speech or behavior; a mischievous freak. [OF.; 
fr. It. scappata.'] — Escape'ment, n. Act 
of escaping; the contrivance in a time- 
piece which connects the wheel-work 
with the pendulum or the balance, 
keeping the latter in vibration, — so 
called because a tooth escapes from a 
pallet at each vibration. 

Escarp, es-karp', n. (Fort.) Anything 
high and precipitous, as the side of the 
ditch next the parapet. — r. t. [es- 
carped (-karpt'), -carping.] (Mil.) 
To make into, or furnish with, a steep 
slope. [F. escarpe. See Scarp.] — Es- 
carp'ment, n. A steep declivity. 

Eschalot, esh-a-lof, n. (Bot.) A species of small 
onion or garlic. [F. escalotte, e'chalotte, L. cepa As- 
calonia, orig. brought fr. Ascalon, in Palestine.] 

Eschar, es'kar, n. (Surg.) A dry slough, crust, or 
scab. [F. escarre, L. and Gr. eschara.] — Escharot'- 




ic, a. Serving or tending to form an eschar; pro- 
ducing a scar; caustic. 

Eschatology, es-ka-tol'o-jT, n. The doctrine of the 
last things, as death, judgment, etc. [Gr. eschatos, 
furthest, last, and logos, discourse.] 

Escheat, es-chet', n. (Feud. & Eng. Law.) Reverting 
of lands to the lord of the fee, through extinction of 
the blood of the tenant. (£/. S. Law.) Falling or 
reverting of real property to the State, as orig. and 
ultimate proprietor, by failure of legal owners ; a 
writ to recover escheats from the person in posses- 
sion. Lands which fall to the lord or state by es- 
cheat; what falls to one; a reversion. — v. i. (Law.) 
To revert, return, or become forfeited to the lord, 
the crown, or the state. [OF. eschet, a thing fallen 
to, fr. escheoir, to fall to the lot of, fr. cheoir, L. ca- 
dere, to fall.] — Escheat 'able, a. Liable to escheat. 

Eschew, es-choo', v. t. [-chewed (-chood / '), -chew- 
ing.] To flee from, shun, seek to avoid. [OF. es- 
chever, to shun, avoid, OHG. sciuhan, to frighten, 
fear, shy at, fr. schiech, G. scheu, shy; s. rt. shy.] 

Escort, es'kdrt, n. An attendant to afford safety, re- 
spect, honor, or attention; a guard; protection on a 
journey or excursion. — Escort', v. t. To attend 
m order to protect; accompany as safeguard. [OF. 
escorte. It. scorta, an escort, p. p. of scorgere, to 
guide, L. corrigere, to set right. See Correct.] 

Escritoire, es-kri-tw6r', n. A writing-desk. [OF.; 
LL. scriptorium, fr. L. scribere, to write.] 

Escrow, es'kro, n. (Law.) A bond delivered to a 
third person, to hold till some condition is per- 
formed, and not to take effect till the condition is 
performed. [Norm. F. escrowe, scroll, OF. escroe, 
escroue, a roll of writings, bond, perh. fr. L. scrobis, 
ditch, grave; perh. fr. OHG. schraube. E. screw.] 

Esculapian, es-ku-la'pT-an, a. Pert, to Eseulapius, 
god of the healing art; medical; medicinal; curative. 

Esculent, es'ku-lent, a. Suitable to be used for food; 
edible, — n. Anything eatable. [L. esculentus, fr. 
escare, to eat, fr. esca, food, fr. edere, esum. to eat.] 

Escutcheon, es-kuch'un, n. (Her.) The shield; the 
field or ground on which a coat of i 
arms is represented ; shield of a 
family. [The 2 sides of an escutch- 
eon are designated as dexter and 
sinister, and the different parts by 
the following names: A, dexter 
chief point; B, middle chief point; 
C, sinister chief point; D, honor or 
collar point; E, fesse or heart point; 
F, nombril or navel point; G, dex- 
ter base point; H, middle base point; 
I, sinister base point.] (Naut.) Part of a vessel's 
stern on which her name is written. (Carp.) A 
plate finishing a key-hole. [OF. escusson. It. scud- 
one, fr. scudo, L. scutum, a shield. See Esquire.] 

Eskimo. See Esquimau. 

Esophagus, e-sof'a-gus, n. (Anat.) Passage through 
which food and drink pass to the stomach; gullet. 
[L. oesophagus, Gr. oisophagos, lit. food carrier, fr. 
oiso (f ut. of pherein, to carry) and phagein, to eat.] 

Esoteric, es-o-ter'ik, a. Designed for, and under- 
stood by, the initiated alone; private, — said of doc- 
trines of philosophers, — ODp. to exoteric. (Pathol.) 
Resulting from internal physiological causes. [Gr. 
esoterikos, fr. esoteros, inner, fr. eso (adv.), within, 
fr. es, eis (prep.), into.] 

Espalier, es-pal'yer, n. A row of trees trained to a 
lattice, and sheltering plants; lattice-work to train 
fruit-trees and shrubs on. [F.; OF. espallusr. It. 
spalliera, espalier, also back of a chair, fr. spalla, 
shoulder, back, L. spatula. See Epaulet.] 

Esparto, es-par'to, n. A kind of Spanish rush or 
grass, from which cordage, baskets, paper, etc., are 
made. [Sp. and Pg., L. spartum, Gr. sparton, Span- 
ish broom, mat-weed.] 

Especial, es-pesh'al, a. Distinguished among others 
of the same kind; peculiar; particular; principal; 
chief. [OF.; L. specialis, fr. species, a particular 




Escutcheon. 



kind.] — Espe'cially, adv. 
Espial, Espionage. See under Espy. 
Esplanade, es-pla-nad', n. (Fort.) 



splanade, es-pla-nad', n. (Fort.) The sloping of 
the parapet of the covered way toward the country ; 
clear space between a citadel and the town. (Hort.) 
A grass-plat. Any clear space for public drives. 
[OF., fr. esplaner, to level; It. spianata, fr. spianare, 
fr. L. explanare, to flatten out. See Explain.] 
pouse, es-powz', v. t. [-poused (-powzd'), -pous- 



ing.] To give as spouse, affiance, unite by promise 
of marriage or by marriage ceremony; to take as 
spouse, accept in marriage, wed ; to take up the 



sun, cube, full ; moon, ftfot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ESPRIT 



186 



ETHER 



cause of, adopt, embrace. [OF. espouser, fr. espouse, 
spouse, q. v.] — Espous'er, re. — Espous'al, n. Act 
of, etc.; esp. in pi., betrothal or marriage ceremony; 
the taking upon one's self the care or advocacy of 
any thing or cause ; adoption. 

Esprit, es-pre', re. Spirit; soul. [F.] — E. de corps, 
-de-k6r'. The prevailing spirit which binds men as 
members of the same societv or profession. [F.] 

Espy, es-pi", v. t. [-pied (-pld'), -pying.] To catch 
sight of, discern unexpectedly; to inspect narrowlv, 
examine and keep watch upon, find out, descry, sp'v. 
— v. i. To look narrowly, look about. [OF.es/iter, 
Sp. espiar, It. spiare, fr. OHG. speho?i, G. spahen. 
See Spy.]— Espi'al, w. Act of, etc. — Espionage, 
es'pe-on-azh o?--ej,re. Practice or employment of 
spies. [F., fr. OF. es/iion, It. spione, a spy.] 

Esquimau, Eskimo, es'kt-mo, re. ; 2d. -maux, -moz. An 
Indian of tribes inhabiting arctic America and 
Greenland. [Algonquin eskimantik, eater of raw 
flesh.] — E. dog. A variety of dog, used among Es- 
quimau Indians for drawing sledges, etc. 

Esquire, es-kwir', re. Orig., a shield-bearer or armor- 
bearer, an attendant on a knight, now, prop., a title 
of dignity next below a knight, and given in Eng. 
to younger sons of noblemen, to officers of the king s 
courts and of the household, to counselors at law, 
justices of the peace, sheriffs, and other gentlemen : 
in the U. S., the title is indiscriminately used in ad- 
dressing letters. — V. t. [ESQUIRED (-kwird'), -QUIR- 
ING.] To wait on, attend. [OF. esquier, escuyer, 
fr. EL. scutarius, shield-bearer, fr. L. scutum (OF. 
escut, escu, F. 4cu), a shield; s. rt. sky.'] 

Essay, es-sa', v. t. [-sayed (-sad'), -saying.] To try, 
attempt; to make experiment or trial of; to assay. — 
Es'say, re. A trial; attempt; endeavor; exertion. 
{Lit.) A composition shorter and less methodical 
than a formal treatise. [ME. assay, essay, OF. essai. 
fr. L. exagium, Gr. exagion, a weighing, fr. ex and 
agein, to lead.] — Es'sayist, re. A writer of essays. 

Essence, es'sens, re. Formal or formative nature of 
a complex notion; constituent qualities of a thing; 
materials common to a elass as disting. fr. the form 
of an individual or species; a purely spiritual being; 
the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essen- 
tial oil; perfume; odor; scent. — v. t. [essenced 
(-senst), -sencing.] To perfume, scent. [F. ; L. 
essentia, fr. esse, Skr. as, to be.] — Essen'tial, -shal, 
a. Pert, to the essence; really existing; important 
in the highest degree; highly rectified; pure; un- 
mixed. {Mus.) Necessary ; indispensable, — said of 
tones constituting a chord, disting. fr. ornamental 
or accidental tones. {Med.) Idiopathic; independ- 
ent of other disease. — re. Constituent principle.— 
Essential character. {Nat. Hist.) The prominent 
characteristics disting. one genus, species, etc., from 
another. — E. oil. A volatile, inflammable oil, giv- 
ing plants their characteristic odor. — Essen'tial- 
ness, -tiality, -shY-al'Y-tT, re. Quality of being, etc. ; 
essential part. — Essentially, adv. 

Establish, es-tab'lish, v. t. [-lished (-lisht), -lishing.] 
To make stable or firm; to settle; to enact by au- 
thority, ordain; to secure the reception of, uphold; 
to found, institute, — as a colony, state, etc. ; to set 
up in business, — used reflexively. [OF. establir, L. 
stabilire, fr. stabilis, firm, fr. stare, to stand.] — Es- 
tab'lisher, re. — Establishment, re. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; thing established, as, a form of gov- 
ernment; a permanent civil, military, or commer- 
cial organization; a style of living, accustomed ex- 
pense, income, salary; permanent place of residence 
or business. — Establishment of the port. {Hydrog- 
raphy.) Data, obtained by observation, on which 
the tides are computed at a given port. 

Estafet, -fette, es-ta-fef, re. One of a series of couri- 
ers in relay. [F.; fr. OHG. stephan, to step, walk.] 

Estate, es-tat', n. Fixed condition of any thing or 
person; rank; state; position; property; esp. prop- 
erty in land; also, property of all Kinds which one 
leaves to be divided at his death; one of the ranks or 
classes of men constituting the 6tate. {Law.) The 
interest which one has in lands, tenements, or other 
effects. [OF. estat, L. status. See State.] 
Esteem, es-tem / ', v. t. [-teemed (-ternd'), -teeming . 
To set a value on, estimate, set a high value on, re- 
gard with respect or affection.— re. High value; 
great regard. [OF. estimer, L. sestimare or sestumare, 
-matum, to value; Skr. ish, to desire; s. rt. ask.] — Es'- 
timable, -tY-ma-bl, a. Capable or worthy of, etc. 
K)F.] — Es'timableness, n. — Es'timate, -mat, v. t. 
To form an opinion of the value of, without actually 
measuring or weighing; to compute, appraise, rate, 



calculate. — n. An approximate judgment as to 
amount, cost, etc. — Estima'tion, re. Act of esti- 
mating; opinion of the worth, etc., formed without 
using precise data: favorable opinion; esteem; honor; 
regard. [OF.] — Es'tima'tive, -tiv, a. Inclined, or 
able, to estimate. — Es'tima'tor, -ter, n. 
Esthetics. See under ^Esthetic. 
Estival, es'tY-val, a. Pert, to, or continuing through, 
the summer. [L. sestivalis, fr. sestas, summer.] — 
Estiva'tion, re. Act of passing the summer. (Bot.) 
Disposition of petals within the floral germ or bud. 
Estop, es-top', v. t. [-topped (-topf), -ping.] (Law.) 
To impede or bar, stop the progress of. [OF. estoper, 
f r. L. stupa. See Stop. J — Estop'pel, n. A conclu- 
sive admission, not to be controverted. 
Estovers, es-to'vgrz, re. pi. (Lav;.) Necessaries or 
supplies; an allowance to a person out of an estate, 
etc., for support. [OF. estover, estovoir, necessary, 
need, also, to be necessary, fr. ester, L. stare, to 
stand, or perh. fr. L. studere, to strive after.] 
Estrade, es-trad', re. A level and slightly raised place 
in a room. [F., orig. a carpet, place covered with a 
carpet, fr. L. stratum, bed-covering, pillow.] 
Estrange, es-trani', v. t. [-tranged (-tianid'), -tran- 
ging.] To make strange, keep at a distance; to di- 
vert from its original use or possessor, alienate; to 
alienate the affections or confidence of. [OF. es- 
tranger. See Strange.] — Estrange 'ment, re. Act 
of, or state of being, etc.; alienation; removal. 
Estrapade, es-tra-pad r , re. The action of a horse, when, 
to throw his rider, he rises before, and kicks furi- 
ously with his hind legs. [F., fr. Prov. G. strap/en, 
to draw, G. strajf', drawn tight.] J 

Estray, es-tra', re. {Law.) A domestic animal, wan- 
dering from its owner. [OF. estrayer, to stray, q. v.] 
Estreat, es-tref, re. (Laiv.) A true copy, duplicate, 
or extract of an original writing.— v. t. {Eng. Law.) 
To extract from the records of a court, and return 
to the court of exchequer to be prosecuted; to bring 
into the exchequer, as a fine. [OF. estrait, fr. L. ex 
and trahere, tractum, to draw.] 
Estrepement, es-trep'ment, n. {Law.) Destructive 
waste, committed by a tenant, in lands, woods, or 
houses. [OF., fr. estreper, to damage, prob. fr. L. 
extirpare, to pluck up by the root.] 
Estuary, est'u-a-rY, re. A narrow passage, as the mouth 
of a river, where the tide meets the current; an arm 
of the sea; frith. [L. sestuarium, a creek.fr. sestuare, 
to surge, foam, fr. sestus, heat, surge, tide; s. rt. Gr. 
aithein, to glow, Skr. indh, to kindle. See Ether.] 
Etagere, et'a-zh&r', re. A piece of furniture having 
shelves, one above another. [F., fr. itage, a shelf, 
, story, fr. Gr. stege, roof, fr. stegein, to cover.] 
Etat Major, a'ta-ma-zher'. {Mil.) The staff of an 
army, including all oflicers above the rank of colo- 
nel; also, all adjutants, inspectors, quartermasters, 
commissaries, engineers, ordnance officers, paymas- 
ters, physicians, signal officers, judge-advocates ; 
also, their non-commissioned assistants. [F. e'tat, 
state, position, Li. status, and F. & L. major, greater.] 
Etcetera, -caetera, et-sefe-ra, contr. etc. and &c. Lit. 
and other (things); and so on, — used at the end of 
a sentence, phrase, etc., to indicate that other things 
are to be understood, or might be mentioned. [L.] 
Etch, ech, v. t. [etched (echt), etching.] To pro- 
duce (figures or designs) on metal, glass, etc., by 
lines eaten in by acid. — v. i. To practice etching. 
[D. etsen, G. iitzen, to etch, prob. fr. MHG. ezzen, G. 
essen, E. ea«.] — Etch'ing, re. Act, art, or practice of 
etching; impression taken from an etched plate. 
Eternal, e-ter'nal, a. Without beginning or end of 
existence; always existing; everlasting; endless; im- 
mortal; continued without intermission; perpetual; 
ceaseless; immutable. — re. That which is without 
beginning or end; esp. the Deity; God. [OF. eter- 
nel, L. seternalis, fr. seternvs, for asviternus, everlast- 
ing, fr. sevum, age.] — Eter'nally, adv. "Without 
beginning or end; perpetually. — Eter'nity, -nY-tY, 
re. Condition or quality of being, etc.; the condi- 
tion which begins at death. [F. eternitd, L. seterni- 
tas.~] — Eter'nize, v. t. [-nized, (-nizd), -nizing.] 
To make eternal or endless, perpetuate; to make 
forever famous, immortalize. [OF. eterniser.] 
Etesian, e-te'zhan, a. Blowing at stated times of the 
year; stated; periodical; annual. [F e"tesien, L. ete- 
sius, Gr. etesios, for a year, annual, fr. etos, a year.] 
Ether, e'ther, re. {Physics.) A subtle fluid supposed 
to pervade all space, and to be the medium of trans- 
mitting light and heat. (Chem.) A very light, vol- 
atile, and inflammable fluid, produced by distilla- 
tion of alcohol with an acid. [L. sether, Gr. aither. 



am, fac»e, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, 6r i 



ETHIC 



187 



EUTERPEAN 



upper air, aithra, clear sky, fr. aitheinAo burn, glow. 
See Estuary.] — Sulphuric ether. The druggist's 
common ether, produced by distillation of alcohol 
and sulphuric acid, — the most valuable of anaesthet- 
ics. — Ethe 'real, -re-al, a. Pert, to the ether, or to 
regions beyond the earth or atmosphere ; celestial ; 
consisting of ether; exceedingly light or airy; tenu- 
ous. (Chem.) Of, or pert, to, ether. — Ethe 'realize, 
v. t. [-ized (-Izd). -izing.] To convert into, or sat- 
urate with, ether; to render ethereal. — E'therize, *-. 
t. [-ized (-Izd), -izixo.j To convert into, or put 
under the influence of, ether. — E'theriza lion, n. 
(Med.) Administration of ether by inhalation; state 
of the system under its influence. 
Ethic, -ical, ethlk-al, a. Pert, to manners or morals; 
treating of moral feelings or duties; containing pre- 
cepts of morality. [L. ethicus, Gr. ethikos, fr. ethos, 
custom, moral nature ; s. rt. Goth, sidus, G. sitte, 
manner, custom, Skr. svadha, self-will, strength, fr. 
sva, one's self, and dha, to set, place.] —Ethical da- 
tive. (Gram.) Use of the dative (of a pronoun) 
when the person referred to is affected by the action 
described. — Ethnically, adv. According to ethics. 

— Ethics, n. Science of human duty; body of rules 
drawn from this science. — Ethol'ogy, -jT, n. Sci- 
ence of ethics, also of character, and of customs 
among different communities or in different stages 
of civilization. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Eth'ologlc, 
-ical, -lojlk-al, a. Treating of, or pert, to, etc. 

Ethiop, elhY-op, -opian, -o'pT-an, n. A native or in- 
habitant of Ethiopia ; an African. — Ethio'pian. 
-oplc, a. Pert, or relating to, etc. — n. The lan- 
guage of Ethiopia. 

Ethmoid, eth'moid, -moidal, -moid'al. a. (Anat.) Re- 
sembling a sieve, — said esp. of the bone of the nose, 
through which the olfactory nerves pass. [Gr. eth- 
mos, sieve, and eidos. form.] 

Ethnic, eth'nik, -nical, a. Pert, to races ; based on 
distinctions of race; heathen; pagan, — opp. to Jew- 
ish and Christian. [Gr. ethnikos, fr. ethnos, a nation.] 

— Ethnog'raphy, -n, n. Description of races of men, 
with their characteristics, manners, etc. [Gr. graph- 
ein, to write.] — Ethnographer, n. One versed in, 
etc. — Ethnographic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Eth- 
nol'ogy, -jl, n. Science of the division of man into 
races, their origin, relations, and differences. [Gr. 
logos, discourse.] — Ethnol'ogist, -jist, n. One versed 
in, etc. — Ethnologic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Ethology, etc. See under Ethics. 

Etiolate, e'ti-o-lat, v. i. To be whitened or blanched 
by excluding sunlight, as plants. (Pathol.) To be- 
come pale through disease or absence of light. — v. 
t. To blanch. [F. itioler, OF. estioler, to become 
slender, f r. G. stiel, stalk.] — E'tiola'tion, n. Oper- 
ation of blanching so as to render plants white, crisp, 
and tender, by excluding light. (Pathology.) Pale- 
ness from absence of light, or disease. 

Etiology, e-tY-ol'o-jY, n. (Med.) Science of the causes 
of disease. (Metaph.) Investigation of causes. (Biol.) 
Investigation of causes as exhibited in living struc- 
tures. [Gr. aitia, a cause, and logos, discourse.] 

Etiquette, et-Y-kef, n. Observance of the proprieties 
of rank and occasion; conventional decorum. [F., 
a label, ticket, note of introduction.] 

Etui, a-twe', n. A ladies' reticule or work-box. [F.; 
OF. estui, fr. OHG. stucha, G. stauche, a muff.] 

Etymon, efl-mon, n. ; E. pi. -mons, -monz, Gr. pi. 
-ma, -ma. An original form; primitive word; root. 
[L. and Gr., neut. of Gr. etumos, true, eteos, true, 
real; s. rt. AS. sodh, true. See Sooth.] — EtymoK- 
ogy, -jf, n. That part of philology which explains 
the origin and derivation of words; that part of 
grammar relating to changes in the forms of words. 
[F. etymologie, L. and Gr. etymologia ; Gr. logos, dis- 
course.]— Et'ymologlcal, -lojlk-al, a. Pert, to et- 
ymology. — Et'ymologlcally. adv. — Et'ymologl- 
con, n. An etymological dictionary or manual. [Gr.] 

— Etymol'ogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. — Et- 
ymologize, -jlz.v. t. To give the etymology of.- 
v. i. To search into the origin of words, deduce 
words from their roots. 

Eucharist, u'ka-rist, n. (Eccl.) The sacrament of 
the Lord's supper; communion. [L. and Gr. eucha- 
ristia, thanksgiving, fr. Gr. eu, well, and charts, 
favor, chairein, to rejoice; s. rt. yearn.]— Eucha- 
ristlc, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Euchre, u'ker, n. A game at cards. — v. t. To defeat 
one who has made the trump in playing euchre ; to 
defeat, outwit, foil. 

Eudaemonics, u-de-nionlks, n. (Moral Philos.) Sci- 
ence of happiness. [Gr. eudaimon, happy, fr. eu. 




well, and daimon. jrenius.J — Eude' monism, -izm, n. 
That system of philosophy which founds moral ob- 
ligation upon its relation to happiness. 

Eudiometer, u-dY-om'e-te'r, n. An instrument to as- 
certain the purity of the air, or its 
quantity of oxygen. [Gr. eudia. fair 
weather (fr. eudios, clear, fr. eu, good, 
and Zeus, gen. Dios, Jove, ruler of the 
air), and rnetron, measure.] — Eudiom' 
etry, -trY, n. Art or practice of, etc. 

Euhemerism, u-hein'er-izm, Evemerism, 
e-vem'-, n. The system of mytholog- 
ical interpretation of the Greek philos- 
opher Euhemerus, or Evemerus, who 
taught that the gods were mere men, 
and the myths expansions of human 
events. 

Eulogium, u-lo'jY-um, Eulogy, -jY, n. A 
speech or writing in commendation of 
any one's character or services; enco- 
mium; panegyric. [OF. euloge, LL. eu- 
logium, Gr. eulogion, -gia, fr. eu, well, _ , 
and legem, to speak.] - Eulogize, v. t. Eudiometer. 
[-gized (-jizd), -GiziNG.] To speak or write in com- 
mendation of; to praise. — Eulogist, n. One who, 
etc. — Eulogistic, a. Pert, to, given to, or charac- 
terized by, etc.; laudatory. 

Eunomian, u-no'mY-an, a. (Eccl. Hist.) Pert, to the 
heresy of Eunomius, bishop of Cyzicum, who con- 
sidered Christ a created being, not of divine nature. 

Eunuch, u'nuk, n. A castrated man, often employed 
as a chamberlain in the East. [Gr. eunouchos, fr. 
eune, a couch, and echein, to have in charge. J— Eu- 
nuchism, -izm, n. State of being, etc. 

Euosmite, u-oz'mlt, n. A fragrant fossil resin. [Gr. 
eu, good, and osnie, odor.] 

Eupatorium, u'pa-to'rY-um, n. A genus of plants, in- 
cluding hemp, agrimony, boneset, thoroughwort or 
Indian sage, etc. [Used medicinally by Eupator, 
king of Pontus.] 

Eupepsy, u-pep'sY, n. (Med.) Good digestion, — opp. 
to clyspepsy. [Gr. eu and peptein, to digest, cook.] — 
Eupeplic, a. Having good digestion; easy of, etc. 

Euphemism, u'fe-mizm, n. A a licate word or ex- 
pression used for one harsh or ludelicate. [Gr. eu- 
phemismos, fr. eu and phemi, I speak.] — Euphemis''- 
tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Eu'phe- 
mize, v. t. or i. [-mized (-mlzd), -mizing.J To ex- 
press in delicate language, make use of euphemism. 

Euphony, u'fo-nY, n. An agreeable sound, easy, 
smooth enunciation of sounds. [Gr. euphonia, eu- 
phony, euphonos, sweet-voiced, fr. eu and phone, 
voice.] —Euphonic. -ical, -fonlk-al, Eupho'nious. 
-fo'nY-us, a. Agreeable in sound. — Eu'phonism. 
-fo-nizm, n. An agreeable sound or combination of 
sounds ; euphony. — Euphonlcon, n. A kind of 
pianoforte. — Eupho'nium, -nY-um, n. A bass in- 
strument of the sax-horn family. 

Euphrasy, u'fra-sY, a. The plant eyebright, formerly 
regarded as beneficial to the eyes. [Gr. euphrasia, 
delight, fr. eu and phren, the mind, heart.] 

Euphuism, u'fu-izm, n. (Rhet.) Affectation of ex- 
cessive elegance and refinement of language, — fr. 
Lyly's two performances, entitled, "Euphues, or the 
Anatomy of Wit," and "Euphues and his England." 
[Gr. euphues, graceful, fr. eu and phue, growth.] — 
Eu'phuist, n. One who affects excessive elegance 
of language. — Euphuistlc. a. Pert, to the Euphu- 
ists or to Euphuism. 

Euroclydon, u-roklY-don, n. A tempestuous easterly 
wind in the Mediterranean ; a levanter. [Gr., fr. 
euros, the S. E. wind, and kludon, wave.] 

Eurasian, u-ra'shan, n. A child of one European and 
one Asiatic parent; one born in Asia of Europear 
parentage. [Contr. of Eur(opean) and Asian.) 

European, u-ro-pe'an, a. Pert, to Europe or its in 
habitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of, etc. 

Eurythmy, u'rith-mY, n. (Fine Arts.) Just or har- 
monious proportion, or movement. (Med.) Regu- 
larity of the pulse. [Gr. euruthmia, fr. eu and rhuth- 
mos, rhythm, proportion.] 

Euscara, " us-kala, n. Native name of the Basque 
provinces and language. [Basque euske, sun, east 
and ara, manner.] 

Eustachian, u-sta'kY-an, a. (Anat.) Discovered by 
Eustachius, an Italian physician. — E. tube. (Anat.) 
A slender air-passage from a cavity in the ear to the 
back part of the mouth.— E. valve. (Anat.) A 
semilunar, membranous valve in the heart. 

Euterpean, u-ter'pe-an, a. Pert, to Euterpe, the muse 
presiding over wind instruments; pert, to music. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, 



cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



EUTHANASIA 



188 



EVOLVE 



Euthanasia, u-tha-na'zi-a, Euthan'asy, -a-si, n. Easy 
death. [Gr. euthanasia, fr. eu and thanein, to die.] 

Eutychian, u-x/k'T-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of 
Eutychius, who considered the divine and human 
natures of Christto be but one nature ; a monophysite. 

Evacuate, e-vak'u-at, v. t. To make empty; to re- 
move, eject, void, discharge; to withdraw from or 
desert (a city, fort, etc.); to make void, nullify, va- 
cate. [L. evacuare, -atum, fr. e and vacuus, empty.] 

— Evacua'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; thing evacuated or 
discharged; esp. a discharge by stool or other nat- 
ural means. — Evac'ua'tive, -tiv, a. Serving or 
tending to evacuate; cathartic; purgative. — Evac'- 
uant, a. Evacuative.— n. {Med.) A purgative or 
cathartic^ — Evac'ua'tor, -ter, n. 

Evade, e-vad', v. t. To get away from by artifice, 
elude, escape. — v. i. To escape, slip away, attempt 
to escape. [F. evader, L. evadere, -vasum, fr. e and 
vadere, to go.] — Eva'sion, -zhun, n. Act of, etc.; 
esp. of eluding an accusation, interrogation, etc. ; 
shift ; subterfuge ; prevarication ; equivocation. — 

, Eva'sive, -siv, a. Tending to evade ; marked by 
evasion. — Eva'sively, adv. 

Evagation, ev-a-ga'shun, n. Act of wandering; ex- 
cursion. [L. evagatio, fr. e and vagari, to wander.] 

Evanescent, ev-a-nes'sent, a. Vanishing ; fleeting ; 
imperceptible. [L. evanescens, p. pr. of evanescere, 
fr. e and vanescere, to vanish, fr. vanus, empty, 
vain.] — Evanes'cence, -sens, n. Act, state, or qual- 
ity of, etc. 

Evangel, e-van'jel, n. Good news; the gospel. [Gr. 
eu. well, and anggelia, tidings, fr. anggelos, messen- 
ger.]— Evangelic, -ical, a. Contained in, or pert, 
to, the 4 Gospels; pert, to, consonant with, or con- 
tained in, the gospel; earnest for the truth taught 
in the gospel ; technically applied to a party in some 
Protestant churches. — Evangelically, adv.— Evan- 

fel'icism, -T-sizm, n. Evangelical principles. — 
Ivan'gelist, n. One of the writers of the gospel his- 
tory; one authorized to preach, but not to adminis- 
ter the eucharist; a preacher without fixed charge; 
a revivalist. [OF. evangeliste, L. evangelista, Gr. 
euanggelistes.] — Evan'gelize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -iz- 
ING.] To preach thegospel to, convert to a belief of 
the gospel. — v. i. To preach the gospel.— Evan- 
gelism, -izm, «. Preaching or promulgation of, etc. 

Evanish, e-vanlsh, v. i. To vanish. 

Evaporate, e-vap'o-rat, v. i. To pass off in vapor, as 
a fluid; to be dissipated, be wasted. — v. t. To dis- 
sipate in vapor or fumes. — a. Dispersed in vapors. 
[F. evaporer, L. evaporare, -atum, fr. e and vapor. 
See Vapor.] — Evap'orable, a. — EvajJ'ora'tion, n. 
Act or process of turning into, or passing off in, va- 
por; transformation of part of a fluid into vapor, to 
concentrate fixed matters contained in it in a state 
of greater consistence. — Evap'ora'tive, -tiv, a. 
Pert, to, or producing, etc. 

Evasion, Evasive, etc. See under Evade. 

Eve, ev, Even, e'vn, n. Latter part or close of the 
day; evening; the evening preceding some particu- 
lar day, as Christmas eve is the evening before 
Christmas: period just preceding some event. [AS. 
sefen, efen, OS. avand, Ic. a/tan, Sw. a/ton, MHG. 
abent, evening; Skr. apara, posterior; s. rt. after; 
not s. rt. even, adj.] — E'ven-song, n. The evening 
service in church'. — tide, n. The time of evening. 

— E'vening, n. Latter part of the day and begin- 
ning of night or darkness; latter portion or declin- 
ing period (of life, etc.). [AS. sefnung.) 

Evection, e-vek'shun, n. {Astron.) An inequality of 
the moons motion in its orbit; libration of the 
moon. [L. evectio, fr. e and vehere, vectum, to carry.] 

Evemerism. See Euhemerism. 

Even, e'vn, a. Level, smooth, or equal in surface; 
not rough; uniform in motion or action; equable; 
not easily disturbed; parallel ; on a level ; equally 
balanced ; adjusted ; fair ; equitable, — said of ac- 
counts, bargains, etc.; not odd; capable of division 
by 2, — said of numbers. — v. t. [evened (e'vnd), 
evening.] To make even or level; to balance; to 
balance accounts. — adv. In an equal or precisely 
similar manner: equally; at the very time; so much 
as; as was not to be expected. [AS. efen, efn, emn, 
D. even, Ic. jafn, G. eben, equal, level.] — E'venly, 
adv. — E'venness, n. — E'ven-hand'ed, a. Fair; im- 
partial. — -mind'ed, a. Calm; equable. 

Evening. See under Eve. 

Event, e-venf, n. That which falls out; any inci- 
dent ; consequence of anything ; occurrence ; ad- 
venture ; issue ; rosult ; end. [L. eventus, p. p. of 
evenire, to happen, fr. e and venire, to come.] — 



Event'fol, -ful, a. Full of, or distinguished fo*, 
etc. — Event'ual, -u-al, a. Happening as a conse- 
quence or result; consequential; terminating; ulti- 
mate. — Eventually, adv. — Eventuality, -I-tl, n. 
(Fhren.) Disposition to take cognizance of events. 
See Phrenology. — Eventuate, v. i. To issue, as 
a consequence or event, terminate. 
Ever, ev'gr, adv. At any time; at all times; always; 
continually; without cessation or interruption; to 
the end. [Contr. E'er, ar.l [AS. aefre ; s. rt. AS. 
awa, Goth, aiw, ever, Goth, aiws, L. sevum, Gr. 
awn, life.] — Ever and anon. At one time and an- 
other. — For e. Eternally. — For e. and a day. Ev- 
erlastingly ; forever. — EVerglade, n. Low land 
covered with shallow water and a growth of high 
grass. — green, a. Always green; verdant through- 
out the year. — n. A plant which, etc. — lasting, 
a. Lasting or enduring forever; immortal; eternal; 
continuing indefinitely. — n. Eternal duration, past 
and future; eternal; a woolen material for shoes, 
etc. (Bot.) A plant, whose flowers dry without los- 
ing their form or color. A game at cards. — last'- 
ingly, adv. Perpetually; continually. — living, a. 
Living without end; eternal ; continual; incessant. 
— more', adv. During eternity; always; for an 
indefinite future period. — Ev'ery, -Y, a. The sep- 
arate individuals which constitute a whole, regard- 
ed one by one. [AS. sefre and aslc, Scot, ilk, each.] 

— Every now and then. Repeatedly ; often ; fre- 
quently. — Ev'ery-day, a. Used or fit for every 
day ; common ; usual ; customary. — where, adv. 
In every place; in all places. [Not fr. E. where, but 
fr. ME. ihwar, ywhere, AS. gehwser, everywhere, 
fr. ge- and hwser, where.] 

Evict, Eviction. See under Evince. 

Evident, ev'I-dent, a. Clear to the vision; esp. clear 
to the understanding ; plain ; obvious ; notorious. 
[OF.; L. evidens, p. pr. of evidere, to see clearly, fr. 
e and videre, to see.] — Ev' idently, adv. — Evi- 
dence, -dens, n. That which makes manifest; ground 
of belief ; conclusive testimony ; one who makes 
evident; a witness. (Law.) Means of proof . — v.t. 
[-denced (-denst), -dencing.] To render evident 
or clear; to prove, evince. — State's evidence. An 
accomplice in crime, admitted as evidence for the 

fovernment. — Evidential, -shal, a. Relating to, or 
urnishing, evidence; clearly proving. 
Evil, e'vl, a. Having bad natural or moral qualities; 
producing sorrow, distress, injury, or calamity ; 
mischievous; wicked; bad. — n. That which pro- 
duces unhappiness or suffering ; moral badness ; 
malady or disease, esp. in the phrase king's evil, the 
scrofula.— adv. In an evil manner; ill. [AS. yf el, 

D. euvel, OHG. upU, MHG. ubel, Goth, uoils ; s. rt. 

E. ill, Gr. hubris, insult.]— The evil one. The Devil. 

— E'vil-eye, n. A supposed power of fascinating, 
bewitching, or injuring, by the eyes. — -eyed, -id, 
a. Possessed of, etc. ; also, looking with envy, jeal- 
ousy, etc. — mind'ed, a. Having evil dispositions 
or intentions ; disposed to mischief or sin ; mali- 
cious. — speak'ing, n. Slander; defamation. 

Evince, e-vins'', v. t. [evinced (-vinsf), evincing.) 
Lit., to conquer completely; to prove beyond rea- 
sonable doubt, make evident. [L. evincere, evictum, 
to overcome, fr. e and vincere, to conquer.] — Evin'- 
cible, a. Capable of being proved; demonstrable. 

— Evincive, -siv, a. Tending to, etc. — Evict', v. U 
(Law.) To dispossess by legal process. — EvicHon, 
n. Act of, etc. 

Eviscerate, e-vis'ser-at. v t. To take out the entrails 
of, disembowel, gut. [L. eviscerare, -atum, fr. e and 
viscera, bowels.] — Evis'ceralion, n. Act of, etc. 

Evitable, eVT-ta-bl, a. Capable of being shunned; 
avoidable. [L. evitabilis, fr. e and vitare, to shun.] 

Evoke, e-vok', v. t. [evoked (-vokf), evoking.] To 
call out, summon forth. [L. e and vocare, to call.] 

Evolve, e-volv', v. t. [evolved (-volvd'), evolving.] 
To unfold or unroll, develop; to throw out, emit. — 
v. i. To become open, disclosed, or developed. [L. 
evolvere, evolutum, to unroll, fr. e and volvere, to 
roll.] — Evolute, eVo-lut, n. ( Oeom.) A curve from 
which another curve, called the , 

involute or evolvent, is described \6 f 7Sf 
by the end of a thread gradual- 
ly wound upon the former, or 
unwound from it. — Evolu'tion, 
n. Act of unfolding or unrol- 
ling; in the process of growth, 
development; a series of things 
unrolled or unfolded. (Geom.) ARC Evolute. 
Formation of an involute by un- 



m 



km, f5me, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



EVULSION 



189 



EXCHANGE 



winding a thread from another curve as an evolute. 
{Arith. & Alg.) Extraction of roots. {Mil. & Naval.) 
A prescribed movement of a body of troops, vessel, 
or fleet. {Physiol.) That, theory of generation in 
which the germ is held to preexist in the parent, 
and its parts to be developed, but not actually 
formed, by the procreative acts. {Biology.) History 
of the steps by which any living being has acquired 
its distinguishing morphological and physiological 
characteristics. (Metaph.) Series of changes under 
natural law, involving continuous progress from the 
homogeneous to the heterogeneous in structure, and 
from the single and simple to the diverse and mani- 
fold in quality or function. — Evolutionary, -rt, a. 
Pert, to evolution. — Evolu'tionist, n. One skilled 
in evolutions; one who holds the physiological or 
metaphysical doctrine of, etc. 

Evulsion, e-vuKshun, n. Act of pulling out or back. 
[L. cvulsio, fr. e and vellere, vvlsum, to pluck.] 

Ewe, u, n. A female sheep. [AS. eowu, D. ooi, Ic. 
ser, OHG. and Goth, awi, L. ovis, Gr. o'is, Skr. avi, 
sheep, Skr. avis, devoted, attached.] 

Ewer, u'er, n. A pitcher with a wide spout. [OF. 
ewer, aiguire, L. aquaria, fr. aqua (OF. aigue), water. ] 

Exacerbate, egz- or eks-as'Sr-bat, v. t. To render 
more violent or bitter; to irritate, exasperate. [L. 
exacerbare, -batum, fr. ex, out, and acerbus, harsh, 
bitter.] — Exac'erba'tion, -beseence, -bes'ens, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. {Med.) A periodical 
increase of violence in a disease. 

Exact, egz-akf, a. Precisely agreeing with a stand- 
ard, a fact, or the truth ; accurate ; methodical ; 
punctual ; marked by nicety or care ; proceeding 
from, or characterized by, exactness; correct; pre- 
cise ; nice ; methodical. — v. t. To demand or re- 
quire authoritatively or of right; to extort. [OF. ex- 
acter, to exact, extort, also to weigh, measure, fr. 
L. exigere, -actum, to exact, lit. drive out, fr. ex and 
agere, to drive.] — Exacfer, -or, -er, n. One who 
exacts; an extortioner. — Exaction, n. Authorita- 
tive demand; a driving to compliance; extortion; 
thing exacted; tribute. [OF.] — Exactitude', -tud', 
». Exactness. — Exactly, adv. Precisely; accurate- 
ly; strictly. — Exactness, n. 

Exaggerate, egz-aj'er-at, v. t. To increase or amplify; 
to neighten, esp. to represent as greater than truth 
or justice will warrant. {Paint) To heighten in 
coloring or design. [OF. exaggerer, L. exaggerare, 
-alum, to heap up, amplify, fr. ex and agger, a 
heap, fr. ad and gerere, to carry.] — Exag'gera'tion, 
n. Representation beyond truth; hyperbole. {Paint.) 
A representation of things beyond natural life, in 
expression, vigor, etc. [OF.] — Exaggeratory, -to- 
rt, -tive, -tiv, a. Containing, or tending to, etc. 

Exalt, egz-awlf, v. t. To elevate, lift up; to elevate 
in rank, dignity, power, etc.; magnify, extol: to lift 
up with joy orsuccess, elate; to elevate the tone of, 
utter. (Chem.) To render pure or refined. [OF. 
exalter,\,. exaltare, fr. ex and altus, high.] — Exal- 
tation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. {CJiem.) 
Refinement or subtilization of bodies. [OF.] 

Examine, egz-amln, v. t. joined (-ind), -ining.] To 
try and assay by appropriate tests; to inquire into 
and determine; to investigate the fact, reasons, or 
claims of ; to consider the arguments for, or the 
merits of; to try, as an offender; to test the attain- 
ments of, as a scholar; to question, as a witness; to 
prove by a moral standard, discuss, scrutinize, ex- 
plore. [OF. examiner, L. examinare, fr. examen, 
tongue of a balance, fr. exigere. See Exact.] — Ex- 
aminable, a. — Exarn'ma'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. ; careful search, investigation, or in- 
quiry; process for testing qualification; research; 
inspection. [OF.] — Examinee', -ne r , n. One sub- 
jected to, etc. — Examiner, n. One who, etc., esp. 
one designated to conduct an examination. 

Example, egz-am'pl, n. A portion taken to show the 
character of the whole; a sample; a pattern orcopy; 
a warning; caution; precedent; an instance illus- 
trating a rule or precept. [OF. ; L. exemplum, f r. 
eximere, to take out (as a specimen), fr. ex and 
emere, to take, buy; s. rt. exempt, ertsample, sample.] 
— Exem'plar, n. A model, original, or pattern, to 
be imitated. [OF. exemplaire, L. exemplar, -plarium, 
fr. exemplum.7] — Exem'plary, -rt, o. Serving as, 
etc. ; commendable ; conspicuous. — Exem'plarily, 
-rt-lt, adv. — Exemplify, -plY-fl, v. t. [-fied (-lid), 
-fying.] To show by example, copy, make an at- 
tested copy of, prove by an attested copy. [LL. ex- 
emplificare, L. facere, to make.] — Exem'plifica''- 
tion, n. Act of, or thing which, etc. — Exem'pli 



gratia, -gra'shT-a, contr. e. g. Lit., for the sake of 
example ; for instance. [L7] 

Exanimate, egz-an'l-mat, a. Destitute of life; inan- 
imate ; dead ; destitute of animation ; spiritless. 
[L. exanimare, -matum, to deprive of life or spirit, 
fr. ex and anima, breath, spirit.] 

Exanthema, egs-an-the'ma. n.; pi. -them'ata, -ta. 
{Med.) An efflorescence or redness of the skin ; an 
eruption or breaking out,— esp. when attended with 
fever. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. ex and anthem, to bloom, 
blossom, f r. anthos, flower.] 

Exarch, eks'ark, n. A chief or leader; a viceroy; a su- 
perior bishop; an inspector of the clergy under the 
Greek patriarch. [Gr. exarchos, fr. ex and archein, 
to begin, rule.] 

Exasperate, egz-as'per-at, v. t. To irritate in a high 
degree, aggravate, imbitter, provoke, enrage. [L. 
exasperate -atum. fr. ex and asper, rough, fierce.] — 
Exas'peralion, n. Act of , or state of being, etc.; 
exacerbation, as of a disease. 

Excavate, eks'ka-vat, v. t. To hollow out, form a 
cavity in, form by hollowing. [L. excavare, -vatum, 
f r. ex and cavus, hollow.] — Excava/tion, n. Act of, 
etc. ; a hollow formed by removing the interior. 
{Engin.) An open cutting in the earth, disting. fr. 
covered cutting or tunnel. — Excava'tor, -ter, n. 

Exceed, eks-sed^ v. t. To pass or go beyond ; to sur- 
pass, excel, transcend, —v. i. To go too far, pass 
proper bounds: to be more or larger. [OF. exceder, 
L. exceder e, -cessum, fr. ex and cede.re, to go.] — Ex- 
ceeding, -ingly, adv. In a very great degree ; un- 
usually; surpassingly; transcendently.— Excess'', n. 
State of surpassing or exceeding limits; superfluity; 
undue indulgence of appetite; intemperance ; dis- 
sipation ; that which exceeds what is usual or 
proper ; degree or amount by which one thing or 
number exceeds another ; remainder. — Excessive, 
-iv, a. Marked by, etc. ; transgressing laws of mo- 
rality, prudence, propriety, ete. ; extreme ; vehe- 
ment.— Excessively, adv. 

Excel, eks-sef, v. t. [-celled (-seld')j -celling.] 
To exceed, surpass, esp. in good qualities or deeds. 
— v.i. To have good qualities in an unusual de- 
gree ; to surpass others. [OF. exceder, L. excellere. 
See Celerity.] — Excellence, -lens, n. State or 
quality of being excellent ; eminence : a valuable 
quality ; a title of honor ; excellency ; superierity ; 
worth; greatness. [OF.] — Excellency, -sT, n. "Valu- 
able quality; excellence ; a title of honor given to 
dignitaries of a court or state, embassadors, etc. — 
Ex'cellent, a. Excelling or surpassing others in 
virtue, dignity, attainments, etc. ; worthy ; choice ; 
select; transcendent. [OF.] — Excellently, adv. 

Except, eks-sepf, v. t. To leave out of any number 
specified, exclude. — v. i. To take exception to, ob- 
ject, —prep. With exclusion of ; leaving out; ex- 
cepting; but.— conj. Unless; if not. [OF. excepter, 
L. exceptare, f r. excipere, -ceptum. fr. ex and capere, 
to take!] — Excepting, prep. With rejection or ex- 
ception of ; excluding : except. — Excep'tion, n. 
Act of, etc. ; thing excepted ; a person, thing, or 
case, specified as distinct, or not included. {Law.) 
An objection, oral or written, taken, as to bail or 
security ; or as to the decision of a judge, etc. An 
objection ; dissent ; cause of offense. [OF.] — Ex- 
ceptionable, a. Liable to, etc. ; objectionable. — 
Exceptional, a. Forming an exception; exceptive; 
better than the average ; of marked excellence ; 
eminently superior. — Exceptive, -iv, a. Includ. 
ing, making, or being an exception ; exceptional. — 
Excepfor, -er, n. One who takes exceptions. 

Excerpt, eks'serpt, v. t. To make extracts from, or 
an extract of ; to select, extract, cite or cite from. — 
n. An extract ; a passage selected from an author. 
[L. excerpere, -cerptum, fr. ex and carpere, to pick, 
gather.]— Excerplion, n. Act of, etc. ; thing selected 
or gleaned. — Excerp'tor, -ter, n. 

Excess, Excessive. See under Exceed. 

Exchange. 

-CHANGING.] TO give 

thing else; esp., in trade, to barter ; to part with for 
a substitute, interchange, commute, bargain, swap, 
traffic. — v. i. To be changed or received in ex- 
change for; to pass in exchange. — n. Act of giving 
or taking one thing in return for another, or of 
giving and receiving reciprocally ; thing given for 
something received. ( Com.) Process of settling ac- 
counts or debts between parties at a distance, with- 
out intervention of money, by exchanging orders 
or drafts, called bills of exchange. {Law.) A mu- 
tual grant of equal interests, the one in considera- 



, eks-chanj', v. t. [-changed (-chanjdO, 
ing.] To give or take in return for some- 



sun, cQbe, fijll ; moos, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



EXCHEQUER 



190 



EXECUTE 



tion of the other. Place where merchants and bank- 
ers of a city transact business, at certain hours, 

— contr. into 'Change. [OF. eschange, exchange, es- 
changer, to exchange. See Change.] — Par of ex- 
change. Established value of the coin or standard 
of value of one country when expressed in the 
standard of another. — Exchangeable, a. — Ex- 
changeability, n. — Exchan'ger, n. 

Exchequer, eks-chek'er, n. In Eng., one of the supe- 
rior courts of law, — so called from a checkered 
cloth, which covered the table. The treasury; pe- 
cuniary possessions in general. — v. t. [excheq- 
uered (-erd), -uering.] To institute a process in 
the Court of Exchequer. [OF. eschequier, chess- 
board. See Check.]— - Exchequer bills. (Eng.) Bills 
for money, or promissory bills, issued from the ex- 
chequer by authority of Parliament. 

Excise, eks-siz', n. An inland duty of the nature of 
a direct tax on the consumer, — also levied on li- 
censes to pursue certain trades, and deal in certain 
commodities. — v. t. [excised (-slzd'), -cising.] 
To lay an excise upon; to impose upon; overcharge. 
[Corrup. of OD. aksiis, aksys, G. accise, excise, OF. 
assis, assessment, assise, xn assize (at which assess- 
ments were made).] — Excis'able, a. Liable or sub- 
ject to, etc. — Excise'man, n. ; pi. -men. An officer 
charged with collecting excise. 

Excise, eks-siz'', v. t. To cut off ; to separate and re- 
move. [L. excidere ; -cisum, fr. ex and csedere, to 
cut.] — Excision, -sizh'un, n. Act of, etc.; extir- 
pation ; destruction. (Eccl.) Excommunication. 
(Surg.) Removal, esp. of small parts, with a cutting 
instrument. 

Excite, eks-slf, v. t. To call to activity, awaken, 
stimulate, irritate, provoke. (Med.) To increase 
the vital activity of the body, or of any of its parts. 
[OF. exciter, L. excitare, -tatum, to call out, f r. ex and 
ciere, to summon. See Cite.] — Excite'ment, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; agitation; that which 
excites. (Med.) A state of exalted vital activity in 
the body or any of its parts. — Excifer, n— Excis- 
ing, p. a. Calling or rousing into action; producing 
excitement. — Excit'able, a. Capable of being 
roused into action.— Excitability, n. Quality of 
being, etc. (Med.) Irritabilitv. — Excit'ant, n. 
(Med.) A stimulant. — Excita'tion, n. Act of, etc. 
(Med.) Act of producing excitement ; the excite- 
ment produced. — Excit'ative, -tiv, -atory, to-rl, a. 
Tending to excite ; containing excitement. 

Exclaim, eks-klam'', v. i. [-claimed (-klamd), -claim- 
ing.] To cry out from earnestness, passion, sur- 
prise, etc.; to vociferate. fOF. exclamer, L. excla- 
mare, -matum, fr. ex and clamare, to cry. See 
Claim.]— Exclaim'er, n. — Exclama'tion, n. Act 
of. etc.; an uttered expression of surprise, joy, etc. 
(Rhet.) A word expressing outcry; an interjection. 
(Print.) A sign by which emphatic utterance or out- 
cry is marked, thus [!]. — Exclam'ative, -tiv, -atory, 
-to-rY, a. Containing, expressing, or using, etc. 

Exclude, eks-klud', v. t. To thrust out or eject ; to 
hinder from entrance, debar from participation or 
enjoyment. [L. excludere, -clusum, fr. ex and clau- 
dere, to shut.] — Exclusion, -zhun, n. Act of, etc. 

— Exclu'sionist, n. One who would exclude an- 
other from some privilege. — Exclusive, -siv, -sory, 
-so-rT, a. Able to exclude; not taking into account. 
— n. One of a coterie who exclude others ; an ex- 
clusionist.— Exclusively, adv. — ExcluSiveness, n. 

Excogitate, eks-koj'T-tat, v. t. To think out, dis- 
cover by thinking. [L. excogitare, -tatum, fr. ex and 
cogitare, to think.] — Excogitation, /(. Act of de- 
vising in the thoughts; contrivance; discovery. 

Excommunicate, eks-kom-mu'nT-kat, v. t. To ex- 
pel from communion, esp. of the church ; to pro- 
nounce an ecclesiastical sentence against. [L. ex- 
communicare, -catum, to put out of a community. 
See Communicate, Common.] — a. Excommuni- 
cated. — n. One who is, etc.— Excommu r nicable, 
a. Liable or deserving to be, etc. — Excommu / nica r - 
tion.w. (Eccl.) Act of, etc.; deprivation of church 
privileges. — Excommu / 'nica / tor, -ter, n. 

Excoriate, eks-ko'rY-at, v. t. To strip or wear off the 
skin of ; to abrade, gall. [L. excoriare, -atum, fr. 
ex and corium, Gr. chorion, skin, hide.] — Exco'ria'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Excortication, eks-kor'tt-ka'shun, n. Act of strip- 
ping off bark. [L..ex and cortex, corticis, bark.] 

Excrement. See under Excrete. 

Excrescence, eks-kresSens, n. Any thing growing 
out unnaturally from anything else ; a troublesome 
superfluity. [OF. ; L. e.rcrescentia, fr. ex and cres- 



natureof, etc.; ejected from tne 



body as useless. — ExcrementiSious, -tishlis, a 



cere, to grow.] — ExcresSent, a. Growing out in a 
preternatural_or morbid manner. 

Excrete, eks-kref, v. t. To discharge from the body 
as useless; to eject. [L. excernere, -cretum, fr. ex and 
cernere, to sift, separate.] — Excre'tion, n. Act of 
throwing off effete matter from the animal system ; 
matter excreted ; excrement. [OF.] — ExSretive, 
-tiv, a, Having the power of excreting, or promo- 
ting excretion. — ExSretory, -to-rT, a. Having the 
quality of, etc. — n. (Anat.) A duct or vessel that 
receives and excretes matter.— Ex'crement, n. Mat- 
ter excreted and ejected, esp. alvine discharges ; 
dung; ordure. [L. excrementum.'] — Excrements!, a. 
Pert, to, or of the : 

ly as 
Pert, to, or containing excrement. 

Excruciate, eks-krooShT-at, v. t. To inflict most se- 
vere pain upon; to torture, torment. [L. excruciare, 
-atum, f r. ex and cruciare, to slay on the cross, fr. 
crux,crucis, cross.] — Excru'cia'tion, n. Act of , or 
state of being, etc.; that which, etc.; torture. 

Exculpate, eks-kuKpat, v. t. To clear from the im- 
putation of fault or guilt ; to exonerate, absolve, 
justify. [L. ex and culpare, -atum, to blame, fr. 
culpa, fault.] — Exculpa'tion, n. Act of, etc.— Ex- 
cul'patory, -to-rT, a. Able to, etc. ; excusing; con- 
taining excuses. — Excul'pable, a. Capable or de- 
serving of, etc. 

Excursion, eks-kerShun, w. A setting out from some 
point; an expedition ; a trip for pleasure or health ; 
tour; ramble ; jaunt j a wandering from a subject ; 
digression. [L. excursio, fr. excurrere, -eursum, to 
run out, fr. ex and currere, to run.] — Excursionist, 
n. One who, etc. — ExcurSive, -siv, a. Prone to 
make excursions ; wandering ; enterprising; explor- 
ing. — Excursively, adv. — ExcurSiveness, n. Dis- 
position to wander.— ExcurSus, n. A dissertation 
or digression inserted in a work, and containing a 
full exposition of some topic. [L.] 

Excuse, eks-kuz', v. t. [-cusED(-kuzdO,-cusiNG.] To 
free from accusation, or imputation of blame ; to 
exculpate, absolve; to pardon, as a fault, regard with 
indulgence, overlook ; to free from an impending 
obligation or duty ; not to exact ; to ask pardon or 
indulgence for. [OF. excuser, L. excusare, fr. ex 
and causa, a charge. See Cause.] — Excuse', -kus', 
n. Act of excusing, apologizing, exculpating, par- 
doning, releasing, etc. ; a plea offered in extenua- 
tion of a fault; apology; that which extenuates or 
justifies a fault. — ExcusSr, -kuz'er, n. — Excus'- 
able, -kHz'-, a. — ExcusSbleness, n. — ExcusSbly, 
adv. Pardonably. — ExcusStory, a. Making ex- 
cuse; apologetical. 

Execrate, eks'e-krat, v. t. To denounce evil against ; 
imprecate evil upon ; to abhor, abominate, curse. 
[L. execrari or exsecrari, -cratum, fr. ex and sacer, 
holy. See Sacred.] — Execra'tion, n. Act of curs- 
ing; a curse pronounced; that which is execrated.— 
ExScrable, a. Deserving, etc. ; detestable ; abom- 
inable. — ExScrably, adv. 

Execute, eksS-kut, v. t. To follow through to th« 
end, carry into complete effect ; to render valid, as 
by signing and sealing ; to give effect to, fulfill, 
achieve, consummate ;'to inflict capital punishment 
on, put to death. (Mus.) To perform, as a piece of 
music, —v. i. To perform an office or duty; to play 
on a musical instrument. [OF. executer, L. exsequi, 
executus or exsecutvs, f r. ex and sequi, to follow.] — 
ExScu'ter, n. — Execu'tion, n. Act of executing ; 
performance ; legal accomplishment ; a putting to 
death as a legal penalty ; act or mode of performing 
works of art, of performing on an instrument, en- 
graving, etc. (Law.) A final process ; act of sign- 
ing and sealing a legal instrument. Effect. [OF.] — 
Execu'tioner, n. One who executes, esp. a judg- 
ment of death. — Executive, egz-ek r u-tiv, a. De- 
signed or fitted for, qualifying for, or pert, to, etc. — n. 
The officer (king, president, etc.) who superintends 
the execution of laws. — ExecSitor, -ter, n. One 
who executes or performs; person appointed by a 
testator to execute his will, or to see it carried into 
effect, after his decease. [L.] — Exec'utress, -utrix, 
n. A female executor. [F. exScutrice.] — Execu- 
torship, n. Office of, etc. — Executory, a. Per- 
forming official duties ; executive. (Law.) De- 
signed to be executed in future, or to take effect on 
a future contingency. — Exequi, eksS-kwY, n. ; pi. 
-Quies, -kwiz. The followingof a corpse; funeral 
rite; ceremony of burial. [OF. exeques, L. exeqfiiie, 
exsequise, funeral obsequies.] — Exequa'tur, -kwa'« 
ter, n. The official recognition by which a consul is 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



EXEGESIS 



191 



EXOTERIC 



authorized to act by the government to which he is 
accredited. [L., let him perform/] 

Exegesis, eks-e-je'sis, n. Exposition ; explanation; 
interpretation ; esp. critical interpretation of the 
Holy Scriptures. [Gr., fr. ex and hegeisthai, to 
guide, fr. agein, to lead.]— Ex'egete. -jet, n. One 
skilled in exegesis.— Exeget/ical, -jetlk-al, a. Pert, 
to, etc.; explanatory. — ExegetlcB, n. sing. Science 
of interpretation ; exegesis. 

Exemplar, Exemplify. See under Example. 

Exempt, egz-empf, v. t. To take out or from, grant 
immunity from, release. — a. Taken out or re- 
moved ; liberated. — n. One freed from duty ; one 
not subject. [OF., fr. L. eximere, -emptum. See Ex- 
ample.] — Exemption, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; freedom from that to which others are subject; 
immunity; privilege. [OF.] 

Exequator, Exequy. See under Execute. 

Exercise, eks'gr-siz, n. Act of exercising ; exertion ; 
use ; act of putting in practice ; performance ; per- 
formance of a public office or ceremony, esp. of 
religious worship; exertion for the sake of training 
or improvement ; hygienic activity ; a disquisition; 
lesson ; task ; that which gives practice ; a trial. — 
v. t. [exercised (-slzd), -cising.] To set in action, 
employ, school or train, busy; to exert for the sake 
of improvement, improve by practice, discipline; to 
occupy the attention and effort of; to task, tax, vex; 
to use, employ, —v. i. To take exercise; use action 
or exertion. [OF. exercice, L. exercitium, exercise, 
fr. exercere, to drive out or on, keep at work, fr. 
ex and arcere, to inclose, keep off.] — Exerciser, n. 

— Ex'ercis'able, -ible, a. — Exer citation, n. Ex- 
ercise; practice; use. 

Exergue, egz-5rg / ', n. The place on a coin or medal, 
for date, engraver's name, etc. — [F., fr. Gr. ex and 
ergon, work, i. e., out of the work, or main design.] 

Exert, egz-Srt', v. t. To put forth, as strength, force, 
or ability ; to bring into active operation ; to do or 
perform. [L. exerere or exserere, fr. ex and severe, 
sertum, to join together.] — To exert one's self. To 
use efforts, strive.— Exer'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; effort. 

Exfoliate, eks-foll-at, v. i. (Surg.) To separate and 
come off in scales, as pieces of carious bone. (Min.) 
To become converted into scales at the surface. [L. 
exfoliare, -atum, to strip of leaves, fr. ex and folium, 
leaf.] — Exfo lialion, n. Scaling off. 

Exhale, egz-haK, v. t. [-haled (-hald / '), -haling.] 
To emit, as vapor, send out, as an odor ; to cause to 
be emitted in vapor, evaporate. — v. i. To rise or 
be given off, as vapor. [F. exhaler, L. exhalare, 
-atum, fr. ex and halare, to breathe.] — ExhaKable, 
a. — ExhaKant, a. Having the quality of exhaling. 

— Exhalation, n. Act or process of, etc. ; evapora- 
tion ; that exhaled ; fume or steam ; effluvium. 

Exhaust, egz-awsr, v. t. To draw out or drain off 
completely ; to empty by drawing out the contents; 
to use, employ, or expend entirely, wear out, weary. 

— a. Drained; exhausted ; having expended or lost 
its energy. — n. Foul air let out of a room by a reg- 
ister, etc. [L. exhaurire, -haustum, f r. ex and hau- 
rire. to draw, esp. water.] — Exhaust steam. (Steam 
eng.) That allowed to escape from the cylinder 
after having produced motion of the piston. — ZJ. 
port, E. valve. Exit passages for exhaust steam. 

— Exhaust'er, n.— Exhaustible, a. — Exhaustless, 
a. — Exhaustive, -iv, a. Serving or tending to, etc. ; 
complete; thorough. — Exhaustion, -chun, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. ; state of being deprived of 
strength or spirits. 

Exheredation, egz-hSr'e-da'shun, n. (Law.) A disin- 
heriting, esp. the excluding a child from inheriting 
any part of the father's estate. [L. exheredatio, fr. 
exheredare, -datum, fr. ex and heres, heredis, heir.] 

Exhibit, egz-iblt, v. t. To hold forth or present to 
view; to show, display ; to present in a public or 
official manner. (Med.) To administer as a remedy. 

— n. Any paper produced as a voucher, or in proof 
of facts. (Law.) A document proved in a cause, by 
admission or by witness. Thing exhibited, esp. a 
collection of articles placed on public exhibition. 
[L. exhibere, -hibitum, fr. ex and habere, to have or 
hold.] — Exhibitor, n.— Exhibition, ekslii-bisb/un, 
n. Act of exhibiting; manifestation: display; thing 
displayed ; public show. (Med.) The act of ad- 
ministering a remedy. [OF.] — Exhibitioner, n. 
In Eng. universities, one who has a pension or al- 
lowance for support. — Exhibltive, egz-, a. Serv- 
ing for exhibition. 

Exhilarate, egz-il'a-rat, v. t. To make cheerful or 
merry ; to enliven, gladden, cheer. [L. exhilarare, 



-atum, fr. ex and hilaris, merry. See Hilarious.] — 
Exhilaration, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
animation; cheerfulness; gayety. — Exhil'arant, a. 
Exciting joy, mirth, etc. — n. That which, etc. 

Exhort, egz-ort', v. t. To incite by words or advice, ad. 
vise, warn, caution.— r. i. To deliver exhortation. 
[OF. exhorter, L. exhortari, -tatum, fr. ex and hort ari, 
to urge.] — Exhortation, cks-, n. Act or practice of, 
etc.; language intended to incite and encourage; 
counsel. — Exhortative, egz-, -tory, a. Containing, 
or serving for, etc. ; hortatory.— Exhort'er, n. 

Exhume, eks-hum', v. t. [-humed (-humd'), -huming.] 
To dig up, as from a grave, disinter. [L. ex and 
humus, the ground.] — Exhumation, n. Act of, etc 

Exigence, eks'f-jens, -gency, -jen-sY, n. State of be> 
ing exigent ; urgent or exacting want ; distress ; 
emergency; necessity. [OF. exigence, fr. L. exigere, 
to exact, q. v.] — Exigent, n. (Laiv.) A judicial writ 
made use of in the process of outlawry. — a. Re- 
quiring immediate aid or action; pressing. 

Exile, eksll, n. Forced separation from one's native 
country ; proscription ; expulsion ; one banished 
from his country, — v. t. [exiled (-lid), -iling.] 
To banish from one's country, drive away, trans- 
port. [OF. exil, L. exilium, exsilium, banishment, 
exul, one banished, fr. ex and solum, soil, q. v.] 

Exist, egz-ist', v. i. To be ; to have actual or real be- 
ing, material or spiritual ; to occur ; manifest it- 
self ; to live, have life. [L. ex and sistere, to set, 
place, fr. stare, to stand, q. v.] — Existence, -ens, 
-ency,-en-sY, n. State of existing or being ; occur- 
rence, as of events of any kind ; that which exists; 
a being; creature. — Exist'ent, a. Having being. 

Exit, ekslt, n. Departure of a player from the stage; 
any departure ; act of quitting the stage of action 
or of life ; death ; decease ; way of departure ; pas- 
sage out of a place. [L., lit. he goes out, f r. ex and 
ire, to go.] — Ex'eunt, -e-unt. They go out. [L.] — 
Ex'eunt om nes, -nez. They all go out. [L.] 

Exode, eks'od, n. (Gr. Drama.) The catastrophe of 
a play. (Rom. Antiq.) A comic afterpiece. [Gr. 
exodion, fr. exodos, a going out, fr. ex and hodos, a 
way, march.] — Ex'odus, -o-dus, n. Departure from 
a place; esp. departure of the Israelites from Egypt 
under Moses; 2d book of the Old Testament, which 
relates this departure. [L. ; Gr. exodos.'] 

Ex-official, eks'of-fish'al, a. Proceeding from office 
or authority. [L. ex officio, by virtue of office.] 

Exogen, eks'o-jen, n. (Bot.) A plant having a stem 
of consecutive layers of wood and 
a distinct bark, and increasing by 
the annual addition of a new layer 
of wood to the outside next to the 
bark. [Gr. exo, outside, and genein, 
genesthai, to bring forth.] — Exog- 
enous, -oj'e-nus, a. Growing by 
successive additions to the outside 
of the wood, between that and the r.^ rio . or , 
bark. Exogen. 

Exonerate, egz-on'er-at, v. t. To relieve of (a charge, 
obligation, or load of blame) ; to absolve, acquit, 
clear, discharge. [L. exonerare, -atum, fr. ex and 
onus, oneris, a Durden.] — Exoneration, n. Act. of, 
or state of being, etc. — Exonerative, -tiv, a. Free- 
ing from a burden or obligation; tending to, etc. 

Exorbitant, egz-6r'bY-tant, a. Departing from an 
orbit or usual track ; deviating from the usual 
course; excessive; extravagant; enormous; anoma- 
lous ; irregular. [OF. ; L. exorbitans, p. pr. of ex- 
orbitare, fr. ex and orbita, track of a wheel, f r. orbis, 
circle, wheel.] — Exorbitantly, adv. — Exorbitance, 
-tancy, -si, n. Enormity; extravagance. 

Exorcise, eks'or-siz, v. t. [-cised (-slzd), -cising.] 
To drive away (an evil spirit) by adjuring by some 
holy name; to deliver from the influence of an evil 
spirit. [LateL. exorcizare, Gr. exorkizein. fr. ex 
and orkos, an oath.] — Ex , orcis / er, n. — Ex'orcism, 
-sizm, n. Act of exorcising; a form of prayer or in- 
cantation for this end. — Ex'orcist, n. One who 
pretends to expel evil spirits. 

Exordium, egz-Sr'dY-um. n.; E. pi. -DIUMS, -dY-umz, 
L- pi. -dia, -dY-a. Beginning of anything ; esp. in- 
troductory part of a discourse. [L., fr. exordiri, to 
begin a web, fr. ex and ordiri, to begin.] — Exor- 
dial, a. Pert, to, etc. ; introductory. 

Exosmose, eks'os-mos, Exosmo'sis, n. The outward 
passage of gases, vapors or liquids through mem- 
branes or porous media. [Gr. exo, outside, and 
osmos, a thrust, fr. othein, to push.] 

Exoteric, -ical, eks-o-tSrlk-al, a. Public ; not secret ; 
capable of being fully comprehended,— opp. to eso- 




sun, cube, full; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get 



EXOTIC 



192 



EXPLOIT 



ieric. [Gr. exoterikos, external, fr. exotero, compar. 
of exo, outward, fr. ex, out.]— Ex'oter'y, -ter'I, re. 
That which is obvious or common. 

Exotic, egz-ot'ik, -ical, a. Introduced fr6m a foreign 
country; not native. — Exot'k, re. Anything of for- 
eign origin, as a plant, word, custom, etc. [L. exot- 
icus, Gr. exotikos, foreign, fr. exo.] — Exot'icism, 
-sizm, re. State of being exotic; anything foreign. 

Expand, eks-pand', v. t. To lay open; to make larger, 
dilate, distend; to enlarge, extend, open. — v. i. To 
become opened, spread apart, dilated, or enlarged. 
[L. expander e, -panswn, fr. ex and pandere, to spread 
out, open.] — Expanse', -pans', n. That? which is 
expanded; wide extent of space or body; the firma- 
ment. — Expansible, a. Capable of being, etc.— 
Expansibility, -tT, n. Capacity of, etc. — Expan'- 
Bion, -shun, n. Act of , or condition of being, etc.; 
thing expanded; expanse; space; room. (Com.) In- 
crease of the circulation of bank notes. (Math.) De- 
veloped result of an indicated operation. (Steam 
eng.) The operation of steam in a cylinder after its 
communication with the boiler has been cut off. — 
Expan'sive, -siv, a. Serving or tending, having ca- 
pacity or tendency, to expand.— Expan'siveness.re. 

Ex parte, eks-par'te, a. On or from one side only. [L.] 

Expatiate, eks-pa'shl-at, v. i. To move at large, wan- 
der without restraint; to enlarge in discourse, des- 
cant. — v.t. To cause or allow to roam abroad; to 
extend, diffuse. [L. expatiari or exspatiari, -atum, 
fr. ex. and spatian, to spread out, fr. spativm, space.] 
— Expa'tia'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Expa'tia'tor, re. 

Expatriate, eks-pa'trT-at, v. t. To banish; to remove 
(one's self) from one's native country. [LL. expa- 
triare,-atum, fr. L. ex and patria, fatherland, pater, 
father.] — Expa'tria'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc- : esp. the act of forsaking one's country. 

Expect, eks-pekt', v. t. To wait for, await; to look 
forward to, anticipate, think, believe. [L. expectare, 
or exspectare, -tatum, to expect, fr. ex and spectare, 
to look a t, f r. specere, to look.] — Expect 'able, a. — 
Expect'ance, -ancy, -an-sT, n. Act or state of, etc.; 
thing expected. — Expect'ant, a. Having an atti- 
tude of expectation ; waiting; looking for; in medi- 
cine, waiting for the efforts of nature. — n. One 
who waits in expectation. — Expecta'tion, re. Act 
or state of expecting; state of being expected; thing 
expected; ground of expecting; reason for anticipa- 
ting future benefits; value of any prospect depend- 
ing upon the happening of some uncertain event. 
(Med.) The leaving of a disease to the efforts of 
nature to effect a cure. — Expect'er, n. 

Expectorate, eks-pek'to-rat, v. t. To discharge 
(phlegm, etc.) by coughing, hawking, and spitting. 
— v.u To discharge matter from the lungs or throat; 
to spit. fL. expectorare, -atum, fr. ex and pectus, 
pectoris, the breast.] — Expec'tora'tion, re. Act of, 
etc. ; matter expectorated.— Expec'torant, a. (Med.) 
Tending to promote discharges from the lungs or 
throat. — re. (Med.) A medicine which, etc. — Ex- 
pec'torative, -tiv, a. Expectorant. 

Expedite, eks'pe-dit, v. t. To relieve of impediments, 
quicken; to dispatch, issue officially. — a. Free of 
impediment; expeditious. [L. expedire, -ditum, to 
free the feet, make ready, fr. ex and pes, pedis, foot.] 

— Ex'peditely, adv. Readily; speedily. — Expe'- 
dient, -dl-ent, a. Hastening forward ; tending to 
further a proposed object; proper under the circum- 
stances; advisable; profitable; conducive, or tend- 
ing to self-interest, or selfish ends. — re. Suitable 
means to accomplish an end; means employed in an 
exigency; shift; contrivance; resource; substitute. — 
Expe'diently, adv. With expedience; suitably. — 
Expe'dience, -ency, -en-sT, re. State or quality of 
beins, etc.; desirableness; self-interest; self-seeking. 

— Expedi'tion, -dish'un, n. Quality of being expe- 
dite; efficient promptness; haste; quickness; an im- 
portant enterprise or attempt at some distance; an 
excursion for a valuable end; body of persons mak- 
ing such an excursion. — Expedi'tious, -dish'us, a. 
Possessed of, or characterized by, expedition ; 
prompt; ready; quick; alert. — Expeditiously, adv. 

— Expedi'tiousness, n. 

Expel, eks-pel', v. t. [-pelled (-peld'), -pelling.] To 
drive or force out, eject; to drive from one's coun- 
try, banish. [L. ex and pettere, pulsum, to drive.] — 
Expel'lable, a. — Expul'sion, -shun, re. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. — Expul'sive, -siv, a. Having 
power, or serving to, etc. 

Expend, eks-pend', v. t. To apply or employ in any 
way; to consume by use, dissipate, waste, — v. i. To 
be laid out, used, or consumed. [L. expendere, -pen- 



sum, to pay out, f r. ex and pendere, to weigh.] — Ex- 
penditure, -chur, re. Act of, etc.; thing expended; 
expense. — Expense', -pens', re. Act of expending; 
disbursement; outlay; that expended; cost; charge. 
[L. expensa.] — Expen'sive, -siv, a. Occasioning ex- 
pense; costly; lavish; extravagant. — Expen'sively. 
adv. — Expen'sivenesa, re. 

Experience, eks-pe'rl-ens, re. Practical acquaintance 
with any matter by personal observation or trial of 
it; repeated trial of a matter; instruction so gained; 
trial; proof; experiment. — v. t. [experienced 
(-enst), -encing.J To make practical acquaintance 
with; to have befall one. [OF.; L. experientia, proof, 
trial, fr. ex and (obs.) periri, peritus, to try.]— To 
experience religion. (Tfieol.) To become a convert 
to Christianity.— Expe'rienced, -rT-enst, p. a. Taught 
by experience, practice, or repeated observations.— 
Experien'tialism, -shal-izm, re. (Metaph.) Doctrine 
that all ideas and knowledge are derived from indi- 
vidual experience, — opp. to intuitionalism. — Ex- 
per'iment, -per'Y-ment, n. A trial deliberately in- 
stituted; practical test; proof, — v. i. To operate on 
a body in order to discover some unknown fact, or 
illustrate a known one; to test by trial. [OF.; L. ex- 
perimentum, an experiment.] — Exper'iment'al, a. 
Pert, to, given to, or skilled in, founded, derived 
from, or affording, experiment ; taught by, or de- 
rived from, experience. — Exper'iment'ally, adv. — 
Exper'imenter, -iment'alist, w.— Expert', a. Taught 
by use, practice, or experience; adroit; skillful.— 
Expert, eks'nert or eks-pgrt'. re. One who is, etc.; 
esp. a scientific or professional witness.— Expert'ry, 
adv. — Expert 'ness, n. 

Expiate, eks'pY-at, v. t. To make satisfaction or rep- 
aration for; to atone for. [L. expiare, -atum, fr. ex 
and piare, to propitiate, f r. pius, devout.] — Ex'pi- 
able, a. Capable of being, etc. - Expia'tion, re. Act 
of, etc.; satisfaction; means by which atonement for 
crimes is made. — Ex'piator, -ter, re. — Ex'piatory, 
-to-rT, a. Having power to, etc. 

Expire, eks-plr', v. t. [-pired (-plrd'), -piring.] To 
breathe out, emit from the lungs; to emit in minute 
particles, exhale, — v. i. To emit the breath, esp. the 
last breath; to die; to come to an end, terminate, 
perish. [OF. expirer, L. expirare or exspirare, -ra- 
tum, fr. ex and spirare, to breathe. See Spirit.] — 
Expira'tion, re. Act of expiring, — as a breathing 
out of air from the lungs; emission of volatile mat- 
ter; exhalation ; last emission of breath; death; ter- 
mination; end; matter breathed forth. — Expi'ra- 
tory, -to-rT, a. Pert, to, or employed in, etc. 

Explain, eks-plSn', v. t. [-plained (-pland'), -plain- 
ing, j To make plain, manifest, or intelligible; to 
expound, interpret, elucidate, clear up. — v. i. To 

five explanation. [OF. explaner, L. explanare, -atum, 
r. ex and planus, plain, q. v.] — Explainable, a.— 
Explain'er, re. — Explanation, re. Act of, etc. ; that 
which makes clear; meaning attributed to anything 
by one who expounds it; a mutual exposition or 
meaning, to adjust a misunderstanding; definition; 
interpretation; account.— Explan'atory, -plan'a-to- 
rt, a. Serving to explain; containing explanation. 

Expletive, eks'ple-tiv, a. Filling up; superfluous.—. 
n. A word or syllable not necessary to the sense, 
but inserted to fill a vacancy, or for ornament. [OF. 
expletif, fr. L. explere, -pletum, fr. ex and plere, to 
fill.] — Ex'pletory, -to-rt, a. Serving to, etc. 

Explicate, eks'plT-kat, v. t. To unfold the meaning 
of, explain, interpret. —a. Evolved; unfolded. [L. 
explicare, -catum, f r. ex and plica, a fold.] — Ex'. 
plicable, a. — Explica'tion, re. Act of, etc. ; explan, 
ation; interpretation; sense given by an expositor.— 
Ex'plica'tive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rt, a. Serving to, etc. 

— Ex'plica'tor, -ter. n. An explainer. — Explic'it, 
-plis'it, a. Distinctly stated; clear; not obscure or 
ambiguous; express; having no disguised meaning 
or reservation. [L. explicitus, old p. p. of explicareT] 

— Explicitly, adv. — Explic'itneBs, re. 

Explode, eks-pl5d', v. i. To burst with a loud report; 
to detonate. — v. t. To cause to explode, touch off; 
to drive out with violence and noise, as by powder; 
to bring into disrepute, and reject. [OF. exploder, 
L. explodere, -plosum, to drive off the stage by clap- 
ping, fr. ex and plaudere, to applaud, q. v.] — Ex- 
plod'er, re. — Explo'sion, -zhun, re. Act of explod- 
ing or detonating. (Steam eng.) The sudden and 
violent shattering of a boiler by steam pressure,— 
disting. f r. rupture ; a violent manifestation of feel- 
ing, attended by an outburst in language, etc. — 
Explo'sive, -siv, a. Causing explosion. 

Exploit, eks-ploit', re. A deed or act; esp. a heroic 



5m fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; in, Ice ; odd, tone, or ( 






EXPLORE 



193 



EXTEND 



act; feat. — v. i. To turn to account; work (a mine, 
etc.)- [OF. esploit, revenue, profit, exploict, an ex- 
ploit, act, F. exploiter, to work, manage, fr. L. expli- 
care. See Explicate.] — Exploita'tion, n. Process 
of winning ores and minerals from their natural 
position, and rendering them available.^ 

Explore, eks-plor', v. t. [-plored (-plord'), -plor- 
Ing.] To search through, look into all parts of, ex- 
amine thoroughly (esp. an unknown country). [OF. 
explorer, L. explorare, -aturn, fr. ex and plorare, to 
make to flow.] — Explor'er, -plora'tor, -ter, n. One 
who, etc. — Exploration, n. Act of, etc. 

Expoliation. Same as Spoliation. 

Exponent, eks-po'nent, n. (Alg.) A number or quan- 
tity on the right of and above another quantity, de- 
noting how often the latter is repeated as a factor to 
produce the power indicated. One who, or that 
which, stands as an index or representative. [L. ex- 
ponents, -entis, p. pr. of exponere. See Expose.] — Ex- 
ponential, -shal, a. Pert, to exponents; involving 
variable exponents. 

Export, eks-p6rt', v. t. To earry (wares, etc.) from a 
country to other communities. [L. ex and portare, 
-tatvm, to carry. See Port.] — Ex'port, n. Act of 
exporting; thing exported. — Exportable, a. — Ex- 
portation, n. Act of, etc. — ExporJ/er, n. 

Expose, eks-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] 
To place in a position to be seen; to lay forth to 
view, as an opinion, etc.; to explain; to deprive of 
cover or protection, lay open to attack or danger; to 
deprive of concealment, as a thing that shuns pub- 
licity; to divulge wrong practices of . [OF. exposer, 
fr. ex. and poser, Li.ponere, positum, to set, place.] — 
To expose a child. To disown and abandon it. — Ex- 
pos^, -po-za', n. A formal statement, recital, or ex- 
position. [F., p. p. of exposer.] — Expos'er, ». One 
who exposes. — Exposition, -zish'un, n. Act of ex- 
posing or laying open; a public exhibition or show; 
the act of expounding the sense of an author or pas- 
sage; interpretation ; a work containing explana- 
tions, or the sense put upon a passage by an inter- 
preter. [OF.]— Expositive, -tiv, -itory, -to-rf, a. 
Serving to explain; illustrative; exegetical.— Expos'- 
itor, -ter, n. One who, etc.; an interpreter. [L.] — 
Expos'ure, -po'zhar, n. Act of exposing; state of 
being, etc.; position in regard to points of the com- 
pass, influences of climate, etc.— Expound', -pownd', 
v. t. To explain; clear of obscurity; interpret. [OF. 
espondre, fr. L. exponere.] — Expound'er, n. 

Ex post facto, eks-post-fak'to. (Law.) Done after 
the act to which it relates; from, or by, a thing done 
afterward. [L.] — Ex post facto law. A law which 
deals with acts done before its passage. 

Expostulate, eks-p5st'u-lat, v. t. To reason earnestly 
with a person on some impropriety of conduct; to 
remonstrate. [L. expostulare, -latum, fr. ex and 
postvlare, to ask, require.] — Expost'ula'tor. -ter, n. 

— Expost'ula'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; kindly protest. 

— Expost'ulatory, -to-rT, a. Containing, etc. 
Exposure, Expound. See under Expose. 

Express, eks-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- 
ing.] To press or squeeze out: to imitate; to repre- 
sent and exhibit (an opinion or feeling) by a look, 
gesture, or esp. by language; to make known one's 
opinions or feelings, — used reflexively; to denote, 
designate ; to send by express messenger. — a. Closely 
resembling; directly stated; made unambiguous ; 
clear; plain; explicit; dispatched with special speed 
or directness. — n. A messenger sent on a special 
errand; a quick conveyance for packages, commis- 
sions, etc. [OF. expres, L. expressus, p. p. of expri- 
rnere, to press out, fr. ex and primere, to press.] — 
Express'age, -ej, n. Charge for carrying a parcel 
by express. — Expressible, a. Capable of being, 
etc. — Expression, -presh'un, n. Act of expressing, 
or forcing out by pressure; act of representing; dec- 
laration; utterance; lively or vivid representation of 
sentiment, feeling, etc. ; look or appearance, as indic- 
ative of thought or feeling; mode of speech, phrase. 
(Alg.) The representation of any quantity by ap- 
propriate characters or signs. [OF.] — Expressive, 
-iv, a. Serving to, etc.; indicative; full of expres- 
sion; significant. — Expressively, adv. — Express'- 
iveness, n — Expressly, adv. In an express, di- 
rect, or pointed manner^ in direct terms; plainly. 

Expropriate, eks-pro'prY-at, v. t. To put out of one's 
possession, resign claim to; to deprive of. [F. expro- 
pricr, fr. L. ex and proprius, one's own.] — Expro'- 
pria'tion, n. Act of giving up, or depriving of, 
property. [F.] 

Expugn, eks-pun', v. t. To conquer, take by assault. 



[L. expugnare, fr. ex and pugna, fight.] — Expug'na- 
ble, -pug'- or -pun'a-bl, a. Capable of being ex- 
pugned or conquered. — Expugner, -pun'er, n. 

Expulsion, Expulsive. See under Expel. 

Expunge, eks-punj', v. t. T-punged (-punjd'), -pun- 
ging.] To blot out, as with a pen; to strike out, wipe 
out or destroy, efface, erase, cancel. [L. expungere, 
f r. ex and pungere, punctum, to prick ; not f r. sponge.] 

— Expunc'tion, -punk'shun, n. Act of expunging 
or erasing. 

Expurgate, eks'per- or eks-pSr'gat, v. t. To purify 
from anything noxious, offensive, or erroneous; to 
cleanse, purge. [L. exjmrgare. -gatum, fr. ex and 
purgare, to purge.] — Expurga'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

— Expurgator, eks'per- or eks-per'ga-tSr, n. One 
who, etc. — Expur'gatory, -to-rT, a. Serving to, 
etc. — Expurgatory Index [L. Index Expurgatorixts.] 
A catalogue of books forbidden by the Rom. Cath. 
church, as teaching things contrary to its creed. 

Exquisite, eks'kwY-zit, a. Carefully selected; of sur- 
passing excellence ; exceeding, extreme, keen, — 
used in a bad sense; of accurate discrimination; not 
easy to satisfy; nice; delicate; refined; perfect. — n. 
One over-nice in dress or ornament; a fop, dandy. 
[L. exquisitus, p. p. of exquirere, fr. ex and quserere, 
to seek.] — Ex'quisitely, adv. — Ex'quisiteneBB, n. 

Exsanguious, eks-san'gwY-us, a. Destitute of blood, 
as an animal or insect. [L. ex and sanguis, blood.] 

Exsert', -Berted, eks-sert'ed, a. Standing out; pro- 
jecting beyond other parts. 
[L. exserere, -sertum. See Ex- 
ert.] — Exsert'ile, -il, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. 

Exsiccate, eks'sik- or eks-sik'- 
kat, v. t. To exhaust or evap- 
orate moisture from; to dry. 
[L. exsiccare, -catum, fr. ex 
and siccus, dry.] — Exsicca'- 
tion, n. Act or operation of, 
or state of being, etc. — Ex- 
sic'cative, -tiv, a. Tending, 
or having power to, etc. — 
Exsic'cant, a. Drying, —n. 
(Med.) A drying medicine. 

Extant, eks'tant, a. Standing 
out or above the surface; con- 
tinuing to exist; in being; now 
subsisting. [Late L. extans, _ . " . 
for L. exstans, -stantis, p. pr. Exserted Stamens, 
of exstare, to stand forth, exist, fr. ex and stare, to 
stand.] 

Extasy. See Ecstasy. 

Extempore, eks-tem'po-re, adv. Without previous 
study or meditation; without preparation: sudden- 
ly.— a. Without study ; extemporaneous. [L. ex 
tempore, at the moment: temjiore, abl. of tempus, 
time.] — Extem'pora'neous.-ne-us, -tem'porary, -ri, 
a. Proceeding irom the impulse of the moment; 
called forth by the occasion; unpremeditated; off- 
hand. —Extem'porize, v. i. [-rized (-nzd), -Riz- 
ing.] To speak extempore; esp., to make an off- 
hand address. — v. t. To do in a hasty, unpremedi- 
tated manner. — Extern 'poriz'er, n. — Extem'pori- 
za'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Extend, eks-tend', v. t. To prolong, esp. in a single 
direction, as a line; to protract; to enlarge, as a 
surface or volume; to expand; to widen, continue, 
as time, lengthen; to hold out or reach forth; to be- 
stow on ; to offer. (Law.) To value, as lands taken 
by a writ of extent in satisfaction of a debt. — ?', i. 
To be continued in length or breadth; to stretch, 
reach. [OF. estendre, L. extendere, -tensum, fr. ex 
and tendere, to stretch. See Tend.] — Extend'er, n. 

— Extendible, a. Capable of being, etc. (Law.) 
Liable to be taken by a writ of extent and valued. 

— Extendible, -Bile, -sil, a. Capable of being, etc. — 
Extensibility, n. — Exten'sion, -shun, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc. (Physics Sf Metaph.) That 
property of a body by which it occupies a portion 
of space. (Com.) A written engagement allowing 
a debtor further time to pay a debt. [OF.] — Exten- 
sion table. A table that can be extended in length 
by the sliding of parts of the frame. — Exten'sion- 
ist, n. One who favors extension. — Extea'sive, -siv, 
a. Having wide extent; expanded; wide. — Exten'- 
sively, adv. — Exten'siveness, n. — Exten'sor, n. 
(Anat.) A muscle which extends or straightens any 
part of the body, as an arm or a finger. [L.] — Ex- 
tent', n. Space or degree to which a thing is ex- 
tended; superficies; bulk; size; length. (Law.) In 
Eng., a peculiar species of execution upon debts 




sun, cube, full : moon, f<36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair get. 



EXTENUATE 



194 EYE 



due to the crown ; in IT. S., a levy of an execution 
upon real estate. 

Extenuate, eks-ten'u-at, v. t. To draw out, as the 
line of an army; to make thin or slender; to lessen; 
to palliate as a crime; to lower or degrade, as repu- 
tation or honor. — v. i. To become thinner, be 
drawn out. [L. extenuare, -atum, fr. ex and tenuis, 
thin.] — Extenua'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; palliation 
(of a crime); mitigation (of punishment). — Exten'- 
uator, -tSr, n. 

Exterior, eks-telY-gr, a. External; pert, to that which 
is external; on the outside; extrinsic; pert, to for- 
eign nations; foreign. — n. Outward surface or part 
of a thing; external deportment, form, or ceremony. 
[L., compar. of exter, or extents, outward, foreign.] 

— External, -ter'nal, a. Having relation to space; 
outward; exterior; from, or pert, to, the body, its 
appearance, functions, etc.; accidental; irrelevant; 
foreign ; pert, to foreign nations. [L. externus, a 
form of extents.] — Externally, adv. — Externals, 
-nalz, n. pi. "Whatever things are external or with- 
out ; outward parts. — Externality, n. Existence 
in space; exteriority.— Exter nalism, -izm, n. (Met- 
aph.) Doctrine which deals only with externals, 
or objects of sense-perception; positivism; phenom- 
enalism. 

Exterminate, eks-ter'mT-nat, v. t. To drive from 
within the limits or borders of; to put an end to the 
power of, eradicate, extirpate. (Math.) To cause 
to disappear, eliminate. [JL. exterminare, -natum, 
fr. ex and terminus, boundary.] — Extermination, 
n. Act of, etc.; eradication; excision. (Math.) Elim- 
ination. — Exter mina'tor, -ter, n. — Exter'' mina- 
tory. -to-rT, a. Of or pert, to, etc.; tending to ex- 
terminate. 

Extinguish, eks-tin'gwish, v. i. [-ouished (-gwisht), 
-guishing.] To smother, quench, destroy; to put 
an end to; to obscure by superior splendor. [L. ex- 
tinguere or exsti/iguere, -thictum, fr. ex and stinguere, 
to quench.] — Extin'guishable, a. — Extin'- 
guisher, n. One who, or that which, etc.; 
esp., a utensil to extinguish a candle or lamp. 

— Extinguishment, n. Act of, etc.; suppres- 



I 



sion; nullification. (Law.) The putting an 
end to a right or estate by consolidation or 
union. — Extinct', -tinkt / ', a. Extinguished; 

put out; quenched; ended; closed. — Ex- 

tinc'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. v , t - 
TOF 1 Mti! 

Extirpate, eksler- or eks-tSr'pat, v. t. To Su ' 3 "' 
pull up by the roots, destroy totally, eradicate, ex- 
pel. [L. extirpare or exstirpare, -patum, fr. ex and 
stirps, stem, root.] — Extirp'able, a. — ExtirpaHon, 
n. Eradication; total destruction. — Ex'tirpator, n. 

Extol, eks-tol', v. t. [-tolled (-told'), -tolling.] To 
elevate by praise, eulogize, magnify, commend, 
laud, glorify. [L. extollere, fr. ex and tollere, to lift, 
raise.] — Extorter, n. 

Extort, eks-tSrt', v. t. To wrest or wring from, gain 
by force, exact. — v. i. To practice extortion. [L. 
extorquere, -tortum, fr. ex and torquere, to turn 
about, twist.] — Extort'er, n. — Extor'sive, -siv, a. 
Serving to, etc. — Extortion, n. Act of, etc. ; illegal 
exaction; thing_extorted; oppression; rapacity.— 
Extortionate, -at, -ary, -er-Y, a. Practicing, pert, 
to, characterized by, or implying, etc. — Extor- 
tioner, n. 

Extra, eks'tra, a. Over and above; uncommon; ex- 
traordinary. — n. Something in addition to what is 
due or expected ; a special edition of a newspaper ; 
a special train. [L., beyond, for extera (parte), on 
the outside ; extera is abl. fern, of exter. See Ex- 
terior.] — Extra'dos, n. (A?-ch.) The exterior 
curve of an arch. [F., fr. L. extra and F. dos, L. 
dorsum, back.] — Extradotal, a. Not belonging to 
dower. [L. dotalis.] — Extraju'dl'cial, -dish'al, a. 
Out of the proper court, or ordinary course of legal 
procedure; not legally required. — Extramun'dane, 
a. Beyond che limit of the material world, or rela- 
ting to that which is so. — Extramu'ral, a. With- 
out or beyond the walls, as of a fortified city. [L. 
mums, wall.] — Extraordinary, -trdr'dY-na-rY, a. 
Beyond or out of the common order or method ; ex- 
ceeding the common degree or measure ; remark- 
able ; uncommon ; rare ; employed for an unusual 
or special object. — n. That which is, etc. — Ex- 
traordinarily, adv. — Extraprofes'sional, -fesh'- 
un-al, a. Foreign to a profession. — Extra-u'terine, 
-t§r-in, a. Out of the womb, — said of pregnancy. 
[L. uterus, womb.] — Extrav'agant, a. Wandering 
beyosd bounds; wild; excessive; unrestrained; pro- 



fuse in expenses; prodigal. [OF.; LL. extravagans, 
fr. L. vagare, to wander.] — Extravagantly, adv.— 
Extrav'agance, -agancy, -gan-sY, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; wildness; excess; prodigality; waste; 
violence. — Extrav'agan'za, -za t n. A musical com- 
position, characterized by wild irregularity ; an ex- 
travagant flight of sentiment or language. [It.] — 
Extrav'asate, -sat, v. t. To let out of the proper 
vessels, as blood. [L. vas, vessel.] — Extrav'asa'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. ; effusion.— Extra'neous, -ne-us, 
a. Not belonging to, or dependent on ; not essen- 
tial; foreign. [L. extraneus, a form of extra.] — Ex- 
tra'neousiy, adv. 

Extract, eks-trakf, v. t. To draw out; to remove 
forcibly from a fixed position; to withdraw by dis- 
tillation, or other chemical process; to take by selec- 
tion. [L. ex and trahere, -tractum, to draw.] — To 
extract the root. (Math.) To ascertain the root of 
a number or quantity.— Ex'tract, n. That which 
is extracted or drawn out; a passage from a book; 
citation ; quotation ; anything drawn from a sub- 
stance by heat, solution, distillation, or chemical 
process. — Extract'able, -ible, a. — Extraction, n. 
Act of, etc. ; the stock from which one has descend- 
ed ; lineage ; birth ; descent ; thing extracted; ex- 
tract; essence. [OF.] — Extractive, -iv, a. Capa- 
ble of being, tending or serving to, etc.; capable of 
furnishing extracts or products; productive. — Ex- 
tractor, -er, n. 

Extradite, ekslra-dlt, v. t. To deliver, under a treaty 
of extradition. [L. ex and tradere, -itum, to deliver.] 

— Extradition, -dish'un, n. Delivery, by one state 
to another, of fugitives from justice, in pursuance 
of a treaty. 

Extreme, eks-trem'', a. At the utmost point, edge, or 
border; outermost; furthest; last; final; conclusive; 
the worst or best; most urgent; greatest; highest. 
(Miis.) Extended or contracted as much as possible. 

— n. The utmost point or verge; extremity; utmost 
limit or degree that is supposable or tolerable ; great 
necessity. [OF.; L. extremes, superl. of extents, out- 
ward. See Exterior.] — Extreme unction. (Rom. 
Cath. Church). The anointing of a dying person 
with oil. —In the extreme. As much as possible.— 
In extremis. At the point of death. [L.] — Ex- 
tremely, adv. — Extremist, n. A supporter of ex- 
treme doctrines or practice; one who holds extreme 
opinions. — Extremity, -trem r Y-tY, n. That at the 
extreme; the utmost limit; verge; border; end; ut- 
most point; highest degree of inconvenience, pain, 
or suffering; greatest need or peril. 

Extricate, eks'trY-kat, v. t. To free from difficulties 
or perplexities; to cause to be emitted or evolved; to 
disentangle, disengage, set free. [L. extricare, -ca- 
tum, f r. ex and tricx, hindrances, trifles.] — Ex'tric- 
able, a. — Extrica'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Extrinsic, eks-trin'sik, -sical, a. Not contained in 
or belonging to a body; external; outward; unes- 
sential. [OF. extrinseque, L. extrinsecus, fr. extrin 
for extrim, fr. exter, outward (see Exterior), and 
secus, by, beside.] — Extrin'sically, adv. 

Extrude, eks-trood', v. t. To thrust out, urge, force, 



or press out, expel; to drive away. [L. ex and tru- 

'810 

Act of, etc. 



dere, trusum, to thrust.] — Extru'sion, -zhun, n. 



Exuberant, egz-u'ber-ant, a. Characterized by abun- 
dance; overflowing; superfluous. [OF.; L. exuber- 
ans, -antis, p. pr. of exuberare, f r. ex and uberare, to 
be fruitful.fr. uber, an udder.] — Exu'berance, -an- 
cy, -sY, n. State of being, etc. — Exu'berantly, adv. 

Exude, egz-ud r , v. t. To discharge through pores or 
incisions, as moisture, etc. — v. i. To now from a 
body through the pores, or by natural discharge. 
[L. exudare or exsudare, -datum, fr. ex and sudare, 
to sweat, q. v.] — Exuda'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; sub- 
stance exuded. 

Exult, egz-ulf, v. i. To leap for joy, rejoice in tri- 
umph. [L. exultare or exsultare, fr. exsitere, -sultum, 
fr. ex and salere, to leap. See Salient.] — Exult' 
ant, a. Inclined to, etc. — Exulta'tion, n. Act of, 
etc. ; triumph. — Exultlngly, adv. 

Exuviae, egz-u'vY-e, n. pi. Cast skins, shells, or cov 
erings of animals. (Geol.) Fossil animal remains 
left in the strata of the earth. [!<., f r. exuere, to draw 
out or off, pull off.] — Exu'vial, a. Pert to, etc. — 
Exu'viate, -at, v. t. To cast the skin, shell, etc. 

Eyas, i'as, n. A young hawk just taken from the 
nest. [F. niais, fresh fr. the nest, fr. L. nidus, nest.] 



Ey, i, Eybt, i'ot or at, Ait, 5t, n. A little island. [Ic. 
e organ of sight; power of seeing; view; 



ey, AS. ig.] 
Eye, i, n. Th 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; Odd, tone, dr ; 



EYE 



195 



FACILE 




opinion; estimate; space commanded by the organ 
of eight; face; front; 
presence ; observa- 
tion; watch; notice; 
look; aspect; a thing 
resembling the or- 
gan of sight, in form, 
position, or appear- 
ance,— as, the hole in i 
a needle; a catch for 
a hook ; spot on a 
feather, as of a pea- 
cock; bud or sprout 
of a plant or root; 
center of a target. 
(Jfaut.) Looped part 
of a rope or stay. — 

V. t. [EYED (Td), EY- 
ING.] To fix the eye 
on, observe, esp. to 
watch narrowly, or 
with fixed attention. 
[AS. cage, D. oog, Ic. 
auga, G. auge, F. oeil, L. oculus, dim. of old ocus, 
OGr. okos, okkos, Skr. aksha.] — To have an eye to. 
To pay particular attention to. — To keep an e. on. 
To watch. — To see with half an e. To see easily. — 
To set the eyes on. To have a sight of. — Eyeless, n. 
Wanting eyes ; blind. — Eye'ball, n. The ball, 
globe, or anjile of the eye. — Eye'bright, n. A plant 
formerly u«tt for diseases of the eye. — Eye'brow, 



Eye. 
>, optic nerve ; sc, selerotie or ex- 
ternal coat of the eye ; ch, choroid 
coat ; r, retina ; z, zonule of Zinn; 
p, position of the Fetitian canal ; 
sch, position of canal of Schlemm ; 
t, iris, the opening in the center of 
which forms the pupil ; c, cornea ; 
m, Meibomian glands ; I, crystal- 
line lens. 



n. The brow or hairy arch above the eye. — Eye'- 
glass, n. A glass to assist the sight; the eye-piece of 
a telescope, etc. — Eyelash, n. The line of hairs 
that edges the eyelid: a single one of the hair6 on 
the edge of the eyelid.— Eye'let, n. A small hole 
for a lace or cord, as in garments, sails, etc.; a metal 
ring or grommet to fit, etc. [F. oeillet, dim. of ceil.'] 
— Eyeleteer'', -er', n- A sharp-pointed instrument 
for making eyelet-holes ; a stiletto. — Eye'lid, n. 
The cover of the eye. — Eye'sight, n. Vision; view; 
observation; relative power or capacity of seeing. — 
Eye'-piece, n. ( Opt.) The lens, or combination of 
lenses, at the eye-end of an optical instrument. — 
-serv'ant, n. A servant who attends to duty only 
when watched. — serv'ice, n. Service performed 
only under the eye of an employer. — sore, n. Some- 
thing offensive to the sight. — stone, n. A small, 
calcareous stone, used for taking substances from 
between the lid and ball of the eye.— -tooth, n. ; pi. 
-teeth. A tooth whose root is long, and points up 
toward the eye ; the pointed canine or cuspidate 
tooth in the upper jaw next to the grinders. See 

Tooth. wa'ter, n. A medicated lotion for the 

eyes. — wit'ness. One who sees a thing done.— 
Eyne, In, n. Obs. plural of eye. 

Eyre, ar, n. A journey or circuit; a court of itinerant 
justices. [OF. eire, erre, oire, L. iter, fr. ire. Hum, 
to go.] — Justice in eyre. (O. Eng. Law.) An itiner- 
ant judge, who held courts in different counties.. 

Eyrie, -ry, a'rY, n. Place where birds of prey build 
nests and hatch their young. [See Aibie.] 



F. 



F, ef, the 6th letter of the English alphabet, is formed 
by the passage of breath between the lower lip and 
upper incisive teeth. Its figure is the same as that 
of the Eolic digamma [F], to which it is related in 
power. See Digamma. — (Mus.) F is the 4th tone 
of the gamut, or model scale. F sharp (F$) is a 
tone intermediate between F and G. 

Fa, fa. (Mus.) A syllable applied to the 4th tone of the 
gamut or model scale for purposes of solmization. 

Fabian, fa'M-an, a. Delaying ; dilatory : avoiding 
battle, but harassing the enemy. [Fr. Quintus Fa- 
bius Maximus Verrucosus, a Roman general.] 

Fable, fa'bl, n. A fictitious story intended to enforce 
some useful truth ; an apologue ; plot of an epic or 
dramatic poem; fiction ; falsehood, — v. i. [fabled 
(-bid), fabling.] To feign ; to write or speak fic- 
tion. — v. t. To feign, invent, tell of falsely. [F. ; 
L. fabula, a narrative, ir.fari, Gr. phemi, Skr. bhash, 
to speak; s. rt. ban.] — Fa'bler, n. A writer of fa- 
bles or fictions. — Fabulize, fab r u-liz, v. t. [-lized 
(-Hzd), -lizing.] To invent or relate fables. — Fab'- 
ulist, n. One who, etc.— Fab'ulous, -lus, a. Feigned; 
related to fable ; not real ; fictitious ; extravagant; 
passing belief ; enormous. — Fabulous age. Period 
in a nation's history described in legendary or myth- 
ological fables. — Fab'ulously, adv. 

Fabric, fab'rik, n. Structure of anything; workman- 
ship ; texture ; make ; thing fabricated, as, frame- 
work, edifice, building, manufactured cloth ; act or 
purpose of building; construction. [F.fabrique, fr. 
Li.fabrica, workshop, art, fabric, fr. faber, fabris, a 
workman, fr. rt. _of facere, to make ; s. rt. forge.] — 
Fab'ricate, -rl-kat, v. t. To frame, construct, build; 
to form by art and labor ; to forge, devise falsely. 
[L. fabricari, -catus.] — Fabrication, n. Act of, 
etc.; thing fabricated; a fiction; figment; falsehood. 
[F.] — Fabricator, -ter, n. 

Facade, fa-sad', n. Face, front, front view or eleva- 
tion, of an edifice. [F., fr. face, q. v.] 

Face, fas, n. The exterior form of anything ; esp., 
the front part or surface ; one of the bounding 
planes of a solid. (Mach.) The principal dressed 
surface of a plate, disk, or pulley, or flat surface of a 
part. Outside appearance ; surface show ; look ; 
that part of the head of an animal, esp. of man, 
containing the eyes, nose, mouth, etc. ; visage ; 
countenance; cast of features; look; air; boldness; 
shamelessness : effrontery ; presence ; sight ; front ; 
mode of regard. — v. t. [faced (fast), facing.] 
To meet in front, oppose with firmness, stand op- 



posite to, front upon, turn the front toward, con- 
front; to cover in front. (Mach.) To make flat or 
smooth the surface of. To adulterate (tea, etc.). — 
v. i. To turn the face. [F. ; L. fades, face ; s. rt. 
Gr. phainein, to appear, E. surface.]— To make a 
face. To distort the countenance. — F. of a bastion. 
(Mil.) The part between the salient and the shoul- 
der angle. — F. of a gun. (Mil.) The surface of 
metal at the muzzle. — F. card. A playing card 
(king, queen, or knave) having a human face. — F. 
value. Apparent value. — Fa'cer, n. One who faces; 
a bold-faced person.— Farcing, n. A covering in front, 
for ornament, etc.— Fascial, -shal, a. Pert, to the face. 

— Facial angle. (Anat.) 
The angle formed by 2 
straight lines, one 
drawn from the middle 
of the external entrance 
of the ear to the base of 
the nose, and the other 
from the prominent 
center of the forehead 
to the most prominent 

Eart of the upper jaw- 
one. — Fa'ciaUy, adv. 

— Facet, fas'et, Facette, 
fa-set', n. A little face; 
a small surface. [F. 
facette, dim. of face.] 

Facetiae, f a-se'shT-e, n. pi. 
Witty or humorous 
writings or sayings; wit- 
ticisms. , [L., pi. of fa- 
cet ia, wit, f r. facetus, 
elegant, courteous; s. rt. 
fades, face.] — Face'- 
tious, -shus, a. Given to 
wit and good humor ; 
merry; sportive; jocular; 
characterized by pleas- 
antry . — Face'tiously, 
adv. — Face'tiousness, n. 

Facile, fas'il, a. Easy to 
be done, surmounted, or removed ; easy of access ; 
courteous; affable; easily persuaded to good or bad; 
pliant; flexible. [F. ; L. fadlis, lit. do-able, fr. fa- 
cere, to do.] — Facilitate, v. t. To make easy or 
less difficult. [F. faciliter. ] — Facil'ita'tion, n. Act 
of, etc.— Facility, -U, n. Quality of being easily per- 
formed ; ease ; readiness proceeding from s' " 




Facial Angles. 

European ; 2, African ; 

3, monkey. 



M\ 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; lir«eer or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. 



PACING- 



196 



FAITH 



use; dexterity ; easiness to be persuaded ; pliancy ; 
ductility ; easiness of access ; complaisance ; what 
promotes the ease of any action or course of con- 
duct ; assistance. [F. facility, h.facilitas.] 

Facing. See under Face. 

Fact, fakt, n. A doing, making, or preparing ; thing 
done ; event ; reality ; truth ; statement of a thing 
done or existing ; a thing supposed or asserted to 
be done ; act ; deed ; incident. [L. factum, thing 
done, neut. p.p. of facere, to do; s. rt. fashion, fea- 
ture, facile, affair, affect, artifice, office, perfect, etc.] 
— Fac'tion, -shun, n. A party acting from selfish 
motives against a government or established order of 
things ; combination ; clique ; junto. [F. ; L. f ac- 
tio] — Fac'tionist, n. One who promotes faction. 
— Fac'tious, -shus. a. Given to faction ; prone to 
Clamor against public measures or men ; pert, to, 
proceeding from, or indicating, faction. — Face- 
tiously, adv. — Fac'tiousness, n. — Facti'tious, 
-tish'us, a. Made by art, — disting. fr. what is pro- 
duced by nature ; artificial ; unnatural. [L, facti- 
tious.'] — Fac'tor, -ter, n. {Com.) An agent, esp., 
who buys and sells goods, and transacts business, 
for others on commission. (Math.) One of the 
quantities which, when multiplied together, form a 
product. A condition helping to produce some re- 
sult. — Factorage, -ej, n. Allowance given to a fac- 
tor, as compensation for services. — Fac'torize, v. t. 
[-ized (-Izd), -izing.] (Law.) To attach (a debtor's 
goods) in the hands of a third party ; to warn (a 
garnishee) not to pay to a debtor ; to garnish. — 
Fac'tory, -rt, n. A place where factors transact 
business for employers; body of factors in any place; 
building used for manufacturing goods ; a manufac- 
tory. — Fac-simHe, -T-le, n. ; pi. -iles, -lez. An 
exact copy or reproduction. [Abbr. of L. factum 
simile, made like. See Simile.] — Facto'tum, n. ; pi. 
-tums, -tumz. One employed to do all kinds of 
work. [L. facere totum, to do all.] 

Faculty, fak'ul-tt, n. Ability to act or perform; esp., 
original capacity for mental activity ; intellectual 
endowment ; power ; privilege or permission ; li- 
cense ; a body of men to whom any specific priv- 
ilege is granted ; in Europe, the graduates in any of 
the 4 departments of a university or college (Philos- 
ophy, Law, Medicine, and Theology); the members 
of a profession or calling ; the corps of professors 
and tutors in an American college. [F. Jaculte", L. 
facultas, contr. oifacilitas. See Facility, under 
Facile.] 

Fad, fad, n. A hobby; crotchet; trifling pursuit. 

Fade, fad, v. i. To perish gradually, wither ; to lose 
freshness, color, or brightness ; to sink away, grow 
dim, vanish. — v. t. To cause to wither, wear away. 
[F., tasteless, weak, faint, ~L.fatuus, foolish, insipid, 
Proven, fatz, facia, foolish.]— Fadeless, a. Not li- 
able to fade ; unfading. 

Fadge, faj, v. i. [fadged (fajd), fadging.] To come 
close, as the parts of things united ; to fit. [AS. 
fsegian, to fit, adorn, fseger, fair, q. v.] 

F»ce3, Faecal, etc. See Feces. 

Faery, -ie, fa'Sr-T, a. or n. Same as Fairy. 

Fag, fag, n. A laborious drudge ; esp., a school-boy 
who does menial services for one of a higher class 
in English schools. — v. i. [fagged (fagd), -ging.] 
To act as a fag, drudge ; to become weary, tire. — 
v. t. To treat as a fag, compel to drudge; to cause to 
labor diligently, tire by labor. [Prob. corrup. of 
flag, to droop.] — Fag'-end, n. An end of poorer 
quality, or in a spoiled condition ; refuse part of 
anything. 

Fagot, f ag y ut, n. A bundle of sticks, for fuel, or forTais- 
ing batteries, etc., in fortification ; a single stick ; a 
bundle of pieces of iron or of steel in bars; one hired 
to take another's place at the muster of a company. 
— v. t. To make a fagot of, tie together, bind in a 
bundle. [F.; It. fagotto, fangotto, bundle of sticks; 
perh. fr. Ic. fanga, armful, it. fa, to fetch, grasp ; s. 
rt. fang.] 

Fahrenheit, fa'ren-hit, a. Pert, to, or measured by, 
a thermometer having the zero of its scale at 32* 
below the freezing-point of water and the boiling- 
point at 212° above. [Inventor's name.] 

Faience, Fayence, ft'oNs, n. Glazed earthen ware, 
esp. colored pottery. [F., fr. Faenza, in Italy, L. 
Faventia.] 

Fail, fal, v. i. [failed (fald), failing.] To be want- 
ing, fall short, be lacking; to be affected with want; 
to Decome diminished, decline, decay ; to fall off in 
vigor, activity, resources, etc. ; to become extinct, 
perish, die ; to be wanting with respect to an effect, 



a duty to be performed, result to be secured, etc.; 
to miss; to be baffled or frustrated ; to become un- 
able to meet one's engagements, become bankrupt 
or insolvent. — v. t. To be wanting to ; not to be 
sufficient for ; to disappoint. — n. Failure ; defi- 
ciency ; lack ; want. [F.faillir, L. fallere, falsum, 
to beguile, elude, pass, falli, to err, be baffled, Gr. 
sphallein, to cause to fall, trip, sphalma, a slip, AS. 
seallan, OHG. saltan, to fall.] — Without fail. Un- 
failingly ; unreservedly ; absolutely. — Failing, n. 
The act of one who fails ; deficiency; imperfection; 
lapse ; fault ; foible. — Fail'ure, -ygr, n. Cessation 
of supply, or total defect ; deficiency ; omission ; 
non-performance ; defect from decay ; bankruptcy; 
suspension of payment. — Fallacy, f aKla-st, n. De- 
ceptive or false appearance; deceitfulness, mistake; 
sophistry. (Logic.) An apparent argument, pro- 
fessing to decide the matter at issue, but not really 
doing so. [F. fallace, L. fallacia. fr. fallax, decep- 
tive, ir. fallere.]— Fallacious, -shus, a. Embody- 
ing or pert, to a fallacy ; fitted to deceive. — Falla'- 
ciously, adv. — Fallaciousness, n. — Fal'lible, a. 
Liable to mistake, to deceive, or to be deceived. 
[TuL. fallibilis.] — Fal'libly, adv.— Fallibility, -TT-tr, 
n. State of being, etc. 
Fain, fan, o. Well-pleased; disposed; inclined; esp., 
content to accept. — adv. With joy or pleasure ; 
gladly. [AS. fsegen, OS. fagan, Ic. feginn, glad.] 
Faineant, fa-na-oN', a. Doing nothing ; idle ; slug- 
gish; shiftless.— n. An idler; loafer. [7T.,orig./m<- 
ne'ant, lit. he does nothing.] 
Faint, fant, n. The act of fainting ; a swoon. — a. 
Lacking strength; weak; languid; wanting in cour- 
age, spirit, or energy ; timorous ; dejected ; lacking 
distinctness ; hardly perceptible, done in a weak or 
feeble manner. — v. i. To become weak ; grow 
feeble, swoon ; to lose courage, become depressed ; 
to decay, disappear, vanish. [OF. feint, p. p. of 
feindre, to feign, ME. feintise, famtness, cowardice ; 
not s. rt. L. vanus.] — Faint'ish, a. Somewhat 
faint.— Faintly, adv. — Faint'ness, n. State of be- 
ing, etc. ; loss of strength, color, self -consciousness, 
and self-control. — Faint'' -heart'ed, a. Wanting in 
courage ; dejected. — Faint'-heart'edness, n. — 
Faints, n. pi. Impure spirit which comes over first 
and last in distilling whiskey. 
Fair, far, a. Free from spots, imperfection, or hin- 
drance ; unblemished ; pure ; pleasing to the eye \ 
beautiful; free from a dark hue ; of a light shade ; 
not overcast; cloudless; propitious; unincumbered; 
open ; characterized by frankness, honesty, impar, 
tiality, candor ; inspiring hope and confidence ; dis< 
tinct ; legible ; not distinguished or unusual ; mod 
erate; middling. — adv. Fairly.— n. A fair woman, 
pi. The female sex. [AS. fseger, Ic. fagr, Dan, 
feir.] — Fair play. Equitable or impartial treat, 
ment. — To bid f. To he likely, have a fair pros, 
pect, promise. — F. and square. Justly ; honestly; 
impartially. —Fairly, -It, adv. Clearly; openly; 
distinctly ; honestly ; pleasantly. — Fair'ness, n, 
State of being, etc. ; freedom from stains or imput 
rity; honesty; candor; distinctness.— Fair'-spok/en, 
a. Bland; civil; courteous. 
Fair, far, n. A gathering of buyers and sellers, for ex» 
hibition and sale of wares. [F. foire. OF. feire, L. 
feria, a holiday, later, a fair, pi. ferise (=fesise), feast 
days ; s. rt. feast, festal.] — Fairing, n. A present 
given or purchased at a fair. 
Fairy, far'!, n. An imaginary supernatural being or 
spirit, in human form. [OF. faerie, enchantment, 
foe, F.fe-e, Pg. fada, It. and LL./ata, a fairy, fay, 
goddess of destiny, fr. L./atem, fate, q. v.] — Fair- 
ies of romance. Beings of human race, with powers 
beyond those of men. — F. ring, or circle. A bare 
circular path, or a ring of grass higher, greener, and 
sourer than the surrounding grass, — vulgarly sup- 
posed to be caused by fairies in their dances. — Fay, 
fa, n. A fairy; elf. 
Faith, fath, n. Belief; reliance on testimony; firm and 
earnest belief, on probable evidence of any kind, esp., 
as to moral truth. (Theol.) Loving belief in the 
Savior ; belief in the truthfulness and supernatural 
origin of the Scriptures. That which is believed ; a 
system of religious belief; esp. the system taught by 
Christ ; also, the creed of a Christian church ; strict 
adherence to duty and fulfillment of promises; word 
or honor pledged ; promise given. [OF. fei, feid, L. 
fides; s. rt. fidelity, affiance, confide, defy, perfidy, 
etc.] — Faith'ful, -fal, a. Full of faith ; disposed 
to believe, esp. in th'e declarations and promises of 
God ; firm in adherence to promises, engagements, 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Sdd. tone, dr ; 



FAKE 



197 



FAMILY 



Or duty; loyal; conformable to truth: worthy of be- 
lief ; trusty; honest; sincere; veracious. — Faitb/- 
fully, adv. — Faitb/fulness, n. — Faithless, a. Un- 
faithful; unbelieving; esp. not believing in G(dor 
religion ; not observant of promises, allegiance, or 
duty; disappointing; deluding. 

fake, fak, n. (Naut.) A single turn or coil of a cable 
or hawser, — v. t. [faked (fakt), faking.] Tocjil, 
ready for use; to fold or tuck up. [Scot, faik, fold, 
stratum of stone, AS. faec, space, interval.] 

Fake, fak, v. t. To cheat, swindle, steal; to make, do; 
to continue; to manipulate fraudulently, — n. A 
trick, swindle. [Perh. fr. L. facere, factum, to do, 



Ga.faigh, to get, reach.] 
Fakir, fa'kgr. Faquir, fa-ker', 



i. An Oriental relig- 
ious' ascetic or begging monk. [Ar., a poor man.] 
Falcate, fal'kat, -cated, a. Hooked or bent like a 
sickle or scythe. [L. falcatus, fr. fake, folds, a 
6ickle, Gr. phalkes, rib of a ship, pholkos, bow- 
legged.]— Fal'ciform, -sY-f6rm, a. Sickle-shaped. 
[L. forma, form.] — Falchion, f awKchun or -shun, n. 
A short sword, with a curved point. [F '. fwichon, It. 
falcione, LL. faleio, -onis, fr. L. /ate.] — Falcon, 
faw'knjB. A raptorial bird 



having a short, hooked beak, 
powerful claws, and great 




destructive power; esp., one 
of this family trained to the 
pursuit of other birds, or 

Jame. [OF. faulcon, LateL. 
alco, -onis, fr. L. fair, fr. 
its hooked claws.] — Fal'- 
coner, -kn-er, n. One who 
trains hawks for taking wild 
fowl, or follows the sport 
of fowling with hawks. — 
Fal'conry, -rt, n. Art of 
training hawks; practice of 
taking game by means of 
hawks. [OF. faulconnerie.'] 

— Fal'conet, fal-, n. A 
small cannon anciently used. Head and foot of Fal- 
[LL. falconeta, prob. a young con. 
falcon.] 

Faldstool, fawld'stool, n. A portable seat, made to 
fold up like a cami>-stool. (Eccl.) A desk at which 
the litany is sung or said. [LL. faldistolium, fr. 
OHG. faldan, to fold, and stual, stool, seat, throne 
(G.falten and stuhl) ; s. rt. fauteuil.] 

Fall, fawl, v. i. [imp. fell; p. p. fallen (fawln); 
falling.] To descend to a lower position, drop 
down, make a descent by the force of gravity alone; 
to become suddenly prostrate; to empty; to cease to 
live, perish, vanish; to lose strength; to be brought 
forth; to decline in power, wealth, value, etc.; to be- 
come degraded, sink into vice, error, or sin; to be- 
come embarrassed, be entrapped ; to become de- 
jected; to pass into a new state of body or mind; to 
happen, come to pass; to rush or hurry; to pass by 
chance, lot, inheritance, etc.; to be dropped or ut- 
tered carelessly. — v. t. To sink, depress. — n. Act 
of descending by gravity, or of dropping or tum- 
bling; death; overthrow; ruin; degradation; dimi- 
nution of price or value; a sinking of tone; cadence; 
declivity; aslope; descent of water; cascade; cata- 
ract; discharge of a river into ocean, lake, or pond; 
extent of descent ; season when leaves fall from 
trees; autumn; that which falls; a falling; act of 
felling or cutting down; lapse from innocence or 
goodness, esp. the apostasy of our first parents. 
(Naut.) That part of a tackle to which power is ap- 

Slied in hoisting. [ME. and G fallen, AS. feallan, 
). vallen, Ic. and Sw. falla, to fall, L,.fallere, to de- 
ceive, Gr. sphaUein.to cause to fall. See Fail.] — To 
fall aboard of. (Naut.) To strike against. — Tof. 
among. To come among accidentally or unexpect- 
edly. — To f. astern, (Jyaut.) To move backward. 

— Tof. away. To lose flesh, pine; to revolt, rebel; 
to apostatize; to perish, be ruined; to decline grad- 
ually, fade.— To f. back. To recede, give way; to 
fail of performing a promise or purpose.— Tof. foul. 
To attack. — To, /. from. To recede from; to revolt. 

— To f. from grace. To sink into vice, sin. — To /. 
home. (Ship Carp.) To curve inward, as the tim- 
bers of a ship's side. — To f. in. To concur, agree ; 
to comply, yield to; to come in, join, enter. — To f. 
in with. To meet, discover, or come near. — Tof. off. 
To withdraw, separate; to apostatize; to forsake, 
abandon; to drop; to depreciate. (Naut.) To fall 
to leeward. — To f. on. To begin suddenly and 
eagerly; to assail; to drop on, descend on.— To f. 



out. To quarrel; to happen, befall, chance. — To f. 
| over. To revolt; to fall beyond.— To f. short. To 
I be deficient. — To f. to. To begin hastily and ea- 
gerly; to apply one's self to; to become the lot of.— 
To f. under. To come under, or within the limits 
: of; to become the subject of; to be ranged or reck- 
oned with. — Fallen, fawln, p. a. Dropped: de- 
I scended; degraded; decreased; ruined. — Fall'ing- 
sick'ness, n. (Med) Epilepsy, — a disease in which 
the patient suddenly loses his senses and falls down. 
I — Fell, v. t. [felled (ield), felling.] To cause to 
fall, prostrate (trees, etc.) ; to turn or sew down 
the edges of (seams). [AS. fellan, fr. feallan, D. veU 
len, fr. vallen, Ic. fella, ir. falla.] — FelKer, n. 
Fallacy, Fallible, etc. See under Fail. 
Fallow, fallo, a. Left unfilled after having been 
plowed for culture ; pale red or pale yellow. — n. 
Land that has lain a year or more plowed without 
being sowed; the tiUing of land, without sowing it 
for a season. — v. I. [fallowed (-lod), -lowing.] 
To plow, harrow, and break up (land), without 
seeding. [AS. fealu,fealo, yellowish, D. vaal, OHG. 
valo, G. fahl, falb, faded, Ic. fob; L. jiallidus, pale, 
Gr. polios, Skr. palita, gray; s. rt. pale, — unfilled 
land appearing faded.] — Failowness, n. — Fallow 
deer. A species of deer, yellowish in color, smaller 
than the stag, and domesticated in England. — F.. 
finch. A small bird; the fallow-chat; wheat-ear. 
False, fawls, a. Uttering falsehood; given to deceit; 
dishonest; not faithful or loyal; treacherous; perfid-. 
ious; not true; fitted to deceive o- disappoint; not 
genuine or real; designed to deceive; counterfeit; 
not well founded; erroneous. (Mm.) Not in tune. 
— adv. Falsely. [OF. /ate, L,.falsus, p. p. of fnllere, 
to deceive. See Fail.] — False card. In whist, a 
card played contrary to rule, and misleading one's 
partner. — F. imprisonment. (Luw.) Imprisonment 
of a person without warrant, or contrary to law. — 
F. keel. (Naut.) The timber below the main keel, 
to serve both as a defense and an aid in holding the 
wind. — Falsely, adv. In a false manner ; not 
truly. — False'ness, n. — False'-heart'ed, a. Hol- 
low; treacherous ; deceitful ; perfidious. — False'- 
hood. n. Want of truth or veracity, honesty or in- 
tegrity; deceitfulness; perfidy; counterfeit; impos- 
ture; lie; fiction; fabrication. — Fals'ify, -I-fi, v. t. 
[-fied (-fid), -fying.] To represent falsely, coun- 
terfeit, forge; to prove to be false, or untrustworthy; 
to violate, break by falsehood. (Law.) To prove 
false, as a judgment. (Equity.) To show, in ac- 
counting, that an item of charge in an account is 
wrong. — v. i. To tell lies, violate the truth.— Fals'- 
ifi'er, n. — Fala , ifi / able, a. — FaFsiiica'tion, n. Act 
of, etc.; a counterfeiting; confutation. (Equity.) 
The showing an item of charge to be wrong.— Fals'- 
ity, -T-tf , n. Quality of being false; a false asser- 
tion; lie; deceit. — Falsetto', -et', -et'to, n. That 
species of voice in a man whose compass lies above 
his natural voice. [It. falsetto, treble.] 
Falter, fawller, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -teking.] To 
fail, stumble; esp. to hesitate, stammer; to tremble, 
totter; to fail in distinctness or regularity of exer- 
cise, — said of the mind or of thought. [OF. falter, 
Sp. and Pg. faltar, to be deficient, OF. falte, Sp., 
Pg., and It. falta, lack, fault.] — Fal'teringly, adv. 
Fame, fam, n. Public report or rumor; renown; no- 
toriety; celebrity; credit; honor. — v. t. [famed 
(famd), FAMING.J To report; to make famous. [F.; 
Jj.fama, fr. fan, to speak, Gr. phemi, I say.] — Fa'- 
mous, -mus, n. Celebrated in fame; renowned; dis- 
tinguished in story; remarkable: signal; illustrious; 
excellent. — Fa'mously, adv. — FalnousnesB, n. 
Family, fam'i-H, n. The body of persons living in 
one house, and under one head; household; a tribe 
or race; kindred; course of descent: genealogy; lin- 
eage; a group of kindred individuals, more compre- 
hensive than a genus. [F. famille, ~L.familia ; Skr. 
dhaman, an abode, house, fr. dha, to set, place.] — 
Familiar, -yar, a. Pert, to a family; domestic; in- 
timate, as a friend or companion; well versed in (a 
study) ; unceremonious; free ; well known, as a 
friend; well understood, as a book or science. — n. 
An intimate ; close companion ; a demon or evil 
spirit supposed to attend at a call. (Court of Inqui- 
sition.) One admitted to the secrets, and employed 
in the service, of the courts. [OF. familier, L. fa- 
miliaria.} — Familiarity, -yar- or -T-ar'f-tf , n. State 
of being familiar: unconstrained intercourse; fiee- 
dom from constraint; fellowship; affability; inti- 
macy. — Familiarize, v. t. [-iap>ized (-y:\r-17.d), 
-izing.] To make familiar or intimate; to hauitu- 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f<3ot ; cow, oil ~, linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



FAMINE 



im 



FARINA 




ate, accustom; to make easy by practice or study. — 
Familiarly, adv. In a familiar manner; without 
formality; commonly; frequently. — Fam'ilist, n. 
{Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect founded in Holland, 
called the Family of Love, from the affection its 
members professed for all people, however wicked. 
— Famllism, -lizm, n. Tenets of, etc. 
Famine, famln, n. General scarcity of food; dearth; 
destitution. [F., fr. L. fames, hunger, Skr. hard, 
privation, want, fr. ha, to abandon, Gr. cheros, be- 
reft, empty.] — Famish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ish- 
ing.] To starve, kill, or destroy with hunger; to ex- 
haust the strength of by hunger; to kill by depriva- 
tion of anything necessary; to constrain by famine. 
— -v. i. To die of hunger, starve; to suffer extreme 
hunger or thirst; to suffer extremity from depriva- 
tion of anything necessary.— Famishment, a. Pain 
of extreme hunger or thirst. 
Famous, etc. See under Fame. 

Fan, fan, n. An instrument for producing currents of 
air, by motion of a broad sur- 
face ; as, an instrument for 
cooling the person. (Mach.) An 
instrument for exciting cur- 
rents of air, in winnowing 
grain, blowing a fire, ventila- 
tion, etc., or for checking rapid 
motion by the resistance of the 
air; something in the form of a 
woman's fan, as a peacock's 
tail, a window, etc.: a vane, 
used to keep the sails of a 
smock windmill in the direc- 
tion of the wind.— v. t. [fanned Fan- wheel, 
(fand), -ning.] To move as with a fan; to cool by 
moving the air; to ventilate, blow 
on; to winnow. [AS. fann, F. van, 
OHG. wanna, L. vannus, a fan, Skr. 
vata, wind, va, to blow.] — Fan'ner, 
n.~ Fan'-blow'er, -wheel, n. A wheel 
with revolving vanes to impel a cur- 
rent of air. — -light, n. {Arch.) A 
window shaped like an open fan.— 
-palm, n. The talipot-tree of the E. 
Indies, whose leaves are at first 
folded like a fan, but spread open. — 
-tail, n. A kind of bird, esp. a pig- 
eon, having a f an-shaped tail; a form 
of gas-burner. 
Fanatic, fa-natlk, -ical, a. Pert, to, Fan-palm, 
or indicating, fanaticism; excessively enthusiastic, 
esp. on religious subjects. — Fanatic, n. One af- 
fected by excessive and unreasoning zeal. [F. fa- 
natique, fr. L. fanaticus, pert, to a temple, inspired 
by a divinity, filled with enthusiasm, fr. fanum, a 
fane, q. v.] — Fanatically, adv. — Fanatlcalness, 
-icism, -Y-sizm, n. Excessive zeal ; wild notions of 
religion; superstition; frenzy. 
Fancy, fan's!, n. The faculty by which the mind 
forms an image of anything perceived before, power 
of combining and modifying such objects into new 
images, power of creating and recalling such ob- 
jects for amusement or embellishment; an image of 
anything formed in the mind; conception; caprice; 
whim; impression; inclination, liking, or the object 
of inclination or liking; that which pleases the taste 
or caprice without much use or value. — v. i. [fan- 
cied (-sid), -cying.] To figure to one's self, imag- 
ine. — v. t. To form a conception of ; to have a 
fancy or liking for. — a. Adapted to please the 
fancy or taste. [Abbr. of ME. and OF. fantasie, LL. 
fantasia, Gr. phantasia, imagination, fr. phantazein, 
to make visible, fr. phainein, to manifest, shine, Skr. 
bha, to shine.]— Fancy ball. A ball in which per- 
sons appear in fancy dresses. — F. goods. Fabrics 
of various colors, patterns, etc. — F. stocks. Stocks 
which afford opportunity for atock- gambling, as 
having no intrinsic value, but artificial fluctuations 
in their prices. — F. store. One where articles of 
fancy and ornament are sold. — The fancy. Those, 
collectively, who affect some peculiar taste, as sport- 
ing, boxing, etc. — Fan'cier, -sY-er, n. One gov- 
erned by fancy; one who fancies or has a special 
interest in; one who keeps for sale. — Fan'ciful, -sY- 
ful, a. Full of, or guided by, fancy; whimsical; 
abounding in wild images; fantastical; visionary. — 
Fan'cifuUy, adv.— Fan'cifulness, n. — Fantastic, 
•tical, a. Produced by the fancy; unreal; of the 
nature of a phantom; fanciful; imaginative; vision- 
ary; irregular; wild; capricious. — Fantastic, n. 
One given to fantastic dress or manners; a dandy. — 




Fantastically, adv. — Fantasticalness, -ticallty, 
n. — Fantasy, -si, n. Same as Fancy. — Fan'tasm, 
Fan torn, n. Same as Phantasm, Phantom, the 
usual spelling. — Fanta'sia, -ta'ze-a, n. (Mus.) A 
continuous composition, not divided into move- 
ments or governed by ordinary musical rules. [It.] 
Fandango, lan-dan'go, n. A lively dance, practiced 

in Spain and Sp. Amer. [Sp.] 
Fane, fan, n. A temple; place consecrated to religion; 

church. [L. fanum, tr.fari, to speak.] 
Fanfare, fanlar, n. A flourish of trumpets; defiance; 
bravado. (Mus.) A short and martial composition, 
performed by trumpets and kettle-drums. TF.: Sp. 
fanfarria, bluster, vaunting, Ax.farfar, loquacious 
(onomat.).] — Fanlaron, n. A bully, swaggerer ; 
empty boaster. [F. and Sp.] — Fanfar'onadV, n. 
Vain boasting; ostentation; bluster. [F.] 
Fang, fang, n. A tusk or pointed tooth of a dog or 
other carnivorous animal, with which prey is seized 
and torn; a venomous tooth, as of a serpent; a long, 
pointed tooth; a claw or talon; any shoot or other 
thing by which hold is taken. [AS. fangan, Ic. and 
Sw. fa, to seize, D. vangen, Goth, fahan, G. fahen, 
fangen, to catch; AS., Ic, Sw., G. fang, a catch, also 
G.fang, a talon.]— Fanged, fangd, a. Having fangs. 
Fanon, fan'on, n. An embroidered scarf, worn about 
the left arm of a Rom. Cath. priest, in celebrating 
mass ; a flag ; ensign. [OF. ; JLL. fano, fr. OHG. 
fano, banner.] 
Fantasia, Fantastic, etc. See under Fancy. 
Fantasm, Fantom. See Phantasm. 
Faquir. See Fakir. 

Far, far, a. [farther and farthest are used as 
compar. and superl. of far, in imitation of further 
and furthest: the ME. forms were ferrer,ferrest.] 
Distant in any direction ; remote ; contrary to de- 
sign or wishes; at enmity with; more distant of the 
two. — adv. To a great extent or distance of space 
or of time ; in great part ; in a great proportion; 
very much; to a certain point, degree, or distance. 
[ME. fer, AS. feor, D. and OHG. ver, Ic. fjarri, Q. 
fern; s. rt. Gr. peran, Skr. paras, beyond, para, 
distant, also E.. fare.'] — By far. In a great degree; 
very much. — F. off. At or to a great distance; at 
enmity; in a state of ignorance and alienation. — F. 
other. Very different. — Fromf. From a great dis- 
tance; from a remote place. [Far occurs in com- 
pounds, such as far-extended, far-reaching, which 
need no definition.] — Far'-fetched, -fecht, a. 
Brought from far; not naturally deduced or intro- 
duced; forced; strained. — sight'ed, a. Seeing to 
a great distance; unable to see near objects distinct- 
ly. —Farther, -ther, a. More remote; additional; 
tending to a greater distance ; longer. — adv. At or 
to a greater distance; beyond; moreover. — Far '- 
thest, -thest, a. More distant or remote ; furthest. 
— adv. At or to the greatest distance. 
Farad, far'ad, n. (Elec.) The standard unit of elec- 
trical capacity. [Fr. Michael Faraday, the Eng. elec- 
trician.] — Faradlc, a. Pert, to Faraday, — said 
esp. of induced currents of electricity, prodaced by 
certain forms of inductive apparatus. —Far 'adism, 
-izm, -ization, n. (Med.) Remedial treatment with 
induced currents of electricity. 
Farce, fars, n. (Cookery.) Stuffing, like that used in 
dressing a fowl; force-meat. A low style of comedy; 
ridiculous or empty show. j"F., stuffing, also a play, 
fr. farcer, lu.farcire, to stuff, Gr. phrassein, to shut 
in.] — Far'cical, -sY-kal, a. Pert, or appropriated to 
farce ; ludicrous ; deceptive. — Far'cically, adv. — 

Farcin, f ar'sin,' Far'cy, -sY, n. {Far.) A disease of 
the absorbents, affecting the skin and blood-vessels, 
and resembling mange and glanders. [F. fmrcin. 
It. farcina, fr. L./arare. See Farce.] 

Fare, far, v. i. [fared (fard), faring.] To go, pass, 
travel; to be in any state, good or bad; to be treated 
with bodily or social comforts ; to happen well or 
ill. — n. Price of passage by land or water; experi- 
ence; food; provisions for the table. [AS., OHG., 
and Goth, faran, Ic. and Sw. fara, Dan. fare, D. 
varen, Gr. poreuesthai, to go, Gr. peran, L. expenri, 
to pass through, Skr. pri, to bring over; s. rt. far, 
ferry, experience, port, peril.'] — Farewell'', interj. 
Go well; good-by ; adieu.— n. A wish of welfare 
at parting ; act of departure. —a. Parting; vale- 
dictory. 

Farina, fa-ri'na or -re'na, n. The flour of corn, or 
any starchy root. (Chem.) Starch or fecula, one 
of the proximate principles of vegetables. [L., fr. 
far, a kind of grain, spelt; s. rt. barley.] — Far'ina'- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



FARM 



199 



FATHER 



ceous, -shus. a. Consisting or made of meal or flour; 
yielding farina or flour; like or pert, to meal. 
Farm, farm, n. A tract of land inclosed for cultiva- 
tion by a tenant; ground devoted to agriculture: a 
landed estate ; a lease. — v. t. [farmed (farmd), 
farming.] To lease or let for an equivalent, as 
land for a rent; to give up to another, as an estate, 
business, revenue, privilege, etc., receiving in return 
a percentage of what it yields; to take at a certain 
rent or rate; to cultivate, as a farm. — v. i. To till 
the soil, labor as an agriculturist. [AS. feorm, OF. 
ferme, fr. LL. firma. a feast, farm, tribute, lasting 
oath, fr. L. firmus, firm, q. v.] — Farm'er. n. One 
•who farms, as, a cultivator of leased ground; or, one 
who collects taxes, customs, excise, etc., for a cer- 
tain rate per cent. ; or, an agriculturist, husbandman. 

— Farm'ing. n. The business of cultivating land.— 
Farm'ery, -er-Y. n. The building and yards of a 
farm. —Farm '-house, n. A house attached to a farm, 
for the residence of a farmer. — yard, a. A yard or 
inclosure attached to a barn. 

Faro, far'o, n. A game at cards, in which a person 
plays against the bank, kept by the proprietor of the 
table. [Perh. fr. Pharaoh, name formerly given to 
one of the cards.] 

Farrago, far-ra'go, n. A mass composed of materials 
confusedly mixed: a medley. [L., mixed fodder, fr. 
far. See Farina.] — Farraginous, -raj'T-nus, a. 
Formed of various materials; mixed. 

Farrier, far'rY-er, n. A smith who shoes horses ; a 
veterinary surgeon. [OY.ferrer, to shoe a horse, fr. 
fer, L.femtm, iron.] — Far 'riery, -T, n. Art of shoe- 
ing horses ; treatment of diseases of horses and 
cattle. 

Farrow, far'ro, n. A litter ofpigs. — v. t. & i. [far- 
rowed (-rod), -rowing.] To bring forth (pigs)- 
[Dan. fare, to farrow, AS. fearh, OHG. farah, D. 
varken, L. porcus, a pig.] 

Farrow, far'ro, a. Xot producing young in a given 
year, — said only of cows. [D. vaarkoe, a young 
eow that has not yet had a calf.] 

Farther. Farthest. See under Far. 

Farthing, f ar'tiiing, n. The fourth of an Eng. penny. 

— equal to half a cent. [AS.feordhing, fr. feordh, 
fourth, fr. feower, four.] 

Farthingale, far 'thin-gal, n. A hoop petticoat. [OF. 
verdugalle, Sp. verdugado, lit. provided with hoops, 
fr. verdugo, shoot of a tree, fr. verde, L. viridis, 
green.] 

Fasces, fas'sez, n. pi. (Rom. Antiq.) An ax tied up 
with a bundle of rods, and borne before 
magistrates as a badge of authority. [L., pi. 
of fastis, Gr. phakelos, a bundle; perh. s. rt. 
Skr. pac.spag, to bind.] — Fas'cial, fash'Y- 
al, a. Belonging to the fasces. — Fas'ciate, 
a. (Bot.) Banded or compacted together; 
rendered flat, as some stems, through mon- 
strous growth. — Fas'ciated, a. Bound with 
a fillet or bandage. (Bot.) Flattened in form 
by growth. — Fas'cicle, -sY-kl, n. (Bot.) A 
close cluster or cyme, with the flowers much 
erowded together, as in the sweet-william. [L. 
fasciculus, dim. of fastis.] — Fascic'ular, a. 
Growing in bunches or tufts. — Fascine', 
-sen', n. (Fort.) A bundle of sticks of wood, 
used in raising batteries, filling ditches, etc. Fasces. 
[OF. ; L. fastina, a. faggot.] 

Fascinate, fas'si-nat, v. t. To bewitch, enchant; to 
allure irresistibly or powerfully, enrapture, capti- 
vate. [L. fastinare, -natum: perh. s. rt. Gr. bas- 
kainein, to enchant.] — Fascina'tion, n. Act of, 
etc. ; unseen, inexplicable influence ; that which 
fascinates; a charm; spell. 

Fashion, fash'un, n. The make or form of anything: 
pattern : workmanship ; prevailing mode or style, 
esp. of dress ; mode of action; manner: sort; way. 

— (•. t. [fashioned (-und), -oning.] To form, give 
shape to; to fit, adapt, accommodate. [OF. faceon, 
fazon.fachon, form, shape, L./acrfo. See Fact.] — 
Fash'ionable, a. Conforming to the fashion or es- 
tablished mode; established by custom or use: cur- 
rent; prevailing at a particular time; observant of 
the customary mode ; genteel ; well bred. — n. A 
person of fashion. — Fash'ionably. adv. — Fash'- 
ioner. n. One who gives shape to anything. 

Fast, fast, a. Firmly fixed ; closely adhering: firm 
against attack, or in adherence; steadfast; faithful; 
not easily disturbed or broken : sound ; moving 
rapidly ; swift ; rash and inconsiderate : extrava- 
gant : dissipated. — adv. In a firmlv established, 
also in a rapid manner. [AS. fsest, Dan. and Sw. 



fast, Ic.fastr. D. and OHG. vast; s. rt. fetter, foot.] 

— Fast and loose. Xow cohering; now disjointed; 
inconsistent; insincere.— Fasten, fas'n, v. t. [-ened 
(-nd), -ening.] To fix firmly, make fast, secure; to 
hold together, cause to cleave together, cement, at- 
tach, affix, annex. — v. i. To fix one's self : to 
clinch. [AS. fxsUiian.] — Fast'ener. n . — Fast'en- 
ing, a. Anything that binds and makes fast, a; a 
lock, catch, bolt, bar, etc. — Fast'ness, n. State of 
being, etc.; fixedness; security: a fast place; strong- 
hold; fortress. [AS. fsestnes, the firmament. J 

Fast, fast, v. i. To abstain from food, go hungry; to 
practice abstinence as a religious duty. — n. Ab- 
stinence from food. esp., as a religious mortification 
or humiliation; a time of fasting. [AS. fiesta,,, D. 
vasten, Dan. faste, Sw. and Ic. fasta, G. fasten; s. 
rt. fast, firm, i. e. strict in observance.]— To break 
one's fast. To end a period of abstinence by taking 
food; esp. to take one's morning meal; to breakiast. 

— Fast'er, n. — Fast'ing, n. Religious abstinence.— 
Fast'-day, n. A day set apart for abstinence from 
usual pursuits, and special praver and humiliation. 

Fastidious, fas-tid'T-us, a. Difficult to please; deli- 
cate to a fault; squeamish. [L. fastidtosus, fr. fas- 
tidium, loathing, fr. fastus, arrogance, and tsedium, 
disgust.] — Fastid'iously, adv. — Fastid'iousness, n. 

Fat, fat, a. Abounding with fat, as, fleshy, plump, 
corpulent, oily, greasy, unctuous, rich: exhibiting 
the qualities of a fat animal; coarse; heavy; gross; 
dull; stupid; yielding a rich supply; productive.— 
n. An oily, concrete substance, deposited in ani- 
mal bodies; the richest productions; best part. — v. 
t. To make fat, fatten, — v. i. To grow fat, plump, 
and fleshv. [AS. fset, D. vet, Dan. fed, Sw.fet, Ic. 
feitr: perh. s. rt. Gr. pion, Skr. pivan, fat.] — Fat'- 
ly, -IT, adv. Grossly; greasily. — Fat'ness. -tiness, 
n. — Fat'ten, -tn, v. t. [-tened (-tnd). -tening.] To 
make fat, fill full; to make fertile and fruitful, en- 
rich. — v. t. To grow fat. — Fat'ner. -tener. n. 
One who or that which, etc. — Fat'ty, -tt, a. Con- 
taining or like fat ; greasy. — Fatty degeneration. 
(Pathol.) A structural disease in which the oil 
globules in certain organs are multiplied and en- 
larged, to the exclusion of the efficient parts of the 
organs. — Fat'ling. n. A young animal fattened for 
slaughter; a fat animal. 

Fat, fat, n. A large tub, cistern, or vessel ; a vat. 
[Prov. E.] 

Fate, fat, n. A decree pronounced by God: inevit- 
able necessity: appointed lot; esp.. final lot, death, 
destruction ; destiny: doom; chance, pi. (MythA 
Three goddesses (Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos) 
supposed to determine the course of human life. 
[OF. fat, E. fatum. fate, lit. thing spoken, p. p. of 
Jari, to speak. See Fairy, Fame.] — Fat'ed. a. De- 
creed by fate; doomed; destined. — Fate'ful. -fuL 
a. Bearing fatal power; producing fatal events.'— 
Fa'tal, a. Proceeding from, or appointed by, fate; 
necessary; inevitable; causing death or destruction; 
destructive; calamitous. — Fa' tally, adv. — Fa'tal- 
ism, -izm, n. The doctrine of fate, or inevitable ne- 
cessity. — Fa'talist, n. One who maintains that all 
things happen by inevitable necessity. — Fatality, 
j -l-tl, n. State of being fatal, or proceeding from 
! destiny; invincible necessity ; state of being pro- 
ductive of death: tendency to destruction or danger; 
mortality. — Fata Morgana, fa'ta-mor-ga'na. A 
phenomenon, in which, by atmospheric refraction, 
images of distant objects appear as inverted, dis- 
torted, displaced, or multiplied. [It., the Fairy 
Morgana; It. fata, fairy, Armor, mor, sea, and gana, 
fine lady.] 

Father, fa'ther, n. Male parent: a remote male an- 
cestor; progenitor; esp., a first ancestor; one vener- 
ated for age, kindness, wisdom, etc.; a senator of 
ancient Rome : a dignitary of the Rom. Cath. 
church, superior of a convent, confessor, priest, etc.; 
a dignitary or elder clergyman in the Protestant 
church; one of the chief ecclesiastical authorities 
of the first centuries after Christ; a producer, au- 
thor, or contriver ; the first of a series ; a distin- 
guished example or teacher : the Supreme Being; 
in theology, the first person in the Trinity. — v. t. 
[fathered (-rherd). -therixg.] To make one's self 
the father of. beget; to take as one's own child, adopt, 
acknowledge one's self author of. [AS.fssder, D. 
vader, Dan. and Sw. fader, Ic. fadhir, Goth, fadar, 
G. voter, L. and Gr. pater. Per. pidar, Skr. pitri.] — 
To father on or upon. To ascribe to, or charge 
upon, as one's offspring or production. — Fa'ther- 
hood. n. State of being a father: paternity. — Fa'- 



euii, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbo.w chair, get. 



FATHOM 



200 



FEATHER 



therly, -IT, a. Pert, to, or Like, etc.; paternal; ten- 
der ; protecting. — Fa'therliness, n. Qualities of, 
etc. — Fa'therless. a. Destitute of, etc.; without a 
known author.— Fa'ther-in-law, n. Father of one's 
husband or wife. — Fa'ther-land, n. The native land 
of one's ancestors. — lash'er, n. A salt-water fish, 
allied to the river bull-head. — Fa'ther- or Dad'dy- 
long'-legs, n. (Entom.) The crane-fly. (Zobl.) A 
spider, having a small, roundish body and very long 



feet; 
-v. t. 



legs, and running rapidly. 

Fathom, f ath'um, n. A measure of length = ( 
space to which a man can extend his arms. — v. 
[fathomed (-uind), -©Ming.] To measure by a 
sounding line; esp., to sound the depth of, get to the 
bottom of. [AS. fsedhm, D. vadem, Ic. fadhmr, Dan. 
favn, G.faden, a fathom, Sw.famn, embrace, arms; 
AS. fsedhman, to fathom. J — Fath'omable, a. — 
Fatb/omless, a. Incapable of being fathomed. 

Fatigue, fa-teg' - , n. Weariness from exertion; cause 
of weariness; labor; toil; labors of military men, 
disting. f r. use of arms. — v. t. [fatigued (-tegcK), 
-guing.] To weary with exertion, exhaust the 
strength or endurance of, jade, tire. [OF., fatigue; 
fatiguer, L. fatigare, to fatigue, OL. adfatim, suffi- 
ciently.] 

Fatling, Fatten. Fatty, etc. See under Fat. 

Fatuous, fafu-us, a. Feeble in mind; weak; impo- 
tent; without reality; illusory. [L.fatuus; perh. s. 
rt. Goth, gaidw, Gr. chatis, want, defect.] — Fatu'- 
ity, -Y-tT, n. Imbecility. 

Faubourg, fo'boorg, n. A suburb in French cities. 
[F., for faux-bouro, a false, not genuine, town. See 
False and Borough.] 

Fauces, faw'sez, n. pi. The posterior part of the 
mouth, terminated by the pharynx and larynx. [L. ; 
perh. s. rt. Skr. bhuka, hole, head of a fountain.] — 
Fau'cah a. Pert, to the fauces; esp. (Pron.), pro- 
duced in the fauces, as certain deep guttural sounds 
found in Semitic languages. 

Faucet, faw'set, n. A tube stopped with a peg, spigot, 
or slide, for drawing liquid from a vessel. [OF. 
fausset, faulset, fr. faulser, L,.falsare, to forge, fal- 
sify, fr.falsus, false, q. v.] 

Faugh, law, interj. Exclamation of contempt or ab- 
horrence. [Perh. fr. AS. fian, to hate.] 

Faulchion. Same as Falchion. 

Fault, fa wit, n. Want; absence; lack; default; any- 
thing wanting, or that impairs excellence; a moral 
failing; an offense less serious than a crime; blun- 
der; vice. (Geol. & Mining.) A displacement of 
strata or veins at a fissure, so that they are not con- 
tinuous. (Hunting.) A lost scent, —v. t. To cause 
a fault or displacement in (strata or veins). [OF. 
faute, faulte, Sp., Pg., and It. falta, defect, want, 
Sp. and Pg. /altar. It. faltare, to lack, freq. fr. L. 
fallere. See Fail, Falter.] — At fault. Unable to 
find the scent and continue chase; puzzled; thrown 
off the track. — To find f. To express dissatisfac- 
tion, complain. — Fault'y, -Y, a. Containing, or 
guilty of, faults; imperfect; blamable. — Faultily, 
-T-1Y, adv. — Faulfiness, n. — Faultless, a. With- 
out fault; blameless; spotless; perfect. — Faultless- 
ly, adv. — Fault'lessness, n. 

Faun, fawn, n. (Rom. Myth.) A god of shepherds 
and fields, — represented as half goat and half man. 
[L. Faunus, the deity of agriculture and shepherds, 
fr. favere, to be favorable.] — Fau'na, -na, n. (Zobl.) 
The animals of any given area or epoch. 

Fauteuil, fo-teK, n. An arm-chair, usually orna- 
mented; a seat in the French Academy. [F.; OF. 
fauldetueil, LL. faldistolium. See Faldstool.] 

Favor, fa'ver, n. Kind regard; propitious aspect; act 
of countenancing, or condition of being counte- 
nanced; support; a kind act or office; an act of 
grace; mildness; lenity; object of kind regard; a. 
gift, token of love; something worn as a token of 
affection; a letter, — so called in compliment. — v. t. 
[favored (-verd), favoring.] To regard with kind- 
ness, aid, befriend; to afford advantages for success 
to, facilitate. [L., fr. favere, to befriend.] — Fa'- 
vorer, n. — Fa'vorable, a. Manifesting or indica- 
ting partiality; kind; propitious; tending to promote 
or facilitate; advantageous. — Fa'vorableness, n.— 
Fa'vorably, adv. — Fa'vorite, -it, n. A person or 
thing regarded with peculiar favor; one treated with 
partiality. — a. Regarded with, etc. [OF.] — Fa'- 
voritism, -izm, n. Disposition to favor, aid, and 
promote the interest of a favorite; partiality. 

Favus, fa'vus, n. (Pathol.) A disease of the scalp 
caused by a parasitic fungus. [L., honey-comb.] — 
Favose', -vos', a. (Hot.) Honey-combed; like the 




section of a honey-comb; 
having pits, depressions, or 
cells. 

Fawn, fawn, n. A young fal- 
low deer; a buck or doe of 
the first year. [OF. fan, 
faon,ir. L. foztus. See Fe-;t 
tus.] 

Fawn, fawn, v. i. [fawned 
( f a w n d ) , fawning.] To 
court favor by cringing, 
court servilely, flatter meanly. [Ic. fagna, AS. 
fmgnian, to rejoice, fr. faegen, glad. See Fain.] — 
Fawn'er, n. 

Fay. See Fairy. 

Fay, fa, v. t. and i. [fayed (fad), faying.] To fit, 
suit, unite closely with. [Same nsfadge, q. v.] 

Fealty, fe'al-tt, n. Fidelity to one's lord, to a supe- 
rior power, or to a government; homage; loyalty; fi- 
delity. [OF. feaute,fealte,feelteit, li.fidelitas; same 
as fidelity.] 

Fear, fer, n. A painful emotion excited by expecta- 
tion of evil or apprehension of danger; solicitude; 
alarm; dread; terror. (Script.) Reverence for the 
Supreme Being, or for men of authority or worth. 
That which causes apprehension or alarm. — v. t. 
[feared (ferd), fearing.] To feel a painful appre- 
hension of, be afraid of, dread; to have a reveren- 



tial awe of, venerate. 



To be in apprehension 



of evil, be afraid. [AS. fser, OHG. fara. var, peril, 
fear, Ic. far, harm.] — Fear'ful, -ful, a. Full of 
fear; afraid; easily frightened; indicating, or caused 
by, fear; inspiring fear; exciting terror; horrible; 
shocking; awful. — Fearfully, adv. — Fear'fulness, 
n. — Fearless, a. Free from fear; bold; daring; 
dauntless; heroic. — Fearlessly, adv. — Fearless- 
ness, n. — Fear 'naught, -nawt, n. A thick woolen 
cloth; dreadnaught. 

Feasible, fe'zY-bl, a. Capable of being effected; prac- 
ticable. [OF. faisible, fr. faire, L. facere, to make 
or do.] — Fea'sibleness, -sibil'ity, -t\,n. Practica- 
bility. 

Feast, fest, n. A festival; holiday; a solemn or joyous 
anniversary; a festive meal; banquet; something 
delicious or highly agreeable. — v. i. To eat sump- 
tuously; to be highly delighted. — v. t. To entertain 
with sumptuous provisions; to delight, gratify lux- 
uriously. [OF./es<e, Y.fete, Li.festa, festivals, neut. 
pi. fr. festus, -a, -um, joyful, orig. bright; s. rt. Skr. 
bha, to shine.] — Fes'tal, -tlve, -tiv, a. Pert, to a 
holiday or feast; joyous; gay. — Fes'tival, -tY-val, a. 
Festal. — n. A time of feasting or celebration; a 
civil or religious anniversary. — Festivity, -tt, n. 
Condition of being festive; a festive celebration; 
festival. —Fete, fat, n. A festival; holiday; celebra- 
tion. — v. t. To feast; to honor with an entertain- 
ment. [F.] 

Feat, fet, n. An act; deed; exploit; a striking act of 
strength, skill, or cunning; a trick. [OF. fait, L. 
factum, a deed; same as fact, q. v.] — Feafly, adv. 
Neatly; dexterously; adroitly. — Feafure, fe'chur, 
n. Make, form, or appearance of a person; esp. 

food appearance; cast or appearance of the human 
ace, esp. of any single part of the face; a lineament; 
structure of anything; marked peculiarity. [OF. 
faiture, fashion, L. factura, formation, work, fut. 
p. oi facere.] — Featureless, a. Having no distinct 
features. — Feat'urely, -IT, a. Having features 
showing marked peculiarities. 
Feather, feth / er, n. One of the growths, generally 
formed each of a central quill and a vane on each 
side of it, which cover a bird; a plume; pen. — v. U 

S feathered (-erd), -ering.] To dress in feathers; 
o furnish (an arrow, cap, etc.) with feathers ; to 
adorn, deck; to tread, as a cock. — v. i. To become 
feathered or horizontal; to curdle when poured into 
another liquid, and float in feather-like flakes. [AS. 
fedher, D. veder, Ic. fjodhr, G. feder, L. penna (= 
pet-na), Gr. pteron (= pet-ron), Skr. patra, a feather; 
s. rt. pen.] — A feather in the cap. An honor or mark 
of distinction. — To be in high f. To appear in high 
spirits and health, like birds after molting. — To cut 
a f. To make the water foam in moving, — said of 
a ship. — To show the white f. To betray cowardice, 
— a white feather in a cock's tail being a token that 
he is not of game-breed. — To f. one's nest. To pro- 
vide for one s self, esp. from property which passes 
through one's hands. — To f. the oars. (Naut.) To 
bring their blades in rowing into a horizontal po- 
sition as they rise out of the wnter, so as to cut the 
wind and not to hold it. — Featb/ered, -5rd, a. 



am, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, t5rm ; Xn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



FEATLY 



201 



FELLOW 



Clothed, covered, or fitted with, etc. — Feath'ery, -t, 
a. Pert, to, like, or covered with, etc. — Featb/er- 
board'ing, n. A covering in which the edge of one 
board overlaps another, like feathers of a bird ; 
weather-boarding. — -edge, n. An edge formed like 
that of a feather, or thinner than the opposite edge, 
— applied to boards; a flexible film of metal adher- 
ing to the edge of a cutting instrument after grind- 
ing. 

t eatly, Feature. See under Feat. 

Febrile, fe'bril or feb'ril, a. Pert, to, indicating, or 
derived from fever. [F., fr. L.febris, fever, q. v.] — 
Feb'rifa/cient, -shent, Febrif'ic, a. Producing 
fever. [Ju.facere, to make.] — Feb'rifuge, -rt-fuj, n. 
(Med.) A medicine serving to remove fever. — a. 
Having the quality of subduing fever; anti-febrile. 
[L. fugure, to put to flight, fr.fugere, to flee.] 

February, feb'roo-a-rY, n. The 2d month in the year, 
— containing, in common years, 28 days, in bissex- 
tile or leap year, 29 days. [L. Februarius, the month 
of expiation, on the 15th of which the Romans held 
the feast of expiation; fr. februum, orig. in the Sa- 
bine language, a purgative, hence, febrva, pi., the 
Roman festival of purification, and februare, to pu- 
rify, expiate.] 

Feces, Faeces, fe'sez, n. pi. Excrement; ordure; also 
dregs, settlings, sediment. [L., pi. of fssx,fsecis.] — 
Fe'cal, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Fec'ula, 
-u-la, n. Any pulverulent matter obtained from 
plants by simply breaking down the texture, wash- 
ing with water, and subsidence; esp. nutritious part 
of wheat; starch or farina; green matter of plants. 
[L., dim. of fsex.] — Fec'ulent, a. Foul with ex- 
traneous or impure substances; dreggy; turbid.— 
Fec'ulence, -ulency, -u-len-sl, n. Quality of being; 
that which is, etc. 

Fecund, fek'- or fe'kund, a. Fruitful in children; 
proline. [L. fecundus ; s. rt. fetus, q. v.] — Fec'un- 
date, v. t. To make fruitful or prolific; to impreg- 
nate. [L. fecundare, -datum.] — Fec'unda'tion, n. 
Act of making fruitful ; impregnation. — Fecun''- 
dity, -dY-tt, n. Quality or power of producing fruit 
or young; power of germinating, as in seeds; fertil- 
ity; richness of invention. [OF. fecondite'.] 

Fed. See Feed. 

Federal, fed'Sr-al, a. Pert, to a league, contract, or 
treaty; composed of states retaining only a subordi- 
nate sovereignty. [F., fr. L. fozdus, -eris, treaty, 
covenant; s. rt. fides, faith.]— Fed'eral, -alist, n. 
An advocate of confederation; esp. {Amer. Hist.), a 
friend of the Constitution of the U. S. at its forma- 
tion and adoption. — Federalism, -izm, n. The 
principles of Federalists. — Fed'erate, a. United 
by compact, as states or nations; leagued; confeder- 
ate. [L. fozderare, -atum, to bind by treaty.] — Fed- 
eration, ». Act of uniting in a league; a league, 
confederacy. — Federative, -tiv, a. Uniting; join- 
ing in a league. 

Fee, fe, n. Property; possession; reward for services, 
esp. payment for professional services ; charge. 
(Feud. Law.) A right to the use of a superior's 
land, as a stipend for services to be performed; land 
so held; a fief. (Eng. Law.) An estate of inheri- 
tance supposed to be held either mediately or imme- 
diately from the sovereign. (Amer. Law.) An es- 
tate of inheritance belonging to the owner, without 
condition attached to the tenure. — v. t. [feed 
(fed), feeing.] To reward for services, recompense, 
hire, bribe. [AS./eo, Ic./e, Dan. and Sw.fse, Goth. 
faihu, OHG. fihu, L. pecus, cattle, property, D. vee, 
Skr. pagu, cattle, — cattle being orig. a medium of 
exchange; s. rt. pact, pecuniary.] — Fee'-farm, n. 
ILaw.) Land held of another in fee, at an annual 
farm or rent; estate in fee-simple, subject to a per- 
petual rent. sim'ple, n. An absolute fee; fee 

without conditions or limits. — Fief, fef, n. An es- 
tate held on condition of military service; fee; feud. 
[F., f r. LL. feudum. See Feud.] — Feoff, fef, n. A 
fief. — v. t. [feoffed (feft), -fing.] To invest with 
a fee or feud; to enfeoff. [OF. feoffer, fiefer, to in- 
vest with a fief.] — Feoffee', n. One to whom a 
feoffment is made. [OF. feojfe, p. p.] — Feoffor, 
-for, n. One who grants, etc. — Feoffment, n. Grant 
of a fee; instrument or deed by which, etc. —Feud, 
Feod, fud, n. A stipendiary estate in land, held by 
service ; fief ; fee. [LL. feudum, fr. OHG. fihu 
(above).] — Feud'al, Feod'al, a. Pert, to, consist- 
ing of, or founded on, etc. — Feudality, -tY, n. 
State or quality of being feudal ; feudal form or 
constitution.— Feud'ary, -atary, -atory, -rY, a. Held 
by feudal tenure. — Feu'daliza lion, n. Act of re- 



ducing to, etc. — Feud'alism, -izm, n. The feudal 

svstem. 

Feeble, fe'bl, a. [feebler, -blest.] Deficient in 
strength; wanting force or efficiency in action or 
expression; infirm; languid; imbecile; faint. [OF. 
foible, for floible. It. fievole, feeble, fr. L. fiebilis, 
doleful, fr. 'L.ftere, to weep; s. rt. flue-re, to now.] — 
Fee'bly, -blY, adv.— Fee'bleness, n.— Fee'ble-mind'- 
ed, a. Weak in intellectual power. 

Feed, fed, v. t. [fed, feeding.] To give food to, 
supply with nourishment, fill the wants of, satisfy; 
to graze; to cause to be cropped by feeding; to give 
for food, furnish for consumption. (Much.) To 
supply with materials, as a printing press with 
paper; to subject to operation, as the work, or the 
tool, in machines. — v. i. To take food, eat; to sub- 
sist by eating, prey; to pasture, graze. — n. That 
which is eaten by beasts; provender; fodder; a pas- 
ture ground; allowance given to a horse, cow, etc.; 
water supplied to steam-boilers. (Mach.) The parts 
that move the work to the cutting-tool, or the tool 
to the work. [AS. fedan, to feed, iv.foda, food, q. 
v.] — Feed'er, n. One who gives food; one who, or 
that which feeds a machine; one who furnishes in- 
centives, eats or subsists, or fattens cattle for slaugh- 
ter ; a fountain or channel that supplies a main 
canal with water; a branch railroad which increases 
the business of the main line. (Mining.) A side 
branch of a vein that passes into a lode. 

Feel, fel, v. t. [felt, feeling.] To perceive by the 
touch, examine by touching ; make trial of, test ; 
to perceive within one's self, experience, be affected 
by ; to have an inward persuasion of. — v. i. To 
have perception by the touch or nerves of sensa- 
tion; to have the sensibilities moved; to perceive 
one's self to be, — followed by an adjective descri- 
bing the state, etc. ; to know with feeling, know 
certainly; to appear to the touch, give a perception. 

— n. Feeling; perception; sensation communicated 
by touching. [AS. felan, D. voelen, OHG. folgan, 

fuolan ; pern. s. rt. palpable, fr. L. palpare, to feel.] 

— FeePer, n. One who, or that which, feels. (Nat. 
Hist.) One of the organs with which certain ani- 
mals try objects by the touch; a palp. A proposal, 
observation, etc., to ascertain the views of others. — 
FeeFing, p. a. Possessing, or expressive of, great 
sensibility ; sensitive. — n. The sense ; sense of 
touch; an act or state of perception by touch; con- 
sciousness; capacity of the soul for emotional states; 
state or condition of emotion ; any mental state ; 
sentiment ; agitation ; opinion. — Feelingly, adv. 
In a feeling manner ; aff ectingly. 

Feet. See Foot. 

Feign, fan, v. t. [feigned (fand), feigning.] To 
imagine ; to assert by a fiction, pretend ; to make a 
show of, counterfeit. [F. feindre (p. pr. feignant), 
L. fingere. See Figure.] — Feign'er, n. — Feint, 
fant, n. That which is feigned; a pretense; a seem- 
ing aim at one part when another is to be struck. — 
v. i. To make a mock attack. [F. feinte, p. p.] 

Feldspar, feld'spar, FePspar, n. (Min.) A crystal- 
line mineral, vitreous in luster, and breaking in two 
directions : it consists of silica, alumina, and potash. 
[G. feldsjmth, fr. feld (= E. field) and spath, spar.] — 
Feld- or Felspath v ic, -spath/ose, -os, a. Pert, to, or 
consisting of, leldspar. 

Felicity, fe-lis'Y-tl, n. State of being happy; blessed- 
ness; that which promotes happiness; a gratifying 
event ; bliss ; beatitude. [OY.felicite, L. felicitas, 
fr. felix, happy ; s. rt. fetus.] — Felie'itous, -tus, a. 
Happy; skillful; well applied or expressed ^appro- 
priate. — Felicitously, adv.— Felicitate, -tat, v. t. 
To make happy, delight; to express pleasure to, con- 
gratulate. — FeuVita'tion, n. Congratulation. 

Feline, fe'lln, n. Pert, to the cat. [L. feles, -lis, cat, 
lit. fruitful ; s. rt. fetus.] 

Fell, Feller. See under Fall. 

Fell, fel, a. Cruel; inhuman; fierce; ravenous; bloody. 
[AS. fel, fierce, OD. fel, cruel, bad, base, OF. fel, 
cruel, furious, Dan. fsel. hideous, grim ; perh. s. rt. 
felon.] — FelPy, adv. — Fell/ness, n. 

FeU, fel, n. A skin or hide of a beast. {AS. fel, fell, 
Ic. fell, D. and MHG. vel, L. pellis, Gr. pella; same 
as pell, pelt.] — FelP-mon'ger, -mun'ger, n. A dealer 
in sheepskins, who separates the wool from the pelts. 

Fell, fel, n. A hill ; range of hills ; mountain-side ; 
low, marshy, wild land. [Ic. fjall, fell, Dan. field, 
Sw. fjall.] 

Felloe. Same as Felly. 

Fellow, fel'lo, n. One who follows ; an adherent ) 
companion ; associate ; a man without good breed- 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow oil ; linger or ink. then, boNboN, chair, get. 



FELLY 



202 



FERREOUS 



ing or worth ; an equal in power, rank, character, 
etc. ; one of a pair ; a mate ; a person ; individual ; 
one of the associates in an English college, admitted 
to share in its revenues ; a member of a literary or 
scientific society or corporation ; one of the trustees 
of a college. [ME. felawe, Ic.felagi, a partner in a 
felag = association, lit. a laying together of prop- 
erty, fr. fe, property (see Fee), andta^. a laying to- 
gether, law.] [Fellow is often used in composition, 
indicating an associate, or sometimes equality.] — 
Fellow-com'moner, n. A student in an Eng. uni- 
versity who commons, or dines, with the fellows. — 
-creat'ure, n. One of the same race or kind ; one 
made by the same Creator. feel'ing, n. Sym- 
pathy ; a like feeling. — Fellowship, n. State or 
relation of being a fellow or associate; familiar in- 
tercourse; a state of being together ; partnership ; 
an association ; company. {Eng. Universities.) A 
foundation for the maintenance of a resident 
scholar. {Arith.) Rule for dividing profit and loss 
among partners. — Good fellowship. Fondness for 
society ; trustworthiness ; kind benavior. 

Felly, fell*, Felloe, -lo, n. A curved segment of the 
rim of a wheel, between the spokes and tire. [AS. 
felga, D. relg, G.felge, a felly; AS. feolan, to stick, 
OHG. felahan, to put together.] 

Felon, fel'on, n. {Law.) One who has committed 
felony. One guilty or capable of heinous crime ; crim- 
inal ; malefactor. {Med.) A whitlow; paronychia; 
inflammation of a finger or toe. — a. Malignant; 
fierce ; traitorous ; disloyal. [OF. ; LL. fello, felo, 
-onis, traitor, Ga. feallan, felon, traitor, fr. Ga. and 
Ir.feall, to betray, Ir. feal, Armor, fall, evil ; perh. 
s. rt. fell (adj.), fail, q. v.] — FeKony, -nt, n. {Eng. 
Law.) An offense which occasions forfeiture of 
lands or goods at the common law, and to which 
capital or other punishment may be added. A hei- 
nous crime ; esp. one punishable by death or impris- 
onment. — Felo'nious, -nY-us, a. Having the qual- 
ity of felony ; malicious ; villainous ; perfidious. — 
Felo'niously, adv. — Fe'lo-de-se', n. A self-mur- 
derer; a suicide. [LL., lit. a felon upon himself.] 

Felspar. Felspathic. See Feldspar. 

Felt. See Feel. 

Felt, felt, n. Cloth or stuff of wool, or wool and fur, 
not woven, but wrought into a compact substance 
by rubbing or beating ; a hat made of wool. — v. t. 
To make into, or cover with, felt. [D. vilt, Sw. and 
Dan. Jilt, G. filz. Gr. pilos, felt, L. pileus, a felt hat ; 
s. rt. filter.'} — Felt'ing, n. Material of which felt is 
made; felt-cloth. 

Felucca, fe-luk'ka, n. {Naut.) A vessel, with oars 
and lateen sails, used in the Mediterranean. [It. 
feluca, Sp.faluca, fr. Ar.ful/c, ship.] 

Felwort, f el'wSrt, n. A plant ; a species of gentian. 
[Prob. corrup. of field-wort.'] 

Female, fe'mai, n. One of the sex that bears young. 
{Bot.) A plant which bears the pistil, is impreg- 
nated by pollen of male flowers, and produces fruit. 
— a. Pert, to the sex which conceives and gives 
birth, or to an individual of the female sex ; char- 
acterise* of the sex ; feminine. {Bot.) Having 
pistils and no stamens ; pistillate. [OF. femelle, fe- 
male, fr. L. femella, young woman, dim. of femina, 
woman; perh. s. rt. fetus.] — Female rhymes. (Pros.) 
Double rhymes, or rhymes in which two syllables 
(in French called/emaZe syllables), an accented and 
an unaccented one, correspond at the end of each 
line. — F. screw. The spiral-threaded cavity into 
which another screw turns. — Feminine, -T-nin, a. 
Pert, to woman ; womanish ; womanly ; having the 
qualities of a female; modest, graceful, affectionate, 
confiding; lacking manly force or vigor, effeminate. 
{Gram.) Having a form belonging esp. to words 
which are epithets of females. [OF. feminin, L. 
feminius.]— Femininity, -tt, n. Quality or nature of, 
etc. — Feme- or Femme-covert, fem-kuv'ert, n. 
(Law.) A married woman. See Coverture, under 
Cover. [F. femme, OF. feme (L. femina), woman, 
and OF. covert, p. p. of couvrir, to cover.] — Feme- 
or Femme-sole v -soK, n. A single or unmarried 
woman. [OF. sol, sole,. L. solus, sole, alone.] 

Femoral, fem'o-ral, a. Pert, to the thigh. [L. femur, 
femoris, thigh.] 

Fen, fen, n. Boggy land; moor; marsh. [AS. and Ic. 
fen, D. i-een, Goth, fani, OHG. fenni, mud ; Gr. pe- 
los, mud. L. palus, a marsh.] — Fen'ny, -nt, a. Pert, 
to, inhabiting, or abounding in, fens ; swampy. 

Fence, fens, n. That which fends off attack or dan- 
ger ; a wall, hedge, or other inclosing structure 
about afield, etc., esp. a wooden barrier; self-defense 



by the use of the sword ; fencing. — v. *. [fenced 
(fenst), fencing.] To fend off danger from, pro, 
tect, guard ; to inclose with a fence or other protect 
tion. — v. i. To make a fence, give security ; to de- 
fend one's self by the sword. [Abbr. fr. defense, q. 
v.] — Ring fence. A fence encircling a whole estate. 

— Post-and-rail f. One of rails sustained by mor- 
tised posts. — Virginia f, Worm f, Rail f. Trie zig- 
zag fence of split rails without posts. — To be on thef. 
To be uncommitted in respect to opposing policies. 

— Fenceless, a. Without a fence; open; unguarded. 

— Fen'cer. — Fen'cible, -sY-bl, a. Capable of be- 
ing defended, or of making or affording defense.— 
n. {Mil.) A soldier enlisted for the defense of the 
country, and not liable to be sent abroad. — Fen'- 
cing, n. Art of self-defense with the sword ; ma- 
terials for makingfences ; a system of fences. 

Fend, fend, v. t. To keep off, shut out. — v. i. To 
act in opposition, resist, parry. [Abbr. fr. defend, 
q. v.] — Fend'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; esp. 
a metallic frame to hinder coals of fire from rolling 
to the floor ; a buffer to prevent a vessel from strik- 
ing against a wharf or another vessel. 

Fenestra!, fe-nes'tral, a. Pert, to windows. [L. fe- 
nestra, window.] 

Fenian, fe'nt-an, n. A member of an organization 
for the overthrow of English rule in Ireland. [Name 
of the old militia of Ireland, — called after Fin, 
Fionn, or Fingal, a hero of tradition.] 

Fennec, fen'nek, n. A fox-like animal of Africa. 

Fennel, fen'nel, n. A plant of various species, culti- 
vated for its carminative seeds, or as a salad plant. 
[AS. finol, L. feniculum, dim. of fenum, hay.] 

Fenny. See under Fen. 

Fenugreek, fen'u-grek, n. A plant, whose seeds are 
emollient, and are used, esp. by the Arabs, in fo» 
mentations for horses and cattle. [L.fcenum Grsec* 
urn, lit. Greek hay.] 

Feod, Feoff, etc. See under Fee. 

Feral, fe'ral, a. Wild, — said of animals or plants, 
formerly domesticated, but running wild. [L. ferus, 
wild. See Ferocious.] — Feline, -rin, a. Wild ; 
untamed; savage, 

Feretory, fSr'e-to-rT, n. A portable bier or shrine for 
relics of saints ; tomb in which their bodies are de- 
posited. VL.feretrum, fr. ferre, to carry, Gr. phere- 
tron, fr. pherein.] 

Ferial, felt-al, a. 
day.] 

Ferment, fer'ment, n. That which causes fermenta- 
tion ; heat ; tumult. [L. fermentum, yeast, contr. for 
fervimentum, fr. fervere, to boil, ferment.] — Fer- 
ment', v. t. To cause ferment or fermentation in. — 
v. i. To undergo fermentation, work, effervesce; to 
be active or excited.— Ferment' able, a.— Fermenta'- 
tlon, n. That effervescent change of organic sub- 
stances by which their starch, sugar, gluten, etc., 
under the influence of moisture, air, and warmth, are 
decomposed and their elements recombined in new 
compounds; active state of the intellect or feelings. 
— Saccharine fermentation changes starch and gum 
into sugar ; vinous converts sugar into alcohol; ace- 
tous changes alcohol and other substances into vine- 
gar ; viscous converts sugar into a mucilaginous sub- 
stance ; putrefactive attends the decomposition of 
substances containing nitrogen. — Fermenfative, 
-tiv, a. Causing, or consisting in, etc. 

Fern, fern, n. (Bot.) An order of cryptogamoua 
plants, having their fructification on 
the back of the fronds or leaves. [AS. 
fearn, D. varen, fern, G.farnkraut, lit. 
feather-plant, Skr. parna, feather, 
leaf, tree.] — Fern'y, -t, a. Abound- 
ing in, or overgrown with, fern. 

Ferocious, fe-ro'shus, a. Indicating 
cruelty* ravenous; fierce; savage; bar- 
barous. [OF. feroce, L. ferox, -ocis, 
fierce, fr. ferus, wild, fera, Gr. ther, 
wild beast ; perh. s. rt. deer.] — Fero'- 
ciously, adv. — Ferociousness, Feroc'- 
ity, -ros'T-tY, n. State of being, etc. [F. ferocity, 
L. ferocitas.] — Fierce, fers, a. Furious ; violent ; 
impetuous, as beasts, storms, etc.; excessively eager 
or ardent ; vehement in cruelty; fell. [OF. fiers, fier, 
far, L. ferus.] — Fiercely, adv. — Fierce'ness, n. 

Ferreous, fgr're-us, a. Partaking of, made of, pert, to, 
or like, iron. [L. ferrus, f r. ferrum, iron.] — Fer'- 
rate, -rat, n. {Chem.) A salt consisting of ferric 
acid in combination with a base. — Fer'ric. a. Pert, 
to, or extracted from, iron. [F. ferrique.] —Ferric 
acid. {Chem.) An acid consisting of one atom of 

i — a» 



Pert, to holidays. [L. feria, holi- 




Fern. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t8rm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, t5ne, dr , 



FERRET 



203 



FIBER 



iron and 3 of oxygen. — Fer'rous, -rus, a. Pert, to, 
or derived from, etc., — said of compounds contain- 
ing less iron than ferric compounds. — Fer'ro-cy'- 
anate, -si'a-nat, n. (Chem.) A compound of ier- 
rocyanic acid with a base. — cyanic, a. Pert, to, 
or derived from, iron and cyanogen. — -cy'anide, 
-nid, re. A compound of the proto-cyanide of iron 
with some other cyanide. — Ferlotype, -tip, re. A 
photographie picture taken on an iron plate by a 
collodion process. [Gr. tupos, impression.] —Fer- 
ru'ginous, -roc'jt-nus, a. Partaking of, or contain- 
ing particles of, iron ; resembling iron-rust in ap- 
pearance or color. [L. ferrugo, rust, fr. ferrum.] 

Ferret, fgr'ret, re. An animal of the weasel kind. [OF. 
furet, LL. furetus ; perh. f r. L. fur, a thief ; prob. fr. 
Armor, fur, W.jfrer, wise, W.fiured, a ferret.] — v. t. 
[ferreted, -eting.J To drive or hunt out of a 
hiding place ; to search carefully. 

Ferret, ferlet, re. A kind of narrow tape, of silk or 
woolen. [It. fioretto, dim. of fiore, h.fios, a flower.] 

Ferret, fer' ret, re. {Glass Manuf.) The iron used to 
try melted matter, to see if it is fit to work, and to 
make the rings at the mouths of bottles. 

Ferrule, fSrlil or fSrlool, n. A ring of metal round 
the end of a cane, tool-handle, etc., to prevent split- 
ting. [OF. virole, LL. virola, L. viriola, dim. of 
virtu, a bracelet, fr. viere, to twist, bind round.] 

Ferry, fe"r'ri, v. t. [-eied (-rid), -eying.] To trans- 
port over a river or other water, in a boat. — v. i. To 
pass over water in a boat. — re. A vessel in which 
passengers and goods are conveyed over water ; a 
wherry ; place where persons or things are carried 
across water, in ferry-boats ; right of carrying per- 
sons, animals, or goods across water, for hire. [AS. 
ferian, to carry, fr.faran, to fare, go, Ic. ferja, Dan. 
fserge, Sw. farja, to carry, ferry, also, a ferry. See 
Fare.] — Ferriage, -rt-ej, re. The fare, or price 
paid at a ferry. — Fer'ry-boat, n. A boat for con- 
veying passengers, etc., over water. — man, re. ; pi. 
-men. One who keeps a ferry. 

Fertile, fer'til, a. Producing fruit in abundance; pro- 
lific ; productive ; rich. (Bot.) Capable of produ- 
cing fruit. [OF., ~L.fertilis, ir.ferre,to bear.]— Fer'- 
tilely, adv. — Ferlileness, -tillty, re. State of be- 
ing, etc. — Fer'tilize, -Hz, v. t. [-lized (-lizd), -li- 
zing.] To make fertile, fruitful, or productive ; to 
enrich. — Fer'tilizaliion, re. Act or process of, etc. 
{Bot.) Process by which the pollen renders the ovule 
fertile. — Fer'tiliz'er, re. 

Ferule, f erlil or f grlool, n. A flat piece of wood, for 
punishing children.— v. t. [feruled (-rild or -ruld), 
-uling.] To punish with a ferule. [F.; L. ferula, 
tr.ferire, to strike.] 

Fervent, fgr'vent, a. Hot; boiling; warm in feeling; 
ardent in temperament ; earnest ; vehement ; ani- 
mated. [OF.; L. fervens, -ventis, p. pr. of fervere, to 
boil; s. rt. brew.) — Fer'vently, adv. — Fer'vency, 
-st, re. State of being, etc. — Fer'vid, a. Very hot; 
burning; boiling; ardent; vehement; zealous. [L. 
fervidus.] — Fer'vidly, adv. — Fer'vor, -ver, re. 
Heat; excessive warmth; intensity of feeling or ex- 
pression; zeal. [OF. and L.] 

Fescue, fes'ku, re. A straw, wire, stick, etc., to point 
out letters to children learning to read. — v. t. [fes- 
cued (-kud), -cuing.] To assist in reading by a fes- 
cue. [OY.festu, ~L.festuca, stalk, little stick.] 

Fosse, Fess, fes, re. (Her.) A band drawn horizon- 
tally across the center of an escutcheon; one of the 9 
honorable ordinaries. [L. fascia, band, girth.] — 
Fesse'-point, re. The exact center of the escutcheon. 
See Escutcheon. 

Festal, Festival, Festive, etc. See under Feast. 

Fester, feslSr, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -teeing.] To 
grow virulent, corrupt, rankle, suppurate; to become 
malignant and invincible, — said of passions. — v. t. 
To nurse, as something that rankles. — re. A sore 
which rankles and discharges corrupt matter; a pus- 
tule; a festering or rankling. [A form of foster.'] 

Festoon, fes-toon', re. A garland, wreath, etc., hang- 
ing in a curve. — v. t. [festooned 
(-toond'), -tooning.] To form in, or 
adorn with, festoons. [F. and Sp. 
feston, It. festone, LL. festo, -tonis ; 
perh.fr. LL. festum, holiday; perh. 
fr. lAj.festis, OF. fest, top, ridge.] 

Fetal. See under Fetus. i7„„*„„». 

Fetch, fech, v. t. [fetched (fecht), Destoon. 
fetching.] Togo and bring; to get; to bring,— as, 
to obtain as price or equivalent, sell for; or, to recall 
from a swoon; or, to reduce, throw; to bring to ac- 
complishment, make, do; to reach, arrive at, attain. 




— v. i. To bring one's self, move, arrive. — re. A 
stratagem ; trick ; artifice ; apparition of a living 
person. [AS. feccan, to fetch, facian, to seek to get, 
fr./asc, a space of time, opportunity.] — To fetch a 
compass. To take a circuitous route in going to a 
place. — Tof. a pump. To make it draw water, by 
sealing the valves with water poured in at the top 
and by rapidly working the handle. — To f. way. 
(Naut.) To be shaken from one side to the other. 

— Fetch'er, n. 

Fete. See under Feast. 

Fetich, -tish, felish, n. A material thing, living or 
dead, worshiped among certain African tribes. [F. 
fetiche, fr. Ts.feitigo, sorcery, an African idol, also 
artificial, fr. L.factitius. See Fact.] — Fetlchism, 
-shizm, -cism, -sizm, re. Worship of, etc.; the low 
idolatry of Western Africa. 

Fetid, fetid, a. Having an offensive smell; stinking. 
[OF. fetide, ~L.fetidus, fcetidus, ir.fcetere, to stink.] 

— Fe'tor, -tor, n. A strong, offensive smell; stench. 
[L.] 

Fetlock, fetlok, re. The part of the leg where the 
tuft of hair grows behind a horse's pastern joint. 
See Horse. [Perh. fr. Ic./e«, a pace, step, Sw. fiat, 
Dan. fed, footprint, footstep; or fr. Ic. feti, Dan. 
fed, skein of thread ; or fr. Ic. fit, webbed foot of 
ducks, etc. (all s. rt. foot), and Ic. lokkr, AS. locc, 
lock (of hair).] 

Fetter, fetler, re. A chain for the feet; anything that 
confines ; a restraint. — v. t. [fettered (-terd), 
-teeing.] To put fetters on, shackle, bind; to im- 

E3se restraints on, confine. [AS. fetor, feter, D. veter, 
. pedica, Gr. pede, a fetter, Skr. paduka, a shoe.] 

Fetus, felus, re. ; pi. Fetuses, -ez. The growing em- 
bryo of a viviparous animal, esp. an unborn child. 
[L., a bringing forth, offspring, also fruitful, f r. oba. 
feo, to generate, produce (s. rt. fui, I was, futurus, 
future), Gr. phuein, to beget, phuesthai, to grow, 
Skr. bhu, AS. beon, to be.] — Fe'tal, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Feud, fad, n. A combination of kindred to revenge 
injuries to any of their blood, on the offender and 
all his race; an inveterate strife between families, 
clans, or parties in a state ; deadly hatred ; fray; 
contest ; strife. [AS. fsehdh, G.fehde, Goth, fijath- 
wa, hatred; AS. fah, hostile; Dan. feide, a quarrel, 
also to war upon.] 

Feud, Feudal, Feudalism, etc. See under Fee. 

Feuilleton, fg'ye-tawN, n. A part of a French news- 
paper, devoted to light literature, criticism, etc. [F., 
h.feuille, leaf. See Foil, re.] 

Fever, fe'vSr, re. (Med.) A diseased state of the sys- 
tem, marked by increased heat, acceleration of the 
pulse, and a derangement of the functions. Strong 
excitement of any kind ; a season of excitement. 
[OF. fevre, Tu.febris, fever, lit. trembling; Gr. phobos, 
fear, AS. bifian, G. beben, to tremble, Skr. bid, to 
fear.] — Fe'verish, a. Affected by; pert, to, indica- 
ting, or like, fever. — Fe'verishness, re.— Fe'verfew, 
-fu, re. A plant allied to chamomile, — supposed to 
have febrifugal qualities. [Corrupt, fr. AS. fefer- 
fuge, L. febrifuga, fever-dispelling, fr. ~L.fugare, to 
put to flight.] — Fe'ver-tree, re. A name for the 
Eucalyptus globulus, or Australian blue-gum tree, 
which dispels miasma. 

Few, fu, a. Not many; small, limited, or confined in 
number, — indicating a small portion of units con- 
stituting a whole. [AS. fea, Ic. far, Dan./aa, Sw. 
fa, L. paucus, Gr. pauros. ] — Few'ness, re. State of 
being few; smallness of number; paucity; brevity. 

Fez, fez, re. A red, brimless cap, worn by Turks, etc. 

Fiacre, fe-a'kr, re. A French hackney-coach. [F.] 

Fiance, re. m. ; -cee, fe-aN'sa, re. /. One who is be- 
trothed. [F., p. p. of fiancer. to affiance.] 

Fiasco, fe-as'ko, re. (Mus.) A failure in a musical 
performance. A failure of any kind. [It.] 

Fiat, fi'at, n. A command to do something ; a de- 
cree. [L., let it be done, f r. fio, fieri, pass, otfacere, 
to make.] 

Fib, fib, re. A lie or falsehood. — v.i. [fibbed (fibd), 
-bing.] To lie, speak falsely. [Abbr. of fable.] 

Fiber, -bre, fi'ber, re. One of the delicate, thread-like 
portions of which tissues of plants and animals are 
partly constituted; any fine thread, or thread-like 
substance; esp., one of the rootlets of a plant. See 
Root. [F. fibre, L. fibra; s. rt. fringe.] — Fi'brous., 
-brus, a. Having, or consisting of, fibers. — FKbril, 
re. A small fiber ; branch of a fiber. — Fibrillose, 
fi-briK- or fib'ril-los, a. Composed of fibrils. — 
Fibrinous, -lus, a. Pert, to, or formed of small 
fibers, as the cap of a mushroom. — Fi1>rine, -brin, 
re. (Chem.) A peculiar organic compound found 



sun, cQbe, full ; moon, tdbi ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNborr, chair, get. 



FIBULA 



204 



FIGURE 



in animals and vegetables, and also contained in the 
clot of coagulated Dleod. 

Fibula, fib'u-la, n. ; pi. -\.m, -le. A clasp or buckle. 
(Anat.) The outer and smaller bone of the leg. 
(Surg.) A needle to sew up wounds. [It. and L., a 
buckle, contr. iorfigibula, fr. L. figere, to fasten.] 

Fichu, f e-shoo r , re. A cape, usually of lace, worn by 
ladies over neck, bosom, and shoulders. [F. See Fix.] 

Fickle, fik'1, a. Liable to change or vicissitude; of 
changeable mind; wavering; irresolute; unstable; 
mutaole; capricious. [AS. ficol, fr. fie, fraud, facen, 
OS. fekn, deceit, Ic.fetkn, an evil, portent.] — Fick'- 
leness, re. Instability. 

Fictile, fik'til, a. Molded into form by art. [L. fictilis, 
fr. fingere, fictum, to shape ; s. rt. feign, figure.] — 
Fic'tion, -shun, re. Act of feigning, inventing, or 
imagining ; thing invented or imagined, esp. a 
feigned story; fabrication; falsehood. [F. ; L. fictio, 
-onis, ir. fingere.) — Fictitious, -tish'us, a. Feigned; 
counterfeit ; false. — Fictitiously, adv. — Fig'- 
ment, n. An invention; fiction. [L. figmentum.) 

Fid, fid, re. (Naut.) A bar of wood or iron, to support 
the topmast. A bar or pin, to support or steady 
anything; a tapering pin, to open the strands of a 
rope in splicing. 

Fiddle, fid'dl, re. (Mus.) A stringed instrument of 
music ; violin ; kit. (Bot.) A perennial plant, a 
species of dock. — v. t. [fiddled (-did), -dling.] 
To play on a violin; to shift the hands often, like a 
player on a fiddle, and do nothing; to tweedle, trifle. 
[AS. fidhele, Ic. fidhla, Dan. fir/del, D. vedel, LL. 
vidula, vitula ; s. rt. viol.) — Fid'dler, re. A player 
on, etc. ; a kind of small crab. — Fid'dle-stick, n. 
The bow for playing on, etc. — Fid'dle-dee-dee', in- 
ter}. An exclamatory phrase, equivalent to Non- 
sense!— Fid'dle-fad'dle, re. A trifle; trifling or fussy 
talk; nonsense. 

Fidelity, fT-del'T-tT, n. Faithfulness ; adherence to 
right; esp., adherence to a person or party to which 
one is bound; loyalty; adherence to ones promise; 
veracity; honesty; adherence to the marriage con- 
tract; integrity; faith; fealty. [F. fidelity, L. fidel- 
itas, fr.fidelis, f aithf uL fides, faith, q. v.] 

Fidget, fij'et, v. i. To move uneasily one way and 
the other. — re. Irregular motion; uneasiness; rest- 
lessness; one who fidgets. [Ic.fika, to climb nimbly, 
Sw. fika, to hunt after.] — Fid'gety, -T, a. Restless. 

Fiducial, fY-du'shal, a. Having faith or trust; con- 
fident; undoubting; of the nature of a trust; fidu- 
ciarv. [L. fiducia, trust, fr. fidere, to trust.] — Fi- 
du'cially, adv. With confidence.— Fidu'ciary, -sht- 
a-rT, a. Confident ; undoubting ; firm ; holding, 
held, or foundad, in trust.— n. One who holds a 
thing in trust for another; a trustee. (Theol.) One 
who depends for salvation on faith, without works. 

He, fi, interj. An exclamation denoting contempt or 
dislike. [OF., Ic, Dan., and Sw.fy, G.pfui, h.phui, 
phy, Gr. pheu, Skr. phut.] 

Fief. See under Fee. 

Field, feld, re. Felled ground ; cleared land ; place 
where a battle is fought ; battle ; an open space ; 
wide extent ; an expanse. (Her.) The surface of 
the shield; any blank space or ground on which 
figures are drawn. A collective term for all the 
riders iu a hunting field, fielders in cricket, or com- 
petitors in any contest, —v. i. In games of ball, to 
stand out in the field, to catch balls. [AS. and G. 
feld, D. veld, Dim. felt ; s. rt../e/Z, a hill.] — Field of 
ice. A body of floating ice. — Field, or/, of view. 
In a telescope or microscope, the space within which 
objects are seen.— To keep the f. (Mil.) To con- 
tinue the campaign.— To lay against thef. To back 
(a horse, etc.) against all comers in a race. — Field'- 
er, re. A player in cricket or base-ball who catches 
balls struck by the batsman. — Field'-book, n. A 
book for entries of measurements taken in the field, 

in surveying or civil engineering. col'ors, n. pi. 

(Mil.) Small flags with which the quartermaster- 

feneral marks out ground for the squadrons and 
attalions. — -day. (Mil.) A day when troops are 
practiced in field exercises and evolutions. — -glass, 
re. A small, powerful telescope or binocle. — -gun, 
n. (Mil.) A small cannon, used on the battle-field; 
field-piece. — hand, n. An agricultural laborer.— 
-mar'shal, n. (Mil.) The commander of an army; 
a military officer of high rank in Germany; the 
highest military officer in England except the cap- 
tain-general.— -notes, n. pi (Surv.) Notes made 
in the field. — -officer, n. (Mil.) A military officer 
above the rank of captain, and below that of gen- 
eral, as a major, lieutenant-colonel, or colonel.— 



-piece, n. (Mil.) A field-gun. — sport, re. Diver, 
sion in the field, as shooting and hunting. — work, 
re. (Mil.) A temporary work thrown up by troops 
in the field. "Work done out of doors, as, (Surv.) 
work with the chain and compass, etc., disting. fr. 
calculations ; (Bot.), collection of specimens for 
analysis; ( Geol), excursions for study, etc.— Field'- 
fare, -far, n. A bird of the thrush kind. [AS. felde- 
fare, fr. feld and faran, to fare, travel over.] 

Fiend, fend, n. An implacable or malicious foe; the 
devil ; an infernal being. [AS. feond, p. pr. of 
feogan, to hate, D. vijand, Dan. and Sw. fiende, G. 
feind ; s. rt. foe.] — Fiend'ish, a. Like a fiend ; 
malignant. — Fiend'ishly, adv. 

Fierce, etc. See under Ferocious. 

Fieri-facias, fVe-ri-fa'shT-as, re. (Law.) A judicial 
writ, commanding the sheriff to collect from the 
goods, chattels, or real estate of the defendant, the 
sum recovered in debt or damages. [L., cause it to 
be done.] 

Fiery, etc. See under Fire. 

Fife, fif, n. (Mus.) A pipe used as a wind-instru- 
ment. — v. i. [fifed (lift), fifing.] To play on a 
fife. [F.fifre, OHG. pfifa, a fife, G. pfeife. a pipe, 
pfiff, a whistle ; OHG. pfifen, to fife, L. pipare, to 
chirp; s. rt. pipe.] — Fif'er, n.— Fife'-rail, n. (Naut.) 
A rail around the mast of a ship. 

Fifteen, Fifth, Fifty, etc. See under Five. 

Fig, fig, n. (Bat.) A fruit tree growing in warm 
climates; its fruit, 
eaten fresh or dried. A 
worthless thing, — in con- 
tempt. (Far.) An ex- 
crescence on the frog of a 
horse's foot, resulting 
from a bruise. [F. figue, 
L. ficus.) 

Fight, fit, v. i. [fought 

(fawt), FIGHTING.] To 

strive or contend for vic- 
tory, contend in arms; to 
act in opposition, make 
resistance. — !'.*. To 
carry on, or wage (a con- 
flict or battle); to contend 
with, war against; to 
cause to fight, manage or 
maneuver in a fight. — re. 
A battle, engagement, 
struggle for victory; com- 
bat; action; conflict. [AS. feohtan, D. vechten, G. 
fechten, to fight, AS. feohte, a fight.] — Fight'er, re. 

Figment. See under Fictile. 

Figure, fig'ur, n. Form of any thing; shape; outline; 
structure; appearance; representation of any form 
by drawing, painting, etc; an image; a pattern cop- 
ied in cloth, paper, etc.; appearance or impression 
made by one's conduct; a character standing for, or 
representing, a number; a numeral; digit, as 1, 2, 3, 
etc.; value, as expressed in numbers; price; a type 
or representative. (Rhet.) Pictorial language ; a 
trope; deviation from rules of grammar. (Logic.) 
The form of a svllogism with respect to the position 
of the middle term. — v. t. [figured (-urd), -us- 
ing.] To make an image of, by drawing or model- 
ing; to embellish with designs, mark upon; to indi- 
cate by numerals; to calculate; to state by a meta- 
phor, signify or symbolize; to image in the mind. 
(Mus.) To write (figures or other characters) over 
or under the bass, indicating the accompanying 
chords; to embellish. — v. i. To make a figure, be 
distinguished. [F.; ~L.figura, a figure, thing made, 
fr. rt. of fingere, to form, fashion, feign, Gr. thing- 
ganein, to handle, Skr. dih, to smear, Goth, deigan, 
to fashion (pottery, etc.); s. rt. dike, dough, feign, 
fiction, effigy, perh. lady.] — To cut a figure. To per- 
form a conspicuous part. — To f. out. Tr compute 
the amount of.— To f. up. To add, reckon. — Fig- 
ured bass. (Mus.) An accompaniment indicated by 
figures on the bass. — Fig'ure-head, re. ( Naut.) The 
figure or bust projecting from the bow of a ship. 
See Ship. A person nominally at the head of an as- 
sociation or enterprize, but lacking ability or au- 
thority to control affairs.— Fig'urable, a. Capable of 
being brought to a fixed form. — Fig'urabil'ity, re.— 
Fig'ural, a. Represented by figure or delineation; 
consisting of figures. (Mus.) Figurate. — Fig'urate, 
o. Of a certain determinate form or figure. (Mus.) 
Relating to discords ; discordant ; figurative. — Figu- 
ra'tion, re. Act of giving determinate form. (Mus.) 
Mixture of concords and rtvwsorde. — Fig'urative, 




Fig, Leaf and Fruit. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; 5d<*. <*-»9, 6r ; 



FILACEOUS 



205 



FINAL 



-tiv. a. Representing by a figure, or by resemblance ; 
typical; representative; used in a tropical sense, as 
a metaphor ; not literal; abounding in figures of 
speech; flowery; florid.— Fig'uratively, adv.— Fig'- 
urant, -rant, n. m., -urante, -rant, n.f. A dancer in 
groups or figures at the opera, but not singly; an ac- 
cessory character who has nothing to say. [F., p. 
pr. of figurer, to figure, dance in figures.] 

Filaceo-UB, Filament, etc. See under File. 

Filbert, fil'bert, n. (Bot.) The nut or fruit of the 
cultivated hazel. [Pern, fr. St. PhUibert, whose 
feast is Aug. 22, in the nutting season: the G. name 
for the nut is Lambertsnuss, St. Lambert's day being 
Sept. 17.1 

Filch, filch, v. t. [filched (filcht), filching.] To 
steal or take privily,— said of petty thefts; to pilfer. 
[Ic. fela, Goth. filhan, to hide, OHG. felahan, to put 
together.] — Filcb/er, n. 

File, fll, n. An orderly succession; a line, row; as, 
(Mil.) a row of soldiers ranged behind one another; 
a collection of papers, arranged for preservation and 
reference; wire or other contrivance by which papers 
are kept in order; fine wire thread of gold or silver; 
tinsel-covered silk. —v. t. [filed (flld), filing.] 
To set in order, place on file, insert in its proper 
place among arranged papers; to bring before a 
court or legislative body by presenting papers in a 
regular way. (Law.) To put upon the files or among 
the records of a court, — v. i. (Mil.) To march (sol- 
diers) in a file or line, one after another. [OF., a 
rank, row, fil, a thread, LL. fila, a string of things, 
"Li.filum, a thread: s. rt. enfilade, defile.'] — Rank and 
file. (Mil.) The body of private soldiers composing 
an army.— File'-lead'er, n. (Mil.) The soldier in 
the front of a file. — Fila'ceous, -shus, a. Composed 
or consisting of threads. — Filose, -los, a. Ending 
in a thread-Tike process. — FU'ament, n. A thread, 
or thread-like appendage; esp. (Bot.), the thread-like 
part of the stamens supporting the anther: see An- 
ther. — Filamenfary, -rf, a. Of the nature of, or 
formed by, etc. — Filament'ous, -us, a. Like a 
thread: consisting of filaments. — Fil'anders, n. pi. A 
disease in hawks, characterized by filaments of coag- 
ulated blood, also by small worms wrapped in a thin 
net-work near the reins. [F. filandres, f r. L. filum.] 
— Fil'ature, -chur, n. A drawing out into threads; 
the reeling of silk from cocoons; a reel for drawing 
off silk from cocoons; an establishment for reeling. 
[LL. filatura, fr. filare, to spin.] — Fil'iform, a. 
Having the form of a thread or filament. [L. forma, 
form.] — Filigree, n. Net-work containing beads; 
ornamental work, executed in fine gold or silver 
wire — a. Pert, to or made of, etc. [Sp. filigrana, 
fr. fila (LiL.fila) and grano, grain or fiber of a fab- 
ric] — Fillet, n. A little band or twist, esp. one to 
encircle the head ; a piece of meat made up of mus- 
cles, esp. the fleshy part of the thigh; meat rolled 
into a string-like form. (Arch.) A square ornament, 
iistel; the longitudinal ridge between the flutings of 
a Grecian column, except the Doric. (Her.) A kind 
of ordinary crossing the shield horizontally, —v. t. 
To bind, furnish, or adorn with a fillet. 

\^Ja, fll, n. A steel instrument, covered with sharp- 
edged furrows, for abrading or smoothing hard sub- 
stances; a shrewd, artful person, cheat, pickpocket. 



cut away, with a file; to smooth, polish, improve. 
[AS. feci, D.yijl, Dan. fiU, Svr.fil, OHG. figala, G. 



—v. t. [filed (flld), filing.] To rub, smooth, or 
file; ' 

feile, Rus'. pila", a file, Skr. pig", 'to form, adorn!] — 
Filler, n. — Filing, n. Particle rubbed off by a file. 

Filial, fil'yal, a. Pert, to a son or daughter; becom- 
ing a child in relation to parents; bearing the rela- 
tion of a child. [F., Sp., and Pg., fr. L.filius, son, 
filia, daughter, ong. infant, fr. telare, Skr. dha, to 
suck.] — Filiate, -T-at, u. t. To adopt as son or 
daughter. — Filiation, n. Relation of a child to a 
father; the fixing of a bastard child on some one as 
its father; affiliation. 

Filibuster, fiKl-bus'ter, n. A lawless military adven- 
turer, esp. one in quest of plunder; a free-booter, 
pirate. — v. i. To act as a filibuster; to obstruct leg- 
islation by persistent dilatory motions on the part of 
the minority. [Sp., fr ■. filibote, flibote, D. vlieboot, E. 
flyboat, a light, swift-sailing vessel.] 

Filigree, Fillet, etc. See under File. 

Fill, fil, v. t. [filled (fild), filling.] To make full; 
to supply abundantly, cause to abound; to satisfy, 
content; to possess and perform the duties of, oc- 
eupy, hold; to supply with an incumbent. — v. i. To 
become full, have ah abundant supply, be satiated; 
to fill a cup for drinking, give to drink. — n. A full 



supply; as much as satisfies; a thill, or shaft of a 
carriage. [AS. fyUan,fullian, ir.ful, full; D. vullen, 
Ic. and Sw. fylla, Goth, fulljan, G. fuellen. See 
Full.] — To fill in. To insert so as to fill. — To f. 
out. To extend or enlarge to the desired limit. — 
Tof. up. To make quite full, occupy completely.— 
Fili'er, n. — Fill'ing, n. That which fills up, as, the 
woof in weaving; or a preparation for filling the 
pores of porous woods, used in cabinet-making. 

Fillibeg, fillY-beg, n. A kilt or dress reaching nearly 
to the knees, worn in the Highlands of Scotland. 
[Ga. filleadhbeag, little plaid, ir.filleadh, plait, fold, 
and beag, small.] 

Fillip, fillip, v. t. [-liped (-lipt), -lipin'G.] To strike 
with the finger nail, jerked from under the thumb. 
— n. A jerk of a finger. (E.flip. See Flippant.] 

Fillipeen. Same as Philopena. 

Filly, fiKIT, n. A young horse; esp. young mare; fe- 
male colt; a lively, roistering, or wanton girl. [Dim. 
of foal; Ic.fylja, ft.foli, a foal, q. v.] 

Film, film, n. A thin skin; pellicle; membranous cov- 
ering, causing opacity; a slender thread, as one of 
those in a cobweb. — v. t. To cover with, etc. [AS. 
and OFries.; s. rt. E. fell, Vf.pilen, skin.] — Film'y, 
-T, a. Composed of film, membranous, cobweb-like. 

Filose. See under File. 

Filter, filler, n. A piece of woolen cloth, paper, etc., 
or a receptacle filled with charcoal, etc., through 
which liquids are strained. — v. t. [filtered (-tern), 
-tering.J To purify (a liquid) by passing it through 
a filter; to filtrate.— v. i. To pass through a filter, 
percolate. [OF. filtrer, to filter./ewfre, orig. feltre, 
piece of felt, filter, L. filtrum, feltrum. OLG. 
vilt, felt, q. v.] — FiKtrate, v. t. ~ 
, n. Act or process of, etc. 



To filte 



,G. jilt, D. 
, — Filtra'- 




Fins. 



1, ventral; 2, anal; 3, caudal; 4, 
pectoral; 5, first dorsal; 6, sec- 
ond dorsal. 

Destitute of, etc. — Fin'-toed, 
connected by a membrane, as 



Filth, filth, n. Foul matter; dirt; nastiness; anything 
that defiles the moral character; corruption; pollu- 
tion. [AS. fyldh, OHG. fulida, fr. AS. and OHG. 
fid, foul, q. v.] - Filth'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] De- 
filed with filth; morally impure; nasty; squalid; 
gross ; vulgar. — Filthily, adv. — FiltHlnesB, n. 

Fimbriate, fim'brl-at, a. (Bot.) Bordered by filiform 

Erocesses thicker than hairs; f ringed. — v. t. To 
em, fringe. [L. fimbriatus, fibrous, fr. fimbi-ia, fi- 
ber, fringe.] 

Fin, fin, n. (Ichth.) 
One of the projec- 
ting, bony, mem- 
branous organs 
with which a fish 
or fish-like animal 
controls its posi- 
tion and move- 
ments. [AS. ; 
D. vin, Sw. finn, 
fena, Dan. finne, 
L. pinna.] — Fin'- 
ny, -nt, a. Hav- 
ing, or pert, to, 
fins. — Finless, a. 
-tod, a. Having t 
aquatic birds; palmiped; palmated. 

Finable. See under Fine, n. 

Final, filial, a. Pert, to the end or conclusion; last; 
terminating; conclusive; decisive; mortal; respect- 
ing the purpose or ultimate end in view. [OF.;L. 
finalis,tr. finis, the end, for fidnis, lit. a parting, end, 
fr. rt. of findere, to cleave; s. rt. affinity, confine, infi- 
nite, etc.] — Finality, -T-tT, n. Final state; a final or 
conclusive arrangement, settlement. — Filially, adv. 
At the end; ultimately: lastly; completely. —Finale, 
fe-nala, re. (3fus.) The end of a piece of music; 
last note; close. [It.]— Fin'- 
ial, -1-al, n. The knot, or 
bunch of foliage, termina- 
ting pinnacles in Gothic 
architecture ; the pinnacle 
itself.— Finish, v. t. [-ished 
(-isht), -ishing.] To bring 
to an end, put an end to, 
terminate ; to bestow the ut- 
most labor upon, complete, 
perfect. — n. That which 
finishes or perfects; esp. the 
last hard, smooth coat of 
plaster on a wall. [OF. finir, 
L. finire, fiintum, to finish, fr. . 
One who, etc.; a machinist. — Fi'nite, -nit, a. Lim 
ited in quantity, degree, or capacity; bounded. — 
Fi'nitely, a'iv. Within limits; to a certain degree 
only. — Fi'nis, re. An end; conclusion. [L.] 




sJ5n, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, dien. boxboN, chair, get. 



FINANCE 



206^ 



FIRKIN 



Finance, etc. See under Fine, n. 

Finch, finch, n. One of a family of small singing 
birds. [AS. fine, G. fink, OHG. fincho, D. vink ; s. 
rt. W. pine, a finch, also brisk, smart, gay.] 

Find, find* v. t. [found (fownd), finding.] To meet 
■with or light upon accidentally, fall in with; to learn 
by experience or trial, perceive, experience, detect, 
feel; to come upon by seeking, discover by study, 
gain, as the object of effort; to provide for, supply, 
furnish; to arrive at, as a conclusion, establish, —v. 
i. (Law.) To determine as an issue of fact, and de- 
clare it to a court. — n. Thing found; a discovery, 
esp. ef something archseologically valuable. [AS. 
and OHG. findan, D. vinden, Dan. finde, G. finden, 
to find, L. petere, to seek, Gr. piptein, Skr. pat, to 
fall; s. rt. impetus, pen, feather, petition, appetite.] — 
To find out. To detect, discover. — To f. fault with. 
To blame, censure. — Tof. om's self. To be, fare.— 
Find'er, n. One who, or that which, finds, esp. 
(Astron.), a small telescope, attached to a larger one, 
for finding an object readily. — Finding, n. Thing 
found; discovery; esp. pi., that which a journeyman 
finds or provides for himself; trimmings, as shoe- 
bindings, etc. (Law.) That which is found by a 
jury ; a verdict. — Find'ing-store, n. A shop for 
tools and trimmings used by shoemakers, etc. — 
Fonnd ' ling, fownd '-, n. A child found without 
a parent or protector. [ME. fundeling, D.vondeling.] 

Fine, fin, a. Finished; brought to perfection; supe- 
rior; elegant; beautiful; showy; aiming at effect ; 
over-dressed or over-decked; nice; delicate; exquis- 
ite; sly; fraudulent; not coarse, gross, or heavy.— v. 
t. [fined (find), fining.] To make fine, refine, 
purify. [OF. fin, witty, L. finltus, well rounded 
(sentence); same as finite : see under Final.] —Fine 
arts. Those arts depending on the imagination, as 
poetry, painting, sculpture, engraving, and archi- 
tecture, — sometimes restricted to the first two.— 
Finely, adv. In a fine or polished manner; deli- 
cately; into minute parts; to a thin or sharp edge or 
point. — Fine'ness, n. — Fin 'or, n. One who fines or 
purifies; a refiner. — Finding, n. Process of refining. 

— Fin'ery, -er-T, n. Ornament; decoration; a refin- 
ery, furnace for making iron malleable. — Fine''- 
cferaw, v. t. [-drawn, -drawing.] To sew up a rent, 
without doubling the edges, so as to conceal it. — 
Fine'-drawn, p. a. Drawn out too subtly. — Fin'- 
ical, a. Affectedly fine; fastidious; foppish. — Fin'- 
ically, adv. — Finicality, -tT, n. State of being, etc. 

— Finesse, fY-nes', n. Subtilty of contrivance to 
gain a point; artifice; stratagem, —v. i. [finessed 
(-nest'), -sing.] To employ, etc.; in whist, to play 
a low card when holding higher, trusting that the 
opponent cannot take it. [F.j 

Fine, fin, n. Money paid to settle a claim, or termi- 
nate a matter in dispute; esp. a payment of money 
imposed as punishment for an offense; a mulct. 
(Feudal Law.) A final agreement concerning lands 
or rents between persons. (Eng. Law.) A sum of 
money paid for obtaining a benefit, favor, or priv- 
ilege. — v. t. [fined (find), fining.] To impose a 
pecuniary penalty upon; to mulct. [LawL../rais, a 
fine, fr. L. finis, an end. See Final.] — In fine. In 
conclusion; by way of termination or summing up. 

— Fin'able, a. Liable or subject to a fine. —Fi- 
nance, fY-nans', n. The income of a ruler or state; 
revenue ; sometimes, income from an individual ; 
pi. available resources. [OF. ; LL. financia, a pay- 
ment, f r. finare, to pay a fine or tax.] — Financial, 
-shal, a. Pert, to finance or public revenue. — Fi- 
nan'cialist, n. One skilled in financial matters. — 
Financially, adv. — Financier'? -ser r , n. An of- 
ficer who administers the public revenue ; one 
skilled in financial operations. — v. i. To conduct 
financial operations. 

Finery, Finesse, etc. See under Fine, a. 

Finger, fin'gSr, n. One of the 5 terminating members 
of the hand; a digit; also, one of the 4 extremities 
of the hand, excluding the thumb; the breadth of a 
finger; skill in the use of the fingers, as in music. — 
v. t. [fingered (-erd), -ering.] To touch with the 
fingers, handle; to perform on, or with, the fingers; 
to touch lightly; to pilfer, purloin. — v. i. (Mus.) 
To use the fingers in playing on an instrument. [AS., 
Dan., Sw., and G. finger, D. vingerAa. fingr ; prob. 
8. Tt.fang.} — To have a finger in. To be concerned 
in. — To have at the fingers'' ends. To be so familiar 
with a subject as to be able to speak at once concern- 
ing it. — Fin'ger-board, n. (Mus.) The part of a 
violin, etc., where the pressure of the fingers varies 
the tension of the strings; key-board of a piano, or- 



gan, etc.; manual. — -bowl or -glass, n. A glass in 
which to wash the fingers at table. — plate, n. A 
strip of metal or porcelain on a door to keep th« 

fingers from soiling the paint. post, n. A post 

with a pointing finger, directing passengers to the 

road; sign-post. read'ing, n. Reading, for the 

blind, by touching letters printed in relief. 

Finial, Finis, Finish, etc. See under Final. 

Finical, etc. See under Fine, a. 

Finless, Finny, etc. See under Fin. 

Finnikin, hn /, nY-kin, n. A kind of pigeon, with a 
crest resembling a horse's mane. [Prob. for finical. 
See under Fine.] 

Fiord, fY6rd (one syllable), n. A bay or inlet with 
high banks. [Dan. and Sw.] 

Fir, fgr, n. A tree allied to the pines, valuable as tim- 
ber. [AS.furh, Ic. and Sw.fura, Da.ri.fyr, W. pyr.] 

Fire, fir, n. Evolution of light and heat in the com- 
bustion of bodies; combustion; state of ignition; 
fuel in combustion, as on ahearth or in a furnace; 
the burning of a house, etc.; conflagration; ardor 
of passion ; warmth of imagination ; enthusiasm ; 
discharge of fire-arms, — v. i. [fired (fird), firing.] 
To set on fire, kindle; to inflame, irritate; to ani- 
mate, give life or spirit to; to cause to explode, dis- 
charge. (Far.) To cauterize. — v. i. To take fire, 
be kindled, kindle; to be irritated or inflamed with 
passion ; to discharge fire-arms. [AS., Dan., and 
S-w.fyr, D. vuur, G.feuer, Gr. pur, fire, Skr. pavana, 
fire, also pure.] — Greek fire. An inflammable ma- 
terial, burning with almost inextinguishable vio- 
lence, used in war. — Onf. Burning. — Running <f. 
Rapid discharge of fire-arms in succession by a line 
of troops.— St. Anthony's f. Erysipelas,— an inflam- 
matory disease which St. Anthony was supposed to 
cure miraculously.— To set onf. To inflame.— Tof. 
up. To light up the fires of; to grow angry.— Fi'ery, 
-er-Y, a. Consisting of, like, or heated by, fire; ar- 
dent ; impetuous; irritable; fierce. — Fire'-alarm', 
n. An alarm given of a conflagration ; apparatus 
forgiving alarm, as by telegraphic signals. — arm, 
n. A weapon which acts by the force of gunpowder. 
— ball, n. (Mil.) A ball filled with powder or other 
combustibles, to be thrown among enemies. A lu- 
minous meteor, passing through the air, and some- 
times exploding. — board, n. A chimney-board, to 
close a fire-place in summer. — brand, n. A piece 
of wood on fire ; one who causes contention and 
mischief; an incendiary. — brick, n. A brick capa- 
ble of sustaining intense heat without fusion, usual- 
ly made of fire-clay. clay, n. A kind of clay, 

chiefly pure silicate of alumina, capable of sustain- 
ing intense heat.— -com'pany, n. A company of 
men for managing an engine to extinguish fires. — 
-crack'er, n. A small paper cylinder, charged with 
a preparation of gunpowder, which, being lighted, 
explodes with a loud report. damp. n. The ex- 
plosive carbureted hydrogen of coal-mines. — eat'- 
er, n. One who pretends to eat fire ; a fighting char- 
acter; a hotspur. — en'gine, n. A forcing pump for 

throwing water to extinguish fires. fly, n. A 

winged, luminous insect; an Amer. beetle giving in- 
termittent light from the abdomen; a W. Ind. beetle 
which emits a brilliant light from a spot on each side 
of the thorax, etc. — i'rons, -i'Srnz, n. pi. Utensils 
for a fire-place, as tongs, poker, and shovel. — new, 
a. Fresh from the forge; bright; quite new. — pan, 
n. A pan for holding fire; esp., the receptacle for 
priming in a gun. — place, n. An open recess in a 
wall, for a fire, connected with a chimney; a hearth. 
— plug, n. A place for attaching hose to a water- 
pipe; a hydrant. — proof, a. Proof against fire; in- 
combustible. — v. t. To render proof, etc. — proof- 
ing, n. Act of, or materials by which, etc. — ship, 
n. A vessel filled with combustibles, to set fire to an 
enemy's ships. — wood, n. Wood for fuel, —-work, 
n. Any preparation of gunpowder and other inflam- 
mable materials, for making illuminations, pyro- 
technic displays, or explosions in the air, — usually 
in pi.— Fire'lock, n. A gun-lock, discharged by 
striking fire with flint ana steel ; a musket with 
such a lock. — Fire'man, n.; pi. -men. One whose 
business. is to extinguish fires in towns; one who 
tends fires, as of a steam-engine. — Fire'side, n. A 
place near the fire or hearth; home; domestie life.— 
Fire'ward, -ward en, n. An officer who directs in 
extinguishing or guarding against fires. 

Firkin, fer'kin, n. A measure of capacity, equal to 
9 ale gallons, or 7J imperial gallons; a cask of in- 
determinate size, — used chiefly for butter and lard. 
[OD., dim. of vier, four = quarter of a barrel.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t5rm ; Yn, Ice ; 8dd, time, fir •, 



FIRM 



207 



FIX 



firm, fSrm, a. Fixed ; closely compressed ; not 
easily disturbed: unchanging in purpose; not giv- 
ing way; solid ; stable ; stanch ; sturdy : resolute; 
constant. — n. The name, title, or style under which 
a company transact business ; a partnership or 
house. [OF. ferine, L. firmus ; s. rt. farm, affirm, 
infirm, etc.] — Firm'Ty, adv. — Firm'ness. n. State 
or quality of being, etc. See Phrenology. — Fir'- 
mament, n. The region of the air: skv or heavens. 
[OF.; L. firmamentum.] — Firmament'al, a. Pert, 
to, etc.] 

Firman, fer'man or fer-man', n. ; pi. -mans. A de- 
cree of the Turkish or other Oriental government. 
[Per. farman, a mandate, Skr. pramana, a measure, 
decision, ir.pra (Per. far, Gr. pro), before, and ma, 
to measure.] 

First, fSrst, a. Preceding all others of a series or kind; 
placed in front of all others; foremost; most eminent, 
exalted, or excellent; primary; primordial; original; 
highest ; chief; principal.— adv. Before anything 
else in time, space, rank, etc., — used in composi- 
tion. — n. (Mus.) The upper part of a duet, trio, 
etc. [AS. fyrst, D. voorste, Ic. fyrstr, Dan. and Sw. i 
forste; superl. of AS./ore, etc. See Fore.] — First''- 
ly, adv. In the first place; to commence. — At first, 
at the f. At the beginning or origin. — F. or last. 
At one time or another; at the beginning or end. — 
First/ -born, a. First brought forth; first in the or- 
der of nativity; eldest. day, n. The name for 

Sunday among the Society of Friends. — floor, n. 
In Eng., the floor or tier of apartments next above 
the ground-floor; in U. S., the ground-floor. — fruit, 
n. The fruits earliest gathered; earliest results of 
any action or position. (Feudal Law.) One year's 
profits of lands which belonged to the king, on the 
death of a tenant who held directly from him. 
(Eng. Eccl. Laic.) The first year's profits of a bene- 
fice or spiritual living. — rate, a. Of the highest 
excellence: preeminent in quality, size, estimation, 
etc.— First'ling, n. The first off spring, — said of 
animals. 

Firth. Same as Frith. 

Fiac, fisk, n. The treasury of a prince or state. [F.; 
OF. fisque, L. fiscus, purse, orig. basket of rushes; 
s. rt. confiscate, also, prob., ~L.fasci$, a bundle. See 
Fasces.] — Fisc'al, a. Pert, to the public treasury 
or revenue. — n. A treasurer; the king"s solicitor 
in Spain and Portugal. [OF.] 

Fish, fish, n. ; pi. Fishes, -ez, for which the sing, is 
often used collectively. An animal that lives in 
water. (Zobl.) An oviparous, vertebrate animal, 
breathing by gills or branchiae, and living almost 
entirely in the water. The flesh of fish, used as 
food. — v. i. [fished (fisht), fishing.] To attempt 
to catch fish; to seek to obtain by artifice, —v. t. To 
catch, draw out or up ; to search by raking or 
sweeping. (Naut.) To strengthen, as a mast or 
yard, with a piece of timber. (Railroad Enoin.) To 
splice, as rails, with a fish-joint. [AS. fisc, Ic. fiskr, 
Dan. and Sw. fisk, D. visch, G. fisch, W. pysg, L. 
piscis.] — Fish'er, n. Business of, or place for, 
catching fish. — Fish'y, -T, a. Consisting of, like, 
or full of, etc. ; dubious ; extravagant, like fisher- 
men's stories. — Fish'iness, n. — Fish'-ball, n. A 
fried cake, made from chopped fish, mashed pota- 
toes, etc. — -beam, n. (Mech.) A beam, one of whose 
sides swells out like the belly of a fish. — crow, n. 
A small piscivorous bird of the U. S. — cuTture, n. 

Artificial breeding of fish; pisciculture. gig, n. 

A staff, with barbed prongs and line attached, for 
striking fish. — glue, n. Isinglass. — hook, n. A 
hook for catching 
fish. — -joint, n. 
(Railroads.) A 
splice consisting 
of fish-plates bolt- 
ed to the sides of 
adjacent rails. — 
-plate, n. One of the wrought-iron plates for spli- 
cing rails. — mon'ger, n. A seller of fish. — skin, n. 
(Pathol.) A disease in which the skin becomes 
thickened, hard, and scaly. — -wife, -wom'an, n. A 
woman who sells fish. 

Fissile, fis'sil, a. Capable of being split, cleft, or 
divided in the direction of the gram, or of natural 
joints. [L.fissilis, fr. find ere, fissum, to cleave, split.] 
— Fissil'ity, -tl. n. Quality of being, etc. — Fis''- 
sion. fisb/un, n A cleaving or breaking up into 
parts. (Physiol.) A subdividing into 2 parts from 
the progress of natural growth. — Fis' sure, fishier, 
n. A cleft; longitudinal opening. [OF.: L,.fissura.) 



(Physiol) Reproducing 

[L. parere, to bring forth.] 

Fist, fist, n. The hand with the fingers doubled into 



Fiasip'aroUB. -rus, a 
bv spontaneous fission. 



Fish-joint. 



the palm. — v. t. To strike with the fist. [AS.Jyst 
D. wist, OHG. fuust, Russ. piaste, L. pugnus, Gr 
pugme, the fist; puknos, close, compact; s. rt. pugil- 
ist, pugnacious.] — Fistic, a. Pert, to boxing; 
pugilistic. —Fist 'icufls, n. pi. A combat with the 
fists; boxing. 
Fistula, fist'u-la, n. ; pi. -L^E.-le. A reed; pipe. (Surg.) 
A deep, narrow, chronic abscess. An abnormal open- 
ing from one internal organ to another, caused by 
ulceration or accident [L., a pipe; Gr. psuchein. to 
blow.] — Fist'ular, -ulous, -lus, a. Hollow and cyl- 
indrical, like a pipe or reed: of the nature of a fist- 
ula. — Fist'ulate, v. i. To become a pipe or fistula . 

— v. t. To make hollow like a pipe. — Fistu'liform 
a. Having a fistular form; tubular. [L. forma, form.; 

Fit, fit, a. Adapted to an end, object, or design: 
suitable by nature, art, or culture ; suitable to a 
standard of duty, propriety, or taste; proper ; be- 
coming; expedient; apt; adequate, —v. t. To make 
fit or suitable, adapt to the purpose intended, quali- 
fy; to bring into a required form: to furnish duly; 
to be suitable to, answer the requirements of. —v. 
i. To be proper or becoming, of the right size, or ad- 
justed to the desired shape; to suit.—?). Adjust- 
ment; adaptedness. (Mach.) Coincidence of parts 
in contact. [Ic. fitja, to knit together, Goth, fetjan, 
to adorn, Ic. fat, clothing.] —To fit out. To supply 
with necessaries or means. — To f. up. To furnish 
with things suitable.— Fitly, adv. Properly.— Fit '- 
ness, n. — Fifter, n. — Fit'ting, n. Anything used 
in fitting up. pi. Necessary fixtures.— p. a. Fit; 
proper. 

Fit, fit, n. A sudden and violent attack of a disorder; 
a convulsion; paroxysm; attack of disease; an at- 
tack of anything which masters one for a time; a 
passing humor ; impulsive action; a sudden emis- 
sion ; a song, strain, canto. [AS. fit, a song, also 
struggle, Ic./ei, a step, (poetical) foot, part of a 
poem, Skr. pada, a step, verse of a poem, pad, foot.] 

— By fits, by fits and starts. By intervals of action 
and repose; impulsively and irregularly. — Fitful, 
-ful, a. Full of fits ; irregularly variable ; spas- 
modic; unstable. — Fit'fuUy, adv. 

Fitch. Same as Vetch. 

Fitchet, fich'et, -ew, -oo, n. A polecat: foumart. [OF. 
fissau, OB.fisse, polecat, D. vies, nasty.]— Fitch, n. 
Fur of, etc. [Contr. of fitchet.} 

Fitz, fits, n. A son,— used as a prefix to proper names, 
and, in Eng., of illegitimate sons of kings and princes 
of the blood. [Norm. F. fiz, filtz, F. fils, L. filius ; 
Russ. witch (suffix), son.] 

Five, flv, n. A number next greater than 4, and less 
than 6 ; the sum of 4 and 1 ; a symbol representing 
this number, as 5 or V.— a. 4 arid 1 added ; 1 more 
than 4. [AS. fif, fife. D. vijf, Dan. and Sw./em, Ic. 
fimm, Goth, and OHG. fimf, W. pump, L. quinque, Gr. 
oe,pente. Skr. panchan.] — Fivefold, a. andarfr. 
ves ; 5 times repeated; quintuple.— Fives, fivz, 
... pi. A game of ball, resembling tennis, in which 
three 5s (= 15) make the game. — Fifth, a. Next 
after the 4th; being one of 5 equal parts. — n. The 
quotient of 1 divided by 5 ; one of 5 equal parts. 
(Mus.) The interval between any tone and the tone 
represented on the 5th degree of the staff above it. 
[AS. fifta.] — Fifthly, adv. In the 5th place.— Fif- 
teen, -ten, a. 5 and 10 ; 1 more than 14. — n. The 
sum of 5 and 10; a svmbol representing this number, 
as 15, or XV. [AS. fiftyne.~\— Fifteenth, a. Next 
after the 14th ; being one of fifteen equal parts. — 
n. One of 15 equal parts. — Fifty, -tT, a. 5 times 10. 

— n. 5 tens; sum of 49 and 1 : svmbol representing, 
etc., as 50, or L. [AS. fiftig.'] — Fif tieth, a. Next 
after the 49th : being one of 50 equal parts. — n. 
Quotient of 1 divided by 50 ; one of 50 equal parts. 

Fives, fivz, n. A disease of the glands under a horse's 
ear ; vives. [F. avives, LG. vivel, It. vivole, LL. 
vivola, vivse.] 

Fix, fiks, v. t. [fixed (fikst). fixing.] To make firm, 
stable, or fast; to establish; to hold steadily: as the 
eye on an object, attention on a speaker, etc. ; to 
implant, pierce: to adjust, set to rights; place in the 
manner desired or most suitable, settle, determine, 
put in order. — v. i. To settle or remain permanent- 
ly, rest ; to become firm, cease to flow or to be fluid, 
become hard and malleable.— n. A difficult position; 
predicament; dilemma. [OF. fixe, fixed, settled, p. p. 
of ficher, L. figere, fixum, to fix ; Gr. sphinggein, to 
bind, compress.] — Fix'able, a. — Fixa'tion, ». Act 



pempe 
In fivi 



efin, cube, full ; moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bONboN, chair, get. 



FIZZ 



208 



FLAP 



of fixing or establishing; state of being fixed; steadi- 
ness ; constancy ; act of uniting chemically with a 
solid substance, or of ceasing to be fluid and be- 
coming firm; state of resistance to evaporation or 
volatilization by heat. — Fix'ative, -tiv, re. Any- 
thing that fixes; in dyeing, a mordant.— Fixed, fikst, 
p. a. Settled ; established ; firm. —Fixed ammuni- 
tion. (Mil.) Ammunition composed of the pow- 
der and projectile united, so as to be inserted into a 
fire-arm at the same time. — F. oils or alkalies. 
(Chem.) Such as remain in a permanent state, and 
are not readily volatilized. — F. stars. (Astron.) 
Such as always retain the same apparent position 
and distance. — Fix'edly, adv. — Fix'edness, n. — 
Fixing, n. That which is fixed ; a fixture ; — also, 
colloq., arrangements, embellishments, trimmings, 
etc. — Fixity, -I-tl, n. Fixedness ; coherence of 
parts. — Fixature, -chur, n. That which is attached 
to something as a permanent appendage; fixedness. 
(Law.) Anything accessory annexed to houses and 
lands, so as to constitute a part of them. 

Fizz, fiz, Fiz'zle, -zl, v. i. To make a hissing sound; 
to fail of suecess in an undertaking, bungle. — re. A 
failure, or abortive attempt. [Onomat.J— To fizzle 
out. To burn with a hissing noise and then go out, 
like wet gunpowder ; to fail completely and ridicu- 
lously, prove a failure.— Fiz 'gig, -gig, re. A fishgig; 
9 gadding, flirting girl ; a firework which makes a 
fizzing or hissing noise when it explodes. 

Flabby, flab'bl, a. Yielding to the toueh, and easily 
moved or shaken; wanting firmness; flaccid. [S. rt. 
flap, flag, v. ; OD. fiahbe, the tongue, Sw. dial, flabb, 
the hanging under lip of animals, Dan. flab, the 
chops.] — Flab'biness, re. 

Flabelliform, fla-bel'll-fdrm, a. (Bot.) Fan-shaped. 
[L. flabellum, fan, and forma, shape.] 

Flaccid, flak'sid, a. Yielding to pressure for want of 
firmness; soft and weak; limber; lax; flabby. [OF. 
flaccide, L. flaccidus, fr. flaccus, flabby.] — Flac'- 
cidness, -cid'ity, re. State of being, etc. 

Flag, flag, v. i. [flagged (flagd), -ging.] To hang 
loose without stiffness ; to be loose and yielding; to 
grow spiritless or dejected, lose vigor, droop, lan- 
guish, pine. — v. t. To let fall into feebleness. [Ic. 
flakka, to rove about, flaka, to flap, be loose, Sw. 
flacksa, Ic. flogra, G. flackem, to flutter; OD. flak- 
keren, to flicker, waver.] — Flag'gy, -gl, a. Weak ; 
limber; insipid. — Flag'giness, re. 

Flag, flag, F.-stone, n. A flat stone used for paving. — 
v. t. To lay with flat stones. [Ic. and Sw. flaga, a 
slab of stone, Ic. flag, spot where turf has been cut 
out, flakna, to flake off, split, flagna, to flake off ; s. 
rt. flay, flaw, floe.} — Flag'ging, re. A pavement of, 
etc. ; flag-stones collectively. — Flake, re. A film; 
flock ; lamina; layer ; scale ; a platform of hurdles, 
for drying codfish, etc. (Naut.) A stage hung over 
a ship's side, for workmen to stand on in calking, 
etc. — v. t. [flaked (flakt), flaking.] To form 
into flakes. — v. i. To separate, in layers, peel or 
scale off. — Flake'-white, re. (Paint.) The purest 
white lead in flakes or scales ; a subnitrate of bis- 
muth, or pearl-white. — Flak'y, -I, a. Consisting 
of, or like, etc. 

Flag, flag, re. A cloth to wave in the wind, usually 
bearing a device and attached at one end to a staff; 
military or naval ensign or colors; banner; standard. 
(Bot.) An aquatic plant, with ensiform leaves, 
which flutter in the wind. — v. t. To signal to with 
a flag. [Dun. flag, Sw. flagg, D. vlag, G.flagge. See 
Flag, v. i.} —Black flag. One showing that no mercy 
will be shown to the vanquished. — F. of truce. A 
white flag displayed to an enemy when making 
some communication not hostile. — Bed f. One 
displayed as a sign of defiance and invitation to 
battle. — To hang out the white f. To ask quarter, 
or manifest a friendly design. — To hang the f. half- 
mast high, or half-staff. To raise it only half way, 
as a token of mourning. — To strike or lower the f. 
To pull it down in token of respect, submission, or 
surrender. — Flag'gy, -gl, a. Abounding with flags 
(plants). — Flag-'giness, re. — Flag'-of'ficer, n. The 
commander of a squadron. — man, re. One who sig- 
nals with flags. ship, re. The ship of the com- 
manding officer of a squadron, bearing his flag. — 
-staff, re. ; pi. -staffs. A pole bearing a flag. 

Flagellate, flaj'eHat, v. t. To whip ; scourge. [L. 
flagellare, -latum, fr. flagellum, dim. of fiagrum, 
scourge.] — Flagella'tion, re. A flogging; discipline 
of the scourge. — Flag'ellant, re. (Feci. Hist.) One 
of a fanatical sect, who maintained that flagellation 
was of equal virtue with baptism and the sacra- 



ment. — Flagel'liform, a. (Bot.) Long, narrow, 
and flexible, like a whip. [L. forma, shape.] — Flail, 
flal, re. An instrument for threshing or beating 
grain from the ear. [OF. flael, fr. L. flagellum.} 

Flageolet, flaj'o-let', re. (Mus.) A wind-instrument, 
having a mouth-piece at one end, and 6 principal 
holes. [OF., dim. of flageol, dim. fr. LL. flauta, 
a flute, q. v.] 

Flagi'tious, fla-jish/us, re. Disgracefully or shame- 
fully criminal ; guilty of enormous or scandalous 
crimes or vices; atrocious; flagrant; heinous; aban- 
doned. [L. flagitiosus, f r. flagitium, a shameful act, 
fr. flagitare, to act violently, ir.flagrare, Gr. phleg- 
ein. to burn ; Skr. bhraj, to shine ; s. rt. bright.} — 
Fla'grant, a. Flaming; burning; in preparation or 
performance ; raging ; flaming into notice ; notori- 
ous ; flagitious ; glaring ; enormous. [OF. ; L. fia- 
grans, p. pr. of flagrare.} — Fla'grantly, adv. — 
Fla'grancy, -si, re. Heinousness ; enormity. — Fla- 
gitiously, adv. — Flagi'tiousness, re. 

Flagon, flag'un, n. A vessel with a narrow mouth, 
for holding liquors. [OF '. flacon, fltiscon, LL. fiasco, 
ir.fiasca, a flask, q. v.] 

Flail. See under Flagellate. 

Flake, etc. See under Flag, a stone. 

Flambeau, flam'bo, re. • pi. -beaux, -bo, or -beaus, 
-boz. A flaming torch, used in illuminations, pro- 
cessions, etc. [F., fr. OF. fiambe, a flame, q. v.] 

Flame, flam, re. A stream of burning vapor or gas; a 
blaze; burning zeal; passionate excitement or strife; 
warmth of affection; a sweetheart. — v.i. [flamed 
(flamd), flaming.] To burn with rising, stream- 
ing, or darting fire; to blaze ; to break out in vio- 
lence of passion. [OF.; 'L.flamma, aflame. See Fla- 
gitious.] — Flanry, -I, a. Blazing; flame-like; com- 
posed of flame. — Flameless, a. — Flame'-colored, 
-kuKerd, a. Of the color of flame; bright yellow.— 
Flammiferous, -er-us, a. Producing, etc. £L./erre, 
to bear.] — Flammiv'omous, -mus, a. Vomiting 
flames, as a volcano. [L. vomere, to vomit.] — Fla- 
mingo, -min'go, re. A bird of a 
bright red color, having long legs i 
and neck, and a beak bent down ' 
as if broken. [Sp. and Pg. fla- 
menco, fr. Proven, flammant, 
flambent, lit. flaming, — fr. its 
color.] 

Flamen, fla'men, re. ; E. pi. -mens ; 
L. pi. Flam'ines, flam'T-nez. 
(Rom. Antiq.) A priest devoted to 
the service of a particular god, 
from whom he received a distin- 

fuishing epithet. [L., perh. for 
aginen, one who burns (a sacri- 
fice) : see Flagitious ; perh. for 
fit unen, one who wears a filum, Flamingo. 
fillet.] 

Flaneur, fla-ner', re. One who strolls about idly ; a 
lounger: loafer. [F., fx.fianer, to stroll.] 

Flank, flank, re. The fleshy part of an animal's side 
between the ribs and hip; see Beef, Horse. (Mil.) 
The side of an army ; the extreme right or left. 
(Fort.) That part of a bastion which reaches from 
the curtain to the face, and defends the opposite 
face : sec Bastion. (Arch.) The side of a building. 
— v. t. [flanked (flankt), flanking.] To stand 
at the flank or side of, border upon ; to overlook the 
flank of, pass around or turn the flank of. — v. i. To 
border, touch ; to be posted on the side. [F. flanc, 
lit. weak part (cf. G. vjeiche, softness, also flank, 
side), fr. L. flaccus, soft, weak. See Flaccid.] — 
Flank'er, re. One who, or that which flanks. — v. t. 
To defend by lateral fortifications ; to attaek side- 
ways. [F. flanquer.} — Flange, flanj, re. A projecting 
edge or rim, as of a carwheel, to keep it on the rail, 
or of a casting, by which it may be fastened to some- 
thing else. — v. t. [flanged (flanjd) flanging.] 
(Much.) To make a flange on. — v.i. To be bent 
into a flange, take the form of a flange. [OF. flanch- 
ere, a flanker, side piece.] 

Flannel, flan'nel, re. A soft, nappy, woolen cloth, 
of loose texture. [Prov.E. fiannen, W. gwlanen, fr. 
gwlan, wool ; s. rt. wool.} 

Flap, flap, re. Anything broad and limber that hangs 
loose, or attached by one side or end and easily 
moved ; the motion of such an object, or a stroke 
with it, or the noise made by a stroke. (Surg.) A 
piece of skin and flesh left attached to the stump in 
amputation, made to cover the end of the bone. pi. 
(Far.) A disease in horses' lips. — v. t. [flapped 
(flapt), -ping.] To beat with a flap, strike; to move, 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Bdd, tone, 6r ; 




^ 



FLARE 



209 



FLEECE 



as something flap-like. — r. i. To move (wings, etc.); 
to fall and hang like a flap. [D.flappen, to flap, flap, 
a stroke, blow : s. rt. ~L.plaga, a blow, E.flag. See 
Flag, v. i.l — Flap'per. n. One who, or that which, 
etc.; a half-grown wild duck. — Flap'-drag'on, ». 
A game in which the players eat raisins snatched 

from burning brandy. eared, -erd, a. Having 

broad, loose ears. — -jack. n. A broad pan-cake. 

Flare, flar, v. i. [flared (flard), flaking.] To burn 
with a glaring and waving flame ; to shine out with 
a sudden, unsteady light; to be exposed to too much 
light; to open or spread outward.— n. An unsteady, 
hroad, offensive light ; leaf of lard. [Norwegian 
flara, to blaze, flame, flar, show, tinsel, Sw. dial. 
flasa, to blaze, burn furiously, flora upp, flossa up, 
to blaze, flash, or flush up ; s. rt. blaze, flash, flush.] 
To flare up. To break into a passion. — Flare'-up, 
n. A sudden passion or passionate controversy. 

Flash, flash, n. A sudden burst of light ; momentary 
blaze, brightness, or show ; an instant ; very brief 
period ; the slang language of thieves, tramps, etc. 

— a. Low and vulgar; slang. — v. i. [flashed 
(flasht), flashing.] To break forth, as a sudden 
flood of light, show momentary brilliancy ; to burst 
forth with a flood of flame and light ; to make a 
quick and unexpected transit. — v. t. To send out 
in flashes, convey by a flame, or by a quick and start- 
ling motion. [Sw. dial, flasa (see Flare), Ic. flasa, 
to rush, flas, a headlong rushing.] — Flash in the 
pan. An effort without effect, like a flash of prim- 
ing which fails to fire the charge in the gun. — 
Flasb/y, -T, a. Dazzling for a moment ; shewy ; 
gaudy ; insipid ; vapid. — Flasb/ily, -It, adv. — 
FlasbZ-house, n. A house frequented by thieves, 
etc., where stolen goods are received. 

Flask, flask, n. A narrow-necked vessel for holding 
fluids ; a powder-horn. (Founding.) A box con- 
taining the sand forming the mold. [AS. flasc, Ic. 
and Sw. flaska, ORG. flasca, G. flasche, W.fflasg, 
prob. fr. LL. flasca, a flask, perh. fr. rt. Gr. ekphla- 
nein, to spout forth ; s. rt. flagon, q. v.] 

flat, flat, «. Having an even and horizontal surface ; 
lying at full length; level with the earth ; prostrate; 
fallen ; laid low ; ruined ; wanting relief or variety ; 
monotonous ; lacking liveliness, — said of commer- 
cial exchange and dealings; depressed; dull; not re- 
lieved, broken, or softened; clear ; absolute ; down- 
right. (Mus.) Below the true pitch, — hence, as 
applied to intervals, minor, or lower by a half -step ; 
not sharp or shrill; not acute. (Pron.) Uttered with 
voice instead of breath; spoken, in distinction from 
whispered ; vocal ; sonant, — said of certain conso- 
nants, as 6, d, z, etc. — adv. Directly ; plainly. 
(Stock Exch.) Without allowance for accrued in- 
terest. — n. A level surface without elevation or 
prominences; a low, level tract of ground ; a shoal ; 
shallow ; strand ; a floor or story m a building ; a 
platform car on railroads ; the flat part, or side, of 
anything; a dull fellow; simpleton. (Mus.) A char- 
acter [b] before a note, indicating a tone a half-step 
or semitone lower. — v. t. To make flat, flatten, 
level; to render dull, insipid, or spiritless; to depress 
in tone, as a musical note, esp., to lower in pitch by 
half a tone. — v. i. To become flat, or flattened. 
(Mus.) To fall from the pitch. \lc. flatz, Sw. flat, 
Dan. flad ; prob. s. rt. D. vlak, G. flach, flat, Gr. 
plax, a flat surface (s. rt. plaque, plain, a. v.) ; prob. 
not s. rt. Gr. platus, broad.] — Flat'ly, adv. Evenly; 
horizontally; dully; frigidly; peremptorily; plainly. 

— Flat'ness, n. — Flaftish, a. Somewhat flat. — 
Flafwise, a. or adv. With the flat side downward, 
or next to another object; not edgewise.— Flat'-eap, 
n. Writing paper in reams or bundles, unfolded, 

usually 14 by 17 inches in size. fish, n. A fish of 

a flattened form, which swims on the side, and has 
both eyes on one side, as the flounder, halibut, etc. 
— footed, a. Firm-footed; determined. — i'ron, n. 
An iron for smoothing cloth; a sad-iron. — Flat'ten, 
-tn, v. t. [-tened (-tnd), -tening.] To level, make 
flat ; to throw down; prostrate, depress, deject ; to 
make vapid or insipid. (Mus.) To lower the pitch 
of. — v. i. To become flat. 

Flatter, flafter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
gratify, coax, wheedle; to gratify the self-love, van- 
ity, and pride of; to please by artful commendation, 
or with false hopes. [OD. flatteren, OF. flater, flat- 
ter, OSw.fleckra, to flatter, Sw. dial, fleka, to caress, 
OHG. flehon, G.flehen, to beseech.] — Flafterer, n. 

— Flat'tery, -T, n. Act of, etc.; adulation; compli- 
ment; obsequiousness. 

Flatulent, flat'u-lent, a. Affected with gases in the 



alimentary canal; windy; generating wind in the 
stomach; turgid with air. [F., fr. L. flatus, a breath, 
blowing, prop. p. p. of. flare, to blow.] — Flat'ulence, 
-lency, -si, n. State or condition of being, etc. — 
Fla'tns, n. A puff or blast of wind; wind in the 
stomach, etc. [L.] 

Flaunt, flant, v. i. To throw or spread out, move os- 
tentatiously, —v. t. To display ostentatiously. [Sw. 
dial, flanka, to wave about, flakka, to waver, Bava- 
rian flandern, to flutter, flaunt; s. rt. flag, v. i., q. v.] 

Flautist. See under Flute. 

Flavor, fla'vSr, n. Odor; fragrance; that quality of 
anything which affects the taste; relish; savor; that 
which imparts a peculiar odor or taste. — v. t. [fla- 
vored (-v6rd), -voring.] To give flavor to. [LL., 
gold coin, fr. L. flavus, yellow; OF. flairer, to ex- 
hale an odor, fr. Ju.fragrare. See Fragrant.] — 
Fla'vorous, -us, a. Imparting flavor; pleasant to the 
taste or smell. 

Flaw, flaw, n. A bursting or cracking; a breach; gap; 
fissure. (Naut.) A sudden gust. A tumult, quar- 
rel; any defect made by violence or neglect; blem- 
ish; imperfection; speck. — v.t. [flawed (flawd), 
flawing.] To break, violate. [Sw. flaga, a flaw, 
crack, flake. See Flag, a stone.] — Flaw'y, -T, a. 
Full of flaws or cracks; subject to gusts of wind. 

Flax, flaks, n. (Bot.) A plant having a single, slen- 
der stalk, with blue flowers: the fiber 
of the bark is used for making thread 
and cloth, called linen, carntrnc, lawn, 
lace, etc.; linseed oil is expressed from 
the seed. The fibrous part of the flax 
plant, when broken and cleaned by 
hatcheling or combing. [AS. fleax, D. 
vlas, OHG. vlahs. flahs, G. flachs; 
prob. s. rt. Goth, flahta, a plaiting of 
the hair, Gr. plekein, to plait, weave.] 

— Flax'en, a. Made of, or like, flax. 

— Flax'y, -T, a. Like flax; of light 
color; fair. — Flax'-comb, n. A toothed 
instrument through which flax is 
drawn in preparing it for spinning; a 
hatchel. — dress'er, n. One who breaks 
and swingles flax, or prepares it for 
the spinner. — Flax'seed, n. Seed of 
the flax plant; linseed. 

Flay, fla ; v. t. [flayed (flad), flaying.] 




skin. 



Flax. 



strip off the skin of. [AS. 
flean, Ic.fla; s. rt. flag, a stone, flake, flaw, flo 



ply, 
One 



Flayer, 

Flea, fle, n. A 6mall insect remarkable for its agility 
and troublesome bite. [AS.; D. vloo, Ic.flo, G.floh; 
perh. s. rt. Skr. plu, to jump, L. pulex, flea..]— A flea 
in the ear. An unwelcome hint or unexpected re- 
„ , annoying like a flea. — Flea'-bane, n. (Bot.) 
ne of various plants, supposed to drive away fleas. 
— bite, -biting, n. The bite of a flea, or spot caused 
by it; a trifling wound. — bit'ten, a. Bitten by a 
flea; white, flecked with dots of bay or sorrel, — said 
of the color of horses, dogs, ete.; mean; worthless, 
or of low birth or station. 

Fleam, flem, n. (Surg. & Far.) A sharp instrument 
for opening veins to let blood; a lancet. [F.flamme, 
D. vlijm, MHG. fliedeme, abbr. fr. LL. flevotomum, 
phlebotomum, Gr. phlebotomon, a lancet, fr. phleps, a 
vein, and temnein, to cut.] 

Fleche, flash, n. (Fort.) A field-work consisting of 2 
faces, forming a salient angle, pointing outward. 
[F., orig. an arrow.] 

Fleck, flek, n. A spot, streak, speckle, dapple. — v. t. 
[flecked (flekt), flecking.] To spot, streak or 
stripe, variegate, dapple. [Ic. flekkr, a spot, flekka, 
to spot; Sw. flack, r\.,flacka, v.; D. vlek, n., vlekken, 
v.; G. fleck, n., flecken, v.] — Flick, v. t. and i. 
[flicked (flikt), flicking.] To strike with a quick, 
light blow. — n. A slight blow, jerk. 

Flection, Flector. Same as Flexion, etc., under Flex. 

Fledge, flej, v. t. [fledged (flejd), fledging.] To 
supply with the feathers necessary for flight, fur- 
nish with any soft covering. [Ic. fteygr, able to fly, 
fleygja, to make to fly, fr. fljuga. See Fly.] — 
Fledge'ling, n. A young bird just fledged. 

Flee, fle, v. i. or t. [fled, fleeing.] To run away, 
as from danger or evil, escape. [Jc.flyja,flseja, Sw. 
fly, B&n.flye, D. vlieden ; not the same word &sfly.] 

Flee 



fles, 



The coat of wool covering a sheep, or 



shorn from a sheep at one time; any soft woolly cov- 
ering. —v.*. [fleeced (flest), fleecing.] To de- 

° loney or p 
to spread over as with wool. [AS. flys, h.vlies^G. 
fliess, vliess; perh. s. rt. flesh.] — Flee' 



prive of a fleece; to strip of money or property, rob; 
- *). vlies,G. 
r, k. One 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get* 



FLEER 



210 



FLOAT 






who fleeces, strips, or exacts. — Flee'cy, -sY, a. Cov- 
ered with, made of, or like, etc. 
Fleer, fler, v. i. [fleered (flerd), fleering.] To 
make a wry face in contempt ; to deride, sneer, 
mock, gibe. — v. t. To mock, flout at. — n. Deris- 
ion; mockery. [Norwegian flira, flisa, Sw. Jiira, 
flissa, to titter; Sw. dial. Jlina, to make a wry face; 
s. rt. frown.'] — Fleer'er, n. One who, etc. ; a mocker; 
fawner. — Fleer'ingly, adv. 
Fleet, flet, n. A navy or squadron of ships; esp. a 
number of ships of war. — a. Swift in motion; nim- 
ble. — v. i. To fly swiftly, hasten. (Naut.) To slip 
(a rope or chain) down the barrel of a capstan or 
windlass, — v. t. To pass over rapidly; to cause to 
pass lightly, or in mirth and joy. (Naut.) To draw 
apart the blocks of; to cause to slip down the barrel 
of a capstan or windlass. [AS. fleotan, Ic.fljota, to 
float, q. v. ; AS. fleot, fliet, flota, a ship, Ic. floti, a 
ship, also a fleet, Dan. Jlaade, Sw. flotta, D. vloot, 
G. flotte, a fleet; AS. fleotig, Ic. fljotr (= fleet-y), 
swift.] — Fleetly, adv. Rapidly. — Fleet'ness, n. 
Swiftness; celerity; speed. — Fleeting, p. a. Not 
durable ; transient; transitory. — Flotilla, -la, n. A 
little fleet, or fleet of small vessels. [Sp., dim. of 
flota, OF. flote, a fleet.] — Fleet'-foot, a. Swift of 
foot; running, or able to run, rapidly. 
Flense, flens, v. t. To cut up and obtain the blubber 
of (a whale, seal, etc.). [Dan. flense, D. vlenzen, Ic. 
flisia, to flay, skin.] 
Flesh, flesh, n. The muscles, fat, etc., covering the 
framework of bones in animals; animal food; meat, 
esp. of beasts and birds used as food, disting. fr. 
fish ; the human system; the body; the human race; 
mankind; human nature ; tenderness of feelinj 
tendency to physical pleasure; carnality. (TheoL, 
The koui uninfluenced by spiritual influences. Kin- 
dred; stock; race; the pulpy substance of fruit; part 
of a soot, fruit, etc., fit to be eaten. — v. t. [fleshed 
(flesht), fleshing.] To feed (hawks, dogs, etc.) 
with flesh, as an incitement to exertion; to use (a 
sword, etc.) upon flesh, esp. for the first time; to 
glut, satiate, harden, accustom. [AS. flmsc, D. vleesch, 
Xi.fleisch, flesh, Ic. and Dan. flesk, jpork; perh. s. rt. 
flake, flitch.] — Flesh and blood. The entire body; 
physical man. — Flesh'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Plump; 
corpulent; gross. (Bot.) Composed of firm pulp; 
succulent. — Fleshiness, n. — Fleshly, -IT, a. Pert, 
to the flesh; corporeal; animal, not vegetable; hu- 
man, not celestial, not spiritual; carnal; lascivious. 
— Fleshliness, n. — Fleshless, n. Destitute of, etc.; 
lean; gaunt.— Fleshing, n. An actor's covering, 
imitating flesh. — Flesh'-brush, n. A brush for ex- 
citing action in the skin by friction. — hook, n. A 
hook to draw flesh from a pot, etc. — meat, n. Ani- 
mal food. — tint, n. {Paint.) A color representing 
that of the human body. — -wound, n. A wound not 
reaching beyond the flesh, or one not deep. 
Fleur-de-lis, fler'de-le'', n. The flower-de-luce ; iris. 
(Her.) The royal insignia of France, — orig. repre- 
senting perh. a lily, perh. a javelin head. [F., flower 
of lily.] 
Flew. See Fly. 

Flex, fleks, v. t. [flexed (flekst), flexing.J To bend. 
[L. flectere, fleocum ; s. rt. L./ate, a sickle. See Fal- 
cate.]— Flexible, a. Capable of being bent; pliable; 
yielding to pressure; capable of yielding toothers' 
influence; too easy and compliant; capable of being 
adapted; supple; ductile; obsequious; wavering. [F.; 
L. flexibilis.] — Flexlbleness, -ibillty, n. Condi- 
tion or quality of being, etc. — Flex'ile, -il, a. Pli- 
ant; yielding to power, impulse, or moral force. — 
Flexion, flek'shun, n. Act of flexing or bending; 
a part bent; fold. (Gram.) Inflection. (Anat.) The 
action of the flexor muscles. — Flex'or, n. (Anat.) 
A muscle whose office is to produce flexion. [L.] — 
Flex'uous, flek'shoo-us, a. Having turns, wind- 
ings, or flexures; bending. — Flex'ure, flek'shur, n. 
Act of flexing; obsequious bowing or bending; a 
turn, bend, fold. 
Flick. See under Fleck. 

Flicker, flik'er, v. i. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To flut- 
ter, flap without flying, waver or fluctuate, like a 
flame in a current of air ; to blaze fitfully, as a 
dying fire or lamp. — n. Fluctuation; sudden and 
brief increase of brightness. (Ornith.) The golden- 
headed woodpecker, yellow-hammer. [AS. flicerian, 
to flutter, waver, lit. to beat slightly and often, D. 
fiikkeren, to sparkle.] 
Flier, Flight, Flighty. See under Fly. 
Flimsy, flim , zY, a. [-sier, -siest.] Weak; feeble; 
slignt; vain; of loose and unsubstantial structure ; 



enjoy one's self 



without reason or plausibility; shallow. [Perh. s. 
Tt.film, perh. limp.]— Flim'siry, -zt-lT, adv. — Flim'- 
siness, n. 

Flinch, flinch, v. i. [flinched (flincht), flinching.} 
To show signs of yielding or of suffering; to shrink; 
wince. \OF.flechir, fr. D. flectere, to bend.] 

Flinders, flin'derz, n. pi. Small pieces or splinters; 
fragments. [D.flenters, rags, broken pieces.] 

Fling, fling, v. t. [flung, flinging.] To cast, send, 
or throw from the hand; to hurl, dart; to shed forth, 
emit; to prostrate, baffle, defeat. — v. i. To throw, 
wince, flounce; to cast in the teeth, utter harsh lan- 
guage; to throw one's self in a violent or hasty man- 
ner, rush. — n. A cast from the hand; a throw; a 
contemptuous remark; gibe; sneer; sarcasm; a kind 
of dance. [Sw.flanga, to use violent action, romp, 
OSw. ftenga, to strike, Dan. flenge, to slash; s. rt. 
flag, v. i.j — To have one's fling. To < ' 
to the full. 

Flint, flint, n. (Min.) A very hard variety of quartz, 
which strikes fire with steel, and is an ingredient in 
glass. A piece of flinty stone formerly used in fire- 
arms to strike fire. [AS. and Dan. ; Gr. plinthos.] — 
Flint age. Same as Stone age.— Flinfy, -T, a. 
[-ier, -iest.] Of, abounding in, or like, etc.— Flint' 
mess, n. — Flinf-glass, n. A pure kind of glass, 
orig. made of pulverized flints. — lock, n. A mus- 
ket lock with a flint fixed in the hammer for strik- 
ing on the cap of the pan. 

Flip, flip, n. A mixture of beer and spirit sweetened 
and heated by a hot iron. [W. gwlyb, liquor.] 

Flippant, flip'pant, a. Of smooth, fluent, and rapid 
speech; voluble; talkative ; speaking confidently, 
without knowledge or consideration; pert; petulant. 
[Ic. fleipa, to babble, Sw. dial, flepa, to talk non- 
sense, flip, the lip (a form of flap, q. v.), flabb, a 
flap.] — Flip'pantly, adv. — Flip'pantness, -pancy, 
-st, «..— Flip'per, n. The paddle or limb of a sea- 
turtle, seal, etc.; broad fin of a fish. 

Flirt, flert, v. t. To throw with a jerk or quick effort, 
fling suddenly; to move playfully to and fro; to jeer 
at, treat with contempt, — v. i. To act giddily, or to 
attract notice; esp. to play the coquette; to jeer or 
gibe. — n. A sudden jerk, darting motion, jeer; one 
who flirts; a coquette; a pert girl. [AS. fleard, a 
foolish thing, piece of folly, fleardian, to trifle, Sw. 
flard, deceit, artifice, frivolity.] — Flirta'Jion, n. A 
flirting; a quick, sprightly motion; playing at court- 
ship; coquetry. 

Flit, flit, v. i. To fly with rapid motion, dart along, 
fleet; to flutter, rove on the wing; to pass rapidly 
from one place to another; to be unstable, be easily 
or often moved. [Sw. flytta, Dan. flytte, Ic. flytjask, 
to flit, remove, Je.flyta, to hasten, flytja, to cause to 
flit; s. rt. fleet, flutter.] — Flit'ter, n. A rag, tatter, 
fragment. — Flit 'ter-mouse, n. A bat, — called also- 
flicker- or flinder-mouse. 

Flitch, flich, n. The side of a hog salted and cured. 
[AS. flicce, Ic. flikki, a flitch, Ic. flik, a flap, tatter, 
Dan. flik, a patch ; s. ri. flake = slice.] 

Float, Aot, n. Anything which rests on the surface of 
a fluid, esp. to sustain, move, or mark the position 
of some other thing; a raft; the cork on an angling 
line, to indicate the bite of a fish; float-board of a 
wheel; a quantity of earth, 18 feet square and 1 foot 
deep ; a wooden instrument with which masons 
smooth plastering on walls ; a single-cut file for 
smoothing. — v. i. To rest on the surface of a fluid; 
to be buoyed up ; to move quietly or gently on the 
water or through the air. — v. t. To cause to rest 
or move on the surface of a fluid ; to flood, inun- 
date, overflow. (Plastering.) To pass over and level 
the surface of with a float dipped frequently in 
water. [AS. fleotan, to float, flota, a ship; Ic.floti, 
a float, raft, flotna, to float to the top, Sw. flotta, D. 
vlot, G. floss, a raft, Sw. flotta, D. vlotten, G.floessen, 
to float; s. rt. fleet, flow.] — Floated work. Plaster- 
ing made level by a float. —Floating debt, capital, 
etc. Such as is not fixed, or is of uncertain amount 
or employment. — Floafer, n. — Float 'age, -ej, 
Flo'tage, n. Anything that floats on the water. — 
Float'-board, n. One of the boards on the rim of 
an undershot water-wheeljor of a steamer's paddle 
wheels; vane; float: see Water-wheel. — Float- 
ing bridge. A bridge of rafts or pontons. (Mil.) A 
double bridge, the upper projecting beyond the 
lower one, and capable of being moved forward by 
pulleys. — Flota'tion, n. Act of floating ; science 
of floating bodies. — Flolant, a. (Her.) Streaming 
in the air. — Flot'sam, -son, n. (Law.) Goods lost 
by shipwreck and floating on the sea. [OLaw F.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd. eve. term ; Tn. ice ; 6dd, tone, Sr ; 



PLOOK 



211 



FLOWER 



flock, flok, ». A company or collection of living 
things, esp. of sheep or birds; a Christian congrega- 
tion. — V. I. [FLOCKED (flokt), FLOCKING.] To 

gather in crowds. [AS. flocc, Ic. flokkr, Da.n.flok, 
Svr. flock, a flock; prob. s. rt. folk, q. v.] 

Flock, flok, n. A lock of wool or hair; finely pow- 
dered wool or cloth, used when colored for making 
flock-paper, pi. The refuse of cotton and wool, or 
the shearing of woolen goods. [OF. floe, L. floccus, 
lock of wool; not s. rt. flake.]— Flock '-bed, n. A 
bed filled with flocks or locks of wool, or pieces of 
cloth cut up fine. — Floc'culent, a. Coalescing and 
adhering in flocks, like wool. (Ornith.) Pert, to 
the down of unfledged birds. — Floc'culence, -lens, 
n. State of being, etc. — Floc'cilla'tion, -sil-la'shun, 
n. (Med.) A delirious picking of bed-clothes, as if 
to pick off locks of wool; carphology, — an alarm- 
ing symptom in acute diseases. — Floc'culus, n. A 
small lock or flock ; a light mass of fibrous sub- 
stance, — in the nebular hypothesis, a precipitated 
mass of the gas or vapor constituting; the original 
nebulous matter. [L., dim. of floccusJ] 

Floe, flo, n. An extensive surface of ice floating in the 
ocean. [Dan. flage; s. rt. flake, q. v.] 

FlOg, flog, V. t. [FLOGGED (flogd), FLOGGING.] To 

beat or strike with a rod ; to whip, lash. [Perh. 
corrup. f r. L. flagellare, to whip.] — Flog'ster, n. 
One who, etc. 

Flood, flud, n. A body of moving water, esp. overflow- 
ing land not usually covered; a deluge; freshet; in- 
undation; the flowing in of the tide, — opp. to ebb; 
a great quantity; abundance; superabundance; the 
deluge in the days of Noah; a great body or stream 
of any fluid substance; menstrual discharge, —v. t. 
To overflow, inundate, deluge. [AS.,Ic, Sw., and 
Ba.n.flod, D. vloed, Goth, flodus, G. fluth, a flood, 
Skr. pluta, wet, p. p. of plu, to swim ; s. rt. flow, q. 
v.] — Flooding, n. An overflowing, — esp. a uterine 
hemorrhage. — Flood'-gate, n. A gate to stop or to 
let out water ; any opening or passage ; an obstruc- 
tion or restraint. — mark, n. The mark or line to 
which the tide rises ; high-water mark. 

Floor, nor, n. The solid surface of wood, etc., forming 
the bottom of a room, bridge, etc. ; the body of a 
public hall, disting. fr. platform, gallery, etc. ; a 
suite of rooms on a level in a house ; a story ; any 
platform or flooring. (Legis. Assemblies.) The part 
of the house assigned to the members ; the right to 
speak. (Naut.) That part of the bottom of a vessel 
most nearly horizontal. — v. t. [floored (flord), 
flooring/] To cover with a floor; to strike down or 
lay level with the floor ; to silence by some decisive 
argument. [AS. flor, D. vloer, G.flur, Armor, leur, 
W. Uawr. Ir. and Ga. tor.] — Flooring, n. A plat- 
form ; the bottom of a room or building ; materials 
for floors. 

Flop, flop, v. t. [flopped (flopt), -ping.] To clap or 
strike, as a bird its wings, etc.; to spring up and fall 
heavily to the ground again, as a dying fish or fowl; 
to let down the brim of (a hat, etc.). — v. i. To strike 
about with something broad and flat; to rise and 
fall. — n. The sound made by a flat object falling 
upon a floor, etc. [Same as flap."] 

Flora, flola, n. {Myth.) The goddess of flowers. 
(Bot.) The complete system of vegetable species 
native in a given locality, or period; a description 
of such plants. [I.., the goddess of flowers, fr. flos, 
floris, a flower, florere, to flourish ; s. rt. blow.] — 
Flo'ral, a. Pert, to Flora, or to flowers. (Bot.) Con- 
taining, or belonging to, the flower. — Flo'rist, n. A 
cultivator of, or writer on, plants. — Flores'cence, 
-sens, n. (Bot.) A bursting into flower; a blossom- 
ing. [L. florescens, p. pr. of florescere, to begin to 
blossom, fr-florere.] — Flo'ret, n. (Bot.) 
A little flower; the partial or separate ' 
little flower of an aggregate flower. — 
Flo'ricuTture, -kul'chur, n. Cultiva- 
tion of flowering plants. [L. flos and 
cultura, culture/]— Floriferoua, -us, 
a. Producing flowers. [L. ferre, to 
bear.] — Flo'riform, a. Having the 
form of, etc. [L. forma, shape.] — 
Florid, flOr-, a. Covered with, or 
abounding in, flowers; bright in color; Florets 
of a lively red color; embellished with 
flowers of rhetoric; excessively ornate. [L. floridus, 
tr.flos.] — Floridlty, -T-tt, FlorldnesB, n. Quality 
or condition of being florid. — Florin, n. Orig. a 
Florentine coin, with a lily on it; a coin of gold or 
silver, of different values in different countries. 
(OF.; It. fiorwo, tr.fiore = I^.flos, whence Florence.] 





— Flos'cule, n. (Bot.) A floret of an aggregate 
flower. [L. flosculus, dim. of flos.] — Flos'cuar, 
-colons, -lus, a. Consisting of many tubulose, mon- 
opetalous florets. 

Floss, flos, n. A downy or silken substance in the 
husks of maize, etc.; a fluid glass floating on iron 
in puddling-furnaces; untwisted filaments of silk. 
[Venetian flosso, It. floscio, flaccid, soft, L. fluxus. 
fluid, loose. See Flux.] — Flossy-thread, n. Soft 
flaxen yarn or thread, for embroidery. 

Flotage, Flotation, Flotsam, etc. See under Float. 

Flotilla. See under Fleet. 

Flounce, downs, v. i. [flounced (flownst), floun- 
cing.] To spring, turn, or twist with sudden ef- 
fort; to flounder, — n. Act of, etc; a sudden jerk« 
ing motion of the body. [Sw. dial, flunsa, to dip, 
plunge, Sw. fladdra, to flutter.] — Floun'der, v. i. 
[-dered (-derd), -dering.] To plunge and struggle, 
as a horse in mire ; to fling the limbs and body, as 
in making efforts to move; to roll, toss, and tumble; 
to flounce. [D.flodderen, to flop, splash ; s. rt. flag, 
v. i.] 

Flounce, flowns, n. A loose ruffle or flap, around the 
skirt of sl lady's dress. — v. t. To deck with, etc. — 
[OF. froncer, to gather, plait, fold, wrinkle ; perh. 
fr. LL. frontiare, to wrinkle the forehead, zr.frons, 
foreheadj 

Flounder, flown / 'der, n. A small, edible, tide-water 
flat-fish : when young 
it swims vertically, 
and has symmetrical 
eyes, but soon turns on 
its side, and the under 
eye passes through its 
head. [Sw. flundra, 
Dan. flynder, Ic. fly- 
dhra; Sw. dial, flunn- 
ka, to float about, Flounder. 

swim. J 

Flour, Flourish, etc. See under Flower. 

Flout, flowt, v. t. To mock or insult ; to treat with 
contempt. — v. i. To practice mocking, sneer. — n. 
A mock, vnsult. [OD. fluyten, D. fluiten, to play the 
flute, also to jeer, impose upon, OD.fluyt, D.fluit, a 
flute, q. v.]— Floufer, n. 

FlOW, flb, V. t. [FLOWED (flod), FLOWING.] To 

change place or circulate, as a liquid; to become 
liquid, melt; to glide smoothly or without friction, 
proceed, issue forth; to have or be in abundance, 
abound, be copious; to hang loose and waving; to 
rise, as the tide,— opp. to ebb; to discharge blood 
in excess from the uterus. — v. t. To cover with 
water, overflow, inundate, flood; to cover with var- 
nish. — n. A stream of water or other fluid; a cur- 
rent ; any gentle, gradual movement of thought, 
diction, music, etc. ; abundance ; copiousness ; the 
tidal setting in of water from ocean to shore. (AS. 
flowan, D. vloeijen, to flow, Ic. floa, to flood, OHG-. 
flawen, to wash, L. pluit, it rains, pluvia, rain, Russ. 
pluite, Gr. pleein, Skr. plu, to sail, float, Gr. plunein, 
to wash; not s. rt. h.fluere, to flow; s. rt. float, flood, 
fleet.] — Flow'age, -ej, n. An overflowing with 
water; water which overflows. 
Flower, flow'er, n. A circle of leaves on a plant; a 
bloom or blossom. (Bot.) That part of a plant 
destined to produce seed, and including one or both 
of the sexual organs. The fairest, freshest, and 
choicest part of anything; a figure of speech; orna- 
ment of style. — v. i. [flowered (-Srd), -bring.] 
To blossom, bloom, produce flowers; to come into 
the finest condition. — v. t. To embellish with 
flowers. [OF. flour, flor, L. flos, floris, a flower. See 
Floral.] — Flow'eret, n. A floret; small flower. — 
Flow'ery, -Sr-T, a. Full of, etc.; highly embellished 
with figurative language; florid. — Flow'eriness, n. 

— Flow'er-bod, n. An unopened flower. — stalk, 
n. The peduncle of a plant, or stem supporting the 
flower or fructification. — Flow'er-de-luce, -lus, n. 
A plant of several species, of the genus Iris. [F. 
fleur-de-lis, q. v.] — Floor, flowr, n. The finely 
ground meal of wheat or other grain ; fine, soft 
powder of any substance. — v. t. [floured (flowrd), 
flouring.] To grind and bolt ; to sprinkle with 
flour. [F. fleur.] — Flour'y, -t, a. Of or like, etc. — 
Flourish, flgrlsh, v. i. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] 
To grow luxuriantly, thrive; to be prosperous, be 
increased with good qualities ; to use florid lan- 
guage, be copious and flowery ; to make bold and 
sweeping, fanciful, or wanton movements; to make 
ornamental strokes with the pen ; to execute a fan- 
ciful strain of music, by way of ornament or pre- 



■Hii, cube, full ; moon. fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tfien, boNhjafl^chair, get. 



FLOWN" 



212 



FLY 



lude ; to boast, vaunt, brag. — v. t. To cause to 
thrive, develop, expand ; to ornament -with any- 
thing showy, embellish; to grace with ostentatious 
eloquence; to move in bold or irregular figures ; to 
brandish. — n. Decoration; showy splendor; osten- 
tatious embellishment; show; a fanciful stroke of 
the pen or graver; a fantastic or decorative musical 
passage; the waving of a weapon, etc. ; brandishing 
[OF. fleurir, to flourish, L. florescere, fr. florere, to 
bloom, f r. flos.] — FlouT'laning, o. Thriving. 
Flown. See Fly. & 

Fluctuate, flukfu'-at, v. i. To move as a wave, roll 
hither and thither; to move now in one direction 
and now in another, be irresolute or undetermined, 
waver, vacillate, scruple. [L. fluctuare, -atum, fr. 
fluctus, wave, old p. p. of fluere, fl actum, to flow.] — 
Fluctuation, n. Act of fluctuating; unsteadiness; 
a sudden rise or fall; undulation. — Fluctuant, a. 
Moving like a wave; wavering. 
Flue, flu, n. Light down, such as rises from beds, 
cotton, etc.; soft down, fur, or hair; fluff. [Dan. 
fnug, flue, W. llwch, dust; prob. s. rt. flock, wool.] 

— Fluff, n. Nap; down. — Fluffy, -1, a. [-ier, -iest.] 
Pert, to or like, etc.; soft; downy. 

Flue, flu, n. An air-passage, esp. for conveying smoke 
and flame from f> fire. (Steam. Boilers.} A passage 
surrounded by water, for gaseous products of com- 
bustion, — distmg. fr. tube , which holds water, and is 
surrounded by iiie : small flues are called flue-tubes. 
[Corrup. of flute, q. v.; OF. fleute x a flute, pipe.] 
Fluent, llu'ent, o. Flowing or capable of flowing, 
liquid; gliding; current; ready in the use of words; 
voluble; copious; smooth. — n. (Math.) A variable 
quantity, considered as increasing or diminishing, 

— called, in modern calculus, the function or in- 
tegral. [L. fluent, -entis, p. pr. of fluere, to flow, Gr. 
phluein, to swell, overflow.] — Flu'ency, -si, n. 
Quality of being, etc. — Fluid, a. Capable of flow- 
ing; liquid or gaseous. — n. A body whose particles 
move easily among themselves. [OF. fluide, L. fliv- 
idus.] — Fluidity, -tT. n. Quality of being, etc. ; a 
liquid, aeriform, or gaseous state. — Flume, flum, n. 
A stream ; esp. a channel for water driving a mill- 
wheel, or used in gold-washing. [ AS. flum, L. flumen, 
a stream, fr. fluere.] — Flu'or, F.-spar, n. (Min.) 
Fluoride of calcium,— a mineral of beautiful colors, 
used for ornamental vessels. [L. fluor, f r. fluere.] — 
F. al'bus. (Med.) The whites ; leucorrhea. [L.] 

— Fluores'cence, -sens, n. (Opt.) A property of 
some transparent bodies, of producing surface re- 
flections of light different in color from the mass of 
the material. A property possessed by fluor spar, 
uranium glass, sulphide of calcium, and many other 
substances, of glowing without appreciable rise of 
temperature when exposed to light, cathode rays, 
Xrays, etc. — Fluoroscope, flu-5r'o-skop, n. (Phys.) 
An instrument for observing or exhibiting fluo- 
rescence. A fluorescent screen, with hood to protect 
the eyes, used for observing the shadows cast by ob- 
jects placed in the path of the X rays. [/'VMorescence 
+ Gx. skopein, to view.]— Fluoric, -Qrlk.o. (Chem.) 
Pert, to, or obtained from, fluor-spar. — Flu'oride, 
-id, n. A compound of fluorine. — Flu'orine, -in, 
n. An element related to chlorine. — Flu'orous, -us, 
a. Obtained from, or pert, to, fluor. — Fluohy'dric, 
a. Hydrofluoric, q. v. 

Flugelman, flu'gl-man, n. (Mil.) The leader of a file; 
a fugleman. [G.fluegelmavn, file-leader.] 

Fluke, fluk, n. (Naut.) The part of an anchor which 
fastens in the ground : see Anchor. One of the 
points of a whale's tail; in Eng., a shot accidentally 
made at billiards, called in U. S. a scratch; any un- 
expected advantage. [LG. flunk, a wing, palm of 
an anchor, Ir.flegen, to fly.] — Fluk'y. -I, a. Hav- 
ing, or like, a fluke. — Fluke'-worm, n. A parasitic 
worm found in the livers of sheep. 

Flummery, flumlner-i, n. A light kind of food, for- 
merly made of flour or meal; empty compliment; 
mere flattery ; nonsense. [W. llymry, oatmeal 
steeped until sour and boiled, to be eaten with milk; 
llymrig, harsh, crude, fr. liym, sharp.] 

Flung. See Fling. 

Flunk, flunk, v. i. [flunked (flunkt), flunking.] 
To fail, back out, through fear. — n. A failure. 
[Slang.] 

Flunky, flunk'i, n. A livery servant; one who is ob- 
sequious or cringing; one easily deceived in buying 
stocks. [F. flanquer, to flank, run along by one's 
side, support.]— Flunk'yism, -izm, n. Character 
or qualitv of a flunky. 

Fluor, Fluoride, etc. See under Fluent. 



Flurry, flur'rT, n. A sudden blast or gust ; violent 
agitation; commotion; bustle; confusion. — v. t. 
[flurried (-rid), -eying.] To agitate, excite, 
alarm. [Sw. dial, flur, disordered hair, whim, ca- 
price, flurig, disordered.] 

Flush, flush, v. i. [flushed (flusht), flushing.] To 
flow and spread suddenly. — v. t. To cause (game, 
etc.) to start ; to cleanse by inundating with a sud- 
den rush of water. — n. A sudden flowing; rush; a 
flock of birds suddenly started up; a run of cards of 
the same suit. — a. Full of vigor ; well furnished ; 
affluent; liberal; prodigal. {Arch, and Mech.) Form- 
ing a continuous surface. Consisting of cards of 
the same suit. [F.yfttr,a flowing, current, flush (at 
cards), L. fluxus. See Fluent, Flux.] 

Flush, flush, v. i. To become suffused, as the cheeks; 
to turn red, blush; to shine suddenly, glow. — v. t. 
To redden suddenly, put to the blush; to make 
glowing, redden; to animate with joy, elate, elevate. 
— n. A rush of blood to the face ; blush ; glow. 
[Sw. dial, fossa, to burn furiously, blaze, Norwe- 
gian dial, flosa, passion, eagerness; s. rt. flare.] 

Fluster, fluslgr, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
make hot and rosy, as with drinking ; to confuse, 
muddle, —n. Heat or glow, as from drinking ; agi- 
tation ; confusion ; disorder. [Ic. flaustra, to be 
flustered, flaustr, fluster, hurry, flasa, to rush.] 

Flute, flut, «. (Mus.) A pipe used as a wind instru- 
ment, having on the side a mouth orifice and holes 
stopped by the fingers or by keys. (Arch.) A chan- 
nel in a column or pillar ; fluting; reed. A channel 
or groove in wood or other work, or in plaited mus- 
lin, as a lady's ruffle. — v. t. To play or sing in a 
clear, soft note, like that of a flute; to form flutes or 
channels in. [OF. flaute, fleute, a flute, flauter, to 
play the flute, uL.flauta, a flute, f r. L. flare, to blow; 
s. rt. blow, flue, flout, flageolet] — Flufed, p. a. 
Thin; fine; flute-like; formed with flutes.— Flutter, 
Flaulist, flaw'-, Flutist, n. One who plays on the 
flute. —Fluting, n. A furrow in a column or in a 
lady's ruffle; fluted work. — Fluti'na, -te'na, n. A 
musical instrument resembling the concertina. 

Flutter, flutler, v. i. [-tered (-tSrd), -tering.] To 
flap the wings rapidly, without flying, or with short 
flights ; to move with quick vibrations or undula- 
tions ; to move irregularly, fluctuate. — v. t. To vi- 
brate or move quickly ; to agitate, disorder, throw 
into confusion.— n. Act of fluttering; quick and 
irregular motion; hurry; confusion. [AS. flotorian, 
to float about, flot, the sea, flota, ship; LG. fluttern, 
to flutter, flit about; s. rt. flag, flicker, flit, float.} — 
Flutter-wheel, n. A small water-wheel at the bottom 
of an upright penstock or flume. 

Fluvial, flu / vT-al, -viatic, a. Pert, to rivers; growing 
or living in streams or ponds. [L. fluvialis, -aticus, 
fr. fluvius, river, fr. fluere, to flow. See Fluent.] — 
Flu'viatile, -til, a. Pert, to, existing in, or formed 
by, rivers. 

Flux, fluks, n. Act of flowing ; quick succession ; 
change ; matter which flows, as tide setting in tow- 
ard the shore; state of being liquid. (Chem. & 
Metal.) Any substance used to promote fusion of 
metals or minerals. (Med.) Discharge of a fluid 
from the bowels or other part ; esp., an excessive 
and morbid discharge; matter thus discharged.— 
v.t. [fluxed (flukst), fluxing.] To fuse. [OF.; 
L. fluxus, a flowinsr, orig. p. p. of fluere, to flow. See 
Fluent.] — Fluxa > tion, n. Act of fluxing. — Flux'- 
ion, fluk'shun, n. Act of flowing; matter that flows; 
a constantly varying indication. (Math.) A differ- 
ential; pi. a method of analysis developed by New- 
ton, and based on the conception of all magnitudes 
as generated by motion. — Fluxlonal, -ary, -rt, a. 
Pert, to, of the nature of, or solved by, fluxions ; 
inconstant ; variable. 

Fly, fli, v . i. [imp. flew (flu) ; p. p. flown (flon) ; 
flying.] To move in the air with wings; to float or 
move in the air, as clouds, etc.; to move rapidly, like 
a bird ; to attempt to escape, flee ; to part, burst in 
pieces. — v. t. To shun, avoid ; to cause to fly, set 
floating, as a kite. — n. (Entom.) A winged insect 
of various species, whose wings are transparent; esp. 
the house fly. A fish-hook dressed in imitation of a 
flv; a kind of light carriage; that part of a flag from 
the union to the extreme end. (Xaut.) That part 
of a compass on which the points are marked. 
(Mech.) A contrivance to equalize motion or ac- 
cumulate power in a maehine. (Print.) One who 
takes sheets from the press ; that part of a power- 

firinting press which receives the printed sheet and 
ays it aside. [AS. fleogan, D. vliegen, G.fliegenfto 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare •■ end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



FOAL 



213 



FOLIACEOUS 



fly, AS. fleoge, a fly ; s. rt.flow, plume (L. pluma).] 

— To fly out. To rush out, burst into a passion. — 
To let f. To throw or drive with violence, dis- 
charge. (Naut.) To let go suddenly and entirely. 

— Filler, Fly'er, n. One who or that which, etc.; a 
fugitive ; runaway, pi. A straight flight of stairs. 

— Fli'ers, n. pi. Arms revolving around a bobbin 
on a spinning machine, which twist the sliver, etc., 
into roving, yarn, thread, etc., and wind it on the 
bobbin. — Fly'er, n. (Arch.) A step in a flight of 
stairs which are parallel to each other. —Fly' -blow, 
n. The egg of a fly. — v. t. To deposit an egg 
in, or upon, as a fly. — boat, n. A long, narrow, 
Canal boat ; a flat-bottomed Dutch coasting-vessel. 

[D. vlieboot. See Filibuster.] catcb/er, n. One 

■who hunts flies. (Ornith.) One of several species 
of birds, which feed on winged insects. — fish, v. i. 

To angle with flies for bait. leaf, n. A blank 

leaf at either end of a book. — pa'per, n. Paper 
prepared to catch or poison flies. — rail, n. A part 
at a table which turns out to support a leaf. — trap, 
n. {Bot.) A plant whose leaves are fringed with 
stiff bristles, and fold together when touched, seiz- 
ing insects that tight on them, —wheel, n. A wheel 
in machinery that equalizes its movements, or ac- 
cumulates power for a variable or intermitting re- 
sistance. See Steam En- 
gine .— Fly 'ing-artu'lery, 
n. (Mil.) Artillery 
trained to rapid evolu- 
tions. bridge, n. {Mil.) 

A bridge supported by 
boats, or a ferry-boat an- 
chored up stream, and 
made to cross by the force 

of the current. buf- 

tresa,n. {Arch.) A contriv- 
ance for strengthening a 
part of a building, con- 
sisting of a curved brace 
or half arch between it and 
some lower part. — -flan, 
n. (Ichth.) A fish which 
can sustain itself in the air for a short time, by its 

long pectoral fins. 

— -fib, n. (Naut.) A 
sail outside of the 
standing-jib, on the 
flying-jib-boom. See 
Sails. — -jib-boom, n. 
(Naut.) A spar ex- 
tending beyond the 
jib-boom. See Ship. 

— -squir'rel, n. (Zo'61.) 
A squirrel having an 
expansive skin on 
each side, reaching 
from the fore to the 
hind legs, bv which it 




Flying-buttress. 






Flying-fish. 




is borne up in leaping. — Flight, flit, n. Act of flee 
ing or flying ; hasty de- 
parture, mode of flying ; 
lofty elevation and ex- 
cursion; soaring; a num- 
ber of things passing 
through the air together, 
esp. a flock of birds ; a 
reach of stairs from one 
landing to another. [AS. 
flyht.)— Flight'y, -T, 
a. Fleeting: swift; tran- 
sient ; ind ufging in flights Fly mg-squrrrel. 
of ima:rination, humor, caprice, etc. ; volatile ; gid- 
dy. — Flighfiness, n. 

Foal, fol, n. A colt or filly, —v. t. & t. [foaled (fold), 
foaling.] To bring forth, as a colt or filly. [AS. 
fola, D. veulen, Jc.foli, G. f olden, Gr. polos', a toal, 
L. pullys, a young animal: s. rt. filly.] 

Foam, torn, n. An aggregation of bubbles on the sur- 
face of liquids after violent agitation; froth; spume. 
— v.i. [foamed (fomd), foaming.] To froth, gather 
foam; to form or become filled with foam.— v. t. To 
throw out with violence; to cause to foam. [AS. 
Jam, Prov. G. fawn, Russ. piena, L. spuma, Skr. 
jmena.] — To foam at the mouth. To be beside one's 
self with rage.— Foam'y, -1, a. Covered with foam; 
spumy. 

Fob, fob, n. A watch pocket. [Prov. G.fuppe.] 

Fob, fob, v. t. [fobbed (fobd), -bing.] To cheat, trick, 
impose on. [D. foppen, to cheat, mock; s. rt. fop.] 
— To fob off. To shift off by an artifice; put aside. 



Focus, fo'kus, n. ; E. pi. -cuses, -kus-ez ; L.pl. -CL, 
-si. (Opt.) A point in which the rays of light meet, 
after being reflected or refracted. (Oeom.) A point 
on the principal axis of a conic section, such that 
the double ordinate to the axis through the point 
shall be equal to the parameter of the curve. A 
central point ; point of concentration. — v. t. To 
bring to a focus. [L., hearth, Gr. 2>hos, light.] — Fo / '- 
cal, a. Of or pert, to, etc. 

Fodder, fod'dgr, n. Food for cattle, horses, and 
sheep, as hay, straw, and various vegetables. — v. t. 
[foddered (-derd), -dering.] To feed (cattle) with 
dry food, cut grass, etc. [AS. foilor, fr. foda, food, 
q. v. ; D. voeder, 1c. fodhr, Dan. and Sw. foder, 
fodder.] 

Foe, to, n. An enemy; hostile army; opponent. [AS. 
fah,fag, fr. feogan, Goth, fijan, to hate; s. rt. fiend, 
feud.] — Foe'inan, n. ; pi. -men. An enemy in war. 

Foetus. Same as Fetus. 

Fog, fog, n. Vapor rising from water or wet land and 
obscuring the lower part of the atmosphere; mist; a 
cloud of dust or of smoke. — v. t. [fogged (fogd), 
-GING.] To envelop, as with fog; befog. [Dan., fr. 
fyge, to drift, Ic. fok, spray, fr. fjuka, to drift.] — 
Fog'gy, -gT, a. [-gier, -giest.] Filled or abound- 
ing with, etc.; cloudy; misty; beclouded; dull: ob- 
scure. — Fog'gily, -gT-lT, adv. — Fog'giness, n. — 
Fog'-bank, n. An appearance, at sea, in hazy 
weather, sometimes resembling distant land, but 
vanishing as approached. — beu, n. {Naut.) A bell 
near rocks, shoals, etc., to warn mariners in foggy 
weather. — horn, n. A huge horn, blown by steam, 
to warn vessels, at sea, in a fog; a siren. — whis'tle, 
n. A whistle blown by steam, on a steam-vessel, as 
a warning, etc. 

Fog, fog, n. (Agric.) A second growth of grass; after- 
grass ; long grass that remains in pastures till win- 
ter: dead grass in meadows, etc., which interferes 
with the growth or cutting of new grass. [Scot, fog, 
fouge, moss, W. ffwg, dry grass.] — Fog'gage, -gej, n. 
Rank or coarse grass, not mowed or eaten down in 
summer or autumn. 

Fogy, -gie, -gey, fo'gY, n. A dull old fellow; a per- 
son behind the times : a conservative. [Perh. dim. 
fr. D. volkje, folk.] — Fo'gyism, -izm, n. Principles 
and conduct of a fogy. 

Foh, fo, interj. An exclamation of abhorrence or con- 
tempt; poh; fie. See Faugh. 

Foible, foi'bl, n. A particular moral weakness ; a 
failing; weak point; infirmity; frailty; defect. [OF., 
weak. See Feeble.] 

Foil, foil, v. t. [foiled (foild), foiling.] To render 
vain or nugatory, frustrate, baffle, balk. — n. Fail- 
ure of success when on the point of being secured ; 
defeat; miscarriage; a blunt sword, or one having 



button at the end, — used in fencing. [OF. fouler 
to stamp or trample on, LL. fvllare, fotare, to full 
cloth. See Full, v. t.] — Foil'er, n. 




Foils. (Arch.) 



Foil, foil, n. A very thin sheet or plate of metal; a thin 
leaf of metal, placed under precious stones, to in- 
crease their brilliancy or give them color; anything of 
contrasting color or qualities, which sets off another 
thing to advan- 
tage. (Arch.) 
A leaf-like or- 
nament, in win- 
dows, niches, 
etc., called tre-' 
foil, quatrefoil, 
q u i n q u e f oil, 
etc., according to the nnmber of cusps it contains. 
[OF. feuille, L. folium, a leaf. See Foliage.] 

Foist, foist, v. t. To insert surreptitiously, wrongfully, 
or without warrant; to interpolate; to pass off as 
genuine. [OD. rysten, to fizzle, veest, a fizzle, Dan. 
tils, n., fise, v., ~E.fizz.\ 

Fold, fold, n. A doubling of a flexible substance ; 
times or repetitions, — used with numerals, chiefly 
in composition, to denote multiplication or increase; 
that which is folded together, or which infolds; em- 
brace. — v. t. To lap or lay in plaits ; to double : to 
lay (the arms, etc.) together; to inclose within folds. 
— v.i. To become folded. [AS. fealdan, D&n. folde, 
Ic. falda, to fold ; s. rt. L. plectere, Gr. plekein, to 
plait, also com/ilex, dvqilex, etc.] — Fold'er, n. One 
who or that which, etc. ; esp. an instrument for 
folding paper. 

Fold, fold, n. A pen for sheep, etc. —v. t. To con- 
fine (sheep) in a fold. [AS. /' aid, falod, prob. a place 
protected by palings, fr. Ic. fjol, a thin board.] 

Foliaceous, fo'll-a'shus, a. (Bot.) Pert, to, or having 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



FOLK 



214 



FOR 




Follicle. (Bot.) 



the texture or nature of, a leaf; having leaves inter- 
mixed with flowers. (Min.) Consisting of leaves 
or thin laminae ; of the form of a leaf or plate. [L. 
foliaceus, fr. folium, Gr. phullon, a leaf.] — Fo'liage, 
-lT-ej, n. A collection of leaves as produced by na- 
ture. {Arch.) The representation of leaves, flow- 
ers, and branches._[OF./we?77asre, fr./Mei7fe = L./oZi- 
um.] — Fo'liate, -at, v. t. To spread over with a 
thin coat of tin and quicksilver. — a. (Bot.) Hav- 
ing leaves; leafy. — Folia'tion, n. Act of forming 
into leaves ; act of beating metal into a thin plate, 
leaf, or lamina, or of spreading foil over the back- 
Bide of a mirror. (Arch.) Act of enriching with 
feather ornaments resembling leaves ; the orna- 
ments themselves. (Oeol.) The property of some 
crystalline rocks, of dividing into plates or slabs. — 
Folio, fo'lT-o or foKyo, n. A sheet of paper once 
folded; a book made of sheets, each folded once ; a 
page in a book; two opposite pages bearing the same 
serial number. (Law.) A leaf containing a certain 
number of words ; a certain number of words in a 
writing. — a. Formed of sheets folded so as to 
make 2 leaves; of, or equal to, the size of 1 fold of a 
sheet of printing paper, when doubled so as to make 
2 leaves. [L., abl. of folium.'} 

Folk, fok, n. People in general, or a separate class of 
people. [AS. folc, Ic, Dan., and Sw. folk, D. and 
G. volk ; s. rt. flock, perh. full.'] — Folk-lore, fok'-, 
n. Tales, legends, or superstitions, current among 
the people. [G. volkslehre.] 

Follicle, fol'lT-kl, n. (Bot.) A simple pod opening 
down the inner suture ; a ves- 
sel distended with air. (Anat.) 
A little bag in animal bodies ; 
a gland. [OF. follicule, L. fob- 
liculus, dim. of follis, a bag.] — 
Follic'ular, a. Like, pert, to, 
or consisting of, follicles. 

Follow, foKlo, V. t. [-LOWED 
(-lod), -lowing.] To go or come 
after ; to go in pursuit of, strive to obtain ; to go 
with, as a leader, accept as authority, take as a rule 
of action; to copy after, take as an example; to suc- 
ceed in order of time, rank, or office; to result from, 
as effect from cause, or inference from premise ; 
to watch, as a receding object ; to keep the mind 
upon while in progress; to understand the meaning, 
connection, or force of; to attend upon closely, as a 
profession or calling, —v. i. To go or come after, 
pursue, attend, accompany, be a result, succeed. 
{ASjfylcgan.fyligan, D. volgen, Ic. fylgja, G.folgen, 
OHG. folken ; perh. fr. folk (q. v.), orig. a crowd of 
people.] — Fol'lower, n. One who follows ; imita- 
tor; disciple ; adherent ; attendant. (Steam Eng.) 
The cover of a piston ; a gland. (Mach.) Part of a 
machine that receives motion from another part. — 
Fol'lowing, a. Being next after ; succeeding ; en- 
suing. 

Folly. See under Fool. 

Foment, fo-menf, v. t. To apply warm lotions to; to 
instigate, cherish, and promote by excitements; to en- 
courage, abet. [OF. fomenter, Li.fomentare, -tatum, 
iT.fomentum, a lotion, for fovimentum, fr. fovere, to 
warm.] — Fomentation, n. (Med.) Act of foment- 
ing, or of applying lotions or poultices ; the lotion 
applied to a diseased part ; instigation; encourage- 
ment. — Foment'er, n. 

Fond, fond, a. Orig. foolish, simple; foolishly tender 
and loving: doting; loving; tender; much pleased. 
[ME. fond tor formed, p. p. of fonnen, to act fool- 
ishly, fr. fori, Sw. fane, a fool.]— Fondly, adv.— 
Fond'ness, n. — Fondle, fond'1, v. t. [-led (-Id), 
-ling.] To treat with tenderness, caress. — Fond'- 
ler, n. — Fond'ling, n. Person or thing caressed. 

Font, n. Assorted type: see under Fobnd. — A bap- 
tismal vessel: see under Fount. 

Fontanel, f on'ta-nel', Fontic'ulus, n. (Med.) An arti- 
ficial ulcer for the discharge ®f humors from the 
body. — Fontanel, n. (Anat.) A space between the 
bones of an infant's skull occupied by cartilaginous 
membrane. [F '. fontanelle, prop, a little fountain, fr. 
fontaine, fountain ; L. fonticulus, dim. of fons. See 
Fount.] 

Food, food, n. What is fed upon; victuals; provisions; 
anything that sustains, nourishes, and augments ; 
aliment; sustenance; fare. [AS. and Sw. foda, Ic. 
fsedhiffsedha, Dan. fade ; hence feed, fodder.] 

Fool, fool, n. One destitute of reason; an idiot; one 
deficient in intellect; a simpleton, dunce. (Script.) 
A wicked person. A professional jester or buffoon. 
— v. i. [fooled (f oold), fooling.] To act like a 



fool, trifle, toy. — v . t. To infatuate, make foolish; 
to make a fool of, impose upon, cheat. [OF. fol, 
fool, fr. L. follis, a pair of bellows, pi. folles, puffed 
cheeks (of a jester); s. rt. L. flare, to blow.] — Fool's 
errand. An absurd or fruitless search or enterprise; 
pursuit of what can not be found; the undertaking 
what is impossible. — To fool away. To get rid of 
foolishly, spend in trifles, idleness, etc. — Fool'ery, 
-er-T, n. Practice of folly; absurdity; act of folly or 
weakness: piece of absurdity or nonsense. — Fool'- 
ish, a. Marked with, or exhibiting, folly; void of 
understanding; weak in intellect; exhibiting a want 
of judgment. (Script.) Sinful ; wicked. Ridicu- 
lous; contemptible. — Fool'ishly, adv. — Fool'ish- 
ness, n. — Fool'-hard'y, -hard'I, a. Daring without 
judgment; foolishly bold; rash; venturous; head- 
long. — FooKhard'iness, n. — Fools'Cap, n. A long 
folio writing paper, about 13£ by 16A inches. [Orig. 
made with a water-mark of a fool's" cap and bells.] 

— Folly, -IT, n. State of being a fool; want of sense; 
levity, weakness, or derangement of mind; a fool- 
ish act ; weak conduct ; foolery. [OF. folie.] 

Foot, fot>t, n. ; pi. Feet, fet. The part of a leg below 
the ankle; lowest part or foundation; last of a row 
or series ; fundamental principle ; basis ; ordinary 
level or rank; a measure consisting of 12 inches. 
(Mil.) The foot-soldiers, infantry. (Pros.) A com- 
bination of syllables constituting a metrical element 
of a verse. — v. i. To tread to measure or music; to 
dance; to walk.— v. t. To strike with the foot, kick: 
to tread; to sum up, as numbers in a column; to add 
a foot to. [AS. jot, pi. fet, D. voet, Ic. fotr, Dan. 
fod, Sw. fot, G. fuss, L. pes, pedis, Gr. pous, podos, 
Skr. pad; s. rt. fetter, pedal, pedestrian, biped, etc.] 

— To foot a biU. To pay it. — Byf. or onf By walk- 
ing. — Cubic f. A volume equal to that of a cube 
the edges of which are 12 inches in length. — Square 

f. An area equal to that of a square the sides of 
which are 12 inches in length. — To be on f. To be 
in motion, action, or process of execution. — To set 
onf. To originate, begin. — Foofing, n. Ground 
for the foot; firm foundation to stand on; established 
place; relative condition; state; tread; esp. tread to 
measure; act of adding up a column of figures; sum 
total of such a column; act of putting a foot to any- 
thing, or that which is added as a foot; a plain cot- 
ton lace, without figures; the finer refuse part of 
whale blubber, not wholly deprived of oil. (Arch.) 
The broad foundation or base of a wall. — Foot'- 
ball, n. An inflated ball, kicked about 5 sport of 
kicking, etc — boy, n. An attendant in livery, 
footman. — bridge, n. A narrow bridge for foot 
passengers. — fall. n. A footstep; misstep. — guardB, 
n. pi. Guards of infantry. — hold, n. A holding 
with the feet; that on which one may tread securely. 
— light, n. One of a row of lights at the front of 
the stage in a theater, etc. — man, n. ; pi. -men. A 
soldier who marches and fights on foot; a male ser- 
vant who attends the door, carriage, table, etc. — 
-mark, n. A mark of a foot, foot-print. — note. w. 
A note of reference at the foot of a page. — pace, n. 
A slow pace or step; a stair broader than the rest of 
a flight; a dais. (Eccl.) The platform on which the 
altar stands. — pad, n. A highwayman, or robber 
on foot. — pound, n. The dynamic unit, — being 
the amount of work done in raising 1 pound througfi 
1 foot. — print, n. A trace or foot-mark. — sol dier, 
n. A soldier who serves on foot. — sore, a. Having 
tender or sore feet, as from much walking. — stalk, 
n. (Bot.) The stalk of a leaf or of a flower; a peti- 
ole, pedicel, or peduncle. — step, n. Sound made 
by putting down the foot ; mark or impression of 
the foot; a track; visible sign of a course pursued; 
token. — stool, n. A stool for the feet. — stove, n. 
A contrivance to keep the feet warm. 

Fop, fop, n. A fellow vain and conceited or over nice 
and affected in dress or manners; acoxcomb; dandy. 
[D. foppen, to cheat, mock, fopper, a wag.] — Fop'- 
ling, n. A petty f op. — Fop'pery, -per-T, n. The be- 
havior, manners, dress, etc., of a fop; coxcombry; 
folly; impertinence; foolery.— Fop^pish, a. Fop- 
like; vain of dress; affected in manners; finical; 
spruce ; dandyish. — Fop'pishly, adv. — Fop'pish- 
ness, 11. 

For, f6r, prep. In the place of; instead of; because 
of; by reason of; with respect to; concerning; in the 
direction of; toward; during; as being, etc., — indi- 
cating that in consideration of, or with reference to, 
which anything takes place, —conj. Because; since; 
because, introducing a reason of something before 
advanced, the cause, motive, explanation, etc., of 



ftm, fame, far, 



or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Tee ; Odd, tone, 8r ; 



FORAG-E 



01 r; 



FORE 



an action related or statement made. [AS., Sw., and 
Dan. /or, D. voor, Ic. fyrir, Goth. /aura, for, before; 
G. fuer, for vor, before, L. and Gr. pro, Skr. pra, 
before/] — For as much as, or forasmuch as. In con- 
sideration that; seeing that; since. — For ever. Eter- 
nally; at all times. — For, or as for. So far as con- 
cerns ; as regards; -with reference to. — Forev'er, 
adv. To eternity ; eternally ; at all times ; continu- 
ally; incessantly; always; endlessly. 

Forage, i'5r'ej, n. Act of providing food; food for 
horses and cattle. — v. i. [foraged (-ejd), -aging.] 
To wander in search of food; to ravage, feed on 
spoil. — v. t. To strip of provisions, supply with 
forage. [OF. feurage, pillage, fr. forrer, to forage, 
fr. torre, fuerre, fodder, straw, LL. fodrium, fr. 
ODan. foder = E. fodder, q. v.] — For'ager, »*.— 
Foray, Forray, fo-ra' or fOr'a, n. A sudden incur- 
sion in border war; a raid. — v. t. To ravage. 

Foramen, fo-ra'men, n. ; pi. -hamina, -ram'Y-ua. A 
little opening; perforation. [L., fr. forare, to bore; 
s. rt. bore.] — Foram'inated, -inous, -T-nus, a. Pierced 
with small holes; porous. — Foram ini"' erous, a. 
Having many chambers or holes. 

Forbear, f6r-bar', v. i. [imp. fokbore (-bor') or (obs.) 
forbare; p. p. forborne; forbearing.] To re- 
frain from proceeding, pause, delay; to refuse, de- 
cline. — v. t. To avoid, abstain from; to treat with 
consideration, indulge, bear with. [For-, insep. 
prefix, intensive, or meaning from (AS>., Ic, Dan., 
and Sw. for-, D. and G. ver-, Goth./ra-, Skr. para-; 
s. rt. from, far), and bear, q. v.] — Forbear 'ance, n. 
Act of, or quality of being, forbearing; long-suffer- 
ing; patience; refraining; mildness. — Forbid', v. t. 
[-bade (-bad''); p. p. -bidden* or (obs.) -bid ; -bid- 
ding.] To command to forbear, or not to do; to for- 
bid from entering or approaching; to oppose, ob- 
struct, prohibit, interdict, hinder. —v. i. To utter 
a prohibition, prevent. — Forbid'dance, n. Act of, 
or condition of being, etc. — Forbid'der, n. — For- 
bid'ding. p. a. Repelling approach: repulsive; un- 
pleasant; odious; abhorrent. — Forbore, -borne. See 
Forbear. — Forfend' or Forefend', v. t. To fend 
off, avert, forbid, prohibit, defend, guard, secure. — 
Forego', v. t. [imp. forewent; p.p. -gone; -going.] 
To quit, leave, relinquish the enjoyment or advan- 
tage of, give up, resign, renounce. [See also under 
Fore.] — Forget/, v. t. [imp. -got or (obs.) -gat; p. 
p. -got, -gotten; -getting.] To lose the remem- 
brance of; not to think of: to treat with inattention, 
slight, neglect.— To forget one's self. To be guilty 
of what is unworthv of one; to lose one's dignity, 
temper, or self-control. — Forget' ful, -ful, a. Apt to 
forget; heedless; careless; neglectful. — Forget'ful- 
aess. n. Quality of being forgetful; loss of remem- 
brance or recollection ; oblivion; failure to bear in 
mind; careless omission.— Forget'-me-not', n. (Bot.) 
A small herb, bearing a blue flower, — the emblem 
of fidelity. — Forget, ter, m. — Forgive', -giv', v. t. 
[imp. -gave; p. p. -given; -giving.] To cease to im- 
pute, remit, excuse; to cease to feel resentment 
against, absolve, pardon. — Forgiv'able, a. — For- 
give'ness, n. Act of, or disposition or willingness 
to, etc.; pardon; remission. — Forgiv'er, n. — For- 
giv'ing, p. a. Disposed to forgive; mild; merciful; 
compassionate. — Forlorn', a. Deserted ; lost ; in 
pitiful plight; despicable; abject; pitiable. [AS. 
forloren,p. p. of forleosan, to destroy, lose utter- 
ly. See Lose.] — Forlorn'ness, n. — Forlorn hope. 
( Mil.) A detachment of men to lead in an assault, 
enter a breach, or perform service of uncommon 
peril. [D. verloren hoop: hoo/> = band, troop.] — 
Forsake', v. t. [imp. -sook (-sot>k); p. p. -sak'en; 
-sak'ing.] To quit or leave entirely, depart or 
withdraw from, abandon, desert, reject. [AS. for- 
socan; sacan, to contend.] — For sak'er, n. — For- 
swear', -swar', v. t. [imp. -swore (-swor); p. p. 
-sworn; -swearing.] To reject or renounce upon 
oath; to renounce earnestly or with protestations; 
to deny upon oath. — v. i. To swear falsely, commit 
perjury. — Forswear'er, n. A perjurer. 

Force, fors, n. Strength or energy of body or mind; 
e.-p. power to persuade, convince, or impose obliga- 
tion; compulsory power; strength for war; a body of 
combatants. (Law.) Violence; validity; efficacy. 
(Physics.) Any action between 2 bodies tending to 
change any physical relation between them. — v.*. 
[forced (forst), forcing.] To constrain to do, or 
to forbear, by exertion of power not resistible; to 
impress by force ; to do violence to, esp. to ravish, 
violate; to obtain by strength, capture by assault; 
to impel, drive, wrest, extort, get, etc., by main 




strength; to exert to the utmost, strain, produce by 
unnatural effort; to provide with forces, reeniorca 
garrison. [OF.; L.I.. fortia, 
strength, f r. L. fortis, 
strong; s. rt. firm, fort, for- 
titude.'] — In force, or of 
force. Of unimpaired effi- 
cacy; valid; of full virtue; 
not suspended or reversed. 

— For'cer, n. One who, or ( 
that which, forces or drives; 
esp. the solid piston of a pump. — 
For'cible, -sT-bl, a. Possessing 
force, efficiency, or energy; marked 
by excessive violence; using force 
against opposition ; obtained by 
compulsion; powerful; efficacious"; 
potent; weighty; cogent. — For'- 
cibly, adv. — Force'- or For'cing- 
pump, n. A kind of pump used =! 
to throw water to a distance, or "*= 
force it onward by direct action of „ ' . 
the piston. Forcing-pump. 

Force, fors, v. t. (Cookery.) To P. pUton; D, de 

stuff, lard. [Corrupt, of farce, q. l^ery 'ube. 

v. ; ME. farsen, F. farcer.] — Force'-meat, n. 

Meat chopped fine, seasoned, and used as stuffing. 
Forceps, fSr'seps, n. A two-bladed instrument for 

grasping or traction ; a pair of tongs or pincers, esp. 

for delicate operations, as those of watchmakers, 

dentists, etc. [L., fr. formus, hot, and rt. of capere, 

to take.] 
Ford, ford, n. A place where a river, or other water, 

may be passed by wading; a stream; current, — v. t. 

To wade through. [AS., fr. faran, to go, fare, q. v.J 

— Ford'able, a. 

Fore, for, a. Advanced in place or position; toward 
the front; forward; advanced in time; antecedent; 
advanced in order or series. — adv. In advance; at 
the front; in the part that precedes. — n. The front. 
[AS. fore, prep, same as for, q. v.; fore,foran, adv.] 

— Fore and aft. (Xaut.) From one end of the ves- 
sel to the other ; lengthwise. — F.-and-aft rigged. 
(Naut.} Not carrying square topsail yards. — To the 
f. In front; in plain sight; ready for use. — For'- 
mer, o. compar. Preceding in time; ancient; long- 
past ; prior ; anterior; foregoing; first mentioned. 
[A false formation fr. AS. forma (superl. of fore} = 
L. primus.] — For'merly, -IT, adv. In time past; of 
old; heretofore. — Fore'most, a. First in place; 
chief in rank, dignity, etc. [ME. formest, for forme, 
first, AS. forma; same as prime, q. v.] — For'ward, 
-wards, adv. Toward a part or place before or in 
front; onward; in advance; progressively, — opp. to 
backward. [AS. foreweard.] — For'ward, a. Near 
or at the fore part; ready; prompt; willing; earnest; 
eager; over ready; less modest or reserved than is 
proper ; unusually advanced; precocious; prema- 
ture. — v. t. To help onward, advance, promote; to 
send forward, transmit. — For'warder, n. One who, 
etc.; esp. who transmits goods. — For'wardly, ado. 

— For'wardness, «.— Fore'-arm, v. t. To arm or 
prepare for attack or resistance before the time of 
need. — Fore-arm', n. (Anat.) That part of the arm 
between elbow and wrist. — Forebode', v. t. To 
foretell, prognosticate; to have an inward convic- 
tion of, as of a calamity to happen; to presage, por- 
tend, betoken.— Forebod'er, n. — Fore'cast, v. t. 
[-cast; -casting.} To contrive beforehand, scheme, 
project: to foresee, provide against. — v. 1. To con- 
trive beforehand. — Forecast, n. Previous contriv- 
ance or determination; foresight of consequences, 
and provision again st them ; progn ostication. — Fore'- 
castle, -kas-sl, n. (Naut.) That part of the upper 
deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or of the 
after part of the fore channels; in merchant vessels, 
the forward part of the vessel, under the deck, where 
the sailors live. See Ship. — Forecit'ed, -sit'ed, a. 
Cited or quoted before or above. — Foredoom', v. t. 
To doom beforehand, predestinate.— Fore'father, 
n. One who precedes another in the line of geneal- 
ogy ; an ancestor. — Fore'finger. -fin-ger, n. The fin- 
ger next to the thumb; the index. — Fore'foot, n. ; 
pi. -feet. One of the anterior feet of an animaL 
(Xaut.) A piece of timber terminating the keel at 
the fore-end, and connecting it with the stem. — 
Fore'front, -frunt, n. The foremost part or place. 

— Forego', v. t. [imp. -went; p. p. -gone; -going- 
To go before, precede. [See also under Forbear. . 

— Foregone conclusion. One which has preceded ar- 
gument or examination; one predetermined.— For©-* j 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then» boNboir, chair, get. 



FORE 



216 



FOiLLVi 



ground, n. That part of the field of a picture which 
seems to lie nearest the spectator, or before the fig- 
ures. — Fore'hand, n. All that part of a horse be- 
fore the rider; the most important part; prudence; 
advantage. — Fore 'handed, a. Early; timely; sea- 
sonable; not behindhand; in easy circumstances. — 
Fore'head, i'Sr'ed, n. That part of the face from 
the usual line of hair on the top of the head to the 
eyes; the brow; assurance. — Forejudge', v. t. To 
judge before hearing the facts and proof, prejudge. 
(O. Eng. Law.) To expel from court for miscon- 
duct. — Foreknow', -no', v. t. [imp. -knew; p.p. 
-known; -knowing.] To have previous knowledge 
of, know beforehand. - Foreknow'er, n. — Fore- 
knowl'edge, -nQl'ej, n. Knowledge of a thing be- 
fore it happens; prescience.— Fore'land, n. A prom- 
ontory or cape; head-land. {Fort.) Apiece of ground 
between the wall of a place and the moat. — Fore'- 
lay', v. t. To contrive antecedently; to lie in wait 
for. — Fore'lock, n. The lock of hair growing from 
the forepart of the head. (Xaut.) A flat piece of 
iron driven through the end of a bolt, to retain it in 
place. — To take time, or occasion, by the forelock. 
To make prompt use of anything; not to let slip an 
opportunity. — Fore'man, n. ;pl. -men. The first or 
Chief man, — as, the chief man of a jury, who acts 
as their speaker; chief of a set of hands employed in 
a shop; overseer. — Fore'mast, n. {Naut.) The for- 
ward mast of a vessel; the one nearest the bow. See 
Ship. — Foremen'tioned, -shund, a. Mentioned be- 
fore; recited in a former part of the same writing.— 
Fore'name, n. A name preceding the family name 
or surname; a first name. — Fore'named, -namd, a. 
Named or nominated before; mentioned before in 
the same writing. — Fore'noon, n. The former part 
of the day, from morning to noon. — Fore-ordain', 
V.t. To ordain or appoint beforehand; to predes- 
tinate, predetermine. — Fore-or'dina'tion, n. Pre- 
vious appointment; predestination. — Fore'part, n. 
The part most advanced, or first in time or in place, 
anterior part, beginning. — Fore'-plane, n. { Carp.) 
The first plane used after the saw and ax; jack- 
plane.— Fore'rank, n. The first rank, front.— Fore- 
run', v. t. [imp. -ban; p. p. -run; -running.] To 
run before, precede; to come before as an earnest of 
something to follow, announce. — Forerun'ner, n. 
A messenger sent before to give notice of the ap- 
proach of others ; a harbinger; sign foreshowing 
something to follow; prognostic. — Fore'sail, n. 
(Naut.) A sail extended on the fore-yard; the first 
triangular sail before the mast of a sloop or cutter. 
See Sail. —Foresee', v. t. [imp. -saw; p. p. -seen; 
-seeing.] To see beforehand, see or know before 
occurrence, foreknow. — Foreseer', -ser', n. — Fore- 
shad'ow, v. t. To shadow or t}'pify beforehand, 
prefigure. — Foreshort'en, -sh6rt'n, v. t. {Paint.) 
To shorten by representing in an oblique position; 
to represent as seen obliquely. — Foreshort'ening, n. 
The representation or appearance, or diminution of 
length, of objects viewed obliquely.— Foreshow', v. 
t. \imp. -SHOWED; p. p. -shown; p. pr. & vb. n. 
-showing.] To show or exhibit beforehand, prog- 
nosticate, foretell. — Foreshow'er, n. — Fore'side, n. 
The front side ; a specious outside. — Fore'sight, 
-sit, n. The act or power of foreseeing; prescience; 
foreknowledge; action in reference to the future; 
wise forethought. {Surv.) Any sight or reading of 
the leveling-staff, except the one backward, called 
the back-sight. — Fore'skin, n. (Anat.) The skin 
that covers the glans penis , prepuce. — Forestall', v. 
t. To take beforehand, anticipate; to pre-occupy; 
to exclude, hinder, or prevent, by prior occupation 
or by measures taken in advance ; to monopolize, 
engross. {Eng. Law.) To obstruct or stop up, as a 
way; to intercept on the road. — Forestall'er, n. 
One who purchases provisions before they come to 
market, to raise the price. — Foretaste', n. A taste 
beforehand ; anticipation. — Fore'taste, v. t. To 
taste before full possession, anticipate; to taste be- 
fore another. —Foretell', v. t. To tell before occur- 
rence, foretoken, foreshow, predict, augur. — v. i. 
To utter prediction or prophecy, — Foretell 'er, n. — 
Fore'thought, -thawt, n. Anticipation; prescience; 
premeditation; provident care; forecast. — Foreto'- 
ken, -kn, v. U To foreshow. — Fore'token, n. Prog- 
nostic; previous sign. — Fore'-tooth, n. ; pi. -teeth. 
(.Anat.) One of the teeth in the forepart of the 
mouth; aniPCLScr. — Fore'top, n. The hair on the 
fore part oi r.£>e head; fore-lock; that part of a head- 
dress that is forward. (Naut.) The platform at the 
head of the foremast. See Ship. — Forewarn', v. t. 



To warn beforehand, caution in advance, inform 

previously. 

Foreclose, for-kloz r , v. t. {-closed C-klozd'), -clo- 
sing.] To shut up or out, preclude, stop, prevent, 
bar, exclude. [OF. forclorre, f r. L. foris, outside, 
and claudere, to shut.] — Foreclosure, -zhur, n. Act 
or process of foreclosing; a process in law which bars 
a mortgager's right of redeeming a mortgaged estate. 

Foreign, for'in, a. Not native ; extraneous ; alien; 
remote; not pertinent; not appropriate; not agree- 
able; not admitted; excluded; outlandish; remote; 
extrinsic. [OF. forain, fr. h.foras, out of doors, fr. 
fores, doors; s. rt. h. forum, market-place, E. doorj 
— For'eigner, n. One of a foreign country ; an 
alien. — For'eignness, n. 

Forefend. See under Forbear. 

Forensic, fo-ren'sik, -sical, a. Pert, to courts of ju- 
dicature or public discussion and debate; used in 
courts and legal proceedings, or in public discus- 
sions ; argumentative. [L. forensis, pert, to the 
forum, market-place, court.] 

Forest, for'est, n. An extensive wood ; in U. S., a 
wood of native growth. {Eng. Law.) Royal hunt- 
ing-ground. — v. i. To cover with trees or wood. 
[OF.; LL. foresta, a wood, forestis, open ground re- 
served for hunting, fr. L. foris, out of doors.} — 
For'ester, n. One in charge of, or inhabiting, etc. 
— For'estry, -rY, n. Art of forming or managing, etc. 

Forever. See under For. 

Forfeit, fdr'fit, a. Lost or alienated f or an off ense ; 
liable to penal seizure. — n. A thing lost, or the 
right to which is alienated, by a crime, offense, neg- 
lect of duty, or breach of contract; a fine; mulct; 
penalty; something deposited and redeemable by a 
fine. — v.t. To lose, or lose the right to, by some 
fault, etc. [OF. forfait, a fine, crime punishable by 
fine, prop. p. p. of forfaire, orig. forsfdire, to tres- 
pass, f r. LL. forisfactum, a trespass, a fine, prop. p. 
p. of forisfacere, to transgress, fr. L. foris, out of 
doors, and/acere, to do.] — Forfeitable, a. — For- 
feiture, -ft-chur, n. Act of forfeiting; the losing of 
some right, privilege, estate, honor, office, or effects, 
by an offense, crime, breach of condition, etc. ; 
thing forfeited; amercement; penalty. 

Forgave._ See Forgive, under Forbear. 

Forge, forj, n. A place where iron is wrought by 
heating and hammering; esp. a furnace, where iron 
is. wrought; a smithy; works where iron is rendered 
malleable by puddling and shingling; a workshop; 
place where anything is produced, shaped, or de- 
vised. — v. t. [forged (forjd), forging.] To f orm 
by heating and hammering ; to shape out in any 
way, produce; to make falsely; to produce (that 
which is not genuine), fabricate, counterfeit, feign, 
falsify. — v. i. To commit forgery. (Xaut.) To 
move heavily and slowly, as a ship with the sails 
furled. [OF., a forge, forgier, to forge, fr. L,.fabrica, 
faurca,forga,a, workshop, fabric; bp. fofja, a forge, 
forjar, to iorge.J — For'ger, n. One who forges, 
makes, or forms ; a fabricator ; esp. one guilty of 
forgery. — For'gery, -jer-T, n. Act of forging, fab- 
ricating, or producing falsely ; esp., the crime of 
fraudulently making a writing purporting to be 
done by another; thing forged. 

Forget, Forgive, Forlorn, etc. See under Forbear. 

Fork, f6rk, n. An instrument with prongs or tines; 
anything fork-shaped ; one of the branches of a 
river, road, etc.; place where a road, tree, etc., di- 
vides; a prong; point. — v. i. \ forked (f6rkt), fork- 
ing.] To shoot into blades, as corn; to divide into 
branches. — v. t. To raise or pitch with a fork, as 
hay ; to dig and break with a fork, as ground ; to 
form into a fork-like shape; to bifurcate. [AS.. fore, 
D..vork,L.furca,a fork.]— To fork over. To hand 
or pay over. — Fork'edness, -iness, n. Quality or 
state of opening in a tork-iike manner. — Fork'y, -I, 
a. Opening into parts, shoots, or points; locked ; 
furcated. 

Form, form, n. The shape and structure of anything; 
configuration; frame; external appearance; a men- 
tal transcript or image; constitution; mode of con- 
struction, arrangement, organization, etc. : estab- 
lished method or practice: formula; show without 
substance ; conventionality: formality; orderly ar- 
rangement ; shapeliness ; comeliness ; beauty ; a 
shape ; phantom ; mold ; pattern ; model ; a long 
bench or seat; a class in a school; class or rank in 
society; the seat orbed of a hare. {Print.) A page, 
or pages, imposed and locked up in a chase. ( Parent 
Perception of form. See Phrenology. — v. t. 
[formed (t'6rmd), forming.] To give form or shape 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In. Ice ; 5dd, tone, dr j 



FORMER 



217 



FOSTER 



to; to construct, fashion; to model, mold, train; to 
go to make up, act as constituent of ; to provide 
with a form, as a hare. [OF. forme, L. forma, 
shape.]— Form'er, n.— Formless, a. Shapeless; 
without determinate form ; irregular in shape. — 
Form'sl, a. Pert, to the form, external appearance, 
or organization of a thing; pert, to the constitution 
of a thing, as disting. fr. the matter composing it; 
constitutive; essential; done in due form, or with 
solemnity ; express ; according to form ; regular ; 
methodical; having the form without the substance 
or essence; dependent on form; conventional; pre- 
cise ; ceremonious ; stiff ; prim. — Form'ally, -IT, 
adv. — Form'&Hsm, -izm, n. Quality of being form- 
al, esp. in matters of religion. — Fofm'alist, n. One 
orer-attentive to forms. — Formal 'ity, -T-tI,ra. Con- 
dition or quality of being formal, express, strictly 
ceremonious, precise, etc.; form without substance; 
compliance with conventional rules ; ceremony ; 
conventionality; the formal part; essence; an es- 
tablished order; usual and express method. — For- 
mation, n. Act of giving form or shape to or of 
giving being to; manner in which a thing is formed; 
structure; construction. (Gfeol.) The series of rocks 
belonging to an age, period, or epoch. (Mil.) An 
arrangement of troops, as in square, column, etc. — 
Form'ative, -tiv, a. Giving form; plastic. (Gram.) 
Serving to form ; derivative ; not radical. — n. 
(Gram.) That which serves merely to give form, 
and is no part of the radical; a word formed in ac- 
cordance with some rule or usage, as from a root. — 
Formula, -la, n. ; L. pi. -LM, -\e; E. pi. -las, -laz. A 
prescribed or set form; established rule. (Eccl.) A 
written confession of faith. (Math.) A rule ex- 
pressed in algebraic language. (Med.) A prescrip- 
tion or recipe. (Ghem.) An expression, by means 
of symbols and letters, of the constituents of a com- 
pound. [L., dim. of forma.] — Formulary, -la-rl, 
n. A book containing prescribed forms; prescribed 
model; formula.— a. Stated; prescribed; ritual. 
— Formulate, v. t. To reduce to, or express in, a 
formula.— For'mulize, v. t. [-lized (-Hzd), -lizing.] 
To formulate. — For / mular / iza''tion, n. Act of, etc. ; 
a formularized or formulated statement or exhibi- 
tion. 

Former, Formerly. See under Fork. 

Formic, fdr'mik, a. (Ghem.) Pert, to ants,— as, 
formic acid, .11 acid obtained orig. fr. red ants, now 
by artificial distillation. [L. formica, ant; prob. s. 
rt Gr. murmex, an ant.] — For'myle, -mil, n. 
(Ghem.) The hypothetical base of formic acid. — 
Formica'tion, n. (Med.) A sensation like that made 
by the creeping of ants on the skin. [L. formicatio, 
fr. formicare, to creep like ants, to feel like the 
creeping of ants.] — Formicary, -ka-rl, n. An ant- 



hill. [L.formicarium.] 

ormidable, fSr'mT-da-bl, a. Exciting fear or appre- 
hension ; terrible ; shocking; tremendous. [F.; L. 



formidahilis, fr. formidare, to dread, formido, fear.] 
— For'midableness, n. — Formidably, adv. 

Formula, Formulate, etc. See under i orm. 

Fornicate, fSr'nt-kat, -cated, a. Vaulted; arched.— 
Fornicate, v. i. To have unlawful sexual inter- 
course. [L. fornicari, -catus, fr. fornis, a vault, 
arch, also a brothel.] — Fornica'tion, n. Inconti- 
nence or lewdness of an unmarried person; criminal 
conversation of a married man with an unmarried 
woman. (Scryjt.) Adultery; incest; idolatry. [OF.] 
— For'nica'tor, n. One guilty of fornication. 

Ferray. See under Forage. 

Forsake, Forswear, etc. See under Forbear. 

Forsooth, foT-sooth', adv. In truth; in fact; certain- 
ly; very well, — often used ironically. [AS. for and 
sodh, truth.] 

Fort, fort, n. (Mil.) A fortified place; fortress; for- 
tification. [OF., strong, also a fort, hold, Jj.fortis, 
strong. See Force, n.]— Fort'alice, -is, n. (Mil.) 
A small outwork of a fortification. [OF. fortelesce, 
Sp. fortaleza, LL. fortalitia.] — Fortress, n. A 
fortified place; stronghold; fortified town; castle; 
citadel. [OF. forteresce.] — Fortify, -tt-fi, v. t. 
[-fied (-fid), -fying.] To add strength to, strength- 
en; to secure by forts, batteries, etc. [OF. fortifier, 
LL. fortificare, -catwn, fr. L. fortis and faccre, to 
make.] — For' tifl'er, n. — For / tifi / able, a. — For'ti- 
fica'tion, n. Act of, or that which, etc.; esp. de- 
fensive works; fortress; citadel; bulwark. — For'ti- 
tude, -tQd, n. Passive courage; resolute endurance; 
firmness in confronting danger. [L. fortitndo.] — 
Forte, fort, n. The strong point; that in which one 
excels. [It. forte, F.fort.] — For'te, -ta, adv. (Mus.) 



Loud; strong; powerfully. [It.] — Fertis'simo, -se- 
mo, adv. (Mus.) Very loud ; with the utmost 
strength. [It., superl. 01 forte.] 
Forth, fSrth, adv. Forward; onward in time or in place; 
out from a state of concealment, confinement, non- 
development, etc.; beyond the boundary of a place; 
away ; abroad. [AS. fonlh, a form of fore, before, 
D. voort, fr. voor, before ,G. fort, MUG. vort, fr. vor, 
before. See Fore and For.] — From forth. Forth 
from. — Forth'-com'ing, a. Ready to come forth, 
or appear; making appearance.— Forthwith'', -with' 
or -with', adv. Immediately ; without delay ; di- 
rectly. [Prob. corrup. fr. ME. forthwithull. See 
under Withal.] — Further, fSr'rhSr, a. compar. 
More remote; more in advance; farther; additional. 

— adv. To a greater distance; moreover. —v. t. 
[furthered (-Srd), -ering.] To help forward, pro- 
mote, advance, forward, assist. [AS. furdhur, furd- 
hor, further (adv.), fr. fore; D. verier, voraers, fr. 
vor ;OHG. fiirdir,furdor, ir-furi, before; AS. fyrdh- 
ran, D. vorderen, G. foerdem, to further.] — Fur- 
therance, -ans, n. Act of furthering; advancement. 

— FuTtherer, n. — Furthermore, adv. or conj. 
Moreover; besides; in addition to what 'has been 
said. — Furthermost, a. Most remote; furthest. — 
Furthest, a. superl. Most remote; farthest. — adv. 
At the greatest distance. 

Fortieth, Fortnight, etc. See under Four. 

Fortify, Fortitude, Fortress. See under Fort. 

Fortune, fSr'chun, n. Chance ; accident ; luck ; for- 
tuity; appointed lot in life ; fate; destiny; what be- 
falls one; event; good or ill success; esp. favorable 
issue ; estate ; possessions ; esp. large estate, great 
wealth. — v. i. To come casually to pass; to happen. 
[F.; L. fortuna, fr. fors, chance; s. rt. L./erre, E. 
bear.] — Fortunate, -nat, a. Coming by good luck; 
auspicious; receiving some unexpected good; lucky: 
successful ; prosperous. [L. fortunatus, p. p. 01 
fortunare, to make prosperous.] — Fortunately, 
adv. — For 'tunateness, ra. — For' tune-huntfer, n. A 
man who seeks wealth by marrying a rich woman. 

hunt'ing, n. Seeking of a fortune by marriage.— 

-tell'er, n. One who pretends to reveal the future 

events of one's life. teLVing, n. Actor practice 

of, etc. — Fortuitous, -tu'r-tus, a. Happening by 
chance; occurring unexpectedly, or without known 
cause; accidental; casual; contingent; incidental. 
[ME. and OF. fortuit, L. fortuities, fr. fors.]— For- 
tuitously, adv. — Fortuitousness, ra.— Fortuity, 
-T-tY, ra. Accident; chance; casualty. 

Forty. See under Four. 

Forum, fo'rum, ra. ; E.pl. -rums, Z. pi. -ra, -ra. A 
market-place or public place in Rome, where causes 
were judicially tried, and orations delivered to the 
people; a tribunal ; court ; assembly empowered to 
decide eauses. [L.; s. rt. fores, doors. See Door.] 

Forward, Forwardness, etc. See under Fore. 

Forzando, 16rd-zan / do, adv. (Mus.) Sudden and 
forcible; explosive,— usually indicated by the mark 
> over each note of the passage, or by the letters sf 
or fz at the beginning of the passage, — written also 
sforzando. [It., prop. p. pr. of forzare, to force.] 

Fosse, fos, n. (Fort.) A ditch or moat. (Anat.) A 
non-articular depression in a bone, wider at the 
margin than at the bottom; one of variously shaped 
cavities in the soft parts. [OF.; L../bssa, a ditch, 
±r.fodere,fossum, to dig ; s. rt. Gr. bothros, a ditch.] 

— Fos'sil, a. Dug out of the earth; pert, to, or like, 
fossils; petrified. — n. A substance dug from the 
earth. (Paleon.) The petrified form of a plant or 
animal in the strata of the earth. [OF. fossile, L. 
fossilis, dug up.] — Fos'silist, n. One versed in, 
etc. ; a paleontologist. — Fos'silize, v. t. [-ized 
(-Izd), -iziNG.] To convert into a fossil or petrifac- 
tion ; to cause to become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, 
as by f ossilization. — v. i. To become changed or 
antiquated, etc. — Fos'siliza'tion, ra. Act or pro- 
cess of converting, etc. — Fos'siliferous, -us, a. 
(Pal°.on.) Containing fossil or organic remains. [L. 
ferre, to bear.] 

Foster, fos'tSr, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
feed, nourish, support, rear up; to cherish, forward, 
promote the growth of, stimulate. [AS. fostrian, fr. 
fostor, nourishment, foda, food, q. v.; Ic. and Sw. 
fostra, to nurse, foster, Dan. foster, offspring.] — 
Fos'terer, ra. — Fos'terage, -ej, n. Charge of nurs- 
ing. — Fos'ter-broth'er, n. A male child nursed at 
the same breast, or fed by tie same nurse, with an- 
other of different parents. — sis'ter, ra. A female 

child, etc. child, -son, n. One nursed by a woman 

or bred by a man not the parent. — fa/ther, -moth'- 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boirboN, chair, get. 



FOTHER 



218 



FRACTION 



er, n. One who takes the place of a parent in bring- 
ing up a child. — Fosterling, n. A foster-child. 

Fcther, foth'e'r, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -bring.] To stop 
(a leak in a ship's bottom) by drawing under it a 
sail containing oakum to be sucked into the cracks. 
[G.futtern, to cover, line.] 

Fought. See Fight. 

Foul, fowl, a. Covered with or containing extraneous 
matter which is noxious or offensive ; nasty; im- 
pure ; morally defiled in origin or tendency ; ob- 
scene; scurrilous; cloudy or rainy ; stormy; loath- 
some; hateful; unpropitious ; not fair or advanta- 
geous; not conformed to the established rules of a 
game, conflict, test, etc.; unfair; dishonest; cheat- 
ing; interfered with in motion by collision or en- 
tanglement with any thing ; entangled. — v. t. 
[fouled (fowld), fouling.] To make filthy, defile, 
dirty, soil ; to bring into collision with something 
that impedes motion; to jostle, in a race. — v. i. To 
become entangled or clogged. — n. An entangle- 
ment; collision. [AS. and Sw./uJ, D. vuil, Ic. Jull, 
Goth, fuls, G.faul; s. rt. defile, putrid.] — A foul 
copy. A first draught, with erasures and corrections. 
— To fall f. To fall out. quarrel. — To run or fall 
f. of. To come into collision with. — Foully, -IT, 
adv. — Foul'ness, n. — Foul'-mouthed, -mowthd, 
-gpok'en, a. Using language scurrilous, opprobri- 
ous, obscene t or profane; abusive. 

Foulard, foo-lard / , n. A thin fabric of silk or silk- 
cotton, orig. from India, for handkerchiefs and 
dresses. 

Foumart, fdo'mart, n. The pole-cat; fitchew. [ME. 
folmart, f r. AS. ful, foul, stinking, and OF. marte, 
marten.] 

Found, Foundling. See under Find. 

Found, fownd, v. t. To fix upon a basis, literal or 
figurative; to fix or establish firmly, predicate, base, 
ground; to furnish materials for beginning, begin 
to raise, build, institute. [OF. fonder, Jj.fundare, 
-atum, fr. fundus, foundation, base; s. rt. bottom.'] — 
Found'er, n. One who founds, establishes, and 
erects; an author. — Found'ress, n. A woman who, 
etc. — Foundation, n. Act of founding, fixing, or 
establishing; that upon which anything is founded; 
groundwork ; base or underground part of a struc- 
ture ; basis ; a donation, esp. for a charitable pur- 
pose ; an endowment ; an endowed institution or 
charity. — Foundationer, n. One supported from 
the funds or foundation of a college or school. 

Found, fownd, v. t. To form by pouring metal into 
a mold; to cast. [OF. fondre, to melt, cast, L./wra- 
dere, to pour, cast (metal). See Fuse.] — Found'er, 
n. — Found'ery, -5r-i, -ry, -rt, n. Art of casting; 
works where metals are cast. — Fount, Font, n. 
{Print.) A properly assorted quantity of type of 
the same size, style, and age. [OF. fonte.] 

Founder, fownd'er, v. i. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] 
(Naut.) To fill with water, and sink, as a ship; to 
fail, miscarry; to trip, fall, stumble and go lame, as 
ahorse. — v. t. To cause soreness in the feet or 
limbs of, so as to lame, — said of a horse. — n. (Far.) 
A lameness from inflammation in a horse's foot; 
inflammatory fever of the body, or acute rheuma- 
tism. [OF.jondrer, to sink in (a bog, etc.), fr. fond, 
Jj. fundus, bottom.] — Found'erous, -Sr-us, a. Fail- 
ing; liable to sink from beneath. 

Fount, Fountain, fownt'in, n. A spring or natural 
source of water ; an artificially produced jet or 
6tream of water; structure in which such a jet or 
stream flows ; origin ; first cause. [OF. funt,font, 
funtaine, LL. fontana, L. fans, fontis, a spring.] — 
Fount'ain-head, n. Primary source ; original. — 
Font, n. A fountain, spring; a basin for water in 
baptism. [OF.; AS. fant, L./ons.] 

Four, for, a. One more than 3, or one less than 5; 
twice 2. — n. The sum of 4 units; a symbol repre- 
senting four units, as 4 or iv. [AS. feower, Ic. fjorir, 
Dan. fire, D. and G. vier, OHG. fior, W.pedwar, L. 
quatuor, Gr. tessares, Gr. dial, pisures, Russ. chet- 
vero, Skr. chatvar.] — Four'fold, a. 4 double ; quad- 
ruple ; 4 times told. — n. 4 times as much. — Four'- 
- 1 -Four '-in- 
one hand, 
esp. ot a team oi 4 norses. — .tour' -o'-clock, n. 
(Bot.) An Amer. plant of several species, whose 
flowers open late in the day; after-noon-lady ; Mar- 
vel of Peru. — Four'score, a. 4 times 20 ; 80. — n. 80 
units. [See Score.] — Four'square, a. Having 4 
side3 and 4 equal angles. — n. That which has, etc. ; 
a quadrangle.— Four'way, a. Allowing passage in 
any one of 4 directions.— Fourth, a. Next following 



rupie ; i times toiu. — n. i times as iiiucn. — 
footed, o. Having 4 feet; quadruped. — F( 
hand, a. Of or pert, to 4 objects, held by on< 
— said esp. of a team of 4 horses. — Four'-o'-c 



the 3d and preceding the 
5th ; forming 1 of 4 parts 
into which a thing is di- 
vided. — n. One of 4 equal 
parts into which, etc. 
(Mus.) The interval be- 
tween one tone and that 
represented on the 4th de- a 
gree of the staff above it. 
[AS. feortha.] — Fourthly, 
adv. In the_ 4th place. — 
Fourteen, -ten, n. The sum 
of 10 and 4 ; symbol repre- 
senting this number, as 14 
or xiv. — a. 4 and 10 more ; 
twice 7. [AS. feowertyne.] 
— Fourteenth, a. Succeed 




Four-way Cock. 



a, to steam-pipe ; 6, to 
ing the 13th and preceding u PP er cylinder ; c, to 
the 15th; making one of condenser; d, to lower 
14 parts.— n. One of 14 cylinder, 
equal parts. (Mus.) The octave of the 7th. — Fort'* 
night, n. The space of 14 nights; 2 weeks. [ME- 
fourtenight.] — Fort 'nightly, -It, adv. Once in, etc. 
— Forty, -tt, a. 4 times 10; 39 and 1 added. — n. 
The sum of 40 units; symbol representing it, as 40 
orxl. [AS. feowertig.] — Fortieth, -tt-eth, a. Fol- 
lowing the 39th; constituting 1 of 40 parts. — ». One 
of 40 equal parts. [AS. feowertigadha.] 

Fourierism, foo'rt-er-izm, n. The system of Charles 
Fourier, who urged the reorganization of society 
into small communities, living in common. — Fou / - 
rierite, -It, n. A believer in, etc. 

Fowl, fowl, n. A bird, esp. a large, edible bird; a full 
grown barn-door fowl. [Generally used collectively 
of wild birds, and in pi. of domesticated birds.] — 
v.i. To catch or kill wild fowl. [AS. fugol, D. and 
G. vogel, Ic. and Dan. fugl.] — Barn-door fowl. A 
common farm-yard cock or hen. — Fowl 'er, n. A 
sportsman who takes, kills, or pursues wild fowl. - 
FowFing-piece, n. A gun for shooting birds. 

Fox, foks, n. (Zool.) A predaceous animal of several 
species of the genus FaZpes^emarkable 
for cunning. A sly, cunning fellow. 
(Naut.) A small 
strand of rope, 
made by twist- 
ing rope-yarns. 
(Icth.) A fish; 
the dragonet. A 
1 ong-t ailed 
shark, found in 
temperate and 
tropical seas, — 
the sea-ape, sea- 
fox, thrasher. — 
v. t. [FOXED 
(fokst), fox- 
ing.] To cover the feet of boots with new front 




Common Fox ( Vulpes vulgaris). 



upper leather. 



To turn sour, — said of beer. 



etc., in fermenting. [AS. and Ic; D. vos, G.fuchs.\ 
— Fox and geese. The name of several games. — 
Foxed, fokst, a. Discolored or stained, — said of 
timber and of paper in books. — Fox'y, -t, a. Pert, 
to or like foxes ; wily; of the color of, etc., yellowish 
or reddish brown : sour, — said of grapes and of 
beer not well fermented. — Fox'iness, n. Craftiness; 
shrewdness ; discoloration of books, etc.; decay; de- 
terioration. — Fox'-chase, n. Pursuit of a fox with 
hounds. — e'vil, n. A disease in which the hair falls 
off.— glove, n. (Bot.) A perennial plant with showy 
flowers, whose bitter, poisonous leaves are used in 
medicine ; digitalis. [AS. foxes glofa ; cf. Norwegian 
revhandskje, fr. rev, fox.] — hound, n. A variety of 
hound for chasing foxes. — hunt, n. The chase of 
a fox. — hunt'er, n. — hunting, n— -tail, n. (Bot.) 
A species of grass. — trap, n. A snare to catch foxes. 
— trot, n. A pace of a horse, between a walk and a 
trot. 

Foyer, fwa-ya', n. A public hall; the lobby, or the 
greenroom, of a theater. [F.; L. focarium, fr. focus, 
fire-place.] 

Fracas, fra'kas, n. An uproar ; noisy quarrel ; dis- 
turbance. [F.; It. fracasso, fr. fracassare, fr.fra, 
among, and cassare, to break, fr. L. quassare, to 
shatter, fr. quatere, to shake. See Quash.] 

Fraction, frak'shun, n. A portion; fragment. (Arith. 
or Alg.) A division or aliquot part of a unit or 
whole number. [F.; Ti.fractio, -onis, a breaking, 
ir.frangere,fractum, to break; s. rt. break.]— Com- 
mon or vulgar fraction. One in which the number 
of equal parts into which the integer is divided ie 



&m, fame, far, 



or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn. ice ; Odd, t6ne, 6r ; 



FRAGRANT 



219 



FREAK 



indicated by figures or letters, called the denomi- 
nator, written below a line, over which is the nu- 
merator, indicating the number of these parts in- 
cluded in the fraction, as i, 
— Decimal/. One in which the denominator is a 
unit or 1 with ciphers annexed, — commonly ex- 
pressed by writing the numerator only with a point 

before it; thus, .5 = five tenths, ^; .25 = j^j--— 
Fractional, -ary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to fractions; con- 
stituting a fraction. — Frac'tious, -shus, a. Apt to 
break out into a passion; apt to fret; peevish; irrit- 
able ; pettish. — Frac'tiously, adv. — Frac'tUus- 
ness, n. — Frac'ture, -chur, n. Act of breaking or 
snapping asunder; rupture; breach. (Surg.) The 
breaking of a bone. (Jilin.) The appearance of a 
freshly-broken surface, displaying its texture, — v. 
t. [fractured (-churd), -turing.] To cause, etc.; 
to break, crack. [OF.; L. fractura, a breach.] — 
Comminuted fracture. One in which the bone is 
crushed, splintered, or broken into fragments. — 
Compound f. One in which fracture of the bone 
is complicated by laceration of the integuments. — 
Simple/. One in which the bone only is broken. — 
Fragile, fraj'iL a. Easily broken ; brittle ; frail ; 
liable to fail. [F. ; l,.fragilis.] — Fragility, -MY, n. 
State of being, etc. — Frag'ment, n. A part broken 
off; detached portion. [F.; ~L. fragmentum.]— Frag'- 
mentary, -a-rY, a. Composed of fragments; broken 
up; incomplete. (Geol.) Composed of fragments of 
other rocks. — Fran/able, -jT-bl, a. Capable of be- 
ing broken; fragile. \JAj.frangibUis.] — Fran / gibil / '- 
ity,n. 

Fragrant, fra'grant, a. Sweet of smell; having agree- 
able perfume; odoriferous; balmy; spicy; aromatic. 
[F.; L.fragrans, -grantis, p. pr. oifragrare, to emit 
perfume.] — Fra'grantly, adv.— Fra'grance, -gran- 
cy, -gran-si, n. Quality of being, etc.; a sweet smell. 

Frail, fral, a. Easily broken; fragile; liable to fail 
and perish; not tenacious of life; weak; infirm; of 
infirm virtue; weak in resolution. [OF. fraile, fr. 
L. fragilis. See Fragile, under Fraction.] — 
FraiFneSB, n. — Frail'ty, -tl, n. Condition of being 
frail; weakness of resolution; liableness to be de- 
ceived; a fault proceeding from weakness; infirm- 
ity; failing; foible. 

Frail, fral, n. A basket of rushes, for containing figs 
and raisins; quantity of raisins — about 70 pounds — 
contained in such a basket; a rush for weaving bas- 
kets. [NormF. fraile, basket, LL. fraellum-] 

Frame, fram, v. t. [framed (framd), framing.] (Carp.) 

To construct, adjust and 

put together, fabricate, O f , , v>_ aa \pO 
make; to originate, devise, 
invent or fabricate (some- 
thing false) ; to regulate, 
shape, conform; to provide i 
with a fi-ame, as a picture. 
— n. Anything composed 
of parts fitted and united 
together ; a fabric ; struc- 
ture ; a case or structure for 
tdmitting, inclosing, o r 
supporting things, as that 
which contains a window, 
door, picture, etc.; a sort 
of loom ; the bodily struc- 
ture; make or build of a person; the skeleton; form; 
constitution; system; regulated or adapted condi- 
tion; particular state, as of the mind; humor. [AS. 
fremman, to effect, do, fram, from, strong, excellent, 
fram, from, away, Ic. fremja, to further, framr 
(adj.), forward, fram (adv.), forward; s. rt. fore, 
prime.'] — Balloon frame. (Carp.) A frame for a 
Duilding constructed of slender studding mostly se- 
cured by nails. — F. house. One whose frame is of 
squared'timber. — Fram'er, n. One who frames; a 
maker. — Frame '-work, n. That which supports or 
incloses anything else ; a frame, framing. 

Franc, frank, n. A silver coin, orig. of France, equal 
to about 19? cents. [F. Franc, E. Frank, name of a 
Germanic people on the Rhine, that founded the 
French monarchy.] 

Franchise, etc. See under Frank. 

Franciscan, fran-sis'kan, a. (Rom. Cath.) Belonging 
to the order of St. Francis. — n. A monk of the or- 
der, founded in 1209, — called also Gray Friars and 
Friars Minor. 

Francolin, frank'c-lin, n. A species of partridge, of 
Europe and Asia. [F. and Sp.] 




Frame. (Carp.) 
lb, a b, uprights or 
posts; ed,ed, struts, 
ties, or braces. 



Frangible, etc. See under Fraction. 

Frangipane, fran'jY-pan, n. A species of pastry, con- 
taining cream and almonds; a perfume of jasmine. 
[Prob. fr. the Marquis Frangipani.] — Fran'gipan' 
ni, -pan'ne, n. A perfume from, or imitating, the 
flower of a W. India tree. 

Frank, frank, a. Free in uttering real sentiments; 
not reserved; ingenuous; candid; open; sincere. — 
v. t. [franked (fnankt), franking.] To send by 
public conveyance free of expense; to exempt from 
charge for postage. — n. A letter free of postage, or 
of charge for sending by mail; that which makes a 
letter free, as the signature of one possessing the 
privilege. [OF. franc, LL. francus, free, OHG. 
franko, free man, a Frank.] — Frankly, adv. — 
Frank'ness, n. — Franklin, u. An English free- 
holder. [OF. frankeleyn, LL. franchilanus, ir.fran- 
chire, to render free, fr. franchius, francus, free.] — 
Fran'chise, -chiz, n. A constitutional right or priv- 
ilege, esp. the right to vote. (Law.) A privilege 
conferred upon individuals bv grant from a sover- 
eign or government. The district to which a partic- 
ular privilege extends; asvlum; sanctuary. — v. t. 
[franchised (-chizd), -ciiising.] To make free. 
[ME., freedom; OF., privileged liberty, ir.franchir, 
LL. franchire, to f ree.] — Fran'chisement, n. Re- 
lease; freedom.— Frank / almoigne / \-moin / ',n. (Eng. 
Law.) A tenure by which a religious corporation 
holds lands forever, usually on condition of praying 
for the soul of the donor and his heirs. [NormF. al- 
moigne, ahnoignes, alms, q. v.] — Frankpledge, n. 
(O. Eng. Law.) A member of an ancient tithing, 
each freeman being a pledge for the good conduct 
of the others, for the preservation of the public 
peace; the tithing itself . — Frank'incense, -sens, n. 
A fragrant resinous substance, from Arabia and In- 
dia, burned as a religious incense or a medicinal 
perfume; also a balsamic gum resin from the Nor- 
way spruce, from which Burgundy pitch is made. 
[OF. franc encens.] 

Frank, frank, n. One of the German tribes inhabiting 
Franconia, who in the 5th centurv conquered Gaul 
and established the kingdom of France ; an inhabi- 
tant of Western Europe; European, — a term used 
in the East; a franc, q. v. 

Frantic, etc. See under Frenzy. 

Frap, trap, v. t. [frapi-ed (frapt), frapping.] (Naut.) 
To undergird. [F.f 'rapper, to strike, seize ropes, fr. 
Ic. hrappa, to scold.] 

Fraternal, fra-ter / 'nal, a. Pert, to brethren; becoming 
brothers; brotherly. [OY.fraternel, LL. fraternalis, 
L. fratemus, brotherly, frater, brother, q. v.] — Fra- 
ternally, adv. — Fraternity, -nY-tY, n. State or 
qualuy of being fraternal; brotherhood; a body of 
men associated for their common interest, business, 
or pleasure; a brotherhood. [OF '. fraternite, L.fra- 
tertiitas.] — Fraternize, fra'ter- or fra-ter'nlz, v.i. 
[-NIZED (-nizd), -sizing.] To associate or hold close 
fellowship. [OF. fraterniser.] — Fra'terniza'tion, n. 
— Frat'ricide, -rY-sid, n. The murder of a brother; 
one who kills a brother. [L. fratricidium, murder 
of, etc. ; OF. fratricide, L. fratricida, the murderer 
of, etc., fr. L. casdere, to kill.] — Frat'iici'dal, a. 
Pert, to, or involving a brother's murder. 

Fraud, frawd, n. Deception deliberately practiced, to 
gain an unfair advantage ; a deceptive trick; guile; 
craft; stratagem; imposition; cheat. [OF. fraude, 
L. fraus, fraudis, guile; Skr. dhurta, fraudulent, 
dhvri, to bend; s. rt. dull, dwell.] — Fraad'ful, -ful, 
a. Treacherous ; trickish. — Fraud'fully, adv. '— 
Fraud'ulent, -u-lent, a. Using, containing, founded 
on, or proceeding fr., fraud; obtained or performed 
by artifice; trickish; cunning; cheating: insidious; 
unfair ; knavish. [OF.] — Fraud'ulently, adv. — 
Fraud 'ulence, -lency, -len-sY, n. Qualitj' of Deing, etc. 

Fraught. See under Freight. 

Fray, fra, n. Affray: broil; contest; combat. — ?', t. 
[frayed (frad), fraying.] To frighten, terrify, 
[Contr. of affray, q. v.] 

Fray, fra, n. A fret or chafe in cloth. — v. t. To rub, 
wear off by rubbing, fret (cloth, etc.)— v. i. To 
rub; to wear out easily by rubbing; to ravel. [OF. 
frayer,froyer, L. fricare, to rub. See Friction.] 

Freak, frek, n. A sudden, causeless change of mind; 
whim; caprice; sport. [AS.// - ec, bold, rash, la.frekr, 
OHG. freh, greedy, Sw. frack, Dan. frsek, audacious, 
G. frech, saucy.] — Freak'ish, a. Apt to change the 
mind suddenly; capricious; whimsical. — Freak'- 
ishly, adc. — Freak'islmess, n. 

Freak, frek, v. t. [freaked (frekt), freaking.] To 
variegate, checker. — Freckle, frek'l, n. A yellow- 



efin, cube, full ; moon, fet>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



FREE 



220 



FRET 



ish spot in the skin; any small discoloration. — v. t. 
[freckled (-Id), -ling.] To color with freckles or 
small discolored spots; to spot. —v. i. To become 
covered with freckles. [Ic. freknur, Sw. fraknar, 
freckles, Ga. breac, speckled, Gr. perknos, sprinkled 
with dark spots, Skr. pricni, variegated; perh. s. rt. 
fleck.'] — Freck'ly, -lit, a. Full of freckles. 

Free, fre, a. [fre'er, fre'est.] Not under restraint, 
control, or compulsion; at liberty; not under arbi- 
trary government; enjoying political liberty; liber- 
ated, by arriving at a certain age, from the control 
of parents or master; released from arrest; capable 
of voluntary activity; clear of offense or crime; un- 
constrained by timidity or distrust; unrestrained; 
immoderate; not close or parsimonious; liberal; not 
united or combined with anything else; at liberty to 
escape ; exempt ; clear ; released; invested with a 
freedom or franchise; not obstructed or appropri- 
ated; not gained by importunity or purchase; not 
arbitrary or despotic; assuring liberty .— v. t. [freed 
(fred), freezing.] To make free, set at liberty, dis- 
engage, clear; to keep free, exempt; to relieve from 
the constraint of. [AS. freo, D. vrij, Ic, Sw., and 
Dan. fri, Goth, freis, G.frei, free; s. rt. Skr. priya, 
dear, agreeable, E. friend.] — Free agency. Power 
of choosing or acting freely. — F. port. (Com.) A 
port where ships of all nations may load and unload 
free of duty, provided goods are not carried into the 
adjoining country; a port where goods are received 
from ships of all nations at equal rates of duty. — F. 
wind. (Naut.) A fair wind. — Freely, adv. In a 
free manner; unrestrained; voluntarily; liberally; 
largely. — Free'ness, n. — Free'dom, -dum, n. State 
of being free; exemption from control; liberty; par- 
ticular privileges; franchise; immunity; improper 
familiarity; license. [AS. freedom.'] — Free'man, n.; 
pi. -men. One who enjoys liberty; one not a slave 
or vassal; one possessed of a_peculiar privilege. [AS. 
freoman.) — Freed'man, fred'-, n. One who has 
been a slave, and is freed. —Freehold, n. (Law.) 
An estate in real property, of inheritance or for life; 
the tenure by which it is held. — Free'holder, n. 
One owning, etc. — Free'boot'er, n. One who wan- 
ders about for plunder; a robber; pillager. [G.frei- 
beuter, ir.frei, free, and beute, booty, q. v.] — Free'- 
ma'son, -sn, n. One of a secret association, said to 
have been orig. composed of masons, now of persons 
united for mutual assistance.— Free'ma'sonrv, -sn- 
rf, n. Institutions or practices of, etc. — Free'stone, 
n. Stone composed of sand or grit, — easily cut. — 
Free 'thinker, n. One who discards revelation; an 
unbeliever; skeptic. — Free 'thinking, a. Skeptical. 
— n. Unbelief . — Free'-born, a. Born free; inher- 
iting liberty. — hand, a. Drawn with the unaided 
hand, without instruments or measurement. — 
-hand'ed, a. Generous. — -heart'ed, a. Open; frank; 
liberal. — liv'er, n. One who gratifies his appetite 
without stint. — liv'ing, n. — love', n. Doctrine or 
practice of consorting with one of the opposite sex, 
without marriage. — lsv'er, n. — mar 'tin, n. A 
cow-calf twin-born with a bull, — usually barren. — 
-soil'er, n. In Amer. politics, an opponent of the 
extension of slavery; an abolitionist. — trade', n. 
Commerce unrestricted by tariff regulations or cus- 
toms duties ; free interchange of commodities. — 

-trad'er, n. An advocate of, etc. war'ren, n. 

(Eng. Law.) A royal franchise or exclusive right 

of killing game within certain limits. will', n. 

Power of choosing without restraints of natural or 
physical_necessity. — a. Spontaneous; voluntary. 

Freeze, frez, v. i. limp, froze; p.p. frozen; freez- 
ing.] To become congealed by cold; to be hardened 
into ice or a like solid body; to become chilled. — v. 
t. To congeal, harden into ice ; to cause loss of ani- 
mation or life in ? from lack of heat; to chill. — n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. [AS. and OHG. freos- 
an, Ic. frjosa, Sw. frysa, D. vriezen, G. frieren, to 
freeze; AS. forst, D. vorst, Ic, Dan., Sw., and G. 
frost, frost, Goth, frius, cold; L. pruina, hoar-frost, 
pruna, burning coal, pruire, to itch, burn, Skr. plush, 
to burn.] — Freez'er, n. One who, or that which, 
etc.; a refrigerator ; the utensils used in freezing 
ice-cream. — Freez'ing-point, n. That degree of a 
thermometer at which fluids begin to freeze, — said 
esp. of water, whose freezing-point is at 32° Fah. — 
Frore, From, fr5rn, a. Frozen; frosty. [For froren, 
old p. p. of freeze. ; AS. froren, p. p. of freosan.] — 
Frost, frBst, n. Act or state of freezing; severe cold; 
frozen dew, — hoar-frost or white-frost. — v. t. To 
cover with anything like hoar-frost, as cake with 
sugar. — Black frost. Cold so intense as to freeze 




vegetation and turn it black, without farming hoar- 
frost. — Frost 'y, -T, a. Attended with, or producing, 
frost; without warmth of affection; appearing as rt 
covered with hoar-frost ; white ; gray-haired. — 
Frost'ily, adv.— Frost'iness, n.— Frost'ing, n. Com- 
position, resembling hoar-frost, used to cover cake, 
etc. — Frost'-bite, n. The freezing of some part of 
the body by exposure to cold. — bitten, -tn, p. a. 
Nipped or affected by, etc. — fish, n. A small fish, 
the tom-cod, abundant on the coasts of the U. S. 
after frost commences. 

Freight, frat, n. That with which, anything is laden; 
cargo; what is paid for transportation of merchan- 
dise. — v. t. To load with goods, as a ship or vehicle. 
[OF. fret, OHG. freht, Sw. frakt, Dan. fragt, D. 
vracht, G.fracht, a cargo; Sw.frakta, D&n.fragte, 
D. bevrachten, G. frachten, to freight, load.] — 
Freight'age, -ej, n. Charge for transportation ; 
freight; cargo; lading.— Freight'er, n. One who 
loads a ship; one whose business it is to forward 
freight : one for whom freight is transported. — 
Fraught, frawt, a. Freighted; laden; filled; stored. 

French, trench, a. Pert, to France or its inhabitants. 

— n. The language of the people of France; collect- 
ively, the people of France. —French leave. Infor- 
mal, hasty, or secret departure. — French'man, n.; 
pi. -men. A native or naturalized inhabitant of, etc. 

— Freneh'ify, -fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To 
make French, Gallicize. [L. facere, to make.] — 
French'-ber'ry, n. The berry of a species of buck- 
thorn, which affords a green or purple pigment. — 
-chalk, n. (Min.) A variety of talc, of a pearly- 
white or grayish color, used 
for drawing lines on cloth. 
— horn, n. A wind-instru- 
ment of music. — roof, n. 
A roof with 2 sets of rafters 
on the sides, the lower near- 
ly vertical and the upper 
much inclined, giving much 
space beneath the roof for 
chambers ; hip roof ; curb 
roof; mansard roof . — -white, n. Pulverized talc. 

Frenzy, fren'zT, n. Violent agitation of the mind ap- 
proaching to distraction; insanity; madness; rage; 
delirium. [OF. frenaisie, frenesie, L. and Late Gr. 
phrenesis, fr. Gr. phrenitis, inflammation of the brain, 
f r. phren, midriff, heart, senses.] — Fran'tic, Fre- 
net'ic, -ical, Phrenet'ic, a. Mad ; raving ; noisy ; 
wild. — Fran'tically, adv. 

Frequent, fre'kwent, a. Happening at short intervals; 
given to any eourse of conduct. —Frequent', v.t. 
To visit often, resort to habitually. [OF. frequent, 
a., frequenter, v.,L.frequentare, to frequent, fr. (obs.) 
frequere, to cram.] — Frequent'er, n. — Fre'quently, 
adv. Often; commonly. — Fre'quency, -sT, n. Con- 
dition of returning frequently; occurrence often re- 
peated.— Frequenta'tion, n. The habit of frequent- 
ing. — Frequent'ative, -tiv, a. ( Oram.) Serving to 
express the frequent repetition of an action. — n. 
A verb which, etc. 

Fresco, fres'ko, n. Coolness ; shade ; a method of 
painting on walls on a freshly laid stucco-ground 
of lime or gypsum. — v. t. [frescoed (-kod), -go- 
ing.] To paint in fresco. [It., cool, fresh, OHG. 
frisg,fritc, G.frisch, fresh, q. v. J 

Fresh, fresh, a. Possessed of original life and vigor» 
new and strong ; lately produced, gathered, or pre- 
pared for market ; recently made ; in a raw, green, 
or untried state ; renewed in vigor, or readiness for 
exertion ; tending to renew in vigor ; cool ; brisk; 
not salt, as water or meat. — n. A pool or spring of 
fresh water ; an inundation ; freshet ; the mingling 
of fresh with salt water in rivers or bays. [AS. 
fersc, Ic. ferskr, Sw. frisk, Dan. fersk, frisk, D. 
versch, MHG. vrisch, virsch, fresh, Ic. friskr, frisky, 
brisk ; s. rt. fare, ferry, fresco, frisk.]— Fresh way. 
(Naut.) Increased velocity of a vessel. — Fresh'ly, 
adv.— Fresh'nesB, n.— FreBh'en, v. t. [-ened (-nd), 
-ening.] To make fresh, take saltness from any- 
thing. (Naut.) To relieve, as by change of plnce, 
or by renewing the material used to prevent chaf- 
ing. — v. i. To grow fresh, lose saltness, grow brisk 
or strong. — Fresh'et, n. A flood in a river from 
rains or melted snow. — Fresh'force, n. (Law.) 
Force done within 40 days. — Fresh'man, n. ; pi. 
-men. A novice; esp. a student during his first year 
at college. — Fresh'-wa'ter, a. Of, or pert, to, water 
not salt; accustomed to sail on or live in fresh water 
only; unskilled; raw. 

Fret, fret, v. t. To wear away by friction, eat away, 



French-horn. 



fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t5rm ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



FRET 



221 



FROCK 



corrode, chafe ; to make rough, agitate, disturb ; to 
tease, irritate, vex, make angry. — v. i. To be worn 
away or corroded; to chafe: to be agitated or vexed; 
to utter peevish expressions. — n. Agitation ; vex- 
ation ; agitation of the surface of a fluid, esp. by 
fermentation, pi. (Mining.) The worn sides of 
river banks, where ores accumulate. [AS. fretan, 
fr. for intens. and etan, to eat, Sw. /rata, ir.for and 
ata, to eat, D. vreten, fr. ver and eten, G. fressen, fr. 
ver and essen, Goth, fraitan, fr. fra and item, to eat. 
See Eat.] — Fret'ful, -ful, a. Disposed to fret •, 
peevish ; cross. — Freffully, adv. — Freffulness, n. 

Tret, fret, v. t. To ornament with raised work, vari- 
egate, diversify. — n. Herpes; tetter. [AS. fnetwan, 
OS. fratahon,' to adorn ; AS. frxtwe, OS. fratahi, 
ornament. 1 — Frefty, -tT, a. Adorned with fret- 
work.— Fret 'work. n. Work adorned with frets; or- 
namental open work in wood, iron, or stone. —Fret 
saw. A narrow saw for cutting fret and scroll work. 

Fret, fret, n. (Arch.) An ornament made of small 
fillets combined in geo- , — 
metrical or other 
terns; a raised ban 
an open slot. (Her. 
bearing composed of 
bars crossed and inter- 
laced. (Mm.) A wire Fret. 
on the fingerboard of a guitar or similar instrument, 
to guide the finger in playing.— v. t. To furnish with 
frets, as an instrument of music. [OF. frete, a fer- 
rule, frettes, bars in a grating, freter, to cross, inter- 
lace; Sp.fretes, bands on a shield (in heraldry) ; It. 
ferriata, LL. /errata, iron grating, ferrare, to bind 
with iron, fr. lj.ferrum, iron.] 

Friable, fri'a-bl, a Easiiv crumbled or pulverized. 
[OF. ; L. fnabiiu>, fr. friare, to rub, crumble.] — 
Fri'ableness, -abil'ity, -tT, n. 

Friar, fri'ar, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) A member of any 
religious order, esp. of a mendicant order. (Print.) 
A white patch on a page, from want of ink on the 
type. [OF. frere, freire, ~L.frater, E. brother, q. v.] 
—Gray friar. A Franoiscan or Minor. — Black f. A 
Dominican. — White f. A Carmelite. — Fri'ary, -a- 
rT, n. A monastery; convent of friars; monkery. 

Fribble, frib'bl, a. Frivolous ; trifling ; silly. — n. A 
frivolous fellow; a coxcomb; beau; fop. — v. i. To 
trifle. [Perh. fr. Prov. F.friboler, to flutter, flit like 
a butterfly, barivoler, to flutter in the wind ; perh. 
s. rt. frippery, q. v.] 

Fricassee, frik/as-se', n. A dish made of fowls or 
small animals cut into pieces, and stewed or fried. 

— v. t. [fricasseed (-sedO, -seeing.] To make a 
fricassee of. [F., prop. p. p. of fricasser, to fricassee, 

ferh. fr. It. fracassare, to break in pieces. See 
RACAS.J 

Friction, frik'shun, n. Act of rubbing one body 
against another; attiition; abrasion. (Mech.) The 
effect of rubbing, or resistance which a moving body 
meets with from the surface on which it moves. 
[F. ; L. frictio, -onis, fr. fricare, frictum, to rub, fr. 
friare, to crumble : see Friable ; Skr. ghrish, to 
grind.] — Fric'tional, a. Relating to, moved by, or 
produced by friction. — Fric'ative, -tiv, a. (Pron.) 
Produced by the friction or rustling of the breath 
through a narrow opening between two of the 
mouth-organs. [L.fricatio, Ir. fricare.] 

Friday, fri'd a, n. The 6th day of the week. [AS. frig- 
edag, fr. Frig, Ic. Frigg, OHG. Fria, goddess of mar- 
riage (= L. Juno), wife of Odin or Wodan, and AS. 
dag, day.] — Good Friday. Friday of Passion Week. 

Fried. See Fry. 

Friend, frend, n. One attached to another by senti- 
ments of esteem, respect, and affection ; a well- 
wisher; an intimate associate ; one not an enemy ; a 
favorer: promoter; one of the religious sect usually 
called Quakers. — v. t. To act as the friend of ; 
favor. [AS. freotid, f r. freogan, to love, D. vriend, 
fr. vrije.n, Ic. frsendi, fr.frja, Skr. pri, to love.] — A 
friend at court. One disposed to act as a friend in a 
place of special opportunity or influence. — Friend'- 
less, a. Destitute of friends; forlorn. — Friend'ly, 
-ll> a. Having the disposition of a friend ; appro- 
priate to, or implying, friendship; befitting friends ; 
not hostile; amicable; kind; propitious; favorable. 

— Friend'liness. n. — Friend/ship, n. Attachment 
to a person, proceeding from intimate acquain- 
tance, or from favorable opinion of his estimable 
qualities ; friendly relation or intimacy ; friendly 
aid, office, or kindness. 

Friese, frez, Frisian, frizh'an, n. The language of 
Friesland, in the Netherlands, — the variety of Low 



German most nearly akin to English. — Frieslc, a. 
Of, or pert, to, etc. — Frieze, frez, n. A coarse 
woolen cloth with nap on one side. — v. t. To make 
a nap on (cloth). [F. frise, frize, Sp. frisa. orig. 
cloth of Friesland (D. Vrie.iland).] 

Frieze, frez, n. (Arch.) That part of an entablature 
between the architrave and cornice. [OF./r?'~e. cloth, 
also a frieze in architecture, /rese,frai*e, a ruff, Sp. 
friso, a frieze, It. fregio, a fringe, border, chaplet.J 

Frigate, frig'at, n. A ship of war, larger than a cor- 
vette or sloop of war, and less than a ship of the 
line. [F. fregate. It. fregata, perh. fr. L. fabricare, 
to build.] — Frig'ate-bird, n. A large and rapacious 
tropical sea-fowl, allied to the pelican. 

Fright, frit, n. A passion excited by sudden danger ; 
violent fear ; alarm; terror; consternation. — v. t. 
To alarm suddenly with danger, affright, scare, 
dismay, daunt. [AS. fyrhto, OS. forht, Dan.frygt.] 

— Fright'en, . t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To fright. 

— Fright'ful, -ful, a. Full of terror ; alarmed ; ex- 
citing alarm ; terrible ; dreadful : awful ; horrid ; 
shocking. — Fright'fully, adv. — Fright"' fulness, n. 

Frigid, frrj'id, a. Cold; of low temperature; wanting 
warmth, fervor, vivacity, etc. ; impotent. [L.frig- 
idus, fr. frigere, to be eold,fr./r?7/w.<, Gr. rhigos, cold, 
n., Gr. rhigoein, to freeze.] — Frigid zone. (Geog.) 
That part of the earth between each polar circle 
and the pole, — extending about 23° 28' from each 
pole. See Zone. — Frigidity, -tT, n. Condition or 
quality of being frigid ; coldness ; want of warmth, 
ardor, virility, etc. — Frig'idly, adv. — Frig'idness, 
n. — Frigoriric, -ical, frig-o-nl'ik-al, a. Causing, 
producing, or generating cold. [L.facere, to make.] 

Frill, fril, n. Orig. the ruffling ot a hawk's feathers 
when shivering with cold ; a ruffle (on clothes). — 
v. t. [frilled (frild), -ling.] To decorate with 
frills. — v. i. To shake or shiver, as with cold. [OF. 
friller, to shiver, frilleux, L. frigidulus, chilly, dim. 
fr. frigidus. See Frigid.] 

Fringe, frinj, n. A trimming consisting of hanging 
threads; a line of projecting objects along the edge 
of any place or thing ; a border ; confine. — v. t. 
[fringed (frinjd), fringing.] To adorn or border 
with fringe. [OF.; F. f range, L. fimbria, fringe, fr. 
fibra, a fiber, q. v.] 

Frippery, frip'per-T, n. Old clothes ; cast dresses ; 
second-hand finery; useless matter: place where old 
clothes are sold; traffic in old clothes. [OF . friperie, 
broker's shop, fripier, broker, mender of clothes, 
dealer in, etc., J ripper, to rub, wear to rags.] 

Friseur. See under Friz. 

Frisk, frisk, v. i. [frisked (friskt), frisking.] To 
leap, skip, dance, gambol. — n. A frolic ; a fit of 
wanton gayety. [OF. frisqve, Ic. friakr, frisky. See 
Fresh.] — Frisk 'er, n. One who frisks ; a wanton. 

— Frisk'y, -T, a. Frolicsome. — Frisk'iness, n. — 
Frisk'et, n. (Print.) The light frame which keeps 
the paper in place upon the tympan, and raises it 
from the form when printed. See Printing-press. 
[F.frisquette, —from its quick motion.] 

Frit, frit, n. The material for glass or ceramic glaze, 
wholly or partially fuzed but not vitrified. — v.t. 
To prepare (materials for glass, etc.) by exposing to 
heat. [OF., f ried, fri ture, a frying, dish of fried fish, 
frire, L. frigere, frictum, to fry, q. v.] — Frifter, n. 
A small pancake of fried batter: a small piece of 
meat fried; a fragment; shred; small piece. — v. t. 
[frittered (-terd), -tering.] To cut (meat) into 
small pieces for frying; to break into small frag- 
ments. — To fritter away. To diminish, spend in 
t'ifling employment. 

Frith, frith, Firth, ferth, n. A narrow arm of the sea; 
estuarv ; a kind of weir for catching fish. [Scot. 
firth, Ic. fjordhr, Dan. fiord ; s. rt. L. portus, a ha- 
ven, Gr. porthmos, a ferry, Skr. par, to carry over, E. 
farp,fora.~) 

Frivolous, friv'o-lus, a. Of little weight, worth, or 
importance; given to trifling, or unbecoming levity; 
trivial ; petty. [L. frivohis, fr. fricare. See Fric- 
tion.] — Friv'olousness, Frivol 'ity, -tT, n. 

Friz, Frizz, friz, v. t. [frizzed (frizd), -zing.] To 
form into small curls, as hair; to crisp; to form into 
little burs, or knobs, as the nap of cloth, —n. That 
which is frizzed; anything crisped or curled. [OF. 
frizer, Sp. frisar, to raise' the nap on frieze. See 
Frieze, under Friese.] —Friseur, fre-zer'. n. A 
hair-dresser. [F.] — Friz'zle, v. t. [-zled (-zld), 
-zling.] To curl or crisp, as hair; to friz. — Friz''- 
zler, n. 

Fro. See under From. 

Frock, frok, n. An outer garment; esp. a loose, coarse 



sun. cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow. oil : linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



FROG- 



222 



FRUTESOENT 



garment worn by men over other clothes, or a gown 
worn by women and children. [OF.. r'roc, LL. fro- 
nts, fioccus, a monk's frock, perh. because wooien : 
see Flock, a lock of wool ; perh. fr. OHG. hroch, 
G. rock, a coat.] — Frock'-coat, n. A body-coat, 
with broad skirts, cut like a surtout, but shorter. 
Frog, frog, n. {Zobl.) A well-known amphibious an- 
imal, with 4 feet, a naked body, and no tail. {Far.) 
A tender, horny substance in the middle of a horse's 
foot, dividing into 2 branches, and running toward 
the heel in the form of a 
fork. An oblong cloak-but- 
ton, swelled in the mid- =_ 
die. {Railroads.) A trian- ~~M 



gular plate for the wheels 
where tracks cross at an 




Railroad Frog. 




Frond. 



cute angle. [AS. froga, 
frox, Ic. froskr, D. vorsch, G. frosch, the animal ; 
perh. s. rt. frolic] — Frog'-hop'per, n. A small leap- 
ing insect, living on plants. 
Frolic, froKik, a. Full of levity or pranks; gay; merry. 

— n. A wild prank ; flight of mirth ; scene of gay- 
ety; merry-making.— v.i. [frolicked (-ikt), -ick- 
ing.] To play pranks, sport. [D. vrolijk, G.froeh- 
lich, merry, gay, OHG. and OFiies. fro, G. froh, 
joyous, jumping for joy, Skr. pru, to go.] — Frolic- 
some, -sum, a. Sportive. — Frol r ic3omeness, n. 

From, from, prep. Out of the neighborhood of ; less- 
ening proximity to ; leaving behind ; by reason of ; 
out of; by aid of,— used to express departure, setting 
out, commencement of action, being, state, occur- 
rence, etc., or procedure, emanation, absence, sep- 
aration, etc. — Fro, adv. From ; awav ; back or 
backward. [AS. from, J 'ram, Sw. fran, Ic. and Dan. 
fra, Goth, /ram, from ; Ic, Sw., OHG., and Goth. 
fram, forth, forward.] — Fro'ward, a. Unwilling 
to comply with what is required ; perverse ; way- 
ward; refractory. [AS. fromweard.] — Fro'wardly, 
adv. — Fro'wardness, n. 

Frond, frond, n. {Bot.) The organ formed by the 
union into one body of 
stalks and leaves in cer- 
tain plants, as ferns. [L. 
frons, frondis, a branch, 
leaves.] — Fronda'tion, n. 
Act of stripping (trees) of 
leaves or branches.— Fron- 
des 'cence, -des'ens, n. 
The time at which each species of plants unfolds 
its leaves; act of bursting into leaf. — Frondif erous, 
-Sr-us, a. Producing fronds. [L. ferre, to bear.] — 
Frondose, -dos', a. Bearing, or like, fronds; leafy. 

— Fromrous, -us, a. Producing leaves and flowers 
in one or^an. 

Front, frunt, n. The forehead or brow: the face; the 
countenance, as expressive of character, temper, or 
disposition, esp. of boldness of disposition, or of im- 
pudence ; the part of anything directed forward ; 
position directly before the face of a person, or fore- 
most part of a thing ; a front-piece of hair worn by 
ladies. — v. t. To oppose face to face, meet ; to 
stand opposed or opposite, or over against; to adorn 
in front, —v. i. To stand foremost; to have the face 
or front toward any point of compass. — a. Of, or 
relating to, the forward part : having a position in 
front; foremost. [OF.; L. frons, frontis, the fore- 
head, Skr. bhru, eye-brow ; s. rt. affront, effronten/, 
frownce, f ounce.] — Frontpage, -ej, n. The front 
part of an edifice or lot.— Front'less, a. Shameless; 
impudent. — Frontlet, n. A frontal or brow-band ; 
a frowning brow. [Dim. of frontal.] — Fronfal, 
frBnfal, a. Pert, to the forehead or front part. — 
n. A front piece; something worn on the forehead 
or face. {Arch.) A little pediment over a door or 
window. {Feci. Arch.) A hanging or ornamental 
panel in front of an altar. [OF., fr. L. frontale, an 
ornament for a horse's forehead.] — Frontier, -er, 
n. That part of a country which fronts or faces an- 
other country or an unsettled region; the boundary; 
border.— a. Lying on the exterior part; bordering; 
conterminous; acquired on a frontier. [OF. fron- 
tiere, LL. fronteria.] — Front'ispiece, -pes, n. That 
which presents itself to the front view. {Arch.) The 
principal face of a building. An illustration front- 
ing the first page of a book. [OF. frontispice, LL. 
frontispicium, fr. L. spicere, for specere, to view, see.] 

Frore, Frost, Frozen, etc. See under Freeze. 

Froth, froth, n. A collection of bubbles on liquids; 
spume; foam; empty, senseless show of wit or elo- 
quence; tight, unsubstantial matter.— v. t. [frothed 
(frotht), bsothing.] To cause to foam, cover with 



froth. — v. i. To throw up foam. [Ic. frodha, Dan. 
fraade, Sw. fradga.] — Froth'y, -X, a. [frothier, 
-iest.] Full of, or consisting of, froth; spumous; 
foamy ; not firm or solid ; soft ; vain ; empty; un- 
substantial. — Frothily, adv. — Frothlness, n. 

Frounce, frowns, v. t. [frounced (frownst), froun- 
cing.] To curl or frizzle about the face, as the 
hair. — n. A wrinkle, plait, or curl; a mass of pim- 
ples in a horse's or hawk's palate. [Orig. form of 
flounce, q. v.] 

Frouzy, frow'zi, a. Fetid; musty; dim; cloudy. 

Froward, etc. See under From. 

Frowey, frow'Y, a. {Carp.) Working smoothly, or 
without splitting, — said of wood. 

Frown, frown, v. i. [frowned (frownd), frowning.] 
To contract the brow, scowl, put on a stern, grim, 
or surly look ; to look on with disfavor, look threat- 
ening, lower. — v. t. To rebuke with a look. — n. A 
wrinkling of the brow in displeasure ; rebuke ; 
sternness, etc. ; expression of displeasure. [OF. 
frongner ; It. dial, frignare, to whimper, make a 
wry face; Sw. dial.fryna, N or vr eg. fisa, to make a 
wry face.] — Frownlngly, adv. 

Frowy, Frowzy. Same as Frouzy. 

Fructescence, Fructify, etc. See under Fruit. 

Frugal, froo'gal, a. Economical in the use of re- 
sources; sparing; saving. [F.; L. frugalis, lit. pert, 
to fruits, ir.frux,frugis, fruits of the earth.] — Fru- 
gality, -T-tt, n. Quality of being frugal; good 
husbandry or housewifery. — Fru'gally, adv.— Fru- 
giferous, -jif'gr-us, a. Producing fruit ; fruitful. 
it. fe-r-re tr. bear.] — FrugiVorous, a. Feeding on 



[L. ferre, to 
fruit. JL. v< 



orare, to eat.] 

Fruit, frobt, n. Whatever is to be enjoyed, partaken 
of, or made use of ; product ; result ; that part of 
plants which contains the seed ; esp. the juicy, 
pulpy products of certain plants ; the produce of 
animals; offspring; young. [OF.; L.fructus, fruit, 
prop. p. p. of frui, to enjoy; s. rt. brook, to endure.] 
— Fruit'age, -ej, n. Fruit collectively; fruitery. — 
Fruiferer, n. One who deals in fruits. — Fruifery, 
-er-i, n. Fruit collectively taken; a repository for 
fruit. — Fruitlul, -ful, a. Full of £ruit ; producing 
fruit abundantly; fertile; prolific; fecund; abund- 
ant; plenteous. — Fruitfully, adv. — Fruitlulness, 
«. — Fruitless, a. Not bearing fruit; productive of 
no advantage; barren; useless; abortive; idle; prof- 
itless. — Fruitlessly, adv. — FruitlessneBS, n. — 
Fruify, -1, a. Resembling fruit or its taste.— 
Fruit'-tree, n. A tree cultivated for its fruit.— 
Fruition, -ish'un, n. Use or possession of any- 
thing, esp. accompanied with pleasure; gratification; 
enjoyment. [OF., fr. L. fruitus, a form of fructus, 
p. p. of frui.] — Fruc'tescence, -sens, n. {Bot.) The 
time when the fruit of a plant matures. [F.] — 
Fruc'tify, -tT-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To 
make fruitful; render productive, —v. i. To beat 
fruit. [F. fructifier, L. fructiflcare, fr. facere, to 
make.] — Fruc'tincalion, n. Act of, etc. {Bot.) 
Those parts of a plant, taken collectively, which 
compose the flower and fruit ; process by which 
these parts develop and produce fruit. — Fructif- 
erous, -er-us, a. Producing fruit. [L. ferre, to bear.] 

Frumenty, froo'men-tT, Fur'menty, Fru'mety, Fur'- 
mety, n. Food made of wheat boiled in milk, and 
seasoned with sugar, cinnamon, etc. [OF. frov- 
merite", fr. froument,wheat,~L. frumentum, corn; s. rt. 
fruit.] — Frumenta'ceous, -shus, a. Made of, or like, 
grain. 

Frush, frush, v. t. To bruise or dash to pieces. — a. 
Broken or crushed. [F. froisser, to bruise.] 

Frush, frush, n. {Far.) A tender substance in the 
sole of a horse's foot; the frog. A discharge of a 
fetid matter from the frog of a horse's foot; thrush. 
[ME./rosTi, frog (of the foot, also the animal), G. 
frosch. See Frog.] 

Frustrate, frus'trat, v. t. To bring to nothing, pre- 
vent from attaining a purpose; to make null or of 
no effect; to baffle, balk, nullify. — a. Vain; in- 
effectual; useless; void. [L. frus'trare, -tratum, fr. 
frustra, in vain, prop. abl. fern, of {obs.)frustrus, for 
frudtrus, deceitful; s. rt. fraud.] — Frustra'tion, n. 
Act of frustrating; disappointment; defeat. 

Frustum, frus'tum, n. ; pi. -TA,-ta, or -tums. (Gewn.) 
The part of a solid next the 
base, formed by cutting off 
the top. [L., a bit, piece, Gr. 
thraustos, Droken, thrauein, to 
break.] — Fru3t 'ulent, a. 
Abounding in fragments. 

Frutescent, froo-tes'sent, a. Frustums. 



fiiPiilpp 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tgrru ; Tn, ice ; Sdd, tone. Sr ; 



FRY 



223 



FUNCTION 



{Bot.) Becoming shrubby, or like a shrub. [L. 
frutex, -ticis, a shrub, bush.] — Fru'ticose, -kos, 
-cons, -kus, a. Pert, to shrubs; shrubby; shrublike. 

Fry, fri. v. t. [fkied (frid), frying.] To cook in a 
frying-pan over the fire, as meat; to cook in boiling 
fat, as doughnuts, — v.i. To be heated and agitated, 
as meat in a frying-pan ; to ferment, foam, or dis- 
solve with heat. — n. A dish of anything fried. [OF. 
frire, L. frigere, Gr. phrugein, Skr. bhrajj.] — ¥ry r - 
ing-pan, n. A shallow iron pan with a projecting 
handle, for frying meat, etc. 

Fry, fri, n. A swarm or crowd, esp. of little fishes; a 
large number; young fishes or animals. [Ic. free, 
frjo. Dan. and Sw. fro, spawn, fry, Goth, fraiw, 
'seed; not s. rt. F.frai, spawn.] — Small fry. Little 
children, fishes, or animals; insignificant creatures. 

Fuchsia, fu'sha, n. (Bot.) A genus of flowering 
plants. [Fr. Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist.] 

Fuchfline, fook'sin, n. (Chem.) A deep red coloring 
matter, used in imitating red wines, — a salt of ros- 
aniline. [Fr. G. Fuchs, translation of F. Benard 
(E. Fox), the inventor's name.] 

Fucus, fu'kus, n. ; pi. -ci, -si. A paint; dye ; false 
show. (Bot.) A genus of sea-weeds of a tough, 
leathery kind ; sea-wrack, and other species. [L., 
rock-lichen, orchil, used as a red dye and as rouge 
for the cheeks, disguise.] — Fu'cate, -kat, -cated, a. 
Painted; disguised. — Fu'coid, -koid, n. (Paleon.) 
Fossil sea-weed. — Fu'coid, -coid'al, a. Pert, to, or 
like, etc. [Gr. eidos, form.] 

Fuddle, fud'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To 
make foolish by drink. — v. i. To drink to excess. 
[LG.fuddig, confused.] — Fud'dler, n. A drunkard. 

Fudge, fuj, n. A made-up story : stuff ; nonsense, — 
an exclamation of contempt. [LG.futsh ! begone!] 

Fuel, fu'el, n. Combustible matter, as wood, coal, 
peat, etc. ; anything that feeds flame, heat, or ex- 
citement. [OF. fouaille, lAj.foallia,focale, fuel, fr. 
L. focus, fire-place.] 

Fugacious, fu-ga'shus, a. Flying, or disposed to fly; 
volatile. [L. fugax, -gacis, fr. fugere, -gitum, Gr. 
pheugein, to flee, Skr. bhuj, to bend, turn aside; s. rt. 
bow, to bend, centrifugal, refuge, etc.] — Fuga'cious- 
ness, -gacity, -gas'T-ti, n. Quality of being fuga- 
cious ; volatility; uncertainty; instability. — Fugi- 
tive, -jT-tiv, a. Apt to flee away; liable to disappear; 
easily blown away or absorbed; escaping from duty, 
service, danger, etc.; unstable; volatile; evanescent. 
— n. One who flees from his station or duty, dan- 
ger or punishment ; a deserter ; one hard to be 
caught or detained. [OF. fugitif, L. fugitivus.] — 
Fu'gitively, adv. — Fu'gitiveness, n. — Fugue, fug, 
n. (Mus.) A musical composition in contrapuntal 
style, in which a subject is proposed by one part, 
and then responded to by the others, according to 
certain rules. [F.; It. fuga, a fugue, a flight, L. 
fuga, flight.] — Fuguist, f ug'ist, n. A composer or 
player of fugues. 

Fugleman. Same as Flugelman. 

Fulcrum, f ul'krum, n. ; L. pi. -cra, -kra ; E. pi. 
-crums. A prop or support. 
(Mech.) The point about which 
a lever turns in lifting or mov 
ing a body. [L., a support, 



fulcire, to prop.] 
lfill, Fulfillment. See under F 



ch 1 A I J 



Fulcrum. 



Fulfill, 

Full. 

Fulgent, ful'ient, a. Exquisitely bright ; shining; 
dazzling ; effulgent. [L. fulgens, -gentis, p. pr. of 
fulgere, Gr. phlegein, Skr. bhraj, to shine ; s. rt. 
bright.] — Ful'gency, -st, n. Brightness; splendor; 
glitter. 

Fulgurite. fuKgu-rit, n. A vitrified sand-tube, sup- 
posed to have been produced by lightning. [L. 
fulgurire, -ritum, to strike with lightning, fulgur, 
lightning.] 

Fuliginous, fu-lij'1-nus, a. Pert, to soot or smoke; 
sooty ; dark ; dusky ; 6moky. [L. fuliginosus, fr. 
fuligo, soot.] 

Full, ful, a. Filled up; replete; having within it all 
that 'it can contain ; not empty or vacant ; abun- 
dantly furnished or provided; sufficient; ample; not 
wanting in any essential quality ; complete ; per- 
fect. — n. Complete measure; utmost extent, — adv. 
Quite ; completely ; exactly. — v. i. To become 
fully or wholly illuminated. [AS. ful, D. vol, Ic. 
fullr, Sw. full, G. roll, L. plenus, Gr. pleres, Skr. 
'puma, full, pur, to fill; s. rt. fill, plenary.] — Full 
moon. The moon with its whole disk illuminated, 
as when opposite to the sun ; time when the moon 
iefuU.—F. of the moon. Time of full moon. — F, 



and by. (2> T aut.) Sailing close-hauled, having all 
the sails full, and as near the wind as possible.— 
FuH'ness, n. — Fully, -It, adv. —In full manner or 
degree ; without lack ; entirely; amply; clearly.— 

Fulfill, Fulfil, rul-fil', V. t. [-FILLED (-fild'), -FILL- 
ING.] To fill up, make full or complete; to accom- 
plish or carry into effect, bring to pass, effectuate. 
[AS. fulfyllan, it. ful and fy 11 an, to fill.] — Fulfill'- 
ment, n. Accomplishment ; completion ; perform- 
ance. — Fulsome. fuKsum, a. Offending or dis- 
gusting by over-fullness, excess, obsequiousness, or 
grossness. [AS. ful and suffix -som ; not ti.foul.) — 
Ful'someness, n. 

Full, ful, v. t. [fulled (fuld), fulling.] To cleanse 
and scour (cloth); to make compact, strengthen, 
and thicken (woolen cloth, etc.), by a felting pro- 
cess, esp. in a mill; to thicken and diminish the size 
of (underclothes, etc.), in washing. — v. t. To be- 
come fulled or thickened. [AS. fullian, OF. foul- 
lei; LL. fullare, to full, cleanse, L. fullo, a fuller ; 
perh. s. rt. Gr. phalos, white.]— Full'er, n. — Full'- 
ery, -er-Y, n. Works where fulling is carried on.— 
Fulling-mill, n. A mill for fulling cloth; a machine 
for felting wool hats.— FulKer's-earth, n. A variety 
of clay, used in cleansing cloth, as it imbibes the 
grease and oil used in preparing wool. 

Fulminate, fuKml-nat, v. i. To thunder, make a 
loud, sudden noise, detonate, explode ; to issue de- 
nunciation, thunder forth menaces. — v. t. To cause 
to explode; to utter (denunciation or censure.) — n. 
(Chem.) A compound which explodes by percus- 
sion, friction, or heat. [L. fulminare, -natum, to 
lighten, fr. fulmen, thunderbolt; s. rt. fulgere, to 
shine.] — Fulminating powder. (Chem.) A detona- 
ting compound of various ingredients, used for per- 
cussion caps, etc. — Fulmina'tion, n. Act of, or that 
which, etc. — Ful'minatory, -to-rt, a. Thundering; 
striking terror. — Fulminlc, a. (Chem.) Pert, to, 
or capable of. detonation. 

Fulsome, etc. See under Full. 

Fulvid, fuKvid, Ful'vous, -vus, a. Tawny: dull yel- 
low, with a mixture of gray and brown. [LL./W- 
vidus, L. fulvus.'] 

Fumble, fum'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bung.] To feel 
or grope about ; to seek awkwardly ; to handle 
much, turn over and over. — v. t. To manage awk- 
wardly, crowd or tumble together. [Sw. fumla, 
famle,Ic. falma,D. fommelen, to fumble, grope; AS. 
folm, ~L.palma, palm of the hand.] — Fum'bler, n. 

Fume, fum, n. Vapor or gas arising from combustion 
or chemical action, esp. noxious or offensive exhala- 
tion; smoke; reek; anything unsubstantial or airv; 
idle conceit. — v. i. [fumed (fumd), fuming.] To 
smoke, throw off vapor, or exhalations; to pass off 
in vapors; to be in a rage. — v. t. To smoke, dry in 
smoke; to disperse in vapor. [OF. fum, L. fumus, 
Skr. dhuma, smoke, dhu, to blow; s. rt. dust.'] — 
Fum'y, -I, -ous, -us, a. Producing, or full of, fume; 
vaporous. — Fumiferous, a. Producing, etc [L. 
ferre, to bear.] — Fu'migate, -mt-gat, v. t. To apply 
smoke to, expose to smoke or disinfecting gas, as in 
cleansing infected apartments, clothing, etc.; toper- 
fume. [L. fumigare, -gatum, iv.fumusi] — Fumiga''- 
tion, n. Act of fumigating^ vapor; scent raised by 
fire. [OF.] — Fum'arole, -rol, n. A smoke-hole in a 
volcano or sulphur-mine. [It. fumarola.] — Fu'mi- 
ter, -mitory, -mT-to-rl, n. (Bot.) A plant of several 
species, of a rank smell. [ME fumetere, OY.fume- 
terre, abbr. fr. fume de terre, earth-smoke, L. fumus 
terrse.] 

Fun, fun, n. Sport ; merriment ; frolicsome amuse- 
ment. [Ir. form, delight, song.]— Fun'ny, -nT, a. 
[-NIER, -niest.] Droll ; comical. — Funny bone. The 
internal condyle of the humerus, behind which 
passes the ulnar nerve, a blow upon which causes a 
thrill in the arm; the crazy bone. 

Funambulist, fu-nam'bu-list, n. A rope-walker or 
dancer. [Sp. funambido, fr. L. .funis, a rope, and 
ambulare, to walk.] — Funam^buiatory, -la-to-rT, a. 
Performing like a rope-dancer; narrow, like the walk 
of a rope-dancer. 

Function, funk'shun, n. Act of executing; perform- 
ance: peculiar or appointed action; natural or as- 
signed action. (Math.) A quantity so connected 
with another, that, if any alteration be made in the 
latter, there will be a consequent alteration in the 
former,— the dependent quantity being called a. func- 
tion of the other. [OF.; L.functio, fr. fungi, functus, 
Skr. bhuj, to perform, enjoy, have the use of; s. rt. 
fruit, brook, to endure.] — Func'tional, a. Pert, to 
functions; required by, or involved in, the appropri- 



sttn, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, dondon, chair, get. 



FUND 



224 



FUSEE 



ate action. — Functional disease. (Pathol.) A dis- 
ease affecting the function of an organ, but not its 
structure; derangement of an organ from a cause 
external to itself, — opp. to organic disease.— Func'- 
tionary, -a-rl, n. One charged with the performance 
of a function ; esp. a public official. 

Fund, fund, n. A stock or capital; an invested sum 
whose income is devoted to a specific object; a store 
laid up, from which one may draw at pleasure; a 
supply, pi. The stock of a national debt; public se- 
curities.— v. t. To provide a fund for the payment of 
the interest of; to place in a fund, as money. [OF. 
fond, a bottom, ground, merchant's stock, L. fundus, 
bottom, fundare, to found; s. rt. bottom.'] —Sinking 
fund. A sum of money set apart for redemption of 
debts of government or corporation. — Funded debt. 
Permanent or bonded debt of a country, bearing a 
fixed rate of interest. — Fund'able, a. Capable of be- 
ing funded or converted into bonds.— Fun'dament, 
n. The seat; part of the body on which one sits; the 
buttocks; the orifice of the intestines; anus. [OF. 
fondement, L. fundamentum, foundation.] — Funda- 
mental, a. Pert, to the foundation or basis; essen- 
tial, as an element, principle, or law; elementary. 

Funeral, fu'n5r-al, n. The ceremony of burying a 
dead person; obsequies; burial; procession attend- 
ing the burial of the dead. —a. Pert, to burial; used 
at the interment of the dead. [LL. funeralis, pert, 
to a (L. funus) burial; perh. referring to the burning 
of bodies, and s. rt. L. fumus, fume, q . v.] — Fune'- 
real, a. Suiting a funeral; dismal. [L.funereus.] 

Fungus, fun'gus, n. ; L. pi. -CU, -ji; E. pi. -GUSE&, -ez. 
(Bot.) An acotyledonous 
or cryptogamous plant, such 
as the mushrooms, toad- 
stools, the microscopic 
plants which form mold, 
mildew, smut, etc., and the 
minute vegetable parasites 
of animals ; also, excres- 
cences on plants. (Med.) A 
spongv, morbid growth or 
granulation in animal bod- 
ies ; proud-flesh. [L., for *\ 
sfungus, f r. Gr. sphonggos, a 
sponge.] — Fmrgous, -gus, 
a. Like fungus; excrescent; 
growing suddenly, but not 
substantial or durable. 



Fungoslty, -tr, n. Quality 
of what is fungous; fungous 
excrescence. 
Funicle, fu'nY-kl, ra. (Bot.) A 
small cord, or ligature; afi- 




Fungi. 

1, Agaricus comatus. 

2, Boletus edulis. 

3, Morchella esculents. 



ber. 
Funic 



[L. funiculus, dim. of funis, cord, rope.] 
'ular, a. Consisting of a fiber ; dependent 



on 
the tension of a cord 

Funnel, fun'nel, n. An inverted hollow cone with a 
pipe ; a tunnel ; stove-pipe ; steamship's iron chim- 
ney. [Perh. fr. VJ.ffynel, an air-hole, vent; or Armor. 
founit, a funnel for pouring in liquids; or L. infun- 
dibulum, funnel, fr. in and fundere, to pour.] 

Funny. See under Fun. 

Fur, ter, n. The short, fine, soft hair of certain ani- 
mals, skins of wild animals with the fur; peltry; 
any coating resembling fur, as a coat of morbid mat- 
ter on the tongue in fever. — v. t. [furred (fSrd), 
furring.] To line, faee, or cover with fur; to cover 
with morbid matter, as the tongue. (Arch.) To 
nail strips of board upon, as a foundation for lath- 
ing. [OF. forre, fuerre, Goth, fodr, a sheath, case, 
Sp. forro, Ic. fodhr, lining of clothes, It. fodero, lin- 
ing, fur, scabbard ; Skr. pa, to guard, preserve.] — 
Fur'rier, -rY-Sr, n. A dealer in furs. — Fur'riery, -T, 
n. Furs collectively; trade in furs. — Fur'ring, n. 
(Carp.) The nailing on of strips, preliminary to 
lathing; the strips. — Fur^ry, -rt, a. Covered with, 
or consisting of, fur. 

Furbelow, fer'be-lo, n. A puckered flounce ; plaited 
border of a gown or petticoat, —v. t. [furbelowed 
Mod), -lowing.] To put a furbelow on. [F.farbala, 
F., Sp., Pg., and It. falbala.] 

Furbish, fer'bish, v. t. [-bished (-bisht), -bishing.] 
To rub or scour to brightness; to polish. [OF. four- 
Mr. OHG. furpjan ; prob. s. rt. purge, pure.] — FttT / '- 
bisher, n. 

Furcate, f&r'kat, -cated, a. Forked; branching like 
the prongs of a fork. [L. furca, fork.] — Furca ,r - 
tion, n. A branching like the tines of a fork. 

Furfuraceous, fgr-fu-ra'shus, a. Made of bran; like 
bran; scurvy. [L.furfwaceus, fr. furfur, bran.] 



Furious, etc. See under Fury. 

Furl, ferl, v. t. '[furled (ferlcl), furling.] To wrap 
or roll, as a sail, close to the yard, stay, or mast ; to 
gather into close compass. [Contr. fr. obs. fardel, a 
bundle, F.fardeler, to pack up.] 

Furlong, fer'long, n. The 8th of, a mile. [AS. fur- 
lung, prop, the length of a furr0w, ir.furh, furrow, 
and lang, long.] 

Furlough, fer'lo, n. (Mil.) Leave of absence ; esp. 
leave to be absent from^ervice for a certain time. — 
v. t. [furloughed (-lod), -loughing.] To grant 
leave of absence, as to an officer or soldier. [D. ver- 
lof, Dan. forlov, Sw. forlof, G. verlaub.] 

Furnace, fgr'nas, n. An inclosed place where a hot fire 
is maintained, as for melting ores, warming a house, 
baking bread, etc. [OF. fornaise, L. fornax; s. rt. 
Jj.formax, warm.] — Blast furnace. One into which 
an artificial current of air is injected. — Reverbera- 
toryf. One in which the flames are throwp. down 
by an arched roof directly upon the surface of the 
ore, metal, etc. 

Furnish, fer'nish, v. t. [-nished (-nisht), -nishing.] 
To supply with anything necessary or useful, pro- 
vide, equip; to offer for use, afford; to fit up, supply 
with proper goods, vessels, or ornamental append- 
ages. [OF. fournir, for formir, furmir, fr. OHG. 
frumjan, to procure, furnish, fruma, utility, gain.] 
— Fur 'nislier, n.— Fur'niture, -nt-chur, n. That 
which furnishes, or with which anything is fur- 
nished or supplied ; whatever must be supplied to a 
house, room, etc., to make it habitable or agreeable; 
chattels; movables; effects; necessary appendages to 
anything, as to a machine, carriage, horse, etc. 
(Print.) Pieces of wood or metal placed around the 
pages, to hold them in place in the chase,. [OF. 
fourniture.] 

Furrier, Furring, Furry, etc. See under Fur. 

Furrow, fur'ro, n. A trench in the earth made by a 
plow; any trench, channel, or groove; a wrinkle on 
the face. — v. t. [furrowed (-r5d), -rowing.] To 
cut a furrow in, plow; to mark with channels or 
wrinkles. [AS. and OHG. furh, a furrow, Dan. fare, 
Sw. fara, a furrow, to furrow, Ic. for, a drain, L. 
porca, a ridge between furrows.] 

Further, Furtherance, etc. See under Forth. 

Furtive, fgr'tiv, a. Stolen; obtained or characterized 
by stealth; sly; secret; stealthy. [OF., m. furtif, f. 
furtive, Tu.furtivus, fr.furtum, theft, fur, Gr.phor, a 
thief, Gr. pherein, to carry off; s. rt. bear.] — Fu'- 
runcle, -runk-1, n. (Med.) A superficial, inflamma- 
tory tumor! a boil. [Ld.furunculus, dim. of fur.] 

Fury, fu'rY, n. Violent passion; over-mastering agi- 
tation or enthusiasm; violent anger; extreme wrath. 
(Myth.) A goddess of vengeance. A stormy, tur- 
bulent, violent woman; virago ; termagant. [OF. 
furie, L. furia, fr. furere, to rage, Skr. bhuranya,to 
be active.] — Fu'rious, -rt-us, a. Transported with 

Eassion; rushing impetuously; moving violently ; 
oisterous; raging; mad; frantic; frenzied. — Fu'ri- 
ously, adv. — Fu'riousness, n. 

Furze, ferz, n. A thorny evergreen shrub with yellow 
flowers, common in Great Britain ; gorse; whin. 
[AS. fyrs.] 

Fuscous, fus'kus, a. Of a dark color; brown or gray- 
ish-black. [L.fuscus; prob. s. rt. h.furvus, brown, 
E. brown.] 

Fuse, fuz, v. t. [fused (fuzd), fusing.] To liquefy 
by heat, dissolve, melt; to blend or unite. —v. i. To 
be melted, melt. [L. fundere, fusum, to pour; s. rt. 
found, confound, confuse, diffuse, futile, chyme, chyle, 
gush, gut.) — Fu'sible, -zY-b'l, a. [OF.] — FusibiPity, 
n. — Fu'sion, -zhun, n. Act or operation of melting, 
without the aid of a solvent; state of being melted ; 
union of things into oneness, as if melted together 
[OF.] 

Fuse, fuz, n. A tube filled with combustible matter, 
used in blasting, discharging a shell, etc. [Abbr. 
fr. fusee.] — Fusee', n. A tube or match ; fuse ; 
cigar-light; fusil. [Corrupt, f r. /wtf.] — Fu'sil, -zil, 
n. A light musket or firelock. [OF., orig. a steel 
for lighting tinder, It. and LL. focile, fr. L. focus, a 
fire-place.] — Fu'sillade, -lad, n. (Mil.) A simulta- 
neous discharge of fire-arms. — Fusillade'', v. t. To 
shoot down by a simultaneous discharge. — Fusil- 
eer', -ier, -er', n. (Mi!.) Formerly, a soldier armed 
with a fusil; now an infan- 
try soldier wearing a bear- 
skin cap like a grenadier's. 

Fusee, fu-ze', n. The conical 
wheel of a watch or clock, 
designed to equalize the Fusee. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn. 



5dd, tone, 6r ; 



FTJSEL 



225 



GAIN 



power of the mainspring. [OF.; lAi.fuSQta, a spin- 
dle) ul of thread, prop. p. p. of fusare, to use a spin- 
dle, fr. L. fusus, a spindle.] — Fu'sil, -zil, n. (.Her.) 
A bearing: of a rhomboidal or spindle-shaped figure. 
[L. fusilhis, dim. of fusics.] — Fu'siform, a. (Bot.) 
Spindle-shaped; tapering at each end. [L. forma, 
shape. J 

Fusel, 'u'sel, Fusel oii, n. (Chem.) An acrid, oily 
alcohol, nauseous and poisonous. [G., bad liquor.] 

Fuss, fus, n. A tumult; bustle; annoying ado. — v. i. 
[fussed (fust), fussing.] To make a bustle or ado. 
[AS. j'us, prompt, quick, Sw. dial., /us, Ic. fuss, OHG. 
funs, eager, Sw. fuska, Dan. fuske, to bungle, AS. 
fundian, to strive alter, ir.findan, to find.] -Fuss'y, 
-i, a. [-ier, -iest.] Making a fuss, or unnecessary 
ado about trifles. — Fuss'iness, n. 

Fust, fust, n. (Arch.) The shank of a column or 
trunk of a pilaster. [OF. and Pg.; L. fustis, staff, 
LL., a tree; s. rt. fendere, to strike.] — Fus'tet, n. 
The wood of a shrub of S. Europe, yielding an or- 
ange color,— a dye-stuff. TF., fr. LL. fustis.] — 
Fus'tic, n. The wood of a W . India tree, — used 



dyeing yellow. [F. and Sp. fustoc] — Fus'tigate 

Igel, beat with a stick, " 
tigare.] — Fustig: 
Fust, fust, n. A strong, musty smell; mustiness. [OF, 



-gat, 



To cudgel, beat with a stick. [LateLT/ws- 
Fustiga'tion 



fuste, a cask, fr. LL. fustis, a tree, — the cask resem- 
bling a tree-trunk.]— Fust'y, -T, a. [-iee,-iest.] 
Moldy; rank; rancid. [OF. fust 4.] | — Fusfiness, n. 
Fustian, fusfyan, n. A coarse twilled cotton stuff, 
including corduroy, velveteen, etc. ; an inflated 
style of writing; bombast. — a. Made of fustian; 



fompous; turgid; inflated; bombastic. [OF. fustaine, 
t. fustagno, LL. fustaneum, Ar. fustat, a name for 
Cairo, in Egypt, whence it orig. came.] 

Futile, fu'til, a. Of no weight or importance; an- 
swering no purpose; failing of the designed effect; 
useless ; vain ; trifling. [OF.; L. futilus, lit. what 
easily pours out, fr. fundere, to pour. See Fuse, v. 
t.] — Futility, -I-tr, n. Want of importance or ef- 
fect; uselessness. 

Futtock, fut'tok, n. (Naut.) One of the timbers 
which are scarfed together to form a 
rib of a vessel. [Prob. corrupt, fr. foot- 
hooks.]— Futtoek-plates. (Naut.) Plates 
of iron in a top, to which the dead-eyes 
are secured. — F.-shrouds. Small i 
shrouds beneath a top. 

Future, fu'ehur, a. About to be; liaole 
to be or come hereafter, — it. Time to 
come; time subsequent to the present. 
[OF. m.futur, f. future. L. futurus, fut. 
p. of esse, to be.] — Futu'rity, -tu'rl-tY, 
n. The state of being vet to come; fu- 
ture time; time to come; the future; a 
future event. 

Fuze, n. See FUSE. aa, dead-eyes; 

Fuzz, fuz, r. I. [fuzzed (fuzd), -ZING.] 66, futtock- 
To fly off in minute particles.— n. Fine, plates; c, 
light particles; loose, volatile matter, futtock 
[E\; cf. D roos, spongy.] shrouds. 

Fy. Same as Fie. 

Fyke, f Ik, n. A long bag-net distended by hoops, into 
which fish can pass, but not return. [D.fuiK.] 




Futtock. 



G. 



€r, je, the 7th letter in the English alphabet, has 2 
sounds: one simple (called the hard sound, repre- 
sented in the phonetic re-spellings in this vocabu- 
lary b3 r g), the other compound (represented r> 
byi)- (Mus.) G is the name of the 5th tone ~y~" 
of the natural or model scale, — called also sol. jC__. 
It was also orig. used as the treble clef, and f(Tj 
has changed into the character represented in ^~¥- 
the margin. G # (G sharp) is a tone interme- "^ 
diate between G and A. fa clef 

Gab, gab, n. The mouth ; idle prate ; loquacity, — v 
i. [gabbed (gabd), gabbing.! To talk idly, prate; 
to impose upon one; to lie. [ME. gabben, to he, Ic. 
gabba, to mock, Ic. and Sw. gabb, mockery; prob. 
s. rt. Ir. cab, gob, the mouth; s. rt. gap, gape, gib- 
berish, gobble, jabber.] — Gab'ble, v. i. [^-bled (-bid). 
-bling.] To talk noisily, rapidly, and idly, or with- 
out meaning ; to jabber, babble, chatter ; to utter 
inarticulate sounds, cackle. 
— n. Loud or rapid talk 
without meaning ; inarticu- 
late rapid sounds, as of 
fowls. — Gab'bler, n. 

Gabardine, gab'ar-den', n. A 
kind of coarse frock or loose 
upper garment. [Sp. gubar- 
dina, OF. galrardine ; Sp. & 
OF. gahan, a great-coat.] 

Gabion, ga'M-un, n. (Fort.) 
A wicker cylinder filled 
with earth, for constructing 
rmraptts and temporary de- 




Gabion. 



tenses. [OF. ; It. gabbione, fr. gabbia, L. cavea, a 
cage, fr. L. cavus, hollow.] 

Gable, ga'bl, n. (Arch.) The vertical triangular por- 
tion of the end of a house, from 
the eaves to the top; the end of 
a house. [OF.; MHG. gebel, gi- 
bel. G. giebel, Ic. gaf, a gable ; 
MHG. and G. gabd, a fork ; Ir. 
gabhal, a fork, also gable.] — 
Gable roof. A roof whose slop- 
ing rafters are left open to the 
interior, uncovered by cross- 
beams or ceiling. — G. window. 

. A window in a gable, or point- 
ed at top like a gable. 

Gad, gad, n. The point of a spear; 
arrow-head: goad; wedge or in- Gable. 




got of iron or steel. — v. i. To rove or ramble idly. 
[Ic. gaddr, a goad, spike, sting, gadda, to goad, drive 
about; s. rt. goad, yard.]— Gad'der, Gad -about', n. 
One who <oves idly. — Gad'fly, n. An insect which 
stings cattle, and deposits its eggs in their skin; bot- 
fly; breeze-fly. 

Gaduin, -ine, gad'u-in, n. (Chem.) A principle found 
in the liver of the cod, an essential constituent of 
cod-liver oil. [L. gadus, cod.] 

Gael, gal, n. sing- &pl- A Scotch Highlander of Celtic 
origin ; an Irish Celt. — Gaelic, ga'lik, a. Pert, to 
the Gael. — >t. The language of the Highlanders of 
Scotland. [Ga. Gaelig.] 

Gaff, gaf, n. A harpoon; an iron hook on a handle, 
for landing large fish. (Naut.) A boom or yard, 
extending the upper edge of a fore-and-aft sail. See 
Ship. — v. t. To strike or take with a gaff. [OF. 
gaffe, Sp. and Pg. gafa, fr. Ir. gaf, gafa, a hook, 
gabhal, fork, gabtda, spear; s. rt. gable, javelin.] — 
Gaf' fie, -fl, n. An artificial spur put on cocks when 
set to fight. 

Gaffer, gaffer, n. An old fellow s an aged rustic 
[Corrup. of Prov. E. gramfer, for grandfather.] 

Gag, gag, v. t. [gagged (gagd), gagging.] To stop 
the mouth of, Dy thrusting in something, to hinder 
speaking; to silence; to cause to heave with nausea. 
— v. i. To heave with nausea. — ?;. Something 
thrust into the mouth to hinder speaking: a speech 
or phrase interpolated by an actor in his part as 
written. [ME. gaggen, to suffocate, W. cegio, to 
choke, ceg, mouth, throat ; perh. s. rt. Ir. guggach, 
stammering.] — Gag'ger, n. 

Gage, gaj, n. A pledge or pawn: security; something 
thrown down as a challenge to combat, as a glove, 

fauntlet, etc. — v. t. [gaged (gajd), gaging.] To 
ind by pledge, caution, or security ; to engage. 
[F., fr. gager, LL. Vadiare, to pledge, fr. radium, Li. 
vas, vadis, AS. wed, a pledge ; s. rt. wager, engage, 
etc.] 

Gage, n. A measure. See Gauge. 

Gaiety .Gaily. Same as Gayety, etc. See under Gay. 

Gain, gan, v. t. [gained (gand), gaining.] To get, 
as a profit or advantage; to acquire, win; to be suc- 
cessful in; to win to one's side, conciliate; to reach, 
attain to, arrive at. — v. i. To have advantage or 
profit; to grow rich: advance in happiness, etc. — n. 
Thing gained; profit; advantage ; benefit; acquisi- 
tion. [Ic. and Sw. gagn, Dan. gam, gain, Ic. and 
Sw. gagna, to help, avail, Dan. gavne, to benefit.] — 



sun, cube, full : moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboir, chair, get. 



GAIN 



226 



GALLOWS 



To gain the wind. (N'autJ To reach the windward 
side of another ship. — To g. on or upon. To en- 
croach on (as water upon land), advance nearer to 
(in a race), get the better of. — Grainier, n. — Gain'- 
ful, -ful, a. Producing profit, advantage, or wealth; 
advantageous; lucrative. — Gainfully, adv.— Gain'- 
fulness, n. — Gainless, a. Unprofitable. 

Gain, gan, n. (Arch.) A beveled shoulder of a bind- 
ing joist, to give additional resistance to the tenon 
below. [W. gan, a mortise.] 

Gainsay, gan-sa' or gan-' sa, v. t. [-said (-sad), -say- 
ing.] To contradict, oppose in words, controvert, 
dispute._ [AS. gegn L against, and E. say.] — Gain- 
saver, ffan-sa'- or ffan'sa-e 



sayer, gan-sa' 
opposer. 



or gan'sa-er, n. One who, etc. 



Gairish, Garish, gar'ish, a. Gaudy; showy; affected- 
ly fine; extravagantly gay; nighty. [ME. gare, to 
starve, same as gaze, q. v.] 

Gait. See under Gate. 

Gaiter, ga'ter, n. A covering for the ankle, fitting 
down upon the shoe ; a kind of shoe, chiefly of 
cloth, covering the ankle. [F. guetre, orig. guestre ; 
prob. s. rt. MHG. ivester, a child's chrisom-cloth, 
Goth, wasti, clothing. See Vest.] 

Gala, gala, n. Pomp, show, or festivity. [F., Sp., 
and It.; s. rt. It. galante, gay, lively, E. and OF. gal- 
lant, q. v.] — Gala day. A day of festivity; holiday. 

Galactometer, gal'ak-tom'e-te'r, n. An instrument to 
ascertain the quality of milk, by indicating its spe- 
cific gravity ; a lactometer. [Gr. gala, galaktos (s. 
rt. L. lac, lactis), milk, and metron, measure.] — 
Gal'axy, -aks-I, n. (Astron.) The Milky Way. An 
assemblage of splendid persons or things. [OF. 
galaxie, L. and Gr. galaxias, fr. gala.] 

Gale, gal, n. A wind between a stiff breeze and a 
tempest ; a moderate eurrent of air ; a breeze ; a 
state of excitement or passion. — v.i. (JS~aut.) To 
sail fast. [Dan. gal, Ic. galinn, mad, furious.] 

Galeas. See under Galley. 

Galeate, ga/le-at, -ated, a. Covered, as with a hel- 
met. (Bot.) Having a flower like 
a helmet. [L. galeare, -atum, to 
cover with a helmet, galea, hel- 
met.] 

Galena, ga-le'na, n. Sulphuret of 
lead ; the principal ore from which 
lead is extracted. [L.] — Gale''- 
nite, -nit, n. Galena. 

Galeopithecus, ga / le-o-pith / 'e-kus, n. 
The flying lemur ; a nocturnal 
mammal of the E. Ind. Archipel- 
ago. [Gr. galee, weasel, and pithe- 
los, ape.] 

Galimatias, gal-I-ma'sha, n. Non- 
sense ; gibberish ; confused talk. 
[F., fr. a lawyer who, pleading in /-. nl p^ tp rnmlla 
Latin about a stolen cock, persist- <* aleate Corolla. 
ently changed gallus Matthise ( Matthew's cock) into 
galli Matthias (the cock's Matthew).] 

Galiot. Se« under Galley. 

Galipot, gal'I-pot, n. A white resinous juice, which 
flows from pine or fir trees. [F.; Sp. galipodio, OF. 
garipot, the wild pine or pitch tree.] 

Gall, gawl, n. (Physiol.) The bitter, alkaline, greenish- 
yellow liquid in the gall-bladder; bile. Anything 
bitter; spite; malignity. [AS. gealla, D. gal, Ic. gall, 
L. fel, Gr. chole ; s. rt. green, gold, yellow.] — GalK- 
blad'der, n. (Anat.) A pear-shaped membranous 
sac, on the under side of the liver, containing gall. 

Gall, gawl, G. nut, n. A vegetable excrescence pro- 
duced by an insect in the bark or leaves of plants, 
as the oak-apple, etc., — used in dyeing, making 
ink, etc. [OF. galle, L. galla.] — Gall'-fly, n. The 
insect which, etc. — Gallic, gal'lik, a. (Chem.) 
Pert, to, or derived from, galls. 

Gall, gawl, v. t. [galled (gawld), galling.] To 
fret and wear away by friction ; to excoriate, 
chafe; to tease, vex, chagrin; to harass, annoy. — n. 
A wound in the skin from rubbing. [OF. galler, to 
gall, gale, a scab. L. callus, hard skin, the itch.] 

Gallant, gallant, a. Showy; splendid; magnificent; 
gay; noble in bearing or spirit; heroic; courageous; 
brave. — Gallant', n. A gay, courtly, or fashionable 
man ; one attentive to ladies ; one who wooes ; a 
lover; suitor. —a. Attentive to ladies, — v. t. To 
attend or wait on (a lady). [OF. (F. galant), p. pr. 
of galer, to rejoice, fr. gale, show, mirth, It., Sp., 
and Pg. gala, ornament, festive attire ; Goth, gail- 
jan, MHG. geilen, to make merry, Ic. gala, to sing; 
AS. gal, D. geil, lascivious, OS. gel, MHG. geil, 
mirthful.] — Gal'lantly, adv. In a gallant manner, 




spirit, or bearing ; gayly ; nobly ; bravely. — Gal- 
lant'ly, adv. In a polite or courtly manner. — Gal '- 
lantnes3, n. Gayety ; nobleness ; bravery.— Gal'- 
lantry, -rT, n. Bravery ; intrepidity ; attention to 
ladies; intrigue. [OF. gallantei-ie.] — Galloon, -loon', 
n. A narrow woven fabric of cotton, woolen, silk, 
etc., for binding garments, hats, shoes, etc. [F. and 
Sp. galon, It. gallone, orig. a ribbon or lace worn on 
festive occasions.] 

Galleass, Galleon. See under Galley. 

Gallery, gaKler-I, n. A long and narrow corridor, or 
connecting passage-way ; a room for exhibiting 
works of art; a collection of paintings, sculptures, 
etc.; a platform on the interior sides of a building, 
supported by brackets or columns. (JSTaut.) A frame 
like a balcony, projecting from a ship's stern or 
quarter. [OF. galle'rie, galerie, It. galleria, Sp. and 
LL. galena, prob. fr. LL. galare, to rejoice. See 
Gallant.] 

Galley, gaKlT, n. ; pi. -leys, -liz. (Naut.) A low, 
flat-built vessel, with one deck, and navigated with 
sails and oars; a light open boat; the cook-room of 
a ship. (Chem.) An oblong reverberatory furnace, 
with a row of retorts whose necks protrude through 
lateral openings. (Print.) A frame or tray for receiv- 
ing type from the composing-stick. [OF. galie, It. 
and LL. galea.] — Galley-slave, n. One condemned 
to work at the oar on a galley. — Gal'eas, Gal'leass, 
-liass, n. A vessel larger than a galley, and resem- 
bling a galleon, formerly used by the Spaniards and 
Venetians. [OF. galeace. It. galeazza, Sp. and Pg. 
galeaza.] — Gal'iot, Gal'liot, n. A small galley; a 
brigantine, built for chase ; a Dutch vessel, with 
mam and mizzen masts and a large gaff main-sail. 
[OF. galiote, LL. galeota, It. galeotta.] — Gal'leon, n. 
A large ship, with 3 or 4 decks, formerly used by 
the Spaniards in war and commerce. [Sp. galeon.] 

Gallic, gaKlik, -lican, a. Pert, to Gaul or France. [L. 
Gallicus, fr. Gallia, Gaul.]— Gal'licism, -ll-sizm, 
n. A mode of speech peculiar to the French.— 
GaPlicanism, n. The principles of the Gallican 
church, or Rom. Cath. church in France, — esp. of 
those within that church who seek to maintain its 
national position against papal encroachments, — 
opp. to ultramontanism. — Gal'licize, -slz, v. t. 
[-cized (-sizd), -cizing.] To render conformable to 
the French idiom or language. 

Galligaskins, gal-lY-gas'kinz, n. pi. Large, open hose 
or trowsers ; leather guards worn on the legs by 
sportsmen. [OF. garguescans, corrupt. Yi.Gregues- 
qiie, It. Grecnesco, Greekish, a name orig. given to 
them in Venice.] 

Gallinacean, gal-lT-na'shan, n. A bird of the family 
which includes the common hen. — Gallina'ceous. 
-shus, a. Pert, to an order of birds, including do- 
mestic fowls. [L. gallinaceus, fr. gallina, a hen, 
gallus, a cock.] — Gal'linule, -nul, n. An aquatic 
bird inhabiting rivers, ponds, and marshy places ; 
moor hen. [L. gallinula, dim. of gallina.] 

Galliniper, gal'lI-nip-pSr, n. A large mosquito. 

Gallipot, gal'll-pot, n. An apothecary's glazed earth- 
en pot for containing medicines. [OD. gleypot, fr. 
gleye, potter's clay.] 

Gallium, gal r lt-um, n. (Chem.) A silver- white, hard 
metal, somewhat malleable, and melting at 86° 
Fahr. [Fr. Gallia, France, also gallus, a cock, in al- 
lusion to Lecoq, its discoverer.] 

Gallon, gal'lun, n. A measure of capacity = 4 quarts. 
[OF.; XL. galona, perh. fr. L. gaulus, Gr. gaulos, a 
milk-pail, bucket.] 

Galloon. See under Gallant. 

Gallop, gaKlup, v. i. [-loped (-lupt), -loping.] To 
run with leaps or bounds, as a horse; to move very 
rapidly. — n. A mode of running by a quadruped, 
by lifting alternately the fore feet and the hind feet 
together, in successive bounds. [OF. galoper, wal- 
oper, to gallop, OFlemish walop, a gallop, orig. the 
boiling of a pot — fr. the sound made; OLG. wallen, 
AS. weallan, to boil ; Skr. valg, to gallop, val, to 
move to and fro; s. rt. L. volvere, to roll, E. walk.] 
— Galloper, n. — Gal'lopade, -ad, n. A kind of 
dance ; music appropriate to it. [F. galopade.] — 
Gallopade', v. i. To perform this dance. 

Galloway, gaKlo-wa, n. A horse of small size, bred in 
Galloway, Scotland. 

Gallows, gal'lus or gal'lez, n. sing. ; pi. -lowses. An 
instrument of execution, consisting of 2 posts and a 
cross-beam on the top, from which a criminal is sus- 
pended by a rope round his neck; a like instrument 
for suspending anything, pi. A pair of suspenders 
or braces. [AS. galga, gealga, Ic. galgi, D. galg.] — 



am, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 5r ; 



GALLT 



227 



GAP 




G&l'lowB-bitts, n.pl. (Naut.) A frame in the center 
of a ship's deck for supporting spare spars, etc. 

Gaily. See Galley. 

Sallygaskins. See Galligaskins. 

Saioche. ga-losh', n. An overshoe; a gaiter to cover 
the leg and upper part of the foot. [F.; LL. calo- 
pedia, Gr. katopodion, wooden shoe, dim. of kalo- 
pous, shoemaker's last, fr. kalon, wood, and pous, 
foot.] 

Galoot, ga-loot', n. A noisy, riotous fellow ; rowdy. 
[Slang. U. S.] 

Galvanic, gal-van'ik, o. Pert, to, containing, or ex- 
hibiting, galvan- 
ism. [Fr. Gal- 
vani, of Bologna, 
who invented his 
battery in 1791.]— 
Galvanic battery. 
An apparatus of 
metals, acids, 
etc., for generat- 
ing galvanism. — 
G?pile. Appara- Galvanic Battery, 

tus to produce an electric current, —consisting of a 
pile of alternate silver (or copper) and zinc disks, 
mid up with disks of paper or cloth between them, 
moistened with brine or acid water. — Gal' vanism, 
-va-nizm, n. Electricity developed by chemical ac- 
tion between different substances without the aid 
of friction; science of galvanic electricity. — GaK- 
vanist, n. One versed in galvanism. — Gal'vanize, 
v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To affect with galva- 
nism; to plate or coat with metal, by means of gal- 
vanism ; to restore to consciousness by galvanic ac- 
tion. — Galvanized iron. Iron coated with zinc by 
galvanic deposition; more commonly by a process in 
which the coating is not produced oy galvanism. — 
Galvanog'raphy, -ft, n. Art or process of produ- 
cing copper-plates by galvanic action ; electrotypy. 
[Gr. graphein, to write.] — Galvanom'eter, n. An in- 
strument for determining the strength and direction 
of currents of galvanic electricity. [Gr. metron, a 
measure.] — Galvan'oscope, n. Apparatus for de- 
tecting the presence of galvanic electricity. [Gr. 
skopos, viewing.] 

Gambado, gam-ba'do, n. ; pi. -eadoes, -doz. A case 
of leather, to defend the leg from mud, in riding on 
horseback. [It. and Sp. garnba, leg.] 

Gambit, gam'bit, n. A mode of opening the game of 
chess. [F., fr. OF. gambier, to walk, fr. garnbe, F. 
jambe, leg. See Gambol.] 

Gamble, Gambler^ See under Game. 

Gamboge, gam-boo]' or -boj', n. A concrete vegeta- 
ble juice, or gum-resin, of reddish-yellow color, pro- 
duced by trees of Siam, Ceylon, and Malabar, and 
used as a pigment. [Fr. Cambodia, in Anam, 
whence it is exported.] 

Gambol, gam'bol, v. i. [-boled (-bold), -boling.] To 
dance about in sport; to frisk.— n. A skipping 
about in frolic; a hop. [OF. gambade. It. gambata; 
OF. gambe. It. gamba, leg, LateL. gamba, leg-ooint, 
Gr. kampe, a bending, Skr. kanip, to go to and fro.] 

— Gam'mon, n. A hog's thigh, pickled and smoked 
or dried; a 6moked ham. — v. t. To make bacon of. 
(Naut.) To fasten (a bowsprit to the stem of a ship). 
[OF. gambon (F. jambon), a gammon (of bacon), 
fr. gambe (F. jambe).'] — Gam'brel. n. The hind leg 
of a horse ; a stick crooked like a horse's leg, used 
by butchers. — Gambrel roof. A hipped roof ; man- 
sard or curb roof._ 

Gambroon, gam-broon', n. Twilled linen cloth for 
lining. 

Game, gam, n. Sport of any kind; jest; frolic ; a con- 
trivance, arrangement, or institution, furnishing 
sport or amusement ; use of such a game ; a single 
match at play; contest; tiling gained, as the stake 
in a game ; animals pursued by sportsmen ; scheme 
pursued; plan; project. — a. Ready to fight to the 
last, like a game-cock ; brave ; resolute ; pert, to 
those animals hunted for game. — v. i. [gamed 
(gamd), gaming.] To play at any sport: to play for 
a stake or prize; to gamble. [AS. gamen, a game, OS. 
and Ic. gaman, mirth, OHG. gaman, joy.]— To make 
game of. To make sport of, mock, ridicule. — To 
die g. To maintain an unyielding spirit to the last. 

— Game'ness, n. Endurance; pluck. — Game'some, 
-sum, a. Gay ; frolicsome. — Gamy, gam'!, a. 
(Cookery.) Having the flavor of dead game kept 
uncooked until nearly tainted. (Sporting.) Show- 
ing gameness. — Game'ster, n. One who plays at 
games ; a gambler. — Game'-cock, n. A cock bred 



to fight. — keeper, n. One who has care of game, 
esp. in a preserve. — Gam'mon, n. An imposition, 
hoax, humbug ; the game of back gammon.— v. t. 
To beat in back gammon by removing all one's 
counters before one's antagonist has removed any ; 
to impose on by improbable stories ; to humbug. — 
Gam'ble, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] 1 r play or 
game for stakes. — v. t. To squander by gaming. 
[Dim. of game.] — Gam 'bier, n. 

Gamin, ga-maN', n. A neglected city boy ; street 
Arab. [F.] 

Game-leg, gamleg, n. A lame or crooked leg. [W. 
cam, gam, crooked. See Gambol.] 

Gammer, gam'mer, n. An old wife, — correlative of 
gaffer, q. v. [Corrup. of Prov. E. grammer, for 
grandmother.] 

Gammon (of bacon). See under Gambol. — Humbug. 
See under Game. 

Gamp, gamp, n. A large umbrella. [Fr. Mrs. Gamp, 
a character in Dickens's novel, " Martin Chuzzle- 
wit."] 

Gamut, gam'ut, n. (Mils.) The scale. [OF. game, 
gamme (= Gr. gamma = E. letter G, the name of 
the 7th and last note in the scale) and L. ut, old 
name for the 1st note, now called do.] 

Gander, gan'der, a. The male of the goose. [AS. 
gandra, ganra. See Goose.] 

Gang, gang, n. A number going in company; a com- 
pany, esp. of disreputable persons; a squad of work- 
men; a labor-saving combination of similar imple- 
ments. (Mining.) A gangue, q. v., below. [ME. 
and D., a way, passage; AS., ajourney; Sw., agoing, 
a time ; Dan., walk, gait ; Goth, gaggs (= gangs), a 
way, street, Ic. gangr, a going, also a gang (of men, 
animals, etc.) ; AS. gangan, Ic. ganga, to go, q. v.] 

— Gang'way, n. A passage or way into an inclosed 
place. (Naut.) The waist. — Gang'-board, n. (Naut.) 
A plank, with cleats for steps, for entering a boat; a 
plank within or without the bulwarks of a vessel's 
waist, for -the sentinel to walk on. [D. gangboord.~] 

— -cask, n. A cask for bringing water aboard ships 
in boats.— Gangue, gang, n. (Mining.) The mineral 
substance inclosing metallic ore in the vein. [F.; G. 
gang, a vein in a mine.] 

Ganglion, gan'glT-un, n. (Compar. Anat.) A collec- 
tion of nerve cells, giving off nerve fibers in one or 
more directions. (Human Anat.) A mass of vesicu- 
lar neurine in the course of a nerve, distinct from 
the brain and spinal cord ; also, a lymphatic gland. 
(Surg.) A globular, hard, indolent tumor, situated 
on a tendon. [L. and Gr.; perh. s. rt. Gr. gonggulos, 
round.] — Lymphatic ganglion. A lymphatic gland. 

— Gan'gliac, -glionlc, a. Pert, to a ganglion. 
Gangrene, gan'gren, n. (Med.) The first stage of 

mortification of living flesh, in which it loses warmth 
and sensation and becomes discolored. — v. t. To 
mortify, — v. i. To become mortified or putrescent; 
to lose vitality. [OF.; L. gangrsena, Gr. ganggraina, 
fr. Gr. grainein, Skr. gri, to devour.] — Gan'grenous, 
-nus, a. Mortified: putrefied, — said of living flesh. 

Gangue, Gangway. See under Gang. 

Gamster, Gaunister, gan'is-ter, n. (Mech.) A refrac- 
tory lining for Bessemer converters, consisting of 
ground siliceous stone and fire-clay ; material for 
macadamizing roads. (Mining.) Hard, siliceous 
strata in the coal-formation. 

Gannet, gan'net, n. The Solan goose, a sea-fowl al- 
lied to the pelican. [AS. 
ganot. See Goose.] 

Ganoid, ga'noid, -noid'- 
ian, -I-an, n. One of 
an order of fishes, hav- 
ing shining bony scales 
or plates, — including 
the gar and sturgeon. 
[NL. ganoidei, fr. Gr. 
ganos, brightness, and 
eirfos, form.] 

Gantlet, ganflet, -lope, 
-lop, n. A military or 
naval punishment in 
which the offender runs 
between 2 files of men 
facing one another, who strike him as he passes. 
[Sw. gatlopp, lit. a run down a lane, fr. gata, street, 
lane (see Gate), and lopp, a course, running, fr. 
lopa, to run; s. rt. leap.]— To run the gauntlet. To 
undergo the above punishment; to pass the ordeal 
of severe criticism or ill-treatment at many hands. 

Gaol, jal, Gaoler. See Jail. 

Gap, gap, n. An opening in anything made by break- 




Gannet. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



GAR 



228 



GASH 



ing or parting ; an opening for passage or entrance ; 
hiatus; vacant space or time; an opening which is 
irreparable. [Ic. and Sw., a gap, breach, abyss, Dan. 
gab, gap, mouth, throat, chasm. See Gab.] — Gape, 
gap, in Eng. pron. gap, v. i. [gaped (gapt), gaping.] 
To open the mouth wide, as, expressing desire for 
food; or indicating sleepiness, indifference, dullness; 
or showing surprise, astonishment, expectation, etc. ; 
or manifesting a desire to injure, devour, or over- 
come; to open as a gap; to gaze, stare, yawn. — n. 
The act of gaping. {Zobl.) The width of the mouth 
when opened, as of birds, fishes, etc. [AS. geapan, 
D. gapen, Ic. and Sw. gapa, G. gaffen, Skr. jabh, to 
gape, yawn; AS. geap, wide.]— The gapes. A dis- 
ease of young poultry, attended with much gaping. 

Gar, gar, Gar'fish, n. A slender sea-fish of the pike 
family, having a long, pointed head; also one of sim- 
ilar form, but with rhombic scales, found in fresh 
waters. [AS., a spear,— fr. its shape; cf. E. pike, ge.i, 
also Ic. geirsu, a kind of herring, fr. geirr, a spear.] 

Garage, ga-razh', n. A place where motor vehicles are 
housed and cared for. [F.] 

Garb, garb, n. Clothing ; esp. official or appropriate 
dress ; fashion, or mode of dress ; exterior appear- 
ance; looks. [OF. garbe, It. garbo, garb, handsome- 
ness, OHG. garawi, preparation, dress, garo, JVIHG. 
gare, ready; s. rt. gear.'] 

Garbage, gar'bej, n. Refuse partsof flesh; offal ; ref 
use matter from a kitchen ; any worthless or off en- 
sive matter. [Prob. same as garble.'] 

Garble, gar'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bung.] To sift 
or bolt; to pick out such parts of as may serve a pur- 
pose; to mutilate, corrupt. [OF. grabeller, Sp. gar- 
biUar, to sift, garble, garbillo, Per. gharbil, Ar. ghir- 
bal, a sieve. 1 — Gar'bler, n. — Gar'bles, -biz, n. pi. 

Garboard, gar'bord, n. {Naut.) The first plank fast- 
ened next the keel on the outside of a vessel's bot- 
tom. 

Garden, gar'dn, n. A piece of ground for cultivating 
flowers, or vegetables, etc.; a rich, well-cultivated 
spot or tract of country. — v. i. [-dened (-dnd), 
-DENING.] To layout or cultivate a garden; labor 
in agarden. [ME. and OF. gardin(F.jardin), OHG. 
garto, gen. gartin; s. rt. AS. geard, E. yard.]— Gar'- 
dener, -dn-Sr, n. One who makes and tends a garden ; 
a horticulturist. [OHG. gartinare.] — Gar'dening, n. 
Art of, etc.; horticulture. 

Garget, gar'get, n. A disease in udders of cows ; a 
disease in hogs, indicated by staggering and loss 
of appetite. (Bot.) A plant having emetic and 
cathartic qualities; poke or poke-weed. 

Gargle, gar'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To wash 
or rinse (the mouth or throat); esp. to hold a me- 
dicinal preparation suspended and agitated in the 
throat. — ». A liquid preparation for washing the 
mouth and throat. [OF. gargouiller, fr. gargouille, 
the throat, also mouth of a spout or gutter; ^>p. gar- 
aola, gargoyle ; F. 
gorge, 1 1. gorga, the 
throat. See Gorge.] — 
Gar'goyle, goil, n. 
{Arch.) A projecting 
water-spout, carved 
grotesquely. 

Garish. See Gairish. 

Garland, garland, n. A 
wreath or chaplet of gargoyle, 

branches, flowers, feathers, etc.; a coronal; the top; 

firincipal thing; thing most prized; a collection of 
ittle printed pieces ; an anthology. {Naut.) A bag, 
used by sailors to keep provisions in; a ring of rope 
lashed on a mast. — v. t. To crown or deek with a 

farland. [OF. garlande, F. guirlande, It. ghirlanda, 
p. guirnalda ; perh. s. rt. OHG. wiara, refined gold, 
fine ornament, and not s. rt. gala.] 

Garlic, gar'lik, n. A garden plant, allied to the onion, 
having a bulbous root, strong smell, and acrid taste. 
[AS. garleac, fr. gar, spear, and leak, leek.] 

Garment, garment, n. Any article of clothing. [ME. 
and OF. garnement, fr. 0F. garnir, guarnir, warnir, 
to garnish, adorn, fortify, AS. warnian, to beware 
of, OFriesic wernia, to give a pledge. See Warn.] — 
Gar'nish, v. t. [-wished (-nisht), -nishing.] To 
adorn, embellish ; to furnish, as a fort with troops. 
{Law.) To warn, give notice to. — n. Decoration ; 
ornament; also, garments, esp. showy ones. {Cook- 
ery.) Something set round a dish as an embellish- 
ment. In jails, fetters ; also an entrance : fee de- 
manded bv old prisoners of one just committed. — 
Garnishee"*, n. {Law.) One in whose hands the 
property of another has been attached ; a trustee. 




— Garnishment, n. Ornament; decoration. (Law.~* 
Legal notice to appear and give information to the 
court on any matter; warning to a person, in whose 
hands the effects of another are attached, not to 
pay money or deliver goods, but to appear in court 
and give information as garnishee. A fee.— Gar'ni- 
ture, -ni-chur, n. That which garnishes; embellish- 
ment. [F.] — Garrison, gar'rY-sn, n. {Mil.) A body 
of troops in a fort or fortified town, to defend it or. 
to repress the inhabitants ; a strong place, in which 
troops are quartered for its security. — v.t. [gar- 
risoned (-snd), -soning.] To place troops m (a 
fortress, etc.) for its defense ; to defend by for- 
tresses manned with troops. [ME. and OF. garnison, 
provision, supply, fr. OF. garnir.] 

Garner, gar'ner, n. A granary ; place wherein grain 
is stored. — v. t. [garnered (-nerd), -nering.] 
To store in a granary. [OF. gernier, grenier, L. 
granaria, a granary, q. v.] 

Garnet, giir'net, n. {Min.) A mineral of a deep-red 
color. {Naut.) A tackle fixed to the main-stay, to 
hoist the cargo. [OF. grenat, LL. granatus, fr. its re- 
sembling the shape and color of pomegranate seeds, 
fr. L. granum, a grain, q. v.] 

Garnish, Garrison, etc. See under Garment. 

Garret, gar'ret, n. That part of a house on the upper 
floor, immediately under the roof ; an attic. [OF. 
garite, orig. a place of refuge or look-out., 'watch- 
tower, fr. garir, warir, to preserve, keep, OHG. war- 
jan, AS. warian, to defend, AS. wser, wary, q. v. 
See Garment.] — Garreteer'', -er', n. An inhabi- 
tant of a garret; a poor author; literary hack. 

Garrote, gar-rot" - , n. A Spanish mode of execution by 
strangulation, with an iron collar affixed to a post 
and tightened by a screw; instrument by which the 
punishment is inflicted. — v. t. [garroted ; -eo.t- 
ing.] To strangle with the garrote ; to seize by the 
throat from behind, to strangle and rob. [Sp., fr. 
garra, claw, clutch, Armor. & W. gar, leg, shank ; 
s. rt. garter,] — Garrotter, n. One who seizes a per- 
son by the throat from behind, to strangle and rob 
him. 

Garrulous, gar'roo-lus, a. Indulging in long, prosy 
talk, with repetition and excessive detail; talkative; 
loquacious. [L. garrulus, fr. garrire, to chatter; s. rt. 
call.] — Garru'lity, -lt-tt, n. Quality of being, etc. 

Garter, gar'ter, n. A band to hold up a stocking on 
the leg; the badge of the highest orderof knighthood 
in Great Britain, instituted by Edward III.: the or- 
der itself.— v. t. [gartered (-terd), -tering.] To 
bind with a garter ; to invest with the order of the 
Garter. [OF. gartier, fr. garret, F. jarret, ham of 
the leg. See Garrote.] 

Garth, garth, n. A close; yard; croft: garden; green- 
sward within aeloister; a dam or wei for catching 
fish. [W. gardd, inclosure; s. rt. garden.] 

Gas, gas or gaz, n. An aeriform elastic fluid ; illumi- 
nating gas, — a mixture of carbureted hydrogen and 
defiant gas or bi-earbureted hydrogen, obtained by 
destructive distillation of coal. [D., a word invented 
by the chemist Van Helmont, who died in 1644 ; 
perh. f-r. D. geest, ghost (q. v.), spirit, volatile fluid.] 

— Laughing gas. Nitrous oxide, — used as an anaes- 
thetic by dentists, etc. — Gaseous, gaz'e-us or ga'- 
zhus, a. In the form of gas, or an aeriform fluid; 
lacking substance or solidity ; tenuous.— Gassy, gas'- 
sT, a. Full of gas; inflated; full of ambitious or de- 
ceitful talk.— Gas'ify, v. t. [-fied (-ild), -eying.] To 
convert into gas. [L.facere, to make.] — Gas'ifica'- 
tion, n. Act or proeess of, etc. — Gas'-burn'er, n. 
That part of a gas-fixture where the gas escapes from 
orifices, to be burned. — fix'ture, n. A bracket or 
chandelier for gas, including a stop-cock, burner, etc. 
— hold'er, n. A vessel to hold gas- gasometer.— 
-main, n. One of the principal pipes conveying gag 
from the works. — -me'ter, n. An instrument to 
measure the quantitv of gas consumed. [Gr. metron, 
a measure.] — Gas'olene, -len, -line, -lin, n. A highly 
volatile mixture of fluid hydrocarbons, obtained 
from petroleum, also by distillation o1 bituminous 
coal. — Gasolier', -ler', n. A chandelier fitted for 
illumination by gas. [Formed in imitation of chan- 
delier.] — Gasom'eter, gaz-, n. A gas-holder or res- 
ervoir. — Gasom'etry, -trT, n. Measurement of gases. 

Gasconade, gas-kon-ad r , n. A boast or boasting; 

vaunt; bravado. — v. i. To boast, brag, bluster. IT. 

gasconnade, — in allusion to the propensity of ike 

people of Gaseony.] 
Gash, gash, v. t. [gashed (gasht), gashing.] To make 

a long, deep incision in. — n. A deep and long cut, 

esp. in flesh. [OF. garser, to scarify, pierce with a 



fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



GASKET 



229 



GAZETTE 



lancet, LL. garsa, scarification, pern, corrupt, fr. 
Gr. charaxis, an incision ; s. rt. shear.] 

Gasket, gas'ket, n. (Faut.) A flat, plaited cord to furl 
the sail, or tie it to the yard. (3Iech.) Platted hemp 
to pack pistons, as of steam-engines and pumps; any 
ring or washer of packing. [F. garcetie.) 

Gasp, gasp, v. i. [gasped (gaspt), GASPING.] To labor 
for breath, respire convulsively or violently; to 
pant with eagerness. — i>. t. To emit with gaspings. 

— n. A labored respiration; convulsive opening of 
the mouth for breath. [Ic. geispa, Sw. gaspa, Dan. 
gispe ; s. rt. gape.] 

Gastric, gas'trik, a. (Anat.) Pert, to the stomach. 
[Gr. gaster, Skr. jathara, the belly.] — Gastric fever. 
{Pathol.) Bilious, enteric, or typhoid fever; acute 
inflammatory dyspepsia. — Gastritis, n. {Med.) In- 
flammation of the stomach.— Gas'teropod, n. (Zo'61.) 
A molluscous animal (as the snuii_), having a mus- 
cular ventral disk, which serves in place of feet. 
[Gr. pons, podos, a foot.] — Gastril'oquy, -o-kwl, n. 
A voice or utterance which appears to proceed from 
the stomach; ventriloquy. [L. loqui, to speak.] — 
Gastril'oquist, -kwist, n. A ventriloquist.— GastroK- 
ogy, -o-jl, n. A treatise on the stomach. [Gr. logos, 
discourse.] — Gastron'omy, -ml, n. Art or science 
of good eating; epicurism. [Gr. nomos, law, usage.] 

— Gastron'enier, n. One fond of good living; an 
epicure; glutton.— Gastronem'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Gastros'copy, -ko-pT. n. (Med.) Examination 
of the abdomen, to detect disease; abdominoscopy. 
[Gr. skopein, to examine.] — Gas'tro-col'ic, a. {Med.) 
Pert, to both stomach and colon. [Gr. kolikos, pert. 
to the colon.] — G.-elytrotomy, -el't-trofo-ml, n. 
(Surg.) The operation of cutting into the upper part 
of the vagina, to remove a fetus, —a substitute for 
the Cesarean operation. [Gr. elutron. a sheath, and 
tome, a cutting. ] — G.-enter'ic, a. (Med.) Pert, to 
the stomach and intestines. [Gr. enteron, intestine.] 

— G.-enteri'tis, n. (Pathol.) Inflammation of the 
lining membrane of , etc — G.-hepat'ic, a. (Med.) 
Pert, to both stomach and liver. [Gr. hepar, liver.] 

— G.-hys'terot'omy, -his'ter-ofo-mT, a. (Surg.) The 
Cesarean operation. [Gr. hustera, womb.] 

Gate, gat, n. A passage-way in the wall of a city, field, 
edifice, etc.; a movable barrier closing an opening in 
a fence or wall or placed across a road; a frame stop- 
ping the passage of water through a dam, lock, etc.; 
an avenue: means of entrance. [AS. geat, D. and Ic. 
gat, a gate, opening, Ic. and Sw. guta, Dan. gade, 
Goth, gatwo, G. gasse, a street; xVS. gitan, to get, ar- 
rive at, reach.] — Gate'-way, n. A passage through 
a fence or wall; a frame, arch, etc., in which a gate 
is hung. — Gait, gat, n. Walk; march; way; manner 
of walking or stepping. 

Gather, gatb/er, v. t. [-ERED(-erd),-ERiNG.] To bring 
together, collect, assemble; to harvest, pick, pluck; 
to amass in large quantity or numbers ; to make 
compact, consolidate : to draw together (a piece of 
cloth, by a thread), pucker, plait ; to derive, as an 
inference; to infer, conclude. — v. i. To come to- 
gether, congregate; to increase; to come to a head, 
as a sore; to draw an inference. — n. A plait or 
fold in cloth, made by drawing the thread through 
it. [AS. gsedrian, gaderian, to"gather, fr. gader, to- 
gether, gssd, society, company: D. gaderen, to col- 
lect, f r. gader, together.] — Gatb/erer, n. — Gather- 
ing, n. That gathered or brought together, as a 
crowd, assembly ; a tumor, suppurated or matu- 
rated; an abscess. 

Gatling-gun, gafling-gun, n. A machine-gun, having 
a cluster of parallel revolving breach-loading bar- 
rels. [Named fr. inventor.] 

Gauchene, gosh^re, n. Awkwardness ; gawkiness ; 
blundering. [F., fr. gauche, the left hand.] 

Gaud, gawd, n. A pieci of worthless finery; a trinket. 
[L. gau h'wn.ioy, in LL. a bead on a rosary; s. rt. 
joy.] — Gaud'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Ostentatiously 
fine: showy: gay; merry.— Gaud'ily, -I-lI, adv.— 
Gaud'iness, n. 

Gauffer, gawi'fer, v. t. To plait, crimp, or flute; to 
goffer, as lace. [F. grmfrer, to figure cloth, velvet, 
etc., fr. gaufre, E. waffle, q. v.] 

Gauge, Gage, gaj, r. t. [gauged (gajd), gauging.] To 
measure or ascertain the contents of, as of a pipe, 
hogshead, etc.: to measure the capacity or ability 
of; estimate. — n. An instrument to determine dis- 
tances, dimensions, or capacity; a standard of any 
kind; estimate. (Physics.) Apparatus for determin- 
ing at any moment the state, or volume, or pressure 
of a fluctuating object, as water, steam, etc. (Naut.) 
Petition with reference to a vessel and to the wind; 



the depth to which a vessel sinks in the water. The 
distance between the rails of a railroad. [When the 
gauge is 4 ft. 8£ in. it is called standard gauge ; when 
less, narrow gauge.] (Plastering.) The quantity 
of plaster of Paris used with common plaster to 
hasten its setting; the composition used in finishing 
plastered ceilings, etc. [OF. ganger, jauger, to gauge, 
jauge, a gauge, measure, LL. gangia, the standard 
measure of a wine-disk: s. it. gallon.] — Gau'ger, n. 
One who gauges; an officer whose business it is to 
ascertain the contents of casks. 

Gault, gawlt, n. (Geol.) A series of beds of clay and 
marl, whose geological position is between the ui>per 
and lower green-sand. 

Gaunt, gant, a. Lean : meager ; pinched and grim. 
[CI'. Norweg. gaud, a thin stick, also a tall, thin man, 
overgrown stripling; Sw. dial, gunk, a lean horse.] 

Gauntlet, gant'let, ?j. A glove with plates of metal 
on the back, worn as defensive armor; 
a long glove, covering the wrist. [OF. 
gantelet, fr. gant, OSw. wante, Ic. vottr, 
a glove, Dan. vante, D. 
want, a mitten: perh. s. rt. 
OSw. winda, to wrap, E. 
wind.] — To take itp the 
gauntUt. To accept a chal- 
lenge.— To throw do w n the ew&r- Gauntlet. 
g. To offer a challenge. 

Gauze, gawz, n. A very thin, transparent stuff, of silk, 
lisen, cotton, wire, etc. [OF. gaze, embroiderv can- 
vas, orig. brought from G«za, in Palestine.]— Gauz'y, 
-T, a. Pert, to, like, or thin as gauze. 

Gave. See Give. 

Gavel, gav'el, n. A small heap of grain, not tied up; 
the mallet of a presiding officer. [OF. gavelle, F. 
javelle, javeau, dim. fr. L. c&pulus, handle, capere, 
to seize.] 

Gavelkind, gav'el-kind, n. (O. Eng. Low.) A tenure 
by which land descended from the lather to all his 
sons in equal portions, and the land of a brother, 
dying without issue, descended equally to his 
brothers. [Ir. gabhailcine : gabhail, a receiving, 
tenure, fr. gabhaim, I receive; cine, family, tribe; 




W. gafael, Corn, gavel, tenure, cenedl, a tribe.] 

Inci 

[Native name.] 



Gavial, 



'vT-al, 



A crocodile found in India. 



Gawk, gawk, n. A cuckoo; a simpleton: booby. [AS. 
geac, Ic. gaukr, Sw. gok, a cuckoo; 9IIG. couch, G. 
gauch, a cuckoo, simpleton: L. cucus, fool, cuckoo, 
q. v.j— Gawk'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.] Foolish and 
awkward ; clumsy and clownish. — n. A fellow 
awkward from being overgrown, or from stupidity. 

Gay, ga, a. Excited with delight ; merry; gleeful; 
sprightly ; jolly ; jovial ; having many or showy 
colors ; 'dissipated : loose : lewd.' [OF. gai, merrv, 
OHG. gahi, MHG. gach, quick, rash, lively, MHG. 
gan, G. gehen. to go; s. > t. go, Jan.] — Gayety. Gaiety, 
ga'e-tY, n. State of being gay: merriment: acts or 
entertainments prompted by, or inspiring, merry 
delight, — used often in pi.; finery; show; jollity. 
— Gayly, Gaily, ga'lT, adv. 

Gaze, gaz, v. i. [gazed (gazd), gazing.] To fix the 
eyes in a steady and earnest look ; to gape, stare.— 
n. A fixed look ; a look of eagerness, wonder, or 
admiration ; object gazed on. [Sw. dial, gasa, to 
gaze, stare; s. rt. aghast, gairish.] — Gaz'er, ti. — 
Gaze'hound, n. A hound that pursues by sight 
rather than by scent. — Gaz'ing-stpck, n. One gazed 
at with scorn: an object of curiosity. 

Gazelle, ga-zel", n. A small antelope of Asia and K. 
Africa, remarkable for 
its swiftness, elegant 
form, and the soft luster 
of its eyes. [OF.; Ar. 
ghazal.] 

Gazette, ga-zef, n. A 
newspaper: esp., an of- 
ficial journal. — r. r. To 
announce or publish in 
a gazette, or officially. 
[OF., fr. It. gazzetta.'a 
magpie, hence tattle 
(dim. of It. gazza, mag- 
pie, whence gazzettare, 
to chatter, to write ga- 
zettes), also a coin uazeue. 
worth about l-3d of a cent (dim. of L. and Gr. gaza, 
treasure, wealth). To the usual etymology, fr. the 
name of the coin, it is objected that no newspaper 
could have been published at that price in 1536, in 
Venice, where the original gazette appeared.] — 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



GEAR 



230 



GENEROUS 



Gaz'etteer', -ter ,r , h. A writer of news; officer who 
publishes news by authority ; a geographical dic- 
tionary; alphabetical descriptive list. 
Gear, ger, n. Manufactured stuff or material; goods; 
clothing; ornaments; dress; horse-trappings. 
(Jfach.) A toothed wheel, or toothed wheels col- 
lectively; connection of toothed wheels with each 
other; gearing. — v. t. (geared (gerd), gearing.] 
To dress, put on gear, harness. [AS. gearioe, OS. 
garuuti, MHG. garwe, gear, whence OF. garbe, E. 
garb, q. v.; AS. gearu, OS. garu, ready, D. gaar, 
dressed; s. rt. yare.] — Gearing, n. .^ 

Harness. (Mach.) Parts by which frft' 

motion communicated to one por 



•' ra- 




tion of a machine is transmitted to 
another, considered collectively ; . 
esp., a train of wheels for transmit- $ 
ting and varying motion. _ 
Gecko, gek'o, n. ; pi. -oes, -oz. A noc- 
turnal lizard, having flattened toes, ojv. y * 
with sucking disks, by which it runs T^Sr-lrSr^ 
upon walls and ceilings. [Onomat., _ "™^ _ 

— fr. its cry.] Spur Gearing. 
Ged, ged, n. A fish, the pike. [Ic. gedda, a pike; s. rt. 

Ic. gaddr, a goad, E. gad, goad. See Gar.] 
Gee, je, v. t. [geed (jed), geeixg.] To turn to the 
off-side, or from the driver (i. e., in the U. S., to the 
right side), said of cattle, or a team, — used in the 
imperative. [Prob. f r. AS. gegan, to go.] 
Gehenna,, ge-hen'na, n. The valley of Hinnom, near 
Jerusalem, a receptacle for the city refuse, fires be- 
ing kept up, to prevent pestilential effluvia; hence, 
in the New Testament, hell. [L.; Heb. Ge, valley, 
and Hinnom.] 
Gelatine, jeKa-tin, n. (Chem.) An animal substance 
which dissolves in hot water, and forms a jelly on 
cooling; animal jelly. Glue and isinglass are forms 
of gelatine. [F. : Sp., It., and LL. gelatina, fr. L. ge- 
lare, -latum, to congeal, fr. gelu, frost; a. rt. cool, cold, 
jelly.] — Gel'able, a. Capable of being congealed, 
or converted into jelly. — Gelatinate, je-latl-nat, 
v. t. To convert into gelatine, or a jelly-like sub- 
stance. — v. i. To be converted, etc. — Gelat'ina'- 
tion, n. Act or process of, etc.— Gelat'inize, v. t. or 
i. [-NiZED(-nIzd),-NiziXG.] Same as Gelatinate. 

— Gelatinous, -nus, a. Of the nature and consist- 
ence of gelatine ; viscous. — Gelly, -It, n. Jelly.— 
Gelose', -los', n. {Chem.) A vegetable isinglass pre- 
pared from sea weed, Chinese moss, etc., —used for 
food. — Gelid, a. Very cold. [L. gelidus, f r. gelu.) 

Geld, geld, v. t. To castrate, emasculate; to deprive of 
anything essential; to deprive of anything excep- 
tionable, expurgate. [Ic. gelda, Dan. gilde; pern. 
8. rt. Goth. giltna, a sickle.] — GeWing, n. Act of 
castrating; a castrated animal, esp. a horse. [Ic, a 
gelding.] 

Gem, jem, n. (Bot.) A bud. A precious stone, esp. 
when cut and polished for ornament; a jewel; any- 
thing beautiful, rare, or costlv. — v. t. [gemmed 
( jemd), -MING.] To adorn or embellish, as with gems. 
[OF. gemme, a gem, L. gemma, a swelling bud, also 
a gem, jewel; perh. s. rt. L. gemere, to sigh (orig. to 
swell, be full), Gr. gemein, to be full; perh. s. rt. Skr. 
janman, birth, production.] — Gem'' my, -mT, a. Full 
of gems; bright; glittering; sparkling like a gem. — 
Geminate, -mat, a. Having buds; reproducing by 
buds. [L. gemmare, -matum, to put forth buds.] — 
Gemma Hon, n. (^Yat. Hist.) Formation of a new 
individual by the protrusion of part of an animal or 
plant, whether it becomes free or remains connected 
with the parent stalk. (Bot.) The arrangement of 
buds on the stalk. The period of the expansion of 
buds. — Gem'meous, -me-us, a. Pert, to, like, or of 
the nature of, gems.— Gemmiferous, -er-us, a. Pro- 
ducing gems or buds ; multiplying by buds. [L. 
ferre, to bear.] — Gemmip , arous, -a-rus, a. Produc- 



Gemini 



g, or reproducing by, buds. [L.parere, to produce.] 

dni, jem'I-ni, n.pl. (Astron.) A constellation of 

the zodiac, containing the 2 bright stars Castor and 



Pollux ; the 3d sign of the zodiac, which the sun 
enters about May 25th. [L., twins; s. rt. genere, 
gignere, to beget. See Genus.] — Gemlnous, -nus, 
a. Double; in pairs. 

Gendarme, zhoN-darm / , n. ; pi. Gens-d'armes or 
Gendarmes, same pron. An armed policeman. [F., 
f r. the pi., gens d'armes, men at arms.] — Gendarm'- 
ery, -Sr-T, n. The body of armed police. [F. gen- 
darmerie.'] 

Gender, jen'der, n. Sex, male or female. (Grain.) A 
difference in words to express distinction of sex. — 
v. t. [gendered (-derd), -dering.] To beget, en- 



£ender. [ME. gendre, OF. and F. genre, It. genere, 
i. genus, generis, kind. See Genus.] 
Genealogy, jen-e-aro-jT, n.'An account of the descent 
of a person or family from an ancestor; a list of an- 
cestors; pedigree; regular descent from a progenitor; 
lineage. [OF. genealogie, L. and Gr. genealagia, fr. 
Gr. genea, birth, descent, and logos, discourse. See 



Genus.]— GeneaFogize, -o-jiz, v. t. To relate the 
history of descents.— Genealogist, -jist, n. One who 
traces, etc. — Gen'ealoglcal, -loglk-al, a. Pert, to 



genealogy; exhibiting descent from an ancestor. 

Genera, n. ; pi. of Genus. 

Generable. See under Generate. 

General, jen'er-al, a. Kelating to a genus or kind; 
pert, to a whole class or order ; comprehending 
many species or individuals; not limited to a precise 
or detailed import ; lax in signification ; widely 
spread; prevalent; extensive, though not universal; 
having a relation to all ; common to the whole. — 
n. The whole; the total, — used in pi., or in sing, 
with the definite article; the chief or superior officer 
in an administration; esp., one of the chief military 
officers of a country. [OF., general, universal, L. 
generalis, pert, to a genus, q. v.] — General assembly. 
An assembly of a whole body, in fact or by repre- 
sentation; a legislature. — G. court. The legislature 
of a state,— fr. its having, or having had, judicial 
power. — G. issue. (Law.) An issue made by a 
general plea, traversing the whole indictment at 
once, without offering any special matter to evade 
it. — G. officer. (Mil.) One above the rank of colo- 
nel. — G. ship. A ship employed as a general carrier. 

— G. term. (Logic.) A term which is the sign of c 
general conception or notion. — In g. In the main; 
for the most part; not always or universally. [The 
word general, annexed to a name of office, usually 
denotes chief or superior, as, a commissary-general, 
quarter-master-general.] — Generally, adv. In gen- 
eral; commonly; upon the whole. — Gen'eralneas, 
n. Condition or quality of being general; frequency; 
commonness. — Generality, -t-tt, n. State of being 
general; that which is general; a vague statement 
or phrase; the main body, bulk, greatest part. [OF. 
generaliU.] — Generalize, v. t. [-iZE»(-Izd),-iziNG.] 
To bring under a genus or genera; to use with a 
more extensive application ; to make universal in 
application, as a formula or rule ; to derive, as a 
genus, or as a general conception, or general prin- 
ciple. — v. i. To form classes or genera ; to take 
general or comprehensive views.— Gen'eraliza'tion, 
n. Act of generalizing. — Generalship, n. Office 
of, or exercise of the functions of, a general; skill 
and conduct of a general officer. — Gen'eralis'Bimo, 
n. The chief commander of a military force; esp., 
the commander-in-chief of an army consisting of 
grand divisions under separate commanders. [It.] 

Generate, jen'gr-at, v. t. To beget, procreate, propa- 
gate, engender; to cause to be, bring into life; to 
originate, esp. by a vital or chemical process ; to 
produce, cause. [L. generare, -atum, fr. genus, q. v.] 

— Gen'erable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Genera'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. ; origination by some process, 
mathematical, chemical, or vital; production; for- 
mation; thing generated; progeny; offspring; a sin- 
gle step or stage in the succession of natural de- 
scent; the mass of beings living at one period; the 
ordinary interval of time at which one rank follows 
another, or father is succeeded by child; an age; 
race; kind; breed; stock. (Geom.) Formation or 
production of any geometrical magnitude, by the 
motion of a point or other magnitude. (Physiol.) 
The aggregate of the functions and phenomena 
which attend reproduction. [OF.; ~L. generation- 
Alternate generation. (Biol.) Alternativen-ess, q. v., 
under Alternate. — Generative, -tiv, a. Having 
power to generate or produce ; prolific. — Gen'era'- 
tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, etc.; apparatus 
for generating steam, gas, etc. (Mus.) The principal 
sound or sounds by which others are produced. — 
Gen'erant, n. That which generates. (Geom.) A 
line, surface, or solid, generated by the motion of a 
point, line, or surface, called the generatrix.— Gen'- 
era'trix, n. (Geom.) The point, or mathematical 
magnitude, which, by its motion, generates another 
magnitude. 

Generic, Generically, etc. See under Genus. 

Generous, jen'er-us, a. Exhibiting those qualities be- 
longing to high birth; noble; magnanimous; free to 
give ; overflowing. [OF. generous, genereux, L. gen- 
erosus, of noble birth, fr. genus, q. v.] — Generously, 
-IT, adv. — Gen'eroslty, n. Quality of being gener- 



Jte, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, tee ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



GENESIS 



231 



GERANIUM 



ous; nobleness of birth orof soul; magnanimity; lib- 
erality; munificence. [OF. generosity,!., generositas.) 

Genesis, jen'e-sis, n. Act of producing, or giving birth 
or origin to any thing; production; formation; origi- 
nation; the 1st book of the Old Testament. (Geom.) 
Same as Generation. [L. and Gr.; s. rt. genus.] — 
Genetic, -ical, a. Pert, to, concerned with, or de- 
termined by, the genesis of any thir. r .— Genetically, 
adv. In reference to, etc. 

Genet, Jennet, jen'et, n. A small-siz;d, well-propor- 
tioned, Spanish horse. [OF. genette, Sp. ginete, fr. 
Ar. zenata, a tribe of horsemen in Barbary.] 

Genet, Genette, jen'et or je-nef, n. A carnivorous 
animal, allied to the civet, of gray color, spotted and 
banded with black or brown, found in southern Eu- 
rope, Africa, and Asia; its fur; cat-skin, when made 
into muffs, etc., to imitate skins of the genet. [F. 
genette, Sp. gineta, Ar.jarneit.] 

Geneva, je-ne'va. n. A strongly alcoholic spirit dis- 
tilled from grain, and flavored with juniper-berries 
or oil of turpentine; gin; Hollands; schiedam. [F. 
genievre, fr. L. juniperus, the juniper-tree.] 

Genial, je'nY-al or jen'yal, a. Contributing to, or 
concerned in, propagation or production ; genera- 
tive ; kindly ; sympathetically cheerful and cheer- 



ing: exciting sympathy. [OF.; L. genialis, fr. genius, 

q. v.] — Geniality, -Y-tY, n. Quality of being, etc. 

Geniculate, je-nik'u-lat, -lated, a. (Bot.) Bent ab- 



rupt!}' at an angle, like the knee. [L. geniculu 
dim. of (jenu, knee; s. rt. knee.] — Genic'ula'tion, .*. 
State of being bent abruptly at an angle. 

Genie, je'nY, n. One of a fabulous class of beings, re- 
garded by the Arabians as intermediate between 
angels and men, created of fire, and capable of as- 
suming any form, or of becoming invisible, at pleas- 
ure. [See Jinnee.] 

Genital, ien'Y-tal, a. Pert, to generation. [OF.; L. 
genitalis. See Genus.] — Genitals, n. pi. The sex- 
ual organs; the privates. — Genltor, n. One who 
procreates; a sire; father. [L.] — Genitive, -tiv, n. 
(Gram.) A case in the declension of nouns, ex- 
pressing the relations expressed in English by of. — 
a. Pert, to, or indicating, source, origin, possession, 
etc. [OF. genitif, L. genitivus, the name of the case, 
lit. pert, to generation.] — Geniti'val, a. Of the 
ferm of, or pert, to, the genitive case. 

Genius, jen'yus, n. ;pl. -iuses, -yus-ez. The peculiar 
structure of mind with which each individual is en- 
dowed by nature; special taste, inclination, or dispo- 
sition; distinguished mental superiority; esp. supe- 
rior power of invention or origination of any kind ; 
talent ; a man endowed with uncommon vigor of 
mind; peculiar constitution or character. — Genius, 
je'nY-us, n. ; pi. -nii, -nY-I. A tutelary deity sup- 
posed by the ancients to preside over a man's des- 
tiny in life; hence, a supernatural being; a spirit, 
good or evil; the animating spirit of a people or pe- 
riod. [L. ; s. rt. genus, q. vi] 

Genre, zhoN'r, n. A style of painting, sculpture, etc., 
representing every-day life and manners. [F. See 
Gender.] 

Genteel, jen-tel', a. Possessing or exhibiting the qual- 
ities belonging to high birth and breeding; well 
bred; easy in manners; elegant in appearance .dress, 
or manner; polite; refined; fashionable. [ME. and 
OF. gentil, L. gentilis, orig. of the same clan, also a 
gentile, fr. gens, gentis, tribe, race; s. rt. genus.] — 
Genteelly, adv. — Genteel'ness, «.— Genlfle, -til, 
n. One of a gentile or non-Jewish nation; a wor- 
shiper of false gods, heathen, pagan. — a. Pert, to 
the nations at large, as disting. fr. the Jews ; of pa- 
gan or heathen people. (Gram.) Denoting a race 
or country. — Gen'tilism, -izm, n. Heathenism; pa- 
ganism ; worship of false gods. — Gen'tle, -tl, a. 
[-TLER, -xlest.] Well-born; of good family or re- 
spectable birth ; soft and refined in manners ; not 
rough, harsh, or severe; quiet and docile; soothing. 
[Same as genteel ; OF. gentil.] — Gen'tly, -til, adv.— 
Gentleness, n. — Gentility, -til'I-tT, n. Politeness 
of manner; graceful and easy mien; state or quality 
of being genteel.— Gentlefolk, -fok, -folks, -foks, n. 
pi. Persons of good breeding and family. — Gen'- 
tleman, n. ;pl. -men. A man who is well born, or of 
good family ; one of gentle or refined manners. 
Cfler.) One who bears arm6, but has no title, pi. 
Citizens; people, — an appellation by which men are 
addressed in popular assemblies, irrespective of their 
condition.-Gen'tleman-like, Gen'tlemanly, a. Pert, 
to, like, or becoming a gentleman; polite; complai- 
sant. — Gen'tlemanliness, n. — GenUe-w< 



pi. -WOMEN. 



tle-wom'an, 
A woman of good family or of good 



breeding; one who waits about the person of one of 
high rank. — Gen'try, -trY, n. People of education 
and good breeding; in Eng., in a restricted sense, 
the class of people between the nobility and the vul- 
gar. [ME. gentrie, corrupt, fr. gentrise, OF. genterise, 
for gentilise, f r. gentil.] 

Gentian, jen'shan, n. (Bot.) A plant whose root has 
a yellowish-brown color, and very bitter taste, and 
is used as an ingredient in stomachic bitters. [OF. 
gentiane, L. gentiana, fr. Gentius, king of Illyria, 
who discovered its properties.) 

Genuflection, je'nu- or je^u-nek'shun, n. Act of 
bending the knee, esp. in worship. [F. genuflexion, 
LateL. genuflexio, fr. E. genu, the knee (a. rt. knee), 
&TiAflectere'.flexum, to bend.] 

Genuine, jen'u-in, a. Pert, to or proceeding from, 
the original stock; not spurious, false, or adulter* 
ated; authentic; real; pure. [L. genuinus ; 6. rt 
genus.] — Gen'uinely, adv. — Gen'uineness, n. 

Genus, je'nus, n. ; pi. Genera, jen'e-ra. (Logic.) A 
class of objects divided into several subordinate spe- 
cies. (Science.) An assemblage of species possess- 
ing certain characters in common, by which they 
are distinguished from all others, — subordinate to 
tribe and sub-tribe. [L. genus, generis, Gr. genos, 
race, gignomai, I am born, L. gignere, Skr. jan, to 
beget; s. rt. kin, general, gender, generate, ingenious, 
projenitor, regenerate, genealogy, homogeneous, oxy- 
gen, etc.] — Generic, -ical, -ner'ik-al, a. Pert, to a 
genus or kind; comprehensive. — Generlcally, adv. 

Geocentric, je-o-senlrik, -trical, a. (Astron.) Having 
reference to the earth as center; in relation to or 
seen from the earth, — disting. fr. heliocentric, a6 
seen from the sun; having reference to the center of 
the earth. [Gr. gea. ge (Skr. go), the earth, and ken- 
tron, center, q. v.] — Ge'ode, -od, n. (Min.) A rounded 
nodule ©f stone, containing a cavity, usually lined 
with crystals. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Geod'esy, -od'e- 
61, n. (Math.) That branch of surveying which al- 
lows for the curvature of the earth, as in surveys of 
states, or of long lines of coast. [Gr. daiein, to di- 
vide.] — Geog'nosy, -si, n. The subject-matter of 
speculative geology. [Gr. gnosis, knowledge.] — 
Geog'ony, -nl, n. Doctrine of the formation of the 
earth. [Gr. gone, birth, fr. genein, to beget ; s. rt. 
genus.] — Geoglaphy, -fT, n. Science or description 
of the world, its inhabitants, divisions, governments, 
products, etc. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — Geo- 
graphic, -ical, -graflk-al, a. Pert, to geography. — 
Geoglapher, -fer, n. One versed in, etc. — GeoKogy, 
-jY,«. Science of the structure and mineral constitu- 
tion of the globe, the causes of its physical features, 
and its history. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Geol'oger, 
-ogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. — Geologic, -ical, 
-lojlk-al, a. Pert, to, etc.— Geol'ogize, v. i. [-gized 
(-jizd), -gizing.] To study geology, make geological 
investigations. — Ge'oman'cy, -sY, n. Divination by 
figures or lines, formed by dots, orig. on the earth, 
afterward on paper. [Gr. manteia, divination.] — 
Geoman'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Geom'etry, 
-trY, n. That branch of mathematics which investi- 
gates the relations, properties, and measurement of 
solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. [Gr. metrein, to 
measure, metron, a measure.] — Geom'eter, n. One 
skilled in geometry. — Geomefric, -rical, a. Pert., 
or according to, the rules or principles of geometry: 
determined by geometry, — often used in a techni- 
cal sense, as opp. to mechanical. — Geometrically, 
adv. — GeonVetri'cian, -trish'an, n. A geometer. — 
Geom'etrize, v. i. T-trized (-trizd), -tbizing.] To 
recognize or apprehend geometrical quantities or 
laws; to proceed in accordance with the principles 
of geometry. — Geoponlc, -ical, a. Pert, to tillage 
of the earth, or agriculture. — Geoponlcs, n. sing. 
Art or science of cultivating the earth. [Gr. ponos, 
labor.] — Geora'ma, -ra/ma or -ra'ma, n. An inven- 
tion for exhibiting, on the inner surface of a hollow 
sphere, a view of the geography of the earth's sur- 
face. [Gr. orama, view.J — Geos^copy, -ko-pY, n. 
Knowledge of the earth, ground, or soil, obtained 
by inspection. [Gr. skopein, to view.] — Geor'gic, 
"Gr'jik, n. A rural poem; poetical composition on 
lusbandry. [L. georgicv.m (carmen), agricultural 
(poem), Gr. georgikos, pert, to husbandry, georgia, 
tillage, georgos, farmer, fr. ge and ergein, to work.] 
— Geor'gic, -gical, a. Relating to rural affairs. 

Geranium, je-ra'nY-um, n. A genus of plants having a 
beak-like torus or receptacle,— called also crane' 's-btll: 
many of the cultivated pelargoniums are called gera- 
niums. [L. ; Gr. geranion, fr. geranos, a crane.]— Gera'- 
niine, -nY-in, Ger'anin, -a-nin, n. (Chem.) A valu- 



£ 



•on, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



GERM 



232 



G-IG 



able astringent obtained from the root of a species 
of, etc. 

Germ, jSrm, n. (Physiol.) That which is to develop 
an embryo; an ovary; bud. That from which any- 
thing springs ; origin; first principle. [F.germe, L. 
germen, -mini?, a sprout, shoot, bud; s. rt. L. creare, 
to create.] — Ger'man, -main', -mane', -man', a. 
Nearly related; closely akin; closely allied; appro- 
priate; relevant. [OF. germain, L. germanus, fully 
akin, of the same stock, ir. germen.] — Cousins ger- 
tnan. Cousins having the same grandfather.— Ger'- 
minal, -mt-nal, a. Pert, to a germ. — Ger'minant, 
a. Sprouting; sending forth germs or buds.— Ger'- 
minate, -nat, v. i. To sprout, bud, shoot, — v. t. To 
cause to sprout. [L. germinare, -natum.] — Germi- 
na'tion, n. Act of sprouting; beginning of growth; 
time in which seeds vegetate, after being planted. 

German, jer'man, a. Pert, to Germany. — n. ; pi. 
Germans. A native or inhabitant of Germany; the 
German language; a dance, including a waltz move- 
ment and variable figures; a party at which it is 
danced. [L. Germanus, perh. fr. Celt, gairm, a 
shout, i. «., a shouter; pern. fr. L. germanus, neigh- 
bor (to the Gauls); perh. fr. G. wehr, F. guerre, war, 
i.e., warrior.] — Hijh German. The Teutonic dia- 
lect of Upper or Southern Germany, — comprising 
Old High German, used from the 8th to the 11th cen- 
tury; Middle H. G., from the 12th to the 15th cen- 
tury; and New H. G., the language of Luther's Bi- 
ble-version and of modern German literature. — Low 
G. The language of Northern Germany and the 
Netherlands, — including Friesic; Anglo-Saxon or 
Saxon; Old Saxon; Dutch or Low Dutch, with its 
dialect, Flemish ; and Piatt deutsch, oalled also Low 
German.— German sausage- A polony, or gut stuffed 
with meat partly cooked. — G. silver. An alloy of 
copper, zinc, and nickel. — G. steel. A metal made 
of bog iron treated with charcoal. — G. tinder. See 
Amadou- — Ger 'monism, -izm, n. An idiom of the 
German language. 

Germander, jSr-man'd5r, n. A plant formerly much 
used for medicine and in brewing. [F. germandrie, 
L. chamsedrys, Gr. chamaidrus, lit. ground-tree, fr. 
chamai, on the ground, and drus, tree.] 

Gerrymander, ger'rt-man'der, v. i. To divide (a state) 
into election districts in an unnatural or unfair man- 
ner, to benefit a political party. [Fr. E 1 bridge Gerry, 
governor of Massachusetts when this was done.] 

Gerund, jer'und, n. (Lat. Gram.) A kind of verbal 
neuter noun, governing cases like a participle. [L. 
gerundium, ir. gerere, gestum, to bear.] — Gerundive, 
-iv, n. The future passive participle. — Gestation, 
jes-ta'shun, n. The act of carrying young in the 
womb; pregnancy; passive exercise, in which one is 
carried about. [OF.; L. gestatio, fr. gestare, -tatum, 
to carry, intens. of gerere.] — Ges'tatory, -to-rT, a. 
Pert, to gestation or pregnancy. — Ges'tic, rt. Pert, 
to deeds or feats of arms; legendary ; relating to 
bodily motion, — said esp. of dancing. [F. geste, L. 
gestits, carri lire, motion, gesture, fr. gerere.] — Ges- 
ture, jes'chur, n- A motion of the body or limbs ex- 
pressing sentiment or passion, or emphasizing an 
argument or assertion. — v. t. and i. [gestured 
(-cnurd), -uring.] To gesticulate. [LL. gestura.] — 
Gestlc'ulate, -lat, v. i. To make gestures or motions, 
as in speaking. — v.t. To represent by gesture; to 
act. [L. gesticulari, -latum; gesticulus, dim. of gestus, 
gesture.] — Gestic'ula'tion, n. Act of gesticulating ; 
a gesture; antic tricks or motions. — - Gestic'ula'tor, 
n. One who gesticulates.— Gestic'ula'tory, -to-rl, 
a. Represented by, or pert, to, gestures. 

Get, get, v. t. [imp. got, obs. gat; p. p. got, obsoles- 
cent gotten; getting.] To procure, obtain, gain 
possession of, acquire, come by, win; to have, pos- 
sess, — used only with have and had; to beget, pro- 
create; to learn, commit to memory; to prevail on, 
persuade; to procure to be, or to occur, — with a fol- 
lowing participle ; to betake ; carry, — in a reflexive 
use. — v. i. To make acquisition, gain ; to fall or 
bring one's self into a state or condition ; to come to 
be, become, — with a following adjective belonging 
to the subject of the verb. [AS. gitan (imp. gset, p. 
p. giten), Ic geta, Goth, gitan, to get, acquire, Gr. 
chandanein, L. prehendere, to seize ; s. rt. beget, for- 
get, apprehend, comprise, surprise, impregnable, etc.] 
—To get ahead. To advance, prosper. —To g. along. 
To proceed, advance. — To g. home. To arrive at 
one's dwelling. — To g. over. To pass over, sur- 
mount ; to recover from. — To g. through. To pass 
through; to finish. — To g. up. To arise from a bed, 
ehair, etc.; to ascend; to make ready, prepare; also, 



to write, print, or publish. — Get'-up, n. General 
composition or structure; manner in which parts of 
a thing are combined; make-up; style of dress. 

Gewgaw, gu'gaw, n. A showy trifle, toy, bauble, 
splendid plaything. [ME. giuegoue = gifegofe ; gift 
is dat. of gifu, AS. geafe, a gift; a reduplicated form 
fr. AS. gifan, to give.] 

Geyser, gi'ser, n. An eruptive boiling spring, com- 
mon in Iceland. [Ic, fr. geysa, gjosa, to gush, q. v.] 

Ghastly, gast'll. a. [-lier, -liest.] Death-like; pale; 
horrible; shocking; dreadful. — adv. In a ghastly 
manner; hideously. [ME. gastly, AS. gsesthc, terri- 
ble, gxstan, Goth, usgaisjan, to terrify. See Aghast. 
Not fr. ghost, but s. rt.] — Ghast'liness, n. 

Ghat, Ghaut, gawt, n. In India, a pass through a 
mountain ; a range of meuntains ; a river landing 
place, with stairs, temple, etc. [Hind, ghat.] 

Ghee, ge, n. Butter clarified by boiling. [Hind. ghi? A 

Gherkin, ger'kin, n. A small species of cucumber 
used lor pickling. [D. agurkje, orig. agurkken ; Pers. 
khiyar, a cucumber.] 

Ghetto, get'to, n. The Jews' quarter in a city, esp. in 
Rome._ [It.] 

Ghost, gost, n. The spirit; the soul of man; the soul 
of a deceased person; an apparition; any faint sem- 
blance, —as, the ghost of a chance. [ME. gost, AS. 
gast, G. geist, a spirit, D. geest, Dan. geist, genius, a 
spirit, Sw. gast, evil spirit, ghost. See Ghastly.] — 
Holy Ghost. The Holy Spirit; the Paraclete ; the 
Comforter; (Theol.) the third person in the Trinity. 

— To give up the g. To die, expire. — Ghostly, -It. 
a. Relating to the soul; not carnal or secular; sph> 
itual ; pert, to apparitions. 

Ghoul, gool, n. An imaginary being among Eastern na- 
tions, which preys upon human todies. [Per. gholA 

Giant, ji'ant, n. A man of extraordinary bulk and 
stature ; a person of extraordinary powers, bodily or 
intellectual. — a. Like a giant; extraordinary in 
size or strength. [OF. geant, L. gigas, gigantis, Gr. 
gigas, -antos ; s. rt. Gr. gignomai, 1 am born : see 
Genus; prob. not fr. ge, the earth.] — Gi'antess, n. 
A female giant.— Gi'ant-pow'der, n. Dynamite: 
see Nitro-glycerine. — Gi'gante'an, ji'gan-te'an, 
Gigan'tic, a. Of extraordinary size ; mighty. 

Giaour, jowr, n. An infidel, — applied by the Turks 
to disbelievers in Mohammed. [Turk. ; Per. gawr.] 

Gib, jib, n. A piece or slip, in a machine or structure, 
to hold other parts together, or keep them in place, 

— usually held in place by a wedge, key, or screw. 
Gibber, gib'bgr, v. i. [-bered (-berd), -bering.] To 

speak rapidly and inarticulately. [Same as gabble, 
jabber, q. v., or f req. of gibe, q. v.] — Gib'berish, n. 
Rapid talk; unmeaning wards. — a. Unmeaning. 

Gibbet, jib'bet, n. A kind of gallows, an upright post 
with an arm projecting from the top; 
the projecting beam of a crane, on which 
the pulley is fixed. — v. t. To hang on 
a gibbet; to expose to infamy. [OF.; 
perh. s. rt. Ir. giobaim, I tug, pull, Sw. 
dial, gippa, to jerk: see Jib.] 

Gibbon, gib'bon, w. A kind of ape remark- ~.. , . 
able for its long arms. [F.] Gibbet. 

Gibbous, gib' bus, a. Protuberant; convex; humped. 
[F. gibbeux, L gibbosus, hunched, fr. L. gibba, a 
hunch, hump, Skr. kubju, humped-back.] — Gib'- 
bousness, -bos'ity, -tY, n. Protuberance; convexity. 

Gibe, jib, v. i. [gibed (jibd), gibing.] To rail; to 
utter taunting, sarcastic words; to flout, fleer, scoff. 

— v. t. To deride, scoff at, treat with sarcastic re- 
flections, taunt. — n. An expression of censure min- 
gled with contempt ; railing. [Sw. dial, gipa, to 
gape, to talk rashly, Ic. geipa, to talk nonsense, geip, 
idle talk. See Gibber.] 

Giblets, jib'lets, n. pi. The eatable parts of a fowl 
which are removed before cooking, as the heart, 
liver, gizzard, etc. [OF. gibelet, old form of F. gibe- 
lotte, stewed rabbit: Ga. giaban, a fowl's gizzard.] 

Giddy, gid'dl, a. [-dier, -diest.] Having in the head 
a sensation of whirling or reeling about ; light- 
headed; dizzy ; inducing giddiness; bewildering on 
account of rapidity; gyratory; inconstant; unstable-; 
changeable; wild; thoughtless; excited, —v. i. To 
turn rapidly, reel. — v. t. To make dizzy, render 
unsteady. [AS. gyddian, to sing, be merry, gyd, a 
song, poem; perh. s. rt. gig, j ig.] — Gid'dily, -dt-lt, 
adv. — Gid'diness, n. 

Gift. See under Give. 

Gig, gig, n. A top or whirligig; a light, one-horse car- 
riage, with one pair of wheels. (Naut.) A ship's 
wherry, or long, light boat. A playful or wanton 
persou ; a rotatory cylinder, covered with wire teeth, 



1 



am, fame, far. oass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Ttn, Ice ; Sdd, tdne. 8r ; 



GIGANTEAN 



233 



GIVE 




for teaseling woolen 
cloth ; a dart or har- 

Joon; fishgig. [Ic. gigja, 
t. giga, AiHG. gige, G. 
geige, a fiddle, prob. f r. 
the rapid motion; Ic. 
geiga, to vibrate, trem- 
ble. See Jig.] 

Gigantean, Gigantic. See' 
under Giant. 

Giggle, gig'gl, n. A kind 
of laugh, with short catches of the voice or breath. 
— v. i. [giggled (-gld), -gling.] To laugh in a 
half suppressed or silly manner; to titter. [ME. 
gagelen, to make a noise like a goose, a form ol 
cackle; Ic. gagl, a goose; OD. ghichelen, to giggle; 
onomat.] — Gig'gler, n. 

Gild, gild, v. t. [gilded or gilt; gilding.] To over- 
lay or overspread with a thin covering of gold; to 
cover with a gold-like color; to illuminate, brighten: 
to give a fair external appearance to. [AS. gyldan, 
fr. gold, Goth, gulth, gold; Ic. gylla, for gybla, to 
gild. See Gold.] — Gild'er. n. — Gild'ing, n. Art 
or practice of overlaying things with gold leaf or a 
coating of gold; a thin surface of gold covering some 
other substance. — Gilt, ». Gilding. — Gilt'-head, n. 
A fish, having a gold-colored space over the eyes. 

Gill, gil, n. (Physiol.) A fimbriated organ of respira- 
tion, in fishes and other water animals. The flap be- 
low the beak of a bird; the flesh on the lower part of 
the cheeks, or under the chin. [Dan. giselle, Sw. gal, 
a gill, Ic. gjolnar, gills, a in, mouth of a beast; s. rt. 
yawn.'] — Gill, Ghyll. gil, n. A woody glen; ravine; 
rivulet between high banks. [Ic. gil, a deep glen, 
with a stream, geil, a ravine; s. rt. as preceding.] 

Gill. SI, n. A measure of capacity = l-4th of a pint. 
[ME. gille, OF. gelle, fr. LL. gella, a wine-measure; 
s. rt. f.jale, a bowl, E. gallon, q. v.] 

Gill, jil, n. Ground-ivy; malt liquor medicated with 
ground-ivy; a young woman; a sportive or wanton 
girl. [Short for E. Gillian = L. Juliana, fern, of 
Julius : the ivy was called Gill-creep-by-the-ground.] 

Gillie, Gilly, giPTi, n. A boy; page; menial; in Scot., 
a gamekeeper, or sportsman's attendant. [Ga. gille, 
Ir. ceile. boy, lad, servant, whence culdee, q. v.] 

Gillyflower, iil'lT-floWer, n. A name for various cru- 
ciferous plants, as the stock, clove-pink, etc. [OF. 
girofee, LI,, caryophyllum, Gr. karuophullon, lit. 
nut-leaf, fr. karubn, a nut, and phullon, a leaf.] 

Gilt, etc. See under Gild. 

Gimbal, gim'bal, n. A combination of rings for sus- 
pending anything, as a com- 
pass, so that it maj' keep a con- 
stant position. [Corrupt, of 
gimmal, fr. OF. gemeau, fem. 
gemelle, L. gemellus, -«, a twin, 
fr. geminus, double. See Gem- 
ini. 1 — Gim'mal, n. Joined 
work whose parts move within 
each other, as a bridle bit or in- 
terlocked rings; a quaint piece of machinery. 

Gimcrack, jim'Ttrak, n. A trivial mechanism; a de- 
vice; toy. [Prov. E. gim, jim, spruce, smart, and 
crack, ah arch, lively boy, fr. crack, crake, to boast, 
Ga. cracaire, a talker.] 

Gimlet, gim'let, n. A small instrument for boring 
holes by turning it with the hand. [OF. gimbelet, 
guimbelet, guibelet, fr. MHG.; s. rt. wind.] 

Gimmal. See under Gimbal. 

Gimp, gimp, n. A kind of silk, woolen, or cotton 
twist or edging, for trimming dresses, etc. [F. 
guimpe. orig. a nun's wimple, OHG. wimpal. See 

\VlMPLE.] 

Gin. jin. n. An alcoholic liquor. [Contr. fr. geneva, 
q. v.] 

Gin, jin, n. A machine by which mechanical powers 
are employed in aid of human strength : esp. a ma- 
chine for raising weights, also for separating the 
seeds from cotton ; a snare; trap. — v. t. [ginned 
(jind), -ning.J To clear of seeds by a machine; to 
catch in a trap. [Contr. fr. engine, q. v.] 

Ginger, jin'jgr, n. A plant of the E. and W. Indies, 
whose hot and spicy root is used in cookery and 
medicine. [AS. gingiber, gingifer, OF. gengibre, L. 
zingiber, Gr. zinggiberis, Skr. cringavera, fr. cringa, 
a horn.] — Gin'gerbread, n. Sweet cake flavored 
with ginger. — Gingerbread work. Work cut or 
carved in fanciful shape 





Gingerly. jin'jer-lY. adv. Nicely ; cautiously; dain- 
tily. [Sw. dial, gingla, gangla, 
freq. fr. gang, a going.] 



to go gently, totter, 



Gingham, ging'am, n. A cotton cloth, the yarn of 
which is dyed before weaving. [F. guingan, perh. 
fr. Guingamp, a manufacturing town in Brittany; 
perh. fr. Jav. ginggang, perishable.] 

Ginseng, jin'seng, n. A plant whose root is valued as 
a medicine among the Chinese. [Prob. Chin, gin- 
seng, first of plants.] 

Gip. jip, v. t. To take out the entrails of (herrings). 

Gipsy. See Gypsy. 

Giraffe, jT- or zhe-raf, n. An African quadruped, 
whose fore legs are much longer 
than the hinder ones; the camelo- 
pard, — the tallest of animals. [F.; 
Sp. girafa. Ax. zaraf, zarafat.] 

Girandole, jir'an-dol^ n. A chande- 
lier. [F.; fr. Sp. girar, L. gyrarc, to 
turn round in a circle, gyrus, Gr. 
guros, circle.] — Gir'asole, -sol, -sol, 
n. (Bot.) A plant; the heliotrope. 
(Jlin.) A mineral, which, when 
turned toward the sun orany bright 
light, reflects a reddish color. [It. 
girare and sole, L. sol, the sun.] 

Gird, ggrd, n. The stroke of a rod; a 
severe twitch or pang; a cut, sarcas- 
tic remark, gibe. — v. t. To strike, 
gibe. — v. i. To gibe, sneer, jest 
scornfully, utter sarcasms. [ME. 
girden, to strike, pierce, cut, gerde, G. 
switch.] — Gird'er, n. 

Gird, gSrd, v. t. [girded or girt; girding.] To en- 
circle with any flexible band; to make fast, as cloth- 
ing, by binding with a cord, bandage, etc.; to sur- 
round, encircle, inclose; to dress, invest. [AS. gyr- 
dan, Ic. gyrdha, G. guerten, Goth, bigairdan; s. rt. 
Gr. cheir, hand, Skr. har, to seize, L. /tortus, an in- 
closure, E. garden, yard, chirograph}/, horticulture, 
cohort, court, surgeon.] — Gird'er. x. (Arch.) Amain 
beam in a wall, floor, etc., to support a structure or 
weight, or to bind others together. (Engin.) Any 
simple orcompound beam supported at both ends. — 
Girdle, -1, n. That which girds or encircles ; esp. a 
band encircling the body and binding together the 
clothing.— v. t. [girdled (-did), -ling.] To bind 
with a belt or sash, gird; to inclose, environ; to make 
a circular incision through (the bark and alburnum 
of a tree), to kill it. [AS. gyrdel, Ic. gyrdhill, G. 
guertel, a girdle.] — Gird'ler, n. One who girdles; 
a maker of girdles. — Girt, gert, v. t. To gird, sur- 
round. —Girt, Girth, gerth, n. A band encircling 
the body; esp. one by which a saddle is fastened 
upon a horse's back; the measure round the body, 
as at the waist or belly; the circuinierence of any- 
thing. [Same as girdle; Ic. gjordh, Goth, gairda, a 
girdle, Ic. gerdh, girth round the waist.] 

Girl, gerl, n. A female child, or young woman. [ME. 
girl, gerl, gurl, used of young persons of either sex, 
OLG. gor, a child.] — Girl'hood, n. The state or time 
of being a girl. — Girlish, a. Like or befitting a 
girl; pert, to a woman's youth. — Girlfshness, n. 

Gist, jist or jit, n. The main point of a question; point 
on which an action rests; pith of a matter. [OF. 
giste, fr. gesir, L..jacere, tojie, ir.jactre, to throw.] 

Give, giv, v. t. [imp. gave (gav); p. p. given (giv'n); 
giving.] To bestow without receiving a return: to 
impart (a possession); to grant (authoitfy or permis- 
sion); to yield possession of, pay; to communicate 
or announce (tidings); to render or utter (an opin- 
ion, judgment, sentence, shout, etc.); to permit, al- 
low, license ; to exhibit as a product or result, pro- 
duce; to devote, apply. — v.i. To yield to force or 
pressure; to move, recede. [AS. a if an, Ic. gefa, Dan. 
give, D. geven, G. geben.] — To give chase. To pur- 
sue. — Tog. ear. To listen. — To g. in. To allow by 
wa3 r of deduction from a claim; to declare, make 
known. — To g. one's self up. To despair of one's re- 
covery; to resign or devote. — To g. over. To yield 
completely, quit, abandon.— To. g. place. To with- 
draw. — To g. way. To withdraw, give place; to 
yield to force or pressure. (Xaut.) To begin to row; 
or to row with increased energy. — To g. in to. To 
yield assent, adopt ; to acknowledge inferiority, 
yield. — To g. on or ujion. To have a view of, be in 
sight of, overlook, look toward. — To g. out. To ex- 
pend all one's strength ; to cease from exertion, 
yield. — To g. over. To cease, desist. — To g. up. 
To cease from effort, yield. — Giv'er, n. — Gift, n. 
Anything given or bestowed ; some quality or en- 
dowment given to man by God. (Law.) A volun- 
tary transfer of real or personal property, without 
any consideration. Present; donation; grant; bene- 



sun, ciibe, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien; boNboN, chair, get 



GIZZARD 



234 



GLEAN 



faction; boon; gratuity; talent; faculty, — v. t. To 
endow with some power or faculty. [AS., Ic, D., 
and G., a gift, Dan. gifte, to give ay-ay in marriage.] 

Gizzard, giz'zerd. n. An enlarged part of the ali- 
mentary canal in birds, having strong muscular 
walls. [OF. gezier, fr. L. gigerium, the cooked en- 
trails of poultry.] — To fret the gizzard. To worry. 

Glabrous, gla'brus, a. Smooth ; having a surface 
without hairs or unevenness. [L. glaber; s. rt. glu- 
bere, to peel, gluma, a husk, Gr. glaphuros, hollowed, 
smoothed, fr. glaphein, to carve, hew, graphein, to 
grave, q. v.] — Gla'brate, -brat, a. (Bot.) Becom- 
ing smooth from age. 

Glacial, gla'shal. a. Pert, to ice or its action ; icy ; 
esp. pertaining to glaciers. (Chem.) Having a 
glassy appearance, as crystals. [F. ; L. glacialis, fr. 
glades, ice, gelu, cold. See Gelatine.] — Glacial 
acid. (Chem.) An acid so strong as to crystallize at 
an ordinary temperature. — Gla'cia'tion, -sM-a''- 
shun, n. Act of freezing; that formed by freezing; 
ice ; process of becoming covered with glaciers. — 
Glacier, gla'ser or glas'I-er, n. A mass of ice, or 
snow and ice, formed in the region of perpetual 
snow, and moving slowly down mountain slopes or 
valleys. [F. ; f r. glace, ice.] — Glacis, gla'sis or gla- 
ses r , n. An easy, insensible slope ; esp. (Fort.), an 
earthen parapet to the covered way. [F., orig. a slip- 
pery place, fr. glacer, to freeze, cover with ice.] 

Glad, glad, a. [gladder; -dest.] Well contented; joy- 
ous; pleased ; wearing a gay or bright appearance ; ex- 
pressing or exciting joy; cheering; animating. — v. t. 
To make glad, affect with pleasure, cheer, gladden. 
[AS. glsed, Ic. glad fir, shining, bright, glad, D. glad, 
bright, smooth. OD. glad, glowing, Dan. and Sw. 
glad, joyous, G. glatt. smooth, even.] — Glad'den, 
-dn, v. t. [-dened (-dnd), -dening.] To make glad, 
cheer, please, exhilarate. — v. i. To be or become 
glad. — Gladly, -IT, adv. — Glad'ness, n. — Glad'- 
some, -sum, a. Pleased; joyful; causing joy ; pleas- 
ing. — Glad'somely, adv. 

Glade, glad, n. An open passage through, or grassy 
opening in, a wood. [Ic. gladhr, bright, shining, 
Norweg. glette, a clear spot among clouds, gletta, to 
peep, Ic. glita, to shine ; s. rt. glad, glitter, glow.] 

Gladiate, glad'I-at, a. (Bot.) Sword-shaped, as the 
leaf or legume of a plant. [L. gladius, 
a sword, for cladius, f r. claaes, slaugh- 
ter, Skr. cri, to hurt, wound; OF. 
glaive, It. ctaidheamh, a sword: see 
Claymore.] — Glad'ia'tor, -ter, n. A 
sword-player; prize-fighter; esp. in an- 
cient Rome, one who fought publicly 
in the arena. [L.] — Glad'iato'rial, 
-r'f-al, -rian, Gladlatory, -to-ri, a. 
Pert, to gladiators, or to Roman public 
games. — Gladi'olus, -o-lus, n. A flow- 
ering plant of many species having 
bulbous roots and gladiate leaves. [L., 
dim. of gladius.] — Glave, Glaive, glav, 
re. A broadsword; falchion; a curved 
cutting weapon on the end of a pole, 
for the repulse of cavalry by infantry. 
[OF. glaive.] 

Glair, glar, n. The white of an egg ; any 
viscous, transparent substance. — v. t. 
[glaired (glard), glairing.] To 
smear -with, etc. [OF., for claire, It. 



Sp. clo 



chiara d'un ovo, Sp. clara de huero. 
LL. clara ovi, white of egg, fr. L. clar- 
us, clear, bright ; s. rt. clear, not s. rt. 
glare.] — Glair'y, -T, Glar'eous, glar'e- 
us, a. Like glair. Gladiate 

eUamour, gla'moor or glam'Sr, n. Witch- Leaves, 
ery, or a charm on the eyes, making them see things 
falsely. [Scot.] 

Glance, glans, n. A sudden shoot of light; sudden dart- 
ing of the sight ; brief turning of the attention to a 
thing. (M,n.) Any mineral having a metallic or 
semi-metallic luster. — v. i. [glanced (glanst), 
glancing.] To dart a ray of light ; to fly off ob- 
liquely from an object struck ; to snatch a momen- 
tary or hasty view; to make an incidental or passing 
reflection, allude; to be visible only for an instant at 
a time; to twinkle.— v. t. To shoot or dart suddenly 
or obliquely. [Sw. and D. glans, G. glanz, luster, 
splendor, Sw. glansa, to shine; Ic. glit, a glitter, Sw. 
dial, glinta, to glitter ; s. rt. glint, glitter, glisten, 
glass, glow.] 

Gland, gland, re. (Anat.) A simple or complex organ 
for secreting, absorbing, or changing some peculiar 
substance from the blood or animal fluids. (Bot.) A 



cellular spot or prominence which secretes oil or aro- 
ma; any very small prominence. (Steam Mach.) The 
cover of a stuffing-box. (Mach.) A cross-piece or 
clutch for engaging machinery moved by belts. 
[OF., an acorn, glaude, a gland, L. glans, glandis, 
Gr. balanos, acorn, fr. ballet n, to cast, shed, Skr. gal, 
to fall, drop.] — Glans, n. (Anat.) The vascular bodv 
forming the apex of the penis. (Med.) An enlarge- 
ment of the thyroid gland, bronchocele, goiter ; a 
pessary. [L.] — Gland'ular, -ulous,-lus, a. Contain- 
ing, consisting of, or like glands. — Glandiferous, 
-us, a. Bearing acorns or other nuts. fL.ferre, to 
bear.] — Gland 'iform, a. Shaped like a gland or nut. 
[L. forma, form.] — Glind'ers, n. (Far.) A highly 
contagious disease of the mucous membrane in 
horses. — Gland'ule, -ul, n. A small gland or secre- 
ting vessel. [F. ; L. glandula.] 

Glare, glar, n. A bright, dazzling light; a fierce, pier- 
cing look. — v. i. [glared (glard), glaring.] To 
shine with a clear, bright, dazzling light : to look 
with fierce, piercing eyes; to be ostentatiously 
splendid. — v. t. To shoot out, or emit (light). —a. 
Polished so as to reflect light brightlv ; smooth ; 
slippery ; glib. [AS. glser, a pellucid substance, 
amber, D. gloren, to glimmer, Ic. glora, to gleam, 
MHG. glosen, to glow. See Glance, Glass.] — 
Glar'ing, p. a. Clear ; notorious ; open and bold. 

Glareous. See under Glair. 

Glass, glas, n. A hard, brittle, transparent substance, 
formed by fusing silica with fixed alkalies, etc.; any- 
thing made of glass,— esp. a looking-glass; mirror;" a 
glass filled with running sand for measuring time, or 
the time in which a glass is exhausted of its sand ; a 
drinking-glass; tumbler ; an optical glass; lens; spy- 
glass ; — in pi. spectacles. A barometer. — v. t. 
[glassed (glast), glassing.] To see, as in a glass ; 
reflect, as in a mirror ; to cover with glass ; glaze. 
[ME., D., Dan., Sw., and G. glas, AS. glees, Ic. gler, 
glas, OHG. clas ; s. rt. Skr. ghri, to shine, E. glow, 
glance, etc.] — Glass'y, -X, a. Made of glass ; vitre- 
ous; like glass; smooth.— Glass'iness, n.— Glass'ful, 
-ful, n. pi. -fuls, -fulz. Contents of, etc. — Glass'- 
blow'er, n. One whose business is to blow and fash- 
ion glass. — crab, n. A kind of crab so transparent 
that, when in water, only its eyes are seen. — fur'- 
nace, n. A furnace for melting the materials of 
glass. — house, n. A manufactory of glass ; house 
made of glass. — man, n. ; pi. -men. One who sells 
glass. — -snake, n. A lacertian reptile of the south- 
ern U. S., so fragile that, when struck, its tail breaks 
into pieces, — work, n. Manufacture of glass, pi. 
Place where glass is made ; glass-house. — Glass '- 
wort, n. A plant whose ashes yield soda, used in 
glass-making. — Glaze, v. t. [glazed (glazd), glaz- 
ing.] To furnish with glass, as a window; to cover 
or overlay with a vitreous or shining substance ; to 
vitrify the surface of ; to render smooth or glossy. — 
v. i. To assume a glassy luster. — n. The vitreous 
coating of pottery or porcelain ; glazing. (Cookery.) 
Broth boiled down to a gelatinous paste, to put 
on braised dishes. — Glaz'er, n. A workman who 
glazes pottery, etc. ; a calenderer or smoother of 
cloth, paper, etc. ; a wooden wheel covered with 
emery or with an alloy-ring of lead and tin, for pol- 
ishing cutlery, etc. — Gla'zier, -zhgr, n. One whose 
business is to set glass. — Glaz'ing, n. Act or art of 
setting glass, or of crusting with a vitreous sub- 
stance, or of polishing, smoothing, or rendering 
glossy; glass or glass-like substance with which any 
surface is incrusted or overlaid. (Paint.) Trans- 
parent, or semi-transparent, colors passed thinly 
over other colors, to modify the effect. 

Glauber's-salt, glaw'berz-sawlt, n. Sulphate of soda, 
a cathartic. [Ft. the discoverer.] 

Glaucous, glaw'kus, a. Of a sea-green color. (Bot.) 
Covered with a fine bloom or white powder easily 
rubbed off, as that on a plum or cabbage-leaf. [L. 
glaucus, Gr. glaukos, silvery, bluish, whence glaus- 
sein, to shine.] — Glauces'cent, -ses'sent, Glau'cine, 
-sin, a. Having sometliing of a bluish-hoary appear- 
ance. — Glauco'ma, -ma, n. A disease of the eye, 
giving it a bluish or greenish tinge. 

Glave. See under Gladiate. 

Glaze, etc. See under Glass. 

Gleam, glem, n. A shoot of light; beam; ray; bright- 
ness; splendor, —v. i. [gleamed (glemd), gleam- 
ing.] To shoot, or dart (light) ; to shine, cast lights 
to glimmer, glitter. [AS. glsem, OS. glimo, bright- 
ness, OHG. glimo, a glow-worm ; s. rt. glow?] — 
Gleam 'y, -X, a. Darting beams of light; flashing. 

Glean, glen, v. t. or i. [gleaned (glend), gleaning.} 



toi. fame. far. Diss or oj)era, fare : Snd, eve, tSrm ; Xn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r s 



GLEBE 



235 



GLUE 



To gather (stalks or ears of grain left by the reap- 
ers); to gatherhere and there; to collect with patient 
and minute labor. [OF. glener, glaner, LL. glenare, 
fr. glena. a handful.] — Glean'er, n. 

Glebe, gleb, n. Turf ; soil ; ground. {Eccl. Law.) 
Land Delonging to a parish church or ecclesiastical 
benefice. [F. glebe, L. gleba, clod, soil; s. rt. globe.'] 
— Gleb'y, -*, a. Pert, to the glebe ; turfy ; cloddy. 

Glede, gled, n. The common kite of Europe, a rapa- 
cious bird. [AS. glida; s. rt. glidan, to glide.] 

Glee, gle, n. Joy ; merriment ; esp. mirth at a feast. 
(Mus.) A composition for 3 or more voices, gen- 
erally of a light and secular character. [AS. gleow, 
gleo, glig. mirth, music, Ic. gly, glee, Sw. dial, gly, 
mockery, Gr. chleue, Russ. glum, a jest, joke.]— Glee'- 
ful, -ful, a- Merry; gay; joyous. 

Gleet, glet, n. (3Ied.) A transparent mucous dis- 
charge from the membrane of the urethra, common- 
ly an effect of gonorrhea, —v. i. To flow in a thin, 
limpid humor ; to flow slowly, as water. [Cf. Ic. 
glata, to close, AS. glidan, to glide.] — Gleet'y, -I, a. 
Ichorous; thin; limpid. 

Glen, glen, n. A secluded and narrow valley ; a dale. 
[Ga. and Ir. gleann, W. and Corn, glyn.] 

Glenoid, gle'noid, w. {Anat.) Socket-like — applied to 
any shallow cavity which receives the end of a bone. 



[Gr. glene, socket, and eidos, form.] 
Glib, glib, a. [glibber, -best.] Smooth ; slippery ; 
voluble; easily moving; fluent : flippant. [D. glib- 
berig, slippery, glibberen, to slide, glippen, to slip 
away, glijden, to glide, glad, smooth. See Glide.] 

— Glib'ly, adv. — Glib'ness, n. 

Glide, glid, v. i. To move gently or smoothly; to pass 
rapidly and easily, as over a smooth surface. [AS. 
glidan, D. glijden, Dan. glide, G. gleiten ; s. rt. glad, 
qleam, glow, glib, glimmer, glance, etc.] — Glid'er, n. 

Glim, glim, n. A light or candle. [Same as gleam; 
Prov. G. glimm, a spark, Sw. dial, glim, a glance.] — 
Douse the glim. Put out the light. — Glim'mer, v. i. 
[-jiered (-merd), -mering.] To give feeble or scat- 
tered rays of light, shine faintly, gleam, glitter, — n. 
A faint light; feeble, scattered rays of light. [Dan. 
and G., glimmer, also mica, Dan. glimre, G. glim- 
mern, to glimmer, Dan. glimme, D. and G. glimmen, 
to shine.] — Glimpse, glimps, n. A sudden flash; 
short, hurried view. — v. i. To appear by glimpses. 

— v. t. To catch a glimpse of, see by glimpses. 
Glint, glint, n. A glimpse; glance; gleam, —v. i. To 

glance; peep forth. [Same as glance.] 

Glioma, gli-o'ma, n. (Pathol.) A tumor of the brain, 
spinal cord, or retina, developed from neuroglia, 
the connective tissue of the parts. [Gr. glia, glue.] 

Glisten, glis'n, v. i. [-tened (-nd), -tenixg.] To 
sparkle or shine; esp., to shine with a subdued and 
fitful luster. [OD. glisteren ; s. rt. glitter.] — Glis'- 
ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To be bright, 
sparkle, shine, glisten. 

Glitter, glit'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
sparkle with light ; to be showy, specious, or strik- 
ing ; to gleam, shine, glare. — n. A bright, spark- 
ling light; brilliancy; luster. [Ic. glitra, Sw. glittra, 
AS. ghtiman, to glitter, Sw. glitter, Ic. glit, glitter, ». ; 
rt. gleam, glow, glint, etc.] 



Gloaming, glom'ing; tt. Twilight; dusk. [See Gloom.] 
Gloat, glot, v. i. To look steadfastly, gaze with ma- 
lignant satisfaction, or passionate desire. [Ic. glotta, 



to grin, Sw. dial, glotta, to peep, Sw. glo, Dan. gloe, 
to glow,_ stare. See Glow.] 

Globe, glob, n. A round or spherical body ; ball ; 
sphere; orb; anything nearly spherical in shape: the 
earth ; a sphere on which is a map of the earth or 
the heavens. [OF.; L. globus; s. rt. L. glomus, a, 
ball, clew, and gleba, a globe.] — Glo'bate, -bated, 
a. Globe-shaped; spherical; spheroidal. —Globose 1 ', 
-bos 1 ', Glo'bous, -bus, Glob'ular, a. Round ; spher- 
ical, or nearly so. — Globosity, -bOs'T-tY, n. Qual- 
ity of being round ; sphericity. —Globe '-fish, n. A 
fish which, by inflating an ab- 
dominal sac, can swell out 
its body to a globular shape. 
— Glob'ule, -01, n. A little 
globe; a small particle of 
spherical form. [L. globulus, 
dim. of_globus.] — Glom'er- 
ate, -er-at, v. t. To gather or 
wind into a ball. [L. glome- 
rare, -atum, fr. glomus .] — 
Glomera'tion, n. Act of gathering or forming into 
a spherical body; thing formed into a ball. 

Gloom, gloom, n. Partial or total darkness ; dimness ; 
obscurity ; cloudiness or heaviness of mind ; aspect 




Globe-fish. 



of sorrow ; dullness ; dejection ; sadness. — v. i 
[gloomed (gloomd), glooming.) To shine obscure- 
ly, glimmer ; to appear dark, dismal, or gloomy. — 
v. t. To render gloomy, make sad, dismal, or sul- 
len. [AS. glom, gloom, twilight, glomung, gloaming; 
Sw. glamig, wan, languid, Sw. dial, glumug, staring, 
woeful, wan, fr. glo, to glow, stare; Prov. G. glmnm, 
gloomy, troubled ; s. rt. glow, gleam, glum.] — 
Gloom'y, -t, a. [gloomier, -iest.] Imperfectly il- 
luminated ; dim ; dismal ; affected with, or express- 
ing gloom; heavy of heart; moody; sullen ; morose. 

— Gloom'ily, -T-lT, adv. — Gloominess, n. 

Glory, glo'rt, n. Praise, honor, etc., accorded by com- 
mon consent; reputation; fame; an object of pride 
or boast; occasion of praise; pride; boastfulness; the 
presence of the divine Being; celestial honor; heaven. 
{Paint.) A halo around the head or entire person. 

— v. i. [gloried (-rid), -rying.] To exult with joy, 
rejoice; to boast, be proud of. [ME. and OF. glorie, 
F. gloire, L. gloria, prob. for cloria, Gr. kleos, Skr. 
qravas, Russ. slava, glory; L. cluere, Gr. kluein, Skr. 
cru, Russ. slumate, to hear; s. rt. loud, Slavonic.) — 
Glo'rious, -rY-us, «. Exhibiting attributes, qualities, 
or acts worthy of glory; noble; illustrious; magnifi- 
cent; splendid; eager for distinction. — Glo'riously, 
-It, adv.— Glo'rify, -rf-fl, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] 
To make glorious by bestowing glory upon; to ren- 
der worthy of praise ; to render homage to, worship, 
adore. [L. facere, to make.] — Glo'rifica'tion, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. 

Gloss, glos, n. Brightness or luster from a smooth 
surface; polish; a specious appearance, representa- 
tion, and interpretation, — v. t. [glossed (glost), 
glossing.] To make smooth and shining, render 
specious and plausible. — v. i. To make sly remarks. 
[Ic. glossi, a blaze, glys, finery, MHG. glosen, to 
glow, glose,a glow, gleam, Ic. and Sw. dial, gloa, to 
glow, q. v.] — Gloss'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.] Smooth 
and shining; specious; plausible. — Glossiness, n. 

Gloss, glos, n. Comment; explanation; interpretation 
or exposition of a passage, book, etc. — v. t. To il- 
lustrate, explain.— v. i. To comment, make ex- 
planatory remarks. [ME. and OF. glose, F. glosse, 
L. glossa, a difficult word requiring explanation, 
Gr. glossa, glotta, the tongue, a tongue, language, 
difficult word.] — Glossier, n. A writer of glosses; 
commentator. — Glossa'rial, rl-al, a. Containing 
explanation. — Gloss'arist, n. A writer of glosses 
or of a glossary. — Gloss'ary, -rl, n. A vocabulary 
of words requiring elucidation. [L. glossarium.] — 
Glossog'raphy, -f i, n. The writing of glossaries or 
glosses. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Glossog'rapher, 
n. Writer of, etc. — Glossology, -jt, Glottorogy, 
n. Definition and explanation of terms ; science 
of language ; comparative philology ; linguistics. 
[Gr. logos, discourse.]— Glossol'ogist, a. One who 
defines and explains terms. 

Glottis, glot'tis, n. (Anat.) The narrow opening at 
the upper part of the larynx, between the vocal 
cords. [Gr., fr. glotta, Attic form of glossa, the 
tongue.] — Glot'tal, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Glove, gluv, n. A cover for the hand, with a separate 
sheath for each finger. — v. t. [gloved (gluvd), 
gloving.] To cover with, or as with, a glove. [AS. 
glov, Ic. glofi; perh. s. rt. Goth, lofa, Ic. lofi, palm 
of the hand, Ga. lamh, the hand, whence lamhainn, 
glove.] — Glov'er, n. One who makes or sells, etc. 

Glow, glo, v. i. [glowed (glod), glowing.] To shine 
with an intense or white heat; to be bright or red 
with animation, blushes, etc. ; to feel hot, as the 
skin; to feel the heat of passion. — n. Shining heat, 
or white heat; incandescence ; brightness of color; 
redness ; intense excitement or earnestness. [AS. 
glowan, Ic. gloa, Sw. glo, G. gluehen, Skr. ghri, to 
glow; Skr. gharma, warmth; s. rt. glad, glade, glass, 
glare, gloat, gloom, glum, glib, glide, gleam, glimpse, 
glitter, etc.]— Glow'-worm, n. A coleopterous in- 
sect: the female, which is wingless, emits, at night, 
a green light from the extremity of the abdomen. 

Gloze, gloz, v. i. [glozed (gl5zd), glozing.] To 
flatter, wheedle, misinterpret. — v. t. To smooth 
over, palliate or extenuate, — n. Flattery; adula- 
tion. [Same as gloss, comment.] 

Glucose, glu'kos, n. A soft, cheap sugar, made from 
starch, etc v by aid of sulphuric acid, etc.; found 
also in fruits, honey, and urine of diabetes; grape 
sugar ; starch sugar ; diabetic sugar. [Gr. gluteus, 
sweet.] — Glucosu'ria, -rT-a, n. A disease of the kid- 
neys with glucose in the urine; diabetes. [Gr. ouron, 
unne.] 

Glue, glu, n. A hard, brittle gelatine, obtained by 



stin, cObe, full ; moon, fcJOt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get 



G-LUM 



236 



GOD 





boiling the skins, hoofs, etc., of animals : when 
heated with water, it becomes viscid and tenacious, 
and is used as a eement. — v. t. [glued (glad), glu- 
ing.] To join with glue; to hold together, unite. 
[OF. glu, LL. gins, glutis, L. gluten, glue, glutus, 
tenacious; perh. s. rt. clew, cleave.'] — Glu'ey, -X, a. 
Viscous; glutinous. — Glu'ten, re. (Cfiem.) The 
viscid, tenacious substance which gives adhesive- 
ness to dough. [L.] — Glu'tinous, -nus, a. Like 
Elue ; viscousj tenacious. — Glu'tinousness, re. — 
lu'tinate, -nat, v. t. To unite with glue. [L. glu- 
tinare, -natum.] — Glutina'tion, re. — Glu'tinative, 
-tiv, a. Glutinous. 

61am, glum, a. Sullen ; moody ; silent. 
[Prov. G. glumm. See Gloom.] 

Glume, glum, re. (Bot.) A bract, scale, or 
husk, covering the flower or seed of grain 
or grasses. [F.; L. gluma, a husk, hull, fr. 
gluoere, to peel; perh. s. rt. cleave, to split.] 

Glut, v. t. To swallow greedily, gorge ; to 
satiate, sate.— re. Thing swallowed down ; 
full supply ; supply beyond sufficiency 
or to loathing; a large wooden wedge 
used in splitting blocks. [L. glutire, to Glume, 
swallow, gulp, gula, throat, Skr. gri, to devour; s. 
rt. deglutition, gullet, gules, prob. glycerine, liquor- 
ice.']— Glut'ton, 
-tn, n. One who 
eats voraciously; 
a gormandizer; 
one eager to ex- 
cess. {Zobl.) A 
carnivorous 
mammal; the 
wolverine. [OF. 
gloton, L. gluto, Glutton. 

f r. glutire.] — Glut'tonous. -tn-us. a. Pert, to a 
glutton or to gluttony ; given to excessive eating. — 
Glut 'tony, -t, n. Act or practice of a glutton; ex- 
cess in euting; voracity. 

Gluten, Glutinate, etc. See under Glue. 

Glycerine, glis'er-in, n. (Chem.) A sweet viscid 
liquid, formed from fatty substanees, and consist- 
ing of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. [F. : fr. Gr. 
glukeros = gluteus, sweet, perh. s. rt. L. glutire, to 
swallow. See Glut.] 

Glyph, glif, n. {Arch.) A sunken channel, usually 
vertical. [Gr. gluphe ; gluphein, to hollow out, en- 
grave i s. rt. Gr. glaphein, to hew, graphein, to 
grave, q. v.] — Glyphography, glT-fog'ra-ft, n. A 
process of relief line engraving by voltaic electricity. 
[Gr. graphe. drawing.] — Glyp'tic, -tics, n. Art of 
engraving figures on precious stones. [Gr. gluptikos, 
carving.] — Glyptography, -i'T, n. Art, process, or 
description of, etc. 

Gnarl, narl, v. i. [gnarled (narld), gnaeltng.] To 
growl, murmur, snarl. [AS. gnyrian, D. knorren, 
D. knurre, G. knurren, to growl, snarl; s. rt. gnash.] 

Gnarl, narl, n. A knot in wood. [OD. knor, Ic. gnerr, a 
knot, Sw. knorla, curl, G. knorren, lump.]— Gnarled, 
narld, Gnarl 'y, -T, a. Knotty; full of knots. 

Gnash, nash, v. t. [gnashed (nasht), gnashing.] To 
strike together, as in anger or pain. — v. i. To grind 
or strike together the teeth. [Sw. knastra, to crush 
between the teeth, Ic. gnista, D. knarsen, G. knir- 
schen, to gnash; s. rt. crack, crash.] 

Gnat, nat, n. A small dipterous insect, — some species 
blood-suckers, others injurious to vegetation. [AS. 
gnset, perh. f r. the whirring of its wings, Ic. gnata, 
to clash, gnat, the clash of weapons.] 

Gnaw, naw, v. t. [gnawed (nawd), gnawing.] To 
bite off little by little; to wear away by scraping 
with the teeth; to corrode, fret away. — v. i. To use 
the teeth in biting; to bite repeatedly. [AS. gnagan, 
OIc. and Sw. gnaga, Ic. naga, G. nagen, to gnaw; s. 
rt. E. nag, to worry.] — Gnaw'er, re. 

Gneiss, nis, re. (Geol.) A schistose rock, consisting 
of quartz, feldspar, and mica or hornblende. [G.] 
— Gneis'soid, -soid, a. Having characteristics of 
gneiss. 

Gnome, nom, n. An imaginary being, supposed to 
inhabit the inner parts of the earth, and guard 
mines, quarries, etc. ; a dwarf; goblin. [F., prob. 
fr. Gr. gnome, intelligence, fr. gnonai, to know.] 

Gnomon, no'mon, n. (Dialing.) The style or pin of 
a sun-dial, whose shadow shows the hour of day; 
the index of the hour-circle of a globe. [L. and Gr., 
an interpreter, fr. gnonai, to know.] — Gnos'tic, n. 
CEccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the first ages of 
Christianity, whose system combined oriental the- 
ology and Greek philosophy with the doctrines of 




Gnu. 



Christianity. — a. Pert, to the Gnostics or their 

doctrines. [Gr. gnostikos, good at knowing, Ir gnos- 

tos = gnotos, known.] — Gnosticism, -tl-sizm, re. 

Doctrines of the Gnostics. 
Gnu, nu, re. A S. African antelope, having a horse's 

neck, body, and tail, 

and single, recurved 

horns. [Hottentot.] 
Go, go, v. %. [imp. went; 

p. p. GONE ; GOING.] 

To pass from one 
place to another ; to 
proceed, advance, — 
employed in the most 
various applications 
of the movement of 
animate and inani- 
mate beings, and of 
movements of the 
mind; to walk; to pass, circulate; to be with young, 
be pregnant, gestate; to pass away, leave, depart; 
to be lost or ruined, perish, die. — v. t. To take (a 
share in an enterprise) ; to bear a part in. — n. A 
circumstance or occurrence; fashion or mode; noisy 
merriment. [AS. gan, contr. fr. gangan. D. gaan, 
Ic. ganga, Dan. gaae, Sw. ga,G. gangen. See Gang. 
Went is fr. wend, q. v.]— Go to. Come; move: be- 
gin, — an obs. phrase of exhortation, serious or 
scornful. — lb go it. To behave in a wild manner, 
be uproarious, carry on; to proceed, make progress. 
— To go back on. To abandon, turn against, expose, 
retrace. — Go'er, re —Goring, re. Act of moving; 
departure ; pregnancy ; course of life. — Go'-be- 
tween', re. An interposer; broker. — by, n. Evasion; 
escape by artifice ; a thrusting away. — cart, re. A 
rolling support for children learning to walk 

Goad, god, re. A pointed instrument to urge on a 
beast; anything that stimulates. — v. t. To prick, 
drive with a goad, arouse, instigate. [See Gad.] 

Goal, gol, re. The point set to bound a race; mark; 
end or final purpose. [F. gaule, OF. waule, a goal, 
OFriesic walu, Goth, walus, Ic. voir, a staff, fr. its 
roundness, Goth, walwjan, L. volvere, to roll.] 

Goat, got, re. A mammiferous quadruped, having 
cloven huots, and chewing the cud, — allied to the 
sheep. [AS. gat, Ie. and 
D. geit, Dan. ged, Sw. 
get, G. geiss, Gcth. 
gaitsa, L. hsedus.] — 
Goatish, a. Like a 

f;oat, esp in smell or in 
ustf ulness. — Goatee', 
n. Part of the beard left 
depending from the 
chin, resembling a 
goat's. — herd, re. One 
who tends goats. — 
-suck'er, re. (Ornitfi.) A Goat's Head, 

nocturnal insectivorous 

bird of the family to which the whippoorwill and 
night hawk belong, — vulgarly supposed to suck 
goats. 

Gob, gob, re. A small quantity; mouthful; the mouth; 
spittle or saliva. [OF., a gulp, Ga. and Ir., the 
mouth.] — Gob'ble, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
swallow hastily, eat down voraciously.— v. i. To 
make a noise like a turkey-cock. [OF. gober, to feed 
greedily, fr. gob.] — Gob'bler, re. A greedy eater; 
gormandizer; a turkey-cock. 

Goblet, goblet, ».. A drinking vessel without a 
handle. [F. gobelet, dim. of OF. gobel, LL. cupellus, 
cup, dim. of L. cupa, cask, vat. See Cup, Coop.] 

Goblin, goblin, n. An evil spirit ; frightful phan- 
tom; gnome; elf. [OF. gobelin, LL. gobelinus, coba- 
Ivs, Gr. kobalos.] 

Goby, go'bi, re. A spiny-finned fish, having the ven- 
tral fins on the breast capable of forming a funnel- 
shaped sucker. [F. gobie, L. gobius, Gr. kobios.] 

God, god, re. An object of worship; a divinity; deity; 
the Supreme Being; Jehovah. [AS. and D.; Ic. 
gudh, Dan. and Sw. gud, Goth, guth, G. gott ; not s. 
rt. good.] — Godly, -IT, a. Reverencing God, His 
laws, etc. ; pious : righteous ; conformed to God's 
laws. — God'like, a. — Godless, a. Having, or ac- 
knowledging, no God: ungodl3 r ; wicked. — God'- 
dess, 71. A female deity. — God'child, re. One for 
whom a person becomes sponsor at baptism. — 
-daughter, -daw-tSr, re. A girl for whom, etc. — 
God'father, re. A man.who becomes sponsor.— God'- 
head, re. Deity; divinity; divine nature or essence; 
a god or goddess; the Deity; God; the Supreme Be- 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



GODWIT 



237 



GORDIAN 



ing. [AS. ha\ office, dignity.] — God 'mother, n. A 
woman who becomes sponsor. — God'send, n. Some- 
thing sent by God; an unexpected acquisition or 
piece ot good fortune. — God'ship, n. Deity; divin- 
ity; a god or goddess. — God'son, n. One for whom 
another has been sponsor. — God'speed, n. Success; 
prosperous journeying, — contr. of " I wish that God 
may st>eed you." ["Written also as 2 separate words.] 

— God'ward, adv. Toward God . — Good'-by, -bye, 
good-bi', n. or interj. Farewell, — a form of address 
at parting. [Contr. of God be with you.] — Gos'pel, 
n. Glad tidings, esp. concerning Christ and his sal- 
vation; one of the historical narratives of Christ's 
life; a system of religious truth or doctrine. [AS. 
gods/.ell; spell, story, his-tory; Ic. gudhspjall, OHG. 
gotsnel, God-story.] — Gos'peler, n. An evangelist; 
a follower of Wyckliffe; a priest who reads the gos- 
pel at the altar during the communion service. — 
Gob 'sip, n. Orig. a sponsor; a comrade; an idle tat- 
tler; tattle; rumor.— v. i. To prate, tattle. [ME. god- 
sib, gossib, lit. God-relative; AS. sib, peace, relative.] 

Godwit. god'wit, n. A wading game-bird of several 

species, having long legs, and a long, flexible bill. 

[AS. god wiht (-wight), good creature.] 
Goffer, goffer, v. t. [-fered (-ferd), -fering.] To 

plait or flute, as lace, etc. [See Gauffer.] 
Goggle, gog'gl, v. i. [-OLED (-gld), -gliiVG.] To strain 

or roll the eyes. — a. Full and rolling or staring, 

— said of the eyes. — n. A strained or affected roll- 
ing of the eye. pi. A kind of spectacles. [Ir. and 
Ga. gog, a nod, also to move slightly, gogshuileach, 
goggle-eyed; suit, eye, look, glance.] 

Goiter, -tre, goi'ter, n. {Med.) Bronchocele ; an en- 
largement of the thyroid 

gland. See Cretinism. [F. 

goitre, fr. L. guttur, the 

throat.] 
Gold, gold, n. A precious metal, 

of reddish yellow color and 

metallic luster, ductile and 

malleable ; money ; wealth ; 

a yellow color like that of 

the metal. [AS. and G.; D. 

gaud, Ic. gull, Sw. and Dan. 

quid, Goth, gulth, Rubs, zlato, 

Gr. chrusos, Skr. hirana ; s. 

rt. chlorine, green, yellow.'] — 

Gold'en, -n, a. Made of, con- 
sisting of, or of the col >r of, 




Goiter. 
en age. The fabulous age of primeval simplicity 



gold; very precious. — Gold- 
e. Tl " 



and purity of manners in rural employments. 
(Rom. literature.) The first part of the classical 
period of Latinity (b. c. 81- a. d. 14), followed by the 
silver age. —G. number. (Chronol.) A number show- 
ing the year of the lunar cycle, — formerly written 
in the calendar in gold. — G. rule. The rule of do- 
ing as we woHld hnve others do to us. See Luke vi. 
31. — Gold'beat'er, n. One who beats or foliates 
gold for gilding. — Gold-beater's skin. The outside 
membrane of the large intestine of the ox, used for 
separating the leaves of metal in beating. — dust, n. 
Gold in very fine particles. — finch, n. A singing- 
bird, —named from the color of its wings; also, a 
small Amer. bird, the thistlefinch or yellow-bird.— 
-fish, b. A small fish, named from its color, a 
native of China. — leaf, n. Gold beaten into a thin 
leaf. — Gold'smith, n. One who manufactures ves- 
sels and ornaments of gold. — Gold'ylocks, -T-loks, 
n. A plant having yellow flowers, like locks of 
hair; wood crowfoot. 

Golf, golf, n. A game played with ball and bat or 
club croo-ked at the end. [D. kolf, club or bat.] 

Gondola, gon 'do-la, n. A long, narrow, flat-bottomed 
plea sure-boat, 
used at Venice ; 
in U. S., a plat- 
form car, used on 
railroads. [It., 
dim. of gonda, a 
boat, Gr. kondu, a 
drinking vessel, 
perh. Jr. Pers. 
hand u, a butt, 
vat.]— Gondolier', 
-ler', n. A man 
who rows a gon- 
dola. 

Gone. See Go. 

Gonfalon, gon'fa-lon 
colors. [ME 




r». An ensign or standard, 
and OF. gonfanon, MHG. gundfano; 



fr. gunt, gund, battle, audfano, vano, standard, ban' 
ner.] 

Gong, gong, n. A circular instrument of copper and 
tin, producing, when struck, a loud, harsh sound; 
a stationary call-bell. [Malay agong, gong.] 

Goniometer, go-nY-om'e-tgr, n. An instrument for 
measuring angles, e^>. angles of crystals, or inclina- 
tion of planes. [Gr. gonia, angle, and metron, meas- 
ure.]— Go'niomet'rie, -rical, a. Pert, to, or deter- 
mined by means of , a goniometer. — Goniom'etry, 
-trT, n. Art of measuring soMd angles. 

Gonorrhea, gon-or-re'a, n. (Med.) A contagious in- 
flammatory discharge from the membrane of the 
genital organs. [Gr. gouorrhma, fr. gone, semen, and 
rhein, to flow.] 

Good, g<56d, a. [better; best.] Possessing desirable 
qualities; wholesome; adapted to the end designed; 

fiossessing moral excellence or virtue; kind; benevo- 
ent; suited; clever; skillful, — followed esp. by at ; 
adequate; sufficient, — in a commercial sense, hav- 
ing pecuniary ability; considerable; full ; complete ; 
fair; honorable. — n. That which possesses desirable 
qualities, promotes success or happiness, is service- 
able, fit, excellent, etc.: welfare; prosperity; benefit. 
pi. Wares, commodities, chattels. — adv. Well ; 
equally well; to a good degree; quite: considerably. 
[AS., Dan. ? and Sw. god, G. gut.] — As good as. Not 
less than; in effect; virtually. — Ax g. as one's word. 
Performing to the extent promised.— To make g. To 
fulfill, maintain, supply a deficiency, indemnify. — 
To think g. To regard as expedient or proper.— For 
g. , ox for g. and all. Forthe restof the time; finally; 
permanently. — Good'ness, n. State of being good ; 
excellence; virtue; kindness. [AS. godnes.] — Good'- 
ly, -IT, a. [-lier, -liest.] Pleasant ; agreeable ; 
comely ; graceful ; portly ; large. [AS. godlic] — 
Good'liness, n. Grace; elegance. — Good'y, -t, ». 
Good-wile ; good-woman, pi. Bonbons, etc. — 
Good'y-good'y, a. Affectedly or sentimentally good; 
pretentiously, sillily, or hypocritically virtuous.— 
Good'yish. a. Manifesting goodness in a somewhat 
silly manner. — Good breed'ing. Polite manners or 
education. — Good-day', n. or interj. Farewell, — a 
term of salutation at meeting or parting. — Fri'day, 
n. A fast, in memory of our Savior s sufferings, 
kept on the Friday of passion-week. — hu'mored, a. 
Having a cheerful spirit and demeanor; good-na- 
tured. — na'tured, a. Naturally mild in temper; 
not easily provoked; kind. — tem'pered, a. Hav- 
ing a good temper; not easily irritated. — will', n. 
Benevolence ; kindly feeling ; zeal. (Law.) The 
custom of any trade or business. 

Good-by. See under God. 

Goose, goos, n. ; pi. Geese, ges. A large web-footed 
fowl, migratory when wild, liv- 
ing on land and eating grass 
when domesticated ; a tailor's 
smoothing iron, whose handle 
resembles a goose's neck; a sim- 
pleton; a game of chance. [AS. 
gos, pi. ges, Ic. and Sw. gas (all 
lor gans), D. and G. gans, L. an- 
ser, Skr. hamsa ; s. rt. gander, 
gannet.] — Goos'ery, -er-I, n. A 
place for keeping geese. — 
Goose'-fish, n. One of agenus of 
teleost fishes,— the angler, fishing-frog, wide-gab; seav 
devil, or bellows-fish. — flesh, -skin, n. A roughness 
of the skin produced by cold or fear. — Goos'ander, 
n. A migratory, fish-eating duck, of northern regions, 
— Gos'nawk, n. A short-winged, slender hawk, of 
temperate regions. [For goose-hawk, AS. gos and 
hafuc, Ic. gas-haukr.] — Gos'ling, goz'ling, n. A 
young goose. 

Gooseberry, gooz'bgr-rTf, n. The fruit of a thorny 
,-hrub; the shrub itself, found in all temperate re- 
gions. [For groise- or ^grose-berry ; OF. groisele, a 
gooseberry, fr. MUG. and Sw. krus, curled, frizzled, 
fr. the hairs on the fruit.] 

Gopher, go'fgr, n. A burrowing animal of several 
kinds, — pouched rat, squirrel, land-tortoise, etc. 
[F. gaufre, waffle, honeycomb. See Gauffer.] 

Gopher, go'fer, n. A species of wood used in build- 
ing A T oah's ark. [Heb.] 

Gor-eock, g6r'kok,n. A gallinaceous bird; moor-cock, 
ved-grouse, red-game. [For gorse-cock. See Gorse.] 

Gor-cfow. See under Gore. 

Gordian, g6r'dT-an, a. Pert, to Gordius, king of Phry- 
gia, or to a knot tied by him, which could not be un- 
tied, but was cut by Alexander the Great; hence, in- 
tricate; complicated; difficult. 




Goose. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bosboN, chair, get. 



GORE 



238 



GRADE 



Gore, gor, n. Blood; thick or clotted blood. [AS. gor, 
dirt, filth, Ic. gor, gore ; s. rt. Ic. gorn, the guts, Gr. 
chorde, a string of gut, cord, L. hira, gut, E. cord, 
chord, hernia, yarn.] — Gor'y, -T, a. Covered with 
gore; bloody; murderous. — Gor'-crow, n. The com- 
mon or carrion crow. 

Gore, gor, n. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth, sewed 
into a garment, etc., to give greater width at a par- 
ticular part ; a triangular piece of land. — v. t. To 
cut in triangular form. [AS. gara, a projecting point 
of land, gar, a spear; G. gehre, D. geer, a gusset.] 

Gore, gor, v. t. [gored (gord), goring.] To pierce, 
stab. [AS. gar, spear. See preceding.] 

Gorge, g6rj, n. The throat; gullet; a narrow passage, 
iefile between mountains, or entrance into an 



outwork of a fort; that whichis swallowed, esp. by 

g 
satiate. — v. i. To feed greedily. [OF., the throat 



hawk. — 
swallow; esp, 




V. t. [GORGED (gSrjd), GORGING.]* Tb 

p., to swallow with greediness; to glut, 
.ily. [OF., the throat, 
gullet, LL. gorgia, throat, narrow pass, gorga, L. 
gurges, whirlpool, abyss, gullet, Skr. gri, to devour.] 

— Gor 1 ' get, -jet, n. A piece of armor defending the 
throat or neck. (Mil.) A pendent metallic ornament, 
worn by officers. (Surg.) A cutting instrument 
used in lithotomy. [OF. gorgeite.] — Gor'geous, -jus, 
a. Imposing through splendid or various colors; 
showy; fine. [OF. gorgias, perh. fr. the wearing a 
gorget, perh. fr. the swelling of the throat in pride.] 

— Gor'geously, adv. — Gor'geousness, n. 
Gorgon, g&r'gon, n. (Myth.) A maiden of terrific 

aspect, whose sight turned the beholder to stone. 
Anything very ugly or horrid. [L. and Gr. Gorgo, 
Gorgon; Gr.gorgos, terrible; perh. s. rt. Skr. garj, to 
roar.] — Gorgo'nian, -nl-an, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. 

Gorilla, go-ril'la, n. An ape, of tropical Africa, of 
great eize, strength, and fe- 
rocity. [Punic] 

Gormand, gSr'mand, Gourmand, 
goor'mand, n. A glutton. [OF. 
gourmand ; govrmander, to de- 
vour, glut, gourmandise, glut- 
tony.]— Gor'mandize, v. i. or 

t. [-DIZED (-dizd), -DIZING.] 

To eat greedily, feed raven- 
ously. — Gor'mandiz'er, n. — 
Gourmet, goor'ma, n. A con- 
noisseur in eating and drink- Gorilla. 

Gorse, gSr's, n. A thick, prickly shrub, bearing yellow 
flowers in early spring; furze; whin. [AS. gorst; 
perh. s. rt. growan, to grow, whence E. grass.] 

Gory. See under Gore. 

Goshawk, Gosling. See under Goose. 

Gospel, Gossip. See under God. 

Gossamer, gos'sa-mer, n. A filmy substance, like cob- 
webs, floating in the air. [ME. gossomer, lit. goose- 
summer, gossamer being called in Prov. E. summer- 
goose ; cf. G. sommerfaeden, D. zomerdraden, gossa- 
mer, lit. summer-threads.] — Gos'samer'y, -mer'T, a. 
Like gossamer; flimsy; unsubstantial. 

Got, Gotten. See Get. 

Goth, goth, «. One of an ancient Teutonic race, who 
overran the Roman empire; a bar- 
barian; rude, ignorant person. [L. 
Gothi, Goth. Guthans, the Goths.] 

— Gothic, a. Pert, to the Goths. 
(Arch.) Pert, to a style of architec- 
ture with high, sharply-pointed 
arches, clustered columns, etc. : see 
Capital. Rude ; barbarous. — n. 
The language of the Goths. (Print.) 
A style of square-cut type, with no 
hairlines. 
flt^" The Type called GOTHIC. 

— Gotb/icism, -t-sizm, n. A Gothic 
idiom ; conformity to the Gothic 
style of building; rudeness of man- 
ners; barbarousness. — Gotb/icize, 
v. t. [-cized (-sizd), -cizing.] To 
make Gothic or barbarous. 

Gouge, gowj, in Eng. gooi, n. A chisel, 
with a semi-cylindrical blade.— v. t. 

[GOUGED (gOWJd), GOUGING.] To 

scoop out with a gouge ; to force out 
(the eye of a person) with the thumb 
or finger; to cheat. [F.; Sp. gubia, 
LL. guvia, chisel.] 
Gourami, goVra-mT, Go'rami, n. A 
nest-building, fresh-water, food fish 
of E. Asia. 





Governor. 



French G o t 
Window, Tour- 
nay Cathedral. 



Gourd, gord, n. A rapid-growing cucurbitaceoue 
plant, bearing a one-celled, many-seeded, hard- 
shelled fruit: which, when dry, is used for dippers, 
bottles, etc. [F. gourde, orig. gouhourde, corrupt, 
of cougourde, L. cucurbita, a gourd; perh. s. rt 
corbis, a basket.] 

Gourmand, Gourmet. See under Gormand. 

Gout, gowt, n. (Med.) A painful constitutional dis- 
ease ; inflammation of the joints, esp. of the great 
toe. [F. goutte, a drop, gout, the disease being for. 
merly attributed to a defluxion of the humors, fr. 
L. gutta, drop.] — Gout'y, -T, a. Diseased with, sub- 
ject to, or pert, to, etc. — Goutiness, n. 

Gout, gob, n. Taste; relish. [F. See Gust.] 

Govern, guv'grn, v. t. [-erned (-ernd), -erning.] 
To regulate by authority; to influence, direct, man- 
age. (Gram.) To require to be in a particular case. 
— v.i. To exercise authority, administer the laws, 
have the control. [OF. governer, gouverner, fr. L. 
gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, direct, Gr. kuber- 
nan, to steer.] — Gov'ernable, -a-bl, a. Capable of 
being, etc. ; manageable ; obedient. — Gov'ernor, -er, 
n. One who governs; esp., a chief 
ruler or magistrate ; a tutor, guar- 
dian. (Naut.) A pilot. (Mach.) 
A contrivance connected with 
mills, steam-engines, etc., to main- 
tain uniform velocity with a vary- 
ing resistance: see Steam Engine. 
[OF. governeur, L. gubernator.] — 
Gov'erness, n. A female governor; 
an instructress. — Gov'ernante', 
-ant', n. A lady in charge of young 
women ; a governess. [F. gouver- 
nante.] — Government, n. Act of 
governing; exercise of authority; restraint; regula- 
tion; the system of polity in a state; established form 
of law; right or oower or governing; authority; the 
ruling power: the administration; a commonwealth; 
state. (Gram.) The influence of a word in regard 
to construction. —Government' al, a. Pert, to, or 
made by government. 

Gown, gown, n. A loose upper garment: esp. the outer 
dress of a woman; the official robe of professional 
men and scholars; hence, civil officers, disting. fr. 
military; a wrapper worn by gentlemen within doors. 
[ME. goune, W. gwn, Ga. and Corn, gunn ; W. gwnio, 
to stitch.] — Gownsman, gownz'man, n. ; pi. -men. 
One whose professional habit is a gown, as a divine 
or lawyer; a civilian, disting. fr. a soldier. 

Grab, grab, n. A sudden grasp er seizure. — v. t. & i. 
[grabbed (grabd),-BiNG.] To gripe suddenly, seize, 
clutch. [Sw. qrabba, Skr. grabh, to seize; s. rt. grap- 
ple, gripe, grip, grasp.] 

Grace, gras, n. Exercise of love, kindness, or good 
will; favor bestowed; the divine favor toward man; 
enjoyment of divine favor ; inherent excellence ; 
beauty, physical, intellectual, or moral; elegance of 
manners ; the title of a duke or an archbishop of 
England; a prayer before or after meat. pi. (Myth.) 
Graceful and beautiful females, the attendants of 
Venus. (Mus.) Ornamental tones. A play con- 
sisting in throwing a hoop by means of two sticks.— 
v. t. [graced (grast), gracing.] To adorn, deco- 
rate; to dignify, honor. [OF ; L. gratia, favor, fr. 
atits, pleasing ; Gr. chairein, to rejoice, charis, 
vor, grace, Skr. hart, to desire; s. rt. yearn.] — Days 
of grace. (Com.) Days following that when a bill 
or note becomes due, which are allowed to the payer 
to make payment in. — Good graces. Favor; friend- 
ship. — Grace'cup, n. The health drank after say- 
ing grace. — Graceful, -ful, a. Displaying grace or 
beauty in form or action"; elegant; easy. — Grace'- 
fully, adv.— Gracefulness, n.— Grace'less, a. Want- 
ing in grace or excellence, esp. in divine grace; de- 
praved; degenerate; corrupt. — Gracelessly, adv. — 
Gra'cious, gra'shus, a. Abounding in, or charac- 
terized by, grace; winning favor; acceptable; beau- 
tiful; graceful; produced by divine grace ; benevo- 
lent; beneficent; benignant; merciful. — Gra'ciouB- 
ly, adv. — Gra'ciousness, n. 

Grackle, Grakle, grak'kl, n. A bird allied to the black- 
bird. [Onomat. ; L. graculvs, jack-daw.] 

Grade, grad, n. A step or degree in any series, rank, 
or order; in a road or railroad, the rate of ascent or 
descent; a graded ascending or descending portion 
of a road: a gradient. (Stock-breeding.) The result 
of crossing a native stock with a better breed. — v. t. 
To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progressive as- 
cent, as the line of a canal or road. [F., L. gradus, 
a degree, fr. gradi, gressus, to step, go.] — At grade. 



t 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



GRAFF 



239 



GRAND 



At the same level. — Down a. A descent. — Up g. 
An ascent. — Gra'dient, a. Moving by steps; walk- 
ing; rising or descending by regular degrees of in- 
clination. — n. Rate of ascent or descent in a road, 
etc.; grade; a part of a road which slopes upward or 
downward. [L. gradiens, -dientis, p. pr. of gradi.] 

— Grada'tion, n. Act of progressing by regular 
steps; state of being graded, or arranged'in ranks; 
any degree in an order or series; gradual blending 
of "one tint with another. [OF.; L. gradatio, ascent 
by steps.] — Gradatory, grad'a-to-rY, a. Proceeding 
step by step; gradual; adapted for progressive mo- 
tion. — n. A step from the cloisters into the church. 

— Grad'ual, -u-al, a. Proceeding by steps or degrees; 
progressive; slow. [L. gradiens, p. pr. of gradi.'] — 
n. An order of steps; an ancient book of hymns, 
some of which were chanted on the steps (gradus) 
of the pulpit. — Grad'ually, adv. In a gradual man- 
ner; step by step. — Grad'uate, -u-at, v. t. To mark 
with degrees; to divide into regular steps, grades, 
or intervals; to admit to a certain grade or degree, 
esp. to an academical degree; to prepare gradually. 

— v. i. To pass to, or to receive, an academical de- 

gree ; to pass by degrees, change gradually. — n. 
ine admitted to an academical degree. — a. Ar- 
ranged by successive steps or degrees; graduated.— 
Gradua'tion, n. Act of graduating; art of dividing 
into degrees or definite parts; marks on an instru- 
ment indicating degrees, etc. — Grad'uator, n. One 
who graduates; an instrument for dividing any line 
into regular intervals. — Gra'dus, n. A dictionary 
of prosody. [Abbr. fr. L. gradus ad Parnassum, a 
step to Parnassus.] 

Graff, graf , Graft, graft, n. A small shoot or scion of 
a tree inserted in another tree ; portion of a tree 
growing from such shoot. — v. t. Te insert, as a cut- 
ting from one tree in a branch or stem of another; to 
implant or incorporate, as a bud upon a stem. —v. i. 
To insert scions from one tree into another. [OF. 
graffe, grafe, a pencil, F. greffe, a graft, scion, fr. its 
resemblance to a cut slip; L. graphiolum, style (for 
writing), graft, graphium, Gr. graphion, style, fr. 
graphein, to write.] — Graft'er, n. 

Graft, graft, n. Acquisition of money or anything 
of value by the dishonest use of positions of trust; 
anything so acquired. — Graft'er, n. 

Grail, gral, n. A broad, open dish, or cup; a chalice. 
[O !;*. graal, grasal, LL. gradale, grasale, a flat dish, 
fr. cratella, dim. of L. crater, a bowl.] — Holy Grail, 
or Sangreal. In mediaeval legends, the dish in 
which Joseph of Arimathea received the blood of 
Christ on the cross, which had been lost, and could 
be recovered only by a knight chaste in act and 
thought. [Prop. San Great, holy dish; but perverted 
into Sang Real, real blood (of Christ).] 

Grain, gran, n. A kernel, esp. of corn, wheat, etc. ; 
the fruit of certain kindred food plants, viz., corn, 
wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., —used collectively; 
any small, hard particle; small portion ; a small 
weight, — the 20th of a scruple in apothecaries' 
weight, 24th of a pennyweight troy; a reddish dye 
from the coccus insect or kermes; a red color of any 
hue, esp. (Poet.) Tyrian purple ; that arrangement of 
the particles of any body which determines its com- 
parative roughness; texture; arrangement or direc- 
tion of the veins or fibers of wood ; the hair-side of 
leather, or the marking on that side. pi. The husks 
or remains of malt after brewing, or of any grain af- 
ter distillation ; residuum.— v. t. [grained (grand), 
graining.] To paint in imitation of the grain of 
wood; to form into grains, as powder, sugar, etc. — v. 
i. To form grains, or assume a granular form. [OF.; 
L. granum. a grain, corn ; s. rt. corn, grind, kernel.] — 
Against the grain. Against the fibers of wood; against 
one's wishes ; with difficulty. — To dye in g. To 
dye with the tint made from kermes ; to dye firm- 
ly; dye in the wool. — Grained, grand, a. Divided 
into small particles or grains; roughened; dyed in 
grain: ingrained; painted in imitation of the grain of 
wood. (Bot.) Havingtuberclesorgrain-like processes. 

— Gran'ary, -rT, n, A storehouse for thrashed grain. 
[L. granaria, fr. granum; same as garner, q. v.] — 
Grange, granj, n. A granary ; barn ; farm, with 
stables, etc.; in U. S., an association of farmers to 
promote direct communication between producers 
and consumers, to the exclusion of middlemen or 
traders. [ME. and OF. ; Sp. granja, LL. granea, 
barn, grange.] — Gran'ule, gran'ul.w. A little grain; 
small particle. [F.; L. graiiulum, dim. of granum.] — 
Gran 'ulou&, -lus, -alar, -ulary. -la-rT, -ulate. -ulated. 
a. Consisting of, or like, grains or granules. — 



Gran'ularly, -lar-lt, adv. In a granular form. — 
Gran'ulate, -lat, v. t. To form into, etc.; to raise in 
small asperities; to roughen on the surface. — v. i. 
To collect or be formed into grains.— Granula'tlon, 
n. Act of forming into grains ; development of 
small grain-like cells in a sore, filling up the cavity, 
and uniting the sides. — Graniv'orous, -rus, a. Eat- 
ing grain or seeds. [L. vorare, to devour.] — Gran'- 
ite, -it, n. (Geol.) A crystalline, unstratified rock, 
consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica. [It. gran- 
ito, granite, prop. p. p. of granire, to reduce to 
grains, to speckle, fr. grano — L. granum.] — Gra- 
nit'ic, -ical, a. Like, or consisting of, granite. — 
Granit'iform, a. (Geo/.) Resembling granite in 
structure or shape. [L.. forma, form.] — Gran'itine, 
-tin, n. A rock containing 3 species of minerals, 
some of which differ from those which compose 
granite^as quartz, feldspar, and shorl. 

Grain, gran, n. A prong ; tine ; pi. a fish spear. [Ic. 
gren, Dranch, bough.] 

Grallatory, gral'la-to-rT, -torial, -to'rt-al, a. Pert, to 
the grallatores or wading birds. [L. grallator, a 
walker on stilts, fr. grallse, stilts, fr. gradi, to walk. 
See Grade.] 

Gram. See under Grammar. 

Gramercy, gra-mer'st, interj. An obs. expression of 
thankfulness with surprise. [F. gran y merci, grea: 
thanks.] 

Graminaceous, gram-i-na'shus, Gramin'eal, -eons, -e- 
us, a. Pert, to the grasses. [L. gvamen, graminis, 
grass; s. rt. Skr. gri, to devour.] — Graminiv'oroua, 
a. Feeding on grass, etc. [L. vorare, to eat.] 

Grammar, gram'mar, n. Science of language ; art of 
speaking or writing with propriety, according to 
established usage ; a treatise on the principles of 
language, or on the elements of any science. [OF. 
gramaire, fr. LL. and Gr. gramma, a letter of the 
alphabet, fr. Gr. graphein, to write.] — Gramma'- 
rian, -rt-an, n. A philologist ; one who teaches 
grammar. — Gram'mar school. A school in which 
grammar, or the science of language, is taught; esp. 
in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught. — 
Grammatical, a. Pert, to, or according to the rule* 
of, grammar. [OF.] — Grammatically, adv. — 
Grammat'icize, v, t. [-cized (-sizd), -cizing.] To 
render grammatical.— Gram, Gramme, gram, n. The 
metric unit of weight, = IS.Toti grains troy or 15.432 
avoirdupois. [F. gramme, fr. Gr. gramma.] 

Grampus, sram'pus. n. A voracious cetaceous mam- 
ma 1 of the dolphin 
family, having sock- 
eted, conical teeth, 
and breathing by a 
spout-hole on the top 
of the head. [Corrup. 
of It. gran pesce, Pg. Gramnus 

gran peixe, or Sp. gran urampus. 

pez = L. grandis piscis, great fish ; cf . porpoise.'] 

Granary. See under Grain. 

Grand, grand, a. Of large size; extensive ; relatively 
great; greatest; chief; principal ; great in size and 
fine or imposing in appearance; holding elevated or 
advanced rank, as in years or station; majestic; dig- 
nified; stately; exalted. [OF.; L. grandis, prob. 8 
rt. gravis, heavy.] — Grand juror. One of a grand 
jury. — G. jury. (Law.) A jury whose duty it is, 
in secret session, to examine accusations against 
offenders, and. if they see just cause, to find bills of 
indictment against them to be presented to the court. 
— G. vizier. The head of the Turkish council of state. 

— Grand'ly, adv. — Grand'eur, -jur, n. Quality of 
being grand ; splendor of appearance ; elevation of 
thought or expression, or of mien or deportment ; no- 
bility of action ; sublimity ; augustness ; magnifi 
cence. [OF.] — Gran 'dam, -nam, -ny, -nT, n. An old 
woman ; esp. a grandmother. [E. and F. dame.] — 
Grand'aunt, -ant, n. The aunt of one's father or 
mother. — un'cle, n. ; — child, n. A son's or daugh- 
ter's child. daugh ter, n. Daughter of a son or 

daughter. — son, n. —-father, n. A father's or moth- 
er's father. — mother, n— -sire, n. A grandfather; 
any male ancestor. — Grandee', -de', n. A man of 
rank; in Spain, a nobleman of the first rank. [Sp. 
grande, great, also, a nobleman.] — Grandiloquent, 
-o-kwent, -oquous, -kwus, a. Speaking in a lofty 
style: bombastic. [L. grandiloquus ; loqui, to speak.] 

— Grandil'oquence, -kwens, n. Lofty words or 
phrasesj bombast; pomposity of speech". — Grand'- 
iose, -T-os, a. Imposing; striking; flaunting; turgid; 
bombastic. [F.] — Grand'iosity, -os-T-tT, n. Swell 
of style or manner ; a bombastic person. 




eun, «*be, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, dondon, chair, get. 



GRANGE 



240 



GRAVE 



Orange, Granite, Granivorous, etc. See under Grain. 

Grant, grant, v. t. To allow, yield, concede; to be- 
stow or confer, in answer to prayer or request; to 
make conveyance of, give the possession or title of. 
— n. Act of granting ; a bestowing; admission of 
something as true ; thing granted; gift; boon. (Law.) 
A transfer of property by deed or writing; esp., an 
appropriation or conveyance by the government. 

SOF. graanter, graunter, creanter, to assure, guaran- 
ee, promise, yield, LL. creantare, to guarantee, 
credential, a promise, L. credere, to trust.] — Grant'- 
able, a. — Granfer, n. — Grant'or, -6r, n. (Law.) 
One who makes a grant or conveyance. — Grantee', 
n. (Law.) One to whom a grant is made. 

Granular^ Granule, etc. See under Grain. 

Grape, grap, n. The fruit of the vine. (Mil.) Grape-shot. 
[OF. grappe. It. qrappolo, bunch of grapes, grap- 
pare, to seize, MHG. hrapfe, a hook, krip/en, to 
seize, clutch; s. rt. grapple.) — Grap'y, -Y, a. Made 
of, or like, grapes. — Grap'ery, -er-T, n. A building 



for cultivating grapes.— Grape'-shot, n. 
(Mil.) A number of iron balls, included 
between circular iron plates at top and 




n, to write. See Grave, v. Rrl]n . sW 
Ically, adv. In a graphic ^rape-shot. 
jue manner. — Graphite, -It, n. (Min.) 



bottom, with rings and a connecting 
pin. — stone, n. The seed of the grape. 

vine, n. The vine, having small 

green flowers, and lobed leaves, which 
produces grapes. 

Graphic, -ical, graflk-al, a. Pertaining 
to writing; written; inscribed; well de- 
lineated or described. [Gr. graphikos, 
fr. graphein 
I.]— Graph' 
or picturesque 

Native carbon, disting. by softness, metallic luster^ 
and by leaving a lead-colored trace on paper, — used 
for pencils, and for many mechanical uses, and often 
called plumbago or black lead. — Graphophone, 
grafo-fon, n. A form of phonograph. [Gr. gra- 
phein, to write + phone, sound.] — Grapn'otype, -tip, 
«. A process for producing relief plates for printing 
without engraving. [See Type.] 

Grapple, g-rap'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pldj, -pling]. To 
seize, lay fast hold on, with the hands or with 
hooks. — v. i. To contend in close fight. — n. A 
sizing ; close hug in contest. (iVaut.) A hook for 
fastening one ship to another. [OF. grappil, F. 
grappin, a grapple, fr. grappe, orig. a hook, now a 
bunch of grapes : see Grape.] — Grap'line, Grap'- 
nel, n. A small anchor, with 4 
or 5 flukes or claws, to hold small 
vessels; any instrument designed 
to grapple or hold.— Grap'pling- 
i'rons, n. pi. Irons for grappling 
and holding fast. 

Grasp, grasp, v. t. [grasped 
(graspt), grasping.] To seize 
and hold, catch, take possession of ; to comprehend. 

— n. Gripe of the hand; seizure by embrace; power 
of seizing and holding ; wide-reaching power of in- 
tellect to comprehend subjects. [Same as grope, q. 
v.] — Grasping, a. Seizing; avaricious ; greedy of 
gain; exacting. — Grasp'er, n. 

Grass, gras, n. Herbage; the plants constituting the 
food of cattle, etc.; pasture. (Bot.) An endogenous 
plant having long, narrow, alternate leaves, sheath- 
ing a stem generally jointed and tubular, flower 
generallyin glume-covered spikelets.andfarinaceous 
seeds. — v. t. [grassed (grast), grassing.] To 
cover with grass or turf. [AS. gsers, grses, D., Ic, 
Sw., Dan., Goth., and G. gras; s. rt. green, grow.] 

— Grass'y, -T, a. Covered, abounding with, or like, 
grass; green. — Grass'' iness, n. — Grass'-cloth, n. A 

fine, light quality of cloth, resembling linen. plot, 

n. A plot or space covered with grass; a lawn.— 
-wid'ow, n. A woman living away from her hus- 
band. — Grass'hop- 

per, n. A jumping 
orthopterous noc- 
turnal insect, with 
4 joints in feet, and 
green or transpar- 
ent wing -covers, 
which feeds on 
grass or leaves : 
the common diurn- 




Grapnel. 



al "grasshoppers" 
are locusts. [AS. 




S^^azed" Grasshopper (6. viridissintus). 
(grazd), grazing.] To feed or supply (cattle) with 



grass ; to eat (herbage) from the ground ; to tend 
grazing cattle. — v. i. To eat grass or herbage ; to 
supply grass. [ME. grasen.] — Graz'er, n. One who 
grazes or feeds on herbage. — Gra'rier, -zhSr, n. 
One who pastures cattle, and rears them for market 

— Grazing, n. Act of feeding on grass; a pasture. 
Grate, grat, n. A lattice-work, used in windows of 

prisons, etc. ; a frame of iron bars for holding coals, 

— v. t. To furnish with grates or cross-bars. [LL. 
grata, crata, a grating; It. grata, a gridiron, grate, 
L. crates, a hurdle, whence E. crated] — Grat'ing, n. 
A partition of parallel or cross-bars. 

Grate, grat, v. t. To rub roughly or harshly, as one 
body against another; to wear away in small par- 
ticles, by rubbing with anything rough ; to fret, 
vex, irritate. — v. i. To rub hard, so as to offend; to 
make a harsh sound by friction of rough bodies. 
[OF. grater, Sw. kratta, D. k?-assen, to scratch, rub; 
s. rt. scratch.] — Grat'er, n. One who, or that which, 
etc.; esp. an instrument for rubbing off small par- 
ticles of a body. — Grating, n. A harsh sound of 
rubbing. 

Grateful, grafful, a. Having a due sense of benefits; 
willing to acknowledge and repay benefits ; afford- 
ing pleasure ; pleasing to the taste ; acceptable ; 
gratifying ; welcome. [OF. grat, L. gratus, pleas- 
ing. See Grace.] — Gratefully, adv. — Grateful- 
ness, n. —Gratify, grat'i-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fy- 
ing.J To please by satisfying some wish; to give 
pleasure to, indulge, please, recompense. [OF. grat- 
ifier, L. gratificari, -catus, fr. gratus and facere, to 
make.] — Grat'ifi'er, n. — Gratitude, -tad, n. State 
of being grateful; thankfulness. [F.; L. gratiludo, 
Act of 



f r. gratus.] — Gratification, 



rang 



mind, taste, or appetite; that which affords plea£ 
ure. — Gra'tis, adv. For nothing ; freely ; gratui- 
tously. [L., for gratiis, abl. pi. of gratia, favor.] — 
Gratuitous, -T-tus, a. Given without a recompense; 
without reason, cause, or proof. [L. gratuitus.] — 
Gratuitously, adv. — Gratuity, -tT, n. A free gift, 
present. [OB. gratuiU, LL. gratuitas.] — Grat'ulate, 
v. t. To salute with declarations of joy ; congratu- 
late. [L. gratulari, -latus.] — Gratula'tion, n. Act 
of, etc. — Grat'ulatory, -to-rt, a. Expressing joy. 
Grave, grav, v. t. [imp. graved (gravd), p.p. gravek 
or graved; graving.] To carve or cut, engrave; to 
give shape to, by eutting with a chisel. (Naut.) To 
clean, as a ship's bottom, by burning off filth, grass, 
etc., and paying it over with pitch, — v. i. To write 
or delineate on nard substances; to practice engrav- 
ing. — n. An excavation in the earth as a place of 
burial; tomb; sepulcher ; death or destruction, pi. 
The sediment of melted tallow. [AS. grafan. to 
dig, engrave, D. graven, Ic. grafa, to dig, Gr. graph- 
ein, to scratch, engrave, write, L. scribere, to write ; 
8. rt. grove, groove, grammar, graphic, prob. carve.] 

— Grav'er, n. One who, etc. ; a sculptor; an en- 
graving tool, burin, q. v. ; a tool for turning metals. 

— GraVing, n. Act of, etc. ; thing graved or carved; 
act of cleaning a ship's bottom ; impression on the 
mind, heart, etc. — Grav'ing-dock, n. A dry dock, 
in which ship's bottoms are cleaned, etc. — Grave'- 
clothes, n. pi. Clothes i;i which the dead are in- 
terred. stone, n. A memorial stone set by a 

grave. — yard, n. A yard for the interment of the 
dead; cemetery. 

Grave, grav, a. Of importance ; influential ; serious, 

— said of character, relations, etc. ; not light or gay; 
solemn ; sober ; plain ; serious ; weighty ; momen- 
tous. (Mus^ Not acute or sharp ; low ; deep. [F. ; 
L. gravis, Goth, kavrs, Gr. barus, Skr. guru ; s. rt. 
care, grief.] — Gravely, adv. In a grave, solemn 
manner; soberly. — Grave'ness, n. — Grava'men, n. 
(Law.) The grievance complained of ; the substan- 
tial cause of action. [L., fr. gravis.] — Gravid, 
gravid, a. With child ; pregnant. [L. gravidus.] 

— Gravim'eter, n. An instrument for ascertaining 
the specific gravity of bodies. [L. gravis and Gr. 
metron, measure.] — Gravity, -T-t T, n. Sobriety of 
character or demeanor ; relative importance, sig- 
nificance, dignity, etc. (Physics.) The tendency 
of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction ; 
esp., the tendency of a body toward the center of 
the earth. (Mus.) Lowness of sound. [F. gravite", 
L. gravitasJl — Specific gravity. The ratio of the 
weight of a body to the weight of an equal volume 
of some other body taken as the standard, — usually 
water for solids and liquids, and air for gases. — 
Gravitate, v. i. To obey the law of gravitation, 
tend toward the center. — Gravita'tion, n. Act of 
gravitating. (Physics.) That attraction by which all 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



GRAVEL 



241 



GRIDDLE 



bodies or particles of matter in the universe tend 
toward each other. 

Gravel, grav'el, n. A mass of small stones or frag- 
ments of stone mixed with sand, etc. {Med.) Small 
calculi in the kidneys and bladder ; painful symp- 
toms caused by such calculi, — v. t. [graveled 
(-eld), -eling.] To cover with gravel; to stick in 
the sand : hence, to puzzle, embarrass ; to hurt (a 
horse's foot) by gravel lodged under the shoe. [OF. 
gravele, gravelle, dim. of grave, sand mixed with 
stones ; Armor, grouan, Corn, grow, gravel, W. gro, 
pebbles, Skr. gravan, a stone, rock.] — Grav'elly, a. 
Abounding with, or consisting of, gravel. 

Gravy, gra'vY, n. Juices obtained from meat in cook- 



ing", made into a dressing ; any liquid dressing for 
food. [Frob. fr. E. greaves, tallow drippings.] 

Hoary ; white mixed with black ; old 



[Frob. 

Gray, gra, a. '. 

mature. — n. Any mixture of white and black; an 
animal of gray color. [AS. grseg, D. graauw, G. 
grau, L. ravns, gray; s. rt. Skr. ghur.jur, to become 
old, Gr. graios, aged, gray.] — Grayish, ~ 



Gray'-beard, 



Some- 
. An 



Grayling. 



what gray. — Gray'ness 

old man.— Gray 'ling, 

n. A fish allied to the 

trout, found in N. 

Europe. — Gray '- 

wacke, -wak,w. (Geol.) 

A conglomerate o r 

grit -rock, consisting 

of rounded pebbles 

and sand firmly united together. [G. grauwacke; 

grau and wacke, wacke.] 

Grayhound. See Greyhound. 

Graze, Grazier, etc. See under Grass. 

Graze, giaz, v. t. [grazed (grazd), grazing.] To 
rub or touch in passing. [Prob. fr. rase, influenced 
by grate ; F. raser, to rase, graze, grate.] — Graz'- 
ing^ n. A touch in passing. 

Grease, gres, n. Animal fat in a soft state ; esp., fatty 
matter of land animals. (Far.) An inflammation 
of the heels of a horse. [OF. gresse, graisse, fatness, 
gras, orig. eras, L. crassus, fat. See Crass.J — 
Grease, grez or gres, v. t. [greased (grezd or grest), 
greasing.] To smear or anoint with grease ; to 
bribe ; to cheat or cozen.— Greasy, grez'T or gres'T, a. 
[-IER ; -iest.] Composed of, or characterized by, 
grease; oily; fat; unctuous; smeared with, or like 
grease or oil ; smooth. (Far.) Affected with the 
disease called grease. — Greas'ily, adv. — Greas'i- 
ness, n. — Greasier, n. A contemptuous name for 
Mexicans and Spanish Americans. 

Great, grat, «. Large in solidity, surface, or linear 
dimensions; of wide extent; big; expanded; large in 
number; numerous ; long continued ; superior; ad- 
mirable: commanding ; endowed with extraordi- 
nary powers, strong, mighty, noble; holding a chief 
position, eminent ; weighty; important. (Geneal- 
ogy.) Older, younger, or more remote, by a single 
generation. [AS. ; perh. s. rt. L. grandis, great. J— 
Great-grandfather, a grandfather's father ; great- 

?randson, a grandson's son. Etc. — Greatly, adv. 
n a great degree ; much ; nobly ; illustriously. — 
Great'ness, n. Largeness of bulk, dimensions, num- 
ber, quantity, etc. ; high rank or place ; magnanim- 
ity ; strength or extent of intellectual faculties ; 
force; intensity. — Great'-coat, n. An over-coat. 

Greaves, grevz, n. pi. Ancient armor for the legs. 
[OF. greves, Sp. grebas ; OF. greve, shin, shank.] 

Greaves, grevz, Graves, gravz, n.pl. The sediment of 
melted Jullow. [Sw. dial, grevar.] 

Grebe, greb, n. A diving bird, having a straight, sharp 
beak, lobated toes, no tail, and legs set far back. 
[F., a grebe ; Armor, kriben, Corn, and W. crib, a 
comb, crest, — some varieties being crested.] 

Grecian, Grecize, etc. See under Greek. 

Greed, gred, n. An eager desire or longing ; greedi- 
ness. [Ic. gradhr, Goth, gredits, hunger.] — Greed'y, 
-T, a. [-IER, -iest.] Having a keen appetite for food 
or drink ; ravenous ; voracious ; eager ; covetous. 
[AS. grsedig, Ic. gradhugr, Skr. gridnu, fr. gridh, to 
be greedy.] — Greed'ily, adv. — Greed'iness, n. 

Gree-gree. Gri-gri. gre'gre, n. An African magician. 

Greek, grek, a. Pert, to Greece, Grecian. — n. A na- 
tive or inhabitant of Greece ; language of Greece. 
[AS. and F. Grec, L. Grsecus, Gr. Graikos.] — Greek 
church. The eastern church; that part of Christen- 
dom which separated from the Roman or western 
church in the 9th century; the established church of 
Russia.— G.fire. A combustible composition which 
burns under water. — Gre'cian, -shan, a. Pert, to 
Greece. — n. A Greek; one versed in the Greek lan- 



guage, literature, or history.— Gre'cize, v. t. [-cized 
(-slzd), -cizing.] To render Grecian; translate into 
Greek.— Gre'cism, -sizm, n. An idiom of the Greek 
language ; a Hellenism. 

Green, gren, a. Having the color of growing grass, or a 
colorcomposed of blue andyellow; verdant;emerald; 
see Light ; full of life and vigor; new; recent: not 
ripe ; not fully grown or perfect ; immature in age 
or experience; young; raw; awkward; not seasoned; 
not dry ; containing its natural juices. — n. The 
color of growing plants ; a grassy plain or plat. pi. 
Fresh leaves or branches; wreaths. (Cookery.) Leaves 
and stems of young plants dressed for food. — v. t. 
[greened (grend), greening.] To make green. 
[ME. and AS. grene, D. groen, G. gruen, green, Gr. 
chloros, greenish, Skr. nan, green, yellow ; s. rt. 
chlorine, grow, yellow.'] — Paris green. A poisonous 
arsenical pigment, of vivid green tint. — Greenish, 
a. Somewhat green, or tinged with green.— Green'- 
ishness, n. — Greenfly, adv. — Green'ness, n. — 
Greening, n. — A kind of apple, of green color. — 
Green'back, n. A U. S. legal tender note, having 
the back printed in green. — Green'backer, n. An 
advocate of an unlimited issue of inconvertible legal 
tender notes.— Green'finch, n. (Ornith.) The green 
grossbeak. — Green'gage, n. A variety of plum, 
having green pulp when ripe. [Introduced into 
Eng. by SirW. Gage, about 1725.] — Green'horn, n. 
A raw youth. [Low.]— Green'aouse, n. A house 
to preserve tender plants in during cold weather. — 
Green 'room, n. The retiring-room of actors in a 
theater. — Greenland. (Geol.) A soft green silicate 
of alumina, potash, and iron, found in the lower 
cretaceous, etc. — Green'shank, n. (Ornith.) A 
species of snipe. — Green'stone, n. (Geol.) A green- 
ish crystalline trap rock. — Green'sward, n. Turf 
freen with grass. — Green'-gro'cer, n. A retailer of 
resh fruits, vegetables, ete. — sick'nesa, n. (Med.) 
A disease of young women, in which the complexion 
is pale and unhealthy, the blood depraved, and the 
nervous system disordered. 

Greet, gret, v. t. To salute kindly or respectfully, wel- 
come, accost. — v. i. To give salutations. [AS. 
gretan, D. groetan.] — Greet'er, n. — Greet'ing, n. 

Gregarious, gre-ga'rt-us, a. Living in a flock or herd. 
[E. gregarius, fr. grex, gregis, flock ; s. rt. Gr. agei' 
rein, to assemble, E. aggregate, congregate, egregi- 
ous, etc.] — Grega'riously, adv.— Grega'riousness, n. 

Gregorian, gre-go'rY-an, a. Pert, to, or originated by 
Gregory. —Gregorian chant, G. tones. A choral mel- 
ody or melodious formula introduced by Pope Greg- 
ory I. in the 6th century. — G. calendar, G. year. The 
ordinary calendar and year, as established by Pope 
Gregory XIII. in 1582. — G. telescope. The reflect- 
ing telescope of Prof. Gregory of Edinburgh. 

Grenade, gre-nad', n. (Mil.) A hollow shell filled 
with powder, and fired by a 
fuse. [OF. ; Sp. granada, 
a pomegranate, also a gre- 
nade (shaped lik^ a pome- 
granate and full of grains), 
L. granatus, full of seeds, 
fr. granum, a grain, seed. 
See Grain, Garnet.] — 
Gren'adier', -der', n. 
Orig., a soldier who threw 
grenades ; later, one of a 
company of tall soldiers, 
posted on the right of a bat- 
talion, to lead it in attacks; 
now, one of a regiment so- 
called. 

Grenadine, gren'a-din, n. A 
fabric, for ladies' dresses, etc. 

Grenado, n. Same as Grenade. 

Grew- See Grow. 

Grewsome. See under Grisly. 

Grey. Same as Gray. 

Greyhound, gra'hownd, n. A 
slender, swift, keen-sighted 
variety of dog. [Ic. grey- 
hundr; grey, dog, and hundr, 
hound; not fr. E. gray, which 
in Ic. is grar.] 

Griddle, grid'dl, n. A pan, 
broad and shallow, for bak- Greyhound, 

ing cakes ; a cover, to close an opening in the top 
of a stove ; a sieve with a wire bottom, used by 
miners. [ME. gredil,W. gredyll, Ir. greideal, grid- 
dle, gridiron; W. greidio. Ir. greadaim, to scorch; 
not s. rt. grill.]— Grid'dle-cake, n. A thin cake, 




sun, cube, full ; moon, f<3ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink- then, boNboN, chair, get. 



GRIEF 



242 



GROOM 



made by frying batter in a griddle or iron pan. — 
Grid'iron, -i-Srn, n. A grated utensil for broiling 
meat, etc. [ME. gredyron.'] 

«frief, gref, n. Pain of mind ; painful sense of loss ; 
cause of sorrow. [ME. and OF. gref, grief, heavy, 
sad, L. gravis. See Grave, a.] — Grieve, grev, v. t. 
[grieved (grevd), grieving.] To occasion grief to, 
inflict mental pam upon, make sorrowful.— v. i. To 
feel grief, be in pain of mind on account of an evil, 
sorrow, mourn. [OF. grever, L. gravare, fr. gravis.] 
—To come to grief. To meet with an accident; to be 
ruined, or destroyed. — Grievance, -ans, n. A cause 
of grief or uneasiness; wrong done and suffered; af- 
fliction; burden; oppression; injury.— Griev'ons, 
-us, a. Causing grief or sorrow ; painful ; hard to 
bear ; heinous ; flagitious ; full of grief. — Griev'- 
ously, adv. — Griev'ousness, n. 

Grille, grif , n. The offspring of a mulatto woman and 
negro man. [F.] 

Griffin, griffin, Griffon, n. (Myth.) An imaginary 
animal, generated between the lion and eagle. 
(Zobl.) A species of vulture found in the moun- 
tainous parts of Europe, N. Africa, and Turkey. 
[ME. and OF. griffon, LL. griffus, L. gryphus, gryps, 



Gr. grups, fr.grupos, curved, hook-beaked, 
rrig, grig, n. The sand eel ; a cricket ; grasshopper. 
[S. rt. cricket ; cf. D. krik, krekel, a cricket, Sw. dial. 



kraka, G. kriechen, to creep." 

Grill, gril, v. t. [grilled (grild), -ling. To broil on 
a grate or gridiron ; to torment as if by broiling. 
[F. griller, fr. gril, gridiron, grille, grating, L. cra- 
ticula, small gridiron, fr. crates, a hurdle. See 
Crate, GrateO — GriUade', -lad', n. Act of grill- 
ing; thing grilled. 

Grim, grim, a. [grimmer, -mest.] Of forbidding or 
f ear-inspiring aspect ; ferocious ; horrid ; ghastly ; 
grisly; surly. [AS.; gram, angry, grimetan, to rage, 
roar, Dan. grim, ugly, grim, Ic. grimmr, grim, stern.] 

— Grim'ly, a. and adv. — Grim'ness, n. 

Grimace, grY-mas', n. A distortion of the counte- 
nance, to express contempt, disapprobation, etc. ; 
a smirk; made-up face. [F.; AS. and Ic. grima, D. 
grijns, a mask ; s. rt. grin, grim, grime.'] 

Grimalkin, grY-maf kin, n. An old cat. [For gray 
malkin; malkin dim. of Maud, Matilda, fr. OHG. 
maht-hilt ; maht = E. might ; hilt — AS. hild, battle.] 

Grime, grim, n. Foul matter; dirt. — v. t. To sully or 
soil deeply ; to dirt. [Dan. grim, griim, OD. grym- 
sel, soot, smut, Sw. dial, grima, a smut on the face. 
See Grimace.] — Grinfy, -Y, a. [-ier, -iest.] Full 
of grime; dirty; foul. 

Grin, grin, v. i. [grinned (grind), -ning.] To open 
the mouth and withdraw the lips from the teeth, as in 
laughter, scorn, or pain. —v. t. To express by grin- 
ning. — n. Act of, etc. [AS. grennian, Dan. grine, 
Sw. grina ; s. rt. groan, grim.] 

Grind, grind, v. t. [ground (grownd), grinding.] 
To reduce to powder, by friction, as in a mill, or 
with the teeth ; to wear down, polish, or sharpen by 
friction; to prepare for examination ; to oppress by 
severe exactions, harass. — v. i. To perform the 
operation of grinding ; to become pulverized, pol- 
ished, sharpened by friction ; to drudge. [AS. grin- 
dan ; s. rt.L.friare, fricare, to rub, Gr. chriem, to 
graze, Skr. ghrish, to grind, E. friable, friction.] — 
Grind'er, n. One who, or that which, grinds; one of 
*he double teeth which grinds or masticates food, 
a. molar : see Tooth, — Grind'ery, -er-Y, n. Shoe- 
makers' materials.— Grind 'stone, n. A flat, circular, 
revolving stone, for grinding and sharpening tools. 

— Grist, grist, n. That which is ground at one time; 
supply; provision. JAS., fr. grmdan, gristbitian, to 
grind the teeth.] — Grist' -mill, n. A mill for grind- 
ing grain. — Gris'tle, -1, n. (Anat.) A smooth, solid, 
elastic substance in animal bodies ; cartilage. [AS., 
dim. of grist, as it must be crunched if eaten.] — 
Gris'tly, -1Y, a. Consisting of, or like, etc. 

Gripe, grip, v. t. [griped (gript), griping.] To catch 
with the hand, clutch; to seize and hold fast; to pain 
the bowels of, as if by pressure or contraction; to 
pinch, distress. — v. i. To hold or pinch as with a 
gripe; to get money by hard bargains or exactions; 
to suffer griping pains. (Naut.) To tend to come 
up into the wind, as a ship. — n. Grasp; seizure; 
clutch; that on which the grasp is put; a handle; op- 
pression ; cruel exaction; pinching distress; spas- 
modic pain in the intestines. (Naut.) The fore- 
foot; sharpness of a ship's stern under the water: pi. 
ropes, dead-eyes, and hooks, to secure the boats to 
the deck. [AS. gripan, Ic. and Sw. gripa, Skr. grah, 
to seize; b. rt. E. grab, grope, grasp, not s. rt. grap- 



ple, grapnel.] — Grip'er, n. — Grip, grYp, n. A grasp; 
a holding fast; a peculiar clasp of the hand; that by 
which anything is grasped. — v. t. [gripped (grYpt), 
-ping.] To give a grip to, gra6p, gripe. [F. gripper, 
f r. Ic. gripa?] 

Griqua, gre'kwa, n. One of a mixed race, living in 
Griqua land, S. Africa, descended from the Dutch 
boers and Hottentots of Cape Colony. 

Grisette, gre-zet', ». A young, laboring French 
woman; esp. one kept as a servant and mistress. [F., 
orig. a coarse and cheap dress, fr. oris, gray.] 

Grisly, gris'lY, a. Frightful; horrible; terrible. [AS. 
gryslic, gryrelic, G. grausig, fr. graus, horror, grau- 
sen, to eause to shudder, MHG. gruen, to shudder, 
Dan. gru, terror.] — Gris'liness, n. — Grew'some, 
Grue'some, groo'sum, a. Ugly; frightful. 

Grison, gri'son, n. A S. Amer. animal, like a large 
weasel. [F., f r. grison, gray-haired, f r. gris, gray.] 

Grist, Gristle, etc. See under Grind. 

Grit, grit, n. Sand or gravel; rough particles; struc- 
ture of a stone as to fineness or coarseness, or adap- 
tation to grinding and sharpening; spirit; spunk. 
(Geol.) A hard, gritty conglomerate or sand-stone. 
pi. Hulled and broken grain; groats. (High Milling.) 
Fragments of cracked wheat smaller than groats. — 
v. i. To give forth a sound as of sand under the feet; 
to grind. — v. t. To grind, grate. [AS. great, Ic. 
grjot ; s. rt. grout.] — Grif ty, -tY, a. Containing, or 
consisting of, sand, etc.; rough; spirited and resolute. 
— Grit'tiness, n.— Grif stone, n. A hard sandstone. 

Grizzle, griz'zl, n. Gray; a mixture of white and 
black. [F. and MHG. gris, gray, G. greis, a gray- 
haired man ; prob. s. rt. gray ; s. rt. grisette.] — Griz'- 
zled, -zld, o. Gray. — Griz'zly, -zlY, a. Somewhat 
gray. — Grizzly bear. A large and ferocious bear of 
Western N. Amer. 

Groan, gron, v. i. [groaned (grond), groaning.] To 
give forth a low, moaning sound, as in pain or sor- 
row; to strive after earnestly. — n. A low, moaning 
sound, — usually uttered in pain; sometimes, in de- 
rision. [AS. granian ; s. rt. grin.] 

Groat, grawt, n. An old English coin worth 8 cents; 
any small sum. [ME. and OLG. grote, name of the 
com, also great, D. groot, E. great.'] 

Groats, grawts, n. pi. Oats or wheat hulled and broken 
or cracked. [AS. gratan ; s. rt. grind.] 

Grocer, gro'sgr, n. A dealer in tea, sugar, spices, etc. 
[Orig. grosser, OF. grossier, a wholesale dealer, fr. 
gros, great.] — Gro'cery, -sSr-Y, n. pi. Commodities 
sold by grocers. A grocer's store. [OF. grosserie.'] 

Grog, grog, n. A mixture of spirit and water, usually 
not sweetened. [Fr. " Old Grog,'" nickname of Ad- 
miral Edw. Vernon, who wore grogram breeches, 
and, about 1745, had the sailors' rum diluted with 
water.] — Grog'gery, -ger-Y, n. A grog-shop.— Grog'- 
gy, -gY, a. Overcome with grog; tipsy; weakened in 
a fight so as to stagger; moving in a hobbling man- 
ner, from tender feet, — said of a horse. — Grog'gi- 
nesfi, n. — Grog'shop, n. A place for retailing, etc. 

Grogram, grog'ram, Grog'ran, n. A coarse stuff made 
of silk and mohair; also, a strong, coarse silk. [OF. 
gros-grain; gros, coarse, grain, grain, texture.] 

Groin, groin, n. The depressed part of the body be- 
tween belly and thigh. 
(Arch.) The angular curve 
made by the intersection 
of 2 semi-cylinders or 
arches. — v. t. [groined 
fgroind), groining.] 
(Arch.) To fashion into, 
or adorn with groins. 
[Prov. E. grain, fork of 
the branches of a tree, Ic. 
grein, branch, arm, greina, 
to fork, branch off.] — 
Groined, groind, a. (Arch.) 
Having an angular curve 
made t>y intersection of 
arches. 

Grommet, grom'met, n. 
(Naut.) A ring formed of 
a strand of rope laid round 
by others in a particular manner; a metal ring to 
finish an eyelet, etc. (Mil.) A rope wad for cannon. 
[F. gourmette, fr. gourmer, to curb, thump.] 

Groom, groom, n. A servant; esp. one in charge of 
horses; one of several officers of the English royal 
household, chiefly in the lord chamberlain's depart- 
ment; a man recently married, or about to be mar- 
ried; a bridegroom. — v. t. [groomed (groomd), 
grooming.] To tend or care for (a horse). [ME. 




Groined Arch. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; Odd, t5ne, 6r; 



GROOVE 



243 



GRUME 




Grossbeak. 



grom, grome. prob. fr. AS. and Goth, guma, L. homo, 
a man.] — Grooms'' man, n. An attendant of a bride- 
groom atjiis wedding. 

Groove, groov, n. A furrow, channel; a long hollow 
cut by a tool.— v. t. [grooved (groovd), grooving.] 
To cut a groove in, form into grooves, furrow. [D. 
groef, groeve, a grave, groove ; s. rt. grove, q. v.] 

Grope', grop. v. i. [groped (gropt), groping.] To at- 
tempt to find something in the dark, or as a blind 
person, by feeling; to feel one's way. — v. t. To 
search out by feeling in the dark. [AS. grapian, to 
seize, handle, grap, grip of the fingers, gripen, to 
gripe; s. rt. grasp.'] 

Gross, gros, a. Great; excessively or disproportion- 
ately large ; bulky ; coarse ; rough ; not easily aroused ; 
stupid: vulgar: indelicate; obscene; impure; thick; 
dense; palpable; whole; entire; total.— n. The main 
body, bulk, mass; the number of 12 dozen. [OF. 
gros, L. grossus, thick; s. rt. grocer, grogr am, engross, 
etc.] — A great gross. 12 gross; 144 dozen. — In the 
g., in g. In the bulk, or the whole undivided; all 
parts taken together. — Gross'ly, -It, adv. — Gross'- 
ness, n. — Gross'beak, -bek, 
n. A singing bird of several 
species, allied to the finch 
and linnet, having a convex 
bill, very thick at the base. 
[F. gros'bec, great beak.] 

Grot, grot, Grot'to, n. ; pL 
-toes, -toz. A natural cav- 
ern; an artificial cave or cav- 
ern-like apartment. [F. 
grotte. It. grotta, fr. L L. 
grupta, a crypt, cave, L. crypta, a crypt, q. v.] — 
Grotesque'', -tesk r , a. Like figures formerly painted 
in grottoes; whimsical; extravagant. [OF.] 

Ground, imp. and_p. p. of Grind, q. v. 

Ground, grownd, n. The surface of the earth, also of 
a floor; region; territory; land; estate; basis on which 
anything rests ; foundation ; premise, reason, or da- 
tum ; originating force, agency, or agent. (Paint.) 
The surface on which an object is represented; that 
portion of manufactured articles, of a uniform color, 
on which the figures are drawn or projected, pi. 
Sediment; dregs: lees. (Arch.) Pieces of wood, flush 
with the plastering, to which moldings, etc., are at- 
tached. (Mus.) A composition in which the base, 
consisting of a few bars of independent notes, is 
continually repeated to a varying melody; the tune 
on which descants are raised. (Elec.) A conduct- 
ing connection with the earth, making it part of an 
electrical circuit.— v. t. To lay or set on the ground; 
to found; to fix or set, as on a foundation, fix firmly; 
to instruct in elements or first principles. (Elec.) 
To connect with the ground, so as to make the earth 
a part of an electrical circuit.— v. i. To run aground; 
to strike and remain fixed. [AS., Dan., Sw., and G. 
grund, ground ; perh. orig. dust, earth, and s. rt. 
grind.] — To gain ground. To advance, proceed for- 
ward in conflict, obtain an advantage. — To give g. 
To recede, yield advantage. — To lose g. To retire, 
retreat, lose advantage, credit, or reputation. — 
Groundless, a. Without ground or foundation ; 
false. — Groundlessly, adv. — Groundlessness, n.— 
Ground'age, -ej, n. A tax paid by a ship for the 
ground or space it occupies while in port.— Ground '- 
ling, n. (Ichth.) A fish that keeps at the bottom of 
the water; the spined loach. A spectator in the pit 
of the theater, orig. on the ground and without seats. 
— Ground'sel, n. An annual, low-growing plant. 
[ME. greneswel, AS. grundeswelge, fr. grund and 
swelgan, to swallow, fr. its profuse growth.] — 
Ground'sel, -sill, n. The timber in a building next 
to the ground; ground-plate; sill. [ME. grunsel, fr. 
sill, q. v.] — Ground'swell, n. A broad, deep swell 
or undulation of the ocean after a storm, or caused 
by a distant gale. — Ground'work, n. Foundation; 
basis; the essential part, ground; first principle; orig- 
inal reason. — Ground'-ash, n. A sapling of ash.— 
-bait, n. Bait dropped to the bottom of the water to 
collect fish. — floor, n. The floor of a house on a 
level, or nearly so, with the ground. — hog, n. The 
American marmot; woodchuck; also, an animal of 
Australia. — nut.n. The peanut; also, a leguminous, 
twining plant, producing clusters of purple flowers, 
and having a root tuberous and pleasant to the taste; 
also, the dwarf ginseng; also, a European plant, hav- 
ing an edible root of globular shape, and sweet, aro- 
matic taste. — plan, n. Plan of the foundation or 
rooms of a building. — plate, n. (Arch.) One of the 
lower horizontal timbers of a building upon which 



the frame stands; agroundsill. — plot.n. Ground on 
which a building is placed; plan of the lower part of 
a building. — rent, n. Rent paid for the privilege 
of building on another man's land. — squir'rel, n. A 
squirrel_that burrows in the ground; a chipmunk. 
Group, groop, n. A cluster, crowd, or throng; an as- 
semblage of persons or things: an assemblage of fig- 
ures or objects in a certain order or relation, or hav- 
ing some resemblance or common characteristic. 
(Mus.) A number of 8th, 16th, etc., notes tied to- 
gether; any musical ornament consisting of several 



short tones, — v. t. [grouped (groopt), grouping.] 

n a cjroup of, forr 
combine. [F. groupe, group, It. groppo, knot, group, 



To form a <jroup of, form an assemblage, arrange, 




Grouse. 



G. kropf, a crop, craw, wen, orig. bunch; s. rt. crop.] 

Grouse, grows, n. A stout-legged rasorial bird, of sev- 
eral species, with feath- 
ered feet and short bill. 
[OF. griesche, greoche.] 

Grout, growt, n. Coarse 
meal; pollard; a kind of 
thick ale ; lees ; grounds ; 
dregs; sediment; a thin, 
coarse mortar; also, a 
finer material, used in 
finishing ceilings; a 
kind of wild apple.— 
v. t. To fill up (joints 
between stones) with 
grout. [AS. a n d D. 
grut, groats, q. v.; s. rt. grind, grit, gruel.]— Groufy, 
-t, a. Cross; surly; sullen. 

Grove, grov, n. A cluster of trees shading an avenue ; 
a group of trees smaller than a forest. [AS. graf, 
grove, fr. graf an, to dig, grave, cut; s. rt. groove.] 

Grovel, grov'l, v. i. [-eled (-Id), -eling.] To creep 
on the earth, or with the face to the ground; to act 
in a prostrate posture; to be low or mean. [Ic. gmfa, 
prostrate on one's face, grvfla, to grovel.] — Grov'- 
eler, n. One who grovels; an_abject wretch. 

Grow, gro, v. i.Ump. grew (groo); p. p. grown (gron): 
growing.] To increase in size by a natural and or- 
ganic process; to increase in any way, be augmented; 
to thrive, flourish; to result as an effect from a 
cause, become; to become attached or fixed, adhere. 

— v. t. To cause to grow, cultivate, produce, raise. 
[AS. growan, imp. greow, p. p. grou-en, Ic. groa.] — 
Growler, n. One who grows, cultivates, or produces. 

— Growth, n. Process of growing; gradual increase 
of animal and vegetable bodies; production; that 
which has grown; effect; result. [Ic. grodhr.] 

Growl, growl, v. i. [growled (growld), growling.] 
To murmur or snarl, as a dog; to utter an angry, 
grumbling sound.— v.t. To express by growling. 

— n. The murmur of a cross dog. [D. grollen, to 
grumble; G., to bear ill-will against, also, to rumble, 
as thunder, Gr. gndlizein, to grunt, grullos, a pig, 
gru, grunt. See Grumble.] — GrowKer, n. 

Grub, grub, v. i. [grubbed (grubd), -bing.] To dig 
in or under the ground; to be occupied in digging; 
to beg, esp. food. —v. t. To dig, dig up by the roots. 
— n. A fleshy larve, esp. a larve of a beetle or wee- 
vil; a short, thick man, dwarf; that which is grubbed 
up for food; victuals. [AS. grapian, to grope, q. v.; 
s. rt. grab, grasp, gripe?] — Grub'ber, w. 

Grudge, gruj, v. t. [grudged (grujd), grudging.] To 
part with reluctantly, desire to get back again. — v. 
i. To be covetous or envious, unwilling or reluc- 
tant. — n. Uneasiness at the possession of something 
by another: ill will; envy; pique; hatred; spite. 
[ME. grucchen, gruggen, grudge, fr. OF. grocer, 
groucher, to murmur, later gruger, to repine, LL. 
groussare, to murmur; s. rt. growt] — Grudg'er, n. 

— Grudg'ingly, adv. 

Gruel, groo'el, n. A light, liquid food, made by boil- 
ing meal in water. [OF.; LL. grutellum, dim. of 
grutum, meal, OLG., D., and AS. grut, groats, q. v.] 

Gruff, gruf, a. Of a rough or stern manner, voice, or 
countenance; rugged; harsh. [D. and Sw. grof, Dan. 
grov, coarse, rude, gross; prob. s. rt. AS. reofan, Ic. 
rjufa, L. rumpere, to break, — hence broken, rough, 
coarse.] — Gruffly, acfo. — Gruff / 'nesB, n. 

Grum, grum, a. Morose ; severe of countenance ; 
glum ; grim ; low ; deep in the throat ; guttural. 
[Dan., atrocious, G. gram, vexation. See Grim.] — 
Grum'ly, adv. — Grum'ble, -bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), 
-bling.J To murmur with discontent ; to growl, 
snarl ; to rumble, roar. — v. t. To express with 
grumbling. [F. grommeler, G. grummelen, D. grom- 
men.] — GrunVbler, n. 

Grume, groom, n. A thick, viscid fluid; a clot, as of 



sun, cube, full ; moon, 



; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



GRUNT 



244 



GDISE 



blood. [OF., a bunch, cluster, grumeau, clot o± 
blood, L. grumus, heap of earth.] — Gru'mous, -mus, 
a. Like or containing grume; thick; clotted. (Bot.) 
Clustered tubercular (roots). 
Grunt, grunt, v. i. To make a deep guttural noise, 
like a hog. — n. A deep, guttural, or short, rough 
sound. [AS. grunan, Dan. gn/nte, L. grunnire. Gr. 
gruzein, to grunt, gru, sound of a pig. See Growl.] 

— Grunt'er, n. — Grunfling, n. A young hog. 
Gryphon. Same as Griffin. 

Guaiacum, gwa'ya-kum, n. A genus of small, crooked 
trees, of tropicrd Amer. ; balsamic resin of lignum- 
vitse, found in the W. Indies and Central Amer., — 
used in med. [Sp. guayaco, fr. language of Hayti.] 

Guano, gwa/no, n. Excrement of sea-fowls, — used as 
manure. [Sp. guano, huano, Peruv. huanu, dung.] 

Guarantee, gaKan-te', n. {Law.) A promise to an- 
swer for the payment of some debt, or performance 
of some duty, in case of the failure of another who 
is primarily liable; a warranty; security; a guaran- 
tor; the person to whom a guaranty is made. — v. t. 
'[guaranteed (-ted''), -teeing.] To engage for the 
payment of debt or performance of duty, by an- 
other person; to make sure; warrant. — Guar'anty, 
-tT, n. — v. t. [-tied (-tid), -tying (-tT-ing).] Form 
of Guarantee generally used by legal writers in 
U. S. [OF. garrantie, garantie, fr. garant, gucirant, 
warant, warrant, q. v.]— Guar'antor', -t6r', n. (Law.) 
One who makes or gives a guaranty; a warrantor; 
surety; one who engages to secure another in any 
right or possession. 

Guard, giird, v. t. To protect from danger ; to secure 
against surprise, attack, or injury ; to accompany 
for protection ; to protect the edge of, esp. with an 
ornamental border. — v. i. To watch by way of 
caution or defense; to be in a state of defense or 
safety. — n. That which guards or secures ; as, a 
man or body of men stationed to protect a person or 
position, a watch, sentinel; or, one in charge of a 
mail coach or a railroad train, conductor; or, an ex- 
pression or admission to secure against objections 
or censure ; any attachment to protect against in- 
jury, defacement, or loss; as, part of a sword hilt 
protecting the hand; or, ornamental lace or hem 
protecting the edge of a garment; or, a chain or cord 
fastening a timepiece to one's person; or, a fence to 
prevent falling from the deck of a vessel; or, a 
widening of the deck of a steamboat by a frame- 
work, whicb protects the water-wheel and the shaft 
against collision. (Fencing.) A posture of defense. 
[OF. garder, guarder, warder, MHG. warden, to 
watch ; s. rt. ward, q. v.] — Guard'er, n. — Guards- 
able, a. — Guard'ant, a. (Her.) Having the face 
turned toward the spectator. — Guard'edly, adv. In 
a guarded or cautious manner. — Guard'edness, n. 

— Guardian, -I-an, n. One who guards, preserves, 
or secures ; a warden. (Law.) One who has the 
custody of the person or property of an infant, a 
minor without living parents, or a person incapable 
of managing his own affairs. — a. Guarding; pro- 
tecting. [OF. gardien ; same as warden.~\ — Guard''- 
ianship, n. Office of a guardian. — Guard'room, n. 
A room for the accommodation of guards. 

Guava, gwa'va, n. A tropical tree, or its fruit, which 
is made into jelly. [Sp. guayaba.] 

Gubernatorial, gu'ber-na-to'rl-al, a. Pert, to govern- 
ment, or a governor. [L. gubernator, governor, q. v.] 

Gudgeon, gucrjun, n. A small fresh-water fish, easily 
caught : a person 
easily cheated or 
insnared : a bait ; 
allurement. 
(Much.) The iron 
pin in the end of 
a wooden shaft or 
axle, on which it 
turns in a collar or on a gudgeon-block; formerly, 
the part of any horizontal shaft on which it runs. 
(Naut.) An eye or clamp on the stern-post to hang 
the rudder on. [F. goujon, L. gobio, Gr. kobios.] 

Gueber, -bre, ge'ber, n. Fire- worshiper; follower of 
Zoroaster; Parsee. [Per. ghebr, fr. Ar. kafr, infidel.] 

Guerdon, gSr'don, n. A reward ; requital ; recom- 
pense. [OF.; It. guirardone, LL. widerdonum, fr. 
OHG. loider (G. wieder), back, again, and L. donum, 
a gift ; OHG. widarlon, AS. widherlean, recom- 
pense; AS. lean = E. loan.] 

Guerrilla, ger-riKla, n. An irregular warfare, by at- 
tacks of independent bands ; one who carries on ir- 
regular or predatory warfare. [Sp., a skirmish, 
dim. of guerra, F. guerre, E. loar, OHG. werra.] 




Gudgeon. 



Guess, ges, v. t. [guessed (gest), -sing.] f o judge of 
at random; to form an opinion of, from reasons 
seemingly preponderating, but not decisive,- to con- 
jecture rightly; to hit upon by accident — v. i. To 
make a guess, think, suppose. — n. A conjecture; 

i" udgment without sufficient grounds. [Dan. gisse, 
). gissen, Ic. giska, to guess, fr. geta, AS. g'Aan, E. 
get : prob., orig., to try to get.] — Guess'er, n. 

Guest, gest, n. A visitor; a lodger at a hotel, etc. [AS. 
giest, gest, Ic. gestr, Sw., Dan., and G. gas*., L. hostis; 
s. rt. garlic, goad, gore, hostile.'] 

Guffaw, guf-faw', n. A lcud burst of laughter ; a 
horse-laugh. [Scot.] 

Guide, gid, v. t. To lead or direct, conduct in a course 
or path, pilot ; to regulate and manage, train, in- 
fluence. — n. One who, or that which, etc.; a path- 
finder ; conductor ; director ; regulator. (Mil.) A 
non-commissioned officer, placed on the flank of a 
rank or end of a line, to preserve proper position, 
distance, etc. [OF. guider, It. guidare, to guide; 
prob. s. rt. Moeso-Goth. witan, to watch, observe, AS. 
witan, to know, wis, wise, wisa, leader.] — Guid'able, 
a. — Guid'age, -ej, n. Reward given to a guide ; 
guidance. — Guid'ance, -ans, n. Act of guiding ; di- 
rection ; government. — Guide'-bars, -blocks, n. pi 
(Much.) Pieces of metal on which the cross-head of 
a steam - en 





post at the fork of a road, to direct trav'ers. — Gui'» 
don, n. A small flag, as that carried by a military 
guide, or used to signal at sea; naff of a guild or fra- 
ternity; one who carries a flag. [P.] 

Guild, gild, n. An association of men, of the same 
class or kindred pursuits, for mutual aid and pro- 
tection. [D. gild, G. gilde, a guild, society, AS. and 
Goth, gild, Ic. gildi, payment, tribute, AS. gildan, to 
pay; s. rt. yield.] — Guild'hall, -hawl, n. The hall 
where a guild or corporation assemble. 

Guile, gll, n. Craft; artifice; duplieitv; deceit. [OF. 
guile, guille ; s. rt. AS. wil, Ic. vel, E. wiie, q. v.] — 
Guile'ful, -ful, a. Full of guile ; characterized Dy 
cunning, deceit, or treachery. — Guileless, a. Free 
from guile ; artless. — Guile'lessness, n. 

Guillemot, gil'le-mot', n. A marine diving bird, allied 
to the auks, found in 
northern Europe, 
Asia, and America. 
[F. ; W. chwilawg, 
whirling.] 

Guilloche, gil-losh', n. ^~ 
(Arch.) An ornament 
in the form of twisted 

bands. [F., fr. Quit- Onilloche 

lot, the inventor.] irumocae. 

Guillotine, giKlo-ten', n. A machine for beheading 
by the stroke of a steel blade. 
— v. *. [guii/lotined' 
(-tend'), -tiningJ To be- 
head with, etc. [Inventor's 
name.] 

Guilt, gilt. n. State resulting 
from violation of law; crim- 
inality and consequent ex- 
p o s u r e to punishment; of- 
fense against right ; expo- 
sure to legal penalty or for- 
feiture. [AS. gylt, crime, 
prob. orig. a fine, payment; 
s. rt. gyld, gild, a recom- 
pense. See Guild.] — 
Guilt'y, -T, a. [-ier,-iest.] Evincing guilt; criminali 
wicked. JAS. gyltig.] — Guilfily, adv. — Guilt'i- 
ness, n.— Guiltless, a. Free from guilt; without ex- 
perience or trial.— Guilftessness, n. 

Guinea, gin'e, n. An old gold coin of Eng., worth 
21 shillings sterling, or about $5. [First coined of 
gold brought by the African Company f r. Guinea, in 
Africa, in 1695.] — Guin'ea-fowl, -hen, n. A harsh- 
voiced fowl allied to the pheasants, orig. fr. Africa. 

worm, n. A long, parasitic worm of hot regions, 

burrowing in human cellular tissue, esp. of the legs. 

Guinea-pig, gin-'e-pig, n. A small Brazilian rodent. 
[Prob. corrupt, of Guiana-pig.] 

Guise, giz, n. External appearance in manner or 
dress ; garb ; mien ; custom ; mode ; practice. [OF.; 
OHG. wisa, MHG., AS., and E. wise, q. v.] 




am, fame, far, pass or ojiera, fare ; end, eve. term ; In, ice ; 6dd. t5ne, 6r : 



GUITAR 



245 



GUTTA 




Gules 



Guitar, gi-tar', n. A stringed 
musical instrument, resem- 
bling the violin, having 6 
strings, played upon with the 
fingers. [F. guitare, L. cithara, 
Gr. kithara.] 

Gulch, gulch, n. Orig., a glut- 
ton; a ravine; deep ravine or 
water-course. [Prob. same as 
gullet, gully.'] 

Gales, gfllz, n. (Her.} A red 
color; red, — indicated in en- 
graving by straight perpendicular 
lines. [F. gueules, LL. guise, pi. of 
gula, F. guevle, the mouth, 
Gullet.] 

Gulf, gulf, n. An abyss; deep chasm 
or basin. (Geog.) A large bay ; 
open sea. [F. go\fe, orig. goulfe, 
gulf, whirlpool, Sp., Pg., and It. 
golfo, gulf, bay. Late Gr. koljihos, 
fr. Gr. kolpos, bosom, lap, bay, 
creek.] — Gulf Stream. A warm 
current running from the G. of Mexico along the 
shores of the U. S. into the N. E. Atlantic. — Gulf y, 
-T, a. Full of whirlpools or gulfs. 

Gull, gul, n. ( Ornith.) A web-footed sea-fowl, with 
long, narrow wings, and a straight beak hooked at 
the tip. A trick; Fraud; one easily cheated; a dupe. 

— v. t. [gulled (guld), -ling.] To deeeive, cheat, 
defraud. [Corn, gullan, W. gwylan. Armor, gwelan, 
a gull (bird), — the other meaning fr. a false notion 
that the gull is a stupid bird.] — Gul'lible, -lT-bl, a. 
Easily deceived. — Gullibility, n. 

Gullet, guKlet, n. (Anat.) Tin: esophagus. Some- 
thing resembling the food-passage. [F. goulet, dim. 
of OF. goule, L. gula, the throat; s. rt. Skr. gal, to 
eat.] — Gul'ly, -IT, n. A channel worn in the earth 
ov a current of water; a ditch; gutter. — v. t. [gul- 
lied (-lid), -lying.] To wear into a gully. [Corrupt, 
of gullet. \— Gulos'ity, -los'Y-tT, n. Greediness; vo- 
racity. [L. gulosus, gluttonous, fr. gula.] 

Gulp, gulp, v. t. [gulped (gulpt), gulping.] To swal- 
low eagerly, swallow up. — n. A swallow, or as 
much as is swallowed at once; a disgorging. [D. 
gulpen, to swallow, OD., to quaff, fr. gulp, a billow, 
gulp; Dan. gulpe, to disgorge; perh. s. rt. gulf.] 

Gum, gum, n. The hard, fleshy substance covering 
the jaws and investing the teeth. [AS. goma, Ic. 
gornr, the palate ; s. rt. Gr. chainein, to gape.] — 
Gum'-boil, n. A boil or small abscess on the gum. 
— rash, n. (Med.) A cutaneous disease. 

Gum, gum, n. A vegetable secretion of many trees 
and plants which hardens when it exudes, but is 
soluble in water; also, with less propriety, exuda- 
tions not soluble in water, —v. t. [gummed (gumd), 
-ming.] To smear with, or unite or stiffen by gum. 

— v.i. To harden into gum, become gummy. [F. 
gomme, L. gummi, Gr. kommi.] — Gum arabic. A 
gum from trees of several species of the genus Acn- 
cia. — G. elastic. Caoutchouc or India rubber. — G. 
lac. See Lac— G. Senegal. A gum resembling gum 
arabic, from the River Senegal, in Africa.— G. trag- 
acanth. See Tragacanth.— Gum'my, -mY, -mous, 
-mus, a. [-MiER, -miest.] Consisting of, producing, 
or covered with, gum ; viscous ; adhesive. — Gum'- 
miiies8, n. — Gummif erous, -Sr-us, a. Producing 
gum. [Jj.ferre, to bear.] — Gum'-res'in, -rezln, n. 
The milky juice of a plant solidified by exposure to 
air; an inspissated sap; a combination of true gum 
and resin, requiring both water and alcohol to en- 
tirelv dissolve it. — tree. n. (Bot.) The black gum, 
of the southern U. S.; a large Australian tree. In 
the southern U. S., a hollow tree. 

Sumbo, guni / 'bo, n. Okra ; a dish composed of okra, 
tomatoes, and a little mustard together. 

iurap, gump, n. A foolish person; dolt; dunce. [Sw. 
and Dan., buttocks, rump.] 

♦umption, gump'shun, n. Capacity ; shrewdness ; 
common sense. (Paint.) Art of preparing colors; 
magilp, q. v. [AS. geomian, to take care of.] 

tan, "gun, n. Any weapon having a long barrel from 
which missiles are thrown by the power of gun- 
powder, compressed air, etc. (Mil.) A cannon 
proper, as distinguished from howitzers, etc. — v. i. 

t gunned (gund), -NING.] To practice fowling or 
lunting small game. [W. gum, bowl, later gun, Ir. 
and G-.i.gunna, gun, orig. applied to a catapult, perh. 
f r. the howl holding the missile.] — Gun'ner, n. One 
who works a gun; a naval warrant officer, in charge 
of the ordnance.— Gun'nery, -ner-Y, n. Art and sci- 



ence of firing guns. — Gun'ning, n. Act or practice 
of hunting game with a gun. — Gun'nel, Gun 'wale, 
-net, n. (Naut.) The upper edge of a vessel's side; 
uppermost wale of a ship.— Gun'powder, n. A mix- 
ture of saltpeter, sulphur, and charcoal pulverized, 
granulated, and dried.— Gun'reach, n. The distance 
to which a gun will shoot ; gunshot. — Gun'shot, n. 
(Mil.) The distance of the point-blank range of a 
cannon-shot; effective distance to which shot can be 
thrown from a gun. — Gun'smith, n. One who 
makes or repairs small arms; armorer. — Gun-stock, 
n. The stock or wood in 'which the barrel of a gun 
is fixed. — Gun'-boat, n. (Mil.) A boat or vessel of 

light draught, fitted to carry guns. cot'ton, n. A 

highly explosive substance obtained by soaking 
cotton, etc., in nitric and sulphuric acids. — -deck, n. 
(Naut.) Lower deck of a ship where the gun-room 
is ; main-deck of a frigate, etc., where guns are in 
battery. — met'al, n. An alloy of 9 parts of copper 
and 1 of tin, used for cannon, etc. — room, n. (Naut.) 
An apartment on the after end of the lower gun- 
deck of a ship of war, occupied by the gunner or as 
a mess-room by the lieutenants, etc. 

Gunnel, gun'nel, n. A little spotted fish, found on the 
N. Atlantic shores. 

Gunny, gun'nY, n. A strong, coarse kind of sacking. 
[Hind. & Bengal, gon, a sack or bag for grain.] 

Gunter's Chain, gun r t§rz-chan. The chain commonly 
used for measuring land, — being 4 rods, or 66 feet, 
long. — G. -Scale. A rule, 2 feet long, marked with 
graduated lines for solving questions in arithmetic, 
geometry, etc. [Fr. Edm. Gunter, the inventor.] 

Gurgle, gSr'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To run 
or flow in a broken, noisy current. — n. Sound 
made by flowing liquid. [It. gorgogliare, to purl, 
bubble, boil, gorgoglio, a warbling, gurgling of a 
stream, fr. gorgo, L. gurges, a whirlpool, gurgulio, 
the gullet; s. rt. gargle. See Gorge.] 

Gurnard, gSr'nard, -net, n. A sea-fish, having a large 
and spiny head with 
mailed cheeks, and 
making a grunting 
noise when caught. [F. 
grognard, OF. grong- . 
nard, lit. grunter, fr. 
grogner, L. grunnire, to 
grunt, q. v.] 

Gush, gush, v. i. [gushed 
(gusht), gushing.] To flow copiously, rush forth as 
a fluid from confinement; to act with a sudden and 
rapid impulse; to talk effusively, enthusiastically, or 
affectedly. — n. Violent issue of a fluid from an in- 
closed place ; fluid thus emitted ; sentimentality. 
[Ic. gusa, gjosa, D. gudsen, to gush, spirt; s. rt. L. 
haurire, to draw water, spill, Gr. cheein, to pour, 
also ~L.fundere, to pour, IE., fuse, geyser, gut.] — Gust, 
n. A sudden blast of wind ; burst of passion. [Ic. 
gvstr, gjosta, Sw. dial, gust.] — Gusfy, -I, a. Sub- 
ject to, or attended by, gusts; tempestuous. 

Gusset, gus'set, n. A piece of cloth inserted in a gar- 
ment, to strengthen or enlarge some part. [F. goua- 
set, dim. of gousse. It. guscio, the pod of a pea.] 

Gust, ii. A squall. See under Gush. 

Gust, gust, Gus'to, n. The sense or pleasure of tast- 
ing; keen appreciation ; relish ; capacity for enjoy- 
ment; taste. [It. and Sp. gusto, F. gout, L. gustus, a 
tasting, taste, gustare, Gr. geuein, to taste; Skr. jush, 
to enjoy ; s. rt. choose, disgust.] — Gusfatory, -to-rt, 
a. Pert, to taste. 

Gut, gut, n. The intestinal canal of an animal ; a 
string made from an intestine; a narrow passage or 
channel of water, pi. The whole mass of intestines. 
— v. t. To take out the bowels from, eviscerate; to 
destroy the interior of. (AS., orig a channel, OD. 
gate, a channel: s. rt. gush, q. v. ; not s. rt. gutter.] 

Gutta, gut'ta, n. ; pi. -tje, -te. A drop. (Arch.) One 
of a series of ornaments, 
shaped like a frustum of 
a cone, beneath the tri- 
glyphs, also the mutules, 
in the Doric order. [L., a 
drop.] — Gut'ta Sere'na, /-„+*€= 

-na. (Med.) Blindness oc- Witt*. 

casioned by a palsied retina or optic nerve ; amau- 
rosis. [L., serene or clear drop.] — Gufter, n. A 
channel for conveying away rain from a roof, also 
at the road side, etc. — v. t. [guttered (-terd), 
-terixg.] To form into small, longitudinal hollows 
or channels. — ? 1 , i. To become hollowed or chan- 
neled. [OF. gutiere, f r. gate, goute, L. gutta.] — Gut'- 
tiform, a. Drop-shaped. [L. forma, shape.] 




Gurnard. 



stin, cube, full ; moon, f6t>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



GUTTA-PERCHA 



246 



HACK 



Gutta-percha, gntla-pgr'cha, n. An inelastic inspis- 
sated sap from trees of the Malayan archipelago, re- 
sembling caoutchouc in its properties. [Malay, 
gatah (spelled gutta, fr. confusion with L. gutta, a 
drop), gum, and percha^. name of the tree.] 

Guttural, gutler-al, a. Pert, to, or formed in, the 
throat. — n. A letter pronounced in the throat. [F. ; 
L. gutturalis, fr. guttur, the throat ; prob. s. rt. gutta, 
a drop.] — Gut'turally, adv.— Gufturalness, n. 

Guy, gi, n. A rope or rod attached to anything to 
steady it. TSp. guia, a guy, also a leader, fr. guiar, 
F. guii/er, E. guide, q. v.] 

Guy, gi, n. A grotesque effigy of Guy Fawkes, dressed 
up in Eng., on Nov. 5th, anniversary of the Gunpow- 
der Plot; a person of queer dress or appearance. 

Guzzle, guz'zl, v. i. [-zled (-zld), -zling.] To swal- 
low liquor greedily, drink frequently. — v. t. To 
swallow much or often. — n. An insatiable thing or 
person. [OF. gouziller, to gulp, swallow; s. rt. F. 
gosier, throat.] — Guz'zler, n. 

Gybe, jib, v. t. & i. [gybed (jibd), gybing.] (Naut.) 
To shift from one side of a vessel to the other. 

Gymnasium, jim-na'zT-um, n. ; pi. -sia, -zi-a. A place 
for athletic exercises; school for the higher branches 
of literature and science. [L.; Gr. gumnasion, fr. 
gumnazein, to exercise, fr. gumnos, naked.] — Gym'- 
nast, n. One who teaches or practices gymnastic ex- 
ercises; manager of a gymnasium. — Gymnaslic, 
-tical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Gymnaslically, adv. — 
Gymnas'tic, n. Athletic exercise ; one who practices 
or teaches, etc. — Gymnastics, n. Athletic exer- 
cises, or the art of performing, etc.— Gymnos'ophist, 
-o-fist, n. One of a sect of E. Indian philosophers 
who went almost naked. [Gr. gumnosophistes ; so- 
phistes, philosopher.] — Gym'nosperm, -no-sperm, n. 
(Bot.) A plant that bears naked seeds, as the com- 
mon pine and hemlock. [Gr. sperma, seed.] — Gym- 
no'tus, n. The S. Amer. electrical eel. [Gr. notos, 
the back.] 

Gynarchy, jin'ar-kT, n. Government by a woman. 
[Gr. gune, woman, and archein, to rule.] — Gyn'eoc'- 
racy, -e-okla-sl, n. Gynarchy. [Gr. kratein, to 



rule.] — Gyn'ecoKogy, -ji, n. (Med.) Science of the 
nature and diseases of women. [Gr. logos, dis- 
course.] 

Gypsum, jip'sum, n. (Min.) A mineral consisting of 
sulphate of lime and 21 per cent, of water: when 
burnt to drive off the water, and ground up, it forms 
plaster of Paris. [L.; Gr. gupsos, chalk. Per. jabsin, 
lime, Ar. jibs, plaster, mortar.] — Gyp'seous, -se-us, 
a. Like or containing gypsum. — Gypsog'raphy, 
-sog'ra-f i, n. Act or art of engraving upon, etc. [Gr. 
graphein, to write.] 

Gypsy, Gipsy, Gypsey, jip'si, n. ; pi. -sies, -siz. One 
of a vagabond race, orig. fr. India, living by theft, 
fortune-telling, tinkering, etc.; a cunning or crafty 
person. [Corrupt, of Egyptian, fr. an idea that they 
came from Egypt.] 

Gyrus, jilus, n. ; pi. -ki, -ri. (Anat.) A convolution 
of the brain. [L.; Gr. guros, a ring, circle, also (adj.) 
round; L. gyrare, -ratum, to turn round.] —Gyre, 
jir, n. A circular motion, or circle described bv a 
moving body. — Gy'ral, a. Moving in a circular 
path; whirling; gyratory. (Med.) Pert, to a gyrus. 
— Gy'rate, -rat, v. i. 1 o revolve round a central 
point, move spirally. — Gyra'tion, n. Act of turn- 
ing or whirling around a fixed center; a circular or 
spiral motion; rotation.— Gy'ratory, -to-rT, a. Mov- 
ing in a circle, or spirally.— Gyrlalcon, jerlaw-kn, 
n. A falcon from the far north, bolder and stron- 
ger than the peregrine or common European falcon. 
[OF. gerfault, It. gerfalco, LL. gerofalco, gyrofalco, 
a falcon (falco) which circles before descending on 
its prey; prob. not fr.G. geier, a vulture, fr. L.gyrare.] 
— GyT'omancy, jir'o-man'si, n. A kind of divination 
performed by walking in or around a circle. [Gr. 
manteia, divination.]— Gyloscope, -skop, n. A rota- 
ting wheel mounted in a ring or rings, illustrating 
the dynamics of rotating bodies, composition of ro- 
tations, etc. [Gr. skopein, to view.] 

Gyve, jlv, n. A shackle, esp. one to confine the legs; 



chain. [W. gefyn, Ga. and Ir. geimheal, fetter, 
chain, Ir. geibhaim, Ga. gabh, to take, receive.] 



H. 



H, ach, the 8th letter of the Eng. alphabet, commonly 
classed as a consonant, is a mere breathing, aspira- 
ting a following vowel. (Mus.) The 7th degree in 
the diatonic scale, used by Germans for B natural. 

Ha, ha, inter). An exclamation of surprise, joy, or 
grief. [MflG.; G. he; MEG. and OFries. haha, de- 
noting laughter.] 

Eabeas Corpus, ha'be-as-kfir'pus. (Law.) A writ to 
bring a party before a court or judge ; esp., one to 
inquire into the cause of a person's imprisonment 
or detention by another, to protect the right to per- 
sonal liberty. [L., you may have the body.] 

Haberdasher, hab'Sr-dasb/er, n. A seller of small 
wares, such as tapes, pins, needles, thread, etc. 
[OF., fr. Ic. hapurtask, prob. peddler's wares, fr. 
haprtask, pack, haversack, q. v.j — Hab'erdaBb/ery, 
-Sr-i, n. Goods sold by, etc. [OF. haberdashrie.] 

Haberdine, hab-er-den' or hab'er-din, n. A dried 
salt cod. [Prob. corrupt, fr. Aberdeen-fish.'] 

Habergeon, ha-ber^je-un, n. Defensive armor from 
neck to middle, formed of iron meshes. [OF. hauber- 
gon, dim. of hauberc. See Hauberk.] 

Habiliment, ha-bil'i-ment, n. A garment ; clothing. 
[F. habillement, f r. habiller, to dress? get ready, fr. ha- 
bile, ready, L. habilis, fit. See Able and Habit.] 

Habit, habit, n. The usual condition of a person or 
thing ; ordinary state ; esp. physical temperament ; 
fixed custom ; involuntary tendency or aptitude 
to perform certain actions, acquired by their fre- 
quent repetition ; manner ; way ; custom ; moral 
character ; attire ; dress ; habiliment ; a garment, 
esp. a closely fitting coat worn by ladies. — v. t. To 
dress, clothe, array. [OF. ; L. habitus, a garment, 
also a habit, custom, fr. L. habere, habitum, to have, 
keep ; 8. rt. exhibit, inhabit, prohibit, able, dishabille, 
debt,binnacle, malady; not s. rt.have.]— Habitat, n. 
(Nat. Hist.) The natural abode of a plant or animal. 
[L., 3d pers. sing, of habitare, to dwell, freq. of ha- 
bere A — Habitant, n. An inhabitant ; dweller ; res- 



ident. £F., fr. habiter, L. habitare.'] — Habitable, a. 
[F.: L. habitabilis.]— Habltableness, -ability, -tT, n. 
— Habltancy, -an-st, n. Same as Inhabitancy. — 
Habita'tion, n. Act of inhabiting ; state of dwel- 
ling; place of abode; mansion; residence. (Bot.) A 
habitat. [F.] — Habit'uai, «u-al, a. Formed or ac- 
quired by, or according to, habit ; rendered per- 
manent bv continued causes. [OF.] — Habit'ually, 
adv. — Habit'uate, v. t. To make accustomed, ac- 
custom ; familiarize. — Habit'ua'tion, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc. — Habitude, -tfld, n. Fre- 
quent repetition of an act or feeling, and its result- 
ing consequence ; customary manner or mode of 
living, feeling, or acting. [F.; L. habitudo.] — Ha- 
bitue, a-bit'oo-a', n. One habituated to a certain 
place, employment, etc. ; a frequenter. [F.] 

Hacienda, a/the-en'da, n. An estate for stock-raising; 
farm. [Sp., employment, estate, fr. L. faciendum^ 
-da, what is to be done, fr. facere, to do.] 

Hack, hak, v. t. [hacked (hakt), hacking.] To cut 
irregularly and awkwardly, notch ; to speak with 
stops or hesitation. — v. i. To cough in a broken 
manner, hawk. — n. A notch ; cut ; hesitating or 
faltering speech. [D. hakken, to hew, Sw. hacka, 
to chop, ONorthumb. hackande, troublesome; s. rt. 
hash.]— Hag'gess, -ges, -gis, n. A pudding contain- 
ing parts of a sheep, with herbs. [Scot., f r. hag = E. 
hew ; D. haksel, minced meat.] — Hag'gle, v. t. [-gled 
(-gld), -glixg.] To cut into small pieces; to roughen 
by cutting; to tease, worry.— v. i. To be difficult in 
bargaining, chaffer, higgle. [Freq. of Scot, hag ; D. 
hakkelen, to mangle, stammer, hakketeren, to wran- 
gle, cavil, fr. hakken.] — Hag'gler, n. One who, etc.; 
one who forestalls a market.— Hig'gle, v. t. [-gled 
(-gld), -gling.] To carry provisions about for sale ; 
to chaffer. — Hig'gler, n. 

Hack, hak, n. A horse, or carriage, let out for com- 
mon hire; a family horse used in all kinds of work; 
a man who hires himself out for literary work ; a 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Cnd, 



term ; tn, Ice ; 5dd. tone. 8r 



HACKBERR7 



247 



HALLELUJAH 



drudge ; a large pick for working stone : a rack for 
feeding cattle; a frame for drying fish, or cheeses: a 
place where bricks are dried before burning : the 
wooden frame in the tailrace of a mill. —a. Haek- 
neved; hired; mercenary. [Abbr. of hackney.] — 
Haick'ney, -nt, n. ; pi. -neys, -niz. A hack; nag; 
ponv ; one worn by hired drudgery ; a hireling ; 
pros'titute. — a. Let out for hire ; prostitute; much 
used; common ; trite. — v. t. [hackneyed (-nid), 
-xeying.] To devote to common use, as a horse or 
coach; to make trite or commonplace. [OF. haquenee, 
OD. hackeneye, prob. fr. hakken, to chop (see Hack, 
r. (.), to jolt, and negge, a nag.] — Hack'ney-coach, 
n. A coach kept for hire; a hack. 

Hackberry, hak'bgr-ri, n. An Amer. tree, resembling 
an elm, bearing a small edible fruit. 

Hackle, hak'l, Heckle, Hatch'el, hachl, v. t. [-led 
(-Id), -lino.] To separate, as the coarse part of flax 
or hemp from the fine, by drawing it through the 
teeth of a hackle or hatchel; to tear rudely asunder. 
— a. An instrument with teeth for separating 
(coarse flax from fine) ; any flimsy substance nn- 
spun, as raw silk; a fly for angling. [D. hekel, dim. 
of haak, hook.] — Hatch'eler, n. 

Hackmatack, hak'ma-tak, n. The black larch or 
tamarack tree. [Of Indian origin.] 

Had. See Have. 

Haddock, had'dok, n. A sea-fish smaller than the cod, 
which it resembles. [Cf. 
Ga. alag, OF. hadot, a 
haddock. Gr. gados, a cod, < 
AS. hacod. See Hake.] 

Hades, ha'dez, n. The hab- 
itation of the dead. [Gr. Haddock. 
Hades, Haides, perh. fr. o priv. and idem, to see.] 

HasmaL etc. See Hemal. 

Haft, haft, n. A handle (of a knife, sword, etc.) : i 
hilt. [AS. hseft; s. rt. AS. habban, Ic. hafa, L. ca- 
pere, E. have.'] 

Hag, hag, n. An ugly old woman; a fury ; she-mon- 
ster; a witch; sorceress. [AS. hcegtesse, MHG. hacke, 
a witch, perh. fr. AS. haga, MHG. hag, a hedge.] — ' 
Hag'gish, a. Like a hag ; ugly ; horrid. — Hag'- ; 
ship. n. State or title of, etc.— Hag'gard, a. Ap- ■ 
pearing wasted by want; thin; hollow-eved. 

Haggard, hag'gard, a. Wild or intractable. — n. An! 
untrained or refractory hawk ; anything wild or in- | 
tractable. [OF. hagard, wild, strange, orig. livin 
in a hedse, fr. MHG. hag. See Hag 



part of the 



Haggess, Haggle, etc. See under Hack, v. t. 

Hagiographa, hag-l-og'ra-fa, n. pi. That 
Old Testament not embraced by the Law and the 
Prophet6 ; the lives of the saints. [Gr., fr. hagios, 
holy (s. rt. 8kr. yaj, to worship), and graphein, to 
write.] — Hagiog'raphal, -fal, a. Pert, to the hagi- 
ographa. or to sacred writinss. — Hagiog'rapher, n. 
A sacred writer. — Hagiog'faphy, -ft, n. Same as 
Hagiogf.apha. — Hagiol'ogy, -jT, n. A narrative of 
the lives of the saints. [Gr. logos, speech.] 

Haguebut. hag'but or hag'e-but. See Arquebttse. 

Hah. interj. Same as Ha. 

Ha-ha, ha-ha', n. A fence, wall, or ditch sunk in a 
slope so as not to be seen until one is close upon it. 
[Reduplication of haw, a hedge. See Haw.] 

Haik. hak. n, A piece of cloth worn by Arabs over 
the tunic. [Ar. haik, fr. haka, to weave.] 

Hail, hal, n. Frozen rain, or grains of ice precipi- 
tated from the clouds, —v. i. [hailed (hald), hail- 
ing.] To pour down masses of ice or frozen vapor. 
— r. t. To pour down, as hail. [AS. hagal, D., 
Dan., Sw., and G. hagel; s. rt. Gr. fcachlax, a peb- 
ble.]— Hail'stone, n. A pellet of hail. — Hail 'y, -T, 
a. Full or consisting of, etc. 

Hail, hal, interj. An exclamation of salutation. — n. 
A wish of health; a salutation. — v. t. To call to one 
at a distance ; to salute ; to name, address. In the 
phrase, to hail from, to assign as a ship's port of reg- 
istry, or the place whence one comes or to which 
one" belongs. [Ic. heiU, hale, whole, in go«d health. 
heUsa. to say nail to, to greet.] — HaiK-fe'llow, n. 
An intimate companion.— Hale, a. Sound: healthv: 
robust. [AS. hal; s. rt. Ic. heiU, E. whole, health.] 

Hair, bar. n. A small animal filament growing from 
the skin, or a mass of such. (Bot.) A filament'on the 
surface of plants. (Mech.) A secondary sprins in some 
rifle or pistol loeks, to unlock the tunibler. [AS. hser, 
D. and Dan. haar.] — To split hairs. To make distinc- 
tions of useless nicety. — .iVof tcorth a h. Of no 
value. — To a h. With the nicest distinction. — 
Hair'y. -T, a. Made of, covered with, or like, etc— 
Hair'inesB, n. — Hairless, a. Without hair. — 



Hair'-breadth, n. The diameter or breadth of a hair; 
a very small distance, —a. Very narrow. — -brush, 
n. A brush for smoothing the hair. — -cloth, «. 

Stuff made wholly, or in part, of hair. dresser, 

n. One who dresses or cuts hair. — line, -stroke, n. 
A slender line in a letter or in drawing. — -trig'ger, 
n. An easily moved secondary trigger in some gua 
locks, which unlocks the hair. — pin, n. A pin used 
in dressing the hair. — spring, n. The fine steel re- 
coil-spring of a watch-balance. 

Hake, hak, n. A sea-fish of 
the cod family, having 
only 2 dorsal fins. [Xor- 
weg. hakefish, lit. hook- 
fish, fr. hake, Ic. haki, 
hook; AS. hacod.] aaKe - 

Halberd, hol'berd, -bert. n. An ancient weapon, 
combination of battle-ax, spear, and 
bill-hook, with a handle 6 ft. long. 
[OF. haleharde, MHG. helmbarte, 
prop, long-handled ax, f r. halm, helve, 
handle, and OHG. parta, broad ax.] — 
Hal'berdier' -er r , n. One carrving, etc. 

Halcyon, haKsT-on, n. The king-fisher. 
— a. Pert, to, or like the halcyon, 
which was said to lay her eggs near 
the sea during the calm weather about 
the winter solstice ; calm ; peaceful ; 
undisturbed; happy. [L. halcyon, al- 
cyon, Gr. alkuon, halkuon.] 

Hale, hal, a. Sound; healthy. See un- 
der Hail, interj. 

Hale, hal or hawl, v. t. [haled (hald or 
hawld), haxhtg.1 To drag, haul. [F. 
haler, to haul, OHG. halon, to fetch; same as haul.] 

Half, haf, n. ; pi. Halves, havz. One of 2 equal parts 
of a thing. —a. Consisting of a moiety, or half . — 
adv. In part, or in an equal part or degree. [AS. 
healf, D. and Sw. half.] — To go halves. To have an 
equal share. —Halve, hav, v. t. [halved (havd), 
halving.] To divide into 2 equal parts. — Half- 
and-half', n. A mixture of beer or porter and ale. 
— bind'ing, n. A style of book-binding in which 
the backs and corners are in leather, and the sides 
in paper or cloth. — blood, n. Relation between 
persons born of the same father or of the same 
mother, but not of both. — blood'ed, a. Proceeding 
from a male and female of different breeds or races; 

degenerate ; mean. breed, n. A person who is 

half-blooded ; esp. the offspring of Indians and 
whites. — brotb/er, n. A brother by one parent 
only. sis'ter, n. caste, n. One born of a Hin- 
doo parent on the one side, and of a European on 

the other. cock, n. The position of the cock of a 

gun when retained by the first notch. — heart'ed, a. 
Wanting in true affection; illiberal: lacking interest; 

lukewarm. moon, n. The moon wheH half its 

disk appears illuminated : anything shaped like a 
half-moon. (Fort.) An outwork composed of 2 

faces, forming a salient angle. note, n. (Mus.) 

A minim, in value 




Halberd. 



T*- 



s. 



±=z=fc 



22: 



one half of a semi- 
breve, or whole note, 
and represented thus: 
— pay, n. Half the 
amount of wages or 
salary ; more common- 
ly, diminished or reduced pay. — penny, haf'pen-nt, 
Hap^pen-nT, or ha.'pe-n-nX,n.pl.; Half-pence, haf'-. 
An Enslish coin worth 1 cent ; the value of half a 
penny. — step. n. (JIus.) A semitone. — tone, 
-ton. A middle tint, neither very dark nor very 
light, in a painting, engraving, photograph, etc.; a 
photo-ensraving having such tints. — way. adv. In 
the middle; at half the distance; imperfectlv; par- 
tially. — a. Midway. — witted, a. Weak in intel- 
lect;" silly; foolish. — -yearly, a. Two in a year. — 
adv. Twice in a vear: semi-annually. 

Halibnt. hol'I-but," n. A large, edible flat-fish, dark 
above and white beneath. [D. heilhoi. fr. heilig, holy, 
and bot, a plaice, — one to be eaten on holidays.] 

Hall, hawl, a. A building or large room devoted to 
public business or domestic convenience ; a pas- 
sage-way at the entrance cf a house or suite of cham- 
bers ; a manor-house : a larze edifice belonging to a 
collegiate institution; a place of public assembly ; a 
college in an English university. [AS. heall, iorhal, 
fr. helan, to conceal, cover: s. rt. cell,!,, cella, fr. ce- 
tare, to conceal ; not s. rt. L. anla, a hall.] 

Hallelniah. -jah. halie-hi'ya, AHelu'iali, n. & interj. 
Praise ye Jehovah, — an exclamation used in songs 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxi*o>~, chair, get. 



HALLOO 



248 



HAND 



of praise and in thanksgiving to God. [Heb. ha- 
lelujah ; halal, to praise, jah, contr. of Jehovah.'] 

Halloo, hal-loo', v. i. [-looed (-lood'). -looing.] To 
cry out, call to by name, or by the word halloo.— v. t. 
To eneourage with shouts, chase with shouts, call or 
shout to. — re. A call to invite attention. — interj. 
Ho, there ! ho ! — an exclamation to call attention 
or to encourage one. [Prob. AS. interj. eala ; ea = 
E. ah ! ; la = E. lo /] 

Hallow, hal'lo, v. t. [-lowed (-lod), -lowing.] To 
make holy, consecrate, treat as sacred. [AS. hal- 
gian, fr. halig, holy, q. v.] — HalToween', -en', re. 
The evening preceding All Saints' day. — Hallow- 
mas, re. The feast of All Souls, All Saints, or All 
Hallows. [ME. halowe, halwe, a saint, fr. AS. halig, 
and mass, q. v.] 

Hallucination, hal-lu'st-na'shun, re. Error; delusion; 
mistake ; an illusion of sensible perception, occa- 
sioned by some bodily or organic disorder or affec- 
tion. [L. hallucinatio, fr. hallucinari, or alucinari, 
to wander in mind, dream.] 

Halo, ha'lo, re. ; pi. Ha'los, -loz. A circle of light; in 
painting, a glory ; a luminous circle round the sun 
or moon. — v. t. or i. [haloed (-lod), haloing.] 
To form, or surround with, a halo. [L. and Gr. 
halos } a round threshing floor, Gr. aleein, to grind, 
eleuein, to wind, curve; s. rt. L. volvere, to roll, Skr. 
valaya, a circle.] —Hagioscope, -skop, re. An in- 
strument for exhibition, illustration, or explanation 
of the phenomena of halos, parhelia, and the like. 
[Gr. skopein, to view.] 

Haloid, haloid, a. ( Chem.) Resembling a salt, — ap- 
plied to binary compounds, such as chloride of so- 
dium, or common salt. [Gr. hals, halos, salt, and 
eirtos, form.] 

Halser, haws'er. Saim as Hawser. 

Halt, hawlt, v. i. To stop in walking or marching ; 
to step lamely, limp; to nesitate ; to liavean irregu- 
lar rhythm. — v. t. (Mil.) To cause to cease march- 
ing ; to stop. — a. Halting in walking ; lame. — re. 
A stop in marching ; act of limping ; lameness. 
[ME., Dan., and Sw.; AS. healt, lame, AS. healtian, 
to halt.] — Halt'er, n. 

Halter, hawl'ter, re. A strong strap or cord ; esp. a 
strap and headstall for a horse ; a rope for hanging 
malefactors. — v. t. [haltered (-terd), -tering.] 
To put a halter on. [AS. healfter; perh. s. rt. Skr. 
kal, to drive.] 

Halve. See under Half. 

Halyard, Halliard, haKyard. re. (Namt.) A rope or 
tackle for hoisting or lowering yards, sails, flags, etc. 
[Contr. of hale-yard. See Hale, v. ?.] 

Ham, ham, re. The inner or hind part of the knee; 
the thigh of any animal, esp. that of a hog cured by 
salting and smoking. [AS. hamm, Sw. dial, and D. 
ham; s. rt. L. camurus, W. cam, bent, It. gamha, F. 
jambe, leg, E. chamber, gambol, gammon.] — Ham'- 
shack'le, v. t. To fasten by a rope binding the head 
to one of the fore legs; to bind, restrain.— Ham r - 
string, re. One of the tendons of the leg.— v. t. [ham- 
strung or -stringed (-stringd), -stringing.] To 
lame or disable by cutting the tendons, etc. 

Hamadryad, ham / 'a-dri / ad, re. ; E. pi. -ads, -adz, L. 
pi. -ades, -a-dez. A wood-nymph, feigned to live 
and die with her special tree. [Gr. Hamadruades, 
fr. hama, together or coexistent with, and drus, tree.] 

Hames, hamz, re. pi. The curved pieces fastening a 
horse's traces and harness to the collar. [Perh. s. rt. 
OHG. ham, W. cam, curved. See Ham.] 

Hamite, ham'it, -it'ic, a. Pert, to Ham or his descend- 
ants; esp. to a group of peoples and languages of N. 
E. Africa. 

Hamlet, hamlet, re. A small village; little cluster of 
houses in the country. [OF. hainel; s. rt. OFries. 
and AS. ham — E. home, q. v.] 

Hammer, harn'mgr, re. An instrument for driving 
nails, beating metals, etc.; something of like form 
or action, as the striker of a clock, gun lock, etc. — 
v. t. [hammered (-merd), -merino.] To beat, form, 
or forge with a hammer; to contrive by intellectual 
labor, — v. i. To be busy; to be working or in agita- 
tion. [Dan. and G.; AS. hamor.] — Ham'merer, re. 
— Ham'mer-hard'en, v. t. To harden (metal) by 
hammering in the cold state. — Ham'mer-head, re. 
(Ichth.) A shark, having the eyes set on projections 
from .the sides of the head, which gives it a hammer 
shape. 

Hammer-cloth, ham'me'r-kloth, n. The cloth covering 
a coach-box. [Orig. hamer-cloth, fr. D. hemel, Sw., 
Dan., and G. Aimmel, heaven, also a tester, cover- 
ing, AS. hama, a covering.] 




Hammock. 



! Hammock, ham'mek. n. A netting or cloth suspended 
by clews, to hold a bed 
etc. [Sp. hamaca, 
Indian origin.] 

Hamose, ha-mos', Ha' 
mous, -mus, a. (Hot.) 
Having the end hooked 
or curved. [L. hatnus, 
hook.] 

Hamper, ham 'per, re. A 
large basket for conveying things to market, etc. 
[Contr. f r. hanaper.] — Hari'aper, -a-per, re. A bas- 
ket, usually of wicker-work; a basket, in the early 
Eng. treasury, to receive fees due the king; hence, 
the exchequer; a basket in the Hanaper Office of the 
Court of Chancery to hold writs regarding the pub- 
lic. [LL. hanaperium, a receptacle for cups, fr. OF. 
hanap, OHG. hnapf, D. nap, a cup.] 

Hamper, ham^per, re. An instrument that shackles; a 
fetter. — v. t. [hampered (-perd), -pering.] To 
put a fetter on, shackle, eneumber. [ME. hamperen, 
fr. AS. hamelian, Ic. hamla, to mutilate, maim.] 

Hamster, ham'stfer, n. A species of short-*ailed rat, 
having cheek pouches, which stores grain, etc., in 
its burrow. [OHG. hdmistro, hdmastro.] 

Hand, hand, re. The outer extremity of the human 
arm, consisting of the palm, thumb, and fingers; 
that which resembles a hand, as, a limb of certain 
animals, or an index or pointer of a dial; a measure 
of the hand's breadth; 4 inches; a palm, — applied 
to the measurement of a horse's height; side; part; 
direction; power of performance; skill; actual per- 
formance; deed; act; an agent, servant, or laborer; 
style of handwriting ; chirography ; possession ; 
ownership; course of performance or execution; 
agency in the transmission from one person to an- 
other; that which is held in a hand at once. — v. t. 
To give, transmit, lead, guide, or lift, with the 
hand. [AS., D., Ic, Sw., and G.; s. rt. Goth, hin- 
than, to seize.] — At or on all hands. From those in 
every direction; by all parties. — At hand. Near in 
time or place. —By h. With the hands, disting. fr. 
instrumentality of tools, engines, or animals. —From 
h. to h. From one person to another. — H. in h. In 
union ; conjointly; unitedly. — H. over h. By pass- 
ing the hands alternately one before or above an- 
other. — H. to h. In close union; close in fight. — 
H. to mouth. Precariously ; from day to day. — 
Laying on of hands. A form used in consecrating to 
office and in blessing persons. — Offhand. Without 
delay, hesitation, or difficulty. — Off one's h. Out of 
one's possession or care. — On h. In present posses- 
sion. — To bear a h. (Naut.) To give help quickly; 
hasten. — To be h. and glove. To be intimate and 
familiar, as friends or associates. — To be on the 
mending h. To be convalescent or improving. — To 
change hands. To change sides, or change owners. 

— To come to hand. To be received. — To have a h. 
in. To be concerned in. — To have in h. To under- 
take, be engaged upon. — To lend a h. To give as- 
sistance. — To put the h. to, or lay h. on. To seize. 

— To strike hands. To make a contract, or to be- 
come surety for another's debt or good behavior. — 
To take in h. To attempt, undertake; to seize and 
deal with. — To wash the h. To profess innocence. 

— Under the hand of. Authenticated by the hand- 
writing or signature of. — Handler, n. One who 
hands or transmits. — Hand'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.] 
Skillful in using the hand; dexterous; adroit; ready 
to the hand; convenient. — Hand'ily, adv. — Hamv- 
iness, «. — Hand'bill, re. A loose printed sheet, cir- 
culated for some public announcement. — Hand'- 
Cttff, re. A fastening consisting of a ring around the 
wrist, usually connected by a chain with one on the 
other wrist; a manacle, — v. t. [handcuffed (-kuft), 
-cuffing.] To put handcuffs on ; to manacle. — 
Hand'fast, a. Stout; steadfast.— re. Hold; custody; 
in Scot., formerly, marriage for a year and a day. 

— Hand'ful, -ful, re. ,• pi. -fuls. As much as the 
hand will contain; a small quantity or number. — 
Hand 1 ' maid, -maiden, re. A maid that waits at hand; 
a female servant. — Hand'saw, re. A saw used with 
the hand. — fiand'spike, re. A bar, used as a lever. 

— Hand'spring, re. A spring in which one places 
his hands on the ground, turns a somersault, and 
alights on his feet. — Hand'writ'ing, re. The form 
of writing peculiar to each hand or person; chirog- 



raphy ; what is written by hand ; manuscript. 

. vehicle borne by men's hands, 
bell, re. A small bell rung by 



Hand'-bar'row, 
without a wheel 
the hand. — book, re. A small book of reference 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, term ; Tb, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



HANG 



249 



HARD 



manual. — breadth, n. A space equal to the breadth 
of the hand; a palm. — gallop, n. A slow gallop, 
restrained by the hand. — -or'gan, n. A portable 
organ, played by a cylinder set with pins, turned by 
the hand. — rail, n. A rail to hold by, as of a stair- 
way, locomotive, etc. — Handicap, n. A race in 
which the horses carry different weights, according 
to their age and character for speed, etc., to equalize 
the chances as much as possible; an allowance of a 
certain amount of time or distance in starting, 
granted in a race to the competitor possessing in- 
ferior advantages. — v. t. To encumber with a 
handicap; to hamper. [Fr. hand V cap, prob. fr. 
drawing lots from a cap.] — Handicraft, n. Manual 
occupation; work performed by the hand.— Hand- 
icraftsman, n. ; pi. -men. A man skilled in manual 
occupation ; a manufacturer. — Handiwork, n. 
Work done br the hands. [AS. handgeweorc] — 
Handkerchief, hank'er-chif, n. A cloth, for wip- 
ing the face, etc. ; a neckerchief ; neckcloth. — 
Handle, -1, v. t. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To touch; to 
use or hold with the hand; to manage or wield; to 
make familiar by frequent touching; to deal with, 
practice; to treat; to practice on, transact with; to 
discourse on, discuss. — n. That part of a vessel or 
instrument held in the hand when used. [AS. 
handlian, Dan. handle, to handle, Dan. handel, a 
handle.]— To give a handle. To furnish an occa- 
sion.— Hand'ling, n. A touching or use by the 
hand ; treatment; action. (Paint.) The mode of 
using the pencil. — Hand'sel, n. A gift; earnest 
money; sale, gift, or delivery, which is the first of a 
series; a first installment. — v. t. To give a handsel 
to. [Dan., AS. handselen, a delivery into the hand, 
fr. hand and sellan, to give, deliver.] — Handlome, 
han'sum, a. [-somee, -somest.] Having a pleasing 
appearance or expression; comely; good-looking; 
marked with propriety and ease; appropriate; lib- 
eral; generous; moderately large. [D. handzaam.'] 

— Hand'somely, adv.— Hand'someness, n. 

Hang, hang, v. t. [hanged (hangd) or hung, hang- 
ing. Hanged is preferable to hung when reference 
is had to execution by suspension.] To suspend; to 
fasten, so as to allow of free motion upon the point or 
points of suspension; to put to death by suspending; 
to decorate by hanging pictures, trophies, drapery, 
etc.; to droop. — v. i. To be suspended, dangle, de- 
pend; to be fastened so as to allow free motion on 
the point of suspension; to rest for support, depend; 
to be a weight; to hover, impend; to lean or in- 
cline. — n. The manner in which one part hangs 
upon another; connection; arrangement; plan. [AS. 
hangian, Ic. hanga, D. hangenJ] — To hang fire. 
(Mil.) To be slow in discharging or communicating 
fire through the vent to the charge ; to be slow in 
exploding. — To h. a scythe. To fasten it properly 
to the snath.— To h. by the eyelids. To hang by a 
very slight hold. — To h. on. To keep hold, hold 
fast, stick. — To h. together. To be united, stand by- 
one another; to be self-consistent. — To get the h. 
of. To learn the arrangement of, become accus- 
tomed to. — Hang'er, n. One who, or that which, 
etc.; a short sword; that by which a thing is sus- 
pended, esp. (Mach.) a part suspending a journal- 
box, in which shafting runs. — Hang'er-on, n. One 
who hangs on, or sticks to, a person, place, or plan; 
a dependent.— Hanging, n. Death by suspension; 
that which is hung, as, drapery for a room.— Hang'- 
dog, n. A degraded man, fit only to be the hangman 
of dogs. — a. Like, etc.— Hang'man, n. ; pi. -men. 
One who hangs another ; 
a public executioner. — 
Hang'nail. n. A small 
piece of skin hanging fr. 
the root of a finger-nail.— 
Hasg'bird, n. The Balti- 
more oriole,— whose nest 
hangs from the limb of a 
tree. — nest, n. The nest 
of, etc.— Hang Ing- but- 
tress, n. (Arch.) A but- 
tress supported upon a 
corbel, and not standing 
solid on the foundation. 

— Hank, hank, n. Two 
or more skeins of yarn 
or thread tied together. 
(JTatrf.) A ring slidingon 
a stay, to which a sail is 
bent. [Ic. hanki, clasp of 
a chest, hangr, hank, coil, 




fr. hanga, to hang ; Sw. hank, a string, tie-band. \ 

— Hank'er, v. i. [-ered (-Srd), -erino.] To de- 
sire vehemently. [L>. hunkeren, OD. hengelen, to 
hanker after, fr. D. nangen.] 

Hap, hap, n. That which happens or comes suddenly 
or unexpectedly; chance; fortune: accident; casual 
event; fate; lot. — v. i. [happed (hapt), -ping.] To 
happen, befall, come by chance. [Ic. happ.) — Hap'- 
ly, -IT, adv. By hap, chance, or accident; perhaps. 

— Hapless, a. "Without hap or luck; unfortunate; 
unhappy.— Hap'-haz'ard, n. Extra hazard; chance; 
accident. — Hap'pen, -pn, v. i. [-pened (-pnd), 
-pening.] To come by chance, fall out; to take 
place, occur. — To happen on. To meet with, fall 
or light upon. — Hap'py, -pT, a. [-pier, -piest.] 
Favored by hap, luck, or fortune ; successful; en- 
joying good; delighted ; satisfied; secure of good; 
prosperous ; blessed ; furnishing enjoyment ; pro- 
pitious ; favorable. — Hap'pily, -pl-ll, adv. By 
good fortune; in a happy manner, state, or circum- 
stances ; with address or dexterity; luckily; suc- 
cessfully; felicitously; gracefully. — Hap'piness.n. 

Hara-kiri, ha'ra-ke'rT, n. A Japanese method of sui- 
cide by cutting open the stomach. [Incorrectly 
written hari-kari.'] [Jap., stomach-cutting.] 

Harangue, ha-rang', n. A speech addressed to a pub- 
lic assembly; a popular oration; declamation; rant- 
ing.— v. i. [harangued (-rangd"), -ranguing.] To 
address a large assembly. — v. t. To address by a 
harangue. [OF.; It. aringa.a. speech from an ar- 
ingOj pulpit, also an arena, ir. OHG. hring, G. and 
E. ring.] — Harang /, uer, n. 

Harass, har'as, v. t. [-assed (-ast), -assing.] To fa- 
tigue to excess; to weary with importunity, care, or 
perplexity; to annoy an enemy by repeated and un- 
looked-for attacks ; to weary, jade, tease, vex, dis- 
turb. [OF. harasser, prob. fr. harer, to set a dog on 
(a beast, etc.), OHG. haren, to cry out; s. rt. Gr. 
kerux, a herald.] — Har'asser, n. 

Harbinger, har'bin-ier, n. An officer of the Eng. 
royal Household who precedes the court when trav- 
eling, to provide lodgings, etc.; a forerunner; pre- 
cursor.— V. t. [HARBINGERED (-jeid), -GERIXG.] To 
precede and announce, usher in. [ME. herbergeour, 
one who provided lodgings, fr. OF. and MHG. her- 
berge, a house, lodging, harbor, q. v.] 

Harbor, harsher, n. A place of security and comfort; 
a lodging; asylum; a refuge for ships; port or haven. 

— v.t. [harbored (-berd), -boring.] To entertain 
as a guest, shelter; to protect (a ship from storms); 
to secrete (a thief); to indulge, cherish (malice, etc> 

— v. i. To lodge or abide for a time ; to take shelter. 
[Ic. herbergi, harbor, inn, lodging, lit. host-shelter, 
fr. herr, an army, and bjarga, to save, defend.] 
— Har'borer, n. — Har'borless, a. Without a har- 
bor. — Har'borage, -ej, n. Place of shelter; enter- 
tainment. — Har'bor-mas'ter, n. An officer who 
executes regulations respecting harbors. 

Hard, hard, a. Not easily penetrated, or separated 
into parts ; not yielding to pressure ; difficult to 
penetrate with the understanding; difficult to ac- 
complish; full of obstacles; difficult to resist or con- 
trol; difficult to bear or endure; severe; oppressive; 
unreasonable; unjust; difficult to please or touch; 
not easy to influence; not agreeable to the taste; 
rough, acid, sour, as liquors. (Pron.) Abrupt or 
explosive in utterance. — adv. With pressure; with 
urgency; diligently; earnestly; with difficulty; un- 
easily; vexatiously; vigorously; energetically; rap- 
idly; nimbly; violently. [Dan. and Sw.; AS. heard, 
OHG. harti.] — Hard money. Coin or specie, dis- 
ting. fr. paper money. — H. pan. The hard stra- 
tum of earth beneath the soil. —H. water. Water 
which contains some mineral substance that decom- 
poses soap, and thus renders it unfit for washing. — 
H.by. Nearby; close at hand. — H. up. "Without 
money or resources. — Hardlsh, a. Somewhat hard. 

— Hardiness, n. — Hardly, adv. In a difficult 
manner; scarcely; barely; severely; harshly; rough- 
ly. — Hard'en, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To 
make hard or more hard; to indurate; to strengthen, 
inure; to confirm in wickedness, obstinacy, etc. — 
v. i. To become hard or more hard, acquire solid- 
ity; to become strengthened. — Hard'ener, -n-er, n. 
One who hardens. — Hard'hack, n. A very astrin- 
gent plant, common in pastures. —Hard'ship, n. 
That whicn is hard to bear, — as toil, injury, etc.— 
Hard'ware, n. Ware made of metal, as cutlery, 
kitehen furniture, etc. — Hard'-fa'vored. a. Having 
coarse or harsh features. — flst'ed, a. Having hard 
or strong hands, as a laborer; covetous; aiggardl^. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



HARE 



250 



HARRY 




— Hard' -fought, a. Vigorously contested. — handed, 
a. Having hard hands, as a laborer. — heart ed, a. 

Cruel; pitiless; unfeeling. tack, n. (Naut.) Sea- 

bread.— Hard'y, -T, a. [-iee, -iest.] Bold; brave ; 
stout ; intrepid ; full of assurance ; impudent ; 
strong ; firm ; compact ; inured to fatigue; able to 
bear exposure to cold weather. [ME. and OF. hardi, 
orig. p. p. of OF. hardir, f r. OHG. hartjan, to hard- 
en, make strong, fr. harti.] — Hard'ihood, -iness, n. 
Boldness, united with firmness and constancy of 
mind; audacity; impudence. — Hard'ily, udr. 
Bare, har, n. A swift rodent, having long hind legs and 
ears, short tail, and divided 
upper lip. [D. and Sw.; AS. 
har a, S k r. caca, orig. a 
jumper, fr. cac , to jump ; 
prob. s. rt. haste.] — Hare'- 
brained, -brand, a. Wild,; 

Ciddy ; heedless. — Hareb- 
ell, n. A plant having blue, Hare 
bell-shaped flowers.— Hare''- 

lip, n. A lip, commonly the upper one, having a fis- 
sure or perpendicular division like that of a hare. — 
Har'rier, har'rl-er, n. A kind of hound used in 
hunting hares. 

Harem, halem, n. The apartments allotted to females 
in the East; the wives and concubines belonging to 
one man. [Ar. har am, anything forbidden or sa- 
cred, fr. haraina, to prohibit.] 

Haricot, har'e-ko, n. A kind of ragout of meat and 
vegetables; the kidney-bean. [F.J 

Harier, Harrier. See under Hare and Harry. 

Hark, hark, v. i. To listen. [Imperat. of hearken, q. v.] 

Harlequin, hiirle-kin or -kwin, n. A buffoon, dressed 
in party-colored clothes; a merry-andrew; zany. [F. 
arlequm, OF. MerJek'm, perh. fr. OFries. helle kin 
(AS. helle cyn), the kindred of hell, i. e. a demon.] — 
Harlequinade', -ad, n. Exhibitions of harlequins. 

Harlot, harlot, n. A prostitute; strumpet. [OF. ar- 
lot, It. arlotta, a harlot, arlotto, a hedge-priest, LL. 
arlotus, a glutton; perh. s. rt. OHG. karl, AS. ceorl, 
E. churl, q. v.] — Harlotry, -rt, n. Trade or prac- 
tice of, etc.; prostitution. 

Harm, harm, n. Injury; hurt; damage; misfortune; 
evil; wickedness. — v. t. [harmed (harmd), harm- 
ing.] To hurt, injure, damage. [Sw. and G.; AS. 
hearm, grief, harm ; Skr. grama, toil, fatigue, fr. 
cram, to be weary.] — Harmful, -ful, a. Full of 
harm; injurious. — Harm 'less, a. Free from harm 
or from power or disposition to harm; innocent; un- 
harmed.— Harmlessly, adv. — Harmlessness, n. 

Harmattan, har-matlan, n. A dry, hot wind, blow- 
ing from the interior of Africa to the Atlantic in 
Dec, Jan., and Feb. [Ar.] 

Harmony, harlno-nY, n. Just adaptation of parts to 
each other; concord or agreement in facts, opinions, 
manners, interests, etc. ; a literary work which 
brings together parallel passages respecting the same 
events, and shows their consistency. (Mus.) Musical 
concord ; a succession of chords according to the 
rules of progression and modulation ; science of 
their construction and progression. [Harmony re- 
sults from the concord of musical strains which 
differ in pitch and quality: the term may also be ap- 
plied to sounds which are not musical. Melody de- 
notes the pleasing alternation and variety of mu- 
sical and measured sounds, as they succeed each 
other in a single verse or strain.] [F. harmonie, L. 
and Gr. harmonia, f r. Gr. harmos, a fitting, joining, 
f r. arein, to fit; s. rt. arm, article.'] — Harmo'nious, 
-nl-us, a. Adapted to each other ; symmetrical ; 
agreeing in action or feeling; musically concordant; 
symphonious. — Harmo'niously, adv. — Harmonic, 
-ical, a. Concordant; musical; consonant. (Mus.) 
Relating to harmony or music; harmonious. (Math.) 
Having relations or properties bearing some resem- 
blance to those of musical consonances. — Harmon'- 
ic, n. (Mus.) A musical note produced by a num- 
ber of vibrations which is a multiple of the num- 
ber producing some other. — - Harmonica, -t-ka, n. 
A musical instrument in which the tones are pro- 
duced by friction against the edges of a series of 
glasses ; one in which slips of glass or metal of 
graduated lengths are vibrated by percussion ; a 
small, flat, wind instrument of music, — a toy for 
children. — Harmonically, adv. In a harmonical 
manner; in respect to harmony, as disting. fr. mel- 
ody. — Harmonics, n. sing. & pi. Sing. Doctrine or 
science of musical sounds. PI. (Mus.) Secondary 
tones which accompany any principal, and appar- 
ently simple, tone, as the octave, the 12th, the 15th, 



and the 17th. — Har'monist, n. One who shows the 
harmony of corresponding passages of different au- 
thors, as of the 4 evangelists. (Mus.) A musical 
composer. — Harmo'nium, -nt-um, n. A keyed in- 
strument of music, in which the tones are produced 
by the vibration of free reeds — Har'monize, v. i. 
[-nized (-nizd), -nizixg.] To agree in action, adap- 
tation, or effect on the mind ; to be in peace and 
friendship, as individuals or families; to agree in vo- 
cal or musical effect, —v. t. To adjust in fit propor- 
tions, cause to agree; to show the harmony of. (Mus.) 
To accompany with harmony. — Har'mbniz'er, n. 

Harness, har1ie6, n. The iron covering which a sol- 
dier formerly wore ; armor of a horse; equipments 
of a draught horse; tackle; tackling; the part of a 
loom comprising the heddles with their means of 
support and motion. — v. t. [harnessed (-nest), 
-nessixg.] To dress in armor, equip for defense, 
make ready for draught. [OF. harnas, fr. Armor. 
harnez, old iron, armor; s. rt. W. haiarn, Ga. iarunn 
= E. iron, q. v.] — Har'nesser, n. 

Harp, harp, n. An upright, stringed instrument of 
music, usually 
played with 
the fingers of 
both hands. — 

V. i. [HARPED 

(harpt), harp- 
ing.] To play 
on the harp; to 
dwell tediously 
or monotonous- 
ly in speaking 
or writing. [D.; 
AS. hearpe; 
perh. s. rt. L. 
crepare, to 
crackle.] — 
Harp'er, -ist, n. 
A player on the 
harp. — Harp'- 
sichord, -st- 
k6rd, n. A mu- 
sical instru- 
ment, now su- 
perseded by 
the piano-forte. 
[OF. harpe- 
chorde, fr. harpe 
and chorde, 
corde, a string.] 

Har ping-iron, 
harp ' ing-i'em, 
Harpoon', -noon'', n. A barbed javelin, with cord at- 
tached,for striking large fish, whales, etc.— v. t. [har- 
pooned (-poond'), -pooning.] To catch or kill with, 
etc. [D. harpoen, F. harpon, orig. a grappling-iron, 
fr. harper, to grapple, grasp; prob. s. rt. L. harpago, 
Gr. harpage, a hook, L.and Gr. harpax, rapacious, L. 
rapere, to seize, E. harpy, q. v.] — Har'poneer', -po- 
nerl -poon'er, -poon'er, n. One who throws, etc. 

Harpings, harplngz, n. pi. (Naut.) The fore parts 
of the wales, encompassing the bow of a ship. 

Harpy, har'pTr, n. ; pi. -pies, -piz. (Myth.) A fabu- 
lous winged monster, ravenous and filthy, having 
a woman's face and vulture's body. One who is ra- 
pacious; an extortioner, plunderer. (Ornith.) The 
marsh harrier. A large, crested, stout-legged, preda- 
ceous bird of Mexico and S. Amer., — the narpy 
eagle. [OF. harpie, L. harpyia, Gr. harpuia, lit. a 
spoiler ; s. rt. Gr. harpazein,lL. rapere, to seize. See 
Harpoon, Rapacious.] 

Harquebuse. Same as Arquebuse. 

Harridan, har'rl-dan, n. A decayed strumpet; a hag. 
[F. haridelle, a worn-out horse, jade.] 

Harrier, n. A dog. See under Hare. — A bird. See 
under Harry. 

Harrow, har'ro, n. An iron-toothed instrument drawn 
over plowed land to level it and break the clods, 
and to cover seed when sown. —v. t. [harrowed 
(-rod), -rowing.] To draw a harrow over, to break 
clods and level the surface or to cover seed sown; 
to lacerate, torment, harass. [AS. hearge, Dan. harv, 
Sw. har/, a harrow, D. hark, Sw. harka, a rake, 
Dan. harve, Sw. harfva, to harrow, Sw. harka, to 
rake; perh. s. rt. Gr. kerkis, a peg, skewer; not s. rt. 
F. herce, a harrow.] — Harlower, n. One who har- 
rows; a hawk; a harrier. 

Harry, harlt, v. t. [-ried (-rid), -rying.] To strip, 
pillage; to worry, harrow. [AS. hergian, to lay waste, 
fr. here, gen. herges, an army ; s. rt. Skr. cri, to 




Harp. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t5rm ; Tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, or j 



HARSH 



251 



HAUNT 



wound, cirna, wasted.] — Har'rier, -rl-e"r, n. Alow- 
flying bird of the falcon family, of several 6pecies. 

Harsh, harsh, a. Rough to the touch, taste, or feel- 
ing; grating; austere; severe. [Dan. and Sw. harsk, 
rancid, G. narsck, harsh, rough, Skr. katu, pungent, 
krit, to cut.] — Harsb/ly, adv. — Harsh'ness, n. 

Hart, hart, n. A stag; the male of the red deer. [AS. 
heort, Ic. hjortr, s. rt. L. cervus, a hart, Gr. keras = 
E. horn, q." v.] — Harts'horn, n. The antler of the 
hart, or male deer. — Salt of hartshorn. An impure 
solid carbonate of ammonia, obtained by distillation 
of hartshorn. — Spirit ofh. A solution of carbonate 
of ammonia. 

Harum-scarum, har /, um-skar r um, a. Wild ; precipi- 
tate; giddy; rash. [Cf. hare, to fright, and scare, to 
terrify suddenly.] 

Haruspice, ha-rus'pis, n. A person in ancient Rome 
who professed to interpret the will of the gods by 
inspecting entrails of beasts sacrificed, or by observ- 
ing natural phenomena; a diviner; soothsayer. [L. 
haruspex, -picis, prob. ir.haruga, a ram for offering, 
and spicere, to look.] 

iarvest, har'vest, n. The season of gathering crops; 
that which is reaped; product of any labor; gain. — 
v. t. To reap or gather (fruits, etc.) [AS. hserfest, 
MHG. herbest, autumn, orig. crop; s. rt. Gr. karpos, 
fruit, L. carpere, to pluck.] — Har'vester, n.— Har r - 
vest-fly, n. A large, hemipterous insect, allied to 
the plant louse, often called locust, seventeen-year- 
locust, etc., — the males of several species making a 

loud buzzing noise ; the cicada. home, n. The 

song sung by reapers at the feast at the gathering of 
corn; the feast itself ; time of harvest. — moon, n. 
The moon near the full at the time of harvest in 
Eng., or about the autumnal equinox, when it rises 
nearly at the same hour for several days. 

Has. 3d person sing, of Have. 

Hash, hash, v. t. [hashed (hasht), hashing.] To 
chop into small pieces, mince and mix. — n. That 
which is chopped up; minced meat, or meat and 
vegetables minced; a second preparation or exhibi- 
tion of old matter. [OF. hachis, fr. hacher, G. hack- 
en, E. hack, q. v.] 

Hasheesh, -ish, hash'esh, n. A slightly acrid, narcotic 
and intoxicating gum-resin, produced by common 
hemp when cultivated in warm climates. 

Haslet, haslet, n. Inwards of a beast, esp. of a hog, 
used for food. [F. hastille, fr. haste, a spit, L. hasta, 
a spear.] 

Hasp, hasp, n. A clasp, esp. one that passes over a 
staple to be fastened by a padlock; a spindle to wind 
thread on.— v. t. [hasped (haspt), hasping.] To 
fasten with a hasp. [AS. hsepse, Dan., Sw., and G. 
haspe; s. rt. AS. gehsep, fit.] 

Hassock, has'sok, n. A thick mat for kneeling in 
church. [ME. hassok, a straw-stuffed cushion, orig. 
coarse grass; W. hesgog, sedgy, fr. hesg, sedges.] 

Hast. 2d person sing, of Have. 

Hastate, has'tat, -tated, a. (Bot.) Shaped like the 
head of a halberd. [L. hastatus, fr. 
hasta, spear.] 

Haste, hast, n. Celerity of motion; 
state of being urged or pressed by 
business; sudden excitement of 
feeling or passion: dispatch; hurry; 
precipitation. — Haste, Has'ten, 
has'n, v. t. [hast'ed, hasten k 
(has'nd); hast'ing, has'tenixg 
To drive or urge forward, push on, 
expedite, hurry. — v. i. To move 
with celerity, be rapid, speedy, or 
quick. [OSw. hasta, Dan. haste, G. Hastate Leaf 
hasten, to haste ; OSw., Dan., 
OFries., and G. hast, haste; s. rt. Sk 
bound. See Hare.] — Has'tener, has'n-er, 
Hasfy, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Quick ; speedy; for- 
ward; eager; precipitate; rash; caused by, or indi- 
cating, passion. TSw. and Dan. hastig.] — 'Hast'ily, 
-Tt-lY, adv.— Hast'iness, n. — Hast'y-pud'ding, n. In 
TJ. S., a pudding made of Indian meal stirred into 
boiling water; mush; in Eng., a batter or pudding 
of flour stirred into boiling water or milk till it be- 
comes stiff ; oatmeal porridge. 

Hat, hat, n. A covering for the head, esp. one with 
a crown and brim. [Dan.; AS. hset; prob. s. rt. L. 
cassis, helmet, Skr. chhad, to cover; not s. rt. G. hut, 
hat=E. hood.} — Hafter, n. One who makes or 
sells hats. — Hat'band, n. A band round the crown 
of a hat. 

Hatch, hach, v. t. [hatched (hacht), hatching.] To 
produce from eggs by incubation, or by artificial 




Qac, to jump, 

iflc'n.pr ri 




Hatchment. 



heat; to contrive or plot; to originate. — v. t. To 
produce young, bring the young to maturity. — n. 
As many chickens as are produced at once; abrood; 
actof exclusion from the egg; disclosure; discovery. 
[Sw. hacka, lit. to produce i'r. a hack, coop, G. hecken, 
fr. hecke, breeding-cage.] — Hatch'er, n. 

Hatch, hach, v. t. To cross with lines in a peculiar 
manner in drawing and engraving. [F. hacher, to 
hack. See Hash.]— Hatch'et, n. A small, short- 
handled ax, to be used with one hand. [F. hachette, 
dim. of hache, an ax, fr. hacher.} — To bury the 
hatchet. To make peace. — To take up the h. To 
make war, — phrases derived fr. the practice of the 
Amer. Indians. 

Hatch, hach, n. A door with an opening over it: a 
weir for catching fish; a floodgate; a bed-frame; the 
frame of cross-bars laid over the opening in a ship's 
deck; cover of the opening in a deck or floor, or into 
a cellar ; hatchway. [AS. haca, bar, bolt of a door, 
D. hek, fence, gate; perh. s. rt. hook.] — Hatch'-boat, 
n. A swift-sailing, yacht-like fishing boat, having a 
small sail at the stern and no bowsprit. — way. n. 
An opening in a deck, floor, etc., covered by a hatch 
or trap-door. 

Hatchel. Same as Hackle. 

Hatchet. See under Hatch, to cross with lines. 

Hatchment, hach'ment, w«. (Her.) A frame bearing 
the escutcheon of a 
dead person, placed 
in front of the house, 
on a hearse, or in a 
church. An ornament 
on the hilt of a sword. 
[Corrupt, of achieve- 
ment.^ 

Hate, hat, v. t. To have 
a great aversion to, 
dislike, regard with 
ill-will, abhor, detest, 
loathe. — n. Strong 
dislike or aversion ; 
hatred. [AS. hete, D. 
haai, Ic. hatr, Goth. 
hatis, hatred, AS. hatian, D. haten, Goth, hafjnn, to 
hate.] — Hat'er, n. — Hafable, a. — Hate'ful, -ful, 
a. Manifesting hatred: exciting or deserving dislike 
or disgust; odious; detestable : loathsome ; malig- 
nant.— Hate'fully, adv. — Hate'fulness, n. — Ha > - 
tred, n. Very great dislike: odium: enmity; rancor; 
repugnance; antipathy. 

Hauberk, haw'berk.w. A shirt of mail formed of steel 
rings interwoven. [OF. hauberc. halherc, OHG. hals- 
berge, fr. hals (s. rt. AS. heals, L. collum), the neck, 
and bergan, AS. beargan, to hide.] 

Haughty, haw'tT, a. [-tier, -tiest.] High: lofty ; 
having a high opinion of one's self, with' contempt 
for others ; expressing or indicating haughtiness; 
proud; arrogant; scornful; imperious. [ME. hautein, 
OF. hautain, fr. haut, halt, L. altus, high.]— Haugh r - 
tily, -tl-lT, adv. — Haugh'tiness, n. Quality of be- 
ing, etc.; superciliousness; loftiness. —Hauteur, o- 
ter / ', n. Haughty manner or spirit; pride. [F.] 

Haul, hawl, v. t. [hauled (hawld), hauling.] To 
pull or draw with force; to drag: to transport by 
drawing. — v. i. (Naut.) To change the direction of 
a ship, sail with changed course. To pull apart, as 
badly trained oxen, when yoked.— n. A pulling 
with force: a draught of a net; that taken at once (by 
hauling a net, etc.). [See Hale, v. t.] — To haul over 
the coals. To call to account, reprove. — HauKer, n. 

Haulm, Halm, Haum, hawm, n. The stem or stalk of 
grain, beans, etc.; straw. [AS. healm, D., Dan., and 
Sw. halm, L. culmus, a stalk, calamus, Gr. kalamos, 
a reed, kalame, stalk of corn; s. rt. culminate."] 

Haunch, hanch, n. The hip; thigh; hind quarter; that 
part of an animal 
body between loin 

and buttock. See i iT^.„„iAi!Ljfl» _ . 
Horse. [F. hanche, 
OHG. encha; s. rt. / 
OHG. euchila^E. lC^/f ff' '/^^r^U^s-^ 

ankle, Gr. angke, — * w ?_-i'__. 

the bent arm, E. , , „ . „ - . , 

angle, anchor!] - A A > Haunches of an Arch. 
Haunches of an arch. (Arch.) The parts between 
the crown and the springing. 

Haunt, hant, v. t. To frequent, resort to frequently; 
to visit pertinaciously or intrusively: to infest, as a 
ghost or apparition. — v. i. To persist in staying or 
visiting, —n. A place to which one frequently re- 
sorts. [OF. hanter; perh. s. rt. Armor, hent, a path, 




stin, cube, full ; moon, f6"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get- 



HAUTBOY 



252 



HEAD 



or L. haditare, to dwell, or, more prob., LL. ambi- 
tare, to go about, f r. L. ambitus, a going about.] — 
Haunt'er, n. 

»»utboy, ho'boi, n. An oboe; a wooden musical pipe, 
with a reed, finger holes, and keys, resemb- 
ling the clarionet. A treble stop in an organ. 
(Bot.) A sort of strawberry. [F. hautbois, 
lit. high wood, haut, high, and bois, wood, fr. 
the high tone of the instrument; It. oboe.] 

Jauteur. See under Haughty. 

Have, hav, v. t. [had, having. Indie, pres- 
ent, I have, thou hast, he has; we, ye, they 
have.'] To own, hold in possession; to pos- 
sess, as something which appertains to, is 
connected with, or affects one; to hold, re- 
gard, or esteem; to accept possession of; to 
obtain; hence, to beget or bear (young); to 
cause or procure to be, effect, require; to 
cause or force to go; to take; to take or hold 
one's self; to be under obligation. {Have, as 
an auxiliary verb, is used with the p. p. to 
form preterit tenses; as, I have loved, I shall w 
have eaten. Had rather, had as lief, had -t|- aut - 
better, are prob. corrupt, for would rather, "°7- 
etc., when contracted; as, Pd rather.] [Dan.; AS. 
habban, Ic. hafa ; s. rt. L. capere, to seize, hold, Gr. 
kope, a handle, W. caffael t to get, E. haft, q. v.] 

Havelock, hav r e-lok, n. A light cloth covering for the 
head and neck, tised by soldiers. [Fr. the Eng. Gen. 
Sir Henry Havelock:'] 

Haven, ha'vn, n. A harbor ; port; place of safety; 



shelter; asylum. [D.; AS. hsefen 
sea, habban, to hold, have, q. v.] 



rt. AS. hsef, the 



Haversack, hav'er-sak, n. A bag in which a soldier 
carries Ins rations when on a march; leather bag for 
carrying charges from ammunition chest to gun. [F. 
havresac, G. habersack, fr. haber, oats, & sack, sack.] 

Havoc, hav'ok, n. Wide and general destruction; dev- 
astation ; waste. — v. t. \To waste, destroy, lay 
waste. — interj. A cry orig. used in hunting, after- 
ward in war as signal for slaughter. [Prob. fr. AS. 
nafoc, a hawk, q. v. : W. hafog, navoc, is prob. f r. E.] 

Haw, haw, n. A hedge; an inclosed garden or yard; 
the berry and seed of the hawthorn. [AS. haga, an 
inclosure, yard, house, D. haag, a hedge, whence 
The Hague; s. rt. L. cingeie, to surround, E. cinc- 
ture, hedge.] — Haw'finch, n. A small bird; the gross- 
beak. — Haw'thorn, n. A thorny flowering shrub or 
tree,— used in Europe for hedges. [AS. hsegthorn.] — 
Haw'haw, Ha'-ha, n. A fence or ditch sunk between 
slopes, so that it is not perceived till approached. 

Haw, haw, n. A hesitation or intermission of speech. 
— v. i. [hawed (hawd), hawing.] To stop, in speak- 
ing, with a sound like haw, oi to speak with hesita- 
tion. [Onomat.: see Ha.] 

Haw, haw, v. i. To turn to the near side, or toward 
the driver, — said of cattle or a team.— v. t. To 
cause (a team) to turn to the near side (U. S., the 
left side). [Perh. for here ; but cf . F. huhau = haw.] 

Hawk, hawk, n. A rapacious bird of many species, re- 
sembling the falcons, except in the shortness of its 
wings; a falcon. — v.i. [hawked (hawkt), hawk- 
ing!] To catch birds by means of hawks trained 
for the purpose; to practice falconry; to soar or 
strike like a hawk. [AS. hafoc, heafoc, Ic. haukr; s. 
rt. have, q. v.] — Hawk'er, n. One who, etc.; a fal- 
coner. — Hawk'-eyed, -id, a. Having keen sight. 

Hawk, hawk, v. i. To make an effort to force up 
phlegm with noise.— v. t. To raise (phlegm) by 
hawking. — n. A noisy effort to force up phlegm 
from the throat. [Prob. onomat.; W. hochi, to throw 
up phlegm, hoch, act of, etc.] 

Hawk, hawk, v. t. To sell by outcry; to cry, peddle. 
[OD. heukeren, to sell by retail, heukelaar, a huck- 
ster, q. v.]— Hawk 'er, n. A peddler. 

Hawse, nawz, n. (Naut.) The situation of the cables 
before a vessel's stem, when moored with 2 anchors, 
one on either bow; distance ahead to which the ca- 
bles usually extend. [Ic, D., Dan., and Sw. hals, 
the neck, part of a ship's bow, tack, Ic. halse, to clew 
up a sail; not s. rt. hale, haul, hoist, etc.] — Hawse'- 
hole, n. A hole in the bow of a ship, through which 
a cable passes.— Haws'er, n. (Naut.) A small ca- 
ble; a large rope, in size between a cable and a tow- 
line. [Ic. and D. halser.] 

Hay, ha, n. Grass dried for fodder. — v. i. To cut and 
dry grass for preservation. [AS. hig, Ic. hey; s. rt. 
E. hew, to cut.] — Hay'-cock, n. A conical pile of 
hay, in the field. — fe'ver, n. {Med.) A catarrh ac- 
companied with fever, and sometimes with parox- 
ysms of dyspnoea, to which some persons are sub- 



ject in the spring and summer; hay-asthma; hay 
cold; rose-cold; rose-fever. — knife, n. A sharp in- 
strument used in cutting hay out of a stack or mow. 
— loft, n. A loft or scaffold for hay. — mak'er, n. 
One who cuts and dries hay. — mak'ing, n. The 
business of cutting grass and curing it for fodder. — . 
-mow, -mow, n. A mow or mass of hay laid up in a 
barn for preservation. — rick, n. A rick of hay. 
usually, a long pile for preservation in the open air. 

— -stack, n. A stack or large conical pile of hay in 
the open air, laid up for preservation. 

Hazard, haz'ard, n. That which conies suddenly or 
unexpectedly; chance; accident; casualty; danger; 
peril; risk; a game at dice. — v. t. To expose to 
chance or evil; to venture to incur, or bring on; to 
risk, jeopard, endanger. — v.i. To encounter risk 
or danger. [F. hasard, Sp. azar, orig. a game at 
dice, fr. Ar. al zar, the die, Per. zar, a die.] — Haz'- 
ardable, a.— Haz'arder, n. — Hazardous, -us, a. 
Exposed to hazard; risky; bold; daring; precarious; 
dangerous; uncertain. — Hazardously, adv. 

Haze, haz, n. A slight lack of transparency in the air; 
light vapor or smoke in the air; obscurity; dimness. 

— v. i. To be hazy. [Ic. hoss, AS. hasu, smy, dusky.] 

— Ha'zy, -zT, a. Thick with haze. — Ha'ziness, n. 
Haze, haz, v. t. [hazed (hazd), hazing.] To vex 

with chiding or reproof; to play abusive tricks upon. 
[Sw. hasa, to hamstring, fr. has, tendon.] 

Hazel, ha'zl, n. A nut-bearing shrub or small tree 
used for making hoops, crates, charcoal for gunpow- 
der and crayons, etc. — a. Of alight brown color. 
[AS. hsesel.] — Ha'zelly, -It, a. Of the color of the 
hazel-nut; light brown.— Ha'zel-nut, n. The fruit 
of the hazel. See Filbert. 

He, he, prow. [nom. he; poss. his; obj. him; pi. nom. 
they; poss. theirs; obj. them.] The man or mascu- 
line being or object named before; any man; the 
man or person; man; any male person. [AS., masc. 
nom. he, gen. his, dat. him, ace. nine ; pi. nom. & ace. 
hi, hig, gen. hira, heora, dat. him,heom.] — Himself'', 
pron. An emphasized form of he ; having command 
of himself; in his true character.— ify himself. Alone; 
sequestered. 

Head, hed, n. That part of any animal body contain- 
ing the perceptive organs of sense, and foremost or 
uppermost in the creature's locomotion; the upper- 
most, foremost, or most important part of an inani- 
mate object; the larger, thicker, or heavier part or 
extremity; place where the head should go; chief; 
leader; place of honor, or of command; an individ- 
ual; seat of the intellect; brain; understanding; the 
source, fountain, spring, or beginning, as of a stream 
or river; hence, the altitude of the source, and also 
the quantity in reserve, and the pressure resulting 
from either; that part of a gulf or bay most remote 
from the outlet; a separate part of a discourse; cul- 
minating point or crisis; strength; force; height; a 
rounded mass of foam on beer, etc.; ahead-dress; 
power ; armed force ; an ear of wheat, barley, or 
other small cereal; the eatable part of a cabbage, etc. 
—v. t. To be at the head of; to lead, direct; to form 
a head to, fit or furnish with a head; to get in front 
of, so as to hinder or stop; to check or restrain, —v. 
i. To originate; to go or tend; to form ahead. [AS. 
heafod; s. rt. L.capvt, Gr. kephale, the head, Skr. 
kapala, the skull, E. chief] —Head or tail. This side 
or that side; this thing or that, — a phrase used in 
throwing a coin to decide a choice, question, or stake, 
head being the side of the coin bearing the effigy or 
principal figure, and tail the other side.— To come to 
a h. To mature; to suppurate. —To his h. Before his 
face. — To make h., or to make h. against. To resist 
with success; to advance.— To h. down. To trim or 
cut off the branches or tops of trees. — To h. off. To 
intercept.— Head'er, n. One who heads nails, pins, 
etc., or leads a partv or mob. {Arch.) A brick or 
stone laid with its shorter face or head in the surface 
of the wall. A plunge into water, with the head fore- 
most. — Head'ing, n. Act of providing with a head; 
what stands at the head; title; material for the heads 
of casks. {Mining.) A gallery, drift, or adit in amine. 
{Sewing.) The extension of a line of ruffling above 
the line of stitch. {Masonry.) End of a stone pre- 
sented outward. — Head'y, -T, a. Willful; rash; 
hasty; apt to affect the head; intoxicating. — Head'- 
iness, n Rashness ; stubbornness ; obstinacy. — 
Head'ache, n. Pain in the head. — Head'land, n. 
{Geog.) A cape; promontory. A ridge or strip of 
unplbwed land at the ends of furrows, or near a 
fence. — Headless, a. Having no head; beheaded; 
destitute of a chief or leader. — Headlong, adv. 



fcm, fame, far, pass or ©pera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone. 6r 



HEAL 



253 



HEATH 



With the head foremost; rashly; precipitately; hast- 
ily; without delay or respite. — a. Acting without 
deliberation ; hasty ; rash ; steep ; precipitous. — 
' Head'ship, n. Authority or dignity; chief place. — 
Heada'man, n. ; pi. -men. An executioner.— Head''- 
■pring. a. Fountain; source; origin. — Head'stall, n. 
That part of a bridle or halter which encompasses 
the head. — Head'strong, a. Not easily restrained; 
directed by ungovernable will, or proceeding from 
obstinacy; violent; untractable; stubborn; heady.— 
Head' way, n. Progress made by a ship in motion; 
progress; success. (Arch.) Clear space or height 
under an arch, over a stairway , etc.— Head '-band, n. 
A fillet; band for the head; the band at each end of 
a book. — cheese, n. A dish made of portions of the 
head and feet of swine cut up fine and pressed into 
the form of a cheese. — dress, n. An ornamental 
covering worn on the head. — gear, n. Covering or 
ornament of the head. — -light, n. (Enr/in.) A light, 
with a reflector, at the head of a locomotive.— -man, 
v., -pi. -men. A chief; leader. — -piece, n. Head; ar- 
mor for the head; helmet; understanding. — quar- 
ters, n. pi. The quarters or place of residence of any 
chief officer; center of authority or order. — sea, n. 
A sea that meets the head of a ship, or rolls against 
her course. — stock, n. (Mach.) The part of a lathe 
that holds the revolving spindle and its attachments; 
the part of a planer that supports the cutter. — stone, 
n. The principal stone in a foundation; corner-stone; 
stone at the head of a grave. — tire, n. Attire for 
the head. — wind, n. A wind that blows in a direc- 
tion opposite to the ship's course. 
Heal, hel, v. t. [healed (held), healing.] To make 
hale, sound, or whole ; to cure of a disease or wound ; 
to remove or subdue; to restore to original purity or 
integrity; to reconcile, —v. i. To grow sound, re- 
turn to a sound state. [AS. hselan, fr. hal, whole, 
q. v. ; s. rt. kail, hale.) — Heal'able, a.— Heal'er. n. 

— Heal'ing, a. Tending to cure; mild; mollifying. 

— Health, helth, n. State of being hale, sound, or 
whole, in body, mind, or soul ; esp. the state of be- 
ing free from physical pain or disease ; a wish of 
health and happiness. [AS. hseldh.) — To drink a 
health. To drink with the expression of a wish for 
the health and happiness of some other person.— 
Healthlul, -ful, a. Free from illness or disease ; 
well ; healthy '; serving to promote health ; whole- 
some; salutary; indicating, characterized by, or re- 
sulting from, health.— Health'fully, adv.— Health '- 
fulness, n.— Health'y,-!, «. [-ier, -iest.] Being in a 
state of health : conducive to health ; sound ; hale ; 
wholesome; salutary; salubrious. —Healthily, adv. 

— Healthiness, n— Health'-lift, n. A machine for 
exercise, by lifting weights. 

Heald, held. n. A heddle. 

Heap, hep, n. A pile or mass ; a crowd ; throng. — 
v. t. [heaped (hept), heaping.] To throw or lay 
in a heap, make aheap of, pile ; to amass, accumu- 
late. [AS., a heap, heapian, to heap.] — Heap'er, n. 

Hear, her, v. t. [heard (herd), hearing.] To per- 
ceive by the ear; to give attention to, listen to, heed, 
obey ; to attend to for the purpose of judging a 
cause between parties, try; to listen to and answer 
favorably ; to favor. — v. i. To have the sense or 
faculty of perceiving sound ; to perceive or appre- 
hend by the ear, listen; to be told, receive by report. 
[AS. hyran, heran ; prob. not s. rt. Gr. akouein, L. 
audire, to hear, E. ear.} — Hear 'er, n. — Hear 'rug, n. 
Act of perceiving sound ; sense by which sound is 
perceived; attention to what is delivered; audience; 
a listening to facts and evidence, for adjudication ; 
extent within which sound may be heard. — Hear'- 
Bay, n. Report ; rumor ; common talk. — Hearken, 
hark'n, v. i. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To listen, give 
heed, hear with attention, obedience, or compli- 
ance. [OD. harcken, fr. hooren, to hear, AS. hyrcni- 
an, heorcnian, fr. hyran.) — Heark'ener, n. 

Hearse, hers, n. A carriage for conveyingthe dead to 
the grave: monument; tomb. —v. t. To lay in a 
hearse. [ME. and OF. herce, orig. a harrow, then a 
harrow-shaped frame for holding candles, used in 
churches and atfunerals, then funeral-pageant, bier, 
hearse, tomb, from L. hirpex, -picis, a harrow.] — 
Hearse'-cloth, n. A pall; cloth to cover a hearse. 

Heart, hart, n. (Anat.) A hollow, muscular organ, 
contracting rhythmically and keeping up the circu- 
lation of the blood. The seat of the affections or 
sensibilities, also of the understanding or will, and 
of moral life and character ; individual disposition 
and character ; the inmost or most essential part 
of any body or system ; vital portion ; courage ; 



spirit ; vigorous activ- „ 7 
ity ; power of fertile 
production ; that which 
is heart-shaped, esp. a q 

s-*vr-\ figure like that '■ 
( ) in the margin, 

V /or one of ase- 

\ / ries of playing- 7 *"| 

-^ cards, distin- _. 

Heart. gu i s hed by it. "* 
[AS. heorte, L. cor, Gr. Z» 
ker, kardia, Skr. hrid, ^ 
hridaya; s. rt. Gr. kra- 
daein, to quiver, beat, 
Skr. kurd, to jump.] — 
Heart'en,-n,i'.t |-ened 
(-nd), -ening.] To en- 
courage, embolden. — 




Section of Heart. 



superior vena cava; 6, 


pul- 


monary artery ; 


c, aort 


1: d, 


pulmonary art 




oul- 


monary veins;/", left au 


■iele; 


g, mitral valve 


h, lefi 


ven- 


tricle ; i, Beptum ; /, 


ri^-lit 


ventricle; *, < 






ferior ; m, tricuspid v 


live , 


n, right auricle 


; 0, pulm«na- 


ry veins. [See 


LtJNG.] 





Heart 'y, -T, a. [-iee, 
-iest.] Exhibiting the 
action of the heart ; 
proceeding from the 
heart ; exhibiting 
strength ; sound ; firm ; 
promoting strength; 
nourishing; rich; sin- 
cere ; cordial ; warm ; 
zealous; vigorous; ener- 
getic— Heart 'ily. -1-lT, 

adv. — Heartiness, «. — Heartless, a. Without » 
heart; destitute of sensibility orcourage ; unsymp* ■ 
thetic; cruel. — Heartlessly, adv. — Heart leBsnes* 
n. — At heart. In the true character or dispositions 
really; substantially. — To break the h. of. To brin* 
to despair or hopeless grief. — To get by h. To com 
mit to memory, learn thoroughly. — To have the h. it 
the mouth. To be much frightened. — To set the h 
at rest. To put one's self at ease. — To set the h. upon 
To long for earnestly. — Heart'-ache, n. Sorrow; an 
guish of mind; mental pang. — brok'en, a. Deeplj 
affected or grieved. — burn, n. (Med.) An uneasy, 
burning sensation in the stomach ; cardialgia. — 
-burn'ing, n. (Med.) Same as Heartburn. JDis 
content; secret enmity. — rend'ing. a. Breaking the 

heart; very distressing. sick. a. Sick at heartl 

depressed; lowspirited. sick'ening, a. Tending 

to make the heart sick or depressed. — string, n. A 
nerve or tendon, supposed to brace and sustain the 
heart. — wood, n. The hard, central part of the 
trunk of a tree, differing in color from the outei 
layers. — Heart's'-ease, n. Peace or tranquillity oi 
feeling. (Bot.) A species of violet; pansy. 

Hearth, harth or herth, n. The floor of a fire-place; 
the house itself, considered as the abode of comfort 
and hospitality; a projecting shelf in front of a 
6tove; a form of metallurgic furnace; the lower part 
of a blast or reverberatory furnace. [AS. heordh, 
hearth, OGH. hert, ground, hearth, Goth, haitrja, 
burning coals.] — Hearth'-stone, n. Stone forming 
the hearth; fireside. 

Heat, het, n. Caloric ; the force, agent, or principle 
in nature which renders bodies solid, fluid, or aeri- 
form, and which we perceive through the sense of 
feeling; sensation caused by caloric, when present 
in excess; high temperature, as disting. fr. low tem- 
perature, or cold ; indication of high temperature; 
redness; high color; flush; state of oeing once heat- 
ed or hot ; a single effort, as in a race; a course; ut- 
most violence, rage, vehemence; agitation of mind, 
exasperation ; animation in thougnt or discourse ; 
ardor; fermentation; sexual excitement in animals. 
— v. t. To make hot, communicate heat to, — said 
of inanimate objects ; also of animals, to excite by 
action, or make feverish; also of the passions, to in- 
flame, excite. — v. i. To grow warm or hot by the 
action of fire, by fermentation, or by chemical ac- 
tion. [AS. heatu, fr. hat, hot, hsetan, to heat.] — 
Heat'er, n. One who, or that which, heats ; any 
contrivance to impart heat to something else, or te> 
contain something to be heated. 

Heath, heth, n. (Bot.) A flowering shrub of many 
species. A place overgrown with heath; a desert; 
a cheerless tract of country. [AS. hsedh, a heath, 
Goth, haithi, a waste.] — Heath'y, -T, a. Full of, 
or abounding with, heath. — Heath'-cock, n. (Or- 
nith.) A large bird which frequents heaths ; the 

black grouse. hen, n. The female of, etc. -- 

-game, n. The heath-cock, etc. grass, n. A per- 
ennial, leafy-stemmed grass. — Heather, herh'er, n. 
Heath. — Heath'ery, -Sr-T, a. —Heathen, heUm, n. 
Apagan; idolater; an irreligious, unthinking person. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, DONboN, chair, get. 



HEAVE 



254 



HEiJX, 



— a. Gentile; pagan. [AS. hsedhen, orig. a dweller 
on a heath; cf. pagan, a dweller in a (L. pagus) vil- 
lage.] — Hea'thendom, -dum, n. That part of the 
world where heathenism prevails ; heathen nations 
considered collectively. — Hea'thenish, a. Pert, to, 
etc.; rude; savage; cruel; inhuman. — Hea'thenish- 
ness, n. — Hea'thenism, -izm, n. Religious system 
or rites of a heathen nation ; idolatry ; paganism ; 
manners or morals prevalent in a heathen country. 

— Hea'thenize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To ren- 
der heathen or heathenish. 

Heave, hev, v. t. [imp. heaved (hevd) or hove(Iiov); 
p. p. heaved, sometimes hoven (hov'n) ; heav- 
ing.] To move upward, lift; to raise, elevate; to 
throw, cast, send ; to force from or into any position; 
to throw off ; to raise or force from the breast. — v. 
i. To be thrown up, be raised; to rise and fall with 
alternate motions, as the bosom in heavv breathing, 
as waves in a heavy sea, as ships on the billows, etc.; 
to swell, dilate, distend; to labor, pant; to make an 
effort to vomit, retch. — n. An upward motion ; 
swell or distention, as of the breast, waves, etc. ; an 
effort to raise up something, as the contents of the 
stomach, etc. (Geol.) A horizontal dislocation in 
a lode, at an intersection with another lode. pi. A 
disease of horses characterized by difficult breath- 
ing. [AS. hebban, Dan. hseve, to heave ; perh. s. rt. 
L. capere, to seize, E. have.] — To heave a ship to. To 
bring the ship's head to the wind, and stop her mo- 
tion. — To h. up. To relinquish, give up ; to vomit 
out. — To h. in sight. To come in sight, appear. — 
Heavier, n. One who, etc. (Naut.) A bar used as 
a lever. — Heav'y, -1, a. Having the heaves. — 
Heave'-offering, n. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering 
made to God, which was heaved or elevated. — 
Heavy, hev'i, a. [-ier, -iest.] Heaved or lifted 
with labor; weighty; ponderous; large in size, ex- 
tent, or quantity; bulky; difficult to move; not easy 
to bear ; nard to endure ; laden with that which is 
weighty; pregnant; bowed down ; slow; sluggish ; 
lifeless"; dull; inanimate ; strong ; violent ; loud ; 
low, or deep ; clammy ; solid ; not easily digested; 
impeding motion ; cloggy ; clayey ; having much 
body or strength; dark with clouds, or ready to rain. 

— adv. With great weight ; ponderously. [AS. 
hefig, fr. hebban?]— Heavily, -T-1T, adv. With great 
weight; grievously; slowly; with difficulty .— Heav''- 
lness, n. [AS. hefignes.] — HeaVy-spar, n. {Min.) 
Sulphate of baryta, often occurring in large crys- 
tals remarkable for their great weight. — Heft, n. 
Weight ; ponderousness. — v. t. To heave up, lift ; 
to try the weight of, by raising. 

Heaven, hev'n, n. The arch overhanging the earth ; 
the sky; atmosphere; the dwelling-place or immedi- 
ate presence of God ; the home of the blessed ; the 
Supreme Being; God; supreme happiness; great fe- 
licity; bliss. [AS. heofan, OS. hevan, ; not s. rt. G. 
himmel, Goth, hirnins, heaven; prob. not s. rt. E. 
heave, perh. s. rt. L. camera, a vault.] — Heav'enly, 
-n-lT, a. Pert, to, resembling, or inhabiting heaven; 
celestial; appropriate to heaven in character or hap- 
piness; perfect; pure; supremely blessed. — adv. In 
a manner resembling that of heaven; by the influ- 
ence or agency of lieaven. — Heav'eniiness, n. — 
Heav^nly-mind'ed, a. Having the thoughts and af- 
fections placed on or suitable for heaven and heav- 
enly objects: devout; godly.— Heav'enward, a. and 
adv. Toward heaven. 

Heavy, etc. See under Heave. 

Hebdomadal, heb-dom'a-dal, -dary, -da-rf, a. Week- 
ly ; consisting of, or occurring once in, 7 days. — 
fiebdom'adary, n. (Rom. Oath. Ch.) A member 
of a chapter or convent, whose week it is to perform 
certain services. [L. hebdomadalis, pert, to a week, 
fr. L. and Gr. hebdomas, number of 7, a week, fr. 
hepta, seven; s. rt. seven.] 

Hebetate, heb'e-tat, v. t. To render obtuse; to dull, 
blunt, stupefy. — a. Obtuse ; dull. [F. he'be'ter, L. 
hebetare, -tatum, fr. hebes, dull.] — Hebeta'tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. [F.] 

Hebrew, he'broo, n. One of the ancient inhabitants 
of Palestine ; an Israelite ; Jew ; the Hebrew lan- 
guage. — a. Pert, to the Hebrews, or to their lan- 
guage. [F. he'breu, L. Hebrseus, Heb. ibri, perh. fr. 
abar, he crossed over, said of Abraham, crossing the 
Euphrates.] — Hebraic, a. Pert, to the Hebrews; 
designating their language. — Hebra'ically, adv. 
After the manner of the Hebrew language ; from 
right to left.— He'braism, -izm, n. A Hebrew idiom; 
a peculiar expression in the Hebrew language ; the 
Hebraic type of character ; servile and severe al- 



legiance to conscience: stoical self-control; unrelax. 
ing industry. — He'braist, n. One versed in the 
Hebrew language and learning. — Hebraistic, a. 
Pert, to, or resembling, Hebrew. — He^braize, v. t. 
To convert into the Hebrew idiom ; to make He- 
brew or Hebraistic. — v. i. To speak Hebrew, or to 
conform to the Hebrew idiom. 

Hecatomb, hek'a-toom, n. {Antiq.) A sacrifice of 
100 oxen or beasts of the same kind; any large num* 
ber of victims. [F. and L. hecatomhe, Gr. hekatombe 
fr. hekaton (for henkaton, f r. heis, hen, one, and rt. 
of Skr. cata, L. centum, AS. hund). 100, and bous, ox; 
s. rt. E. cow.] —Hectare, hek-tar', n. A measure of 
area = 100 ares, or 10,(. 00 square meters=2.4711 acres. 
[F., fr. Gr. hekaton and L. area, q. v.] — Hec'to- 
gram, -to-grain, n. A measure of weight = 100 grams 
or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois, [fr . hectogramme ; 
Gr. gramma, l-24th ounce.] — Hectoliter, hek-toKT- 
ter or hek'to-li'ter, n. A measure for liquids = 100 
Kters=\-l0th cubic meter, nearly 26i gallons of wine 
measure. [F. hectolitre; Gr. htra, pound.]— Hec- 
tometer, hek-tom /r e-ter or hek'to-me'ter, n. A meas- 
ure of length = 100 meters, nearly 328.09 Eng. feet. 
[F. hectometre ; Gr. metron, measure. See Meter.] 
— Hectostere, hek / to-star r , n. A measure of solidity 
= 100 cubic meters =3531.05 cubic feet. [F. ; Gr. ste- 
reos, solid.] 

Heckle. Same as Hackle. 

Hectic, hek'tik, -tical, a. Pert, to hectic; habitual; 
constant ; affected with hectic fever. — Hec'tic, n. 
{Med.) The fever of irritation and debilitv, occur- 
ring usually at an advanced stage of exhausting 
disease, as in pulmonary consumption. [F. hectique, 
Gr. hektikos, fr. hexis, a habit of body, fr. echein, tut. 
hexo, to have; s. rt. Skr. sah, to bear, endure.] 

Hector, hek'ter, n. A bully; a blustering, turbulent, 
noisy fellow ; one who teases or vexes. — v. t. [hec- 
tored v-terd), -toring.] To bully, bluster, irritate, 
vex. —v. i. To bluster. [Name of a Trojan warrior.] 

Heddle, hed 'dl, n. {Weaving.) One of the threads of 
yarn or metal in the harness of a loom ; a heald : each 
heddle has a central eye or loop by which the warp 
thread passing through it is raised or depressed to 
form the shed for the passage of the weft shuttle. 

Hederaceous, hed-e-ra'shus, a. Pert, to, resembling, 
or producing ivy. [L. hederaceus, fr. hedera, ivy.] — 
Hed'eral, a. Composed of, or pert, to, ivy. 

Hedge, hej, n. A fence or line of bushes (esp. thorn- 
bushes) or small trees thickly set. — v.t. [hedged 
(hejd), hedging.] To inclose or separate with a 
hedge; to hinder from progress or success; to sur- 
round for defense, protect, hem in; to surround so 
as to prevent escape. — v. i. To hide as in a hedge, 
skulk; to bet on both sides. [AS. hege, a hedge. J— 
To hedge a bet. To bet upon both sides, guarding 
against loss, whatever may 
be the result. —Hedge '- 
hog. n. (Zobl.) A small in- 
sectivorous animal having 
prickles or spines on the 
upper part of its body, and 
able to roll itself into a 
ball.— Hedge'-priest, n. A 
low, ignorant priest. — row, 
n. A row of shrubs, or 
trees, planted for inclosure, 
or separation of fields. — spar'row, n. A European 
bird which frequents hedges. 

Heed, hed, v. t. To mind, regard with care, take 
notice of, attend to, observe.— n. Attention; notice; 
regard ; careful, reverential, or fearful attention. 
[AS. hedan, to heed. OHG. huaten, to protect, fr. 
huota, D. hoede, G. hut, heed, protection; s. rt. AS. 
hod, D. hoed, G. hut, a hat, E. hood.] — Heedful, 
-ful, a. Full of heed; cautious; circumspect; vig- 
ilant: attentive. — Heed'fully, adv. — Heed'fulness, 
n. — Heedless, a. Without heed: careless; thought- 
less. — Heedlessly, adv. — Heedlessness, n. 

Heel, hel, n. The hinder part of the foot, or of any 
covering for the foot; the latter or remaining part 
of anything ; something heel-shaped ; a protuber- 
ance; a spur, as set on the heel; part of a thing cor- 
responding in position to the human heel, esp. 
{Naut.) the after end of a ship's keel, or the lower 
end of a mast, boom, bowsprit, etc. — v. t. [heeled 
(held), heeling.] To use the heels in, as in dancing, 
running, etc.; to add a heel to. [AS. hela, D. hiel; 
prob. s. rt. L. calx, Gr. lax, for klax, heel, L. cellere, 
to strike, Skr. kal, to drive; or else AS. hela is contr. 
of hohila, dim. of hoh, heel, not s. rt. L. calx.] — Neck 
and heels. Doubled up: the whole length of the body. 




Hedge-hog. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in. Ice ; Odd. tone, 6r ; 



HEEL 



256 



HELP 



— To be at the h. of. To pursue closely.— To be out at 
the h. To have on worn out stockings; hence, to be 
in bad condition. — To cool the h. 1 o wait. — To go 
h. over head. To move in a hasty, inconsiderate, or 
rash manner. — To Ion b>) the h. To fetter, shackle, 
confine. — To show the h. To flee, run from. — To 
take to the h. To flee.— Heel'-piece, n. Armor for 
the heels; a piece of leather on the heel of a shoe. 

tap, n. A piece of leather for the heel of a shoe; 

a portion of liquor at the bottom of a glass after 
drinking, — v. I. To add a piece of leather to the 
heel of (a shoe, etc.). 

Heel, hel, v. i. (Naut.) To incline; to lean, as a ship. 
[AS. hyldan.'] 

Heft. See under Heave. 

Hegemony, he-gem'o-nT, n. Leadership; preponder- 
ant influence or authority (of a government or 
state). [Gr. hegemonia, St. hegemon, leader, fr. he- 
geisthai, to go before.] 

Hegira, he-ji'ra or hei'T-ra, n. The flight of Moham- 
med from Mecca, Sept. 13, A. D. 622; the limn; year 
beginning July 16, a. d. 622,— from which date Mo- 
hammedans reckon time; any flight or exodus. [Ar. 
hijrah, fr. hajr, separation, absence.] 

Heifer, liefer, n. A young cow. [AS. heahfore. lit. a 
high ox, fr. heah, high, and fear, ox; s. rt. MHG. 
pjar, OHG. varro, .far, ox, Gr. poris, a heifer, L. 
parere, to produce, E. parent.'] 

Heigh-ho, Who, interj. An exclamation of surprise, 
uneasiness, or weariness. 

Height, Hight, hit, n. Condition of being high; ele- 
vated position ; distance to which anything rises 
above that on which it stands, above the earth or 
level of the sea; altitude; that which is elevated; an 
eminence; hill; mountain; elevation in excellence 
of any kind, as in power, learning, arts ; an ad- 
vanced degree of social rank; utmost degree in ex- 
tent or violence; progress toward eminence; grade; 
degree. [ME. highte, AS. heahdhu, fr. heah, high, q. 
v.] — Heighten, Highfen, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), 
-ENING.] To raise higher, elevate ; to carry for- 
ward, make better, increase; to advance toward a 
worse state, intensify ; to set off to advantage by 
contrast. [AS. hean.X 

Heinous, ha'nus, a. Hateful ; odious ; great ; enor- 
mous; monstrous; flagrant; atrocious. [OF. hainos, 
fr. haine, hate, hair, Goth, hatjan, to hate, q. v.] — 
Hei'nously, adv. — Hei'nousness, n. 

Heir, ar, n. One who receives, inherits, or is entitled 
to succeed to the possession of property after the 
death of its owner; one who receives endowment 
from an ancestor or relation. [OF. heir, eir, L. heres : 
8. rt. L. herus, master, Gr. cheir, hand, Skr. hri, to 
convey, take.]— Heir apparent. (Law.) One whose 
right to an estate is indefeasible if he survives the 
person in possession. — H. at law. One who, after 
the death of an ancestor or relation, has a right to 
inherit all his intestate estate.— H. presumptive. 
One who, if the possessor of an estate should die 
immediately, would be his heir, but whose right 
may be defeated by the birth of a nearer relative, or 
by other contingency. — HerT'dom, -dum, n. Suc- 
cession by inheritance.— Heirless, a. A female heir. 
— Heirloom, -loom, n. Any piece of personal prop- 
erty, which descends to the heir along with the in- 
heritance; one which has been long in a family. 
[See Loom.] — Heir 'ship, n. State, character, or priv- 
ileges of an heir; right of inheriting. 

Hektare, Hektogram, etc. See Hectare, etc., under 
Hecatomb. 

Held. See Hold. 

Heliac, he'li-ak, Heli'acal, a. (Astron.) Rising or 
setting at or near the same time as the sun. [Gr. he- 
liakos, pert, to the helios, sun ; prob. s. rt. Skr. ush, 
to burn.]— Heli'acally, adv. — He'liocen'tric, -li-o- 
sen'trik, -trical, a. Having the sun as a center, or 
appearing to be seen from it. [Gr. kentron, center, 
q. v.] — Heliog'raphy, -ft, n. Art of taking pictures 
on any prepared material by means of the sun and 
a camera obscura; photographv. [Gr. graphein, to 
write.] — Heliol'atry, -tri, n. Worship of the sun. 
[Gr. latreia, worship.] — Heliom / 'eter, n. An instru- 
ment for delicate astronomical measurements. [Gr. 
metron, measure.] — Helioscope, -skop, n. A tele- 
scope for viewing the sun without injury to the eyes. 
[Gr. skopein, to look.] — He'liostat, n. An instru- 
ment by which a sunbeam may be steadily directed 
to one spot. (Geod. and Mil.) A heliotrope. [Gr. 
statos, placed, f r. histanai, to stand.] — He'liotrope, 
-trop, n. (Bot.) A fragrant plant; turnsole. (Geod- 
zsy and Mil. Signal Service.) An instrument for 




making signals to an observer at a distance, by 
means of the sun's rays thrown from a mirror. 
(Min.) A variety of chalcedony, of a deep-green 
color, variegated with blood-red or yellowish spots. 
[F.; L. heliotropium (the plant); Gr. trepein, to turn.] 
- He'liofropism, -pizm, n. (Bot.) The faculty by 
which certain plants are supposed to turn their 
leaves or flowers toward the sun. — He'liotype, -tip, 
n. A picture made by heliotypy. [Gr. tvpos, im- 
pression.] — He'lioty'py, -ti'pi, n. A method of 
printing photographic pictures from a surface of 
prepared gelatine. 

Helix, he'liks, n. ; pi. Hei/ices, -i-sez. A spiral line, 
as of wire in a coil; something spiral. (Arch.) A 
little volute under the abacus of the Corinthian 
capital: see Capital. (Anat.) The whole circuit 
or extent of the external border of the ear : see 
Ear. (Zobl.) A spiral 
univalve shell, as of a 
snail. [L. and Gr., a 
curl, spiral, fr. Gr. he 
lissein, to turn round 
s. rt. L. volvere, to rol 
E. volute, q.v.]— Hel' 
ical, a. Of, or pert, to, 
etc.; spiral. — Hell- 
coid, a. (Geom.) A 
warped surface gen- 
erated by a straight 
line moving in a cer- 
tain manner.— a. Helices (Zool.). 

Spiral; curved like the spire of a univalve shell. 
[Gr. eidos, shape.] — Hemispheric, -sfer'ik, -ical, a. 
Spiral. [Gr. sphairikos, spiral.] 

Hell, hel, n. The place of the dead ; lower regions ; 
grave ; the place or state of punishment for the 
wicked after death; place where outcast persons or 
things are gathered, as, a dungeon or prison ; also, in 
certain games, a place to which those caught are 
carried for detention; also a gambling-house; also 
a place into which tailors throw shreds, or printers 
broken type. [AS.; D. and Ic. hel ; s. rt. AS. helan, 
L. celare, to hide, cella= E. cell, peril. Skr. kri, to 
cover.] — HelKish, a. Pert, to, or fit for. hell; in- 
fernal; malignant; wicked: detestable. — Hellish- 
ly, adv. — HelKishness, n. — Hell' hound, n. A dog 
of hell; agent of hell; miscreant. 

Hellebore, heKle-bor,w. (Bot.) A poisonous plant used 
in medicine. [OF. ellebore, L. helleborus, Gr. helle- 
boros; prob. in part fr. Gr. bora, food.] 

Hellenic, hel-len'ik or -le'nik, a. Pert, to the Hel- 
lenes, or inhabitants of Greece : Greek ; Grecian. 
[Gr. Hellenes, the Greeks, fr. Hellen, son of Deuca- 
lion, the Gr. Noah.] — Hellenism, -izm, n. A Greek 
phrase, idiom, or construction ; a Grecism ; the 
ancient Greek type of character, — aiming at cul- 
ture, grace, and amenity.— Hel 'lenist, n. A Jew who 
used the Greek language as his mother tongue; one 
skilled in the Greek language; a Grecian. 

Helm, helm, n. (Naut.) A vessel's steering apparatus; 
esp. the tiller. The place of direction or manage- 
ment. [AS. helma, helm, rudder, G. helm, helve, 
handle. See Helve. Halberd.] — Helms'man, 
helmz^man, n. ; pi. -men. The man at the helm. 

Helm, helm, v. t. To cover with a helmet. — Helm, 
Helm'et, n. Defensive armor for 
the head ; head-piece ; morion : 
thing like a helmet in form, posi- 
tion, etc., as, the upper part of a 
retort, or the hood-formed upper 
sepal of some flowers. [AS., D., 
and G. helm, also D. helmet; s. rt. 
hell (in the sense of covering).] 

Helminthic, hel-min'thik, a. Pert. 
to, or expelling worms. — n. A 
medicine for expelling worms ; 
vermifuge. [Gr. helmins, -minthos, — 
a worm? lit. curling thing; s. rt. Barred Helmet. 
helix, q. v.] — Hel'minthoKogy, -jT, n. Science or 
description and natural history of worms. [Gr. 
logos, discourse.] 

Helot, ne'lot or heKot, n. A slave in ancient Sparta; 
hence, a slave. [Gr. Heilos, Heilotes, perh. fr. hai- 
rein (2d aorist heilon), to conquer : perh. fr. Helos, a 
town of Laconia, whose inhabitants were enslaved 
by the Spartans.] — Hel'otism, -izm, n. The condi- 
tion of, etc.; slavery. 

Help, help, v. t. [imp. & p. p. helped (helpt), obs. 
imp. holp and p. p. holpen; helping.] To aid, 
assist; to furnish with the means of deliverance; to 
furnish with relief in pain or disease ; to change 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get 



HELTER-SKELTER 



256 



HERB 



for the better, remedy; to prevent, hinder; to for- 
bear, avoid. — r. i. To lend aid or assistance. — n. 
Aid; assistance : remedy; relief ; in U. S., one who 
helps, a domestic servant. [AS. helpan, to help, 
helpe, help; s. rt. Skr. klip, to be fit for, kalpa,&ble.] 

— Help'er, n. One who helps or assists; an assistant^ 
auxiliary. — Helpful, -fyl, a. Furnishing help ; 
useful; wholesome. — Helpfulness, n. — Helpless, 
a. Destitute of help or strength ; feeble ; weak ; 
beyond help ; irremediable ; bringing no help. — 
Helplessly, adv. — Helplessness, n. — Help'mate, 
-meet, n. An assistant; helper; consort; wife. [Fr. 
a misunderstanding of an help meet (fit), Gen. ii., 18.] 

Helter-skelter, hel'ter-skeKter, adv. In hurry and 
confusion. [Onomat.] 

Helve, helv, n. The handle of an ax or hatchet; head 
of the ax.-t;. t. [helved (helvd), helving.] To 
furnish (an ax) with a helve. [OD.; AS. hielf. See 
Helm.] 

Helvetic, hel-vefik, a. Pert, to the Helvetii, the in- 
habitants of the Alps, now Switzerland, or to the 
states and peoples of the Alpine regions. 

Hem, hem, n. The border of a garment or cloth, dou- 
bled and sewed, for protection or ornament; edge; 
margin. — v. t. [hemmed (hemd), -ming.] To fold 
and sew down the edge of; to border, edge. [AS. 
hemm, hem, a hem, G. hamme, a fence, hedge; s. rt. 
G. himmel, heaven, canopy, orig. a vault, L. camera, 
vault, chamber.] — Hem-stitch, v. t. [-stitched 
(-sticht), -stitching.] To ornament at the head of 
a hem by drawing out a few parallel threads, and 
fastening cross-threads in clusters. 

Hem, hem, interj. An exclamation whose utterance 
is a sort of half-cough, indicative of hesitation or 
doubt, — better expresse'd by hm. — n. The sound 
thus represented. — v. i. To make the sound ; to 
hesitate in speaking. [Onomat.; D. hem. See Hum.] 

Hemal, Haemal, he'mal, a. Pert, to the blood or blood 
vessels. [Gr. haima, blood.] — Hem'orrhage, hem'- 
Sr-ej, n. (Med.) Any discharge of blood from the 
blood-vessels. [OF. hemorrhagie, Late L. hsemor- 
rhagia, Gr. haimorrhagia, fr. haima and rhegnunai, 
to break, burst.] — Hem'orrhoids, -roidz, n. pi. 
(Med.) Small erectile tumors of the vascular, mu- 
cous, or cellulartissues of the rectum; piles. [F.hem- 
orrhoides ; Gr. rheein, to flow; s. rt. Skr. sru, to flow.] 

— Hemorrhoidal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Hemostatic, 
a. (Med.) Pert, to stagnation or stoppage of the 
blood. Serving to arrest hemorrhage; styptic. [Gr. 
statikos, causing to stand, fr. histanai, to stand.] — 
Hem'atite, -a-tit, n. (Min.) The sesquioxide, or 
specular ore, of iron. [Fr. the red color of the pow- 
der.]— Brown hematite. The hydrous sesquioxide 
of iron; limonite. 

Hemiplegia, hem-T-ple-jt-a, Hem'iple'gy, -iT, n. (Med.) 
A palsy that affects one side only of the body. [Gr. 
hemiplegia, -plexia, f r. hemi- (= L. semi-, Skr. sami, 
half, sama, same, equal), half, andplessein, to strike, 
plege,plexis, a stroke.] — Hemip'ter, -teran, n. (En- 
tom.) One of an order of insects having the wing- 
covers transparent toward the end, or throughout, 
the true wings straight and unplaited, and feed- 
ing on vegetable or animal juices by means of a 
sucking-tube. [Gr. pteron, 
a wing, f r. petomai, to fly.] 

— Hemip'teral, -terous, /^ 
-us, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

— Hemisphere, -T-sfer, n. 
A half sphere ; one half of 
a sphere or globe ; half of 
the terrestrial globe, or a 
projection of the same in 
a map or picture. [OF.; 
Gr. sphaira t a sphere.] — 
Hemispheric, -s f e r ' i k, 
-ical, a. Containing, or lr 
pert, to, etc.- Hem'istich, Hemipter (Pentatome). 
-stik, n. Half a poetic verse, or a verse not com- 
pleted. [L. hemistichium ; Gr. stichos, row, line, 
verse.] — Hemis'tichal, a. Pert, to, written in, by, 
according to, or into, hemistichs. — Hemltone, -ton, 
n. Same as Semitone. [L. hemitonium; Gr. tonos, 
a tone.] 

Hemlock, hem'lok, ri. An umbelliferous plant whose 
leaves and seeds yield an acrid poison (conia) used 
in med.; an evergreen tree common in N. Amer.; 
hemlock spruce. [AS. hemlic; hem perh. same as 
ME. hem, malign, s. rt. G. hammen, to maim: see 
Hamper; -lie, fr. AS. leac, a leek, q. v.] 

Hemorrhage, etc. See under Hemal. 

Hemp, hemp, n. A plant the fiber of whose skin or 




bark is used for cloth and cordage ; fiber of the 
plant, prepared for spinning; a rope. [AS. henep, fr. 
L. cannabis, Gr. kannabis, Skr. cana, hemp; s. rt. 
canvas. ] — Hemp'en, -n, a. Made of hemp. 
Hen, hen, n. The female of any fowl, esp. of the do- 
mestic fowl. [AS. and D., fern, of AS. hana, D. 
haa?i, a cock, orig. a singer; s. rt. L. canere, to sing.] 

— Hen'bane, n. A plant poisonous to domestic 
fowls: all parts of the plant are highly narcotic, and 
it is used in medicine as a substitute for opium; hy- 
oscyamus. — Hen'-har'rier, n. A species of harrier 
(bird) destructive to poultiy. — heart'ed, a. Cow- 
ardly; timid. — pecked, -peltt, a. Governed by one's 
wife. — roost, n. Pluce where poultry rest at night. 

— Hen'nery, -ner-T, n. An inclosed place for fowls. 
Hence, hens, adv. From this place, this time, this 

cause or reason, or this source, origin, or cause. 
[ME. hennes, contr. hens, AS. heonan, for hinan, fr. 
nine, him; cf. G. hinnen, L. hinc, hence, fr. G. ihn, 
him, L. hie, this.] — Henceforth'' or Henceforth, 
Henceforward, adv. From this time forward. 

Henchman, hencn'man, n. ; pi. -men. A page ; serv- 
ant; hanger-on. [ME. henseman, prob. fr. ME. and 
AS. hengest, horse, i. e., a groom ; prob. not fr. 
haunch.] 

Hendecagon, hen-dek'a-gon, n. (Geom.) A plane 
figure of 11 sides and 11 angles. [Gr. hendeka (fr. 
hen, one, and deka, ten), eleven, and gonia, angle.J 

Hendiadys, hen-di'a-dis, n. (Gram.) A figure in 
which the same idea is presented by two words or 
phrases. [NL., fr. Gr. hen dia duoin, one by two.] 

Henna, hen'na, n. (Bot.) An oriental flowering shrub 
of the genus Lawsonia. Powdered henna leaves, or 
a paste made of the leaves, used by Egyptians and 
Asiatics to dye their nails, etc., of an orange hue. 
[Ar. hinna-a, the dyeing or coloring shrub.] 

Hepatic, he-pafik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or having the 
color of the liver. [OF. hepatique, L. hepaticus, fr. 
Gr. hepar^ hepatis, ~L.jeeur, Skr. yakrit, the liver.] 

— Hepat/ica, -T-ka, n. A ranunculaceous plant, the 
lobes of whose leaves are thought to resemble the 
lobes of the liver. [L.]— Hep'atiza'tion, w. (Med.) 
Conversion of the lungs, etc., into a substance re- 
sembling the liver. — Hep'atogas' trie, a. Pert, to 
the liver and stomach. [Gr. gaster, gastros, belly.] 

Heptad, hep'tad, n. (Chem.) An atom whose equiv. 
alence is 7 atoms of hydrogen, or which can be 
combined with, substituted for, or replaced by 7 
atoms of hydrogen. [Gr. heptas, heptados, fr. hepta, 
seven, q. v.] — Hep'tachord, -kord, n. (Anc. Mas.) 
A system of 7 sounds ; a lyre with 7 chords. (Anc. 
Poet.) A composition sung to the sound of 7 chords. 
[Gr. chorde, chord.]— Hep'taglot, n. A book in 7 
languages. [Gr. glotta, tongue, language.] — Hep'- 
tagon, n. (Geom.) A plane figure consisting of 7 
sides and 7 angles. [Gr. gonia, angle.] — Heptag'o- 
nal, a. Having, etc. — Heptan'gular, -tan'gu-ler, 
a. Having 7 angles. — Hep'tarcny, -tark-T, n. A 
government by, or country governed by, 7 persons. 
[Gr. arche, sovereignty, archein, to rule.] — Hep'ta- 
stich, -stik, n. (Pros.) A composition consisting 
of 7 verses. [Gr. stichos, row, rank.] 

Her, her, pron. and a. The objective case of the per- 
sonal pronoun she ; pert, to a female, or a noun in 
the feminine gender ; being the possessive case of 
the personal pronoun she. [Written hers when the 
noun which it governs, or with which it agrees, is 
not given, but implied.] [ME. and AS. hire, gen. 
and dat. of AS. heo, she. \ — Herself, pron. An 
emphasized form of she ; in her ordinary or real 
character ; in her right mind; sane.— By herself. 
Alone; apart; unaccompanied. 

Herald, her'ald, n. (Antiq.) An officer who pro- 
claimed war or peace, and bore messages from the 
commander of an army. In Eng., an officer who 
regulates public ceremonies, and records and blaz- 
ons the arms of the nobility and gentry; a king at 
arms; a proclaimer; publisher; a forerunner ; pre- 
cursor; harbinger. — v. t. To introduce, orgive tid- 
ings of, as by a herald ; to proclaim. [OF. heralt, 
heraut, OHG. herolt, ir.hari, AS. here, an army (see 
Harry), influenced by OHG. forharen, to proclaim, 
whence foraharo, a herald.]— Heral'dic, a. Pert, 
to heralds or heraldry. — Her'aldry, -rT, n. Art or 
office of a herald ; art, practice, or science of re- 
cording genealogies, and blazoning arms. — Her'* 
aldship, n. Office of a herald. 

Herb, erb, n. A plant having a soft or succulent stalk, 
or stem, that dies to the root every year. [F. herbe, 
L. herba ; prob. s. rt. OL. forbea, food, Gr. phorbe, 
pasture, fodder, Skr. bharb, to eat.] — Herby, herb'. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Sdd, tone, 8r ; 



HERCULEAN 



257 



HERRING 



Y, a. Of the natureof, pert, to, or covered with, 
herbs. — Herbose'. -bos', Herb'ous, -us, «. Abound- 
ing with, etc. — Herb'orize, v. i. [-rized (-nzd), 
-rizixg.] To search for plants, or new species of 
plants. — HerVorizalion, n. Act of seeking plants 
in the field ; the figure of plants in mineral sub- 
stances: see Arborization.— Herba'ceous, her-ba / '- 
shus. a. Pert, to herbs; having the nature of an herb. 

— Herb'age, erb r - or hgrb'ej, n. Herbs collectively; 
grass; pasture. (Law.) Liberty or right of pasture in 
the forest or grounds of another man. [F.J — Herb'- 
al. herb'al, n. A book containing the names and de- 
scriptions of plants ; a collection of dried plants ; 
hortus siccus ; herbarium. — a. Pert, to herbs. — 
Herb'alist, n. One skilled in, or who makes collec- 
tions of, plants. — Herbalium, n. ; Eng. pi. -Kiums; 
L. pi. -ria, -rY-a. A collection of dried plants ; book 
for preserving plants ; hortus siccus. [L.] — Herb'- 
ary, -a-rT, n. A garden of herbs ; cottage garden. — 
Herbes'cent, -bes'ent, a. Growing into herbs. [L. 
herbescens, p. pr. of hei-bescere, to grow into herbs.] 

— Herbif'erous, -Sr-us, a. Bearing herbs. [L.ferre, 
to bear.] — Herbiv'orous, -o-rus, a. Eating herbs ; 
feeding on vegetables. [L. vorare, to devour.] 

Herculean, her-kule-an, a. Very great, difficult, or 
dangerous; having extraordinary strength and size. 
[L. Hercules, most famous of Greek heroes, cele- 
brated for strength, and esp. for 12 difficult labors.] 

Herd, herd, n. A number of beasts assembled together; 
a company of people ; crowd; rabble. — v. i. To 
unite or associate in a herd, as beasts; to unite in a 
company by custom or inclination. — v. t. To form 
or put into a herd. [AS. heord, herd, a herd, ME. 
herdien, to herd.]— Herd'man, Herds'man, n. ; pi. 
Herd'men, HerdsIien. The owner or keeper of 
herds. — Herd'-book, n. A book of pedigrees of 
choice breeds of cattle ; herd-register. — Herds'- 
grass, n. One of several species of grass, highly es- 
teeme_d for hay; timothy; red-top. 

Here, her, adv. In this place, — opp. to there; in the 
present life or state. [AS., Ic, Dan., and Goth, her, 
ft. rt. of he ; cf . hence.] — Here'abouV, -abouts'. adv. 
About this place; in this neighborhood.— Hereaffer, 
adv. In time to come : in some future state. — n. 
A future existence or state. — HereafrV adv. At, or 
by reason of, this. —Hereby'', adv. By means of 
this. — Herein'', adv. In this. — Here'lnaft'er. adv. 
In the following part of this. — Hereto', adv. To 
this. — Heretofore", adv. In times before the pres- 
ent ; formerly. — Here'unto', adv. Unto this or 
this time ; hereto. — Hereupon', adv. On this ; 
hereon. —Herewith'', -with'' or -with/, adv. With 
this. — Herein'' to, adv. Into this. —Hereof', -of 
or -ov', adv. Of, concernins or from this. — Here- 
on', adv. On this ; hereupon. 

Hereditary, he-red'Y-ta-rY, a. Descended by inheri- 
tance ; capable of descending from an ancestor to 
an heir ; transmitted, or that may be transmitted, 
from a parent to a child ; ancestral ; patrimonial ; 
inheritable. [L. hereditarily, fr. hereditare, to in- 
herit, fr. heres, heredis, an heir, q. v.] — Heredlta- 
ble, Heritable, a. Capable of being inherited. — 
Heredity, -Y-tY, n. Transmission of qualities of 
parents to offspring. — Her'edit'ament, n. (Law.) 
Any species of property that may be inherited.— 
Hereditarily, adv. By inheritance. — Heritage, 
-ej, n. Thing inherited; inheritance. [F.] — Her- 
itor, -or, n. Orig. an heir; in Scot, a proprietor in a 
parish. [LL.] 

Heresy, her'e-sY, n. An opinion opposed to the es- 
tablished or usually received doctrine; esp. (Theol.) 
rejection of, or erroneous belief in regard to, some 
fundamental religious doctrine or truth ; hetero- 
doxy. [OF. heresie, Qt. hairesis, a choice, sect, her- 
esy, fr. hairein, to take.] — Herpetic, n. One who 
holds to a heresy; one who believes some doctrine 
contrary to the Christian religion; schismatic; sec- 
tarian. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A Protestant. — He- 
retical, a. Containing, or pert, to, heresy. — He- 
retlcally, adv. — Heresiarch, her'e-sY- or he-re'zY- 
ark, n. A leader in heresv; chief heretic. 

Heriot, hSr'Y-ot, n. (Eng. Law.) A tribute of goods 
or chattels to the lord of the fee, payable on trie de- 
cease of a tenant by copyhold or other landholder. 
[AS. heregeatu, what was given the lord of the manor 
to prepare for war, fr. here, army, and geatu, pro- 
vision, fr. getan, gitan, to get.] 

Heritable, Heritage. See under Hereditary. 

Hermaphrodite, her-maf ro-dit, n. An animal or hu- 
man being having both the male and the female gen- 
erative organs. (Bot.) A flower that contains both 



the stamen and the pistil within the same calyx, or 
on the same receptacle. [Fr. Hermaphroditus, son 
of Hermes, or Mercury, and Aphrodite, or Venus, 
who, when bathing, became joined in one person 
with Salmacis, the nymph of the fountain.] — Her- 
maphroditp brig. (NauV) A bri', r square-rigged for- 
ward and schooner-rigged alt. -- Hermaph'rodite, 
-roditlc. -leal, a. Partaking of both sexes. — Her- 
maphroditism, -ro-dit-izm, -rodism, -rod-izm, n. 
Union of two sexes in the same individual. 

Hermeneutic, hgr-me-nn'tik, -tical, a. Pert, to inter- 
pretation; exegetical. — Hermeneu'tics, n. sing. Sci- 
ence of interpretation ; exegesis, — esp. applied to 
interpretation of the Scriptures. [Gr. h< rmeneutikos, 
fr. hermeneutes, hermeneus. an interpreter, perh. fr. 
Hermes, Mercury, tuteiarv god of skill.] 

Hermetic, her-metlk, -ical, a. Pert, to chemistry; 
chemical: pert, to that philosophy which pretends 
to explain all the phenomena of nature from the 3 
chemical principles, salt, sulphur, and mercury ; 
pert, to the system which explains causes of diseases, 
etc., on the principles of the hennetical philosophv, 
esp. on the system of an alkali and acid ; perfectly 
close, so that no air, gas, or spirit can escape. [LL. 
hermeticus, fr. the Egyptian Hermes Trismrgistus, the 
fabled inventor of alchemy.] —Hermetically, adv. 

Hermit, her'mit, n. A recluse : anchoret ; esp. one 
who lives in solitude from religious motives. [ME. 
heremite , eremite, F. hermite, LL. herem>ta,eremita, 
Gr. eremites, lit. dweller in a desert, fr. eremia, des- 
ert, eremos, deserted.] — Her'mitage, -ej, n. The 
habitation of a hermit; a secluded residence. [F.] 
— Her'mitess, n. A female hermit. 

Hern. Same as Herox. 

Hernia, her'nY-a, n. (Surg.) A rupture ; a tumor 
formed by protrusion of any internal part through 
a natural or accidental opening in a muscular or 
membranous wall. [L.] — Strangulated hernia. Ir- 
reducible protrusion, with constriction, of an intes- 
tine. — Her'nial, a. Pert, to, or connected with, her- 
nia. — Herniotomy, -mY, n. (Surg.) Act or opera- 
tion of cutting for the cure of hernia, or relief of 
strangulated hernia. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] 

Hero, helo, n. ; pi. -roes, -roz. A man of distin- 
guished valor, intrepidity, or enterprise in danger; 
a great or extraordinary person ; principal person- 
age in a poem, story, etc. (Myth.) An illustrious 
man, placed among the gods, after his death. [OF. 
and Sp. heroe, L. and Gr. heros, Skr. vira, hero ; L. 
vir, AS. wer, man.]— Heroic, a. Pert, to, like, or 
becoming a hero; brave; intrepid: noble. — Heroic 
age. The age when the heroes are supposed to have 
lived. —H. poetry. That in which the life of a hero 
is celebrated ; epic poetry.— H. treatment, remedies. 
(Med.) Those of a violent character. — H. verse. 
(Pros.) The verse of heroic poetry, being in Eng. 
the iambic of 10 syllables. — Heroically, adv. In 
the manner of a hero; with valor; bravely; coura- 
geously; intrepidly. — He'roicomlc, -ical, a. Con- 
sisting'of the heroic and the ludicrous. —Heroine, 
her^o-in, n. A female hero. [F., L., and Gr.] — 
Her'oism, -izm, n. The qualities or character of a 
hero; courage; fortitude; bravery; valor. 

Heron, her'un, n. A wading bird of many species 
with long slender legs, neck, 
and bill. [F. ; OF. hairon, 
OHG. heigir.] — Her'onry, 
-ri, n. A place where herons 
breed. 

Herpes, her'pez, n. (Med.) 
An eruption of the skin ; 
esp. an eruption of vesicles 
in small distinct clusters, ac- 
companied with itching or 
tingling, including shingles, 
ringworm, etc. [L. and Gr., 
fr. Gr. herpein, to creep, fr. 
its tendency to creep from 
one part of the skin to an- 
other.] —Herpetic, a. Pert, 
to, or like, etc. — Herpetol'- 
ogy, -jY, n. Natural history 




Heron. 



or description of reptile 
rupeds. [Gr. her- 
peton, reptile (fr. 
herpein), and log- 
os, discourse.] — 
Her ' petol ' ogist, 
n. One versed in, 
etc. 
Herring, herling, 



including oviparous quad- 




sun, cube. f"11 ; moon, fdbt : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



HERS 



258 



HIERARCH 



n. A small fish, appearing in vast shoals in the 
spring, upon the coasts of Europe and America, 
where they are taken in great quantities. [AS. 
hxrincg, fr. here, an army, tr. their great shoals; cf. 
W. ysgadan, herrings, fr. cad, a host, army.] 

Hers, hgrz, Herself. See Her. 

Herschel, her'shel, n. A planet discovered by Dr. 
Herschel, in 1781, — now called Uranus. 

Herse, hers, n. (Fort.) A lattice or portcullis in the 
form of a harrow ; a harrow used instead of a che val- 
de-frise. A hearse. [Same as hearse.'] 

Hesitate, hez'Y-tat, v. t. To stop or pause respecting 
decision or action; to be in suspense or uncertainty, 
doubt, waver, scruple ; to stop in speaking, falter, 
stammer. [L. hsesitare, -tatum, intens. form of 
hserere, to hang or hold fast.] — Hesitation, re. Act 
of hesitating. [F.] — Hesitancy, -tan-sY, re. Act of 
hesitating or doubting; doubt ; action or manner of 
one who hesitates; indecision. 

Hesper, hes'per, Hes'perus, n. The evening star. — 
Hespe'rian, -rY-an, a. Western; occidental. 

Hessian Fly, hesh'an-fli, n. A small, two-winged 
fly, or midge, nearly black, destructive to young 
wheat, — supposed to have been brought into Amer. 
by the Hessian troops, during the Revolution. 

Hest, hest, re. Command ; precept ; order. [AS. has, 
fr. hatan, to call', bid.] 

Hetchel. Same as Hackle. 

Heteroclite, het'er-o-klit, n. (Gram.') A word which 
is irregular or anomalous, esp. a noun irregular in 
declension. Any thing or person deviating from 
common forms. [Gr. heteroklitos, fr. heteros, other, 
and klinein, to lean, inflect.] — Het'eroclite, -clit'- 
ic, -clifical, a. Deviating from ordinary forms 
or rules; irregular; anomalous; abnormal.— Het'er- 
odox, a. Contrary to some acknowledged standard, 
as the Bible, creed of a church, etc. ; not orthodox ; 
holding opinions or doctrines contrary to some ac- 
knowledged standard. [Gr. doxa, opinion.] — Het'- 
erodox'y, -doks'Y, re. Heresy ; an opinion or doc- 
trine contrary to some established standard. — Het'- 
eroge'neal, -je'ne-al, -neous, -us, a. Differing in 
kind ; having unlike qualities ; dissimilar. TGr. 
genos, race, fr. genein, to beget.] — Het'erogene'ity, 
-ne'Y-tY, Het'eroge'neousness, n. — Het'erogen'esis, 
«. Spontaneous generation; descent, in which suc- 
cessive generations differ from each other; produc- 
tion of a living being by beings of a different spe- 
cies, — opp. to homogenesis or gamogenesis. [Gr. gen- 
esis, fr. genein.'] — Het'erog'enist, n. A believer in, 
etc. — Het'erop'athy, -thi, n. (Med.) Treatment 
of disease by supplanting one morbid condition by 
another and different one, — applied by homceop- 
athists to the ordinary medict-l practice. [Gr. jm- 
thein, to suffer.] 

Hetman, het'man, re. ; pi. -mans. A Cossack com- 
mander-in-chief. [Pol. hetman, Russ. ataman, fr. G. 
hauptmann, head man, chieftain.] 

Hew, hu, v. t. {imp. hewed; p. p. hewed (hud) or 
hewn (hun); hewing.] To cut with an ax, shape 
with a sharp instrument, chop, hack. [AS. heawan, 
OHG. houwan ; s. rt. L. cudere, to strike, pound, E. 
hoe.] — Hew'er, n. One who hews wood or stone. 

Hexad, heks'ad, n. (Chem.) An atom whose equiv- 
alence is 6, or which can be combined with, substi 
tuted for, or replaced by, 6 atoms of hydrogen. [Gr. 
hexas, hexados, the number 6, fr. hex, six, q. v.] — 
Hex'achord, -kord, n. (Mus.) An interval of 4 tones 
and 1 semitone : a scale of fi notes ; an instrument 
with 6 strings. [Gr. hex and chorde, chord.] — Hex'- 
agon, n. (Geom.) A plane figure of (i sides and 6 
angles. [Gr. gonia, angle.] — Hexag'onal, a. Hav- 
ing, etc. — Hex'ahe'dron, n. A regular solid body 
of 6 equal faces ; a cube. [Gr. hedra, seat, base.] — 
Hex'ahe'dral, a. Of the figure of, etc. — Hexam'- 
eter, n. (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse of (J feet, either 
dactyls or spondees, — a. Having, etc. [Gr. me tron, 
measure.] — Hex'amet'ric, -rical, a. Consisting of, 
etc. — Hexan'gular, -ar/gu-ler, a. Having 6 angles 
or corners. — Hex'apla, -a-pla, n. A collection of 
the Holv Scriptures in 6 languages or (i versions. 
[Gr., fr.'hexaploos, -pious, six fold.] — Hex'aplar, a. 
Sextuple; containing 6 columns. 

Hey, ha, interj. An exclamation expressive of joy or 
exhortation. [G. and D. hei.] — Hey'day', interj. 
An expression of frolic, exultation, or wonder. [G. 
heida, D. hei daar, hallo! hot there; G.da, D. daar 
= E. there.] 

Heyday, ha 'da, re. A frolic; wildness. [Corrupt, of 
hmh day.] 

Hiatus, hi-a'tus, n. ; L. pi. same as sing.; E. pi. -tuses. 



-ez. An opening ; gap ; chasm ; space where some- 
thing is wanting ; a break in a manuscript, where 
part is lost or effaced. (Gram.) Concurrence of 2 
vowels in 2 successive syllables or words. [L., p. p. 
of Mare, to yawn ; s. rt. yawn, chasm.] 

Hibernal, hi-ber r nal, a. Belonging or relating to 
winter; wintry; win terish. [F.; L. hibernalis, hiber- 
nus ; s. rt. L. hiems, winter, Gr. chion, Skr. hima, 
snow.]— Hi'bernate, -nat, v. i. To winter; to pass 
the winter in seclusion, esp. in lethargic sleep, as 
bats, bears, etc. — Hiberna'tion, n. Act of, etc. 
j Hibernian, hi-ber' nl-an, a. Pert, to Hibernia, now 
Ireland ; Irish. — n. A native or inhabitant of Ire- 
land; a Milesian.— Hiber'nianism, -nicism, -nY-sizm, 
' n. An idiom or mode of speech peculiar to, etc. 

Hibiscus, hi-bis'kus, n. A genus of plants, some spe- 
cies bearing showy flowers, some edible, some yield- 
ing mucilage or fiber. [L.] 

Hiccough, Hiccup, Hickup. hik'kup, re. A spasmodic 
contraction of the diaphragm and adjacent parts, 
producing a sudden sound, usually caused by gas- 
tric derangement; the sound itself. — v. i. [hic- 
coughed (-kupt), -coughing.] To have, etc. [Ono- 
mat.; F. hoquet, D. and Armor, hik, Dan. hikke, W. 
ig, a hiccough; D. hikken, Dan. hikke, to hiccough.] 

Hickory, hik r o-rY, n. A nut-bearing American tree of 
several species, having strong, tenacious wood. 

Hicksite. hiks'it, n. A follower of Elias Hicks, who se- 
ceded fr. the Society of Friends in the U. S., in 1827. 

Hid, Hidden. See Hide, v. t. 

Hidage. See under Hide (of land). 

Hidalgo, hi-daKgo, n. In Spain, a nobleman of the 
lower class; a gentleman by birth. [Sp., contr. fr. 
hijo de algo, son of something ; hijo, OSp. figo, L. 
filius, son; algo, L. aliquod, something.] 

Hide, hid, v. t. [imp. hid; p. p. hid, hidden; hiding. 1 
To withhold, or withdraw from sight ; to conceal 
from knowledge, keep secret, disguise, dissemble, 
screen ; to protect from danger, defend. — v. i. To 
lie concealed or secreted; to keep one's self out of 
view. [AS. hidan, hydan, Gr. keuthein, to hide; s. 
rt. L. custos, a protector, E. sky.] — Hide-and-seek. A 
play in which children hide themselves, and another 
seeks them.— Hid'er,w. — Hid'ing, n. Concealment. 

Hide, hid, n. The skin of a beast, raw or dressed; the 
human skin, — so called in contempt.—?;, t. To 
flog, whip. [AS. hyd, OHG. hut, L. cutis, Gr. kutos, 
skutos, skin, hide; same as hide, to conceal.]— Hide'- 
bound, a. Having the skin stuck so closely to the 
ribs and back, as not to be easily loosened or raised; 
having the bark so close as to impede growth. 

Hide, hid, n. (O. Eng. Law.) A house or dwelling; a 
portion of land, differently estimated at 60, 80, or 
100 acres. [LL. hida, fr. AS. hid, contr. fr. higid = 
hiwisc, an estate sufficient to support a household; 
s. rt. AS. hiwan, domestics, a household, E. hire.] — 
Hid'age, -ej, n. A tax formerly paid to the King of 
Eng. for every hide of land. 

Hideous, hid'e-us, a. Frightful or shocking to the 
eye; distressing to the ear ; hateful ; grim ; grisly ; 
terrible. [ME. hidous, OF. liidos, hideus, hisdos, 
perh. fr. L. hispidosus, fr. hispidiis, rough, bristly.] 

— Hid'eou3ly, adv. — Hid'eousness, re. 

Hie, hi, v. i. L H,Er > (hid), hying.] To hasten. [AS. 
higian; s. rt. Gr. kiein, to go, L. ciere, to summon, 
citns, quick, Skr. ci, to sharpen, E. cite, hone.] 

Hierarch, hKe-rark, n. One who rules or has author- 
ity in sacred things; chief of asacred order. [Gr. hi- 
erarches, fr. hieros, sacred (orig. vigorous; s. rt. Skr. 
ishiras, vigorous, fresh), and archos, leader, archein. 
to rule : see Arch, a.] — Hi'erarch'al, a. Pert, to a 
hierarch. — Hi'erarch'y, -rark'Y, n. Dominion m sa- 
cred things; the body of persons having ecclesiastical 
authority; a government administered by the priest- 
hood. [F. hierarchie, Gr. Merarchia.] — Hi'erarch'- 
ical, a. Pert, to a hierarchy. — Hi'erat'ic, a. Con- 
secrated to sacred uses; sacerdotal; pert, to priests, 

— applied to a mode of ancient 
Egyptian writing, being the 
sacerdotal character. [Gr. . 
hieratikos, fr. hierateuein, to I £| 
be a priest, fr. hieros.] — Hier- 
oglyph, -glif , -glyph'ic, n. A 
sac red character, — esp. the 
picture-writing of the ancient 
Egyptian priests; the figure of 
an animal, etc., standing for a 
phrase, word, or letter ; any 
character or figure having a 
mysterious significance. [Gr. 
hierogluphikos : g lu v h e i n, to 



;j^avJ!3 



Hieroglyphics. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm 



Ice ; 6dd, tone, or ; 



HIGGLE 



259 



HIPPOCAMPUS 



hollow out, engrave: see Glyph.] — Hieroglyphic, 
-ical, a. Emblematic; expressive ot some meaning j 
by characters, pictures, or figures; obscure ; enig- i 
matical. — Hi'eroglyphlcally, a</v. — Hi'erogram, j 
n. A speeies of sacred writing. [Gr. gramma, letter, 
graphein, to write.] — Hi'erographlc, -ical, ". Pert, 
to sacred writing. — Hi / erol / ogy, -jl, n. A discourse 
on sacred things; esp. science of the ancient writ- 
ings and inscriptions of the Egyptians. LGr. hiero- 
logia; logos, discourse.] — Hi'eroman'cy, ». Divi- i 
nation by observing things offered in sacrifice. 
[Gr. manteia, divination.] — Hierophant, hi-er'o- | 
or hi'e-ro-fant, n. A priest; one who teaches the 
mysteries of religion. [Gr. phainein, to show, make 
known: see Phantom.] 

Higgle, etc. See under Hack, v. t. 

Higgledy-piggledy, hig / gl-dl-pig /, gl-d'i, adv. In con- 
fusion; topsv-turvy. 

High, hi, a. Of great altitude ; elevated ; raised up ; - 
lofty ; sublime ; distinguished ; sometimes equiv- j 
alent to great, used indefinitely; possessing some 
characteristic quality in a marked degree; proud; | 
violent ; forcible ; intense ; dear in price ; promi- 
nent; eminent, — used in technical senses, as, (Fine 
Arts) wrought so as to be prominent from the sur- I 
face, also, in an elevated style; {Law & Politics) re- \ 
lating to, or derived from the sovereignty of a state, 
as, high-trea.son; (Chron.) remote in time or antiqui- 
ty; (Cookery.) strong-scented, as tending toward pu- 
trefaction ; ( Gear/. ) remote from the equator, north 
or south ; (Mus.) acute or sharp, — adv. In a high 
manner; to a great altitude; eminently; profound- 
ly; powerfully.— n. An elevated place; superior 
region. [AS. fieah, OHG. hoh, orig. knoblike; s. rt. 
G. hocken, to set in heaps, Ic. haugr, a mound, Skr. 
kuch, to bend.] — High day. (Script.) A holy or 
festive day. — H. Dutch, or H. German. The G. [ 
language, as spoken in the elevated southern part i 
of Germany ; the cultivated German, or language 
spoken by the educated classes: see under German. 
— H. life. Life among the aristocracy. — H. living. 
A feeding upon rich food. — H. Mass. (Rom. Cat h. 
Church.) Mass performed by a choir in a specially 
solemn manner. — H. noon. Time when the sun is 
in the meridian. — H. seas. The waters of the ocean 
three miles or more from the coast line. — H. time. 
Quite time. — H. treason. Treason against the sov- 
ereign or state, being the highest eivil offense. — 
H. water. The utmost flow or greatest elevation of j 
the tide; also, the time of such elevation. — H. ivine. 
Distilled wine; brand}'; also, pure or undiluted al- 
cohol. — Highly, -IT, adv. — High'ness, n. State of 
being, etc.; a title of honor given to princes, etc. — i 
Hight, n. Same as Height, q. v. — High/land, n. j 
Elevated land; a mountainous region. — Higb/land- j 
er, n. An inhabitant of highlands; esp. ot the High- I 
lands of Scotland. — Higb/way, n. A public road; j 
way open to all passengers; path; course. — High/- I 
wayman, n. ; pi. -mex. One who robs on the public I 
road; a highway robber. — High'-born, a. Of noble ] 

birth or extraction. bred, a. Bred in high life ; 

courtly. — -church, a. Inclined to magnify the au- 
thority and jurisdiction or ecclesiastical rites and I 
ceremonies of a church, — usually applied to such] 
as attach the highest importance to the episcopal 

office and the apostolic succession. church'ism, 

n. Principles of the high-church party. church' 

man, n. One who holds, etc. — fti'er, n. One ex- 1 

travagant in pretensions or manners. flown, a. \ 

Elevated ; swelled ; proud ; turgid ; extravagant.— 
-hand'ed, a. Overbearing ; oppressive ; arbitrary ; 

violent. mind'ed, a. Proud ; arrogant ; of, "or I 

pert, to, elevated principles and feelings ; magnan- 
imous. press'ure, a. (Steam Eng.) Having a : 

steam pressure exceeding about 50 pcunds on the ) 
square inch. road, n. A highway ; a much fre- 
quented or traveled road. sea'soned, a. Enriched 

with spices or other seasoning. sound'ing, a. \ 

Pompous; noisy; ostentatious. — spir'ited, a. Full 
of spirit or natural fire ; easily irritated ; irascible ; 

bold; daring. toned, a. High in tone or sound; 

noble; elevated. — wrought, a. Wrought with ex- 
quisite art or skill; inriamed to a high degree. 

Bight, hit, v. i. {imp. and p. p. hight, hot, hote, 
hoten.] To be called or named. [The only English 
passive verb ; obs.] [ME. highte, AS. hatte, I am 
called, hatan, to be called, Goth, haitan, to call, 
name; s. rt. hest.] 

Hilarious, hi-la'rT-us, a. Mirthful ; merry ; jovial ; 
jolly. [L. hilaris, -rns, Gr. hilaros, gay, fr. hilaos, 
propitious, kind; s. rt. exhilarate.] — Hilarity, -lar'- 



T-tT, n. Pleasurable excitement of the spirits; glee; 
merriment; jollity. [F. hilarity.] 
Hill, hil, n. An eminence less than a mountain; the 
earth raised about the root of a plant; a group of 
plants growing together, and having earth heaped 
up about them. — v. t. [hilled (hild), hilling.] To 
surround with earth. [AS. hyll, 01). hil; s. rt. L. 
collis, a hill, celsus, lofty, admen, a top; not s. rt G- 
huegel, a hill.] — Hill'y, -T, a. Abounding with, etc. 

— Hill'iness, n. — Hill'ock, n. A small hill. 

Hilt, hilt, n. The handle- of anything, esp. of a sword, 
dagger, or cutting instrument. [AS. ; perh. s. rt. L. 
gludius, sword; not s. rt. hold.~\ 

Hilum, hilum, m. (Bot.) The mark or scar where a 
seed was attached to its base ; eye of a 
bean. etc. [L., a little thing, trifle.] 

Him, Himself. SeeunderHE. 

Hind, hind, n. The female of the red 
deer or stag. [AS., 1c, Dan., and Sw.] 

Hind, hind, n. A peasant; rustic; swaiu; 
agricultural laborer. [AS. hina, for hina aiium. 
man, man of the domestics ; hina = hiwena, gen. oi 
hiwan, pi., domestics. See Hive.] 

Hind, hind, a. [hinder, hindmost or hindermost.] 
Placed in the rear, and not in front. [AS. hind an, 
at tiie back of, hinder, backwards; .-. rt. AS. hine, 
hence, q. v.] — Hind'er, a. Pert, to that part in the 
rear, or which follows. — Hin'der, hTn'der, v. t. 
[-dered (-derd), -dering.] To prevent from mov- 
ing forward; to check or retard in progress; to em- 
barrass, shut out, interrupt, obstruct, impede, de- 
lav.— v.i. To interpose or cause impediments. [AS. 
hindrian, fr. hinder.] — Hin'derance, -drance, n. Act 
of, or that which^etc — Hin'derer, n. 

Hindoo, -du, hiii'doo, n. ; pi. -doos or -dus, -dooz. One 
of a race inhabiting Hindostan ; an adherent of 
Brahmanism. [Hind. Hindi, Hinduwi, Hindustani, 
a dweller on the banks of the river Sindhu, Skr. for 
Indus.] — Hin'dooism, -duism, -doo-izm, n. The 
doctrines, rites, or religious principles of the Hin- 
doos ; Brahmanism. — Hindoostan'ee, -dustan'i, 
-stan'e, a. Of, or pert, to, the Hindoos or their lan- 
guage.— n. The camp and court language of the 
Hindoos. — Hin'dee, -di. -de, ?i. The purest modern 
dialect of, etc. — Hin'dui, -cloo-e, n. The language 
of, etc., before the Mussulman invasion, — a pure 
Aryan tongue. 

Hinge, hinj, n. The hook or joint on which a door, 
gate, lid, etc., turns ; that on which anything de- 
pends or turns; a governing principle, rule, or point. 

— v. t. [hinged (hinjd), hinging.] To furnish 
with hinges. — v. i. To stand, depend, or turn, as 
on a hinge. [ME. henge, fr. AS. hanyian, Ic. hengja, 
to hang, q. v.] 

Hinny, hinliT, n. The produce of a stallion and a 
she-ass; a mule. [L. hinnits, Gr. hinnos, ginnos.] 

Hint, hint, v. t. To bring to mind by a slight men- 
tion or remote allusion; to allude to, suggest, im- 
ply, —v. i. To make an indirect reference, etc. — n. 
A distant allusion; slight mention; intimation; in- 
sinuation; suggestion. [AS. hentan, to seize, hunt 
after; s. rt. hit, hunt.] 

Hip, hip, n. The lateral parts of the pelvis and the 
hip joint, with the flesh covering them; the haunch. 
(Arch.) The external angle formed by the meeting 
of 2 sloping sides of a roof. [AS. hype, prob. orig. a 
bend, hump ; s. rt. Gr. kuptein, to bend forward, 
kuphos, bent, also a hump, E. hump, hoop, hop.] — 
To have on the flip. To have the advantage of. — To 
smite h. and thigh. To defeat utterly. — Hip'shot, a. 
Having one hip lower than the other. — Hip'-roof, n. 
A roof having sloping ends and sides. 

Hip, hip, n. The fruit of the rose. [AS. heop.] 

Hipped, hipt, Hip'pish, a. Somewhat hypochondriac. 
[Contr. of hypochondriac] 

Hippocampus, hip-po-kamp'us, n. A small armor- 
plated fish, with equine head and neck and pre- 
hensile tail, allied to the pipe-fish; sea-horse. (Myth.) 
One of Xeptune's horses, half horse and half fish. 
[Gr. hippocampos, fr. hippos, horse, and kamptein, to 
bend.] — Hippocen'taur, -senlawr, n. (Myth.) A 
fabulous monster, half man and half horse. [See 
Centaur.]— Hip'podrome, -drom, n. A circus, or 
place in which horse-races and chariot-races are per- 
formed. [Gr. dromos, race course.] — Hip'pogrifi, n. 
(Myth.) A monster, half horse and half griffin: a 
winged hor.se. [Gr. grups, griffin.] — Hippoph'agous, 
-pofa-gus, u. Feeding on horses. [Gr. pfiagein, to 
eat.]— Hippoph'agy, -a-jT, n. Act or practice of, etc.— 
Hip'popot'amus, n . ,• Eny.pl. -muses, L. pi. -MI. 
A herbivorous pachydermatous aquatic quadruped 



sun, cube, full; moon, f<36t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. 



HIPPOCRAS 



260 



HOBNOB 



of. Africa, having a 
very large muzzle, 
small eyes and ears, 
thick and heavy 
"body, short legs, a 
6hort tail, and skin 
■without hair, except 
at the extremity of 
the tail. (L.; Gr. hip- 
po/iotamos; 2X>Uuno$, 
river.] 
Hippoeras, hip'po-kras, 




Hippopotamus. 



(Med.) Wine with an in- 
fusion ot spices and other ingredients, used as a cor- 
dial. [Orig., wine of Hippocrates, — so called by 
apothecaries because supposed to be made according 
to the prescription of Hippocrates.] 

Hire, hTr, v. t. [hired (hlrd), hiking.] To procure 
(the services of another, or a chattel or estate) for 
temporary use, for a compensation;, to contract with 
for wages; to bribe; to grant the use of, forcompen- 
Bation; to let, lease, —n. Price, reward, or compen- 
sation for the temporary use of anvthing; recom- 
pense for personal service; wages; "salary; pay; a 
bribe. [AS. h>jr; prob. s. it. AS. hired, family.house- 
hold, E. hind, servant, hive.]— Hire'ling, ». One 
hired; a mercenary. — a. Serving for wages; venal; 
mercenary. — Hir'er'. n. 

Hirsute, hgr-sat', a. Rough with hair; set with bris- 
tles; hairy; shaggy, [h. hirsutus; e. rt. horrere, to 
bristle. See Horror.] — Hirsnte'BesB, n. 

His, hiz, pron. See He. 

Hispid, his'pid, a. Rough with bristles or minute 
spines; bristly. [L. hispichts.] 

Hiss, his. v. i. [hissed (hist), hissing.] To make a 
sound like that of the letter s, esp. in contempt or 
disapprobation; to make a like sound, as a goose or 
serpent, or as water thrown on hot metal, or steam 
escaping through a narrow orifice; to glide with a 
whizzing noise. — u.t. To condemn by hissi'fg; to 
procure disgrace for. — n. A sound like that of s, 
esp. as a mark of disapprobation; voice of a goose 
or serpent. [Onomat. ; AS. hysian, OD. hisschen, 
D. st'3sen, G. zischen.] — Hissing, n. A hiss; occa- 
sion of contempt; object ot scorn and derision. 

Hist, hist, interj. Hush; be silent,— a word command- 
ing silence. [Peih. same as his*: cf. Dan. Ays, si- 
lence ! hysse, hush; and cf. E. whist.] 

Histology, his-tol'o-jl, u. Science of the minute struc- 
ture of the tissues of plants, animals, etc. [Gr. histos, 
a web, and logos, discourse.] 

History, his'to-rT, ». A statement of what is known: 
arecond; description; a narrative of events; a state- 
ment of the progress of a nation or an institution, 
with philosophical inquiries respecting effects and 
causes. [L. and Gr. historia, fr. Gr. histor, for idtor, 
knowing, learned, fr. eidenai, to know.] — Natural 
history. Description and classification of objects in 
nature, as minerals, plants, animals, etc., and the 
phenomena which they exhibit to the senses. — His- 
io'rian, n. A writer or compiler of history; chron- 
icler; annalist. — Historic,, -tor'ik, -ical, a. Con- 
taining, pert, to, contained or exhibited in, deduced 
from, or representing history. — Historical painting. 
That branch of painting which represents events of 
history, with regard to time, place, and accessories, 
and with exercise of imaginative art. — The historic 
seme. Capacity to represent the unity of a past age. 

— Historically, adv. — Histo'riog'rapher, -fer, n. 
A historian; writer of history; esp. an officer em- 
ployed to write the history of a prince or state. [Gr. 
graphcin, to write.]— Histo'riog'raphy, -IT, n. Art 
or employment of, etc. 

Histrionic, h|s-trT-on / 'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to a stage- 
player, or to playing; theatrical. (L. histrionicus, 
fr. histrio, a player.] — Histrionically, adv. 

Hit, hit, v. t. [imi>. & p. )>. hit; hittixg ] To reach 
with a stroke or blow; esp. to reach or touch an ob- 
ject aimed at, as a mark, usually with force; to reach 
or attain exactly, accord with, suif . — v. i. To meet 
or come in contact, strike; to succeed in an attempt. 

— n. A collision; the stroke or blow that touches 
anything, — often with implied luck or chance: an 
apt expression or turn of thought. [Tc. and Sw. 
hxtta, Dan. hilte, to hit upon, fit; prob. s. rt. Goth. 
Itmitau, to catch, E. hint.]— To hit off. To describe 
with hits or characteristic strokes. — To hit on, or 
upon. To light upon; to come to by chance. 

Hitch, hich, ». i". [hitched (hicht), hitching.] To 
become entangled, caught, linked, or yoked; to 
move spasmodically by jerks, or with stops; to 
fidget, move. — v. t. To fasten, unite, yoke, harness; 



to raise or pull with a jerk. — n. A catch ; impedi- 
ment; temporary obstacle or stoppage. (zVairf.) A 
knot or noose in a rope for fastening it to a ring or 
other object. [ME. hicchtn; cf. Scot, hocch, to move 
by jerks; not s. rt. hook.] 

Hither, hith'er, adv. To this place. — a. On the side 
or direction toward the person speaking; nearer. 
[AS. hider, hidher, Goth, hidre, h.citra; s. rt he, 
ef. hence] — Hith'erto', -too', adv. To this place; up 
to this time; as yet; until now, — Hith'erward, adv. 
This way; toward this place; hither. 

Hive, hlv, n. A fox or other place for a swarm of 
honey-bees to live in; a swarm of bees; crowded or 
busy place; company; crowd. — v. t. [hived (hf\ J). 
hiving.] To collect into, or cause to enter, a hive; 
to collect and lay up in store. — v. i. To take shelter 
or lodgings together. [AS. hyfe, orig. house, hiw- 
neden, 1c. hju, household; s. rt. Skr. ci, Gr. keimai, 
to lie down, L. civis, a citizen, E. civic, city, ceme- 
tery, quiet, hide, hire, etc.] — Hiv'er, n. One who 
collects 4 bees into a hive. 

Hives, htvz, n. (Med.) A disease, the croup; also an 
eruptive disease, allied to chicken-pox. [Scot.] 

Ho, Hoa; ho. interj. Halloo! oho! oh! attend! — a call 
to excite attention, or to give notice of approach; 
stop! standstill! hold! whoa! [1c. ho, ho. hoa, to 
shout " Ho!" D. hou, hold! stop! fr. houden, to hold.] 

Hoar, hOr, a. White, or grayish-white; gray or white 
with age; hoary. [AS. har, la. harr; perh. s. rt. Skr. 
cara, variegated ill color (used of hair mixed with 
white); not s. ft. Ic. har— E. high, nor E. hair.] — 
Hoar'y, -I, a. White or whitish; hoar. (Bol.) Cov- 
ered with short, dense, grayish-white hairs.— Hoar'- 
tness,w.— Hoar'-frest, n. The white particles formed 
by congelation of dew. — Hoar'hound. Hore 'hound, 
». A bitter plant, one species of whioh is used for 
coughs. [AS. hune or harhune, fr. ha>' (the stem being 
hoarV) and hune, strong-scented; s. rt. D. cvnila, Gr. 
konile, a species of strong-smelling origanum.] 

Hoard, hord, n. A store of anything laid up; a hidden 
stock; treasure. — v. U - To collect and lay up; to 
store secretly. — v. i. .To collect a hoard, lay up a 
store. [AS. hord, a hoard, lit. thing housed, hordian, 
to hoard; s. it. /rouse.] — iioard'er, w. 

Hoarse. h5rs, a. Having u harsh, rough, grating voice, 
as when affected with a cold; rough; discordant. 
[ME. hoos, hors, AS. has] — Hoarsely, adv. — 
Hoarseliess, n. 

Hoax, hOks, n. A deceptive trick or story; a practical 
joke.— v. t. [hoaxed (hokst), hoaxing.] To de- 
ceive; to play a trick upon for sport, or without mal- 
ice. [Corrupt, of hocus-pocus ; not fr. AS. hux, husc, 
a taunt.] — Ho'cus, v t. To deceive or cheat, to 
adulterate, drug. — n. One who, etc.— Ho'cas-po'- 
cus, n. A juggler; juggler's trick. — v. t. Tocheat. 
[Cf. Hokos-I'vkos, name of a juggler in Ben Jonson's 
" Magnetic Lady,"— the formula of a juggler when 
playing a trick being, "Hocus pocus, tontus, talonlus, 
vade celeriter, jubeo , " said also to be corrupt, of 
"Hoc est corpus," said by priests when elevating the 
host.] 

Hob, hob, n. The nave of a wheel, the flat shelf at the 
side of a grate, where things are placed to be kept 
warm. [Same as hub and hump, q v ] — Hob'nail, *. 
A thick-headed nail for shoes. 

Hob, hob, n. A clown . rustic ; fairy. [A personal 
name, corrupt, of fiol/in. Robert, — whence the sur- 
names Hohbs, Hobson. Hopkins, etc.] — Hob'goblin, 
n. An imp; frightful apparition [Sec Goblin] 

Hobble, hob hi, r. t. (-bi.ed (-bid), -blino ] To walk 
lainely, bearing chiefly on one leg; to limp: to move 
roughly or irregulaily. — v. t. To hopple, clog. — n. 
An unequal, halting^ gait; difficulty; perplexity 
[Freq. of hoj>, q. v.;D. hobbelen, to ride on "a. hobbyr 
horse (q. v.), stammer, stutter, Prov. G hcpp'-ln, to 
hop. hobble.] — Hob'bler, n. — Hob'bly, -bli, a. 
Causing to hobble; lull of holes; rough, — said of a 
road. — Hob'bledehoy', -de-hoi', -tehoy', h. A strip- 
ling; a youth between boyhood and manhood. 

Hobby, hob'bY, Hob'by-horse, n. A strong, active 
horse, of middle siz.e; an ambling horse; a nag; 8 
stick, or figure of a horse, on which boys ride; a sub- 
ject upon which one is constantly setting off; a fav- 
orite theme of discourse, thought, or effort. [ME. 
and OF. hobin, a nag, It. ubino, puny, OD. hobben, to 
toss up and down, OSw. hoppa, a young mare, also 
to hop; s. -rt. hop. See Hobble.] 

Hobnob, hob'nob, adv. Take or not take, — a famil- 
iar invitation to reciprocal drinkiDg.— v i. To drink 
or feast familiarly. [AS. habban, to have, and nab' 
ban, to have not, fr. ne, not, and habban] 



fame, far, pes& cr opera, fare i end, eve, term i In. Ice ; odd. tfiu*. fir « 



HOCK 



261 



HOLY 



Bock, hok, n. The hough, q. v. See Horse. — v. t. 
To hamstring; to hough, [bee Hough.] 

Hock, hok, n. A light-yellowish Rhenish wine, either 
sparkling or still. [I r. Hochheim, Germany.] 

Hockey, hok'Y, n. A game at ball played with a club 
hooked at the bottom. [Fr. hook, q. v. J 

Hocus, Hocus-pocus. See under Hoax. 

Hod, hod, n. A trough or box on a handle for carrying 
mortar and brick; a coal-scuttle. [F., OD., and G. 
hotte; prob. s. rt. hut.} — Hod'man, n. ; pi. -men. 
One who carries a hod; a mason's tender. 

Hodgepodge, hoj'poj, n. A mixed mass; a medley of 
ingredients. [See Hotchpotch.] 

Hodiernal, ho-dT-gr'nal, a. Of, or pert, to, the pres- 
ent day. [L. hodiernus, fr. hodie, to-day, contr. fr. 
hoc die, on this day.] 

Hoe, ho, n. An instrument for cutting up weeds and 
loosening the earth, —v. t. [hoed (hod), hoeing.] 
To cut, dig, scrape, or clean, or to clear from weeds, 
or to loosen or arrange the earth about, with a hoe. 

— v. i. To use, or labor with, a hoe. [F. hove, OHG. 
houwa, a hoe; s. rt. E. hew.] — Hoe'cake. n. A coarse 
cake, of Indian meal, baked before the fire, or in the 
ashes, — sometimes on a hoe; a johnny-cake. 

Hog, hog, n. A swine; porker; esp. a castrated boar; 
a mean, filthy, or greedy fellow, — the domesti- 
cated animal, kept for lard and pork, being com- 
moaly trained to gluttonous and filthy habits.— 
v. t. [hogged (hogd), -ging.] To cut short the hair 
of. — v. i. To become bent upward in the middle, 
like a hog's back. [ME.; perh. fr. W. hivch, a sow. 
Armor, and Corn, hoch, a hog; s. rt. Ir. suig, AS. 
suga, L. sus, Gr. hus, a sow, q. v.; or perh. fr. Scot. 
hag, to cut: cf. Prov. G. hacksh, a boar, fr. hacken, 
to cut.] — Hog of wool. Trade name for the fleece 
of sheep of the 2d year. [Prov. E. hog, hogget, a 
young sheep.] — Hog'gish, a. Having the qualities 
of ahog; gluttonous; filthy; selfish; swinish.— Hog'- 
8ty, -sti, n. A pen or house for swine. — Hog'-frame, 
n. A fore-and-aft truss, on steamboats, to prevent 

vertical flexure. herd, n. A keeper of swine. — 

•pen, n. A hogsty. 

Hogshead, hogz'hed, n. An Eng. measure of capaci- 
ty = 63 wine gallons, or 52i imperial gallons; in U. 
S., a large cask, of indefinite contents. [Corrupt, of 
OD. oshoofd, 6. oxhofd, a hogshead, — perh. fr. an 
ox-head, branded on casks.] 

Hoiden, Hoyden, hoi'dn, n. A rude, bold girl; a romp. 

— a. Rude; bold; inelegant; rustic. [OD. heyden, 
a heathen, gentile, gipsy, vagabond, fr. heyde, a 
heath; cf. Heathen.] — Hoi'denish, a. Like, etc. 

Hoist, hoist, v. t. To raise, lift; esp. to lift by means 
of tackle. — n. That by which anything is hoisted; 
act of hoisting. (Naut.) The perpendicular height 
of a flag or sail. [OD. hyssen, to hoist.] — Hoist'- 
way, n. An opening in floors of a warehouse, etc., 
through which to hoist goods. 

Hoity-toity, hoi'tY-toi'ti, a. Thoughtless, giddy, 
flighty,— used also as an exclamation, denoting sur- 
prise, _with some degree of contempt. 

Hold, hold, v. t. [held or (Laio) holden; holding.] 
To sustain, restrain, keep in the grasp, retain; to 
maintain possession of, or authority over, defend; 
to be in possession of, derive title to; to impose re- 
straint upon; to keep up in being or action, carry on, 
continue; to prosecute, nave, take, or join in; to con- 
tain, as a vessel, anything put into it; to have ca- 
pacity for; to accept (an opinion), maintain; to con- 
sider, regard, account, —v. i. To keep one's self in 
a given position or condition; to remain fixed, as, to 
halt, stop, — mostly in the imperative; or, to remain 
unbroken or unsubdued; or, to last, endure; or, to 
be valid, continue on being tested; or, to remain at- 
tached, cleave; to derive right or title, — n. Act of 
holding; manner of holding, whether firm or loose; 
seizure; grasp; authority to take or keep; claim; 
binding powerand influence; something which may 
be seized for support; place of confinement; prison; 
custody; a fortified place. (Mus.) A character [thus, 
fZ\] placed over or under a note or rest, indicating 
that it is to be prolonged. [AS. healduu, Dan. holde, 
to hold.]— To hold Jorth. To offer, put forward; to 
speak in public, harangue. — To h. in. To restrain, 
curb. — To h. off. To keep at a distance. — To h. on. 
To continue, go on. — To h. one's own. To keep good 
one's present condition. (JVaut.) To keep up; not 
to be left behind. — To h. out. To extend, stretch 
forth; to continue to suffer, endure. — To h. up. To 
raise, lift; to support one's self; to cease raining; to 
keep up; not fall behind. — To h. over. To remain 
in office, possession, etc., beyond the regular term 



— To h. to, or with. To take sides with a person or 
opinion.— 7b /(. together. To remain in union.— 
Hold'er, n. — Hold'ing, n. A tenure; thing held; 
hold; influence; power. — Hold'back, ». Check; 
hindrance; restraint; iron or strap on the thill of a 
vehicle, by irhich the harness holds it back when 
going down hill.— Hold'-fast, n. A catch, hook, etc., 
to secure something else. 

Hold, hold, n. The interior cavity of a vessel, in which 
the cargo is stowed. See Ship. [D. hoi; same as 
hole, q. v.] 

Hole, hoi, n. A hollow place or cavity; an excavation 
in the ground, or a natural cavity inhabited by an 
animal; a low, narrow, or dark lodging ; aperture; 
perforation; rent; pit; den; cell. [AS., D., Ic, and 
OHG. hoi, a cave; AS. holen, p. p. of helan, to hide.] 

— Hollow, hSl'lo, a. Containing an empty space, 
within a solid substance; not solid; sunken; rever- 
berated from a cavity, or resembling such a rever- 
berated sound; not sincere or faithful. — n. A cav- 
ity ; hole ; excavation ; a low spot surrounded by 
elevations ; concavity. — v. t. [hollowed (-lod), 
-lowing.] To make hollow, excavate. — adv. So as 
to make hollow, or empty of resources, strength, 
etc.; completely. [AS. holh, holg, a hollow place, fr. 
hoi.)— Hol'lowness, n. — Hol'low heart'ed, a. In- 
sincere; false; not sound and true. 

Holiday, Holiness, etc. See under Holy. 

Holland, hol'land, n. A kind of linen first manufac- 
tured in Holland. — Hollands, n. Gin made in, etc. 

Hollo, -loa, hoKlo or hol-lo', -la, -la, interj. & n. Ho; 
attend ; here. — Hollo, hollo or hol-lo', Hol'la, -la, 
[-laed (-lad), -laing.] v. i. To call out or exclaim; 
to halloo. [F. hold, fr. interj. ho and la, there; not 
the same as halloo, q. v.] — Hol'low, -lo, interj. and 
v. t. Same as Hollo. 

Hollow, Hollowness, etc. See under Hole. 

Holly, hoFlY, n. An evergreen tree or shrub having 
glossy green prick- 
ly leaves, and bear- 
ing berries that 
turn red or yellow 
about Michael- 
mas; also the holm 
oak, an evergreen 
oak. [ME. holin, 
AS. holen, Armor. 
kelen ; perh. s. rt. 
L. culmen, a peak, 
the leaves being 
pointed.] 

Hollyhock, hol'lT- 
hok, n. A tall 
flowering plant of 
many varieties ; 
rose-mallow. [ME. 
holihoc, f r . noli 
(as brought f r. the 
Holy Land), and 
AS. 'hoc, a mallow.] 

Holm, holm or horn, 
Holm Oak, n. The 
evergreen oak. 
[Corrupt, fr. ME. holin. See Holly.] 

Holm, holm or horn, n. An islet, or river isle; a low, 
flat tract of rich land on the banks of a river. [AS., 
amound, billow; Dan., a quay, dockyard; G., a hill, 
island, dockyard; s. rt. L. columen, culmen, moun- 
tain top, collis, hill.] 

Holocaust, hoKo-kawst, n. A burnt sacrifice or offer- 
ing, wholly consumed by fire ; a great slaughter. 
[Gr. holokauston, fr. holos, whole, entire, and kaiein, 
tut. kauso, to burn.] — Holograph, -graf, n. Any 
writing, as a letter, deed, will, etc., wholly in the 
handwriting of the one from whom it proceeds. [Gr. 
graphein, to write.] — Holograpb/ic, a. Of the na- 
ture of, or pert, to, etc. 

Holster, hoKster, n. A leather case for a pistol, car- 
ried by a horseman. [D., fr. hidlen, to cover, dis- 
guise; s. rt. AS. hoi = E. hole, also, E. hull, q. v.] 

Holt, holt, n. A wood; esp. a woody hill. [AS. and 
Ic. orig. cover, shelter; s. rt. holster, etc.] 

Holy, ho'lT, a. [-lier, -liest.] Set apart to the ser- 
vice or worship of God; hallowed; sacred; accept- 
able to God ; free from sinful affections ; pure ; 
guiltless. [AS. halig, fr. hal, whole.] — Holy office. 
The Inquisition. — 77. of holies. (Script.) The in- 
nermost apartment of the Jewish tabernacle or tem- 
ple, where the ark was kept. — 77. One. The Supreme 
Being.— 77. water. (Gr. & Jiom. CatJi. Churches.) 
Water consecrated by the priest. — 77. week. (Eccl.) 




Holly. 



efin, cube, full; moon, f dot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. 



HOMAGE 



262 



HONOR 



The week before Easter, in which the passion of 
our Savior is commemorated. — H. Writ. The sacred 
Scriptures. — Ho'lily, -tt-ft, adv. In a holy manner; 
piously. — Holiness, n. — His Holiness. A title of 
the Pope and of Greek bishops. — Ho'ly-day, n. A 
consecrated day; religious anniversary or festival; 
a festival of any kind; holiday. [In the latter sense, 
holiday is the preferable spelling.] — Hol'iday, hSK-, 
n. A festival day; day of exemption from labor; 
day of amusement or of joy and gayety. — a. Pert, 
to, etc.; joyous; gay. — Ho'ly-stohe, n. (Naut.) A 
stone for cleaning the decks of ships. — v. t. To 
scrub with, etc. 

Homage, hom'ej, n. (Feud. Laiv.) An acknowledg- 
ment made by a tenant to his lord, on receiving in- 
vestiture of fee, that he was his man, or vassal. Re- 
spect or reverential regard; esp., respect paid by ex- 
ternal action; obeisance; reverential worship; de- 
vout affection. [OF., L. homaticum, hominium, fr. 
L. homo, a man, servant, vassal. See Human.] 

Home, hom, n. The house in which one resides; place 
or country in which one dwells; all that pertains to 
a dwelling-place. — a. Pert, to one's dwelling, 
country, or family; domestic; close; pointed.— adv. 
To one's home or country; close ; closely; to the 
point. [AS. ham, home, a dwelling, Goth, haims, 
Gr. koine, a village; s. rt. Gr. keimai, Skr. ci, to lie 
down, Gr. koite, a bed, L. civis, a villager, citizen, 
E. hive, q. v.] — To he at home on any subject. To be 
conversant or familiar with it. — ' To come home. 
(Naut.) To become loosened from the ground by 
the violence of the wind or current, — said of an 
anchor. — Hoine'less, a. Destitute of a home. — 
Home'ly, -IT, a. [-lier, -liest.] Belonging to home, 
domestic; familiar; plain; rude in appearance; un- 
polished; of plain features; not handsome.— Home'- 
liness, n. — Home'sick, a. Depressed in spirits by 
separation from home. — Home'sickness, n. — 
Home'spun, a. Spun or wrought at home; coarse; 
plain; plain in manner; rude. — n. Cloth made at 
home. — Home'stead, n. The inclosure or ground j 
immediately connected with a mansion; home or | 
seat of a family. (Law.) A person's dwelling-place, 
with that part of his landed property contiguous to 
it. — Home'ward, adv. Toward home. — Home'- 
bred, «. Bred at home ; native ; domestic ; rude ; 
uncultivated. — made, a. Made at home; of do- 
mestic manufacture. 

Homeopathy, ho-me-op'a-thY, n. (Med.) Theory that 
disease is cured by remedies which produce on a 
healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of 
the patient's complaint, the remedies being usually 
administered in minute doses. [Gr. homoiopatheia, 
likeness in feeling or condition, sympathy, fr. homoi- 
os (fr. homos, same ; s. rt. same), like, similar, and 
pathein, to suffer.] — Ho'meopatn'ic, a. Of, or pert, 
to, etc. — Ho'meop'athist, Ho'meopath, n. A be- 
liever_in, or practitioner of, etc. — Homoiou'sian, 
-moi-oo'zY-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who held that 
the Son was of like, but not the same, essence with 
the Father, — opp. to homoousian, q. v., under Homo- 
centric. [Gr. homoios and ousia, substance, essence, 
fr. einai, to be, p. pr. on, ousa, 6n.] 

Homer, ho'mer, n. A Hebrew measure, — as a liquid 
measure, 75 wine gallons; as a dry measure, 11 l-9th 
bushels. [Heb. chomer, fr. chamar, to swell up.] 

Homeric, ho-mer'ik, a. Pert, to Homer, the poet of 
Greece, or to his poetry. 

Homicide, hom'Y-sid, n. The killing of any human 
being by the act of man ; manslaughter; one who 
kills another; amanslayer. [F.; L. homicidium, man- 
slaughter, homicida, a man-slayer, fr. homo, a man, 
and csedere, to cut, kill; s. rt. schism.'] — Hom'ici'dal, 
a. Pert, to homicide; murderous. 

Homily, hom'Y-lY, n. A plain and familiar sermon; a 
serious discourse. [L. and Gr. homilia, fr. Gr. hom- 
ilos, an assembly, concourse, fr. homos, same, and 
He, eile, a crowd, fr. eilein, to press, crowd ; s. rt. 
Skr. vri, to surround, cover; nots. rt. L. volvere.~\ — 
Homilefic, -ical, a. Pert, to homiletics. — Homilef- 
ica, n. sing. Science of preaching or of preparing 
and delivering homilies or sermons. — Hom'ilist, n. 
One who preaches to a congregation. 

Hominy, honv'i-nT, n. Maize hulled and broken, but 
coarse, prepared for food by being mixed with water 
and boiled. [Indian aidiuminca, parched corn.] 

Hommock, hom'mok, n. A hillock ; small conical 
eminence. [See Hummock.] 

Homocentric, ho-mo-sen r trik,a. Having the same cen- 
ter. [Gr. homokentros, fr. homos, one and the same 
(see Homeopathy), and kentron, center, q. v.] — 




Homocer'cal, -ser'kal, a. (Ichth.) Hav- 
ing the tail symmetrical, the verte- 
bral column terminating at its com- 
mencement, — opp. to heterocercal. — 
Homoeop'athy, n. Same as Homeop- 
athy. — Homoge'neal, -je'ne-al, -ne- 
ous, -ne-us, a. Of the same kind or 
nature; consisting of elements of the Homocercal 
like nature. [Gr. genos, race, kind, ,. -, .. , 
genein, to beget; s. rt. kin.] - Ho'mo- < tal1 ?** her " 
gene'ity, -ne'Y-tY, -ge'neousness, n. rlI W- 
Sameness of kind or nature; uniformity of structure 
or material.— Homogen'esis, n. That method of 
natural descent in which the successive generations 
are alike ; gamogenei is, — opp. to heterogenesis. [Gr. 
genesis, q. v.] — Homologous, -gus, a. Having the 
same relative position, proportion, value, or struc- 
ture. [Gr. logos, speech, proportion.] — Hom/ologue,. 
-log, n. That which is, etc. — Hom'onym, -nim, n. 
A word having the same sound as another, but dif- 
fering from it in meaning, — as the noun fcear and 
the verb bear. [Gr. onoma, name.] — Homon'ymous, 
-Y-mus, a. Having different significations, or ap- 
plied to different things; equivocal; ambiguous.— 
Homon'ymy, -mY, n. Sameness between words 
which differ hi signification; ambiguity. — Ho'mo- 
ou'sian, -mo-oo /r zY-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect 
who maintained that the Son had the same essence 
with the Father, — opp. to homoionsian, q. v., under 
Homeopathy. [Gr. ousia, substance.] — Homoph'- 
onous, -mofo-nus, a. Of the same pitch; unison- 
ous; expressing the same sound or letter with an- 
other. [Gr. phone, sound, tone.] — Homoph'ony, -nY, 
n. Sameness of sound; singing in unison. 

Homony. Same as Hominy. 

Hone, hon, n. A stone of a fine grit, used for sharp- 
ening instruments, esp. razors. — v. t. [honed 
(hond), honing.] To sharpen on a hone. [AS. han; 
s. rt. Skr. c.ana, a grindstone, go, ci, to sharpen, Gr. 
konos = E. cone, q. v.] 

Honest, Honesty, etc. See under Honor. 

Honey, hun'Y, n. A sweet, viscid fluid, esp. that col- 
lected by bees from flowers, and stored in honey- 
comb; that which is sweet or pleasant; sweet one; 
darling, — v. i. [honeyed (-id), -eying.] To use 
endearments; to practice servile flattery, fawn.— 
v. t. To make luscious, sweeten. [AS. hunig.] — 
Hon'ey-bag, n. The receptacle for honev in a bee. 
— comb, n. The mass of 
waxen cells, formed by 
bees, for their honey, 
eggs, etc. ; any substance, 
perforated with cells 
like those of a honey- 
comb. [AS. hunigcamb.] 
— dew, n. A sweet, sac- 
charine substance, 
found on the leaves of 
plants in drops, like 
dew. — guide, n. An Af- 
rican bird, allied to the 
cuckoo, which, by its 
motions and cries, leads to hives of wild honey. — 
-lo'cust, n. A N. Amer. tree, having long pods with 
a sweet pulp between the seeds. — moon, n. The 

first month after marriage. suck'le, n. One of 

several species of flowering plants, from whose co- 
rolla a drop of honey may be sucked. 

Hong, hong, n. A foreign factory or mercantile house 
in Canton. [Chinese.] 

Honor, on'er, n. Esteem due to worth; when said of 
the Supreme Being, reverence, veneration ; mani- 
festation of respect or reverence; that which right- 
fully attracts esteem, respect, or consideration,— 
esp., excellence of character, — in men, integrity; in 
women, chastity; a nice sense of what is right, just, 
and true, with a correspondent course of life; dig- 
nity ; high rank ; reputation ; a mark of respect. 
pi. Academic or university prizes or distinctions; 
in certain games, the 4 highest cards — the ace, king, 
queen, and jack.— v. t. [honored (on'erd), -or- 
ing.] To regard or treat with honor, esteem, or 
respect, — when said respecting the Supreme Being, 
to adore, worship; to dignify, elevate in rank or sta- 
tion. (Com.) To accept and pay when due. [L. honor, 
honos, gen. honoris.] — Honors of war. (Mil.) Distinc- 
tions granted to a vanquished enemy. — Law or code 
ofh. Rules by which social intercourse is regulated 
among persons of fashion. — On one's h. On the stake 
of one's reputation for integrity. —To do the hotwrs. 
To show attention to a guest. — Hon'orer, n.— Hon'- 




Honey-comb. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Yn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



HOOD 



263 



HORN 

»- 




u, a, Hood-molding 



orable, a. Worthy of honor: estimable ; actuated 
by principles of honor; proceeding from an upright 
and laudable cause; conferring honor; performed 
or accompanied with marks of honor; an epithet of 
respect or distinction; becoming men of rank and 
character. — Hon'orableness, n. — Hon'orably, adv. 

— Hon'ora'rium, Hon'orary, -rT, n. A fee ottered to 
professors in universities, and to medical or other 
professional gentlemen. [I,, honorarium (donuni), 
fr. honorarius, honorary, fr. honor.] — Hon'orary, a. 
Conferring, or intended merely to confer, honor; 
possessing title or place without performing services 
or receiving reward. — Hon'est, a. Decent; honor- 
>.ole; fair; good; unimpeached: fair in dealing with 
3thers; upright; just; free from fraud; equitable; 
.iccording to truth; proceeding from just principles, 
or directed to a good object; chaste; virtuous. [OF. 
honeste, L. honestus.] — Hon'estly, -IT, adv. — Hon /r - 
esty, -tY,n. Quality or state of being honest; upright 
disposition or conduct ; integrity ; probity ; faith- 
fulness; honor; justice; equity; candor; veracity. 

Hood, ho"6d, n. A covering for the head, which leaves 
only the face exposed; anything resembling a hood 
in form or use, as, the top of a carriage, or a chim- 
ney-top, often movable on a pivot. — v. t. To cover 
or furnish with a hood; to cover, hide. [AS. hod, 
hood, D. hoed, G. hut, hat, G. hueten, to protect ; 
s. rt. heed, q. v.] — 
Hood'-cap, n. A 
kind of seal, hav- 
ing a membranous 
muscular sac over 
its head, which it 
inflates when 
alarmed. — mold'- 
ing, -moulding, n. 
^AJ-ch.) A project- 
ing molding, a s 
over the head ot 
the arch of a Goth- 
ic door or w i n- 
dow ; drip- stone. 

— Hood'wink, v. t. 
[-winked (-winkt), -winking.] To blind by cover- 
ing the eyes: to cover, hide: to impose on. 

Hoodlum, hood'lum, n. In California, etc., a rough; 
rowdy; ragamuffin: blackguard. 

Hoof, hoof or hot>f, n. ; pi. Hoofs, rarely Hooves. The 
horny substance that covers or terminates the feet 
of certain animals, as horses, oxen, sheep, goats, 
deer, etc.: see Horse. An animal; a beast. [AS. and 
Sw. hof, D. hoe/, Skr. capha.] — Hoof'bound, a. 
(Far.) Having a dryness and contraction of the 
hoof, occasioning lameness. 

Hook, ho"6k, n. Some hard material, bent into a curve 
for catching, holding, or sustaining anything ; a 
snare; a scythe or sickle; a bolt or spike with a ver- 
tical pin at one end — v. t. [hooked (hdokt), hook- 
ing.] To catch or fasten, seize or draw, with a hook; 
to draw or obtain by artifice, insnare; to steal. — v. 
i. To bend, be curved. [AS. hoc, hooc ; s. rt. Gr. 
kuklos — E. cycle, Skr. chakra, a wheel, kuch, to 
bend.] — By hook or by crook. One way or other: by 
any means, direct or indirect. — On one's own h. 
On one's own account or responsibility. — Hooked, 
ho^k'ed or hdokt, a. Hook-shaped; curvated; pro- 
vided with a hook. — Hook'edness, n. 

Hookah, hfSok'a, n. A kind of pipe, used in the 
Orient, having a long, flexible stem, in which the 
smoke of the tobacco passes through water. [Ar. 
huqqa,_ir. huqq, a hollow place.] 

Hoop, hoop or hot>p, n. A circular band of wood or 
metal, esp. one for holding together the staves of 
casks, etc.; a flattened ring; a circle, or combination 
of rings of elastic material, for expanding the skirts 
of dresses,— chiefly in pi.; a quart pot,— orig. bound 
with hoops, like a barrel. — v. t. [hooped (hdopt), 
hooping.] To bind or fasten with hoops; to clasp, 
encircle. [D. hoep, a hoop, Ic. hop, a hollow bay; s. 
rt. Gr. kamptein, to bend, Skr. chapa, a bow, E. 
hump, hop, to jump.] — Hoop'er, n. One who hoops 
casks, etc.; a cooper. — Hoop'-iron, n. Iron in nar- 
row, thin strips, for securing boxes, casks, etc. — 
-skirt, n. A frame-work of elastic hoops for expand- 
ing the skirts of a lady's dress. 

Hoop, hoop, v. i. To whoop, q. v. — Hoop'er, n. A 
wild swan, which utters a note like whoop. — Hoop'- 
ing-cough, n. A cough in winch the patient whoops, 
with a deep inspiration ot breath. [See under 
Whoop.] 

Hoopoe, hoop'o, -oo, -6t>, n. A bird, with an erectile 




Hoopoe. 



crest, found in Europe 
and X. Africa. [Fr. its 
cry; OF. hupe, L. upupa, 
Gr. epops.] 

Hoosier, hoo'zhgr, n. A 
citizen of Indiana. 
[Perh. fr. the salutation, 
" Who'f yere f "J 

Hoot, hoot, v. i. To cry 
out or shout in contempt: 
to cry as an owl. — r. I. 
To utter contemptuous 
cries or shouts at. — n. A 
cry in contempt: cry o! 
an owl. [Sw. hut, W.hwt, 
begone! away!] 

Hoove, hoov, Hbven, hov'n, 
n. A disease in cattle, 
with inflation of the stomach by gas. [S. rt. heave.'] 

Hop, hop, v. t. [hopped (hopt), -pufG.] To leap on 
one leg; to skip, as birds do; to move bv leaps, as 
toads do. — n. A jump; spring; a dance. "[AS. hop- 
pian, to hop; s. rt. Skr. kuj>, to be excited, £,. cupido, 
strong desire, E. heap, hoop, h map.) — Hop'per, n. 
One who hops; a trough through which grain passes 
into a mill by jolting or shaking; a vessel in which 
seed-corn is carried for sowing. — Hop '-scotch, n. A 
child's game, in which a stone is driven bv the foot 
from one compartment to another of a figure traced 
or scotched upon the ground. — Hop'ple, -pi, v. t. 
[-pled (-pld), -pling.] To tie the feet of looselv to- 
gether, to prevent running or leaping. — n. A fetter 
for horses, or other animals, when turned out to 
graze. [Freq. of hop : see Hobble.] 

Hop, hop, n. A twining vine ; pi. its bitter, aromati" 
flower-scales and fruit, 
dried and used in brew- 
ing, cooking, and medi- 
cine. [D.; s. rt. Gr. kam- 
jiulos, bent, curved, Skr. 
chapala, trembling, 
kamp, to vibrate.] — 
Hop'-bine, -bind, n. The 
stalk or vine on which 
hops grow. 

Hope, hop, n. A desire of 
some good, with at least 
a slight belief that it is 
obtainable ; that which 
gives hope or furnishes 
ground of expectation; 
thing which is hoped 
for; anticipation; trust; 
belief; confidence. — v. i. 
[hoped (hopt), hoping.] 
To entertain hope, place 
confidence. — v. t. To 
desire with expectation. 
[AS. hopa, hope, hopian, 

to hope; perh. s. rt. L. cupere, to desire.] — Hope'- 
ful, -ful, a. Full of hope; havins qualities which 
excite'hope; promising. — Hope'fiilly, adv.— Hope' - - 
fulness, n. — Hope'less, a. Destitute of hope; de- 
spairing; giving no ground of hope; desperate: un- 
hoped for ; unexpected . — Hope'lessly , adv.— Hope / '- 
lessness, n. 

Horal, Horary. See under Hour. 

Horde, hord, n. A wandering troop or gang; esp. a 
clan or tribe of a nomadic people posse-sing no fixed 
habitations. [F., fr. Turk, and Per. ordu, a camp.] 

Horehound. See Hoarhound, under Hoar. 

Horizon, ho-ri'znn, n. The apparent junction of the 
earth and sky. (Astron.) A plane pussing through 
the eye of the spectator and at right angles to the 
vertical at a given place, —called the sensible hori- 
zon ; a plane parallel to the sensible horizon of a 
place, and passing through the earth's center, — 
called the rational or celestial horizon. [F.. L., and 
Gr., orig. p. pr. of Gr. horizein, to bound, limit, 
horos, a boundary.] — Artificial horizon. A level 
mirror, as the surface of mercury in a shallow ves- 
sel, or a plane reflector adiusted to the true level ar- 
tificiallv. — Dip of the h.~ The vertical ansle con- 
tained "between the visible horizon and the sensible 
horizon. — Hor'izon'tal, a. Pert, to, near, or par- 
allel to, etc.; on a level; measured or contained in a 
plane of the horizon. — Hor'izon'tally, adv. 

Horn, horn, n. A hard, projecting, and usually curved 
and pointed organ, growing from the heads of cer- 
tain animals; something made of, or like a horn, as, 
a wind instrument of music; or, a drinking-cup; or, 




sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



HOROLOGUB 



264 




a utensil for holding powder; something resembling 
a horn in position or projection; the tough fibrous 
material of which horns are composed. {Script.) 
A symbol of strength, power, exaltation. An em- 
blem of acuckold, — chiefly in pi. — v. t. [horned 
(hornd), horning.] To furnish with horns; to give 
the shape of a horn to; to cuckold. [AS., Ic, Dan., 
Sw., and G. horn, W., Ga., and Ir. corn, L. cornu; 
s. rt. corn, corner, cornet, etc.] — To draw, pull, or 
haul in the horns. To repress one's ardor, restrain 
one's pride, take back arrogant or boastful words, 

— in allusion to the behavior of a snail or some in- 
sects, in retracting the feelers when alarmed. — To 
take a h. To take a drink. — Horned, hdrnd, a. 
Having, or shaped like, etc. — Hornby, -T, a. [-ier, 
-iest.] Consisting of horns or of a horn-like sub- 
stance; hard; callous. — Horn '-book, n. A primer, 

— formerly covered with horn to protect it; any ele- 
mentary text-book ; hand-book. mad, a. Mad 

as one who has been horned or cuckolded; stark 

mad; raving crazy. owl, n. A species of owl, 

having 2 tufts of feathers on its head. stone, 

n. (Jain.) A silicious stone resembling flint, but 
more brittle. — Horn'beam, n. A tree having a 
smooth, gray bark and white and very hard wood. 

— Horn'bill, n. A large bird of 
Africa and Asia, having a large 
bill curving downward, on 
which is a process resembling 
another growing upward. — 
Horn'blende, n. (Min.) A com- 
mon mineral, occurring massive, 
or in prismatic crystals, and of 
various colors: it consists essen- 
tially of silica combined with 
magnesia, lime, or iron. [G. : 
6ee Blende.] — Hor'net, n. A 
large, strong, venomous wasp. 
[AS. hyrnet,ir. hyrne, horn, — fr. 
its antenna? or horns.] — Horn'- 
pipe, n. An instrument of music 
consisting of a wooden pipe, with n ,- n 
holes, and a horn at each end; tlornDill. 
a lively air of compound triple time; a British dance. 

— Horn'work, n. (Fort.) An outwork composed of 
2 demi-bastions joined by a curtain: it is connected 
by wings with the works in rear. 

Horologue, Horoscope, etc. See under Hour. 

Horror, hor'rer, n. A shaking, shivering, or shudder- 
ing, as in the cold fit which precedes a fever; a pain- 
ful emotion of fear, dread, and abhorrence ; that 
which excites horror or dread. [L., fr. horrere, to 
bristle, be rough, also to dread, fr. the bristling of 
the hair through terror; s. rt, Skr. hrish, to bristle, 
prob. E. grind7\ — The horrors. Delirium tremens. 
— Hor'rent, a. Standing erect, as bristles; bristled. 
— Hor'rible, -rT-bl, a. Exciting, or tending to ex- 
cite, horror; dreadful; awful; shocking; hideous; 
horrid. [OF.; L. horribilis.] — Hor'ribleness, n.— 
Hor'ribly, -bit, adv.— Hor'rid, a. Rough; bristling; 
prickly; fitted to excite horror; very offensive or 
disagreeable. [L. horridus.] — Hor'ridly, adv. — 
Hor'ridness, n. — Hor'rify, -ri-fl, v. t. [-fied (-fid), 
-fying.] To make horrible, strike with horror. — 
Horrific, a. Causing horror; frightful. 

Horse, h6rs, n. A hoofed quadruped used for draught 
or the saddle; the male of the genus horse, disting. 
fr. the female ; mounted soldiery, cavalry (used 
without pi. termination); a frame with legs used for 
supporting something. (Mining.) A mass of earthy 
»»»atter inclosed between branches of a vein. (Naut.) 
i^ foot-rope from the middle of a yard to its extrem- 
is; a ^hick rope near the mast for hoisting a yard or 
extending a sail on it. — v. t. [horsed (horst), hors- 
ing.] "Ti provide with a horse or horses; to ride or 
sit on anyw'ng astride; to cover (a mare) — said of 
the male, r Ass., and Ic. hors, also Ic. and OHG. hros, 
MHG. rose, 1 :. sV'ft; prob. s. rt. L. currere, to run, 
whence E. corset ; prob. not s. rt. Skr. hresh, to 
neigh.] — Hers 'y, -T, c Pert, to, or suggestive of, 
horse-racing. — Ho^slnass, n. State of being, or 
characteristics of, a iorse; fondness for horses, ra- 
cing, etc.— Horse / V»-ck, r>. The back of a horse; con- 
dition of being moulded on a horse. — Horse'man, 
n. ; pi. -men. A ridec on horseback. (Mil.) A 
mounted soldier. — Horse- 'macship, n. Act or art 
of riding, and of training and managing horses ; 
manege. — Horse'shos, n. An iron shoe for horses, 
shaped like the letter u; anything so shaped. — 
Horse'whip, n. A whip for driving horses. — v. t. 
To strike with a horsewhin. — Korse > woman, n. ; pi. 




Horse. 

1, ears ; 2, forelock ; 3, fore- 
head ; 4, eye ; 5, eye-pits ; 6, 
nose ; 7, nostril ; 8, point of 
nose ; 9, lips ; 10, nether jaw ; 
11, cheek ; 12, poll ; 13, mane; 
14, withers; 15, parotid 
glands ; 16, throat ; 17, neck ; 
18, jugular vein ; 19, shoul- 
der ; 20, chest ; 21. ribs ; 22, 
back ; 23, loins ; 24, hip ; 25, 



flank ; 26, belly ; 27, haunoh ; 
28, thigh ; 29, buttock ; 30, 
stifle ; 31, leg ; 32, tail ; 33, 
hock ; 34, cannon or shank- 
bone ; 35, arms ; 36, knees ; 

37, passage for the girths ; 

38, elbow ; 39, shank ; 40, bul- 
let ; 41, pasterns ; 42, coro- 
net ; 43, foot ; 44, hoof ; 45, 
fetlock. 

-women. A woman who rides on horseback. — 
Horse'-bean, n. A kind of small bean usually given 
to horses. — block, n. A block on which one steps 
in mounting a horse. — boat, n. A boat for convey- 
ing horses over water; boat moved by horses. — 
-break'er, n. One whose employment is to break 
horses, or to teach them to draw or carry. — car, n. 
A railroad car drawn by horses. — -chest'nut, -ches'- 
nut,w. A tree bearing showy flowers and large nuts, 

— said to have been brought f r. Constantinople ; the 
nut. [So called because the nut was formerly ground 
and given to horses.] — cloth, n. A cloth to cover 
a horse. — doc'tor, n. One whose business is to cure 
sick horses; a farrier; veterinary surgeon. — fly, n. 
A large fly that stings horses and sucks their blood. 
— guards, n.pl. (Mil.) A body of cavalry for guards. 
— hair, n. The hair of horses, esp. that of the mane 
and tail. — -jock'ey, n. One who rides or trains race 
horses; a dealer in horses. latitudes, n. pi. A sail- 
or's name for 2 zones of calms and baffling winds, one 
in each hemisphere, — said to be very fatal to horses 
on shipboard. — laugh, n. A loud, coarse, boister- 
ous laugh. — leech, n. A large leech; a farrier; vet- 
erinary surgeon. — lifter, n. A carriage hung on 
poles borne between 2 horses. — mack'erel, n. A 
spiny-finned fish, about the size of the mackerel. 
disting. by having a lateral line of larger keeled 
scales; also, the Amer. tunny; also, the blue-fish. — 
-marine', -ren', n. A name for an impossible kind 
of soldier. — mar'ten, n. (Entom.) A kind of large 
bee. — mill, n. A mill turned by a horse. — play, 

n. Rough, rude play. pow'er, n. The power 

which a horse is capable of exerting. (Mach.) A 
standard by which the capabilities of steam engines, 
etc., are measured. — estimated as 33,000 pounds 
raised 1 foot in a minute. A machine operated by 
horses. — race, n. A race by horses. — radish, n. 
(Bot.) A cruciferous herb, allied to scurvy grass, 
having a root of a pungent taste, used, when grated, 
as a condiment and in medicine. — rake, n. A rake 

drawn by horse-power. rail'road, n. A railroad 

running through streets, on which the cars are 
drawn by horses. — way, -road, n. A road in which 
horses may travel. 

Hortation, hdr-ta'shun, n. Act of exhorting, or giv- 
ing advice. [L. hortatio, fr. hortan, -tatus, to en- 
courage.] — Hbf tative, -tiv, a. Giving exhortation; 
advisory, —n. A precept; exhortation. — Horta- 
tory, -to-rT, a. Giving advice. 

Horticulture, h6f tT-kul'chur, n. Art of cultivating 
gardens; cultivation of a garden or orchard. [L. hor- 
tus, a garden (s. rt. Gr. chortos = E. yard), and cul- 
tura, culture, q. v.] — Horticultural, a. Pert, to, 
etc.— Horticulturist, n. One who practices, etc. 

— Hor'tus Sic'cus. A collection of dried plants; an 
herbarium. [L., dry garden.] 

Hosanna, ho-zan'na, n. ; pi. -nas, -naz. An ex- 
clamation of praise to God. [Gr.; Heb. hoshiahnna, 
save, we pray.] 

Hose, hoz, n. ; pi. Hose, formerly Hosen, ho'zn. 
Close-fitting breeches, as formerly worn, reaching to 



im, fs-me, far 4 pass or opera, fare ; &?d. ev«- term : In, ice ; Odd, tone, Qr i 



HOSPICE 



265 



HOUSE 



the knee; stockings; a flexible pipe to convey water. 
[Dan. and G.; AS. and Ic. hosa, breeches, stockings.] 

— Ho'sier, -zher, n. One who deals in hose, or in 
goods knit or woven like hose. — Ho'siery, -zher-t, 
s. Business of a hosier; stockings and knit goods. 

Hospice, hos'pes, n. A place of refuge or entertain- 
ment for Alpine travelers kept by monks, who also 
occupy it as a convent. [F.; L. hospitium, fr. kospes, 
a guest, host, LL. hospitare, to receive as a guest.] — 
Hos'pitable. -pt-ta-bl, a. Receiving and entertain- 
ing strangers without reward; kind to guests; pro- 
ceeding from or indicating kindness to guests. [F.] 

— Hos / pitably, -bit, adv. — Hos'pital, n. A building 
in which the sick are treated : a refuge for the dis- 
abled, infirm, or dependent. [F. ; LL. hospitale.] — 
Hos'pitaler, n. One residing in a hospital ; one of 
an order of knights who built a hospital at Jerusa- 
lem, a. D. 1042, for pilgrims. — Hos'pital'ity, -t-tt, 
n. Act or practice of one who is hospitable. —Host, 
host, n. One from whom another receives food, 
lodging, or entertainment ; a landlord. [OF. hoste, 
fr. L. hospes.] — Host' ess, n. A female host or inn- 
keeper. — Host'ry, -rT, n. An inn ; stable. [Sp. 
hostei-ia.] — Hos'tel, -telry, hOs'tel-rt, n. An inn. 
[Same as hotel ; OF., contr. fr. LL. hospitale.]— Hos- 
tler, hosier or os'ler, n. One who has the care of 
horses at an inn ; stable-boy ; groom. [OF. hosteller, 
inn-keeper.] — Hotel', n. An inn or public houses 
esp. one of some stvle or pretensions. [F., contr. fr. 
OF. hostel.'] — HoteP-de-ville, -de-vel, n. A city hall; 
town hall; guildhall. [F.] — H. Dieu', -die' (one 
syl.), n. A hospital. [F. ; Dieu, God.] 

Hospodar, hos'po-dar 7 , n. A title of a prince or Turk- 
ish governor in Moldavia and Wallachia. [OSlav. 
and Russ. gospodarj, gospodj, lord, master ; s. rt. 
Gr. despotes : see Despot.] 

Host. See under Hospice. 

Host, host, n. An army ; any great number or multi- 
tude. [OF., host, army, L. hostis, stranger, enemy, 
army ; s. rt. Russ. goste, AS. gsest = E. guest, q. v.] 

— Hostile, h5s'til, a. Pert., or appropriate to, an en- 
emy; inimical; adverse; repugnant. [F.; L. hostilis.] 

— Hos'tilely, -til-It, adv. — Hostility, -til't-tt, n. 
State of being hostile; act of an open enemy, esp. in 
plural, acts of warfare. [F. hostUM, L. hostilitas.~] 

Host, host, n. {Rom. Catk. Church.) The consecrated 
wafer, believed to be the body of Christ, offered in 
the mass as a sacrifice. [L. hostia, a victim, fr. hostiri, 

. fostire, to strike ; s. rt. L. hasta, a spear, Skr. hims, 
han, to strike.] 

Hostage, hos'tej, n. A person given as a security for 
the performance of conditions. [OF., L. obses, fr. 
obsidere, to abide, remain ; fr. ob, at, about, and se- 
dere = E. sit ; not fr. L. host is, enemy.] 

Hostel, Hostess, etc. See under Hospice. 

Hostile, etc. See under Host, an army. 

Hot, hot a. [hotter ; hottest.] Having much 
sensible neat ; characterized by heat, ardor, or ani- 
mation :, lustful ; lewd ; acrid ; biting ; pungent ; 
fiery; eager; brisk ; violent ; furious. [AS. hat; s. 
rt. heat, q. v.] — Hotly, -It, adv. — Hot'ness, n. — 
Hot' bed, n. (Gardening.) A bed of earth, heated 
by fermenting manure, and covered with glass, for 
raising early plants. A place which favors rapid 
development. — brained, -brand, a. Ardent in tem- 
per ; violent ; rash. — head'ed, a. Of ardent pas- 
sions ; vehement. — house, n. A house kept warm 

to shelter tender plants. press, v. t. [-pressed 

(-prest), -pressing.] To press between hot plates, 
for giving a smooth and glossy surface, or to express 
oil, etc. — Hot'spur, n. One who is violent, passion- 
ate, rash, or precipitate. 

Hotchpotch, hoch'poch, n. A confused mixture of 
ingredients. (Law.) A blending of property for 
equality of division. In Scot., a kind of mutton 
broth, containing green peas, carrots, etc. [F. hoche- 
pot, fr. hocher, to shake, mix; OD. hut spot, fr. hutsen, 
to shake, jolt; F., D., E., and W. pot.] 

Hotel, etc. See under Hospice. 

Houdah. See Howdah. 

Hough, hok, n. The hock, the joint on the hind leg 
of a quadruped, between knee and fetlock : see 
Horse ; the posterior part of the knee-joint in man. 

— v. t. [houghed (hokt), houghing.] To disable 
by cutting the sinews of the leg ; to hamstring. 
[ME. houch, fr. AS. hoh, D. hat:, heel, Ic. and Dan. 
na, hough-sinew ; prob. s. rt. L. coxa, hip, E. heel.] 

Hound, hownd, n. A hunting dog; prop., one which 
hunts game by the scent. — v. t. To incite, as a 
hound, to pursuit; to hunt, chase; to urge on, as by 
hounds ; to incite or spur on. [AS., Dan., Sw., and 




G. hund ; s-. rt. L. canis, Gr. kuon, kunos, Skr. £ van. 
Ir. and Ga. cu, W. ci, a dog.] 

Hour, owr, n. Sixty minutes; the time of the day, as 
indicated by a timepiece ; fixed or appointed time ; 
conjuncture; limit of the time appointed for one's 
regular labor, — as, after hours, pi. (Myth.) God- 
desses of the seasons, etc. [OF. hore, L. and Gr. 
hora ; prob. s. rt. E. year, Skr. yatu, time.] — Hour'- 
ly, -It, a. Happening or done every hour : occur- 
ring every hour ; frequent ; often repeated ; con- 
tinual. — adv. Every hour; fre- 
quently. — Hour' - glass, n. An in- 
strument for measuring time, esp. the 
interval of an hour, by the running of 

sand out of a glass vessel. hand, n. 

The hand or index which shows the 
hour on a timepiece, —-plate, n. 
The dial of a timepiece.— Ho'ral, ho'- 
ral, a. Relating to an hour, or to . 
hours. [L. horalis, fr. hora.] — Ho' 
rary, -ra-rt, a. Pert, to an hour ; not- v 
ing the hours; occurrhr once an hour; " our -g las - 
continuing an hour ; hi.i.ly. — Horog'raphy, -ra-ft, 
n. An account of the hours ; art of constructing 
timepieces ; dialing. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — 
Hor'ologe, h5r'o-loj, n. A timepiece of any kind. 
[OF. ; L. horologium, Gr. horologion, a sun-dial, wa- 
ter-clock ; Gr. legein, to tell.] — Horolog'ical, -15j'- 
ik-al, a. Pert, to a horologe, or to horology. — flo- 
rol'ogy, -jt, n. Science of measuring time. — Ho- 
roPogist, n. One versed in, etc.— Horom'etry, -trt, 
n. Art, practice, or method of measuring time by 
hours and subordinate divisions. [Gr. metron, meas- 
ure.] — Hor'oscope, -skop, n. (Astrol.) An observa- 
tion of the heavens at the moment of a person's 
birth, by which astrologers claimed to foretell the 
events of his life ; scheme of 12 houses or signs of the 
zodiac, into which the circuit of the heavens was 
divided for such prediction of fortune. [F.; L. hor- 
oscopus, Gr. horoskopos ; Gr. skopein, to consider.] — 
Horos'copy, -ko-pt, n. Art or practice of predicting 
future events by the disposition of the stars and 
planets; aspect of_the stars at the time of birth. 

Houri, how'rt or hoo'rt, n. A nymph of paradise,— 
so called by Mohammedans. [Per. hurt, hur, fr. 
Ar. hur, pi. of ahwar, beautiful-eyed, black-eyed.] 

House, hows, n. ; pi. Houses, howz'ez. A building 
used as a shelter for animals of any kind ; esp. one 
for the habitation of man ; a dwelling ; mansion ; 
tenement; household affairs; domestic concerns; a 
household; family; a race of persons from the same 
stock ; a tribe ; esp. a noble or illustrious race ; a 
body of men united in their legislative capacity. 
( Com.) A firm or commercial establishment. (As- 
tro).) A 12th part of the heavens. An inn: hotel; an 
audience; assembly of hearers. [AS., Ic, Sw., Goth., 
and OHG. hus; prob. s. rt. Skr. koca, a coop, shell, 
egg, store-room, E. hide, sky.] — House of correction. 
A prison for idle and disorderly persons, vagrants, 
trespassers, etc. — H. of God. A temple or church. 

— Religious h. A monastery or convent. — To bring 
down the h. To draw forth applause from a whole 
audience. — House, howz, v. t. [housed (howzd), 
housing.] To shelter, protect by covering.— v. i. To 
take shelter or lodgings, abide, dwell. [ME. housen, 
to build * house, provide a house for.]— House'hold, 
n. Those who dwell under the same roof and com- 
pose a family. — a. Belonging to the house and fam- 
ily ; domestic. — House'holder, n. The head of a 
family; one who occupies a house. — House'keepei , 
n. One who occupies a house with his family ; a 
householder ; a female servant who has the chief 
care of the family. — House 'keeping, n. Care of 
domestic concerns; hospitality; a plentiful and hos- 
pitable table.— House'leek, n. A succulent plant 
found on old walls and roofs. — Houseless, a. Des- 
titute of a habitation ; without shelter. — House'- 
maid, ». A female servant who does the house- 
work. — House'wife, hows' wif or huz'wtf, n. The 
mistress of a family ; a little case for materials used 
in sewing, etc., — prop, hussif, q. v. — House'wifely, 
-It, a. Pert, to a housewife, or to female manage- 
ment of home affairs ; like a housewife. — House'- 
wifery, huz'wif-rt, n. Business of the mistress of a 
family ; female management of domestic concerns. 

— House '-break'er. n. One who feloniously breaks 
into a house. — break'ing, n. Act of, etc. — flag, n. 
(Naut.) The particular flag of an owner or shipping- 
firm, usually raised on the main-mast. — room, ». 
Room or place in a house. — warm'ing, n. An enter- 
tainment given when a family enters a new house. 



sud, cube, full ; moon, fcJot ; cow, oil ; linger o»* ink, then, box box, chair, get. 



HOUSING 



266 



HUM 



Housing, howz'ing, n. A saddle-cloth ; horsecloth ; 
act of putting under shelter. (Arch.) Space taken 
out of one solid, to admit the insertion of another ; 
a niche for a statue. (JMach.) The part of the 



framing which holds a journai-box in place ; up- 
rights supporting the cross-slide of a planer. [F. 
housse, LL. hucia, a mantle, tunic, housia, MHG. 



hulst, a coverlet for a horse, OHG. hullen, to cover 
s. rt. holster, husk ; not fr. house.] 

Hove. See Heave. 

Hovel, huv'l, n. An open shed for sheltering cattle, 
etc., from weather ; a small, mean house. — v. t. 
[hoveled (-Id), -eling.] To put in a hovel, shelter. 
[Ic. hof, a temple, hall; G., a yard, court.] 

Hoven, hoVn, a. Swelled or puffed out, — applied to 
cattle when distended with gas from eating too much 
green food. [See Heave.] 

Hover, huv'Sr, v. i. [-ered (,-erd), -eeing.] To hang 
fluttering in the air, or upon the wing ; to move to 
and fro in the neighborhood of. [ME. hoi'en, to 
abide, dwell, W. hofio, to hover, fluctuate, OD. hoven, 
to entertain in a house, AS. hof, house.] 

How, how, adv. In what manner or way ; by what 
means ; to what degree or extent ; in what propor- 
tion; for what reason ; in what state, condition, or 
plight. [How is used in each sense, interrogatively, 
interjectionally, and relatively; it is often employed 
alone, as interrogation, interjection, or exclama- 
tion ; with a following that, it is no longer in good 
use.] [AS. hu, hwy, Goth, hwaiwa = hwe aiwa, 
why ever.] — Howbe^it, conj. Be it as it may; never- 
theless; notwithstanding; yet; but; however.— How- 
ev'er, adv. In whatever manner or degree ; at all 
events; at least. — conj. Nevertheless; notwithstand- 
ing ; yet ; still ; though. — How'soev'er, adv. In 
what, manner soever; to whatever degree ; however. 

Howadji, how-aj'T, n. A traveler ; a merchant, — 
merchants being the chief travelers in the East. [Ar.] 

Howdah, how'da, n. A seat on the back of an ele- 
phant or camel. [Hind. & Ar. haudah.] 

Howel, how'el, n. A cooper's plane for smoothing 
and chamfering the inside of casks, etc. 

Howitzer, how'its-er, n. {Mil.) A short, large bore 
cannon, with 

. or without a 
chamber, in- 
tended to throw 
large p r o j e c- 
tiles with small 
charges. [G. 
havbitze, ft. Bo- 
hemian hauf- 

Setf 1Sf0r Howitzer. 

HOWl, howl, V. I. [HOWLED (howld), HOWLING.] To 

cry as a dog or wolf; to utter a loud, protracted, and 
mournful sound ; to utter a sound of distress, wail ; 
to roar, as a tempest, — v. t. To utter with outcry. 
— n. The protracted cry of a dog. etc. ; a loud cry 
of distress ; yell. [OF. huller, D. huilen, Ic. and Sw. 
yla, MHG. hulen, L. ululare, Gr. hulan, to howl ; L. 
ulula, OHG. uwila, Skr. uluka, an owl, q. v.] — 
Howl'et, n. An owl ; owlet. 

Hoy, hoi, n. (Naut.) A coasting vessel for passengers 
and goods, usually a sloop. [D., F., and G. heu.] 

Hub, hub, n. The central part or nave of a wheel ; 
hilt of a weapon ; projecting obstruction ; mark at 
which quoits, etc., are cast ; block for scotching a 
wheel; a fluted steel screw for cutting chasing tools, 
etc. ; a punch for making die-matrixes. [Same_as 
hob and hump.] 

Hubble-bubble, hub'bl-bub'bl, n. A 
tobacco-pipe so arranged that the 
smoke passes through water, mak- 
ing a bubbling noise. [Onomat.] 

Hubbub, hub'bub, n. A great noise 
of confused voices ; a tumult ; up- 
roar ; riot. [F. houper, to call to ; 
s. rt. whoop.] 

Huckaback, huk'a-bak, n. A kind 
of linen with raised figures, for 
table-cloths and towels. [LG. huk- 
kebak, prob. orig. peddler's ware. 
See Huckster.! „ . , , k„ K ki„ 

Huckle-backed, huk'1-bakt, a. Hav- Hubble-bubble, 
ing round shoulders. [Huckle, dim. of Prov. E. huck 
= hook, q. v. ; s. rt. Skr. kuch, to bend.] 

Huckleberry, huk'l-ber'rT, n. A branching shrub, of 
several species, producing a small, black, edible 
berry; the fruit of this shrub. [Written also whortle- 
berry. .] [G. puckelbeere.] 





Huckster, huk'ster, n. A retailer of small articles ; 
a peddler ; hawker ; a mean, trickish fellow. — r. i. 
To deal in some small articles, or in petty bargains. 
[Prob. fem. of hawker (q. v.) for hucker ; D. heuker, 
heukelaar, a retailer, heukeren, to huckster, hucken, 
to stoop, bow — i. e., under a pack; s. rt. hug, huckle- 
backed, hook, etc.] 

Huddle, hud'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dung.] To presa 
or hurry in disorder ; to crowd together confusedly. 

— v. t. To hurry and slight; to put on, put together 
or put away hastily or in disorder. — n. A confused 
crowd of persons or things ; tumult ; confusion. 
[ME. hodren, to crowd together, cover, fr. huden to 
hide, LG. hudderken, to huddle, as a hen her chick- 
ens, fr. hueden, to hide.] — Hud'dler, n. 

Hudibrastic, hu-dt-bras'tik, a. Similar in manner to 
Hudibras, hero of a burlesque poem ; in the style of 
doggerel poetry. 

Hue, hu, n. Color ; shade ; tint ; dye. [AS. hiw, heo, 
Goth, hiwi, appearance, Sw. hy, skin, complexion.] 

Hue, hu, n. A shouting or vociferation. [OF. huer, 
OSw. huta, to hoot, OF. hue"e, hue and cry.] — Hue 
and cry. (Law.) Outcry with which a felon was 
anciently pursued ; later a proclamation requiring 
all persons to aid in retaking him. 

Huff, huf, n. A fit of petulance or anger ; a boaster. — 
v. t. [huffed (huft), huffing.] To swell, puff up ; 
to treat with insolence, bully. — v. i. To dilate, swell 
up ; to take offense ; to bluster, storm. [Onomat. ; 
Scot. hauch,hech, to breathe hard,G. hauchen, to blow, 
puff, q. v.] — Huffish, a. Disposed to put on swell- 
ing, petulant, or bullyish airs; arrogant. — Huff'ish- 
ness, n. — Huff'y, -t, a. Puffed up ; swelled ; char- 
acterized by arrogance, bluster, or petulance. 

Hug, hug, v. t. [hugged (hugd), -ging.] To embrace 
closely; clasp to the bosom; to hold fast, treat with 
fondness ; to cherish in the mind. (Naut.) To keep 
close to. — n. A close embrace ; clasp ; gripe. [Sw. 
and Ic. huka, to bend, sit. See Huckster.] 

Huge, huj, a. Very large or great ; monstrous ; im- 
mense; extended; carried to a high degree; gigantic; 
vast. [OF. ahuge; prob. s. rt. G. erhoehen, to exalt, 
fr. hoch = E. high.] — Hugely, adv. — Huge'ness, n. 

Hugger-mugger, hug'ger-mug'ge'r, n. Privacy ; se- 
crecy.— a. Secret; clandestine; sly; confused; disor- 
derly; mean. [Sw. i mjugg, Dan. i smug, in secret.] 

Huguenot, hu'ge-not, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A French Prot- 
estant of the period of the religious wars in France 
in the 16th century. [F. ; prob. f r. some reformer so 
named.] — Hu'guenotism, n. Religion of, etc. 

Hulk, hulk, n. The body of a vessel; esp. the body of 
an old ship unfit for service; anything bulky or un- 
wieldy. [LL. hulka, Gr. holcas, a merchant ship, f r. 
kelkem, to drag, tow.] — Hulk'ing, a. Heavy ; un- 
wieldy. 

Hull, hul, n. The outer covering of anything, esp. of 
a nut or of grain; the husk. (Naut.) The frame or 
body of a vessel: see Ship. — v. t. [hulled (huld), 
hulling.] To strip off or separate the hull or hulls 
of; to pierce the hull of (a ship). [AS. hulu, husk, 
D. hoi, hold (q. v.) of a ship, hullen, to mask, dis- 

fuise, Goth, huljan, Ic. hylja, to hide, cover ; s. rt. 
olster, husk, housing.] 
Hum, hum, v. i. [hummed (humd), -ming.] To make 
a dull, prolonged, nasal sound, like that of a bee in 
flight; to drone, murmur, buzz, drawl; to make as 
if speaking, but without opening the mouth, or ar- 
ticulating; to mumble.— v. t. To sing with shut 
mouth; to murmur without articulation; to make a 
murmur or buzz of approbation. — n. Noise of bees 
in flight, of a revolving top, whirling wheel, etc.; 
any inarticulate buzzing sound; an imposition or 
hoax. [Onomat; G. hummen, D. hommelen, to hum; 
Sp. and Ps- zomhar, to hum, joke, jest.] — Hum / '- 
mer, n. — Hum'bug, n. Imposition under fair pre- 
tenses; a hoax; one who hoaxes; an impostor. — v. 
t. [humbugged (-bugd), -ging.] To deceive, im- 
pose on, cajole. [Fr. hum 
and bug: see Bugbear.] 

— Hum'buggery, -ger-T, 
n. Practice ot imposi- 
tion.— Hum 'drum, a. 
Dull ; stupid ; common- 
place. — Hurn'ming-bird, 
n. A very small Amer. 
bird of many species, re- 
markable for the metallic 
brilliancy of its plumage, 

its swift motion, and the Humming Dim. 

humming sound of its wings when in flight, or hov- 
ering about flowers in pursuit of insect food. 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, or i 



HUM 



267 



HURRY 



Ham, hum, interj. Ahem; hem,— a sound with a 
pause implying doubt and deliberation. [See Hem.] 

Human, hulnan, a. Pert, to man or mankind; hav- 
ing the qualities or attributes of man. [OF. humain, 
fentle, humane, manly, L. humanus, human, fr. 
omo, a man, lit. creature of the earth, fr. humus, 
earth, ground; s. rt. AS. guma, man.] — Hu'manly, 
-It, adv. After the manner of men. — Hu'manist, n. 
One who pursues the study of the humanities or po- 
lite literature; one versed in the knowledge of hu- 
man nature. — Humanity, -T-tT, re. Quality of be- 
ing human; mankind collectively; quality of being 
humane ; kindness; benevolence; mental cultiva- 
tion; liberal education, pi. The branches of polite 
or elegant learning; belles-lettres.— Hu'manize, v. t. 
[-IZED (-Tzd), -izing.] To render human or humane. 

— v. i. To become or be made more humane; to be- 
come civilized, be ameliorated. — Human'ita'rian, 
-rt-an, n. One who holds tbat Jesus Christ was 
merely a man: one who practices humanity or be- 
nevolence. (Philos.) One who limits the sphere of 
duties to human relations and affections, excluding 
the spiritual. — a. Pert, to humanitarians; benevo- 
lent: philanthropic; ethical, — disting. fr. religious. 

— Human / ita , rianism, ^izm, n. Doctrine or practice 
of, etc. — Humane'', -man', a. Having the feelings 
proper to man. and a disposition to treat others with 
kindness; kind; benevolent: merciful; tending to 
refine. — Humanely, adv. — Humane'ness, n. 

Humble, hum'bl or um'bl, a. [-blee, -blest.] Low; 
unpretending; mean: thinking lowly of one's self ; 
not proud, arrogant, or assuming; mbdest: meek. — 
v.t. [humbled (-bid), -bling.]" To bring low, re- 
duce the power, independence, or exaltation of, 
bring down; to make lowly in mind, abase the pride 
of, depress, humiliate, degrade, sink. [OF.; ~L.hu- 
milis, lit. near the ground, hvmi. Gr. chamai, on the 
ground. See Hnu.v.] — Hum'bly, -blT, adv.— Hum'- 
bleness, «. — Humiliate, hu-miKl-at, v. t. To reduce 
to a lower position, humble, depress, abase. [L. hu- 
miliare, -atum. ] — Humil'ia'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. — Humility, -tl, n. State or quality 
of being humble; lowliness of mind; modesty; diffi- 
dence. [OF. humiliteit, humility, L. humilitas.] 

Humble-bee, hum'bl-be, n. A large, hairy bee, of many 
species, having nests in the ground; a bumble-bee. 
[Onomat. ; D. hommel, G. hummel, a humble-bee, D. 
hommelen, G. hummen, to hum. See Bumble-bee.] 

Humbles, Umbles, um'blz, Nom'bles, n. pi. The en- 
trails of a deer or other beast. [OF. nombles, fr. LL. 
nurnbUe, numble, for lumbulus, dim. of L. lumbus, 
loin.]— To eat humble pie. To take up with mean 
fare, accept humiliation, apologize abjectly. 

Humbug, Humdrum. See under Hum. 

Humerus, hu'mer-us, n. The shoulder ; the upper 
arm; esp. the long bone fr. shoulder to elbow. [L.] 
— Hu'meral, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Humid, hu'mid, a. Containing sensible moisture ; 
damp; moist. [L. humidus, fr. humere, to be moist. 
See Humor.] — Humidity, -T-tT, n. Moisture; damp- 
ness; degree of wetness or saturation. 

Humming-bird. See under Hum. 

Hummock, hum'mok, n. A rounded knoll or hillock; 
a ridge or pile of ice on an ice-field; in Florida, tim- | 
bered land. [Prob. dim. of hump; D. homp, a hump, 
hunch, hompelig, rugged.] 

Humor, hu'mer or u'mer, n. Moisture; any fluid of 
an animal body except blood, esp. a portion of the 
eye. {Med.) A vitiated or morbid animal fluid, 
such as often causes an eruption on the skin; an 
eruptive affection of the skin ; a rash. State of mind 
(formerly fancied to depend on the condition of the 
fluids of the body); disposition: temper; whim; ca- 
price ; present disposition: that quality of the im- 
agination which excites mirth by ludicrous images 
or representations ; wit ; satire ; pleasantry. — v. t. 
[humored (-merd), -moring.] To comply with the 
humor of, please by indulgence, gratify, favor; to 
adapt one's self to! [OF. and L., fr. L. humere, 
umere, to be moist: s. rt. Gr. hugros, moist, Skr. uksh, 
to wet.] — Hu'moral. a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, 
the humors. — Hu'moralism, -izm, n. State of be- 
ing humoral: doctrine that diseases have their seat in 
the humors or fluids of the body. — Hu'morism, n. 
{Med.) Humoralism. Humorousness. — Hu'morist, 
n. One who attributes diseases to the diseased state 
of the humors : one who has strong peculiarity of j 
character, which he indulges in odd or whimsical I 
ways ; one who has a playful fancy or genius : a ' 
wag; droll. — Hu'morous. -us, a. Subject to be gov- 
erned by humor or caprice; full of humor: exciting ! 



laughter; jocose; witty; merry; capricious; whimsi. 

cal.— Hu'morously, -IT, adv. — Hu'morousness, n. 

— Hu'morsome, -sum, a. Influenced by humor. 
Hump, hump, n. A protuberance; bunch; esp. the 

protuberance formed by a crooked back; a hunch. 

f D. homp ; s. rt. E. heap, hop, Gr. kujdtos, a hump. 

kuphonotos, Skr. kubja, humpbacked.] — Hump' 

back, n. A crooked back; hunchback. 
Humus, hu'imis, n. That portion of the soil formed 

by decomposition of vegetable matter. [L., earth, 

ground, soil. See Human.] 
Hunch, hunch, n. A hump; protuberance; a thick 

piece ; hunk ; a push or jerk, as with the elbow. — 

V. t. [HUNCHED (huncht), HUNCHING.] To push 

with the elbow or with a sudden jerk; to crook, as 
the back. [Same as hook and hug ; Ic. hofrra, to go 
bent, to crouch, G. hucke, the bent back, hoeckerig. 
hunchbacked, Skr. kunch, to bend. See Hump.] — 
Huncb/back, n. A humpback; one who has, etc. 

Hundred, hun'dred, n. The number of ten times ten; 
a division of a county in Eng., supposed to have 
originally contained 100 families, or freemen. — a. 
Ten times 10; 90 and 10. [AS. ; fr. hund, 100, and rsed, 
a reckoning, rate, q. v., Goth, garathjan, to reckon; 
Ic. hundradh, OHG. hunterit, also hunt, Goth, hund, 
Ga. dad, L. centum, Gr. hecaton, Skr. cata, 100.] — 
Hundred-weight. A denomination of weight, usually 
denoted by cwt. {C, in L. =100; wt , in E., weight), 
containing, according to differing laws or customs, 
100, 112, or 120 pounds avoirdupois. — Hun'' dredth, 
a. Next following in order the 90th; forming one of 
100 parts into which anything is divided. — n. One 
of 100 equal parts into which one whole is divided. 

Hung. See Hang. 

Hunger, hun''ger, n. A craving for food; any eager 
desire, — v. i. [hungered (-geid), -gering.] Tc 
crave food; to long for. — v. t. To make hungry, 
famish. [Sw., Dan., and G.: AS. hungor, Goth, huh- 
rus, hunger, huggrjan, to hunger; prob. s. rt. Skr. 
kunch, to contract.] — Hun'gry, -grl, a. [-grier. 
-griest.] Feeling hunger; having an eager desire; 
showing hunger; not rich or fertile; poor; barren. 
[AS. hungrig.]— Hun^grily, -IT, adv. 

Hunk, hunk, w. A large lump or piece; a hunch. [See 
Hunch.] — Hunk'er, n. One opposed to progress in 
politics; a conservative; fogy. — Hunks, n. A covet- 
ous, sordid man; a miser; niggard. 

Hunt, hunt, v. t. To follow after (game or wild ani- 
mals); to chase; to search diligently after, pursue.— 
v. i. To follow the chase, go out in pursuit of game; 
to seek by close pursuit, search, —n. A chase of 
wild animals, for catching them; pursuit; search; an 
association of huntsmen. [AS. huntian, prop., to 
capture, Goth, hunths, captivity.] — Hunt'er, n. One 
who pursues wild animals, a huntsman; a dog, also 
a horse, used in the chase; a watch which has the 
crystal protected by a metallic cover. [AS. huntaJ] 
— Hunt'ress, n. A woman who, etc. — Hunting- 
horn, n. A bugle; a horn used to cheer the hounds 
in pursuit of game.— Huntslnan, n. ; pi. -men. One 
who hunts, or practices hunting; a servant who man- 
ages the chase. 

Hurdle, her'dl, n. A framework of withes and stakes 
or of iron; a crate. [AS. hyrdel; s. rt. L. crates, a 
hurdle, Gr. kartalos, basket, E. crate, Skr. krit, to 
weave.] 

Hurdy-gurdy, her'dT-geVdT, 
n. A stringed instrument, 
of music, whose sounds are 
produced by the friction of 
a wheel, and regulated by Hurdy-gurdy, 

the fingers. [Onomat.: cf. Scot, hur, to snarl; gurr, 
to growl.] 

Hurl, herl, v. t. [hurled (herld), -hurling.] To send 
whirling or whizzing through the air: to throw vio- 
lently. — n. Act of hurling; a cast: fling. [Contr. of 
hurtle, freq. of hurt, q. v.] — Hurl'er, n. One who 
hurls, or plays at hurling. — Hurl'ing, n. Act of 
throwing with force; a game of ball. 

Hurl-bone, herKbon, n. {Far.) A bone near the mid- 
dle of the buttock of a horse. 



Hurly, herlT, Hurly-buray, n. Tumult; bustle; con- 
fusion. [F. hurler. It. urlare, to yell, howl, q. v.] 
Hurra, -rah, hoor-ra'. interj. Huzza! a shout of joy or 



exultation. [See Huzza.] 

Hurricane, hurlT-kan, n. A violent stom, chcracter- 
ized by extreme fury of the wind and its auddcn 
changes. [Sp.and Carib. huracan.~\— Hurricc:::o deck, 
{Satd.) The upper deck of steamboats. 

Hurry, hur'rT, v. t. [-ried (-rid), -rying.] xo hasten-, 
urge onward: to cause to be done quickly; to im- 



siin, cube, full ; moon, io"ot : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



HURT 



268 



HYDRA 



pel to violent or thoughtless action ; to precipitate, 
expedite, quicken. — v. i. To move or act with haste 
or precipitation.— n. Act of hurrying; haste; speed; 
urgency; bustle. [OSw. hurra, to whirl round, Dan. 
hitrre, to buzz, hum, Ic. hurr, a noise = E. whir.] 

Hurt, hert, v, t. [hurt, hurting.] To wound or 
bruise painfully; to damage, injure, harm; to wound 
the feelings of, annoy, grieve. — n. A physical in- 
jury causing pain; detriment; wound; harm; loss; 
mischief ; disadvantage. [OF. hurter, keurter, to 
knock, dash, hit against, W. hyrddu, to push, butt, 
attack, Corn, hordh, a ram.] — Hurt'er, n. — Hurt'- 
ful,-ful, a. Tending to impair or destroy; pernicious; 
harmful; mischievous: injurious; unwholesome. — 
Hurffully, adv. — Hurt'fulness, ?;. — Hurt'less, a. 
Harmless; innocent. — Hur'tle, -tl, v. i. To clash, 
jostle; to move rapidly, skirmish; to make a clash- 
ing, terrifying, or threatening sound. — v. t. To 
brandish; to push forcibly. [Freq. of hurt; ME. 
hurten, to dash.] 

Hurtleberry. Same as Huckleberry and Whortle- 
berry. 

Husband, huz'band, n. A man who has a wife. — v. t. 
To direct and manage with frugality; to cultivate 
(land); to till. [AS. husbonda, Ic. husbondi, fr. kits, 
house, and buandi, dwelling, fr. bua, to abide, 
dwell.] — A ship's husband. (Naut.) An agent who 
manages the business of a snip for the owners. — 
Hus'bandman, n. ; pi. -men. A farmer; tiller of the 

f round. — Hus'bandry, -ri, n. Care of domestic af- 
airs; domestic economy; business of a husbandman 
or farmer; agriculture; tillage. 

Hush, hush, a. Silent ; still ; quiet. — n. Stillness ; 
quiet, — v.t. [hushed (husht), hushing.] To still, 
silence; to calm (commotion or agitation).— v. i. To 
be still; to be silent, — esp. used in the imperative, 
as an exclamation. [Onomat. ; same as ivhist.] — 
Hush'-mon'ey, n. A bribe to secure silence. 

Husk, husk, n. The external covering of certain fruits 
or seeds of plants. — v. t. [husked (huskt), husk- 
ing.] To strip off the external covering of. [D. 
and LG. hulse, a husk; s. rt. AS. hulc, a hut, E. hol- 
ster.'] — Husk'ing, n. Act of stripping off husks, as 
from Indian corn ; a meeting of neighbors, to assist 
in husking corn. — Husk'y, -I, a. Abounding with, 
consisting of, or like husks. 

Husky, husk'!, a. Rough in tone; hoarse; raucous. 
[AS. hwosta, D. hoest, Skr. kasa, a cough.] — Husk'- 
mess, n. 

Hussar, huz-zar'', n. (Mil.) Orig. one of the national 
cavalry 'of Hungary and Croatia; now one of the 
light cavalry of European armies. [Hung, huszdr, 
fr. husz, 20, because formerly every 20 houses were 
to furnish one horse-soldier.] 

Hussif, huz'zif, n. A case for thread, needles, etc., — 
called also housewife. [Ic. husi, a case, skserishusi, a 



Hussy, huz'zi, n. An ill-behaved woman or girl 
jade; pert girl; a case for thread, needles, etc.: see 
Hussif. [Corrupt, of housewife, q. v. under House.] 
— Hus'wife, -zif or -wif , n. A female economist or 
housekeeper; a worthless woman; a case for sewing 
materials. See Housewife.— Hus'wifery, n. Man- 
agement of family concerns by a woman. 

Hustings, hus'tingz, n. pi. The principal court of the 
city of London, held before the lord mayor, record- 
er, and aldermen ; place where the election of a mem- 
ber of Parliament is held; platform on which candi- 
dates stand. [AS. husting, Ic. hust.Ju'ng, a council, fr. 
hus, house, and thing, thing, also assembly, meeting, 
parliament, court.] 

Hustle, hus'l, v. t. [-tled (-Id), -tling.] To shake 
together in confusion, jostle, shove about roughly. 
[D. hutselen, to shake up and down in a tub, etc., fr. 
O D, hutsen, to jog, jolt.] 

Hut, hut, n. A small house, or cabin. — v. t. To place 
in huts, as troops in winter quarters. [F. hutte, OHG. 
hutta, Skr. kuti, a hut, fr. kut, to bend, cover.] 

Hutch, huch, n. A chest, box, etc., for storing things; 
a coop for rabbits ; a low-wheeled car in a mine. 
[OF. huche, LL. hutica, prob. fr. OHG. huatan, to 
take care of, huota, care; s. rt. E. heed, q. v.] 

i, huz-za'', n. A shout of joy. — inter j. Hurrah! 

■v.i. [huzzaed (-zad'), -zaing.] To utter a shout 
of joy, approbation, or encouragement. [G. hussa, 
Dan. and Sw. hurra. See Hurry.] 

Hyacinth, hi'a-sinth, n. (Bot.) A bulbous plant of 
many varieties, bearing spikes of fragrant flowers : 
the " wild hyacinth" ( Eastern quamash) and " Pe- 
ruvian hyacinth " are varieties of scilla. (Min.) A 
red variety of zircon, sometimes used as a gem. [F. 



3; s. rt. hus, house, q. v.; not fr. wife.] 
rl; 




hyacinthe, L. hyacinthus, Gr. huakin- 
thos; same as jacinth; in Grecian fa- 
ble, a beautiful Laconian youth, be- 
loved by Apollo, who killed him by a 
cast of his quoit, from whose blood the 
flower sprang up.] — Hyacinth'ine, 
-in, a. Made of, or like, hyacinth ; 
of a violet, purple, dark auburn, or 
brown color. _ 

Hyades, hi'a-dez, Hy'ads, -adz, n. pi. 
(Astron.) A cluster of stars in the ' 
head of the constellation Taurus, 
supposed by the ancients to indicate 
the approach of rainy weaJier, when 
they rose with the sun. [L. and Gr., 
fr. Gr. huein, to rain.] 

Hyaline, hi'a-lin, a. Glassy; crystal- 
line; transparent. [Gr. hualinos, fr. 
hualos, glass.] 

Hybrid, hi'brid or hib'rid, n. An ani- 
mal or plant produced from mixture Hyacinth, 
of 2 species; a mongrel; mule. — a. 
Produced from, etc. [L. hibrida, hybrida ; perh. s„ 
rt. L. superus, Skr. upan, over, above; perh. fr. Gr. 
hubris, -bridos, wantonness, violation.] 

Hydatid, hid'' a-tid, n. (Zool.) A parasitic membran- 
ous sac filled with a pellucid fluid, found in various- 
parts of the body of organized beings. [Gr. hudatis, 
-idos, a water vesicle under the upper eyelid, fr. 
hudor, water: see Hydra.] 

Hydra, hi'dra, n. ; E. pi. -dras, -draz, L. pi. -dr.b, 
-dre. (Myth.) A water-serpent having many heads, 
one of which, being cut off, was succeeded by an- 
other, unless the wound was cauterized. A multi- 
farious evil, or one not to be repressed by a single 
effort. (Zool.) A minute kind of fresh water pol- 
yp. [L. ; Gr. hudra, water-snake, fr. Gr. hudor, hu- 
datos, water ; s. rt. L. unda, Skr. udan, Goth, wato, 
D. and E. water, q. v.] — Hy'drous, -drus, a. Con- 
taining water, watery. — Hydremia, -dre'mY-a, n. 
(Pathol.) An abnormally watery state of the blood. 
[Gr. hudor and haima, blood.]— Hydran^gea, -je-a, 
n. (Bot.) A shrubby genus of plants bearing oppo- 
site leaves and large heads of showy flowers. [Gr. 
anggeion, vessel, capsule.] — Hydrant, n. A pipe 
or spout at which water may be drawn from the 
mains of an aqueduct ; a water-plug ; street foun- 
tain. — Hydrar'gyrum, -jT-rum, n. Quicksilver ; 
mercury. [Gr. arguros, silver.] — Hy'drate, -drat, n. 
( Chem.) A compound formed by the union of a def- 
inite proportion of water with some other substance, 
generally forming a neutral salt. — Hy'dride, -drid 



n. (Chem.) A compound of the binary type, in which 
hydrogen, as a negative, is united with some other 
element. — Hydrau'lic, -drawlik, -lical, a. Pert, to 




Hydraulic Ram. 



hydraulics, or to fluids in motion. — Hydraulics, 
sing. That branch of science or of engineering which 
treats of fluids, esp. water, in motion. [F. hydrau- 
lique, music of running water, Gr. hudraulis, an or- 
gan worked by water, aulos, a tube, pipe.] — Hydravr- 
lie cement. Cement which 
will harden under water. — 
H. press. A press in which 
great power is obtained fr. a 
forcing pump which forces 
water into a large cylinder. 
— //. ram. A machine for 
raising water by means of 
the momentum of the water 
of which a portion is to be 
raised.— Hy'droceie, -sel, n. 
(Med.) Dropsy of the scrotum or of the coverings of 
the testicles or spermatic cord. [Gr. kele, tumor.] — 
Hydrocephalus, -sefa-lus, n. (Med.) Dropsy of the 
brain. [Gr. kephale, head.] — Hy'drodynamlc, a. 
Pert, to, or derived from, the force or pressure of wa- 
ter. — Hy / drodynam , ics, n. Principles of dynamics, 
as applied to water and other fluids.— Hy / drofluor y 'ic, 
-floo-oVik, a. (Chem.) Pert, to, or derived from, 
fluorine and hydrogen, —if. acid. An acid obtained 
by distilling fluor-spar with sulphuric acid. — Hy'- 
drogen, -jen, n. (Chem.) An inflammable, colorless, 
inodorous gas of extreme lightness, — one of the ele- 
ments of water. [Gr. genein, to generate, — the com- 
bustion of hydrogen producing water.] — Hy'dro- 
genate, -at, v. t. (Chem.) To combine with hydro- 
gen.— Hy'drogenize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.J To 
combine with hydrogen, hydrogenate. — Hydrog''- 
enous, -droj'e-nus, a. Pert, to, or containing, hy- 
drogen. — Hydrog y 'rapher, -fer, n. One who draws 
maps of the sea, etc., with the adjacent shores. — 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, 



Odd, tone, 6r ; 



HYEMAL 



269 



HYPO 



Hydroglaphy, -ft, re. Art of measuring and de- 
scribing the sea, lakes, rivers, etc., or of forming 
charts of the same. [Gr. gi'aphein, to draw, de- 
scribe.]— Hydrol'ogy, re. Science of water, its prop- 
erties, phenomena, and laws, its distribution in 
lakes, rivers, etc., over the earth's surface. [Gr. 
logos, discourse.]— Hy'droman'cy, -man'sT, n. Div- 
ination or prediction of events by water. [Gr. 
manteia, divination.] — Hy'dromel. -drc-mel, n. A 
liquor consisting of honey diluted in water. [Gr. 
meli, honey.] — Hydrom''eter, re. An instrument for 
determining the specific gravities and thence the 
strength of liquids; also, one for measuring the ve- 
locity or discharge of water, as in rivers, from reser- 
voirs, etc. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Hydromet'ric, 
-rical, a. Pert, to hydrometry or made by a hydrom- 
eter. — Hydrom'etry, -trf, n. The determining the 
specific gravity and strength of liquids; art or oper- 
ation of measuring the velocity or discharge of run- 
ning water.— Hydrop'athy, -a-tht, re. The water- 
cure, a mode of treating diseases by the use of pure 
water. £Gr. pathos, suffering.] — Hydropathic, 
-ical, a. Pert, to, etc.— Hydrop > athi8t, Hy'dropath, 
n. One who practices, etc.— Hydropho"'bia, -fo'M-a, 
re. {Med.) A preternatural dread of water, — a 
symptom of canine madness; the disease caused by 
inoculation with the saliva of a rabid dog. [Gr. 
phobos, fear.] — Hydrophobic, a. Pert, to, etc. — 
Hydrop'ic. -ical, a. Dropsical; resembling dropsy. 

— Hy'dropult, n. A machine for throwing water Dy 
hand power, — a garden engine, fire extinguisher, 
etc. [Gr. pallein, to hurl.] — Hy'droscope, -skop, re. 
An instrument to mark the presence of water in air; 
a kind of water clock used by the ancients. [Gr. 
skopein, to view.] —Hydrostatic, -ical, a. Relating 
to liydrostatics; pert, to, or in accordance with, the 
principles of the equilibrium of fluids. — Hydro- 
statics, re. Science of the pressure and equilibrium 
of fluids. [See Statics.] — Hydrotholax, re. (Med.) 
Dropsy in the chest. [Gr. thorax, chest.] 

Hyemal, hi-e'mal, a. Belonging to, or done in winter. 
[L. hyemalis, hiemalis, fr. hyems, or hiems, winter.] 

Hyena, hi-e'na, re. ; pi. -nas, -naz. A carnivorous 
mammal of ***,& 

Asia and Afri- 
ca, allied to the 
dog: its habits 
are nocturnal, 
and it gener- 
ally feeds upon 
carrion. [L. 
hysena, Gr. nu- 
aina, lit. sow- 
like, fr. reus = 
L. sus, E. sow.] 

flygeian. hi-ie r - 
an, a. Relating „ 

to Hygeia, god"- Hyena, 

dess of health; pert, to health or its preservation. 
TGr. Hugeia, f r. hugieinos, hugies, sound, healthy.] — 
Hy'giene, -jt-en. re. Science of preserving health, 
esp. of households and communities. — Hygienic, 
-en-ik, a. Pert, to, etc.; sanatory. 

Hygrology, hi-groKo-jT, re. Doctrine of the fluids of 
the body, or the phenomena and causes of atmos- 
pheric moisture. [Gr. hugros, wet, damp, and logos, 
discourse.]— Hygrom'eter, n. An instrument for 
measuring the moisture of the atmosphere. [Gr. 
metron, measure.] — Hygromefric, -rical, a. Pert, 
to hygrometry ; made by, or according to, the hy- 
grometer; readily absorbing and retaining moisture. 

— Hygrom'etry, -trt, re. Determination of the hu- 
midity of bodies, esp. of the atmosphere. — Hy'gro- 
scope. -gro-skop, re. An instrument which shows 
whether there is more or less moisture in the atmos- 
phere, but not its amount. [Gr. skopein, to view.] 

Hylotheism, hi-lo-thelzm, re. Doctrine or belief that 
matter is God. [Gr. hule, wood, matter, and Theos, 
God.]— Hylozo'ism, re. Doctrine that matter pos- 
sesses a species of life. [Gr. zoe, life, zan, to live.] 

Hymen, hi' men, n. (Myth.) The god of marriage and 
nuptial solemnities. (Anat.) The virginal mem- 
brane. [L.; Gr. Hitmen, god of marriage, also skin, 
membrane.]— Hymene'al, -e'an, a. Pert, to mar- 
riage or a wedding: nuptial. — ». A marriage song; 
epithalamium.— Hymenop'teral, -tc-r-al, -terous, -us, 
a. Pert, to an order of insects having 4 membranous 
wings, as the bee, the wasp, etc. [Gr. pteron, wing.] 

Hymn, him, re. An ode or song of praise, adoration, 
thanksgiving, etc., esp. one sung in worship. — v. t. 
[hymned (himd), hymning.] To worship or extol 





j by singing hymns ; to sing. [OF. ymne, hymne, L. 
kymntis, Gr. humnos.] — Hymenal, n. A book of 
I hymns. — Hym'nic, a. Relating to hymns. — Hym- 
nbg'raphy, -ft, re. Art of writing hymns ; hymuol- 
ogy. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — HymnoKogy, -jT, n. 
A collection of hymns ; hymns of a period or coun- 
try ; hvmns collectively ;" treatise on hymns. [Gr. 
loqos, discourse.] 

Hyoid, hi'oid, Hyoid'ean, -e-an, a. Having the form 
of an arch, or of the Greek letter upsilon [vl. [Gr. 
huoeides, fr. {, (hu) and eidos, form.] — Hyoid bone. A 
bone between the root of the tongue and the larynx. 

Hyp, hip, re. A morbid depression of spirits; melan- 
choly. — v. t. To make melancholy, depress the 
spirits of. [Contr. of hypochondria, q. v.] 

Hypallage, hi-palla-je, re. (Gram.) A figure consist- 
ing of a transference of attributes from their proper 
subjects to others. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. hupo (s. rt. 
L. sub, E. up), under, and ullage, a change, fr. alias- 
sein, to change, alios, other; s. rt. alien, else.'] 

Hyperbaton, hi-per'ba-ton, n. (Gram.) A figurative 
construction, changing the natural and 
proper order of words and sentences. 
[Gr., prop. neut. of huperbatos, trans- 
posed, fr. huper (s. rt. L. super, compar. 
of sub, under, fr. supeiits, upper; Skr. 
upari, compar. of upa, near, under), 
above, beyond, and bainein, to go.] — 
Hyper'bola, -bo-la, re. (Geom.) A curve 
formed by a section of a cone, when 
the cutting-plane makes a greater an- 
gle with the base than the side of the / 
cone makes. [Gr. huper and ballem, to 
throw.]— HyperTjole, -bo-le, re. (Rhet.) T T_. r , p _ h .i, 
A figure of speech which expresses a ypz T0Ola ~ 
more or less than the truth; exaggeration. — Hyper- 
bolic, -ical, a. (Math.) Pert, to or of the nature of 
the hyperbola. Relating to, or containing, hyperbole. 

— Hy'perbollcally, -It, adv. In the form of a hy- 
perbola; with exaggeration. — Hy'perbol'iform, a. 
Having the form of a hyperbola. — Hyper'bolist, 
re. One who uses hyperboles. — Hyperbolean, -re- 
am a. Northern; very far north; arctic; heace very 
cold; frigid. — re. An inhabitant of the most north- 
ern region of the earth. [L. and Gr. Boreas, the 
north wind.] — Hy'percat'aledic. a. ( Gr. & Lot. 
Pros.) Having a syllable or two beyond the regular 
measure. [See Catalectic.] — Hypercritlc, re. One 
critical beyond measure ; a captious censor. [Gr. 
kritikos, critical.] — Hypercrific, -ical, a. Over- 
critical; critical beyond use or reason; excessively 
nice or exact. — Hypercritlcism, -sizm, n. Excess- 
ive or unjust criticism. — Hyperlneter, re. A hyper- 
catalectic verse ; anything exceeding the ordinary 
standard of measure. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Hy- 
pertrophy, -tro-ft, re. (Med.) Morbid enlargement 
or overgrowth of an organ or part of the body. [Gr. 
trophe, nourishment.] 

Hyphen, Mien, re. (Print.) A mark, thus [-], to con- 
nect syllables of divided, or parts of compound, 
words. [L. and Gr., for Gr. huph' en, under one ; 
hupo (see Hypallage) and hen, neut. of heis, one.] 

Hypnotic, hip-notlk, a. Tending to produce sleep; 
soporific ; characterized by unnatural or morbid 
sleep. [Gr. hupnoun, to lull to sleep, hupnos, sleep.] 

— Hyp'notism, -no-tizm, re. A kind of mesmeric 
sleep or somnambulism; a similar condition pro- 
duced by gazing at a verv bright object. — Hyp'no- 
bate,-bat,re. One who walks in his sleep; a somnam- 
bulist. [F.; Gr. bainein, to go, walk. J 

Hypo, hi'po, re. A morbid depression of spirits; hyp. 
[Contr. of hypochondria.] — Hyp'ochon'dria, hip'o- 
kon'drT-a, re. (Med.) A mental disorder, in which 
one is tormented by melancholy and gloomy view?, 
esp. about his own health. — Hyp / ochon' r driac. a. 
Pert, to the hypochondrium, or the parts of the 
body so called ;"affected, characterized, or produced 
by, hypochondria; producing melancholy, or low 
spirits. — re. A person affected with hypochondria. 

— Hyp'ochon'drium, re.; pi. -dria. (Anat.) That 
part of the cavity of the abdomen which, on either 
side, is beneath the cartilages of the false ribs. [L. 
and Gr., fr. Gr. hupo (see Hypallage) and chondros, 
a gristle, cartilage, esp. of the breast-bone.] — Hy- 
poc'risy, -rl-st, re. The act or practice of a hypo- 
crite; simulation, or dissimulation; esp. the assum- 
ing of a false appearance of virtue or religion. [Gr. 
hupokrisis, a reply, acting of a part, hupokrinomai, I 
act a part, reply, fr. hupo and krinomai, I contend. 
dispute, middle voice of krinein, to judge, discern.] 

— Hyp'ocrite, -krit, re. A pretender to virtue o* 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



HYPO 
which he has not. — Hypocritlc, -ical, 



270 



ICHTHYOLOGY 



Belonging to a hypocrite; exhibiting hypocrisy.— 
Hypocritically, adv. — Hypoder'mic, -derlnik, a. 
{Med.) Pert, to what js under the skin; subcutane- 
ous. [Gr. derma, skin.] — H. injection. The intro- 
ducing, by a syringe, under the skin, some medicinal 
substance— an aesthetic, narcotic, etc.— Hypogastric, 
a. (Anat.) Relating to, or situated in, the middle of 
the lower part of the abdomen. [Gr. gaster, belly .] — 
Hypos'tasis, hi- or hY-posla-sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. 
Substance, or subsistence; hence, each of the 3 sub- 
divisions of the Godhead, — the Father, Son, and 
Holy Spirit. [L. and Gr. ; Gr. stasis, a placing, stand- 
ing.] — Hypostatic, -ical, a. Pert, to hypostasis, or 
substance; constitutive or elementary; personal, or 
distinctly personal. — Hypostatlcally, adv. — Hy- 
potenuse, hi- or hY-pot'e-nus, n. (Geom.) 
The longest side of a right-angled trian- 
gle, or the line that subtends the right 
angle. [F. ; L. hypotenusa, Gr. hupotein- 
ousa, the subtending (line), f r. hupo and 
teinein, to stretch.] — Hypothecate, hi- 
or hi-, v. t. {Law.) To confer on (one's 
creditor) a right in a thing, with power „», >,„„„*. 
to sell it for the discharge of a debt out e 'nuse 
of the proceeds; to subject (property) to 
liability for a debt without delivery of possession or 
transfer of title ; to pledge. [OF. lujpotheque, L. hypo- 
theca, a mortgage, Gr. hupothcke, an under-prop, also 
a pledge, mortgage, fr. hupo and theke, a pledge, tithe- 
nai, to place.] — Hypothecation, n. (Civ. Law.) 
Act or contract by which property is hypothecated. 
iLaw of Shipping.) A contract whereby the vessel, 




freight, or cargo is made liable for repayment of 
money advanced for the necessities of the ship. — 
Hypotb/enuse. Same as Hypotenuse.— Hypothe- 
sis, hi- or hi-, n. ; pi. -SES,-sez. A supposition; some- 
thing not proved, but assumed for the purpose of 
argument; a theory assumed to account for known 
facts or phenomena. — Hypothetic, -ical, a. Char- 
acterized by a hypothesis ; conditional ; assumed 
without proof for the purpose of reasoning. — Hypo- 
thetlcally, adv. 

Hyson, hi'sn, n. A species of green tea. [Chin, Tit- 
tshun, i. e., lit. first crop, or blooming spring.] — Hy- 
son skin. Refuse portion of the fine tea called Hy- 
son : skin is a Chinese word meaning refuse. 

Hyssop, hYs'sup or hi'zup, n. A plant whose leaves 
nave an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. 
[OF. hyssojje, Gr. hussopos, Heb. ezobh.~] 

Hysteria, his-telY-a, n. (Med.) A nervous affection, 
manifested by alternate fits of laughing and crying, 
or temporary delirium, with a sensation of strangu- 
lation. [OF. hysterique, Gr. husterikos. suffering in 
the womb, ir.'hustera, womb.] —Hysteric, -tgrlk, 
-ical a. Of, or pert, to, affected, or troubled, with 
hysterics; convulsive; fitful.— Hysterotomy, -o-mY, 
n. (Surg.) Operation of cutting into the uterus, to 
take out a fetus; the cesarean section. [Gr. tome, a 
cutting, temnein, to cut.] 

Hysteron-proteron, hisle-ron-profe-ron, n. (Rhet.) 
Afigure in which the word that should follow comes 
first; an inversion of logical order, in which the con- 
clusion is put before the premises, or the thing 
proved before the evidence. [Gr. husteros, the lat- 
ter, proteros, sooner.) 



t, i, the 9th letter of the Eng. alphabet, has 2 principal 
sounds,— the long sound, as in pine, fine, ice; and 
the short, as in pin, fin, gift. 1 and J were formerly 
regarded as the same character, and in English dic- 
tionaries were long classed together. 

f, i, pron. [poss. my or mine ; objective me ; pi., nom. 
we; poss. our or ours; obj. us.] The nominative case 
of the pronoun of the first person, — the word by 
which a speaker or writer denotes himself. [ME. ik, 
ich, i, AS. ic, D. and Goth, ik, Ic. eh, Dan.jeg, G. ich, 
W. t, L. and Gr. ego, Skr. a/iarn. prob. for agam.} 

Iamb, i'amb, Iam'bus, L. pi. Iam'bi, -bi ; E. pi. 
-buses, -bus-ez, Iam'bic, n. (Pros.) A foot of 2 
syllables, the 1st short and 2d long, or the 1st unac- 
cented and 2d accented. A verse composed of such 
feet. pi. A satirical poem ; satire ; lampoon, — this 
verse being often employed in 
such poems. f_Gr. iambos, lit. 
a throw, fr. xaptein, to cast, 
throw ; prob. s. rt. L. jacere, 
to throw.] — Iam'bic, -bical, a. 
Consisting of, pert, to, or com- 
posed of, etc. 

Ibex, i'beks, n. A wild goat of 
the Alps and other mountains 
of Europe, remarkable for its /i 
long, recurved horns. [L.] _ »jj*' ss, T' 

Ibex 




rhich 



Ibidem, i-bi'dem, adv. In the 

same place,— abb re v. ibid. [L.] 
Ibis, i'bis, n. A grallatory bird, one species of 

was regarded in ancient Egypt 

with adoration. [L. and Gr.] 
Icarian, i-ka'rT-an, a. Adventurous 

in flight; soaring too high for safe- 
ty. [Fr. Icarus, son of Daedalus, 

who fled on wings to escape Minos; 

but the sun melted the wax that 

cemented his wings, and he was 

drowned in the sea.] 
Ice, is, n. Frozen water or other fluid; 

concreted sugar ; water or cream 

flavored and frozen, —v.t. [iced 

(1st), icing.] To cover with, orconvert into, ice; to 

cover with concreted sugar; to frost; to cool, as with 

ice; to freeze. [AS., Sw., and OHG. is, D. ijs, Dan. 

its.]— To break the ice. To make the first opening or 

advances; to introduce a subject, open the way.— 




Ibis. 



I'cy, -si, a. [icier, iciest.] Pert, to, composed of, 
like, or abounding in, ice; cold; frosty; chilling in 
manner, etc. [AS. isig.] — I/ciness, ».— I'cing, n. A 
covering of concreted sugar; frosting. —Ice'berg, n. 
A hill or mountain of ice floating on the ocean. [D. 
ijsberg, Dan. iisbierg, fr. D. berg. Dan. bierg, moun- 
tain, hill.] — Ice'blink, n. A bright appearance near 
the horizon, occasioned by the reflection of light 
from ice, and visible before the ice itself is .seen. 
[Dan. iisblink ; blinke, to gleam. See Blink.] — 
-cream, n. Cream or milk, sweetened, flavored, and 
congealed by a freezing mixture. — -floe, n. A 
large sheet of floating ice. — -house, n. A repository 

for preserving ice during warm weather. plant, 

n. A species of mesembryanthemum, sprinkled 
with watery vesicles, which glitter like ice. —Ice- 
landic, w. The language of the inhabitants of Ice- 
land: it is of Scandinavian origin, and more nearly 
allied to the old Norse than any other language now 
spoken. — Iceland-moss, n. A kind of nutritious 
lichen, found in arctic regions and on high moun- 
tains.— I'cicle, -sY-kl, n. A pendent conical mass 
of ice. [AS. isgicel; gicel, small piece of ice.] 

Ichneumon, ik-nulnon, n. A carnivorous animal of 
Egypt, resembling a 
weasel, very destruc- 
tive to the eggs of 
the crocodile, and of 
poultry ; a hymenop- 
terous insect whose 
larvesare parasitic in icnneumon. 

other insects; ichneumon fly. [L. and Gr., lit. the 
tracker, because it hunts out the eggs of the croco- 
dile, fr. ichneuein, to track or hunt after, fr. ichnos, 
track, footstep.] 

Ichnograph, ik'no-graf, Ichncg'raphy, -ra-fY, n. 
(Drawing.) A horizontal section of a building or 
other object; aground-plan. [Gr. ichnographia, f r. 
ichnos, track, and graphein, to describe.] 

Ichor, i'kor, n. (Myth.) An ethereal fluid that sup- 
plied the place of blood in the veins of the gods. 
An acrid waterv discharge flowing from an ulcer, 
wound, etc. [Gr.; s. rt. Gr. ikntas, moisture, ikma- 
nein, Skr. sich, to wet.] — I'chorous, -us, a. Com- 
posed of, or like, ichor; thin; watery. 

Ichthyology, ik-thY-ol'o-jY, n. Science of the struc- 
ture, habits, classification, etc., of fishes. [Gr. ich- 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Yn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 5r \ 



ICICLE 



271 



IGNOBLE 



thus, fish, and logos, discourse.] — Ichthyoph'agous, 
-ofa-gus, a. Eatin? or subsisting on tish. [Gr. 
phagein, to eat.] — Ich'thyosaur', -o-sawr', -sau'rus. 
-saw'rus, a. (Paleon.) An extinct carnivorous rep- 



Ichthyosaurus. 

tile, lizard-like, and with vertebras like those of 
fishes. [Gr. sauros, lizard.] 

Icicle, Icing, etc. See under Ice. 

Iconoclast, i-kon'o-klast, re. A destroyer of images or 
idols; one who exposes impositions or shams. [Gr. 
eikon, image, and klastes, a destroyer, fr. klaein, to 
break.] — Iconoclastic, a. Breaking images. — 
Iconog'raphy, -ra-fl, n. Description of ancient im- 
ages or representations, as statues, paintings, en- 
gravings on gems or metals, etc. [Gr. graphein, to 
describe.] — Iconol'ogy, -jl, re. Pictorial or emblem- 
atical representation : description of pictures or 
statues. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 

Icosahedron, i'ko-sa-he'dron, re. A solid of 20 equal 
sides. (Geom.) A regular solid, consisting of 20 
equal and similar triangular pyramids whose ver- 
tices meet in the center of a circumscribing sphere. 
[Gr. eikosi, 20, and hedra, seat, base.] 

Icteric, ik-terlk, re. A remedy for the jaundice. — 
Icteric, -ical, a. Pert, to, or affected with, jaundice; 
good against the jaundice. [Gr. ikteros, jaundice.] 

Ictus, iklus, n. (Pros.) The stress of voice laid upon 
the accented syllable of a w r ord. [L., fr. icere, ictum, 
to strike.] — Ic'tic, a. Pert, to or produced by a 
blow; sudden; abrupt. 

Icy. See under Ice. 

I'd, id. A contr. fr. I won! i or I had. 

Ide, id, n. A lake fish of N. Europe, of the genus of 
the dace, roach, etc., but ascending rivers to spawn. 

Idea, i-de'a, re. ; pi. Ide'as, -az. The image or picture 
of a visible object, formed by the mind ; a similar 
image of any object, whether sensible or spiritual; 
a general notion or conception, formed by general- 
ization ; a notion, conception, or thought ; a belief, 
doctrine, or opinion : one of the archetypes or pat- 
terns of created things, conceived by the Platonists 
to have existed from eternity in the mind of the 
Deity. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. idein, to see, Skr. vid, to 
perceive, know : see Wit, to know.] — Ide'al, re. A 
conception proposed by the mind for imitation, real- 
ization, or attainment: a standard of perfection, 
beauty, etc. — a. Existing in idea or thought; intel- 
lectual; mental: proposed for imitation, realization, 
or obedience: existing in imagination only; unreal; 
teaching the doctrine of idealism. [OF.; L. idealis.] 
— Ide'alism, -izm, re. The system or theory that 
makes everything to consist in ideas ; doctrine that 
we have no'rational grounds to believe in the real- 
ity of anything but ideas and their relations.— Ide r - 
alist, re. One who holds the doctrine of idealism ; 
one who idealizes, or forms picturesque fancies or ro- 
mantic expectations. — Ideality, -I-tl, re. A lively 
imagination, united to a love of the beautiful. See 
Phrenology.— Ide'alize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] 
To make ideal, give an ideal form or value to. — 
v. i. To form ideas. — Ide'at, re. (Metaph.) The 
ontological reality or actual existence corresponding 
with an idea. — Ide'ogram, -ograph, -o-graf, re. A 
pictorial representation of a visible object or of an 
abstract idea; a hieroglyph. [Gr. graphein, to write.] 
— Ideog'raphy, -ra-fl. n. Science of representing 
ideas independently of sounds, etc., as in short-hand 
writing, etc. — Ideographic, -ical, a. Standing for 
and representing a notion or idea, without reference 
to the name given to it. — IdeoKogy, -o-jt, re. Sci- 
ence of ideas. (Metaph.) A view of the formation 
of ideas which derives them exclusively from sensa- 
tion. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 

Idem, i'dem. The same as above, — abbreviated id. 
[L.] — Iden'tical, -tik-al, a. The same ; the very 
same : not different : expressing sameness or the 
same truth. — Identically, adv. — Idenlify, -tT-fi, 
v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make to be the same, 
unite or combine, treat as having the same use or 
effect ; to determine or establish the identity of, 
prove to be the same. — v. i. To become the same, 
coalesce in interest, purpose, use, effect, etc. [F. 
identifier.'] — Iden'tifica'tion, re. Act of, etc. — 
Iden'tity. -ti-tl, re. State or quality of being iden- 
tical ; sameness ; condition of being the same with 



something described or asserted, or of possessing a 
character claimed. [F. identite, L. identitas.] 

Ides, idz, n. pi. (Anc. Rom. Calendar.) The 15th day 
of March, May, July, and October, and the l'ith of 
other months. [F. ; L. idus ; peril, s. rt. Skr. indu, 
the moon.] 

Idiom, id'T-um.re. A mode of expression peculiar to a 
language or dialect; genius or peculiar cast of a lan- 
guage; peculiar form or variety of language. [F. idi- 
ome, L. and Gr. idioma, f r. Gr. idioun, to make one's 
own, fr. idios, one's own, peculiar to one's self, Skr. 
svayam, self (reflexive pron.).] — Id'iomatlc, -o- 
matlk, -ical, a. Peculiar to a language; conformed 
to the mode of expression of a language. — Idioc'- 
rasy, -ok'ra-sT, Fdiosyn'crasy, -sin'kra-sT, re. Pe- 
culiarity of constitution or temperament; individ- 
ual characteristic or susceptibility. [Gr. idios, sun. 
together, and kiwi*, a. mingling, f r. kerannunai, to 
mix.] — Idiop'athy, -a-thT, re. (Med.) A morbid 
state or condition not occasioned by any other dis- 
ease. [Gr. pathos, suffering, disease.]— Idiopathic, 
a. Pert, to, or indicating, etc. — Idiot, -1-ut, re. 
Orig., a person in private life, also an unlearned, 
ignorant, or foolish person; now, a person destitute 
from birth of the ordinary intellectual powers ; a 
fool; imbecile; simpleton. [F.: L. idiota, Gr. idiotes, 
a private person, hence, one uneducated and igno- 
rant.]— Idiocy, -o-sl, Idlotcy, ». Absence of the 
mental faculties, natural to man, from congenital 
imperfection in the size, form, or quality of the 
brain. — Idiotic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or like an idiot ; 
foolish, sottish. — Idlotism, -izm, re. An idiom. 

Idle, i'dl. a. [idler, idlest.] Of no account ; use- 
less; vain: unprofitable; not called into active service; 
inactive; doing nothing ; averse to labor or employ- 
ment; indolent; lazy.— v. t. [idled (-did), idling.] 
To spend in idleness, waste, consume. [AS. inlet, 
vain, empty, useless, Dan. and Sw.iV/e/, sheer, mere, 
pure; s. rt.'Gr. itharos, clear, pure (water).] — I'dle- 
ness, n. Inaction ; sluggishness ; sloth. [AS. idel- 
rees.] — I'dler, n. — I'dly, -dll, adv. 

Idol, i'dul, re. An image or representation of any- 
thing; image of a divinity, made as an object of wor- 
ship; that on which the affections are strongly, ex- 
cessivelv, and improperly set; deceitful image ; phan- 

. torn. [OF. idole, L. idolum, Gr. eidolon, fr. eidomai, 
I appear, seem, idem, to see : see Idea.] — I'dolize, 
v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To make an idol of, 
pay idolatrous worship to ; to love or reverence to 
excess or adoration. — I'doliz'er, re. — Idol'ater, 
-dol'a-ter, re. A worshiper of idols ; a pagan ; an 
adorer ; great admirer. [OF. idolatre ; Gr. latreia, 
service, fr. latris, servant, fr. latron, hire.] — IdoK- 
atress, re. A female worshiper of idols. — Idol'a- 
trous, -trus, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, consist- 
ing in, or partaking of, etc. — IdoKatry, -trT, re. 
Worship of idols, or anything which is not God; ex- 
cessive veneration for anything. [F. idolatrie.'] 

Idoneons, i-do r ne-us, a. Suitable ; convenient ; fit ; 
proper. [L. idoneus.~] 

Idyl, i'dil or idll, re. A short pastoral poem; also a 
narrative poem, in an elevated and finished style. 
[L. idyllium, Gr. eidullion, fr. eidos, form, appear- 
ance, fr. eidomai, I see. See Idol.] 

If, if, conj. In case that; granting, allowing, or sup- 
posingthat; whether. [AS. gif, Ic, OFries., and Oh. 
ef, also OFries., OS., and D. of, if; Ic. efa, to doubt; 
prob. s. rt. L. opiniri. to suppose, apisci, Skr. ap, to 
obtain; not fr. AS. git an, to give.] 

Igneous, ig'ne-us, a. Pert, to, consisting of, contain- 
ing, or like fire. (Geol.) Resulting from the action 
of fire. [L. igneus, fr. ignis, fire, ignire, -nitum, to set 
on fire, Skr. agni, fire, perh. fr. aj, to move.] — Ig- 
nite', -n!f, v. t. To kindle, set on fire. — v. i. lo 
take fire, begin to burn. — Ignilor, -tSr, re. One 
who, or that which, etc.; esp. the contrivance for 
inflaming powder in a torpedo, etc. — Ignitlble, a. 
Capable of being ignited. — Igni'tion, -nish'un, re. 
Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ignes'cent, -sent, a. 
Emitting sparks of fire when struck with steel; 
scintillating. — Ignif'erous, -er-us, a. Producing 



fire. [L./erre, to bear, produce.] — Ignip'otent, a. 
Presiding over fire. [L. .pot ens, powerful.]— Ig'nis- 
fat'uus, -u-us, re. ,• pi. Ig'nes-fat'ui, -nez-fat'u-I. 



A flitting light that appears, at night, over marshy 
grounds, etc., supposed to be occasioned by decom- 
position of animal or vegetable substances, or by in- 
flammable gas; will-o'-the-wisp. [L./atuus, foolish, 
i. e., misleading.] 
Ignoble, ig-no'bl, a. Of low birth or family; not no- 
ble or illustrious; mean; worthless; not honorable, 



sun, cube, full -• moon, f<5ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



IGUANA 



272 



IMAGE 



elevated, or generous; base; degenerate; degraded; 
disgraceful; infamous. [F. ; L. ignobilis, f r. in priv. 
(see Inability) and gnohilis, later nobilis, noble, q. 
v.] — Igno'bleness, n. — Igno'bly, -bit, adv. — Ig'- 
nominy, -min'T, n. Public disgrace or dishonor; an 
act deserving disgrace ; opprobrium ; reproach ; 
shame; contempt; infamy. [F. ignominie, L. igno- 
minia, fr. in priv. and gnomen, nomen, renown, name, 
q. v.] — Ignominious, -T-us, a. Marked with, or de- 
serving, etc.; infamous; despicable.— Ignominlous- 
ly, adv.— Ignore', -nor", v. t. [-nored (-nord'), 
-noring.] To be ignorant of. (Law.) To throw 
out (a bill) as false or ungrounded. To refuse to 
take notice of; to leave out of account or considera- 
tion. [F. ignorer, L. ignorare, fr. in priv. and gnos- 
cere, noscere, to know, q. v.]— Ignora'mus, n. ; pi. 
-muses, -ez. An ignorant person ; a vain pretender 
to knowledge. [L., we are ignorant, — orig. written 
upon bills of indictment by grand juries, when the 
evidence was insufficient.] — Ig'norance, -rans, n. 
Condition of being ignorant ; want of knowledge. 
[F.] — Ig'norant, a. Destitute of knowledge; umn- 
structed or uninformed ; unacquainted ; unaware; 
displaying, or resulting from, ignorance; illiterate. 
fF.] — Ig/norantly, adv. — Igliorantism, -izm, n. 
Policy of keeping the masses in a state of ignorance ; 
obscurantism. — Ig'norantist, n. One who, etc. 

Ignana, I-gwa'na, n. An edible lizard of tropical 
Amer. [Sp., fr. Caribbean yuana.] 

Ihlang-ihlang, e / lang-e'lang, n. A powerful perfume 
obtained from the volatile oil of an E. India flower. 
[Malay, flower of flowers.] 

jOex, ileks, n. A genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, 
including holly. [L.] — Hide, T-lislk, a. Pert, to 
the holly, — said of an acid contained in its leaves. 
— nicin, -cine, -sin, n. The bitter principle of, etc. 

Ileum, iKe-um, n. The lower part of the small intes- 
tine. [NL., fr. Gr. eilein, to roll, twist up.] — JV- 
ium, -I-um, n. One of the flattened upper side bones 
of the pelvis, forming part of the hip joint ; flank 
bone; haunch bone. [L.; ilia, the flanks.] — Iliac, 
-T-ak, Hi'acal, a. Pert, to the ileum or the ilium. 

Eiad, il'I-ad, n. A Greek epic poem, composed by 
Homer, on the destruction of Ilium, the ancient Troy. 

Ilk, ilk, a. The game; also; each; every. [In Scot- 
tish usage, the phrase of that ilk denotes that one's 
surname and the title of his estate are the same ; as, 
Grant of that ilk, i. e., Grant of Grant; in Eng. and 
the U. S., it is ignorantly used to signify of that 
same kind ; as, others of that ilk.~\ [Scot, ilk, AS. sale, 
each, ylc, ylca, the same. See Each.] 

HI. il, a. [Comp. and superl. wanting, their places 
being supplied by ivorse and worst, q. v.] Bad; evil; 
contrary to good in a physical sense ; opposed to 
advantage, happiness, etc. ; contrary to good, in a 
moral sense ; sick; unwell; not accordant with rule, 
fitness, or propriety ; cross ; surly ; peevish. — n. 
Evil of any kind; misfortune; disease: pain; wick- 
edness; depravity; iniquity, —adv. With pain or 
difficulty; not easily; not rightly or perfectly; not 
well. [Ic. illr, ill (adj.), Dan. ilde, Sw. ilia, ill, badly 
(adv.); s. rt. AS. yfel = E. evil, q. v.] — Ill'ness, n. 
Disease ; indisposition : malady ; sickness ; wrong 
moral conduct; wickedness. — Illy, -It, adv. In an 
ill or evil manner; not well. [Sometimes used, im- 
properly, for ill.'] — 111 '-bred, a. Not well-bred; 

badly brought up; impolite. fa'vored, -vSrd, a. 

Ill-looking : ugly. nat/ured, -na^churd, a. Bad- 
tempered; peevish; cross; surly; dictated by, or in- 
dicating, ill-nature. nat/uredly, adv. — starred, 

-stard, a. Fated to be unfortunate. — will', n. En- 
mity; malevolence. 

Ulapse, il-laps', n. A sliding in ; entrance of one 
thing into another ; sudden attack. [L. illapsus, fr. 
in (see In) and labi, lapsus, to fall, slide. See Lapse.] 

Illation, il-la/shun, n. Act of inferring from premises 
or reasons ; thing inferred ; inference ; deduction: 
conclusion. [F.; L. illatio, fr. in and ferre, latum, 
to carry, whence inference; L. latum = tlatum, Gr. 
tletos, borne: see Tolerate.]— Illative, -tiv, a. 
Relating to, formed by, or dependent on, illation; 
inferential; denoting an inference or rational con- 
nection or justification. — n. An illative particle. 

Zllaudable, il-lawd'a-bl, a. Not laudable ; worthy of 
censure or dispraise. [L. in priv. (see Inability) 
and laudibilis. See Laudable.] — Hle'gal, a. Not 
legal; contrary to law; unlawful; illicit. — Illegal- 
ity, -Y-tT, n. Quality or condition of being illegal. — 
Ule'galize, v. t. To render unlawful. — nie'gally, 
adv. — Illegible, -lej'T-bl, a. Incapable of being 
read; not legible or readable.— Illegibly, adv.— 



Illegibility, n. — Illegitimate, -jit'i-mat, a. Not 
regular or authorized ; unlawful ; unlawfully be- 
gotten; born out of wedlock; illogical; not author- 
ized by good usage. — v. t. To render illegitimate. 

— Illegit'imalion, n. Act of illegitimating; state 
of being illegitimate; illegitimacy. — Illegitimacy, 
-sT, n. State of bastardy; state of being not genuine. 

— Illib'eral, a. Not liberal; not free, generous, or 
noble; niggardly; mean; base ; narrow-minded ; in- 
dicating a lack of breeding, culture, etc.— Hlib'eraK- 
ity, n. Quality of being illiberal. —Ulib'erally, adv. 

— Illicit, -lislt, a. Not permitted or allowed; pro- 
hibited; unlawful. [F. illicite, L. illicitus ; licere, lici- 
tum, to be allowed, be lawful.] — Illicitly, adv.— 11- 
licltness, n.— Illimitable, a. Incapable of being 
limited or bounded; limitless; unlimited; immeas- 
urable : infinite ; vast. — Ulit'erate, a. Ignorant of 
letters or books ; untaught ; unlearned ; unlet- 
tered. [L. illiteratus ; literatus, learned: see Lit- 
eral.] — Illit'erateness, -eracy, -st, n. State of be- 
ing illiterate ; ignorance ; a literary blunder. — Il- 
logical, -lojlk-al, a. Ignorant or negligent of, or 
contrary to, the rules of logic or sound reasoning. — 
Illoglcally, adv. — Illoglcalness, -icallty, -Y-ti, n. 
State or condition of being, etc. 

Illness, Ill-natured, etc. See under III. 

niude, il-lud', v. t. To play upon by artifice, deceive, 
mock. [F. illuder, L. illudere, -lusum, fr. in, on, 
upon, and. ludere, to play.] — Hlu'sion, -zhun, n. An 
unreal image presented to the bodily or mental vis- 
ion ; delusion ; mockery ; chimera ; fallacy; hallu- 
cination; a lace fabric used for ladies' dresses, bri- 
dal veils, etc. [F. ; L. illusio.] — Illu'sionist, n. One 
fiven to illusion ; a juggler. — IUu'sive, -siv, a. 
)eceiving by false show; deceitful. — Hlu'sively, 
adv. — niu'siveness, n. — Illu'sory, -so-rt, a. De- 
ceiving by false appearances; fallacious. 

Illume, il-lum'' [-lumed (-lumd'), -luming], IUu'- 
minate, Hlu'mine, -min, v. t. To enlighten, supply 
with light ; to light up (a building, etc.) in token of 
rejoicing or in honor of some person, party, or event; 
to adorn (a book or page) with colored illustrations; 
to explain, elucidate. [F. illuminer, L. Uluminare, 
-natum, fr. in, on, upon, and luminare, to light up, fr. 
lumen, light.] — Illu'minable, a.— nin'mina'tion, n . 
Act of, or state of being, etc. ; festive decoration of 
buildings with lights; adornment of books with col- 
ored illustrations; thing illuminated, as a house, 
book, or manuscript ; that which illuminates or 
gives light; brightness; splendor. — Dlu'mina'tive, 
a. Tending to illuminate or illustrate; illustrative. 

— Hlu'mina'tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, 
illuminates; esp., one who illuminates manuscripts 
and books. [L.]— Ulu'mina'ti, n. pi. Lit., those 
who are enlightened, — a name assumed by persons 
claiming a superior light on some subject, esp. by 
certain philosophers early in the 19th century, who 
conspired against Christianity. — Uln'minee', -ne', 
n. One of the Illuminati. 

Illusion, Illusive, etc. See under Illude. 

Illustrate, il-luslrat, v.t. To make clear or bright ; 
to set in a clear light, exhibit distinctly; to explain; 
to exemplify, esp. by means of'figures, comparisons^ 
examples, etc. ; to ornament and elucidate with 
pictures or figures. [L. illustrare, -tratum, fr. in, 
upon, and lustrare, to enlighten; prob. s. rt. L. lu- 
cidus, bright, lumen, light, luna, moon. See Lu- 
cid.]— IUustra'tion, n. Act of illustrating; expla- 
nation: elucidation; state of being illustrated ; that 
which illustrates, esp., a picture, etc. — IUuslrative, 
-tiv, a. Tending to illustrate; explaining. — Illus''- 
trator, n. One who illustrates. [L.] — Illustrious, 
-trt-us, a. Possessing luster, brightness, or brillian- 
cy; characterized by greatness, nobleness, etc.; con- 
ferring luster or honor; brilliant; distinguished; 
famous; renowned; eminent; glorious. [F. illustrt?, 
L. illustris, bright, renowned.] — Uluslriously, adv. 

Illutation, il-lu-ta'shun, n. The smearing the body 
with mud, esp. with sediment from mineral springs; 
a mud-bath. [F., fr. L. in and lutum, mud.] 

Illy. See under III. 

Image, im'ej, n. A similitude of any person or thing, 
sculptured, drawn, or otherwise made perceptible to 
the sight; statue; picture; likeness; effigy; an idol: 
semblance ; appearance; representation of anything 
to the mind. (Rhet.) A word-picture; illustration; 
description; metaphor. (Opt.) The figure of any ob- 
ject formed by rays of light upon the retina of the 
eye, or upon a mirror or screen, or at the focus of 
a lens. — v. t. [imaged (-ejd), -aging.] To form 
an image of ; to represent to the mental vision. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone. 



IMAM 



273 



IMMUNITY 



[F.; L. irnaqo, imaginis ; 8. rt. L. imitart. to imitate, 
q. v.] — Im'agery, -ej-rl, n. Images in general, or in 
mass ; unreal show ; work of the imagination or 
fancy; false ideas; rhetorical decoration ; figures in 
discourse. —Imag'ine, -aj'in, v. t. [-ined (-ind), 
-ININO.] To form in the mind a notion or idea of ; 
*o contrive in purpose; to represent to one's self; to 
fancy, conceive, suppose, plan, devise, frame. — v. i. 
*To form conceptions, think, suppose. [F. imaginer, 
L. unaginari, hiatus, to picture to one's self.] — Im- 
Ag'iner, n.— Imaginable, a.— Imag'inary, -rt, a. Ex- 
isting only in imagination or fancy ; ideal ; chimer- 
ical ; visionary ; unreal. — Imag'ina'tion, n. Power 
by which the mind forms ideas or mental images ; 
power to create or reproduce an object of sense pre- 
viously perceived, or to recall a mental or spiritual 
state before experienced ; power to recombine ma- 
terials furnished by experience or direct apprehen- 
sion; fancy; power to recreate with readiness, under 
ike stimulus of feeling, for an elevated end or pur- 
pose; invention. — Imag' ina'ttre, -tiv, a. Proceed- 
ing from, and characteri2ed by, the imagination ; 
given to imagining; full of images, fancies, etc. 
nam, T-miira', I'man, I'man. Imaum', T-mawm' 



priest among Mohammedans ; a Mohammedan 
prince who has supreme spiritual and temporal pow- 
er. [Arl imam, fr. amma, to walk before, preside.] 

Imbanfcment. Same a3 Embankment. 

Imbecile, im'be-eil or .sgK, a. Destitute of strength, 
either of body or of mind; decrepit; weak; feeble; 
impotent, —n. One who is, etc. [F. irnbecille, L. 
imbeciUus or -lis ; ME. imbe'cill,imbe'cel, to weaken, 
diminish, subtract from. See Embezzle.] — Imte- 
efl'ity, -T-tY, n. Quality of being imbecile. 

Imbed, im-bed', v. t. To sink or lay, as in partially 
inclosing clay, mortar, etc. 

Imbezzle. Same as Embezzle. 

Imbibe, im-blb', u. f. [-bibed ( r b\bd / '), -bibing.] To 
drink in, absorb; to receive into the mind and re- 
tain. [F. imbiber, L. imbibere, f r. in .and bibere, Skr. 
pa, to drink.] — Imbibition, -bish/un, n. Act of 'im- 
bibing. 

Imbitter. im-bit/t5r, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] 
To make bitter, make unhappy or grievous; to make 
more distressing, render violent, exasperate. 

Imbody, Imbolden, Imbosom, etc. See Embody, Em- 
bolden, etc. 

Imbow, im-bo', v. t. To make like a bow; to arch, 
vault. 

Imbricate, im'brT-kat, -cated, a. Bent and hollowed 
like a roof or gutter-tile; lying oyer 
each other in regular order, like shin- 

fles on a roof. [L. imbricare^-catum, 
o cover with tiles, to form like a gut- 
ter-tile; imbrex, a tile.] — Imbrica'tion, 
n. An overlapping of the edges, like 
that of tiles or. shingles. 

Imbroglio, im-brol'vo, n. An intricate 
plot; a complicated and embarrassing 
state of friings. . [It., fr. imbrogliare, to 
entangle, perplex, fr. in(= L. in) and 
broglio, confusion, broil, q. v.] 

Imbrown, im-brawn", i». t. (-browned 
(-brownd'), -browning,] To make 
brown, darken the color of. tan. . 

Imbrue, lm-broo', v. t. [-brued (-brood'), 
-brcino.] x To soak; to drench in a fluid, 
as in blood. fOF. embruer, fr. en (L. 
in) and bevrer,bruer, L. bibere, to drink; 
f». it. imbibe, imbue; hot s. rt. brew.] 

Imbrnte, im-broof, v. t. To degrade to 
the state of a brute, make, brutal, — v 
>'. To sink to the state ot a brute. 

Imbue, im-bu'^f. t. [-bued (-bad'). - 

tinge deeply, dye;* to cause to become impressed or 
penetrated, [t*. imbvere, fr. in and rt. 61, Skr. pa, 
whence Imbibere.. See Imbibe.] 

Imitate, im'I-tat, v. t: To follow as a pattern, model, 
or example; to copy; to produce a likeness of, in 
form, color, qualities, conduct, manners, etc. ; to 
counterfeit; to produce bv imitation. [L. imitari, 
-4aJw ; b. rt; image.] — Im'itable, a. Capable or 
worthy of being, etc. — Im'itabil'ity, -tT, n. — Iml- 
ta'tion, n. Act of imitating; thing made or pro- 
duced as a copy; likeness; resemblance. See Phre- 
nology. — Im'itativa, -tiv, a. Inclined to imitate; 
imitating; exhibiting an imitation of a pattern or 
model ; formed after a model, pattern, or original.— 
Imitator. -tSr, n. 

Immaculate, iro-mak'n-lat, a. Spotless; without blem- 
ish; unstained; undefiledj pure; limpid. [L. in pmv. 




(sec Inability) and maculare, -latum, to spot, mao- 
ula, a spot.] — Immal'leable, -le-a-bl, a. Not malle- 
able, not capable of being extended by hammering. 

— Immate'rial, -rT-al, a. Not consisting of matter; 
incorporeal; spiritual; of no essential consequence; 
unimportunt. — Imiaate / 'rialism, -izm.n. Doctrine 
that immaterial substances or spiritual beings exist 
or are possible; doctrine that the material world ex- 
ists only in the mind. — Immate'rialiBt, n. One who 
believes, etc. — Immate / rial v ity, -T-tT, n. Quality 
of being, etc. —Immature'', -tured', -turd', a. 'Not 
mature or ripe; not arrived at perfection or comple- 
tion; crude; too early; premafure.— Immature'ly, 
adv. — Immature / 'ne88, -tu/rity, -rl-tt, n. Condition 
or quality of being immature. 

— Immeas'urable. im-mezh'er-a-bl, a. Incapable 
of being measured ; illimitable. — Immeas'urably, 
adv.— Imme'dlate, -dT-St, a. Not separated by any- 
thing intervening ; proximate; close; not deferred 
by an interval of time; present producing its effect 
by direct agency ; acting directly. [OF. immediat; 
L. mediare, -atum, to be in the middle, medius, mid- 
dle.]— Imme'diately, adv. In an immediate man- 
ner ; without intervention of anything; without de- 
lay ; directly ; instantly ; quickly ; presently. — Im- 
me'diatenesa, n. — Immelo'dious, -dt-us, a.- Not 
melodious; harsh. — Immemo'rial, -rf-al, a. Beyond 
memory, record, or tradition ; out of mind. (Eng. 
Law.) Previous to the reign of Richard I. — Imme- 
mo'rially, adv.— Immense', -mens'!', a. Unlimited; 
unbounded; very great; "huge; infinite; immeasur- 
able ; prodigious ; monstrous. [F. ; L. immeneus; 
metiri, mensus, to measure, q. v.] — Immensely, adv. 

— Immen'sity, -el-tT, n. Unlimited extension ; in- 
finity ; vastness in extent or bulk ; greatness. — Im- 
men'surable, a. Not to be measured; immeasurable. 

— Immen'aurate, a. Unmeasured. — Imm«tnod r - 
ical, a. Not methodical; wanting method. 

— Immla'cible, im-mis'sT-bl, a.- Not capable of be- 
ing mixed.— Immls'cibiiaty, a. — Immit'igable, a. 
Not capable of being mitigated or appeased. 

— Immot/ile. im-mob'il, a. Incapable of being 
moved; fixed; stable. [F.; L. immobilis. See Mo- 
bile.]— Immobility, n. Condition or quality of be- 
ing, etc. — Immod'erate, -Sr-gt, a. Not moderate ; 
not confined to suitable limits; excessive; exorbit- 
ant; unreasonable; extravagant. — Immod'erately, 
adv. — Immod'erateneaB, , n. — Immod'est, a. Not 
limited to due bounds; immoderate; wanting in the 
reserve or restraint which4ecorum and decency re- 
quire; indecorous; shameless; impudent-; indecent; 
unchaste ; lewd ; obscene. — Immod''eatly, adv. — 
Immod'eBty, -est-I, n. Want of modesty ; inde- 
cency ; unchastity ; want of delicacy or decent re- 
serve. — Immor'al, -mor'al, a. Net moral; incon- 
sistent with rectitude ; contrary to conscience bf the 
divirre law ; vicious ; unjust ; impure ; unchaste ; 
profligate ; abandoned ; lewd i obscene. — Immor''- 
ally, adv. — Immoral'ity, -mo-ral'1-tT, n. Quality 
ot being immaral; vice; an immoral- act or practice. 

— Immor'tal, -mdr'tal, a. Not mortal ; exempt 
from liability to die; conneoted with, or terminating- 
in, immortality;- destined to live in all ages of this 
world; "eternal; never-ending; ceaseless; enduring; 
imperishable; deathless.— Immortal / 'ity, n. Qual- 
ity of being immortal ; unending existence ; ex- 
emption., from -oblivion. — Immor'talize, -12, v.t. 
To render immortal; to exempt from oblivion, per- 
petuate. — Immor/ tally, adv.— Irn'mortellss'. -tel', 
n. pi. (Bot.) A name of several genera of unfading 
flowers; everlasting, q. v. Wreaths composed of 
them, —placed upon coffins, monuments? etc. [F.] 
— Immoveable, -mooVa-bl, a. Incapable of being 
moved; firmly fixed; steadfast; not to be induced to 
change^ incapable of being altered or shaken; unal- 
teTableS not easily affected ormoved; unimpressible; 
hard-hearted, ' (Lmv.) Permanent in place cr ten- 
ure; fixed;'— n. That which cannot be moved, pi.- 
(Civil Lata*) Lands, and things adherent thereto, 

— by nature, as trees; by the hand of man, as build- 
ings and their accessories; by their destination, as 
seeds, plants, manure, etc.; and by the objects to 
which they are applied, as servitudes. — Immor''- 
ablenesa, -abil'ity, n. — Immovably, adv.— Im- 
mune, im-niun', a. Exempt; protected by inocu- 
lation.— Immu , 'nize, v. t. To make immune.— Im- 
munity, im-mu'nf-tt, n. Exemption from any 
charge, duty ."office, tax or imposition ; a particular 
privilege ; freedom. State of being not susceptible to 
poison, disease, ete. [F. immunite, L. immunitas, tr. 
in and r.iun%3, serving, obliging. See Common.] — 



i, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or iQk, then, dongon, chair, get. 



cube, full ; 
18 



IMMUSICAL 



274 



IMPROPRIETY 



Immu'sical, -zik-al, a. Not harmonious; unmusical- 

— Imrnu' table, a. Not mutable; unchangeable; in- 
variable ; unalterable. — Immu'tably, adv. — Im- 
mu'tableness, -tabil'ity, n. 

— Impalpable, im-pal'pa-bl, a. Not palpable ; not 
to be felt; extremely fine, so that no grit can be per- 
ceived by touch ; not easily apprehended by the 
mind. — Impal'pably, adv. — Impalpability, n. — 
Imparity, -par'I-tl, n. Inequality; disproportion ; 
difference of degree, rank, excellence, number, etc.; 
indivisibility into equal parts. — Impartial, -par'- 
shal, a. Not partial ; unprejudiced; disinterested; 
equitable; just. — Impartiality, -shT-al'- or -shal'- 
T-tT, n. Freedom from bias; disinterestedness; equi- 
tableness. — Impartially, -shal-lt, adv. — Impart'- 
ible, -part'I-bl, a. Not partible ; indivisible. — Im- 
part'ibil'ity, n. Quality of being impartible ; indi- 
visibility. — Impass'able, -pas'a-bl, a. Incapable of 
being passed; impervious; impenetrable; pathless.— 
Impassibility, n. Quality or condition of being im- 
passible. — Impas'sible, -p&s'sT-bl, a. Incapable of 
suffering or passion, pain or sympathy ; unfeeling ; 
without.sensation. [F. ; L. impassibilis ; passibilis, ca- 
pable of' suffering, fr. pati, passus, to suffer.] — Im- 
pas'sibleness, re.— Impas'sive, -pas'siv, a. Not sus- 
ceptible of pain or suffering; insensible; impassible. 
— Impas'siveness, n.— Impat'ible, a. Intolerable ; 
impassible. — Impa'tience, -shens, n. Quality of be- 
ing impatient ; restlessness ; want of patience ; vio- 
lence of temper ; passion. — Impa'tient, a. Not 
patient ; not bearing with composure ; intolerant ; 
hasty ; prompted by, or exhibiting, impatience. — 
Impa'tiently, adv. 

— Impec 'cable, im-pek'ka-bl, a. Not liable to sin ; 
exempt from the possibility of doing wrong. [L. im- 
peccahilis ; peccabilis, fr. peccare, to err, sin.] — Im- 
pec'cancy, -kan-sY, -cabil'ity, -tT, n. Quality of 
being, etc. — Impecunious, -kun'T-us, a. Not hav- 
ing money; poor. [L. in and pecunia, money.] — 
Impecu / nios / ity, n. Want of money.— Impenetra- 
ble, -e-tra-bl, a. Incapable of being penetrated or 
pierced ; inaccessible (to knowledge, reason, sym- 
pathy, etc.). — Impen'etrableness, -trabil'ity, n. 
Quality of being impenetrable. (Physics.) That 
property of matter by which it excludes all other 
matter from the space it occupies. Obtuseness; stu- 
pidity ; want of sympathy or susceptibility ; cold- 
ness. — Impenetrably, adv. — Impenitent, a. Not 
penitent; not repenting of sin ; not contrite; obdu- 
rate. —«. One who does not repent; a hardened 
sinner.— Impen'itently, a lv.— Impenitence, -iten- 
cy, n. Condition of being impenitent. — Imper- 
ceiv'able, -per-sev'a-bl, -cep'tible, -sep'ti-bl, a. 
Not perceptible ; insensible ; impalpable ; not easily 
apprehended : very small ; fine ; very slow in pro- 
gress. — n. That which cannot be perceived on ac- 
count of its smallness.— Impercep'tibleness, -tibil'- 
ity, n. Quality of being, etc.— Imperceptibly, adv. 

— Imper'fect, a. Not perfect or complete in all its 
parts; wanting in some part; unfinished; not equal 
to the standard; not fulfilling its design; esthetically 
or morally defective; marked by, or subject to, de- 
fects or evil.— Imperfect tense. (Gram.) A tense ex- 
pressing uncompleted action or state, esp. in past 
time.— Imperfec'tion, -fek'shun, n. Quality or con- 
dition of being imperfect; want of perfection; de- 
fect; deficiency; fault; failing; frailty; foible; blem- 
ish; vice.— Imper'fectly, adv.— Imperforate, -per'- 
fo-rat,a. Not perforated or pierced; having no open- 
ing.— Imper'forable, a.— Imper'fora'tion, n. State 
of being imperforate, or without aperture. — Im- 
perishable, -per'ish-a-bl, a. Not perishable; inde- 
structible.— Imper'meable,-per'me-a-bl, a. Not per- 
meable ; not permitting passage, as of a fluid, through 
its substance; impervious. —Impermeability, n. — 
Imper'sonal, a. Not personal; not representing a 
person; not having individuality. — Impersonal verb. 
(Gram.) A verb without the inflections appropriate 
to the 1st and 2d persons; one without a definite sub- 
ject, as, it rains.— Impersonality, n. Condition or 
quality of being impersonal. — Impersonally, adv. 

— Imperspic'uous, -per-spik'u-us, a. Not perspicu- 
ous; obscure; vague.— Imper'spicu'ity, w. "Want of 
perspicuity. — Im'persua'sible, -swa'zY-bl, a. Not 
to be moved by persuasion; not yielding to argu- 
ments. — Imper'tinence, -nency, -nen-sY, n. Condi- 
tion or quality of being impertinent; irrelevance; 
unbecoming conduct ; rudeness ; incivility ; that 
•which is impertinent; a thing out of place, or of no 
value, etc.— Imper'tinent, a. Not pertinent; having 
no bearing on the subject; irrelevant; inapplicable; 



contrary to rules of propriety; impudent; rude; of 
no account ; trifling; frivolous. — Impertinently. 
adv. — Im'pertur'bable, -per-ter'ba-bl, a. Incapa- 
ble of being perturbed or agitated. —Im'pertur'ba- 
bil'ity, u. — Imper'turba'tion, n. Freedom from 
agitation of mind; calmness; quietude. — Imper'- 
viable, -vT-a-bl, -viou3, -vi-us, a. Not pervious; not 
admitting of entrance or passage through; impass- 
able; impenetrable.— Imper'viously, adv.— Imper'- 
viousness, n. 

— Impi'ety, im-pi'e-tY, n. Quality of being impi- 
ous ; irreverence toward the Supreme Being ; an 
impious act; want of reverence, filial affection, or 
obedience to parents; ungodliness; irreligion; sin- 
fulness ; prof aneuess. — Im'pious, -pY-us, a. Not 
pious ; irreligious ; profane ; proceeding from, or 
manifesting, a want of reverence for the Supreme 
Being. — Im'piously, adv. — Im'piousness, n. 

— Impla'cable, im-pla'ka-bl, a. Not placable; inca- 
pable of being pacified; unappeasable; inexorable; 
relentless. — Impla'cably, adv. — Impla'cabillty, 
n. — Implausible, -plaw'zi-bl, a. Not plausible ; 
not wearing the appearance of truth. — Implumed', 
-phlind', -plu'mous, -mus, a. Having nu plumes or 
feathers. 

— Impolicy, im-pol'Y-sY, n. Quality of being impol- 
itic; mexpedience; bad policy. — Impolite', -lit 7 ', a. 
Not polite; not of polished manners; impolite; un- 
civil; rude.— Impolitely, adv.— Impolite'ness,w.— 
Impolitic, -Y-tik, a. Not politic; wanting in policy 
or prudent management ; indiscreet ; inexpedient. 

— Impoliticly, adv. — Impon'derable, -der-a-bl, a. 
Not ponderable; without sensible weight. —Impon- 
derability, n. Quality of being, etc. — Impolous, 
-po'rus, a. Destitute of pores; compact in texture; 
solid.— Imporoslty, -ros'l-tl, n. Want of porosity; 
compactness that excludes pores. — Importune', 
-tun', v. t. [-tuned (-tund'), -tuning.] To request 
with urgency; to press with solicitation, tease. [ME. 
(adj.); OF. importun, importunate, urgent, trouble- 
some, L. importunns, unfit, troublesome, rude; s. rt. 
L. portus, a harbor, — i- e. hard of access, unsuit- 
able.] — Importu'nity, -nT-tT, n. Quality of being 
importunate; urgent request: pertinacious solicita- 
tion. [F. import unite'.] — Import'unacy, -p6rt'u-na- 
sY, n. Quality of being importunate. — Import 'u- 
nate, a. Troixblesomely urgent; pertinacious in so- 
licitation. — Import'unately, adv. — Impos'sible, 
-pos'sT-bl, a. Not possible; incapable of existence, 
or of being done, thought, endured, etc.; impracti- 
cable. — Impossibility, n. Quality of being impos- 
sible; an impossible thing. — Im'potent, a. Not po- 
tent ; wanting power, strength, or vigor, whether 
physical, intellectual, or moral. (Law.) Wanting 
the power of procreation. — n. One who is, etc. — 
Im'potently, adv. Weakly ; without power over 
the passions. — Im'potence," -tency, -ten-si, n. Con- 
dition of being, etc. (Law & Physiol.) Want of 
procreative power. 

— Imprac'ticable, im-prak'tY-ka-bl, a. Not prac- 
ticable; incapable of being accomplished by means 
at command ; not easily managed ; untractable ; 
not to be overcome or persuaded by any reasonable 
method ; not capable of being easily dealt with ; in- 
capable of being passed or traveled ; impossible ; 
infeasible. — Imprac'ticableness, -ticabil'ity, n. — 
Imprac'ticably, adv. — Imprecision, -sizh'un, n. 
Want of precision or exactness. — Impreg'nable, a. 
Not to be stormed or taken by assault ; not to be 
shaken : invincible. [OF. improvable, fr. in and 
prendre, to take, L. prehendere, to seize.] — Impreg'- 
nably, adv. — Imprescriptible, -skrip'tY-bl, a. Not 
capaole of being lost or impaired by neglect to use, 
or by the claims of another founded on prescription; 
not derived from, or dependent on, external author- 
ity. — Improb'able, a. Not probable ; unlikely to be 
true. — Improb'ably. adv. In an improbable man- 
ner. — Improbability, n. Quality of being improb- 
able; unlikelihood. — Improbity, -Y-tY, n. Absence 
of probity; want of integrity or rectitude of princi- 
ple; dishonesty.— Improfi'cience. -fish'ens, -ciency, 
-en-sY, n. Want of proficiency. — Improp'er, a. Not 
proper; not fitted to the circumstances, design, or 
end; unfit; indecent. — Improper fraction. (Arith.) 
A fraction whose denominator is less than its nu- 
merator, as, 4. — Improp'er ly, adv. In an improper 
manner; not fitly; unsuitably; incongruously; inac- 
curately. — Im'propri'ety, -pri'e-tY, n. Unfitness or 
unsuitableness to character, time, place, or circum- 
stances; that which is improper; an unsuitable act, 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, ice ; Qdd, tone, 6r ; 



IMMANENT 



275 



IMPEL 



expression, etc. — Improvident, a. Not provident; 
wanting forecast; inconsiderate; negligent; heed- 
less. — Improv'idently, adv. — Improvidence, n. 
Quality of being, etc. — Improvise', -viz', v. t. 
[-vised (-vizd r )» -vising.] To speak extemporane- 
ously, esp. in verse; to bring about on a sudden, off- 
hand, or without previous preparation ; to do or 
make on the spur of the moment, — v. i. To utter 
compositions without previous preparation; to do 
anything off-hand. [F. improvise); It. improvvisare, 
to sing extempore verses, fr. improwiso, sudden, 
unprovided for, L. improvisus, unforeseen, fr. in 
and providers to foresee. SeePuoviDE.] — Impro- 
vis'er, n. — Improv'isate, -T-sat, v. t. or i. To im- 
provise. — Improv'isa'tion, n. Act or art of making 
poetry, or performing music extemporaneously ; 
that which is improvised. — Improv'visato're, -ve'- 
za-to / 'ra, n. One who composes and sings or recites 
poems extemporaneously and immediately. [It.] — 
Improv'visatri'ce, -ve-za-tre'cha, n. A woman who, 
etc. [It.] — Impru'dence, -proo'dens, n. Quality of 
being imprudent; want of prudence; an imprudent 
act. — Impru' dent, a. Not prudent; wanting pru- 
dence or discretion; injudicious; incautious; unad- 
vised; rash. — Impru'dently, adv. — Im'pudence, n. 
Quality of being impudent; effrontery; sauciness. 
[F.] — Im'pudent, a. Bold, with contempt or disre- 
gard of others; unblushingly forward; wanting mod- 
esty; shameless; audacious; brazen; pert ; rude ; 
saucy; impertinent; insolent. [F.; L. impudens, fr. 
in and pudens, modest, f r. pudere, to feel shame.] — 
Im'pudently, adv. — Im'pudic'ity, -dis'l-tT, n. Im- 
modesty. — Impn'nity, -nl-tf ? n. Exemption from 
punishment or penalty, — or from injury or loss; se- 
curity. [F. im.pun.it6, L. impunitas, fr. in and pazna, 
punishment.] — Impure'', -pur', a. Mixed with ex- 
traneous substances; not pure; foul; defiled by sin 
or guilt; unholy; unhallowed; unchaste; lewd; un- 
clean; obscene. {Old Test.) Not purified according 
to the law of Moses; ceremonially unclean.— Im- 
pure'ly, adv.— Impure'ness, Impu'rity, -rf-ti, n. 
Condition or quality of being, or that which is im- 
pure. — Imputres'cible, -sl-bl, a. Not putrescible; 
not subject to putrefaction or corruption. 

Immanent, irn'ma-nent, a. Remaining within ; in- 
herent; internal or subjective, — opp. to emanent, or 
transitive. [L. imm.ane.ns, p. pr. of immanere, to re- 
main in or near, fr. in, in (q. v.), and manere, to re- 
main.] — Im'manence, -nency, -nen-st, n. Condition 
of being immanent; inherent; an indwelling. 

Immanity, im-man'Irti, n. Monstrosity; atrocity. [L. 
immanitas, fr. immanis, huge ; s. rt. magnus, great.] 

Immanuel, im-man'u-el, n. God with us, — an appel- 
lation of the Savior. [Heb., fr. im, with, anu, us, 
and el, God.] 

Immerse, im-mers', v. t. [-mersed (-mersf), -mers- 
ing.] To plunge into anything that surrounds or 
covers, esp. into a fluid; to engage deeply, involve. 
[L. immerge, -mersum, fr. in and mergere, to plunge, 
sink. See Merge.] — Immer'sion, -shun, n. Act of , 
or state of being, etc.; state of being deeply engaged. 
{Astron.) Disappearance of a celestial body, by pass- 
ing behind another, or into its shadow. 

Inunesh, im-mesh', v. t. [-meshed (-meshf), -mesh- 
ing.] To entangle in the meshes of a net, or in a web. 

Immigrate, im'mi-grat, v. i. To remove into a coun- 
try for permanent residence. TL. in and migrare, to 
migrate.]— Im'migrant, n. One who, etc. — Immi- 
gration, n. Act of immigrating. 

Imminent, im'mi-nent, a. Threatening immediately 
to fall or occur; impending; near; at hand; threat- 
ening evil : dangerous. [L. imminens, p. pr. of im- 
minere, fr. in and minere, to jut, project.] — Im'mi- 
nence, -nens, n. Quality or condition of being, etc.; 
that which is imminent ; impending evil or danger. 

Immit, im-mit r , v. t. To send in, inject, infuse. [L. 
in and mittere, missum, to send.] — Immis / 'sion, 
-mish'un, n. Act of, etc.; injection. 

Immix, im-miks', v. t. To mix, mingle. 

Immolate, im'mo-lat, v. t. To sacrifice; to kill, as a 
sacrificial victim. [L. immolare, -latum, to sacrifice, 
orig. to sprinkle a victim with sacrificial meal, fr. in 
and mola, meal, q. v.] — Immola'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.: that which is immolated ; a sac- 
rifice. — Im'mola'tor, -ter, n. 

Immure, im-mur', v. t. [-mueed (-rnurd')i -muring.] 
To inclose within walls, confine, imprison, incarcer- 
ate. [OF. enmurer, fr. en (L. in) and murer, L. mu- 
rare, to wall, fr. mums, a wall.] 

Imp, imp, n. A graft; scion; a young or inferior devil; 
little demon ; a mischievous child. — v. t. [imped 




(impt), imping.] To graft ; to extend, enlarge, or 
mend, as by inserting a feather into a broken wing ; 
to increase, strengthen, plume. [ME. imp, ymp, LL. 
impotus, a graft on a tree, Gr. em/ihutos, engrafted, 
emphuein, to implant, fr. en, in, and phuein, to pro- 
duce.]— Imp'ish, a. Like an imp; mischievous. 

Impact, im-pakt', v. t. To drive close, press firmly 
together. — Im'pact, n. Collision; force communi- 
cated. (Mech.) The single instantaneous blow or 
stroke of a body in motion against another either in 
motion or at rest. [L. impingere, -pactum, to strike 
against, fr. in and pangere, to strike.] 

Impair, im-par', v. t. [-paired (-pard'), -pairing.] To 
make worse; to diminish in quantity, value, excel- 
lence, or strength: to injure, weaken, enfeeble. [OF. 
em/ieirer, LL. impejorare. fr. L. in, intensive and 
pejor, worse.] — Impair'er, n. 

Impale, im-pal', r. t. [-paled (-paid'), -paling.] To 
fix on a stake; to put to death by fixing on a stake; 
to inclose, as with stakes, posts, or palisades. {Her.) 
To join, as 2 coats of arms, pale-wise.— Impale'ment, 
n. Act of impaling; space inclosed 
by stakes or pales. (Her.) The 
division of a shield pale-wise, or 
by a vertical line. 

Impanation, im-pa-na'shun, n. The 
supposed real presence and union 
of Christ's material body and 
blood with the substance of the 
elements in the eucharist; consub- 
stantiation. [LL. impanare, fr. L. 
in and panis, Dread.] 

Impanel, im-pan'el, v. t. [-eled Impaloment { ^ er0 . 
(-eld), -eling.] To write or enter v v ' 

(the names of a jury) in a list; to form (a list, etc.). 

Impark, im-park', v. t. [-parked (-parkf), -park- 
ing.] To inclose for a park; to inclose or shut up. 

Impart, im-parf, v. t. To bestow a share or portion 
of; to allow another to partake in; to make known, 
show by words or tokens, communicate, confer, 
give, reveal, disclose, divulge. — v. i. To give a part 
or share. [OF. impartir, L. impartire, impertire. fr. 
in and partire, to part, divide, fr. pais, partis, part.] 
— Impart'er, n— Impartible, a.— Impart 'ibility, n. 

Impassion, im-pash / 'un, v. t. [-passioned (-pash'und), 
-signing.] To move or aft'ectiStrongly with passion. 
— Impas'sioned, -pash'und, p. a. Actuated or agi- 
tatedly passion; animated; excited.— Impas'sion- 
ate, -at, v. t. To affect powerfully. 

Impaste, im-past', v. t. To knead,' make into paste. 
(.Faint.) To lay on colors thick and bold. — Impas- 
ta^tion, -pas-ta'shun, n. Act of making into paste; 
that formed into paste; esp., a combination of dif- 
ferent substances by means of cements capable of 
resisting fire or air. 

Impatronize, im-pafron-iz, v. t. To gain to one's self 
the whole power of, — said of a seigniory. 

Impawn, im-pn_wn r , v. t. To pawn, pledge. 

Impeach, im-pech'", v. t. [-peached (-pecht / '), -peach- 
ing.] To charge with a crime or misdemeanor; esp., 
to charge (an officer) before a competent tribunal, 
with misbehavior in office ; to bring discredit on, 
charge with impropriety, call in question, accuse, 
arraign, censure, indict. [OF. empescher, fr. LL. 
impedicare, to fetter, fr. L. in and pedica, a fetter, 
fr. pes, foot ; or perh. fr. Sp. empachar, It. impac- 
ciare, to delay, fr. L. impingere, -pactum, to bind, 
fasten, fr. in and pangere, Skr. pac, to bind.] — Im- 
peach/able, a.— Impeach/er. n.— Impeach/ ment, n. 
Act of, or state of being, impeached, — as, a calling 
to account, arraignment, esp., arraignment of a pub- 
lic officer for maladministration ; or a calling in 
question as to purity of motives or rectitude of con- 
duct, etc. 

Impearl, im-perK, v. t. [-pearled (-perld'), -pearl- 
ing.] To form into, or decorate with, pearls, or 
things resembling pearls. 

Impede, im-ped', v. t. To hinder, obstruct. [L. im- 
pedire, lit. to entangle the feet, fr. in and pes, pedis, 
foot.] — Imped'iment, ^(Jd^I-ment, n. That which 
impedes or hinders progress or motion; obstruction; 
obstacle; difficulty. — Impediment in speech. A de- 
fect which prevents distinct utterance. — Imped'i- 
tive, -T-tiv, a. Causing hindrance: impeding. 

Impel, im-peK, v. t. [-pelled (-peld'). -pelling.] To 
drive or urge forward; to incite to action, instigate, 
actuate, move. [L. impellere, fr. in and pellere, pul- 
sion, to drive.]— Impellent, a. Having the qualitv 
of impelling, —n. A power or force that drives for- 
ward. — ImpeKler, n. — Im'pulse, -puis, n. Act of 
impelling; impulsion; action of a force so as to pro- 



son, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, ge*.. 



IMPEN 



276 



IMPREGNATE 



duce motion suddenly; effect of an impelling force; 
sudden and unconsidered thought or mental pur- 
pose exciting to action ; hasty inclination ; impres- 
sion; instigation; shock.— Imptd'sion. -shun, n. Act 
of impelling ; influence acting unexpectedly or 
temporarily on the mind, from without or within; 
impulse. — Impul'sive, -siv, a. Having power of 
driving or impelling; actuated by impulse. (Mech ) 
Acting momentarily. — Impul'sively, adv. 
Impend, im-pend', v. i. To hang over, be suspended 
above, be imminent; approach menacingly. [L. im- 
pendere, fr. in and pendere, to hang.]— Impendence, 
-ency, -en-sT, n. State of impending; near approach; 
menacing attitude. — Impend'ent, a. Impending; 
imminent; threatening; pressing closely. — Impend '- 
ing,jD. a. Hanging over; impendent. 
Imperative, im-per'a-tiv, a. Expressive of command; 
commanding ; authoritative ; not to be avoided or 
evaded ; obligatory ; binding. [OF. imperatif, L. 
imperativus, fr. imperatum, a command, imperare, to 
command, fr. in and parare, to make ready, order.] 
— Imperatively, adv. 
Imperial, im-pe'rl-al, a. Pert, to an empire, or to an 
emperor; belonging to supreme authority, or one 
who wields it; royal; sovereign; supreme; of superi- 
or size or excellence. — n. {Arch.) A kind of dome, 
found in Moorish buildings; a tuft of hair on a 
man's lower lip; an outside seat on a diligence; a 
case for luggage on top of a coach; a large kind of 
drawing-paper, 21 by 30 inches. [F.; L. imperialis, 
fr. imperium, empire, q. v.] — Imperialism, im-pe'- 
rt-al-izm, n. Power or character of an emperor; 
imperial authority; spirit of empire. The policy, 
practice, or advocacy of seeking, or acquiescing 
in, the extension of the control, dominion, or 
empire of a nation. — Imperialist, n. A subject 
or soldier of an emperor ; advocate of imperial 
government. — Impe'rious, -rt-us, a. Command- 
ing ; authoritative ; esp., dictatorial, haughtv. ar- 
rogant ; commanding with rightful authority ; ur- 
gent. — Impetuously, adv. — Impe'riousness, n. — 
Impe'riaKity, -I-tl, n. Imperial power; an imperial 
right or privilege. — Imperially, adv. 
Imperil, im-pSr'il, v. t. [-iled (-ild), -iling.] To bring 

into peril, endanger. 
Impersonate, im-per'sun-at, v. t. To invest with per- 
sonality; to ascribe the qualities of a person to; per- 
sonify; to represent the person of; personate. — Im- 
per'sona'tion, Imperson'ifica'tion, n. Act of, etc. 
Impetus, lm'pe tus, n. The force with which any 
body is driven or impelled; momentum. [L., fr. in 
and petere, to fall upon.] — Impet'uous, -pefu-us, 
a. Rushing with force and violence; vehement in 
feeling ; precipitate ; passionate. — Impet'uously, 
adv. — Impet'uousness, -uos'ity, -u-os'l-tT, n . 
Impnee, lm'fe, n. African sugar-cane, resembling 

sorghum, or Chinese sugar-cane. 
Impierce, lm-pers' v. t. To pierce through, penetrate. 
Impinge, lm-pinj^ v. i. [-pinged (-pinjd'), -pin- 
ging.] To fall or dash against; to touch upon, strike, 
hit. [L. impxngere, fr. in and pangcre, pactum, to 
fasten, strike. See Impact, Impeach.] 
Implant, im-plant', v. i. To set, plant, or infix, for 
the purpose of growth ; to sow. — Implanta'tion, n. 
Act of implanting, etc., in the mind or heart. 
Implead, lm-pled', v. t. (Law.) To institute and 
prosecute a suit against in court; to sue at law.— 
Implead'er, n. 
Implement, im'ple-ment, n. Whatever may supply a 
want; esp., an instrument or utensil as supplying a 
requisite to an end. [LL. implementum, an accom- 
plishing, hence, means for accomplishing, fr. in and 
plere,pletum, to fill.] — Imple'tion, n. Act of filling; 
«tate of being full ; that which fills up ; filling. 
Implicate, im'plT-kat, v. t. To infold, entangle ; to con- 
nect in many relations ; to bring into connection with ; 
to show to be connected or concerned. [L. implicare, 
-plicatum and -plicitum, fr. in and plicare, to fold, fr. 
plica, a fold. See Ply.]— Implication, rc. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. ; involution ; entanglement ; that 
which isimplied, but not expressed; inference. [F.] 
— Im'plica/tive, -tiv, a. Tending to implicate.— Im'- 
plica'tively, adv. By implication.— Implicit, -plis'- 
lt, a. Fairly to be understood, though not expressed 
in words; implied; trusting to the word of another, 
without reserve ; unquestioning. — Implicitly, adv. 
By implication ; with unreserved confidence.— Im- 
plicitness, n. —Imply', -pli', v. t. [-plied (-plid'), 
-plying.] To contain by implication ; to include 
virtually; to involve, import, mean, signify. — Im- 
pliedly, -ed-lT, adv. By implication. 



Implore, im-plor',u. t. [-PLORED(-pl6rd /- ), -ploring.] 
To call upon, or for, in supplication; to pray earnest- 
ly; to beseech, crave, entreat, beg. [F. implorer, L. 
implorare, f r. in and plorare, to wail.] — Implor'er, 
n. — Implor'ingiy, adv. 

Impoison, im-poi'zn, v. t. To impregnate or affect 
with poisonj to imbitter, impair. 

Import, ini-porf, v. t. To bring in from abroad; esp. 
to bring (merchandise) from another country, in 
the transactions of commerce; to include, as signifi- 
cation or intention; to imply, signify, denote, mean; 
to be of importance or consequence to, interest, con- 
cern. [F. importer, L. importare, fr. in and portare, 
-tatum, to carry. See Port.] — Im'port, n. That 
which is imported, or brought in from abroad ; pur- 
port; meaning; intended significance; importance; 
consequence. — Importable, a. Capable of being 
imported. [F. importable means intolerable, once 
the meaning of the E. word.] — Importance, n. 
Quality of being important; consequence; moment; 
significance. [F.] — Important, a. Having weight 
or consequence ; significant ; momentous ; grave. 
[F.] — Importation, n. Act or practice of import- 
ing; goods introduced into a country from abroad. 

— Import'' er, n. One who imports goods. 
Impose, im-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd') ; -posing.] To 

lay on ; to set or place, put, deposit ; to lay as a 
charge, burden, tax, duty, obligation, command, etc.; 
to levy; to pass off, palm. (Eccl.) To lay (the hands 
in confirmation or ordination). {Print.) To prepare 
for printing or casting by arranging the pages upon 
the stone, and securing them in the chase. [F. im- 
poser, L. imponere, -positum, fr. in and ponere, to 
place. See Pose.] — Impos'er, n.— Impos'able, a. 

— Imposing, pj. a. Adapted to impress forcibly ; 
impressive ; commanding. — Imposing-stone, n. 
(Print.) A stone on which the pages or columns of 
type are imposed or made into forms.— Imposition, 
-zish'un, n. Act of imposing, laying on, affixing, 
enjoining, inflicting, obtruding, etc.; thing imposed; 
charge; burden; injunction; levy; tax; a trick or de- 
ception put on others. (Eccl.) Act of laying on the 
hands as a religious ceremony, in ordination and 
the like. [F.] — Impos'tor, -pbVter, n. One who im- 
poses upon others, esp. one who fraudulently assumes 
a character or title nothisown; deceiver; cheat; pre- 
tender. [L.] — Impos'torship, n. Condition, char- 
acter, or practice of an impostor. — Impost'ure, 
-pSs'chur, n. Act or conduct of an im- 
postor; deception practiced under a false 
character; fraud; trick; imposition; de- 
lusion. [F.] — Im'post, -post, n. A tax, 
tribute, or duty; often a duty laid by 
government on goods imported into a 
country; tribute; toll; excise; custom. 
(Arch.) That part of a pillar, pier, en- 
tablature, wall, or abutment upon which 
an arch or superstructure rests. [F.] 

Imposthume, im-pSsfhum, n. A collec- 
tion of pus or purulent matter in any 
part of an animal body ; an abscess. 
[Corrupt, of aposteme, q. v.] — Imposf- 
hume, -humate, v. i. To form an abscess; 
to gather. — v. t. To affect with an ab- 
scess. — Impost'huma'tion, n. Act of 
forming an abscess; an abscess. 

Impostor, Imposture, etc. See under Impose. 

Impound, im-pownd /r , v. t. To confine in a pound or 
close pen, restrain within limits. 

Impoverish, im-poVer-ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ish- 
ing.] To make poor, reduce to poverty; to exhaust 
the strength, richness, or fertility of. [Corrupt, fr. 
F. appovrir, to impoverish, appovrissement, a beg- 
garing, fr. ap- (L. ad), towards, and OF. porre, 
poor, q. v.] — Impoverishment, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. 

Imprecate, im^pre-kat, v. t. To call down by prayer, 
as something hurtful or calamitous; to invoke, as 
evil. [L. in and precari, -catum, to pray.] — Impre- 
cation, n. Act of imprecating, or invoking evil on 
any one; malediction; curse; execration; anathema. 

— Im^precatory, -to-rt, a. Maledictory. 
Impregnate, im-preg^nat, v. t. To make pregnant, 

get with young; to render fruitful or fertile, fertil- 
ize; to infuse particles of another substance into. — a. 
Rendered prolific or fruitful ; impregnated. [L. im- 
prssgnare, -nation, fr. in and prssgnavs, prsegnas, 
pregnant.] — Impregnation, n. Act of impregna- 
ting; fecundation; state of being impregnated; inti- 
mate mixture of parts or particles; infusion; satura- 
tion. — Impregn', -pren', v. t. To impregnate. 



a, Impost. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, 



6r; 



IMPRESS 



INABILITY 



Impress. im-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- 
ing.] To press, or stamp, in or upon: to make a 
mark or figure upon; to produce by pressure; to in- 
culcate, imprint: to take hy force for public service. 
[L. impressare, freq. fr. in and premere, presgwn. to 
press.] — Im'press. n. A mark made by pressure; 
indentation: imprint; stamp; mold: mark of distinc- 
tion: impression or influence wrought on the mind; 
act of impressing for the public service. — Impress '- 
ible. a.— Impressibility, n. Quality of being im- 
pressible. — Impres'sion. -presh'un. n. Act of im- 
pressing or stamping; that produced by pressure, — 
as. a stamp made by pressure, mark: or, sensible re- 
sult of an influence exerted from without; or, influ- 
ence on the purposes, feelings, or actions; or, effect 
or influence on the organs of sense, which is the con- 
dition of sensation or sensible perception; hence, an 
indistinct notion, remembrance, or belief; or, a copy 
taken bv pressure from type, an engraved plate, etc., 
also, all" the copies taken at once; an edition; that 
which impresses, or exercises an effect, action, or 
agency. (Paint.) The ground-color; a stratum of 
a simile color laid upon a wall or surface. — Im- 
pressionable, «. Susceptible of impression; capa- 
ble of being molded: susceptive. — Impressive, -iv, 
a. Making, or tending to make, an impression ; 
adapted to arouse the attention or touch the feel- 
ings; capable of being impressed; susceptible; im- 
pressible. — Impressively, adv. — Impress'iveness, 
». — Impress 'ment. n. Act of seizing for public use, 
or of impressing into public sen-ice. 

Impresario. irn-pre-sa're-o. n. The manager of an 
opera, etc. [It., fr. impresa, enterprise, fr. L. im- 
pressare. See Impress.] 

Imprimis, im-pri'mis, adv. In the first place: first in 
order. [L., for in prints, among the first, chiefly; in 
and primus, first.] 

Imprint;, im'print. n. Whatever is printed on the 
title-page of a book: esp. the name of the printer or 
publisher, with time and place of publication. —Im- 
print'', v. t. To impress ; to mark by pressure ; to 
stamp; to stamp or mark, as letters on paper, by 
means of types; to fix indelibly, as on the mind or 
memory. [S"ee Print.] — Im'prima'tur, n. A license, 
to print a book, etc. [L.. let it be printed.] 

Imprison. im-priz'n, v . t. [-oned (-nd), -oxixg.] To 
put into a prison, confine m a prison or jail; to limit, 
hinder, or restrain; to incarcerate, immure. — Im- 
prisonment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; re- 
straint of liberty: custody; durance. 

Impromptu, im-promp'tu, adv. or a. Off-hand; with- 
out previous study ; extempore. — n. An off-hand or 
extemporaneous composition. [F., fr. L. in promptu, 
in readiness, fr. promptus, readiness, f r. promere, to 
bring forward.] 

Impropriate, im-pro'pri-at, v. t. Orig., to appropriate 
to private use. (Eng. Eccl. Laic.) To place the 
pronts of, for care and disbursement, in the hands 
of a layman: to appropriate to private use or put in 
possession of a layman. [L. in and propriare, -atum, 
to appropriate, fr. proprius, one's own.] — Impro'- 
pria'tdon, n. Act of impropriating; esp. (Eng. Eccl. 
Law.) act of putting an ecclesiastical benefice in the 
hands of a layman, or lav corporation; a benefice in 
the hands of "laymen. That which is appropriated, 
as thanks, or ecclesiastical property. — Impro'pria 7 - 
tor, n. One who impropriates : esp. a layman who 
has possession_of the lands or a living of the church. 

Improve. ini-proov', v. t. [-proved (-proovd'), -prov- 
ing.] To make better; to increase the value or good 
qualities of; to use to good purpose: to advance, 
mend, correct, rectify.— r. i. To grow better; to make 
or show improvement; to grow worse; to increase, be 
enhanced, rise. [Same as approve, q. v.] — Improve'- 
ment. n. Act of improving, or state of being im- 
proved; progress toward what is better: act of mak- 
ing profitable use of anything, or state of being 
profitably employed; practical application, as of the 
doctrines and principles of a discourse ; that which 
improves anything, or is added to it by way of im- 
proving it. — Impfbv'er, n. — Improvable, a. — Im- 
prov'ableness. n. 

Impugn, lin-pun', v.t. [-fugxed (-pQnd'), -pcgxixg.] 
To attack by words or arguments, contradict, call in 
question. [F. impugner, L. impugnare, fr. in and 
pugnare, to fight.] — Impugnable, -pun'a- or -pug'- 
na-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — Impugn'er, n. 

Impulse. Impulsion, etc. See under Impel. 

Impunity. Impure, etc. See under Immaculate. 

Impurple, im-per'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -plixg.] To 
color or tinge with purple, make red or reddish. 



Impute, im-puf, v. t. To charge, ascribe, attribute; 
to charge to one as the author, responsible origina- 
tor, or possessor of. (Theol.) To set to one's account 

i as the ground of approval or condemnation. [F. 
imputer, L. imputare, fr. in and putare, to reckon, 
ong. cleanse, fr. put us, cleansed: s. rt. purus, pure, 
q. v.] — Lmput'able, a. — Imput'ableness, n.— Im- 
putation, n. Act of imputing or charging; thing 
imputed or charged: charge of evil; censure; re- 
proach : intimation. (Theol.) Attribution of per- 
sonal suilt or personal righteousness on account of 
the offense or the atonement of another. — Imput- 
ative, -tiv, a. Coming by imputation; imputed.— 
Imput'atively, adv. — Imput'er, /;. 
In, in, prep. Within ; inside of; surrounded by; not 
outside of.— adv. Not out ; within ; inside;" into. 
(Law.) With privilege or possession. — n. A person 
who is in office, — opp. of out ; a re-entrant angle; a 
nook or corner. [AS., D., Goth., G., Olr., and L. in, 

| Ic, Sw., and Dan. i, W. yn, F. en, Gr. eni, en; s. rt. 
Gr. and Goth, ana, G. an = E. on.] —In the name of. In 
behalf of; on the part of; by authority,— often used 
in invocation, swearing, praying, and the like. — To 
he or keep in with, lo be close or near; to be on 
terms of friendship, familiarity, or intimacy with. — 
In'ner, a., compar. Further in: interior; internal; 
not obvious; obscure; pert, to the spirit or its phe- 

I nomena. [AS. mnera."] — In'nermost, In'most, a., 
superl. Furthest inward; most remote from the out- 
ward part. [AS. innernest.'] — Inly, -It, a. Internal; 

! interior: secret, — adv. Internally; secretly. [AS. 
inlic] — In'to, -too, prep. To the "inside of;" within. 
[AS. in to (2 words).] —In' ward, a. Placed within; 

j interior; seated in the mind or soul. — n. That which, 
etc.; esp.. pi., the inner parts of the body; the vis- 
cera. — In 'ward, -wards, adv. Toward the inside, 

] center, or interior; into the mind or thoughts. [AS. 
inneweard, fr. inne, within, and -weard, towards.] — 
In'wardly. adv. In or toward the inner parts or 

t heart: internally: secretly; privately. — In-and-in, a. 
(Breeding.) From animals of the same parentage.— 

i Inasmuch/, adv. Seeing that; considering that ; 

| since, — followed by as. — In'somuch', adv. So; to 

[ such a degree; in such wise. — Inn 'ing, n. Ingath- 
ering of grain: in games of ball, the turn for using; 
the Bat; pi. lands recovered from the sea. [See Ixx.j 

! In-, in, inseparable pre/., with negative force: it be- 
comes i- before gn, il- before I, im- before m and p, 
and ir- before r. Many of the words formed by it 

! are self-explanatory: those which have been insert- 
ed in this vocabulary are grouped under Igxoble, 
Illaudable, Immaculate, Inability, and Irra- 

' tioxal. [See Inability.] 

Inability, in-a-bil'I-ti, n. Quality or state of being 

unable ; lack of ability ; impotence ; incapacity ; 

weakness. [L. in-, prefix with a negative force (= 

E. un-, Olr. and Skr. an-, Gr. and Zend, ana-, an-, 

j a-; prob. same as Gr., Zend., and Goth, ana, up, in 
Gr., also, back or backwards), and E. ability, q. v.] 
— Inaccessible, -ak-ses'T-bi, a. Not accessible ; 
not to be reached, obtained, or approached. — Inac- 
cessibly, adv. — Inaccess'ibleness, -ibaity, n. — 
Inac'curate, -rat, a. Not accurate ; displaying a 
want of careful attention; erroneous. — Inac'curate- 
ly. adv. — Inac 'curacy, -si, n. State of being in- 
accurate: want of exactness: mistake: fault: error; 
blunder. — Inac'tion. n. Want of action; idleness; 
rest. — Inactive, -iv. a. Not active ; having no 

Eower to move: not disposed to action or effort; not 
usy: idle; dull: indolent; slothful; lazy. (Chem.) 
Not producing results.— Inactively, adv.— Inac 
tivlty, -tiv'i-ti, n._ Quality or state of beinar, etf- — 
Inad'equate. -e-kwat, a. Not adequate: unequir » 
the purpose ; insufficient to effect the object; in<yp- 
mensurate: disproportionate: incompetent: inc Q oa 
ble.— Inadequately, adv.— Inad'equateness, -eoua 
cy, -e-kwa-sT, n. Quality or state of being mvla- 
quate; inequality: incompleteness. — Inadmissible, 
-sl-bl. a. Not admissible: not proper to be admitted, 
allowed, or received. — Inadmis'sibillty, n. — Inad- 
vert'ent. a. Not turning the mind to a matter; 
careless. — Inadvertently, adv. — Inadvert'ence, 
-ency, -en-si, n. State of being, etc.; lack of heed- 
fulness or attentiveness: an oversight, mistake, or 
fault, proceeding from negligence : carelessness ; 
thoughtlessness. — Inalienable. -al'yen-a-bl, a. In- 
capable of being alienated, or transferred to another. 
— Inallenableness, «.— Inalienably, adv.— Inane', 
-an', a. Destitute of contents: empty: purposeless; 
void of sense or intelligence. [L. inanis.] — Ina- 
ni'tion, -nish'un, n. Condition of being inane; 



sun. cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



INANITY 



278 



INCONSEQUENCE 



emptiness; exhaustion from want of food. — Inan'- 
ity, -an'T-tt, n. Inanition; void space; emptiness; 
deficiency of contents ; senselessness ; frivolity. — 
Inanimate, -t-mat, a. Not animate ; destitute of 
liie or spirit; lifeless; inert; inactive; dull; soulless; 
spiritless. — Inap'petence, -tency, _ -pe-ten-sl, n. 
Want of appetence, or ot a disposition to seek or 
imbibe nutriment; want of desire or inclination. — 
Inapplicable, -pli-ka-bl, a. Not applicable ; not 
suited or suitable to the purpose ; unadapted; inap- 
propriate; inapposite. — Inapplicability, n. Qual- 
ity of being, etc. — Inap'plicalion, n. Want of ap- 
plication or attention; negligence; indolence. — In- 
ap'pesite, -po-zit, a. Not apposite; not fit or suit- 
able: not pertinent.— Inappreciable, -pre'shi-a-bl, 
a. Not appreciable; incapable ot being duly valued 
or estimated. — Inap'prehen'sible, a. Not appre- 
hensible; unintelligible. — Inapproacb/able, a. Not 
approachable; inaccessible.— Inappropriate, -pri- 
st, a. Not proper or appropriate; unbecoming; un- 
suitable, as in manners, moral conduct, etc. — In- 
aptitude, -apfl-tud, n. Want of aptitude; unfit- 
ness: unsuitableness. — Inar'able, -arC-bl, a. Not 
arable; not capable of being plo wed.— InarticCdate, 
-tik'u-lat, a. Not articulate; not distinct, or with 
distinction of syllables. (Zool.) Not jointed or artic- 
ulated. — Inarticulately, adv. — Inarticulateness, 
n. — Inartic / ula / 'tion, n. Indistinctness of sounds in 
speaking. — Inar'tifiCial, -fish/al, a. Not artificial; 
not made or performed by the rules of art; charac- 
terized by artlessness or simplicity. — Inattenlion, 
n. Want of attention or consideration; inadvertence; 
heedlessness; neglect. — Inatten'tive, -tiv, a. Not 
attentive; not fixing the mind on an object; careless; 
heedless; negligent; remiss.— Inattentively, adv. — 
Inaudible, -awd'f-bl, a. Not audible; incapable of 
being heard; making no sound; noiseless; silent. — 
Inaudlbly, adv. — Inauspicious, -aws-pish'us, a. 
Not auspicious; ill-omened; unlucky; evil. — Inau- 
spiCiously, adv. — InauspiCiousness, n. 

— Incalculable, in-kaKku-la-bl, a. Not capable of 
being calculated; beyond calculation; very great. — 
Incalculably, adv. — Inca'pable, a. Not capable; 
not having adequate power or capacity, mental, 
physical, or spatial; not in a moral condition in which 
it would be possible (to do an immoral or dishonora- 
ble act) ; not in a state to suffer or receive ; not admit- 
ting. (Law.) Unqualified or disqualified, in a legal 
sense. — Inca'pably, adv. — Inca'pabillty, n. Qual- 
ity of being incapable; incapacity; want of power. 
(Law.) Want of legal qualifications. — Incapacity, 
-pas'I-tT, n. Want of capacity; defect of intellectual 
power; inability; incompetency; unfitness; disqual- 
ification. (Law.) Want of legal ability or competen- 
cy. — Incapacitate, v. t. To deprive of capacity 
or natural power ; to disable, deprive of competent 
power or ability. (Law.) To deprive of legal or con- 
stitutional requisites; to disqualify. — Incapac'ita'- 
tion, n. Want of capacity; disqualification.— Incau'- 
tious, -kaw'shus, a. Not cautious; not circumspect; 
unwary; indiscreet; imprudent; impolitic; thought- 
less; improvident. — Incau'tiously, adv. — Incau'- 
tiousness, n. — Incer'titude, -serll-tud, n. Uncer- 
tainty ; doubtfulness ; doubt. — Inces'sant, -ses'- 
sant, a. Continuing or following without interrup- 
tion ; unceasing ; uninterrupted ; continual ; con- 
stant ; perpetual. [L. cessare, to cease.] — Inces''- 
santly, adv. — IncesCancy, -si, n. Quality of being, 
etc. — InCest, -sest, n. The crime of cohabitation 
or sexual commerce between persons related within 
the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited. [F. in- 
ceste, fr. L. incestus, unchaste, fr. in and castws, 
chaste.] — IncestCous, -u-us, a. Guilty of incest; 
involving the crime of incest. — Incesfuously, adv. 

— Incest'uousness, n. — Incivility, -sf-vil'i-tt, n. 
Quality of being uncivil; want of courtesy; unman- 
nerliness ; impoliteness; any act of rudeness or ill 
breeding. — Incivlsm, -sivlzm, n. Want of civism; 
want of patriotism or love to one's country. — In- 
■clemCnt, -klemCnt, a. Not clement; void of ten- 
derness; unmerciful ; severe; harsh; physically se- 
vere; stormy; boisterous; rigorously cold, etc. — In- 
clemCncy, -en-si, n. Condition or quality of being, 
etc.; physical harshness; storminess; severe cold. — 
Incog', -kog', adv. In concealment; in disguise; in 
a manner not to be known. [Contr. f r. incognito.'] — 
Incogltative, -koj'T-ta-tiv, a. Not cogitative ; 
wanting power of thought. — Incog/nito, -nt-to, a. 
or adv. Unknown ; in disguise ; in an assumed 
character, and under an assumed name. — n. One 
unknown or in a disguise, or under an assumed 



character; assumption of a feigned character state 
of being in disguise or assumed character. [It., Sp., 
& F., fr. L. mcognitus, unknown.]— Incoherent, 
-ko-herCnt, a. Not coherent ; wanting cohesion ? 
loose; unconnected; wanting agreement; incongru. 
ous; inconsistent.— IncoherCntly, adv.— Incoher- 
ence, -ency, -en-si, n. Want of coherence, etc. — In- 
combustible, -tt-bl, a. Not combustible; not capa- 
ble of being burned, decomposed, or consumed by 
fire. — Incombus'tibleness, -tibillty, n. Quality of 
being, etc. — IncommenCurable, -men'shoo-ra-bl, a. 
Not commensurable; having no common measure 
or standard of comparison. — Incommen'surabillty, 
n. Quality or state of being, etc. — Incommensu- 
rate, a. Not commensurate ; not admitting of a 
common measure; not of equal measure or extent; 
unequal ; inadequate : insufficient. — Incommode'', 
-mod', v. t. To give inconvenience to, give trouble 
to, disturb, molest, disquiet. [F. incommoder, L. in- 
commodare, fr. incommodus, inconvenient, fr. in and 
commodus, convenient.] — Incommo'dious, -mod- 
us, a. Not commodious; tending to incommode; not 
affording ease or advantage; giving trouble. — In- 
commo'diously, adv. — Incommo 'diousness, n.— In- 
commu'nicable, -nt-ka-bl, a. Not communicable; 
incapable of being imparted to others. — Incommu'- 
nicableness, -cabillty, n. — Incommu'iiicably, adv. 

— Incommu'nicative, -tiv, a. Not communicative; 
not disposed to hold conversation or intercourse 
with; unsocial. — IncommutCble, -mutC-bl, a. Not 
commutable; not capable of being exchanged with 
another. — Incommu'tabillty, n. — Incomparable, 
-pa-ra-bl, a. Not comparable; admitting of no com- 
parison with others; peerless; matchless; transcend- 
ent. — Incom'parableness, n. — Incomparably, adv. 

— Incompas donate, -pash'un-at, a. Not compas- 
sionate: void of compassion or pity. — Incompas'- 
sionately, adv. — Incompas Cionateness, n. — In- 
compatible, -pafl-bl, a. Not compatible ; inca- 
pable of co-existence ; irreconcilably opposed ; in- 
consistent ; incongruous ; dissimilar : discordant ; 
repugnant; contradictory. — Incompatibly, adv.— 
Incompatibility, n. — Incom'petent, -pe-tent, a. 
Not competent ; wanting in adequate strength, 
power, capacity, means, qualifications, etc.; want- 
ing the legal or constitutional qualifications; not ly- 
ing within one's competency, capacity, or authorized 
power; unfit; inadmissible. — Incompetently, adv. 

— Incom'petence, -tency, -ten-sT, n. Quality of be- 
ing, etc. (Law.) Want of competency or legal fitness 
to De heard or admitted as a witness, or to sit or act 
as a juror. — Incomplete', -plef, a. Not complete; 
unfinished; imperfect; defective. (Bot.) Lacking 
calyx or corolla, or both. — Incompleteliess, -ple'- 
tion, n. — Incomplex', a. Not complex; simple.— 
Incompliance, -pliCns, n. Want of compliance; 
unyielding temper or constitution; refusal or fail- 
ure to comply. — Incomposlte, -pozlt, n. Not 
composite; uncompounded ; simple. — Incom'pre- 
hen'sible, -hen'st-bl, a. Not comprehensible ; in- 
capable of being comprehended or understood; in- 
conceivable.— Incom'prehen'sibleness, -sibillty, n. 

— Incom'prehen'sibly, adv. — Incom'prehenCive, 
-siv, a. Not comprehensive ; limited. — Incom- 
pressible, a. Not compressible; resisting compres- 
sion. — Incompress'ibillty, n. — Incompufable, 
-pufa-bl, a. incapable of being computed.— In- 
conceal'able, -sel'a-bl. a. Not concealable; not to 
be hid or kept secret. — Inconceivable, -sevC-bl, a. 
Not conceivable: incapable of being conceived by 
the mind; incomprehensible. — Inconceiv'ableness, 
-ability, n.— Inconceiv'ably, adv. — InconcluCive, 
-klu'siv, a. Not conclusive; not settling a point in 
debate, or a doubtful question. — Inconclusively, 
adv. — Inconclu'sive-ness, n. — InconcusCible, 
-kusCT-bl.a. That cannot be shaken. — Inconden- 
sable, a. Incapable of condensation. — Inconge'- 
nial, -jeCT-al, a. Not_congenial ; uncongenial.— 
Incon'gruent, -kon'groo-ent, a. Not congruent ; 
unsuitable ; inconsistent. — Incongruity, -kon- 
groo'T-tT, n. Want of congruity; unsuitableness of 
one thing to another; inconsistency.— Incon'gruous, 
-kon/groo-us, a. Not congruous toa standaid orend; 
not reciprocally agreeing: inconsistent: inappropri- 
ate; unfit; improper. — Incon'gruously, adv. — la- 
con'sequent, -se-kwent, a. Not following from the 
premises; invalid; illogical: inconsistent. — Incon'- 
sequenlial, -kwen'shal, a. Not regularly following 
from the premises ; not of consequence ; of little 
moment. — InconCequence, -kwens, n. Quality of 
being inconsequent; inconclusiveness. — Inconsid'- 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, or ; 



DMCONSIDERABLENESS 



279 



INDESTRUCTIBILITY 



erable, a. Unworthy of consideration; unimportant; 
trivial.— Inconsid'erableneas, re.— Inconsiderate, 
-er-at, a. Not considerate; not attending to the cir- 
cumstances which regard safety or propriety; pro- 
ceeding from heedlessness: rash; negligent ; im- 
provident; incautious; injudicious ; rash ; hasty.— 
Inconsiderately, adv. — Inconsid'erateness, re. — 
Inconsid'era'tion, re. Want of due consideration; 
inattention to consequences. — Inconsistent, a. 
Not consistent ; at variance, esp. as regards char- 
acter, sentiment, or action; not exhibiting conform- 
ity of sentiment, steadiness to principle, etc. ; in- 
compatible ; incongruous ; irreconcilable ; repug- 
nant ; contradictory. — Inconsistently, adv. — In- 
consistence, -ency, -en-si, re. Quality of being, etc.; 
absurdity in argument or narration; unsteadiness; 
changeableness. — Inconsof able, -sofa-bl, a. Not 
consolable ; not to be consoled. — Inconsof ably, 
adv. — Incon'sonance, -sonancy, -so-nan-sl, n. Want 
of consonance or harmony of action or thought. 
(Mus.) Disagreement of sounds; discord. — Incon- 
spicuous, -spike-us, a. Not conspicuous; hardly 
discernible. — Inconstant, a. Not constant ; sub- 
ject to change of opinion, inclination, or purpose; 
changeable; variable: mutable; fickle; volatile; un- 
stable. — Inconstantly, adv. — Inconstancy, -stan- 
st, re. Quality of being, etc.; want of uniformity; 
dissimilitude. — Inconsunf able, -sumS-bl, a. Not 
consumable.— Inconsunf mate, -sum'mat, a. Not 
consummate; not finished; not complete. — Incon- 
testSble, a. Not contestable; too clear to be con- 
troverted; indisputable ; irrefragable ; undeniable; 
unquestionable: indubitable.— IncontestSbly, adv. 

— Incontig'uous, -tig'u-us, a. Not contiguous; sep- 
arate.— Incon'tinent, -tl-nent, a. Not continent; not 
restraining the passions or appetites, particularly the 
sexual appetite ; unchaste ; lewd. (Med.) Unable 
to restrain natural evacuations. — re. One who is 
unchaste.— Incontinently, adv. Without due re- 
straint of the passions or appetites; unchastely: im- 
mediately ; at once ; suddenly. — Incon'tinence, 
-nency, -nen-sY, re. Quality of being, etc.— Incon- 
trof lable, -trofla-bl, a. Not controllable; uncon- 
trollable. — Incontrovertible, a. Not controvert- 
ible; too clear or certain to admit of dispute ; in- 
disputable.— Incon'trovertlbly, adv. — Inconven'- 
ient, -ven'yent, a. Not convenient; not becoming 
or suitable; unfit; inexpedient; giving trouble or 
uneasiness : disadvantageous ; inopportune. — In- 
conveniently, adv. — Inconvenience, -iency, -yen- 
8t, re. Want of convenience; that which gives trou- 
ble or uneasiness ; incommodiousness ; disquiet ; 
disturbance; annoyance; trouble.— Inconvenience, 
v.t. To bring to inconvenience: to occasion incon- 
venience to ; to incommode.— Inconvertible, -verf- 
t-bl, a. Not convertible ; not capable of being 
changed into something else. — Inconvertlbleness, 
-ibillty, n. — Inconvufcible, -vinST-bl, a. Not 
convincible; incapable of being convinced. — Incon- 
vin'cibly, adv. — Incorpo'real, -po're-al, a. Not 
corporeal; not consisting of matter: immaterial; un- 
substantial; bodiless; spiritual. (Law.) Not having 
a visible existence: intangible, as, an equity of re- 
demption is an incorjioreal hereditament. — Incorpo''- 
really, adv.— Incor'porelty, n. Quality of being 
incorporeal; immateriality. — Incorporate, -rat, a. 
Incorporeal: notcorporate. — Incorrect', a. Notcor- 
rect; not according to a copy or model, or to estab- 
lished rules: not in accordance with the truth; not ac- 
cordant with the rule of duty or of morality: inaccu- 
rate: erroneous; wrong: fa ultv. —Incorrectly, adv. 

— Incorrectless, re.— Incorrigible, -rY-ji-bl, a. Not 
corrigible: incapable of being corrected or amended; 
irreclaimable. — Incor'rigibleness, -gibif ity, re. — 
Incorrigibly, a<h\ — Incorrupt', a. Not affected 
with corruption or decay; not defiled or depraved ; 
pure; untainted. — Incorruptible, a. Incapable of 
corruption, decay, or dissolution: inflexibly just and 
upright. — Incorruptlbleness, -ibillty, re.— Incor- 
ruplion, -rupShun, re. Absence of, or exemption 
from, corruption. — Incorruptlve, -ruptlv.a. Not 
liable to corruption. — Incorruptliess, n. Exemp- 
tion from corruption: purity of mind or manners; 
probity; integrity. — Jjfcreate, -kre-at, In'crea'ted, 
a. Uncreated. — Ineredlble, a. Not credible; im- 
possible to be believed; not to be credited. — In- 
credlbleness, -ibillty. a.— Incredibly, adv. In a 
manner to preclude belief. — Iiicred'ulous,-u-lus, a. 
Not credulous; indisposed to believe; skeptical. 



Incred'ulousness, Incredif lity, n. Quality of be- 
ing incredulous ; indisposition to believe ; skepti- 



cism; unbelief; disbelief.— Incur'able, -kurS-bl, a. 
Not curable; incapable o>f being cured; not admit- 
ting remedy or correction; irremediable; irrecover- 
able; irretrievable. — n. A person diseased beyond 
the reach of cure : a sick person who cannot be 
cured. — IncurSbleness, -ability, re.— Incur 'ably, 
adv. So as to be incurable.— Incu'rious, -ku'rl-us, 
a.. Not curious or inquisitive; destitute of curiosity; 
uriinquisitive. 

— Inde'cent, in-deSent, a. Not decent; unfit to 
be seen or heard ; indelicate ; immodest ; gross ; 
unchaste; obscene; filthy. — Inde'cently, adv. In 
a manner to offend delicacy. — Inde'cence, -cen- 
cy, -sen-sY, re. Want of decency ; lack of modes- 
ty; that which is indecent; an indecent word, act, 
etc.; indecorum; impurity; obscenity. — Indecid'- 
uous, -sid'u-us, a. Not deciduous; evergreen. — In- 
decipherable, -sf fer-a-bl, a. Incapable of being 
deciphered. — Indecision, -sizh'un, re. Want of 
decision; wavering of mind; irresolution. — Inde- 
cisive, -sf siv, a. Not decisive ; not bringing to a 
final close; prone to indecision; wavering; vacilla- 
ting ; hesitating. — Indecfsiveness, re.— Indeclhf- 
able, -klin'-a-bl, a. (Gram.) Not declinable : not 
varied by terminations.— IndeclinSbly, adv. With- 
out variation of termination. — Indecorous, -de-ko'- 
rus or -dek'o-rus, a. Not decorous; violating good 
manners ; unbecoming ; unseemly ; rude ; coarse ; 
uncivil. — Indecorously, -de-ko'- or -dek'o-, adv. — 
Indecorousness, re. Violation of propriety. — Inde- 
co'rum, re. Want of decorum; impropriety of be- 
havior; a breach of decorum. — Indefatigable. -faf- 
Y-ga-bl, a. Incapable of being fatigued- unwearied; 
persevering ; assiduous. — Indefatlgatleness, re. — 
Indefatlgably, adv. — Indefeasible, -ie'zY-bl, a. 
Not to be defeated; incapable of being made void — 
Indefea'sibif ity, re. — Indefectible, a. Not liable to 
defect, failure, or decay. — Indefect'ibif ity, n. — In- 
defective, -iv, a. Not defective: perfect; complete. 

— Indefensible, a. Not defensible; not capable of 
being maintained, vindicated, or justified.— Inde- 
fenSive, -siv, a. Having no defense. — Indefuf- 
able, -im'a-bl, a. Incapable of being defined. — In- 
definite, -del'I-nit, a. Not definite; not limited, 
precise, or certain; having no determined or certain 
limits. (Bot.) More than 12, esp. when the number 
is not constant, — said of the parts of a flower, 
etc. — Indefinitely, adv. — Indef iriteness, re. — In- 
dehis'cent, -de-hisSent, a. (Bot.) Not opening 
spontaneously at maturity. — Indehis'cence, -sens, 
re. Property of not opening, etc. — Indeliberate, 
-de-lib'er-at, a. Done without deliberation ; sud- 
den ; unpremeditated. — Indelible, -def I-bl, a. 
Not to be blotted out: incapable of being effaced, 
lost, or forgotten. [OF. mdelebile, L. indelebilis, 
fr. in and delebilis, capable of being destroyed, fr. 
delere, to destroy, blot out.] — Indelibly, adv. — 
Indelibility, n. — Indelicate, -def Y-kat, a. Not 
delicate ; offensive to gooi manners, or to purity 
of mind : indecorous ; unseemly ; coarse ; broad ; 
gross ; indecent. — Indef icately, adv. — Indef i- 
cacy, -Y-ka-sY, n. Want of delic;.cy ; coarseness of 
manners or language. — Indenfhify, -nY-fi, v. t. 
[-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To save harmless, secure 
against future loss or damage; to make up for that 
which is past : to reimburse. [L. indemnis, un- 
harmed, fr. in and damnum, harm, loss. See Dam- 
age.! — Indem'nifica'tion, re. Act of indemnifying; 
reimbursement of loss, damage, or penalty; that 
which indemnifies.— Indenf nity, -nMI, re. Secu- 
rity to save harmless; exemption from loss or dam- 
age ; compensation or remuneration for loss, dam- 
age, or injury sustained. [F. indemnity, L. indern- 
nitas.~\ — Indemonstrable, -monStra-bl, a. Incapa- 
ble of being demonstrated; not susceptible of proof. 
— Independent, a. Not dependent; not subject to 
the control of others; affording a comfortable live- 
lihood; not subject to influence; self-directing; ex- 
pressing or indicating the feeling of independence; 
free; easy; bold; separate from: exclusive. (Eccl.) 
Belonging or pert, to the Independents. — re. (Eccl.) 
One who believes that an organized Christian 
church is complete in itself, and independent of all 
ecclesiastical authority. — Independently, adv.— 
Independence, -ens, -ency, -en-si, n. State or qual- 
ity of being, etc.; exemption from reliance on others, 
or control by them. — Indescrib'able, -skrib'a-bl, a. 
Incapable of being described. — Indesert', -zgrf, n. 
Want of merit or worth. — Indestruc'tible, -strukA 
tl-bl, a. Not destructible ; incapable of decom- 
position. — Indestruc'tibif ity, re. — Indeter'mina- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



INDETERMINATE. 



280 



INELEGANCE 



ble, -ter'mY-na-bl,a. Impossible to be determined, 
ascertained, or fixed. — Indeterminate, -mT-nat, a. 
Not determinate ; uncertain ; not precise. — Inde- 
terminately, adv. — Indeter'minateness, n. — In- 
deter'mina'tion, n. Want of determination; an un- 
settled or wavering state, as of the mind; want of 
fixed or stated direction. — Indevo'tion, n. Want 
of devotion; impiety. — Indevout', -vowt', a. Not 
having devout affections ; undevout. — Indiffer- 
ent, -ISr-ent, a. Not making a difference; having 
no influence or preponderating weight ; of no ac- 
count ; neither particularly good, nor very bad ; 
passable ; not inclined to one side, party, or thing 
more than to another ; neutral ; impartial ; un- 
biased; disinterested; feeling no interest, anxiety, 
©r care, respecting anything. — Indifferently, adv. 
In an indifferent manner; impartially; tolerably; 
passably. — Indifference, -ens, n. Quality of being 
i ndiff erent, or not making or measu ring a difference ; 
passableness ; mediocrity : impartiality ; freedom 
from bias; state of the mind when it feels no interest 
in what is presented to it: carelessness; unconcern; 
apathy; insensibility.— Indif ferency, -en-st, n. Ab- 
sence of interest in, or influence from, anything; 
equilibrium ; indifferentism. — Indif ferentism, 
-izm, n. State of indifference. — Indigested, -dT- 
jest'ed, a. Not digested ; undigested ; crude ; not 
regularly disposed and arranged. {Med.) Not brought 
to suppuration. — Indigestible, a. Not digestible; 
not easily converted into chyme; not to be received 
or patiently endured. — Indigos 'toon, -jes'chun, n. 
Want of due digestion ; a failure of the gastric 
juices to produce necessary changes in food in the 
alimentary canal ; dyspepsia ; difficult or painful 
digestion. — Indig'nant, a. Affected with indig- 
nation ; feeling wrath and scorn or contempt. [L. 
indignans, p. pr. of indignari. to be indignant, dis- 
dain ; in and dignari, to deem worthy ; dignus, 
worthy.] — Indig'nantly, adv. — Indigna'tion, n. 
Strong disapprobation ot what is flagitious in char- 
acter or conduct ; anger mingled with contempt, 
disgust, or abhorrence; wrath; resentment; rage. 
[F. ; L. indignatio.'] — Indig'nity, -nT-tl, n. Un- 
merited contemptuous treatment ; contumely ; in- 
jury accompanied with insult. [F. indignete", L. 
indignitas.] — Indirect', -dT-rekt', a. Not direct ; 
not straight or rectilinear; circuitous; roundabout; 
not tending to an aim, purpose, or result by the 
most plain and direct method or course; by remote 
means ; not straightforward or upright ; unfair ; 
dishonest. — Indirec'tion, n. Oblique course or 
means; dishonest practices; indirectness. — Indi- 
rectly, adv.— Indiscernible, -diz-zern'Y-bl, a. In- 
capable of being discerned; not discoverable. — In- 
diecerp'tible, -serp'tT-bl, a. Not discerptible; inca- 
pable of being destroyed by dissolution or separation 
of parts. — n. Indis'ciplinable,-si-plin-a-bl,a. Not 
disciplinable : incapable of being subjected to dis- 
cipline. — Indiscov'erable, -kuv'er-a-bl, a. Inca- 
pable of being discovered. — Indiscreet', -kret', a. 
Not discreet; wanting in discretion; imprudent; in- 
judicious ; rash ; hasty ; heedless. — Indiscreetly, 
adv. — Indiscre'tion, -kresh'un, n. Want of discre- 
tion; imprudence; animliscreet act; indiscreet behav- 
ior. — Indiscrete'', -kret', a. Not_discrete or separa- 
ted.— Indiscriminate, -krim'I-nat, a. Wanting dis- 
crimination ; not making any distinction. — Indis- 
crim'inately, adv. — Indiscrim'ina'tion, n. — Indis- 
pensable, a. Not dispensable : impossible to be 
omitted or spared ; absolutely necessary ; not ad- 
mitting dispensation ; not providing for release or 
exemption. — Indispen'sableness, n. — Indispen- 
sably, adv. — Indispose', -poz', v. t. [-posed 
(-pozd'), -posing.] To render unfit or unsuited, 
disqualify; to disqualify for the exercise of proper 
functions ; to make somewhat ill ; to disincline, 
render averse or unfavorable ; to make unfavorable 
op disinclined, — with toward. — Indispos'edness, n. 
Condition or quality of being, etc.; slight aversion; 
indisposition. — Indisposi'tion, -zish'un, n. Con- 
dition of wanting adaptation or affinity ; slight dis- 
order of the healthy functions of the body; want of 
fitness in feeling; disinclination; aversion. — Indis'- 
putable, -pu-ta-bl, a. Not disputable ; too evident 
to admit of dispute : incontestable ; unquestion- 
able; incontrovertible; certain; positive. — Indis'pu- 
tableness, n. — Indis'putably, adv. — Indissoluble, 
-so-lu-bl, a. Not capable of being dissolved, melted, 
or liquefied ; perpetually binding or obligatory.— 
Indis'solnbleness, -lubil'ity, n. — Indis'solubly, 
adv. — Indissolv'able, -diz-zolv'a-bl, a. Incapable 



of being dissolved ; indissoluble. — Indistinct'- 
-tinkt', a. Not distinct or distinguishable ; obscure 
to the mind ; confused ; not presenting clear and 
well-defined images or perceptions; imperfect; faint; 
undefined; indefinite; vague; ambiguous; uncertain. 
— Indistinc'tion, n. Want of distinction or distin- 
guishableness; confusion ; indiscrimination; equal- 
ity of rank or condition. — Indistinctly, adv. Not 
clearly; confusedly; obscurely. — Indistinct'ness, 
n. — Indistin'guishable, -tin'gwish-a-bl, a. Not dis- 
tinguishable ; unable to be distinguished. — Indi- 
vid'ual, -vid'u-al, a. Not divided, or not to be 
divided ; single ; one ; of, or pert, to, one only; pe- 
culiar to, or characteristic of, a single person or 
thing; distinctive. — n. A single person, animal, or 
thing of any kind ; esp. a human being ; a person. 
[L. individuus, indivisible, f r. in and dividuus, divis- 
ible, fr. dividere, to divide.] — Individ'ualism, -izm, 
n. Quality of being individual ; individuality : ex- 
cessive or exclusive regard to one's personal inter- 
est; selfishness. (Social Science.) Doctrine that the 
interests of society are best promoted by each in- 
dividual's seeking his own personal welfare, — opp. 
to socialism and communism. — Individ'ual'ity, -u- 
al'Y-tT, n. Condition or quality of being individual; 
distinct nature or existence ; character or property 
peculiar to an individual ; distinctive character. 
See Phrenology. — Individ'ual'iza'tion, n. Act of 
individualizing ; state of being individualized. — 
Individ'ualize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To select 
or mark as an individual ; to particularize. — In- 
divid'ually, adv. In an individual manner or re- 
lation ; separately ; inseparably; incommunicably. 

— Individ'uate, -u-at, v. t. To distinguish from 
others of the species ; to discriminate; to cawse to 
exist as an individual whole.— Indivld'ua'tion, n. 
Act of making single, or the same, to the exclusion 
of others ; act of endowing with individuality : act 
of separating into individuals by analysis. — Indi- 
visible, -viz'Y-bl, a. Not divisible; not separable 
into parts. (Math.) Not capable of exact division; 
incommensurable, —n. That which is indivisible. 
(Geom.) One of the elements or principles, sup- 
posed to be infinitely small, into which a body or 
figure may be resolved; an infinitesimal. — Indivis'- 
ibleness, -ibil'ity, n. — Indivis'ibly, adv. — In- 
doc'ible, -dos'I-bl, a. Incapable of being taught, or 
not easily instructed ; intractable. — Indoc'ible- 
ness, -ibil'ity, n. — Indoc'ile, -dos'il, a. Not teach- 
able; not easily instructed; dull; intractable.— In- 
docil'ity, n. Dullness of intellect; intractableness. 

— In'dolence, -lency, -do-len-sT, n. Habitual idle- 
ness; indisposition to labor ; laziness. [L. indolen- 
tia, fr. in and dolere, to feel pain.] — In'dolent, a. 
Indulging in ease ; avoiding labor and exertion ; 
habitually idle; lazy; listless ; sluggish. —Indolent 
tumor. (Med.) A tumor causing little or no pain. — 
In'dolently, adv. — Indomitable, -dom'i-ta-bl, a. 
Not to be subdued ; untamable ; invincible. [L. in 
and domitare, freq. of domare = E. tame, q. v.] — 
Indu'bitable, -bT-ta-bl, a. Not dubitable; too plain 
to admit of doubt ; unquestionable ; evident ; in- 
contestable. — Indu'bitably, adv. — Induc'tile, -til, 
a. Not ductile ; incapable of being drawn into 
threads, as a metal. 

— Ined'ited, in-ed'it-ed, a. Not edited; unpublished. 

— Ineffable, a. Incapable of being expressed in 
words; unspeakable; unutterable. — Inef'fableness, 
-fatality, n. — Ineffably, adv. — Inefface'able, 
-fas'a-bf, a. Incapable of being effaced.— Ineffect'- 
ive, -i'ekt'iv, a. Not effective; incapable of produ- 
cing any effect, or the effect intended; useless; vain; 
fruitless ; weak. — Ineffect'ual, -u-al, a. Not pro- 
ducing the proper effect ; inefficient; weak. — Inef- 
fectually, adv. — Ineffect'ualness, n. — Inef'fer- 
ves'cent, -fer-ves'sent, a. Not effervescing, or not 
susceptible of effervescence. — Inef'ferves'cible, 
-sT-bl, a. Not capable of effervescence.— Inef'fica'- 
cious, -f Y-ka'shus, a. Not efficacious ; not having 
power to produce the effect desired, or the proper 
effect.— Inef'fica'ciousness, Ineffieacy, -ka-st, n. 
Inefficiency; ineffectualness. — Ineffi'ciency, -fish'- 
en-sT, n. State or quality of being inefficient; want 
of power or exertion of power to produce the effect. 

— Inefficient, -fish'ent, a. Not efficient; not pro- 
ducing the effect; inefficacious; habitually slack or 
remiss; effecting nothing. — Inelas'tic, a. Not elas- 
tic; wanting elasticity.— Inel'egant, a. Not elegant; 
wanting in anything which correct taste requires. 

— Inelegantly, adv. In an inelegant manner; 
coarsely; roughly. — Inel'egance, -gancy, -gan-sT, n. 



am, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; fidd, tone, 6r ; 



INELIGIBLE 



281 



INGRATE 



Quality of being, etc. — Ineligible, -T-jT-bl, a. Not 
eligible; not proper to be elected to an office; unde- 
sirable. — Ineligibility, n.— Inept', a. Not apt or 
fit; unfit; unsuitable; improper; silly; nonsensical. 
[OF. ineptc, L. ineptus, fr. in and apttts, apt, q. v.J — 
Ineptitude, -T-tud, n. Quality of being inept ; 
unfitness; foolishness; nonsense. — Inequality, 
-kwol'T-tT, n. Quality of being unequal; lack of uni- 
formity; diversity; unevenness; want of levelness; 
disproportion to any office or purpose ; inadequacy. 
(Alg.) The expression of 2 unequal quantities, with 
the sign of inequality between them,— as, 3 > 2. (As- 
tron.) An irregularity or deviation in the motion of 
a planet or satellite from its uniform mean motion. 

— Ineq'uitable, -ek'wT-ta-bl, a. Not equitable ; not 
just. — Inert', -erf, a. Destitute of the power of 
moving itself, or of active resistance to motion im- 
pressed; indisposed to move or act; dull ; powerless 
for an effect or influence; inactive; sluggish. [L. in- 
ers, -ertis, f r. in and ars. artis, art, skill.] — Inertly, 
adv. — Inert'ness, «.— Iner'tia, -er'shT-a, n. (Phys- 
ics.) That property of matter by which it tends 
when at rest to remain so, and when in motion to 
continue in motion. Indisposition to move ; inac- 
tivity ; sluggishness. [L.] — Ines 'tunable, -tT-ma- 
bl, a. Incapable of being estimated or computed ; 
above all price ; incalculable ; invaluable. — Ines'- 
timably, adv. — Inevitable, -T-ta-bl, a. Not evi- 
table ; incapable of being avoided ; unavoidable ; 
not to be withstood or resisted. — Inev'itableness, 
n. — Inevitably, adv. — Inexact', -egz-akt', a. Not 
exact; not precisely correct or true. — Inexcit'able, 
-eks-slt'a-bl, a. Not susceptible of excitement. — 
Inexcus'able, -eks-kuz'a-bl, a. Not admitting ex- 
cuse or justification. — Inexcus'ableness, n. — In- 
excus'ably, adv. — Inexhaust'ible, -egz-awst'T-bl, 
a. Incapable of being exhausted or emptied ; un- 
failing. — Inexhaust'ibleness, ?*. — Inexist'ent, 
-egz-ist'ent, n. Not having being ; not existing ; 
existing in something else ; inherent. — Inex'ora- 
ble, -eks'o-ra-bl, a. Not to be persuaded or moved 
by entreaty or prayer; unyielding: unchangeable. 

— Inex'orably, adv. — Inexorability, n. — Inex- 
pedient. -eks-pe'dT-ent, a. Not expedient ; not 
tending to a good end or to promote a purpose or 
cause ; unfit ; improper. — Inexpe'dience, -diency, 
-dT-en-sT, n. — Inexpen'sive, -eks-pen'siv, a. Not 
expensive. — Inexpe'rience, -eks-pe'rT-ens, n. Ab- 
sence or want of experience. — Inexpe'rienced, -rf- 
enst, a. Not having experience ; unskilled. — In- 
expert', -eks-pgrt', a. Not expert ; without knowl- 
edge or dexterity derived from practice. — Inex'pi- 
able, -eks'pT-a-bl, a. Admitting of no atonement 
or satisfaction ; incapable of being appeased by 
atonement ; implacable. — Inex'piably, adv. — In- 
ex'plicable, -eks'plT-ka-bl, a. Not explainable; in- 
capable of being explained, interpreted, or accounted 
for. — Inex'plicableness, -cabil'ity, n.— Inex'plica- 
bly, adv.— Inexplicit, -eks-plis'it, a. Not explicit; 
not clearly stated. — Inexpressible, -eks-pres'sT-bl, 
a. Not capable of expression ; not to be uttered ; 
unspeakable ; ineffable ; untold. — Inexpressibly, 
adv.— Inexpressive, -iv, a. Not expressing orintend- 
ing to express; meaningless; inexpressible. — Inex- 
pug'nable, -eks-pug'na- or -ptin'a-bl, a. Incapable 
of Deing subdued by force; impregnable. — Inex- 
tinct', -eks-tinkt', a. Not quenched ; not extinct. 

— Inextin'guishable, -tin'gwish-a-bl, a. Not capable 
of being extinguished ; unquenchable. — Inextir'- 
pable, -eks-ter'pa-bl. a. Not capable of being extir- 
pated. — Inex'tricable. -eks'trT-ka-bl, a. Not capa- 
ble of being extricated. — Inex'tricably, adv. 

— Infal'lible, in-fal'lT-bl, a. Not fallible : entirely 
exempt from liability to mistake; not liable to fail, 
or to deceive confidence ; certain. — Infal'libleness, 
-libil'ity, ».— Infal'llbly, adv. — In'famy, -fa-mT, n. 
Total loss of reputation ; public disgrace ; extreme 
baseness or vileness. (Law.) That loss of character 
which a convict incurs, and by which a person is at 
common law rendered incompetent as a witness. 
[F. infarnie, L. infamia, fr. in and fama, fame, q. 
v.] — in'famous, -mus, a. Of ill report ; having a 
reputation of the worst kind ; held in abhorrence ; 
detestable ; scandalous ; disgraceful ; base ; igno- 
minious. (Law.) Branded with infamy by convic- 
tion of a crime. — In'famously, adv. — In'fant, n. 
A young babe ; sometimes, a child several years of 
age. (Law.) A person not of full age; a minor. — a. 
Pert, to infancy ; intended for young children. [L. 
infans, fr. in and fari, to speak.]— In'fancy, -sT,k. 
State of being an infant ; early part of life ; begin- 



ning or early period. (Law.) State or condition of 
one under age ; nonage; minority. — In'fantile, -til 
or -til, In'fantine, -tin or -tTn, a. Pert, to, or char- 
acteristic of, infants or young children. [OF.] — In- 
fan'ta, -ta, n. In Spain and Portugal, any princess 
of the royal blood, except the eldest daughter when 
heiress apparent. [Sp. and Pg.] — Infan'te, -ta, n. 
Any son of the king, except the eldest, or heir ap- 
parent. [Sp. and Pg.] — Infanticide, -T-sId, n. 
{Law.) The killing of a newly-born child. Child- 
murder; a slayer of infants. [F.; L. infanticidium ; 
csedere, to kilf.] — In'fantry, -fant-rT, n. (Mil.) Foot- 
soldiers, disting. fr. caralry- [F. infanterie. It. in- 
fanteria, lit. a band of infants, i. e., of youths or 
servants following a knight.] — Infea'sible, -fe'zT- 
bl, a. Not capable of being done or accomplished; 
impracticable. — Infea'sibil'ity, n. — Infec'und, a. 
Unfruitful ; not producing young ; barren. — Infe- 
cun'dity, n. Want of fecundity; barrenness. —In- 
felicitous, -lis'T-tus, a. Not felicitous ; unhappy; 
unfortunate. — Infelicity, -T-tT, n. Unhappiness, 
misery ; misfortune ; unfortunate state ; unfavor- 
ableness. — Infer'tile, -fer'til, a. Not fertile ; un- 
productive ; barren. — Infertility, n. — In'fidel, 
-fT-del, a. Unbelieving; disbelieving the inspiration 
of the Scriptures, or the divine institution of Chris- 
tianity. — n. One without faith, or unfaithful ; a 
disbeliever in Christianity ; unbeliever ; esp. a free- 
thinker, atheist, or skeptic; formerly, one not of the 
faith, — said by persons of any religion of those not 
of the same belief, as by Christians of Mohamme- 
dans, and vice versa. [OF. infidele, L. infidelis. See 
Fidelity.] — Infidelity, n. Want of faith or be- 
lief ; skepticism ; disbelief of the divime origin of 
Christianity ; unfaithfulness to the marriage con- 
tract; breach of trust; treachery; deceit. — In 'finite, 
-fT-nit, a. Unlimited or boundless, in time or space; 
without limit in power, capacity, intensity, or moral 
excellence; perfect; indefinitely large or extensive; 
immeasurable ; illimitable ; unbounded. (Math.) 
Greater than any assignable quantity of the same 
kind. (Mus.) Capable of endless repetition. — n. In- 
finite space or extent; the Almighty. (Math.) An in- 
finite quantity or magnitude. An infinity; an incal- 
culable or very great number. — In'finitely, adv. — 
In'finiteness, n. — In'finites'imal, a. Infinitely 
small; less than any assignable quantity.— n. (Math.) 
An infinitely small quantity, or one less than any 
assignable quantity.— Infinitive, -T-tiv, a. Unlimit- 
ed ; not bounded or restricted. — Infinitive mode. 
(Grain.) That mode of the verb which expresses the 
action of the verb without limitation of person or 
number; as, to love : infinitive is often used as a noun 
to denote this mode.— Infinitude, -T-tud, n. Quality 
of being infinite ; infiniteness ; infinite extent ; im- 
mensity ; boundless number ; countless multitude. 
[F.] — Infinity, -T-tT, n. Unlimited extent of time, 
space, or quantity; boundlessness; unlimited capaci- 
ty, energy, or excellence; endless or indefinite num- 
ber ; immense multitude. (Math.) The state of a 
quantity when greater than any assignable quantity 
of the same kind. [F. infinite'.] — Infirm', -ferm', a. 
Not firm or sound; weak; weak of mind; irresolute; 
not solid or stable ; sickly ; feeble ; imbecile. — In- 
firm'ary, -a-rT, n. A hospital, or place where the 
infirm or sick are lodged and nursed. — Infirmity, 
-T-tT, n. State of being infirm ; an imperfection or 
weakness ; esp. ; a disease, malady ; failing ; foible ; 
debility; imbecility; imperfection. — Infirm' ness, n. 

— Inflexible, -fleks'T-bl, a. Not capable of being 
bent ; firm ; firm in purpose ; not to be changed ; 
incapable of change; unbending: unyielding; rigid; 
inexorable ; stubborn ; unrelenting. — Inflex'ible- 
ness, -ibil'ity, n. —Inflexibly, adv. — Infor'mal, 
-fQr'mal, a. Not in the regular, usual, or estab- 
lished form; irregular; not according to official or 
prescribed rules or forms; not binding; without cer- 
emony.— Informality, n. Want of customary form. 

— Inform'ally, adv. — Infran'gible, -jl-bl, a. Not 
capable of being broken or separated into parts; not 
to be violated. — Infre'quent, -kwent, a. Seldom 
happening or occurring to notice; unfrequent; rartst 
uncommon. — Infre'quently, adv. — Infre'quence, 
-quency, »?. — Infu'sible, -zl-bl, a. Not fusible ; in- 
capable of fusion. — Infu'sibil'ity, n. 

— Ingel'able, in-jel'a-bl, «. Incapable of being con- 

fealed. — Inglo'fious, -rT-us, a. Not glorious ; not 
ringing honor ; shameful ; disgraceful. — Inglo'ri- 
ously, adv.— In'grate, -grat, a. Ungrateful; unpleaa- 
ing to the sense. — n. An ungrateful person. [F. in- 
grat, L. ingratus, fr. in and gratiis, Deloved, dear, 



etin, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t : cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get 



INGRATITUDE 



282 



INSOLVENCY 



grateful.] — Ingratitude, -grat'i-tud, n. Want of 
gratitude ; insensibility to favors ; unthankfulness. 

— Inharmonic, in-har-mon'ik, -ical, a. Not har- 
monic; unharmonious.— Inharmo'nious, -mo'ni-us, 
a. Not harmonious ; discordant. — Inhos'pitable, 
-pi-ta-bl, a. Not hospitable ; not disposed to enter- 
tain strangers. — Inhos'pitableness, -pital'ity, n. — 
Inhos'pitably, adv.— Inhu'man, a. Destitute of the 
kindness belonging to a human being ; character- 
ized by, or attended with, cruelty ; pitiless ; merci- 
less ; savage ; barbarous. — Inhumanity, n. State of 
being inhuman. — Inhu'manly, adv. 

— Inimical, in-im' I-kal, a. Having the disposition 
or temper of an enemy ; unfriendly ; opposed in 
tendency, influence, or effects ; repugnant. [L. in- 
imicalis, fr. inimicus, unfriendly, fr. in and ami- 
cus, a friend.] — Inimlcally, adv. — Inimitable, 
-T-ta-bl, a. Not capable of being imitated or copied. 

— Inimltableness, -tabillty, n. — Inimitably, adv. 

— Iniq'uity, -ik'wi-tl, n. Absence of, or deviation 
from, equal or just dealing: want of rectitude ; an 
act of injustice or unrighteousness ; wickedness ; 
sin; crime; a character in the old Eng. moralities, 
or moral dramas, having the name sometimes of one 
vice and sometimes of another. [F. iniquity, L. in 



iquitas, fr. in and sequitas, equity, q. v.] — Iniq'ui- 
tous.-wt-tus, a. Characterized by iniquity; wicked; 
nefarious ; criminal. — Iniq'uitously, adv 



tous, -wT-tus, a. Characterized by iniquity 
nefarious ; criminal. — Iniq'uitously, adv. 

-Injudicious, in-ju-dish'us, a. Not judicious; void 
of judgment; indiscreet; unwise; rash; hasty; im- 
prudent. — Injudi'ciously, adv. — Injudi'ciousness, 
n. — In'jure, -jur, v. t. [-jured (-jurd), -juring.] To 
do harm to, hurt, damage ; to wound, as the person : 
to impair soundness, as of health; to damage or les- 
sen the value of, as goods or estates; to slander, or 
impair, as reputation or character ; to diminish, as 
happiness; to give pain to, as the sensibilities or the 
feelings; to impair, as the intellect or mind. [F. in- 
jurier, L. injuriari, fr. injuria, an injury, inwrius, 
unjust, fr. in and jus, juris, law, right.] — In'jurer, 
n. — Inju'rious, -j'u-rT-us, a. Not just ; wrongful ; 
hurtful or prejudicial to the rights of another ; 
tending to injure ; pernicious ; baneful ; contume- 
lious ; Tiurting reputation. — Injuliously, adv. — 
Inju'riousness, n. — In'jury, -ju-rT, n. That which 
injures, brings harm, or occasions loss or diminution 
of good; mischief; detriment: damage.— Injus'tica, 
-tis, n. "Want of justice and equity ; violation of 
the rights of an individual ; wrong. 

— Inliocent, in 'no-sent, a. Not harmful; free from 
guilt; not tainted with sin; lawful; permitted; not 
contraband; harmless; inoffensive; pure; blameless; 
faultless; upright.— n. One free from guilt or harm; 
an ignorant person; hence, an idiot; dolt; simpleton. 
[F. ; L. innocens, -centis, fr. in and nocere, to hurt.] — 
In'nocence,-sens, n. State of being innocent; innocu- 
ousness; state of being not chargeable with guilt or 
sin; purity of heart ; ignorance ; imbecility. — In r - 
nocency, -sen-si, n. Same as Innocence, but an- 
tiquated.— In'nocently, adv.— Innoc'uous, -nok'-u- 
us, a. Harmless; safe; producing no ill effect; inno- 
cent. [L. innocvus, fr. in and nocuus, hurtful, nocere, 
to hurt.] — Innoc'uously, adv. — Innoc'uousness, 
n. —Innoxious, -nok'shus, a. Free from mischiev- 
ous qualities; harmless in effects ; innocent ; guilt- 
less. — Innox'iously, adv. Harmlessly. — Innox'- 
iousness, n. — Innumerable, -mer-a-bl, a. Not ca- 
pable of being numbered, for multitude ; very 
numerous; countless; numberless; unnumbered.— 
Innu'merabil'ity, n.— Innu'merableness, n— Innu- 
merably, adv. — Innutri'tion, -trish/un, n. Want of 
nutrition. — Innutri'tious, -trTsh/us, a. Not nutri- 
tious, or nourishing; innutritive. — Innu'tritive, 
-trT-tiv, a. Not nourishing. 

— Inobserv'ant, in-ob-z e r v'ant, a. No t taking notice ; 
heedless. — Inobservance, -ans, n. Wantof observ- 
ance; negligence. — Ino'dorous, -o'der-us, a. Want- 
ing scent ; Tiaving no smell. — Inoffen'sive, -siv, a. 
Givingno offense, provocation, ordisturbance; harm- 
less ; doing no injury or mischief. — Inoffensively, 
adv. — Inoffen'siveness, n. — Inofficial, -fish'al, a. 
Not official ; not done in the usual forms or by the 
proper officer. — Inoffi'cially, adv. — Inoffi'c'ious, 
-fish'us, a. Not civil or attentive. (Law.) Regardless 
of natural obligation ; contrary to natural duty. — 
Inop'erative, -er-a-tiv, a. Not operative; producing 
no effect. — Inopportune', -por-tQn', a. Not oppor- 
tune; unseasonable in time.— Inopportunely, adv. 

— Inop'ulent, -u-lent, a. Not opulent; not wealthy. 
— Inor'dinate, -6r'di-nat, a. Not limited to rules 



prescribed, or to usual bounds ; irregular; disorderly; 
excessive ; immoderate. [L. inordinatus, fr. in and 
ordinare, -atum, to set in order.] — Inordinately, adv. 

— Inor'dinateness, -dinacy, -na-sT, n. — Inorganic, 
-ical, a. Not organic; without organs; not being, or 
derived from, an organized structure; unorganized; 
pert, or relating to unorganized substances. — Inor'- 
ganized, -izd, a. Not having organic structure. 

— Inqui'etude, in-kwi'e-tud, n. Disturbed state ; 
uneasiness of mind or body. 

— Insalu'brious, in-sa-lu'brT-us, a. Not salubrious : 
not healthful; unwholesome.— Insahi'brity, -bri-t Y, 
n._ Unhealthfulness; unwholesomeness. — Insane', 
-san', a. Not sane ; unsound in mind ; crazy ; dis- 
tracted; delirious; frantic; raving: mad; used by, or 
appropriated to, insane persons. — Insanely, adv.— 
Insanity, -san'Y-tY, n. Derangement of mind ; dis- 
order of the mental faculties arising from disease of 
the brain; alienation; aberration: mania.— Insa'tia- 
ble, -shT-a-bl, a. Incapable of being satisfied or ap- 
peased. — Insa'tiableness, n. Greediness of appetite 
that cannot be appeased. — Insaliably, adv. — Insa'- 
tiate, -shT-at, a. Insatiable. — Irsati'ety, -ti'e-tY, n. 
Insatiableness. — Insat'urable, -u-ra-bl,a. Not capa- 
ble of being saturated. — Ir.scient, in'shY-ent or in- 
si'ent, a. Having little or no knowledge; ignorant. 
[L. insciens, fr. in and scire, to know.] — Inscru'table, 
-skroola-bl, a. Incapable of being searched into and 
understood by inquiry or study, or of being discov- 
ered or explained bv human reason. — In scru'table- 
ness, -tabillty, n.— Inscru'tably, adv.— Insec'able, 
-sek'a-bl, a. Incapable of being divided by a cutting 
instrument. [L. insecafnlis, fr. in and secabilis, that 
may be cut, fr. secare, to cut.] — Insecure', -se-kur', 
a. Not secure; not safe; exposed to or apprehensive 
of danger or loss. — Insecurely, adv. — Insecu'rity, 
-ku'ri-tT, n. Condition of being insecure; danger; 
hazard; want of confidence in one's safety ; uncer- 
tainty. — Insen'sate, a. Destitute of sense; stupid; 
foolish. — Insen'sible, -si-bl, a. Destitute of the 
power of perceiving; void of feeling; wanting ten- 
derness; incapable of being perceived by the senses; 
progressing by imperceptible degrees; impercepti- 
ble; dull; stupid; torpid; unfeeling; indifferent ; 
hard: callous. — Insen'sibly, adv. — Insensibility, 
n. — Insen'tient, -shent, a. Not having perception, 
or power of perception. — Insep'arable, -a-ra-bl, a. 
Not separable; incapable of being separated or dis- 
joined. — Insep'arableness, -arabil'ity, n. — Insep'- 
arably, adv. — Insignificant, -1-kant, a. Not sig- 
nificant; destitute of meaning; having no weight or 
effect; without weight of character; unimportant; 
immaterial; trivial; mean: contemptible. — Insig- 
nificantly, adv. — Insignificance, -icancy, -1-kan- 
sT, n. Want of significance or meaning; want of 
force or effect; unimportance; want of claim to con- 
sideration or notice. —Insincere', -sin-ser', a. Not 
sincere ; not being in truth what one appears to be; 
deceitful; hypocritical; false, — said of things; not 
to be trusted or relied upon; dissembling; disingen- 
uous. — Insincere'ly, adv. — Insincerity, -ser'i-tl, 
n. Want of sincerity; dissimulation; hypocrisy; de- 
ceitfulness. — Insipid, a. Destitute of taste; want- 
ing spirit, life, or animation; vapid; dull; spiritless; 
lifeless; flat. [F. insipide, L. insipidus, fr. in and 
sapidus, savory, fr. sapere, to taste.] — Insipidly, 
adv. —Insipidity, -pid'i-tT, Insipidness, n. Qual- 
ity of being insipid; want of taste; tastelessness; 
want of interest, life, or spirit. — Insobri'ety, -bri'- 
e-tT, n. Want of sobriety; intemperance. — Inso'- 
ciable, -sha-bl, a. Not sociable; not given to conver- 
sation; taciturn. — In'solent, -so-lent, a. Proud and 
haughty, with contempt of others; proceeding from 
insolence; overbearing; insulting; abusive; saucy; 
impudent; audacious; pert; opprobrious. [F.; L. 
insolens, fr. in and solens, accustomed, p. pr. of solere, 
to be accustomed.] — In'solently, adv.— In'solence, 
-so-lens, n. Pride or haughtiness manifested in con- 
temptuous and overhearing treatment of others; im- 
pudence. — Insolid'ity, n. Want of solidity; weak- 
ness.— Insol'uble, -sol'u-bl, a. Not soluble; incapa- 
ble of being dissolved, particularly by a liquid; not to 
be solved or explained.— Insorubil'ity, w.— Insolv' 
able, a. Not solvable; not capable of solution or ex- 
plication; incapable of being paid or discharged. — 
Insolv'ent, a. (Law.) Not solvent; not having suf- 
ficient estate to pay one's debts; not sufficient to 
pay all the debts of the owner; respecting persons 
unable to pay their debts, — n. One not solvent. — 
Insolv'ency, -en-si, n. Condition of one unable to 
pay his debts as they fall due, or in the usual course 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Cdd, tone, or i 



INSOMNIA 



283 



INAUHATE 



of trade and business; insufficiency to discharge all 
debts of the owner. — Insom'nia. -nY-a, n. Want of 
sleep ; inability to sleep; wakefulness. [L., 1 r. in 
and somnis, sleep.] — Insom'nious, -nY-us,_a. Rest- 
less in sleep; sleepless. — Insouciance, aisr-soo'se-oxs', 
n. Carelessness; unconcern. [F., fr. insouciant, heed- 
less, fr. in and soucier, L. sollicitare, to care for.] — In- 
stability, -sta-bil'i-tl, n. Want of stability; want 
of firmness in purpose; inconstancy; fickleness; un- 
steadiness. — Insta'ble, a. Not stable ; prone to 
change or recede from a purpose; mutable; incon- 
stant. — Insubjec'tion, -jet' shun, n. Want of sub- 
jection; disobedience to government. — Insubordi- 
nate, -6r'dl-nat, a. Not submissive; mutinous. — 
Insubor'dina'tion, n. Want of subordination; dis- 
obedience to lawful authority. —Insufferable, -fer- 
a-bl, a. Incapable of being suffered ; insupportable ; 
unendurable: intolerable; disgusting beyond endur- 
ance. — Insufferably, adv. — Insuffi'cient, -fish'- 
ent, a. Not sufficient: inadequate to any need, use, 
or purpose; wanting in strength, power, ability, or 
skill; incommensurate; unequal; unfit. — Insuifi'- 
ciently, adv.— Insuffi'cience, -fish'ens, -ficiency, n. 

— Insu'perable, -per-a-bl, a. Not superable; incapa- 
ble of being passed over, overcome, or surmounted; 
insurmountable ; unconquerable : invincible. — In- 
su'perableness, -perabil'ity, n.— Insu'perably, adv. 

— lisupport'able, a. Incapable of being supported 
or borne; insufferable; intolerable. — Insupport'a- 
bleness, n. — Insupport'ably, adv. — Insuppos'able, 
-poz'a-bl, a. Incapable of being supposed; incon- 
ceivable. — Insuppress'ible, -pres'1-bl, a. Not to be 
suppressed.— Insurmount 'able, -ser-mownt'a-bl, a. 
Incapable of being surmounted, or overcome ; insu- 
perable.— Insurmount'ableness, n. — Insur mount '- 
ably, adv. — Insuscep'tible, -sus-sep'tl-bl, a. Not 
susceptible; not capable of being moved, affected, or 
impressed. — Insusceptibility, n. 

— Intact', in-takt', a. Untouched, esp. by any- 
thing that harms, defiles, etc. ; uninjured. [L. in- 
tactus, fr. in and tactus, p. p. of tangere, to touch.] 

— Intan'gible, -jf-bl, a. Not tangible ; that can- 
not be touched ; immaterial ; not perceptible to the 
touch L — Intan'gibleness, -gibil'ity, n. — Intast'a- 
ble, -tast'a-bl, a. Incapable of being tasted ; taste- 
less ; unsavory.— In'teger , -te-jer, n. A whole num- 
ber, in contradistinction from a fraction or a mixed 
number. [L., untouched, whole, entire.] — In'te- 
gral, -te-gral, a. Complete; whole; entire; not frac- 
tional. {Math.) Pert, to, or being a whole num- 
ber ; pert, to, or proceeding by, integration. — n. A 
whole ; an entire thing ; a whole number. (Math.) 
An expression which, being differentiated, will pro- 
duce a given differential.— In'tegrally, adv. — In'- 
tegrant, a. Making part of a whole ; necessary to 
constitute an entire thing. — Integrate, -grat, v. t. 
To make entire; to restore; to give the sum or total. 
(Math.) To find the integral of. — Integration, n. 
Act of making entire. (Math.) Operation of find- 
ing the primitive function which has a given func- 
tion for its differential coefficient. — Integ'rity, 
-teg'rf-tT, n. State of being entire or complete ; 
wholeness; moral soundness; honesty; uprightness; 
unimpaired, or genuine state; puritv; probity; vir- 
tue; rectitude. [F. integrity, L. integritas.] — Intern'- ! 
perance, -per-ans, n. Want of moderation or due I 
restraint; excess in any indulgence; habitual indul- j 
gence in spirituous liquors; act of becoming, or state 
of being, intemperate. [F.] — Intem'perate, a. In- 
dulging to excess any appetite or passion, either ha- I 
bituallyorin a particular instance; excessive; un- I 

fovernable; inordinate; addicted to excessive or ha- 
itual use of spirituous liquors. — Intem'perately, 
adv. — Intem'perateness, n. — Inten'able, a. Inca- 1 
pable of being held; untenable. — Interminable, j 
•tSr'mi-na-bl, a. Without termination ; admitting 
BO limit; boundless; immeasurable; infinite; unlim- 
ited; wearisomely protracted.— Inter 'minably, adv. 

— Inter'minate, a. Unbounded ; endless. — Intes'- 
table, a. Not legally qualified or competent to make 
a testament. [L. intestahilis, fr. in and testabilis, hav- 
ing a right to give testimony, fr. testari, -tatus, to be 
a witness, to make a will.] — Intes'tacy, -ta-sT, n. 
State of one dyings without having made a valid will. 

— Intes'tate, a. Dying without havins made a valid 
will ; not devised or bequeathed; not disposed of by 
will. — n. A person who dies without making a valid 
will. — Intolerable, -er-a-bl, a. Not tolerable : not 
capable of being endured ; insufferable. — Intol'er- 
ableness, n. — Intol'erably, adv. — Intolerance, -cr- 
ane, n. State of being intolerant; refusal to allow to 



others the enjoyment of their opinions; illiberality ; 
bigotry.— Intol'erant, a. Not enduring difference of 
opinion or sentiment, esp. in relation to religion; 
not able or willing to endure. — Intol'era'tion, n. 
Want of toleration ; intolerance. — Intrac fable, 
-trakt'a-bl, a. Not tractable ; not easily governed, 
managed, or directed; indisposed to be taught, disci- 
plined, or tamed; stubborn; perverse; refractory; 
unruly; headstrong; unteachable. — Intract'able- 
ness, -ability, n. — Intract'ably, adv. — Intran'si- 
tive, -sl-tiv, a. (Gram.) Expressing an action or 
state limited to the agent, — i. e., an action that does 
not pass over to, or operate upon, an object. — In- 
transitively, adv. Without an object following. — 
Intransmissible, -trans-mis'sT-bl, a. Not capable 
of being transmitted. — Intransmut'able, -mut'a-bl, 
a. Not capable of being transmuted, or changed 
into another substance. — Intransmut'abil'ity, n. — 
Intrepid, a. Fearless; bold: brave: undaunted. [L. 
intrepid us.] — Intrepidly, adv. — Intrepidity, -tre- 
pid'T-tT, n. State or quality of being intrepid; fear- 
less bravery; courage: heroism; valor. 

— Inutility, in-u-til'f-tl, n. Uselessness; unprofita- 
bleness. 

— Invalid, in-valid, a. Not valid ; of no force, 
weight, or cogency: weak. (Law.) Having no force, 
effect, or efficacy; void; null. [F. inralide, L. inral- 
idus, fr. in and validus, fr. valere, to be strong, to be 
in force.] — In'valid, a. In ill health; feeble; infirm. 

— n. A person who is weak and infirm, sickly or 
indisposed. — v. t. To enroll on the list of invalids 
in the military or naval service. — Invalidate. -I- 
dat, v. t. To render invalid; to destroy the strength 
or validity of, render of no force or effect. — InvaP- 
ida'tion, n. Act or process of rendering invalid. 

— Invalidity, n. Want of cogency ; want of legal 
force or efficacy. — Inva'riable, -ri-a-bl, a. Not 
given to variation or change ; immutable ; unalter- 
able ; always uniform. — Inva'riableness, -riabil'- 
ity, n. — Inva'riably, adv. — Inver'tebral, -ver'te- 
bral, a. (Zo'ol.) Destitute of a vertebral column, 
as some animals ; invertebrate. — Invertebrate, 
-brat, n. An animal which, etc. — Inver'tebrate, 
-brat'ed, a. Destitute of a backbone ; invertebral. 

— Invig'ilance, -ilancy, -vij'i-lan-sT, n. Want of 
vigilance; neglect of watching. — Invin'cible, -sT- 
bl, a. Incapable of being conquered or overcome ; 
unconquerable: insuperable. — Invin'cibleness, -ci- 
billty, n— Invin'cibly, adv. — Invi'olable, -o-la-bl, 
a. Not violable ; not capable of being broken or 
violated ; not to be profaned ; sacred ; not suscep- 
tible of hurt or wound. — Invi'olably, adv. — Invi- 
olability, n. — Invi'olate, -lat, -lated, a. Unhurt; 
unprofaned ; unpolluted ; unbroken. — Invisible, 
-viz'T-bl, a. Ineapable of being seen ; impercep- 
tible by the sight. — Invisibly, adv. — Invis'ibil'- 
ity, n. State of being, or that which is, invisible. — 
Invol'untary, -un-ta-rl, a. Not having will or power 
of choice: independent of will or choice; not pro- 
ceeding from choice; not done willingly. — Invol- 
untarily, adv. — Invol'untariness, n. — Invul'ner- 
able, -ner-a-bl, a. Incapable of being wounded or 
receiving injurv ; unassailable ; able to resist argu- 
ment. — Invul'nerableness, -nerabillty, n. 

Inamorata, in-am'o-ra'ta, n. /., -rato, -ra'to, n. m. 

One enamored, or in love; a lover. [It. innamorata, 

-to, p. p. of innamorare, to inspire with love. See 

Enamor.] 
In-and-in, Inasmuch. See under In, prep. 
Inarch, in-arch', v. t. [-arched (-arcntO. -ABCHING.] 

To graft by uniting, as a scion, to 

a stock, without separating it from 

its parent tree. [E. in and arch, 

q. v.] 
Inaugurate, in-aw'gu-rat, v. t. To 

induct into office formally ; to 

cause to begin; to set in motion, 

or action ; to make a public exhi- 
bition of for the first time. [L. 

inaugurare, -atum, fr. in and aug- 

urare, -art, to practice augury, fr. 

augur, q. v.] — Inau'gural, -gu- 

ral, a. Pert, to, or performed or 

pronounced at, an inauguration. 

— n. An inaugural address. — In-, 
augura'tion, n. Act of inaugu- 
rating; formal beginning of any 
movement, course of action, etc. 
-ra-to-rl, a. Suited or pert, to inauguration. 

Inaurate, in-aw'rat, v. t. To cover with gold, gild.— a. 
Gilded. [L. inaurare, -atum, fr. in and aurum, gold.] 




Inarching. 
- Inau'guratory, 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboK, chair, get. 



INBEING- 



284 



INCLINE 



Inbeing, in-bCing, n. Inherence; inherent existence. 

Inborn, m'b6rn, a. Born in or with; implanted by 
nature. 

Inbreathe, iE-breth', v. t. [-breathed (-brettd'), 
-BKEATHSB'u.J To infuse by breathing. 

Inbreed, in-bred'', v. t. [-bred, -breeding.] To pro- 
duce or generate within; to breed in-and-in: see 
under In. — Xn'bred, a. Bred within; innate; nat- 
ural. 

Inca, in'ka, n. ; pi. Incas, -kaz. A king or prince of 
Peru, before its conquest by the Spaniards. 

Incage, in-kaj', v. t. [-caged (-kajd'), -caging.] To 
confine in a cage; to inclose. 

Incalescent, in-ka-les'sent, a. Growing warm ; in- 
creasing in heat. [L. incalescens, p. pr. of incalescere, 
f r. in and calescere, to grow warm or hot.] — Inca- 
les'cence, -sens, -cency, -sen-sT, n. A growing warm; 
incipient or increasing heat; calef action. 

Incandescent, in-kan-des'sent, a. White or glowing 
with heat. [L. in and candescere, to grow warm, f r. 
candere, to glow ; s. rt. candid, candle.] — Incandes- 
cent light. The bright light emitted by an electric 
conductor (e. g., a strip of carbon) heated to incan- 
descence by an electric current in a rarefied atmos- 
phere or vacuum.— Incandes'cence, -sens, n. A white 
heat, or the glowing whiteness of a body caused by 
intense heat. 

Incantation, in-kan-ta'shun, n. Act of enchanting; 
enchantment; act of using magical words or formu- 
las. [L. incantatio, fr. incantare, to chant a magic 
formula over one. See Enchant.] — Incant'atory, 
-a-to-rf, a. Dealing by enchantment ; magical. 

Incarcerate, in-kar'ser-at, v. t. To imprison, confine, 
shut up, or inclose. — a. Imprisoned; confined. [L. 
in and carcerare, -atum, to imprison, fr. career, a 
prison .] — Incar'cera'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. 

Incarnate, in-kar'nat, v. t. To clothe with flesh, em- 
body in flesh. — a. Invested with flesh; embodied 
in a fleshy nature and form. [L. incarnare, -natum, 
f r. in and caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnage.] — In- 
carna'tion, n. Act of assuming flesh, or of taking 
a human body and the nature of man; state of being 
united with a human form and nature; an incarnate 
form; a striking exemplification in person or act; 
manifestation. [F.] — Incar'native, -tiv, a. Caus- 
ing new flesh to grow. — Incar'nadine, -din, a. 
Flesh-colored: of a carnation color. — v.t. To dye 
red. [F. incarnadin. It. incarnadino, flesh-colored. 

Incase, m-kas', v. t. [-cased ^-kasf), -casing.] To 
inclose in a case, surround with something solid. — 
Incase'ment, n. Act or process of, etc.; any inclos- 
ing substance. 

Incatenation, in-kat'e-na-shun, n. Act of linking to- 
gether. [L. in and catena, chain.] 

Incavation, in-ka-va'shun, n. The act of making 
hollow; an excavation; depression. [L. incavare, to 
make hollow, fr. in and cavare, fr. cavus, hollow.] 

Incendiary, in-sen'di-a-rT, n. One who maliciously 
sets *ire to a building ; one who excites or inflames 
tactions; an agitator.— a. Pert, to the malicious 
burning of a dwelling; inflammatory; seditious. [L. 
incendiarius, fr. incendium, a burning, incendere, 
-censum, to kindle, fr. in and (obs.) candere, to burn; 
s. rt. L. candere, to glow, E. candid, candle, incan- 
descent.]— Incen'diarism, -rizm, n. Act or practice 
of, etc. — Incense', -sens', v. t. To enkindle or in- 
flame to violent anger ; to enrage ; exasperate ; irri- 
tate; heat; fire. — In'cense, n. Odors of spices and 
gums burned in religious rites ; a mixture of fra- 
grant gums, spices, etc., for producing a perfume. — 
v. t. To perfume with incense. [F. ensens, L. in- 
censurn, incense, prop. p. p. of incendere.'] — Incen'- 
sion, -shun, n. Act of kindling, or state of being 
kindled or on fire. — Incen'sive, -siv, a. Tending to 
excite or provoke ; inflammatory. 

Incentive, in-sen'tiv, a. Inciting : encouraging or 
moving. — n. That which incites to determination 
or action ; motive ; stimulus : encouragement. [L. 
incentivus, fr. incinere, to strike up or set the tune, 
f r. in and canere, to sing.] 

Inception, in-sep'shun, n. Beginning ; commence- 
ment. [L. inceptio, fr. incipere, -ceptum, to begin, 
fr. in and capere, to take.] — Incep'tive, -tiv, a. Be- 
ginning ; expressing or indicating beginning. — In- 
cipient. -sip'I-ent, a. Same as Inceptive. — In- 
cip'iently, adv. — Incipience, -ency, -I-en-sI, n. 
Inception. 

Inch, inch, n. The 12th part of a lineal foot; a small 
distance or degree. [AS. ynce, fr. L. uncia, an inch, 
also an ounce.] — Inch'-meal, -mel, n. A piece an 




inch long. — adv. By small degrees; little by little. 

— By inch-meal, by inches. Gradually. 
Inchoate, in'ko-at, a. Recently, or just, begun ; in- 
cipient ; also, incomplete. [L. in'choatus, p. p. of 
inchoare, to begin.] — Inchoa'tion, n. Act of be- 
ginning; commencement; inception. — Incho'ative, 
-tiv, a. Expressing or indicating beginning. 

Incident, in'sl-dent, a. Falling upon, as a ray of light 
upon a reflecting surface ; happening accidentally ; 
casual; fortuitous; liable to happen; naturally hap- 
pening or appertaining. {Law.) Dependent upon, 
or appertaining to, another thing, called the prin- 
cipal. — n. That which usually falls out or takes 
place; an event; circumstance; that which happens 
aside from the main design: an episode or subordi- 
nate action. {Law.) Something depending on or 
passing with the principal. [F., an incident, cir- 
cumstance, fr. L. incidens, -dentis, p. pr. of inci- 
dere, to befall, fr. in and cadere, to fall. See Ca- 
dence.] — Incidental, a. Happening, as an occa- 
sional event, without regularity ; not necessary to 
the chief purpose : occasional ; accidental ; casual ; 
fortuitous ; contingent. — n. An incident. — Inci- 
dentally, adv. Without intention ; accidentally i 
beside the main design. — In'- - -„ 

cidence, -dens, n. An acci- *• 
dent or casualty. {Physics.) 
Direction in which a body, or 
a ray of light or heat, falls on 
any surface. — Angle of inci- 
dence. The angle which a ray 
of light, or body, falling on 
any surface, makes with a per- ' T 
pendicular to that surface. A B H, angle of ln- 

Incinerate, in-sin'er-at, v. t. To cidtaee ; C B ±1, 
burn to ashes. [L. incinerare, angle of reflection. 
-atum, fr. L. in and cinis, cineris, ashes.]— Incin'era'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Incipience, Incipient, etc. See under Inception. 

Incise, in-siz', v. t. [-cised (-sizd^), -cising.] To 
cut in or into with a sharp instrument, carve, en- 

frave. [F. inciser, L. incidere, -cisum, fr. in and cse- 
ere, to cut.] —Incised leaf. {Bot.) 
One sharply and deeply cut or 
notched.— Incision, -sizh'un, n. 
Act of cutting into a substance ; 
separation of the substance of 
any body made by a cutting in- 
strument ; a cut ; gash. [F.] — 
Inci'sive, -si'siv, a. Having the 
quality of cutting, or penetra- 
ting ; sharp ; acute ; sarcastic ; 
biting. [F. incisif] — Inci'sor, 
-zer, n. A cutter ; a fore tooth, 
which cuts, bites, or separates : 
see Tooth. [L.] — Inci'sory, Incised Leaf, 
-so-rt, a. Having the quality of cutting. — Incis'ure, 
-sizh'ur, n. A cut; incision. 

Incite, in-sif, v. t. To move to action, stir up, spur 
on, stimulate, instigate, rouse, prompt, animate. [F. 
inciter, L. incitare, ir. in and citare, to rouse, fr. ciere, 
cire, to put into motion.] — Incite'ment, n. Act of 
inciting ; that which incites ; motive ; incentive ; 
stimulus, encouragement. [F.] — Incit'er, n. — In- 
ci'tant, n. Incitement. — Incita'tion, n. Act of, 
or thing which, etc. 

Inclasp, m-klasp', v. t. [-clasped (-klaspf), -clasp- 
ing.] To clasp within or into ; to hold fast to, em- 
brace, encircle. 

Incline, in-klin', v. i. [-clined (-klind'), -clining.1 
To deviate from a line, direction, or course toward 
an object; to lean; to favor an opinion, a course of 
conduct, or a person ; to be disposed. — v. t. To 
cause to deviate from a line, position, or direction; to 
give a tendency or propension to, as to the will or af- 
fections; to dispose; to bend; to cause to stoop or bow. 

— n. An ascent or descent, as in a road or railway ; a 
grade. [F. incliner, L. inclinare, -natum, fr. in and 
cliuare, GT.klinein '= E. lean, q. v.] — Inclined plane. 
{Mech.) A plane that makes an 
oblique angle with the plane 
of the horizon; a sloping plane: 
it is one of the mechanical pow- 
ers. — Inclin'er, n. — Inclin'- A . 
able, a. Having a propension 
of will; somewhat disposed.— A D, Inclined Plane. 
Inclination, n. Act of inclining; leaning; deviation 
from a normal direction or position: propension; a 
disposition more favorable to one thing than to an- 
other; bent; tendency; bias; prepossession; predilec- 
tion; love; regard; desire. {Geom.) The angle made 




am, fame, far, oass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, Ice ; Odd. tone, 6r 



INCLOISTER 



285 



INDIAN 



by 2 lines orplanes, which meet, or -would meet, if 
produced. [F.] — Inclin'atory, -a-to-rl, a. Having 
the quality of leaning or inclining. 

Incloister. ih-klois'ter, v. t. To shut up in a cloister. 

Inclose, in-kloz'. >•. t. [-closed (-klozd'), -closing.] 
To surround, shut in, confine on all sides, encom- 
pasa : to put within a case, envelope, etc. [See 
Close.] — Inclos'er, n. — Inclos'ure. -klo'zher, n. 
Act of, state of being, or tiling which is inclosed ; 
space contained or fenced up ; that which incloses ; 
a barrier, fence. 

Incloud, in-klowd', v. t. To envelop in clouds, dark- 
en, obscure. 

Include, in-kind', v. t. To confine within, contain, 
shut up; to comprehend, as a genus the species, the 
whole a part, an argument or reason the inference; 
to embrace. [L. includere, fr. in and cludere, clau- 
dere, to shut.] — Inclu'sion, -zhun, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. — Inclu'sive, -siv, a. Inclosing ; 
encircling : comprehending the stated limit or ex- 
tremes. — Inclu'sively, a/lv. In an inclusive man- 
ner ; so as to include. 

Income, in'kum, n. That gain which proceeds from 
labor, business, or property of any kind; revenue ; re- 
ceipts ; esp. the annual receipts of a private person, 
or a corporation, from rents, business profits, etc.— 
In'coming, -kum-ing, a. Coming in; accruing; com- 
ing in as occupant or possessor. 

In Cbmmendam, in-kom-men , dam. By favor ; — as, 
in £ng., to hold a vacant living in commend am, is to 
hold it bv favor of the crown, till a regular pastor is 
provided; in Louisiana, applied to a kind of limited 
partnership. [LawL. _See Commendam.] 

Incorporate, in-k6r r po-rat, a. United in one body; in- 
corporated; associated. — v. t. To combine (different 
ingredients) into one body or mass; to give a material 
form to, embody: to unite with a substance or mass ' 
already formed or in being; to combine into a struc- 
ture or organization ; to form into a legal body, or 
body politic : to constitute into a corporation. — v. i. 
To unite so as to make a part of another body; to be i 
mixed or blended. [L. incorporare, -atum, fr. in and 
corpus, corporis, body.] — Incor'pora'tion. n. Act of 
incorporating, or state of being incorporated; union 
of different ingredients in one mass ; combination 
into a structure or organization. (Law.) The for- 
mation of a legal or political body by the union of 
individuals; bodv incorporated: a 'corporation. 

Incrassate, in-kras'sat, v. t. To make thick or thicker; 
to thicken. (Pharmacy.) To make thicker by the 
mixture of other substances less fluid, or by evapo- 
rating the thinner parts. — v . i. To become thick or 
thicker. [L. incrassare, -satum, fr. in and crassus, 
thick.] — Incras'sate, -sated, a. Made thick or fat; 
thickened: inspissated. (Hot.) Thickened; becom- 
ing thicker. — Incrassa'tion. n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc.; inspissation. — Incras'sative, -sa-tiv, a. 
Having the quality of thickening. — n. That which 
has the power to thicken. 

Increase, in-kres', v. i. [-creased (-kresf). -cbeas- 
ing.] To become greater in bulk, quantity, num- 
ber, value, intensity, authorirv, etc. ; to grow, aug- 
ment, advance ; to* multiply by the production of 
young. — v. t. To augment or make greater in bulk, 
quantity, or amount: to add to; to improve in qual- 
ity; to aggravate. [NorniF. encreser, OF. creisser, L. ', 
increscere, fr. in and crescere, to grow.] — Increase, 
in-kres r or in^kres, n. A growing larger; that which 
results from growth : produce ; profit ; interest ; 
progeny; issue; offspring; augmentation: extension: 
growth; addition; accessiou. — Increas'able, a. — In- 
crement, in'kre-ment, n. Art or process of increas- 
ing: augmentation; matter added: produce. (JIath.) 
The increase of a variable quantity or fraction from 
its present value to its next ascending value. (Rhet.) 
An amplification without strict climax. [L. incre- 
mentum, fr. increscere.'] — Incres'cent, -sent, a. In- 
creasing; growing; augmenting. 

Incremate, in'kre-mat, v. t. To consume (a dead 
body) by burning; to cremate. [L. in intens. and 
cremare, -matum, to burn.] — Increma'tion, n. Act i 
or process of, etc. 

Incrnst, in-knist', v. t. To cover with a crust or | 
hard coat: to form a crust on the surface of . — In- 
crusta'tion. n. Act of, or state of being, etc.: a crust 
or coat of anything on the surface of a body. 

Incubate, in/ku-bat, v. i. To sit, as on eggs for hatch- 
ing. [L. incubare, -batum, to lie on, fr. in and cu- 
bare, to lie down.]— Incuba'tion, n. Act of, etc. 
(Path.) • Germination of a contagious poison. — 
/. of a disease. Period between the reception of a 



morbific poison and the manifestation or t. 
— In'cubus, n. ; E. pi. -buses, -bus-ez, L. pi. -bi, 
•bi. (Med.) The nightmare. Anvthing that weighs 
heavily upon one, or prevents the free use of the 
faculties. [L.] 

Inculcate, in-kul'kat, v. t. To impress by frequent 
admonitions, teach by frequent repetitions : to urge 
on the mind. [L. inculcare, -catum, to tread on. fr. 
in and calcare, to tread, fr. calx, the heel.] — Incul- 
ca'tion. n. Act of impressing, etc. 

Inculpate, in-kul'pat, r. t. To expose to blame: to 
censure; to accuse of crime, impute guilt to; to crim- 
inate. [LL. inctdpare, -patum, fr. L. m and culpa, 
fault.] — Znculpa'tion, n. Blame; censure; crimina- 
tion. — Inculpatory, -pa-to-rl, a. Imputing blame. 
(Law.) Tending to establish guilt; criminatory. 

Incumbent, in-kum'bent, a. Lying or resting upon ; 
supported; buoyed up; lying or restin£, as duty or 
obligation : indispensable. — n. One in present pos- 
session of a benefice, or office. [L. incumbent, p. pr. 
of incumbere, to lie down upon, fr. in and cwnbere, 
cubare, to lie down.] — Incum'bency, -ben-sT, n. 
State of being, or that which is, ir.cumbent; a weight: 
rule ; duty; obligation. (Eccl.) State of holding a 
benefice, or office. 

Incur, in-ker', v. t. [-cueeed (-kerd""). -curbing 
(-ker'ing).] To meet or fall in with, as something 
from which inconvenience or harm is to be appre- 
hended; to expose one's self to; to become liable or 
subject to: to contraet. [L. incui-rere, to run into or 
toward; fr. in and currere, to run.] — Incur - ' sion. 
-shun, n. An entering into a territory with hostile 
intention: invasion; inroad; raid; foray. [F.; L. in- 
cur sio.} — Incur'sive, -siv, a. Making an attack or 
incursion: hostile. _ 

Incurvate, in-kgrv'at, v. t. To bend, crook. — a. 
Curved inward or upward. [L. incurvare, -vatvm. 
fr. in and curvus, bent.] — Incurva'tion, n. Act of 
bending, or of being curved; state of being bent; 
curvature; act of bowing. — Incurve'', v. t. [-curved 
(-kervd'). -cueving.] To bend, make crooked.— 
Incurv'ity, -I-tT, n. State of being, etc.; curvature. 

Indart, in-darf, r. t. To dart or strike in. 

Indebt, in-det', v. t. To bring into debt, place under 
obligation.— Indebt'ed, a. Being in debt; under ob- 
ligation; obliged by something received, for which 
restitutionor gratitude is due. — Indebtedness, n. 

Indeed, in-ded'. adv. In reality; in truth: in fact,— 
used interj ectionally, as an expression of surprise. 

Indenizen, in-den'I-zn, v. t. [-ZENED(-znd), -zening.] 
To naturalize. 

Indent, in-denf, v. t. To cut into points or inequal- 
ities, like a row of teeth; to notch, jag; to bind out 
by indenture or contract. (Print.) To begin aline or 
lines at a greater or less distance from the margin.— 
v. i. To be cut or notched; to crook or turn; to wind 
in and out. — n. A cut or notch in the margin of any- 
thing. [LL. indentare, fr. L. in and dens, tooth.] — 
Indenta'tion, n. A notch; a cut in the margin of 
paper or other things ; a recess or depression in any 
border. (Print.) Act of, etc. ; blank space at the be- 
ginning of aline.— Indenfed, p. a. Jagged; notched; 
bound out by indented writings. — Indent'' ure, 
-den'chur, n. * Act of indenting, or state of being 
indented. (Law.) A mutual agreement in writing 
between parties, wheieof each party had formerly a 

part. — v. t. [IN DENTUEED (^hurd), -TURING.] To 
bind by indentures. [Law L. ihdentura, an inden- 
ture, indentare, to indent (the edsres of deeds, so that 
the divided parts will tally).] 

Index, in/deks. n. ; E. pi. -dexes, -deks-ez ; L. pi. 
-dices, -dl-sez. That which points out, indicates, or 
manifests : esp., a pointer or hand that directs to 
anvthin?:, as the hour of the day, road to a place, 
etc.; table for facilitating reference to topics, names, 
etc., in a book. ( Anat.) The fore finger, or point- 
ing finger. (Arith. & Alg.) The figure or letter 
which shows the power or root of a quantity; the 
exponent. [In this sense, the plural is always in- 
dices.] — v.t. [indexed (-dekst), -dexing.] To pro- 
vide with or form an index or table of references. 
[L.. fr. iadicere, to proclaim, announce, mdicare, to 
point out, indicate, q. v.] — Index'ical, a. Having 
the form of an index: pert, to an index. 

Indian, ind'yan or in'dT-an, a. Of, or pert, to, either 
of the Indies, East or West, or the aborigines of 
America; made of maize or Indian corn. — n. A 
native or inhabitant of the Indies: one of the aborig- 
inal inhabitants of America, — so called from their 
fancied resemblance to the people of India. [Fr. 
India, fr. the river Indus, fr. Skr. sindhu, river, 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tr.cn, boNboN, chair, get. 



INDICAN 



286 



INEBRIATE 




syand, to flow.] — Indian corn. 
Maize, a plant of the genus Zea, 
native of Amer. — /. file. Single 
file; arrangement of persons in a 
row following one after another, 
the usual way among Indians of 
traversing woods, etc. — /. sum- 
mer. A period of warm and pleas- 
ant weather occurring late in au- 
tumn. — India paper. A delicate 
absorbent paper, manufactured in 
China or India, from the inner 
bark of the bamboo or cotton tree. 

— /. ink. A substance brought 
chiefly from China, used for water 
colors, consisting of lamp-black 
and animal glue; sepia. —J. proof. 
An impression from an engraved T .. ,, 
plate, taken on India paper. —/. Indian Corn. 
rubber. See Caoutchouc. — Indiaman, ind'ya- or 
in'dY-a-man, n. (Naut.) A large ship employed in 
the India trade. 

Indican. See under Indigo. 

Indicate, in'dY-kat, v. t. To point out, make known, 
show. (Med.) To manifest by symptoms; to point 
to as the proper remedies. [L. iudicare, -catum, 
fr. in and dicare, to proclaim, make known; s. rt. 
token, index.] — In'dicant, a. Serving to point out. 

— n. (Med.) That which, etc. — Indica'tion, n. Act 
of, or that which, etc.; mark; token; sign; symptom. 
— Indic'atiye, -a-tiv, a. Pointing out; bringing to 
notice ; giving intimation or knowledge of some- 
thing not visible or obvious. — Indicative mode. 
(Gram.) That mode of the verb which indicates, 
that is, which affirms or denies: it is also used in 
asking questions. Indicative is also sometimes used 
substantively to denote this mode. — Indic'atively, 
adv. — In'dica'tor, -ter, n. One who, or 
that which, etc. ; esp. an instrument by 
which the working steam records its 
pressure in the cylinder of a steam en- 
gine ; an instrument for recording or 
announcing telegraphic messages. — 
In'dicatory, -ka-to-rY, a. Serving to 
show or make known. 

Indict, in-dif, v. t. (Law.) To charge 
with a crime, in due form of law, by 
the finding or presentment of a grand 
jury. [L. indicere, indictum, to proclaim, 
Jr. wi and dicere, to say, speak.] — In- 
dict'' able, a. Capable, liable, or subject 
to, etc. — Indicfer, n. — Indicfment, _ , . 
n. Act of indicting, or state of being Indicator, 
indicted; written accusation, or formal charge of a 
crime, preferred to a court by a grand jury under 
oath; hence, an accusation in general. — Indicfor, 
-dr, n. (Law.) One who indicts. — Indication, -dik / '- 
shun, n. (Chron.) A cycle of 15 years, instituted 
by Constantine the Great, and substituted for Olym- 
piads in reckoning time. [F. ; L. indictio, orig. an 
imposition of a tax, a cycle of tributes.] — Indicative, 
-dik'tiv, a. Proclaimed ; declared. 

Indifferent, Indignant, etc. See under Inability. 

Indigenous, in-dij'e-nus, a. Native; born or origina- 
ting in (a place or country); produced naturally in 
a country or climate; not exotic. [L. indigenus, fr. 
OL. indu, for in (cf. Gr. endon, within), and L. genere, 
gignere, to beget, to be born.] 

Indigent, in'dY-jent, a. Destitute of property or 
means of comfortable subsistence; needy; poor. [F.; 
L. indigens, p. pr. of indigere, to stand in need of; 
indu, for in, and egere, to be needy.] — In'digence, 
-gency, -jen-sY, n. Poverty ; penury ; destitution ; 
need; pauperism. 

Indigo, in'dY-go, n. A blue coloring matter obtained 
from a leguminous plant of several species. See 
Light. [F.; Sp. indico, L. indicum, Gr. indicon, in- 
digo, fr. L. Indicus, Gr. Indikos, Indian, q. v.] — In'- 
dican, n. (Chem.) A colorless substance, found in 
certain plants, and in the blood and urine of man, 
which forms indigo when decomposed. 

Indite, in-drf, v. t. To direct or dictate what is to be 
uttered or written ; to compose, write, be author 
of. [OF. endicter, enditer, LL. indictare, freq. of L. 
indicere. See Indict.] — Indite'ment, n. Act of 
inditing. — Indit'er, n. 

Indoctrinate, in-dok'trY-nat, v. t. To instruct in the 
rudiments or principles of learning, or of a branch 
of learning; to instruct in or imbue with a doctrine. 
[L. in and doctrina, doctrine.] — Indoc'trina'tion, n. 
Act of , or condition of being, etc.; information. 




Indoor, in 'dor, a. Being within doors. 

Indorse, in-dSrs', v. t. [-dorsed (-d6rsf), -dousing.] 
To write upon the back or outside of. (Law.) To 
write one's name upon the back of (a paper), to 
transfer it, or to secure the payment of (a, note, 
draft, etc.); to give one's name or support to; to 
sanction. [LL. mdorsare, f r. L. in and dorsum, the 
back.] — Indorsee'', -se', n. (Law.) The person to 
whom a note or bill is indorsed, or assigned by in- 
dorsement. — Indorsement, n. Act of writing on 
the back of a note, bill, etc.; a writing, usually upon 
the back, but sometimes on the face, of a negotiable 
instrument, by which the property therein is as- 
signed and transferred; sanction or support given. 

— Indors/er, -or, n. One who indorses; the party by 
whom a bill, note, or check is indorsed. 

Indrawn, in'drawn, a. Drawn in. 

Induce, in-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust''), -ducing.] To 
lead in, introduce; to prevail on, move or effect by 
persuasion or influence, incite, cause. (Physics.) To 
cause by proximity without contact or transmission. 
[L. inducere, -ductum, fr. in and ducere, to lead.] — 
Induce'ment, n. That which induces ; a motive or 
consideration that persuades to action; reason; in- 
citement; influence. (Law.) Matter stated by way 
of explanatory preamble or introduction. — Indn'- 
cer, n. — Indu'cible, a. Capable of being induced. 

— Induct 1 ',?;, t. To bring in, introduce ; to intro- 
duce (to a benefice or office). — Induc'tion, n. Act 
of, etc. (Philos.) Act or process of reasoning from 
a part to a whole, or from particulars to generals. 
Formal introduction of a clergyman into a benefice, 
or of a person into office. (Physics.) The property 
by which one body, having electrical, galvanic, or 
magnetic polarity, causes it in another body without 
direct contact. (Math.) A process of demonstration 
in which a general truth is gathered from an ex- 
amination of particular cases. [F. ; L. inductio.] — 
Induc'tional, Inductive, -iv, a. Leading or draw- 
ing ; tempting ; proceeding or derived by induction. 
(Elec.) Operating by, or facilitating induction.— 
Inductively, adv. By induction or inference. — 
Inducfor, n. The person who inducts another into 
an office or benefice. 

Indue, in-du', v. t. [-dued (-dud''), -duing.] To put 
on, as clothes, draw on; to clothe, invest, endow, 
furnish, supply. [L. induere, -dutvm, to put on, 
clothe with; s. rt. induvise, clothes, eocuvise, spoils; 
not s. rt. Gr. endunein, to put on.] — Indu'tive, -tiv, 
a. (Bot.) Covered, — said of seeds having the 
usual integumentary covering. 

Indulge, in-dulj'', v. t. [-dulged (-duljd'), -dulging.] 
To be complacent towards; to give way to, yield to 
the desire of ; to withhold restraint from ; to grant 
as by favor, gratify, cherish, foster. — v. i. To give 
one's self up ; to practice a forbidden, or question- 
able, act without restraint. [L. indulgere.'] — InduK- 
fence, -gency, -jen-sY, n. Quality of being indulgent; 
orbearance of restraint or control; favor granted ; 
liberality; gratification. (Rom. Cath. Church.) Re- 
mission of temporal punishment for sins : supposed 
to save the sinner from purgatory. [F. indulgence, 
L. indulgentia.~] — Indulgent, a. Prone to indulge 
or humor; not opposing or restraining. [FT]— In- 
dulgently, adv 1 — InduKger, n. 

Indurate, in'du-rat, v. i. To grow hard, harden; be- 
come hard. — v. t. To make hard, deprive of sen- 
sibility, render obdurate. — a. Hardened; not soft; 
without sensibility ; unfeeling ; obdurate. [L. in- 
durare. -atum, fr. in and durare, to harden, fr. 
durus, hard.] — Indura'tion, n. Act of hardening or 
process of growing hard; state of being indurated; 
obduracy; stiffness; want of pliancy. 

Industry, in r dus-trY, n. Habitual diligence; assidu- 
ousness ; laboriousness ; a productive occupation. 
[F. industrie, L. industria, perh. fr. OL. indo, for in, 
and rt. of struere, to arrange, build, toil.] — Indus- 
trial, -trY-al, a. Consisting in industry : pert, to in- 
dustry, or the arts of industry. — Indus 'trious, -trY- 
us, a. Given to, or characterized by, etc.; diligent 
in a particular pursuit, or to a particular end. — In- 
dus 'triously, adv. 

Indwell, in-dweK, v. t. & i. [-dwelt, -dwelling.] To 
dwell in, abide within.— Indwell'er, n. An inhab- 
itant. — Indwelling, n. Residence within, or in the 
heart or soul; interior abode. 

Inebriate, in-e'brY-at, v. t. To make drunk, intoxi- 
cate; to stupefy, or to make furious or frantic; to 
exhilarate. — v. i. To be or become intoxicated. — 
n. One who is drunk; esp. an habitual drunkard; 
a sot; toper. [L. inehriare, -atum,, fr. in intens. and 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Yn, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 






INNEFFABLE 



287 



INFRALAPSARIAN 



ebriare, to make drunk, fr. ebrius, drunk.] — Ine'- 
bria'tion, Inebri'ety, -bri'e-tr, re. Condition of be- 
ing, etc. — Ine'briant, -brY-ant, a. Intoxicating. — 
n. Anything that intoxicates;. 

Ineffable, Inept, etc. See under Inability. 

Ineye, in-i', v. t. To inoculate (a tree or plant) by 
the insertion of a bud. 

Infatuate, in-fafu-at, v. t. To make foolish; to weak- 
en the intellectual powers of; to inspire with an ex- 
travagant or foolish passion; to besot, stupefy, mis- 
lead. [L. infatuare, -atum, ir. in intens. and fattens, 
foolish. J — Infat'ua'tion, n. Act of infatuating ; 
state of being infatuated; folly. 

Infect, in-f ekf, v. t. To taint with disease ; to affect 
with morbid or noxious matter ; to communicate 
bad qualities to, corrupt, poison, vitiate, pollute, de- 
file. (Law.) To contaminate with illegality, or ex- 
pose to penalty. [ME. infecten, to infect, fr. OF. in- 
fect, infected, fr. L. inficere, -tectum, to put into, 
stain, infect, fr. in and facere, to make.] — Infecf- 
er, n. — Infec'tion, n. Act or process of infecting; 
that which infects; result of infecting influence; a 
prevailing disease ; that which taints, poisons, or 
corrupts, by communication from one to. another; 
contamination by illegality, as in cases of contra- 
band goods. — Infedious, -shus, a. Having qual- 
ities that may infect ; pestilential; corrupting, or 
tending to contaminate ; vitiating. (Law.) Con- 
taminating with illegality. Capable of being easily- 
diffused or spread.— Infecliously, adv. — Infec- 
tiousness, n. — Infective, -iv, a. Communicating 
disease; infectious. 

Infer, in-ier', v. t. [-ferred (-ierd'), -ferring (-fer'- 
ring).] To derive either by deduction or induction; 
to draw or derive, as a fact or consequence. [F. in- 
ferer, L. inferre, fr. in and ferre, to bring ; s. rt. 
bear.) — Infer'able, -fer'rible, -f er-I-bl, n. Capable 
of being inferred or deduced from premises. — In- 
ference, -fer-ens, n. Act of inferring ; thing in- 
ferred ; a truth or proposition drawn from another 
which is admitted or supposed to be true ; conclu- 
sion ; deduetion; consequence.— Inferential, -shal, 
a. Deduced or deducible by inference. 

Inferior, in-fe^rt-er, a. Lower in place, social rank, 
or excellence ; subordinate. (Astron.) Between the 
earth and the sun; below the horizon. (Bot.) Grow- 
ing below some other organ. — n. A person who is 
younger, or lower in rank, station, intellect, etc., 
than another. [L., compar. of in/ems, low, nether ; 
s. rt. Skr. ad7ias, underneath, low, adhara, lower.] 
— Inferiority, -rf-or'r-tt, n. State of being infe- 
rior ; a lower state or condition. — Infer'nal, -fer / '- 
nal, a. Pert, to the lower regions, or regions of the 
dead ; pert, to, like, appropriate to, or inhabiting 
hell; hellish; diabolical. — n. An inhabitant of hell. 
[F. ; L. infemalis, f r. infernus, lower, f r. inferos.] — 
Infernal machine. A machine or apparatus con- 
trived to explode for the purpose of assassination or 
other mischief. — Infer'nally, adv. 

Infest, in-f est', v. t. To trouble greatly, harass; to so 
occupy or frequent as to make unsafe or unpleas- 
ant; to haunt. [F. inf ester, L. infestare, fr. infestus 
(fr. in and rt. of offendere, to offend, defendere), at- 
tacking, hostile.] — Infestation, n. Act of infest- 
ing; molestation. — Infest "or, n. 

Infeudation, in-fu-da'shun, n. (Law.) Act of put- 
ting one in possession of an estate in fee. Granting 
of tithes to laymen. [See Feud, under Fee.] 

Infibulation, in-fib / u-la''8hun, n. Act of clasping, or 
confining, as with a buckle or padlock. [L. infibu- 
lare, -laUim, to buckle, or button together, fr. in and 
fibula, clasp, buckle.] 

Infilter, in-fiKtgr, v. t. or i. To filter or sift in. — In- 
nllrate, -trat, v. i. To enter by penetrating the 
pores or interstices of a substance. — Infiltra'tion, 
re. Act or process of infiltrating ; substance which 
has entered the pores or cavities of a body. (Med.) 
Effusion of a fluid into the cells of an organ or part. 

Infinite, Infirm, etc. See under Inability. 

Infix, in-fiks', v. t. [-fixed (-nksf), -fixing.] To fix 
by piercing or thrusting in ; to implant or fix, as 
principles, thoughts, instructions. [L. infigere, -fix- 
um, fr. in and figere, to fix.] 

Inflame, in-flam', v. t. [-flamed (-flarad'), -flam- 
ing.] To set on fire, kindle ; to excite to excessive 
and unnatural action ; to produce morbid heat, red- 
ness, or swelling ; to excite or increase (passion or 
appetite) ; to provoke to anger or rage : to irritate, 
exasperate, anger, —v. i. To grow hot, angry, and 

gainful. [L. infiammare, fr. in and fcammare, to 
&me,Jfamma, flame.]— Inflanv'er, n. — Inflamlna- 



ble, -flam'ma-bl, a. Capable of being set on fire ; 
easily enkindled. [F.] — Inflam'mableness, -ina- 
bility, n. — Inflamma'tion, re. Act of, state of be- 
ing, etc. (Med. & Surg.) A redness and swelling of 
any part of an animal body, attended with heat, 
pain, and febrile symptoms. Violent excitement ; 
heat ; passion. — Inflam'matory, -to-rl, a. Tending 
to inflame._ 

Inflate, in-flaf, v. t. To swell or distend with air or 
gas; to blow into; to puff up, elate; to cause to be- 
come unduly expanded or increased. [L. inflare, 
-flatum, fr. in and fiare, to blow.] — Inflate'', -flat''- 
ed, a. Filled with air; distended; puffed up; bom- 
bastic. — Infia'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Inflect, in-Hekf, v. t. To bend, turn from a direct 
line or course. (Gram.) To vary (a noun or verb) 
in its terminations, decline, conjugate. To modulate 
(the voice). [L. inflectere, -fiexum, fr. in and fiectere. 
to bend.] — Inflection, -flexion, -flek'shun, re. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. ; a bend ; fold ; a slide or 
modulation of the voice in speaking. (Gram.) The 
variation of nouns, etc., by declension, and verbs by 
conjugation. (Mus.) Any modification in the pitch 
or tone of the voice. (Opt.) The deviation which 
light undergoes in passing the edges of an opaque 
body; diffraction.— Infleclional, a. Pert, to inflec- 
tion. — Inflective, -iv, a. Capable of inflection. 

Inflict, in-flikf, v. t. To lav, send, impose, apply; to 
cause to bear, feel, or suffer. [L. infiigere, -fiictum, 
f r. in and fligere, to strike.] — Inflict'er, n. — Inftic'- 
tion, n. Act of inflicting ; thing inflicted or im- 
posed.— Inflictive, -iv. a. Tending or able to inflict. 

Inflorescence, in-flo-res'sens, n. A flowering; the un- 
folding of blossoms. (Bot.) Mode of flowering, or 
general arrangement and disposition of the flowers ; 
an axis on which all the buds are flower-buds. [F., 
fr. L. inflorescere, to begin to blossom, fr. in and 
florescere, to flourish, q. v.] 

Influence, inHu-ens, n. A flowing in or upon; influx; 
agency or power which affects, modifies, or sways; 
controlling power quietly or efficaciously exerted ; 
authority arising from station, character, intellect, 
wealth, etc. — v. t. [influenced (-enst), -encing.] 
To control by hidden, but efficacious, power ; to 
persuade, lead, direct; to modify, affect, bias, sway. 
[OF., fr. LL. infiuentia, orig. an inundation, fr. L. 
infiuere, to flow in, fr. in and fiuere.fluxum, to flow.] 
— Influenlial, -shal, a. Exerting influence or power, 
by invisible operation, as physical causes on bodies 
or as moral causes on the mind. — Influenlially, 
adv. — InHux, n. Act of flowing in ; infusion ; in- 
tromission; introduction; importation in abundance. 

— Influen'za, -za, n. (Med.) A violent form of epi- 
demic catarrh. [It.] 

Infold, in-fold', v. i. To wrap up or inwrap ; to in- 
close; to embrace. 

Infoliate, in-folY-at, v. t. To cover with leaves or ob- 
jects resembling leaves. [L. in and folium, leaf.] 

Inform, in-fSrm', v. t. [-formed (-fdrmd'), -form- 
ing.] To give form, shape, or vital or organizing 
power to; to animate; to make known to, advise, 
instruct, tell; to communicate a knowledge of facts 
to, by way of accusation.— v. i. To give intelligence 
or information. [F. informer, L. informare, te put 
into form, inform, tell, fr. in and forma, form, q. v.] 

— Inform - ' ant, n. One who informs or gives intel- 
ligence. — Informalion, n. Act of informing, or 
communicating knowledge ; news or advice com- 
municated by word or writing; intelligence; knowl- 
edge derived from reading, observation, or instruc- 
tion. (Law.) A prosecution for some offense against 
the government. — Inform'er, n. One who informs 
or gives intelligence. (Law.) One who informs 
against another for the violation of some law. One 
who makes a business of informing against others, 

— esp. who, for selfish, ends, volunteers accusations, 
to have others punished. 

Infraction, in-frak r shun, re. Breach; violation ; non- 
observance. [F. ; L. infractio, fr. infrinqere, -frac- 
tion, f r. in and frangere, to break.] — Infringe', v. t. 
[-fringed (-frinjdO, -fringing.] To break, as con- 
tracts ; to violate, transgress, neglect to fulfill or 
obey. — v. i. To violate some rule ; to encroach, 
trespass. — Infringelnent, n. Act of violating ; 
breach; non-fulfillment. — Infring , er, n. — Infract'- 
or, -5r, n. One who infringes ; a violator ; breaker. 

Infralapsarian, in'fra-lap-sa'rf-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) 
A Cafvinist who considers the decree of election as 
contemplating the apostasy as past, and the elect as 
being at the time of election in a fallen state. [L. in- 
fra, below, under, after, and lapsus, fall.] 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



INFUNDIBULAR 



2"8'8 



INITIAL 



Infundibu- 





Infusoria (as seen through a 
microscope). 



Infundibular, in-fun-dib'u-lar, -olate, -u-lat, a. Hav- 
ing the form of a funnel. [L. infundibulum, a fun 
net, fr. infundere, to pour in or into.] 
liform, -dib'u- or -dY-bu'lY-f6rm, a. 
Having the form of a funnel. (Bot.) 
Funnel-shaped, — said of monopeta- 
lous corollas. 

Infuriate, in-fu'rf-at, a. Enraged ; 
mad; raging; furiously angry, —v. t. 
To render furious or mad; to enrage. 
[It. infuriare, -ato, fr. It. and L. in 
furia, in a fury.] _ 

Infuscate, in-f us'kat, v. t. To darken, 
m. n .ke black, obscure. [L. infuscare, 
-catum, fr. in and fuscare, to make 
dark, fuscus, dark.] — Infusca'tion, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Infuse, in-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), 
-fusing.] To pour in, as a liquid ; 
to instill, as principles or qualities ; 
to inspirit or animate ; to steep in Infundibuliform 
water of suitable temperature, for the Corolla, 
purpose of extracting medicinal or other qualities. 
[F. in/user, L. infundere, -fusum, fr. in and fundere, 
to pour.]— Infu'sible, -zT-bl, a. Capable of being- 
infused. — Infu'sibil'ity, n. Capability of being in- 
fused, or poured in.— Infu'sion, -zhun, n. Act of 
infusing, pouring in, or instilling ; instillation ; 
thing infused; suggestion. (Pharmacy.) Act or pro- 
cess of steeping (a plant, etc.) in water, to extract its 
virtues; liquid obtained by this process.— Infu'sive, 
-siv, a. Having the ^— / - 

power of infusion. _^ a s=^S' %'?'l 

— Infuso'ria, -rt-a, 
n. pi. (Zobl.) Mi- 
nute or microscopic 
animals found in 
water and other 
fluids; animalcules. 

— InfusoHal, -fu'- 
sory, -so-ri, a. Pert, 
to, composed of, or 
containing, etc. 

Ingathering, in'gath-er-ing, n. Act or result of gath- 
ering or collecting into a place, esp. securing the 
fruits of the earth; harvest. 

Ingenerate, in-jen'er-at, v. t. To generate or produce 
within. — a. Generated within; inborn. rL.ingen- 
erare, -atum } £r. in and generare, to engender.] 

Ingenious, in-jen'yus, a. Possessed of genius, or the 
faculty of invention ; skillful or prompt to invent ; 
proceeding from, pert, to, or characterized by inge- 
nuity ; witty; well formed; well adapted. [F. in- 
genieux, L. ingeniosus, fr. ingenium, natural capacity, 
genius, fr. in and genere, gignere, to beget, in pas- 
sive, to be born. See Engine.] —Ingeniously, adv. 

— Ingenuousness, Ingenuity, -je-nu'f-tT, n. Quali- 
ty or power of ready invention; quickness or acute- 
ness in forming new combinations ; curiousness in 
design. [F. ingenuity, L. ingenuitas. ] — Ingen'uous, 
-jen'u-us, a. Of honorable extraction; noble; gen- 
erous; free from reserve, disguise, equivocation, or 
dissimulation ; open ; frank ; artless ; sincere. [L. 
ingenmis.] — Ingen'uously, adv. — Ingen'uousness, 
n. —Ingenue', iiN-zha-noo', n. An actress who takes 
the part of a virtuous, artless girl. [F.] 

Ingestion, in-ies'chun, n. Act of throwing into (the 
stomach). [L. ingestio, fr. ingerere, -gestum, to place 
in, fr. in and gerere, to bear.] — Inges'ta, -ta, n. pi. 
Whatever is put into the body by the alimentary 
canal, as food, drink, etc. ; what is put into any- 
thing; contents, — opp. to egesta. [L.] 

Ingle, in'gl, n. A fire, or fireplace. [Ga. and Ir. 
aingeal, fire ; s. rt. L. ignis, Skr. agni, fire. See Ig- 
neous.] 

Ingot, in'got, n. A mass or wedge of gold, silver, or 
other metal, cast in a mold ; a mass of unwrought 
metal. [AS. in and goten, poured, p. p. of geotan, to 
pour, shed water, fuse metals: fr. ME. ingot came 
F. lingot (= Vingot: c£. E. nugget), whence LL. lin- 
gotus, an ingot, not fr. L. lingua, the tongue.] 

Ingraft, in-graft', v. t. To insert, as a scion of one 
tree or plant into another for propagation; to intro- 
duce ; to subject to the process of grafting; to set or 
fix deeply and firmly. [See Graft.]— Ingraft 'ment, 
n. Act of ingrafting ; thing ingrafted ; scion. 

Ingrain, in-gran', a. Dyed in the grain ; thoroughly 
inwrought, as color. [ME. engreynen, fr. F. en 
graine ; era = L. in ; grame f r. LL. grana, the dye 
from cochineal, Sp. & It. grana, grain, cochineal.] 
— Ingrain carpet. A double or two-ply carpet. — In- 



grain, m'gran or in-gran', v. t. [-grained (-grand"), 
-graining.] To dye in the grain or before manufac- 
ture'; to work into the natural texture, as color. 

Ingrate, Ingratitude, etc. See under Inability. 

Ingratiate, in-gra'shl-at, v. t. To introduce or com- 
mend to another's favor; to worm into one's confi- 
dence. [L. in and gratia, favor. See Grace.] 

Ingredient, in-gre'dT-ent, n. That which is a com- 
ponent part of any compound or mixture; an ele- 
ment. [F.; L. ingrediens, entering into, p. pr. of in- 
gredi, -gressus, to enter, fr. in and gradi, to walk, 
go.] — In'gress, n. Entrance; power, liberty, or 
means of entrance or access. — Ingres "sion, -gresh'- 
un, n. Act of entering; entrance. 

Inguinal, in'gwY-nal, a. (Anat.) Pert, to the groin. 
[L. inguinalis, fr. inguen, inguinis, the groin.] 

Ingulf, m-gulf, v. t. [-gulfed (-gulftO, -gulfing.] 
To swallow up in or as in a vast deep, gulf, or whirl- 
pool; to cast into a gulf, overwhelm. 

Ingurgitate, in-gerfjT-tat, v. t. To swallow greedily 



great quantity; to swallow up, as in a gulf; to 
_ f. [L. ingurgitare, -tatum, fr. 
whirlpool, gulf.] 



ingulf. [L. ingurgitare, -tatum, fr. in and gurges. 



Inhabit, in-hab'it, v. t. To live or dwell in. — v. f. To 
have residence, dwell, live, abide. [F. inhabiter, L. 
aihabitare, fr. in and habitare, to dwell. See Habit.] 
— Inhabitable, a. Capable of being inhabited; hab- 
itable. — Inhab'itance, -ancy, -an-sl, n. Condition 
of an inhabitant; legal residence; esp., the right to 
support in case of poverty, acquired by residence in 
a town.— Inhabitant, n. One who resides per- 
manently in a place. (Law.) One who has a legal 
settlement in a town, city, or parish ; a resident. — 
Inhab'ita'tion. n. Act of inhabiting, or state of be- 
ing inhabited; abode; place of dwelling. — Inhab'- 
itativeness, -a-tiv-nes, n. (Phrenol.) An organ sup- 
posed to indicate the desire of permanent residence 
in an abode. See Phrenology. — Inhabiter, n. 
Inhale, in-hal', v. t. [-haled (-hald'), -haling.] To 
draw into the lungs: to inspire. [L. inhalare, fr. in 
and halare, to breathe.] — Inhal'er, n. One who 
inhales; an apparatus for inhaling any vapor or 
volatile substance, for medicinal purposes; a con- 
trivance to filter or warm the air for delicate lungs 
or in a deleterious atmosphere ; a respirator; appar- 
atus to carry air for a diver, etc. — Inhala'tion, n. 
Act of inhaling. 

Inhere, in-her', v. i. [-hered (-herd'), -hering.] To 
be fixed or permanently incorporated. [L. inhasrere, 
fr. in and hserere, to stick, hang.] — Inher'ent, a 
Existing in something, so as to be inseparable from 
it; naturally pertaining to; innate; inborn; native; 
inwrought. — Inher'ently, adv. — Inherence, -en- 
cy ? -en-sT, n. State of inhering; existence in some- 
thing. [F. inherence.] — Inhe'sion, -zhun, n. In- 
herence. 

Inherit, in-her'it, v. t. (Law.) To take by descent 
from an ancestor; to succeed, as an heir, to the estate 
or rights of a deceased person. To receive or take by 
birth, have by nature ; to become possessed of, own.— 
v. i. To have as an inheritance, possession, or prop- 
erty. [OF. heriter; L. inhereditare, inhseredare, to ap- 
point as an heir, fr. liseres, heir.] — Inheritable, a. 
Capable of being inherited, or of being transmitted 
from parent to child, or of taking by inheritance, or 
receiving by descent.— Inher'itably, adv. By inher- 
itance. — Inheritance, -ans, n. (Law.) An estate 
which a man has by descent as heir to another, or 
which he may transmit to another as his heir; that 
inherited; a permanent or valuable possession or 
blessing ; a possession received by gift, or without 
purchase ; ownership. — Inheritor, n. One who, 
etc.; an heir. — Inheritress, -itrix, n. An heiress; 
a female who, etc. 

Inhesion. See under Inhere. 

Inhibit, in-hiblt, v. t. To check, repress, restrain, 
hinder; to forbid, prohibit. [L. inhibere, -hibitum, 
fr. in and habei'e, to have.]— Inhibi'tion, -bish'un, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; restraint; prohibi- 
tion ; embargo. [F.] — Inhibitory, -t-to-rY, a. Tend- 
ing or serving to inhibit; prohibitory. — Inhibitory 
paralysis. (Med.) Paralysis depending on the in- 
hibition of nerve action. 

Inhospitable, Inhuman, etc. See under Inability. 

Inhumate, in-hu'mat, v. t. To inhume. [L. inhu- 
mare, -matum, f r. in and humare, to cover with earth, 
fr. humus, the ground. See Humble.] — Inhuma'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc.; interment. — Inhume', -hum', 
v. t. [-humed (-humd'), -huming.] To bury, inter. 
[F. inhumer.] 

Initial, in-ish'al, a. Of, or pert, to, the beginning ; 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, or ; 



INJECT 



289 



INSCRIBE 



incipient; placed at the beginning or head (of a list 
or series). — a. The first letter of a word. [L. in- 
itialis, fr. initium, entrance, beginning, fr. voire, to 
go into, enter, begin, fr. in and ire, itum, to go; s. 
rt. commence, q. v.] — Ini'tiate, -ish'T-at, v. t. To 
introduce by a first act, begin; to instruct in the 
rudiments or principles; to introduce into a society 
or organization, or secret ceremonies. — a. Begun; 
commenced ; incomplete, as a right, etc. ; intro- 
duced to a knowledge of. [L. initiare, -atum.] — 
Ini'tia'tion, -ishl-a'shun, n. Act or process of ini- 
tiating; ceremony by which one is introduced into 
any society; introduction into the principles of any- 
thing mysterious. — Initiative, -tiv, a. Serving to 
initiate ; initiatory. — n. An introductory step or 
movement ; right to introduce a new measure or 
law, as in legislation. — Ini'tiatory, -to-rT, a. Suit- 
able for an introduction or beginning; introductory; 
tending or serving to initiate. 
Inject, in-jekf, v. t. To throw in, dart in. [L. in- 
jicere, -jectum, fr. in and jacere, to throw.] — Injec'- 
tion, -jek'shun, n. Act of injecting or throwing in, 

— applied esp. to the forcible throwing in of a liq- 
uid, or aeriform body, by a syringe, pump, etc.; 
thing injected, esp., a liquid medicine injected into 
a cavity of the body. (Anat.) Act of filling the ves- 
sels of an animal body with some colored substance, 
to render visible their figures and ramifications. A 
preserved part of an animal body, thus injected. 
(Steam Eng.) Act of throwing cold water into a 
condenser; cold water thrown into a condenser to 
produce a vacuum. — Inject'or, n. A person or 
thing that injects. 

Injoin, in-join', v. t. See Enjoin. — Injunc'tion, in- 
junk'shun, n. Act of enjoining or commanding; 
thing enjoined; an order; command; precept. (Law.) 
A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, re- 
quiring a party to do or to refrain from doing cer- 
tain acts. [L. injunction] 

Injudicious, Injure, etc. See under Inability. 

Ink, ink, n. A colored fluid, viscous material, or pig- 
ment used in writing, printing, etc.— v. t. [inked 
(inkt), inking.] To blacken, color, or daub with 
ink. [OF. enque, L. encaustum, neut. of encaustus, 
Gr. engkaustos, burnt in, encaustic, q. v.] — Ink'y, 
-T, a. Consisting of, like, or soiled with, ink ; black. 

— Ink'iness, n. — Ink'-ber'ry, n. A shrub of the 
holly family, growing in sandy ground, and produ- 
cing a small black berry. — Ink'horn, n. An ink- 
stand, — formerly made of horn. — . Ink'stand, n. 
A vessel for holding writing ink. 

Inkling, inkling, n. Inclination; desire ; a hint or 

whisper; intimation. [ME. incle, to intimate, hint, 

Ic. ymta, Dan. ymte, to mutter, murmur; s. rt. hum ; 

onomat.] 
Inlace, in-las', v. t. [-laced (-last'), -lacing.] To 

work in, as lace; to embellish with work resembling 

lace; to lace. 
Inlagation, in-la-ga'shun, n. (Law.) The restitution 

of an outlawed person to the protection of the law. 

[Law L. inlagatio, fr. inlagare, to restore to law, fr. 



in and AS. lagu, lag, lah, law. 
Inland, inland, a. 



Within the land; remote from the 
sea ; interior ; carried on within a country ; do- 
mestic; drawn and payable in the same country.— 
n. The interior part of a country. [AS., a domain 
(legal term), Ic. inlendr, native; fr. in and land.] — 
Inlander, n. One who lives in the interior of a 
country. 

Inlay, in-la', v. t. [-laid (-lad'), -laying.] To in- 
sert (pieces of pearl, ivory, etc.) in a groundwork of 
some other material, to form an ornamental surface. 
[in and lay.] — In'lay, n. Pieces of wood, ivory, etc., 
inlaid, or prepared for inlaying. — Inlay'er, n. 

Inlet, inlet, n. A passage by which an inclosed place 
may be entered; a bay or recess in the shore of the 
sea, etc., or between isles, a narrow strip of water 
running into the land; a creek, tin and let.] 

Inly, Inmost, Inner, Inning, etc. See under In. 

Inmate, in'mat, w. One who lives in the same apart- 
ment or house with another, [in and mate.] 

Inn, in, n. A house for the lodging and entertainment 
of travelers; tavern; public house; hotel: in Ens-., 
a college or society of students at law and barris- 
ters, also one of the buildings containing law cham- 
bers. — v. t. To put under cover, shelter ; to afford 
lodging and entertainment to; to_ lodge. [ME. and 
AS. in, inn, an inn, also AS. in, inn, within (adv.), 
Ic. inni, an inn also indoors (adv.), fr. in, q. v.] — 
Inn'holder, -keeper,_n. One who keeps an inn. 
"■"- in'nat or in-natl a. Inborn; native; natural: 



originating in, or derived from, the constitution of 
the intellect, as opp. to being acquired from experi- 
ence. [L. innatus, fr. in and natus, born, p. p. of 
nasci, to be born.] — Innately, in'- orin-nat'll, adv. 
Naturally. — Innate'ness, n. 

Innerve, in-nerv', v. t. [-nekved (-nSrvd'), -nerv- 
ing.] To give nervous energy or power to; to in- 
vigorate, strengthen. — Innerva'tion, n. Act of in- 
nerving. (Physiol.) Nervous activity. 

Innocent, Innocuous, etc. See under Inability. 

Innovate, in'no-vat, v. t. To change by introducing 
something new ; to introduce as a novelty. — v. i. 
To introduce novelties. [L. innovare, -vatum, fr. in 
and norare, to make new, f r. novus, new.] — Inno- 
vation, n. Act of, or a change effected by, innova- 
ting; a change in customs, etc. — In'nova'tor, n. 

Innuendo, in-nu-en'do, n. ; pi, -does, -doz. An ob- 
lique hint; remote intimation or allusion. (Law.) 
A parenthetic explanatory averment employed in 
proceedings for libel or slander, to point the applica- 
tion to persons or subjects, of the alleged defamato- 
ry matter. [L., lit. by giving a nod, by intimation, 
gerund of innuere, to nod towards, intimate, fr. in 
and nuere, to nod.] 

Innuit, in'nu-it, n. The name of the Amer. Esqui- 
maux for their own race. [Esquim. invJc, man.] 

Inoculate, in-ok'u-lat, v. t. To bud ; to insert (the 
bud of a plant in another plant) for propagation. 
(Med.) To communicate, as a disease to a person, 
by inserting infectious matter in his skin or flesh. — 
v. i. To graft by inserting buds; to communicate 
disease by inserting infectious matter. [L. inoculare, 
-latum, fr. in and oculare, to furnish with eyes, fr. 
oculus, an eye (q. v.), also a bud.] — Inoc'ula'tion, n. 
Act or art of inoculating. — Inoc'ula'tor, a. 

Inosculate, in-os'ku-lat, v. i. To unite, as 2 vessels at 
their extremities; to anastomose ; to blend, or be- 
come united. — v. t. To unite by apposition or con- 
tact. [L. in and osculari, -latum, to kiss.] — Inos / - 
cula'tion, n. Junction of vessels, channels, or pas- 
sages, so that their contents pass from one to the 
other; anastomosis; inherent union or blending. 

Inquire, in-kwir'', v. i. [-quired (-kwird'), -quiring.] 
To ask a question; to make examination or investi- 
gation. — v. t. To ask about; to make inquiry re- 
specting. [ME. enqueren, enquei-e, OF. enquerre, en- 
querir, L. inquirere, -quisitum, fr. in and quserere, to 
seek.] — Inquirer, n.— Inquiry, -kwlr'l, n. Act 
of inquiring ; search for truth, information, or 
knowledge; examination into facts or principles; a 
question ; query; interrogatory ; scrutiny: investi- 
gation; research. — Writ or' inquiry. A writ issued 
where the defendant has suffered judgment to pass 
against him by default, in order to assess the plain- 
tiff's damages, where thev cannot be ascertained by 
calculation. — In'quest, -kwest,n. Act of inquiring; 
inquiry ; quest. (Law.) Judicial inquiry ; official 
examination ; a jury, esp. a coroner's jury. [ME. 
and OF. enqueste, fr. L. inquisita (res), (thine) in- 
quired into.] — Inquisi'tion, -zish'un, n. Act of in- 
quiring ; examination ; investigation. (Lavi.) Ju- 
dicial inquiry; inquest; the finding of a jury. (Rom. 
Cath. Church.) A tribunal for the examination and 
punishment of heretics. [F.; L. inquisitio.] — In- 
quisitional, a. Pert, to, or making inquiry; of, or 
pert, to, the Inquisition. — Inquisitor, -kw'iz'Y-ter, 
n. One who inquires; esp., one whose official duty 
it is to inquire and examine. (Rom. Cath. Church'.) 
A member of the Court of Inquisition. [L.J— In- 
qtuVito'rial, -to'ri-al, a. Pert, to inquisition, or to 
the Court of Inquisition, or resembling its practices. 
Inquisitive, -T-tiv, a. Apt to ask questions: given 



Inquisitively, adv. — In- 
), -railing.] To 



to research; prying; curious. [ME. and OF. inquis 
itif, L. inquisitivus.] — Inquis'"" 
qiiisltiveness, n. 
Inrail, in-raK, v. t. ("-railed (-: 
inclose or surround with rails 
Inroad, inlod, n. A sudden or desultory incursion 
or invasion; irruption; encroachment, (in and road 
raid, f r. AS. rad, a riding.] 
Insane, Insatiable, etc. See under Inability- 
Inscribe, in-skrlb', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), -scrib- 
ing.] To write or engrave, imprint: to mark with 
letters, characters, or words ; to commend by a 
short address, less formal than a dedication; to 'im- 
print deeply, impress. (Geom.) To draw within, as 
one figure within another. [L. itv>crihpre, scriptum, 
i fr. in and scrihere, to write. Set 1 Scribe.] — In- 
I scrib'er, n. — Inscription, -skrip'shun, n. Act of 
I inscribing; thing which is inscribed; esp., anything 
1 engraved on a solid substance for preservation or 



siin. cube, full ; moon, fo^t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



INSCROLL, 



290 



INSTANT 




Insect. 

, head; d, an- 
prothorax;/, 
mesothorax; g, metathorax; h, mid- 
dle or central legs or arms; i, cen- 
tral wings; o, anterior or first wings; 
j, posterior legs ; k, abdomen ; I, 
tibia; m, tarsus. 



public inspection ; an address or consignment of a 
book to a person, as a mark of respect. [F. ; L. in- 
scription — Inscriplive, -tiv, a. Bearing inscription. 

Inscroll, in-skroK, v. t. To write on a scroll. 

Inseam, in-sem / ', v. t. To impress or mark with a 
seam. 

Insect, in'sekt, n. (Zobl.) An articulate animal whose 
body is divided by cross lines or incisions into a 
number of segments or rings, and in the winged or 
adult state is divid- 
ed into 3 distinct 
parts, the head, 
thorax, and abdo- 
men, h a s 6 legs, 
never more than 
4 wings, and that 
breathes air in 
tubes opening ex- 
ternally by spira- 
cles. Anything 
small or contempt- 
ible. [F. insecte, L. 
insectum, p. p. of in- 
secare, to cut into, 
fr. in and secare^ to 
cut, — as appearing 
to be cut through.] 

— Insect'ile, -il, a. 
Having the nature 
of insects. — Inser- 
tion, n. A cutting 
in ; incisure ; incis- 
ion. — Insedivore, 
-tT-vor, n.; pi. 
■ vor es, -vor z. 

(Zool.) One of an a, antennae ; 6, eyes; 
order of small plan- terior legs or arms; 

tigrade mammals 
that feed upon in- 
sects. [L. vorare, to 
devour.] — Insec- 
tivorous, -tiVer- 
us, a. Feeding or subsisting on insects; pert, to the 
Insectivores. 

Insecure, Insensible, etc. See under Inability. 

Insert, in-serf, v. t. To set or place in among, intro- 
duce. — Inserting, n. A setting in ; something in- 
serted or set in, as lace, etc., into garments. [L. in- 
serere, -sertum, fr. in and severe, to join, connect.] — 
Insertion, -shun, n. Act of inserting, or setting or 
placing in or among other things; condition of being 
inserted ; mode, place, etc., of inserting; thing set 
in, as lace, cambric, in narrow strips, etc. 

Inset, in'set, n. That which is set m ; an insertion. 
(Bookbinding.) A portion of a printed sheet in cer- 
tain sizes of books which is cut off before folding, 
and set into the middle of the folded sheet, to com- 
plete the succession of paging, — called also off-cut. 

Inshrine. Same as Enshrine. 

Inside, in'sid, prep, or adv. Within the sides of; in 
the interior; contained within. — a. Being within; 
contained; interior; internal. — n. The part within; 
interior portion ; one who, or that which, is within, 
or inclosed; hence, an inside passenger of a coach or 
carriage, pi. The inward parts, entrails, bowels. 
[in and side.') 

Insidious, in-sid't-us, a. Lying in wait; watching an 
opportunity to insnare or entrap; intending or in- 
tended to entrap ; crafty ; wily ; sly ; designing ; 
treacherous ; deceptive. (Med.) Existing without 
marked symptoms; likely to elude notice; more dan- 
gerous than it appears. [F. insidieux, L. insidiosus, 
fr. insidite, troops of men in ambush, a plot, snare, 
fr. in and sedere, to sit.] — Insidiously, adv. — In- 
sidlousness, n. 

Insight, in'sit, n. Sight or view of the interior of 
anything; introspection; thorough knowledge; pow- 
er of acute observation and deduction; discernment. 

Insignia, in-sig'nT-a, n. pi. Badges of office or honor; 
marks by which anything is distinguished. [L. in- 
signe, pi. insignia, from insignis, distinguished by a 
mark, fr. in and signum, a mark, sign.] 

Insinuate, in-sin r u-at, v. t. To introduce gently, or 
as by a winding or narrow passage; to wind in; to 
introduce artfully, instill ; to hint, suggest by re- 
mote allusion; to push or work one's self (into favor). 

— v. i. To creep, wind, or flow, in ; to ingratiate 
one's self. [L. insinuare, -atum, fr. in and sinuare, 
to wind about, fr. sinus, a bend.] — Insin'ua'tion, n. 
Act of insinuating; a creeping or winding in; act of 
gaining favor by gentle or artful means; art or pow- 



er of pleasing and stealing on the affections; a hint; 
suggestion by distant allusion ; innuendo. [F.] — 
InsFn'ua'tive, -tiv, a. Stealing on the confidence 
or affections ; using insinuations ; giving hints. — 
Insin'ua'tor, n. 

Insist, in-sist', v. i. To dwell upon as a matter of 
special moment; to be persistent or pressing. [F. ira- 
swter, L. insistere, fr. in and sistere, to set, fr. stare = 
E. stand.) — Insistent, a. Standing or resting on.— 
Insistence, -ens, n. Quality of being urgent. 

Insition, in-sish'un or -sizhlin, n. Insertion of a 
scion in a stock. [L. insitio, fr. inserere, -situm, to 
ingraft, fr. in and serere, to sow.] 

In situ, in-si'tu. In its natural place, — said of a rock 
or fossil when found in the situation in which it 
was orig. formed or deposited. [L.] 

Insnare, ln-snar', v. t. [-snared (-snard'), -snaring.] 
To catch in a snare, entrap; to inveigle, seduce by 
artifice. — Insnar'er, n. 

Insolate, in'so-lat, v. t. To dry in the sun's rays; to 
expose to the sun's heat; to ripen or prepare by ex- 
posure to the sun. [L. insolare, -latum, fr. in and 
sol, the sun.] — Insola'tion, n. Act or process of ex- 
posing to the rays of the sun; sunstroke. 

Insolent, Insoluble, etc. See under Inability. 

Insomuch. See under In. 

Inspect, in-spekf, v. t. To view closely and critically, 
esp. in order to ascertain quality or condition, dis- 
cover errors, etc.; to view and examine officially, as 
troops, arms, goods offered for sale, etc. [L. mspeo 
tare, freq. of inspicere, fr. in and specere, to look at, 
to view.] — Inspection, -spek'shun, n. Act of in- 
specting; careful survey; official examination ; act of 
overseeing; superintendence. [F.l — Inspect'or, -Sr, 
n. — Inspectorate, -orship, n. Office or residence 
of an inspector; district embraced by an inspector's 
jurisdiction. 

Insphere, in-sferl v. t. [-sphered (-sferd'), -spher- 
ing.] To place in a sphere. 

Inspire, in-spir', v. i. [-spired (-spird'), -spiring.] 
To draw in breath, inhale air into the lungs; to 
breathe, blow gently.— v. t. To breathe into, fill 
with the breath; to infuse by breathing, infuse into 
the mind; to convey, as by a superior or supernat- 
ural influence; to affect, as with a supernatural in- 
fluence; to inhale. [OF. en- or inspire?; L. inspirare, 
•atum, fr. in and svirare, to breathe. See Spirit.] — 
Inspir'able, a. Capable of being inspired. — Inspi- 
ration, n. Act of inspiring, breathing in, infusing, 
etc.; inhalation; extraordinary elevation of the im- 
agination or other powers of the soul; result of such 
extraordinary elevation in the thoughts, emotions, 
or purposes inspired; esp., a supernatural divine in- 
fluence on the sacred writers, by which they were 
qualified to communicate truth with authority. — 
Inspiratory, in-splr'a- or in'spT-ra-to-rT, a. Pert, 
to or aiding inspiration. — Inspir'er, n. — Inspirit, 
-spirit, v. t. To infuse or excite spirit in, give new 
life to, enliven, animate, cheer, encourage. 

Inspissate, in-spis'sat, v. t. To thicken (fluids) by 
evaporation. — a. Thick; inspissated. [L. inspissare, 
-satum, fr. in and spissare, to thicken, fr. spissus, 
thick.] — Inspissa'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Instability, etc. See under Inability. 

Install, in-stawK, v. t. [-stalled (-stawW), -stall- 
ing.] To set in a seat, give a place to; to instate in 
an office, rank, or order, with ceremonies. [F. in- 
staller, LL. installare, fr. in and stallum, fr. OHG. 
stal = G. and E. stall, q. v.] — Installalion, n. Act 
of installing; esp. of instating an ordnined minister 
in a parish; institution. [F.] — Installment, n. Act 
of installing; a part of a sum of money paid or to be 
paid at a time different from that of the balance. 

Instant, in'stant, a. Pressing; urgent; importunate; 
earnest; closely impending in respect to time; imme- 
diate; making no delay; quick; present; current. — 
n. A point in duration; a moment; a particular 
time; a day of the current month. [F., an instant, 
moment, L. instans, p. pr. of instare, to stand upon, 
press upon, fr. in and stare, to stand.] — In'stantly, 
adv. Without the least delay or interval: with ur- 
gency ; directly; immediately; at once. — Instanta''- 
neous, -ne-us, a. Done in an instant. — Instanta'- 
neously, adv. In a moment. — Instanta'neousness, 
-stan'tanelty, -ta-ne'T-tT, n. Quality of being in- 
stantaneous.— Instanler, adv. Immediately; with- 
out delay; instantly. [L.] — In'stance, -stans, n. 
Quality or act of being instant or pressing; occasion; 
order of occurrence; something cited in proof or ex' 
emplification ; a case occurring; application ; exam- 
ple. — v. t. [-stanced (-stanst), -stancing.] To 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, 8r j 



INSTAR 



291 



INTELLECT 



mention as an example or case. (F., instance, ur- 
gency, L. instantia.~] 

Instar, in-star', v. t. To set with stars, or with bril- 
liants. 

Instate, in-staf, v. t. To set or place, establish (in a 
rank or condition), install. 

Instead, in-sted', adv. In the stead, plaee, or room; 
equivalent to; equal to. [AS. on stede, in the place.] 

Instep, in'step, n. The arched middle portion of the 
human foot, comprising the metatarsus and part of 
the tarsus, esp. the projection on the upper side near 
its junction with the leg; that part of the hind leg of 
a horse from the thigh to the pastern-joint. [Prob. 
corrupt, fr. instopor instup, fr. mandstoop=in-bend.] 

Instigate, in'stT-gat, v. t. To incite, set on, goad or 
urge forward, stimulate, impel, animate. [L. in<ti- 
gare, -gatum, fr. instinguere, to incite.] — Instiga'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; incitement as 
to evil. — In'suga'tor, n. 

Instill, in-stiK, v. t. [-stilled (-stud'), -stilling.] 
To pour in by drops; to infuse slowly, or by de- 
grees. [F. instiller, L. instillare, fr. in and stulare, 
to drop, stilla, a drop.] — Instilla'tion, n. Act of in- 
stilling, or infusing by small quantities; act of infus- 
ing slowly into the mind; that instilled or infused. 
— In'stilla/ter, InstiU'er, n. One who instills. —In- 
Btill'ment, n. Act of instilling; thing instilled. 

Instinct, in-stinkf, a. Urged from within; moved; 
animated; excited. [F.; IJL.instinctus, p. p. of instin- 
guere, to instigate ; incite.] — In'stinct, n. Uncon- 
scious or unreasoning prompting to action; esp. the 
natural, unreasoning impulse in an animal, by which 
it is guided to the performance of any action, with- 
out thought of improvement in the "method. — In- 
stinctive, -iv, a. Prompted by instinct ; acting 
without reasoning, instruction, or experience. — In- 
stinctively, adv. By force of instinct. 

Institute, in'sti-tut, v. t. To set up, establish, appoint, 
ordain; to originate, found; to begin, commence, set 
in operation. (Eccl. Law.) To invest with the spir- 
itual part of a benefice, or the care of souls, — n. 
Thing instituted; established law; settled order ; 
that which is established as authoritative; precept; 
maxim; principle; an institution: a literary, scien- 
tific, or philosophical society, pi. A book of elements 
or principles; esp. a work containing the principles 
of jurisprudence; theory of medicine, esp. physiol- 
ogy and therapeutics, applied to the practice of 
medicine. [L. instituere, -tutum, fr. in and statuere, 
to cause to stand, fr. stare, statum, to stand.] — In- 
stitu'tion, n. Act of instituting, as, establishment, 
foundation, enactment; or, instruction, education; 
or {Eccl. Law), act or ceremony of investing a cler- 
gyman with the spiritual part of a benefice; that 
which is instituted or established; established order, 
or method, or custom; enactment; ordinance; an es- 
tablished or organized society, endowed school, etc.; 
a foundation; a text-book; a" system of elements or 
rules. — Instate/ tional, a. Instituted by authority; 
elementary; rudimental. — Institutionary, a. Re- 
lating to institutions ; elemental; rudimentary. — 
In'stitu'tive, a. Tending or intended to institute; 
having power to establish; established; depending on 
institution.— • In'stitu'tor, n. One who establishes. 

Instratifled, in-strat'T-fid, a. Stratified within some- 
thing else. 

Instruct, in-strukf, v. t. To furnish with requisite 
outfit or preparation; to make ready; esp., to impart 
information to, enlighten, teach, educate, inform; to 
furnish with directions, command, enjoin. [L. instru- 
ere, -structum, f r . in and struere, to set in order.] — In- 
structor, -or, -Sr, n. — Instructive, a. Capable of 
being instructed. — Instruction, n. Act of instruct- 
ing, or teaching; that which instructs, as, precept, 
information, teachings; direction, order, command. 
[F.] — Instructive, -iv, a. Conveying knowledge; 
serving to instruct. — Instructively, adv. — In- 
structlveness, n. — Instructless, n. A female in- 
structor; preceptress. — In'strument, -stroo-ment, n. 
That by means of which anything is effected, a tool, 
utensil, implement; a contrivance, by which musical 
sounds are produced. {Law.) A writing, expressive 
of some act, contract, process, or proceeding.^ One 
who, or that which serves a purpose. [F. ; L. instru- 
tnentum, fr. instruere.'] — Instrument / 'ar, a. Acting as 
an instrument; serving as a means; conducive; help- 
ful; pert, to, made by, or prepared for, musical in- 
struments.— Instrumentality, -taKTC-t 1, n. Quality 
or condition of being, or that which is, instrumental; 
agency. — Instrument'' ally, adv. In the nature of 
an instrument, as means to an end; with instruments 



of music. — In'strumente/tion, n. Act of using, or 
the subordination of, as an instrument ; means; 
agency. (Mus.) Instrumental composition; act or 
manner of playing upon musical instruments. 

Insubordinate, Insufficient, etc. See under Inability. 

Insular, in'su-ler, -lary, -la-rT, a. Pert, to an island; 
surrounded by water. [F. insulaire, L. insularis, fr 
insula, an island, prob. fr. in salo, in the main sea, 
L. salum ; s. rt. Gr. salos, swell or surge of the sea, 
open sea, E. swell, q. v., and see Isle, Isolate.] — 
Insularity, -lar'T-tl, n. State of being insular.— 
In'sulate, v. t. To place in a detached situation, 
isolate; to prevent the transfer to, or from, of elec- 
tricity or heat, by the interposition of non-conduct- 
ors. [L. insulat us.]— In'sula'ted, p. a. Standing 
by itself. (Elec.) Separated, as a body, from oth- 
ers, by non-conductors of electricity. (Tfiermotics.) 
Separated, as a heated body, from other bodies, by 
non-conductors of heat. — Insula'tion, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc.; detachment from other ob- 
jects.— In'sula'ter, -ter, n. One who, or that which, 
etc.; a non-conductor. 

Insult, in'sult, n. Gross abuse offered to another; af- 
front; indignity; outrage; contumely, —v. t. To 
treat with abuse, insolence, or contempt, by words 
or actions. — v. i. To behave with insolent triumph. 
[OF., an affront, F. insulter, L. insultare, to insult, 
freq. of insilire, insultum. to leap upon, fr. in and 
salire, to leap.] — Insult'er, n. 

Insure, in-shoor', v. t. [-sueed (-shoord'), -surixg.] 
To make sure or secure; esp. to secure against a pos- 
sible loss or assure the contingent pavment of a cer- 
tain sum on stipulated conditions, or"at a given rate 
or premium.— v. i. To underwrite; to practice mak- 
ing insurance. [ME. ensuren, assuren, OF. asseurer, 
fr. seur, sure.] — Insur'able, a. Capable of being in- 
sured against loss or damage. — Insur'ance. n. Act 
of insuring, or assuring, against loss or damage; a 
contract whereby, for a consideration called a pre- 
mium, one party undertakes to indemnity the other 
against loss by certain risks or to pay a certain sum 
in a given contingency: premium paid for insuring 
property or life.— Insur'er, n. One who insures; an 
underwriter. 

Insurgent, in-ser'jent, a. Rising in opposition to law- 
ful civil or political authority; insubordinate ; re- 
bellious. — n. One who rises in revolt: a rebel. [L. 
insurgents, p. pr. of insurgei-e, to rise up, fr. in and 
surgere, to rise.] — Insurrec'tion, -ser-rek'shun, n. 
Arising against civil or political authority: sedition; 
revolt; rebellion. [L. insurrection — Insufrec'tional, 
a. Pert, to, or consisting in insurrection. — Insur- 
rectionary, -a-ri. a. Pert, or suitable to, etc.; re- 
bellious; seditious. — Insurrec'tionist, ?i. One who 
favors insurrection. 

Intact, Integrity, etc. See under Inability. 

Intaglio, in-tal'yo, n. A figure cut into a material, as 
a seal, matrix, etc.; a stone or gem in which a figure 
is cut so as to form a depression or hollow. [It., fr. 
intagliare, fr. in (= L. in) and tagliare, LL. taleare, 
to cut, orig. to cut twigs, fr. L. talea, a rod, stick, 
twig. See Tally.] 

Integument, in-teg'u-ment, n. That which naturally 
covers another thing; esp. (Anat.), a covering which 
invests the body, as the skin, or a membrane that 
invests a particular part. [L. integumentum, fr. in 
and tegere, to cover.] 

Intellect, inlel-lekt, n. The faculty of the human 
soul by which it knows, understands, or reasons, as 
disting. fr. the power to feel and to will: the power 
to judge and comprehend. [OF.; L. intellectus, fr. in- 
telligere, -ledum, to understand, fr. inter, between, 
and legere, to gather, collect.] — Intellec'tion. n. Act 
of understanding; simple apprehension of ideas: in- 
tuition. — Intellective, -iv, a. Having power to un- 
derstand; produced by the understanding; capable 
of being perceived by the understanding only, not 
by the senses.— Intelfeetlvely, adv. With intellec- 
tion. — Intellect'ual, -u-al, a. Belonging to, or per- 
formed by, the mind, mental; formed bv, and exist- 
ing for, the intellect alone; perceived hy the intel- 
lect; having the power of understanding;*having ca- 
pacity for the higher forms of knowledge or thought; 
relating to the understanding. — Intelleefuaksm, 
-izm, n. Intellectual power; doctrine that knowl- 
edge is derived from pure reason. — Intellecfualist, 
n. One who overrates the understanding: one who 
believes or maintains that human knowledge is de- 
rived from pure reason. —Intelligence, -ll-jens, n. 
Act of knowing; the intellect as a gift or endow- 
ment; capacity for the higher functions of the intel- 



1, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



INTENT) 



292 



INTEREST 



leet; information communicated; general informa- 
tion; an intelligent being or spirit. [F.; L. intelli- 
gentia.] — Intelligence office. A place where infor- 
mation may be obtainea, esp. respecting servants to 
be hired. — Intel'ligencer, -jen-ser, n. One who, or 
that which, sends or conveys intelligence. — Intel '- 
ligent. a. Endowed with the faculty of reason, or 
with a good intellect; well informed; sensible; skill- 
ful.— Intel'ligen'tial, -ien'shal, a. Pert, to the in- 
telligence ; intellectual ; consisting of unbodied 
mind. — Intelligently, adv. — Intelligible, -lt-jl- 
bl, a. Capable of being understood or compre- 
hended; perspicuous; plain; clear. [F.] — Intel'li- 
gibleness, -ligibil'ity, n. —Intelligibly, adv. 

Intend, in-tend', v. t. To fix the mind upon, as the 
object to be effected; to contemplate, meditate, pur- 
pose, mean. [ME. entenden, F. entendre, L. inten- 
dere, -tensuni, fr. in and tendere, to stretch. See 
Tend.] —Intended, n. One betrothed; an affianced 
lover. — Intend'er, n.— Intend'ant, n. One who has 
the charge of some public business; a superintend- 
ent. [OF., orig. one of the 4 controllers of the ex- 
chequer appointed by Francis I., of France.] — In- 
tend'ancy, n. Office or employment of, or district 
committed to the charge of, an intendant. — In- 
tendment, ». Intention; design. {Law.) The true 
meaning or intention of a law, or of any legal in- 
strument.— Intense', -tens', a. Strained; stretched; 
tightly drawn; kept on the stretch; extreme in de- 
gree, as, ardent, fervent; keen, biting; vehement, 
earnest; severe, violent. — Intensely, adv. To an 
extreme degree; attentively. — Intense'ness, -ten'- 
sity, -sl-tl, n. State of being intense ; extreme de- 
gree. (Physics & Mech.) Effectiveness, as estimated 
by results produced. — Inten'sative, -tiv, a. Add- 
ing intensity; intensifying.— Intensify, v. t. [-fied 
(-lid), -fying.] To render more intense. — v. i. To 
become intense, or more intense. — Intension, 
-shun, n. A straining, or the state of being strained; 
increase of power or energy of any quality. (Logic 
& Metaph.) The collective attributes, qualities, or 
marks that make up a complex general notion. — 
Inten'sive, -siv, a. Stretched, or admitting of ex- 
tension, or increase of degree; assiduous; intense. 
(Gram.) Serving to give force or emphasis. — In- 
tensively, adv. In a manner to give force.— In- 
tent', a. Having the mind strained or bent on an 
object; fixed closely; anxiously diligent. [L. in- 
tentus.] — n. Act of turning the mind toward an ob- 
ject; a design; purpose; intention; meaning; object; 
end; aim. [F. entente.] — Intent'ly, adv. In an in- 
tent manner; steadfastly; earnestly; sedulously; 
diligently; eagerly.— Intent'ness, n. — Inten'tion, 
n. A bending of the mind toward an object; close- 
ness of application; fixed direction of the mind to a 
particular object, or in a particular way of acting; 
object intended; state of being strained. (Logic.) 
Any mental apprehension of an object. [F.; L. in- 
tention — To heal by the first intention. (Surg.) To 
cicatrize, as a wound, without suppuration. — In- 
ten'tional, a. Done by intention or design; in- 
tended; designed. — Inten'tionally, adv. With in- 
tention; by design. 

Inteneration, in-ten'er-a-shun, n. Act of making, or 
state of being made, tender, q. v. 

Inter, in-ter', v. t. [-terred (-terd'), -terring.] To 
deposit and cover in the earth, bury, inhume. [ME. 
enterren, F. enterrer, It. and EL. interrare, fr. X. in 
and terra, the earth.] — Inter 'ment, n. Act of, etc.; 
burial; sepulture. 

Interact, in-ter-akt', v. t. To act upon each other. 
[L. inter, between, among (s. rt. Skr. antar, within, 
E. under, q. v.), and agere, actum : see Act.] — Inter- 
ac'tion, n. Intermediate or mutual action. 

Interact, in-ter-akt', n. A short act or piece between 
others, as in a play; an interlude. [F. entr' acte ; en- 
tre = L, inter; acte, an act, q. v.] 

Intercalate, in-ter'ka-lat, v. t. To insert between 
others, as, (Chron.) to insert (a day, etc.) in a calen- 
dar; (Geol.) to insert (a bed or stratum) between the 
layers of a regular series of rocks. [L. intercalare, 
-latum, fr. inter and calare, to proclaim : see Cal- 
endar.] — Inter'cala'tion, n. Insertion of anything 
between others; introduction, — as, insertion of a 
day in a calendar, or intrusion of a bed of rock be- 
tween other layers.— Inter 'calar, -ka-lar, -calary, 
-la-rT, a. Inserted between others, — said esp. of the 
odd day (Feb. 29th) inserted in leap-year. 

Intercede, m-ter-sed', v. i. To act between parties, 
to reconcile those who differ; to plead in behalf of 
another; to interpose, mediate. [F. interceder, L, 



tercedere, fr. inter and cedere, cessum, to pass.] — In- 
terced'ent, a. Mediating.— Interced'er, n.— Inter- 
ces'sion, -sesh'un, n. Act of interceding; mediation; 
entreaty with one party in favor of, or, less often, 
against another. [F.] — Interces'sor, -ser, n. One 
who intercedes; a mediator. (Eccl.) A bishop, who, 
during a vacancy of the see, administers the bishop- 
ric till a successor is elected. [L.] — Interces'sory, 
-so-rl, a. Containing intercession; interceding. 

Intercept, in-ter-sept', v. t. To stop on its passage, 
seize by the way; to obstruct the progress of; to in- 
terrupt communication with, or progress toward. 
(Math.) To take, include, or comprehend between. 
[F. intercepter, L. intercipere, -ceptum, fr. inter and 
capere, to take, seize.] — Intercept'er, n. — Inter- 
cep'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Intercip'ient, -sip't-ent, 
a. Intercepting; seizing by the way. 

Intercession, Intercessor, etc. See under Intercede. 

Interchange, in-ter-chanj', v. t. [-changed (-chanjd'), 
-changing.] To put each in the place of the other; 
to exchange, reciprocate ; to cause to follow, or to 
alternate.— v. i. To change mutually; to succeed aL 
ternately. — In'terchange', n. Act of mutually 
•hanging; state of being mutually changed; alter- 
nate succession; barter; commerce. [F.entrechanger; 
entre = li. inter; changer = E. change, q. v.] — Inter- 
change 'able, a. Admitting of exchange; following 
each other in alternate succession. — Interchange'- 
ableness, -abil'ity, n. — Interchange'ably, adv. 

Intercipient. See under Intercept. 

Interclude, in-ter-klud', v. t. To shut off or out from 
a place or course, by something intervening; to in- 
tercept, interrupt. [L. inter and cludere, claudere, 
to shut.] — Interclu'sion, -klu'zhun, n. Intercep- 
tion; a stopping. 

Intercolonial, in'ter-ko-lo'nY-al, a. Pert, to the mu- 
tual relations between different colonies. 

Intercolumniation, in'ter-ko-lum'nt-a'shun, n. (Arch.) 
The clear space between 2 columns, at the lower 
parts of their shafts. 

Intercommon, in-ter-kom'mun, v. i. [-moned (-mund), 
-MOXiNG.] To share with others, participate; esp. to 
feed at the same table. (O. Law.) To graze cattle 
in a common pasture. — Intercom 'monage, -mun-ej, 
n. (O. Law.) Mutual commonage. 

Intercommunicate, in'ter-kom-mu'nf-kat, v. i. To 
communicate mutually, hold mutual communica- 
tion.— In'tercommu'nica'tion, n. Reciprocal com- 
munication or intercourse. — In'tercommun'ion, n. 
Mutual communion. — In'tercommu'nity, -nl-tY. n. 
A mutual communication or community; mutual 
freedom or exercise, as of religion. 

Intercostal, in-ter-kos'tal, a. (Anat.) Placed or lying 
between the ribs. [F., fr. L. inter and costa, rib.] 

Intercourse, in'ter-kors, n. Connection by reciprocal 
dealings between persons or nations, in common af- 
fairs and civilities, in trade, language, or correspon- 
dence; esp., interchange of thought and feeling; 
communication; familiarity; sexual connection. [F. 
entrecours, LL. intercursus, commerce; L., interposi- 
tion. See Course, under Courant.] — Intercur'- 
rence, -kur-rens, a. A passing or running between; 
occurrence. — Intercur'rent, a. Running between 
or among; occurring; intervening. 

Interdependence, in'ter-de-pend'ens, n. Mutual de- 
pendence. 

Interdict, in'ter-dikt', v. t. To forbid by order or 
charge; to prohibit or inhibit. (Eccl.) To cut off 
from the enjoyment of communion with a church. 
[ME. entredtten, L. interdicere, -dictum, fr. inter and 
dicere, to say, speak.] — In'terdict', n. A prohibi- 
tion; a prohibitory order or decree; esp. a papal cen- 
sure, prohibiting the performance of divine service 
or the administration or enjoyment of religious rites, 
to or by persons named or in a specified place or re- 
gion. [F. entredit, Law L. interdictum.] — Interdic- 
tion, n. Act of interdicting; prohibition; inhibition. 
— Interdict'ive, -iv, -ory, -o-rt, a. Having the de- 
sign, power, or effect, to prohibit. 

Interest, in'ter-est, v. t. To engage the attention or 
affections of; to excite emotion or passion in, in be- 
half of a person or thing; to excite in behalf of an- 
other, or of some other object, — used reflexively. — 
n. Special attention to some object, concern, sym- 
pathy; excitement of feeling, esp. of pleased or grat- 
ified feeling, regard, or affection ; share, portion, 
part; advantage, personal or general; lot; the per- 
sons interested in any particular business or meas- 
ure, taken collectively, — as, the manufacturing in- 
terest. [Fr. interess'd (p. p. of obs. E. interess), OF. 
interesse, interested, It. interessare, Sp. interesar, I* 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; Qdd, t5ne, dr ; 



INTEREST 



293 



INTERN 



interesse, to concern, lit. to be between, fr. inter and 
esse, to be.] — In'terested, p. a. Having an interest; 
concerned in a cause or in consequences ; liable to be 
affected. — Interesting, p. a. Engaging the atten- 
tion or curiosity; exciting emotions or passions. 

Interest, in'tSr-est, n. Premium paid for the use of 
money; profit per cent, derived from money lent, or 
property used by another person, or from debts re- 
maining unpaid; any surplus advantage, or unex- 
pected advance in returning what has been received. 
[OF., an interest in, right or title to a thing, pre- 
mium on money, fr. L. interest, it is profitable, fr. 
interesse (see above); F. interit, Sp. interes, Pg., It., 
and LL. interesse, interest.] — Compound interest. 
That which arises from the principal with the inter- 
est added; interest on interest. — Simple i. That 
which arises from the principal sum_ontv. 

Interfere, in-ter-feV, v. i. [-feked (-ierd'), -fering.] 
To come in collision, clash; to take part in the con- 
cerns of others, interpose, intermeddle. (Far.) To 
strike one foot against its opposite, so as to injure 
the flesh. (Physics.) To act reciprocally, so as to 
augment, diminish, or otherwise affect one another. 
[OF. entreferir, to interchange blows — said esp. of 
a horse's feet, fr. entre (= L. inter) and ferir, L..fer- 
ire, to strike.] — Interference, n. Act or state of in- 
terfering; interposition; collision; clashing. (Phys- 
ics.) Mutual influence, under certain conditions, of 
2 streams of light, pulsations of sound, or waves or 
vibrations of any kind. — Interfer'er, n. 

Interfluent, in-ter'flu-ent, -fluous, -us, a. Flowing be- 
tween. [L. interfluens, interfluus, fr. inter and fluere, 
to flow.] 

Interfulgent, in-ter-f ul'jent, a. Shining between. [L. 
interfulgens, p. pr. of interfulgere, to shine between.] 

Interfuse, in-ter-fuz', v. t. To pour or spread between, 
permeate, pervade, mix together. [L. interfundere, 
-fusum, to pour between.] — Interfu'sion, -zhun, n. 
A pouring or spreading out between ; a mixing to- 
gether. 

Interim, in'ter-im, n. The mean time; time interven- 
ing. [L., in the mean while (adv.), fr. inter and im, 
old ace. of is, demonst. pron.] 

Interior, in-te'rY-er, a. Being within any limits, in- 
closure, or substance; internal; inner, — opp. to ex- 
terior, superficial; remote from the limits, frontier, 
or shore; inland. — n. Internal part of a thing; the 
inside; the inland part of a country. [L., compar. 
of intents, Skr. antara, interior; s. rt. in.] — Depart- 
ment of the Interior. That department of the TJ. S. 
government which has charge of patents, pensions, 
public lands and surveys, the Indians, education, 
the census, etc.— Inte'riorly, adv. Internally; in- 
wardly. 

Interjacent, in-tSr-ja'sent, a. Lying or being between; 
intervening. [L. interjacens, p. pr. of interjacere, to 
lie between, fr. inter and jacere, to lie.] — Interja'- 
cence, -cency, -sen-sY, n. That which is interjacent; 
a space or region between other places. 

Interject, in-tgr-jekt', v. t. To throw in between; to 
insert. [L. interjicere, -jectum, fr. inter and jacere, 
to throw.] — Interjec'tion, -jek'shun, n. Act of 
throwing between; a word, thrown in between words 
connected in construction, to express some emotion 
or passion. [F.] — Interjec'tional, a. Thrown in 
between other words or phrases; having the nature 
of an interjection. 

Interlace, in-tgr-las', v. t. [-laced (-last'), -lacing.] 
To unite, as by lacing to- 
gether; to insert or inter- 
pose one thing with an- 
other, intermix. — Inter- 
lacing arches. (Arch.) 
Arches, usually circular, 
so constructed that their 
curves intersect or are in- 
terlaced. 

Interlard, in-ter-liird', v. 1. 
To mix in, as fat with 
lean; to diversify by mix- 
ture, interpose, insert be- 
tween. 

Interlay, in-ter-la', v. t. [-laid (-lad'), -laying.] To 
lay or place among or between. 

Interleaf, in'ter-lef, n. A blank leaf inserted. — In- 
terleave', V. t. [-LEAVED (-levd'), -LEAVING.] To 
insert a leaf into: to insert (blank leaves) in a book, 
between other leaves. 

Interline, in-ter-lin', v. t. [-lined (-lind'), -lining.] 
To write in alternate lines: to write between lines 
already written, to add to or correct what is written. 




Interlacing Arches. 



— Interlin'eal, -lYn'e-al, -ear, -e-er, a. Written oi 
inserted between other lines. — Interlin'ea'tion, n. 
Act of interlining; a passage, word, or line inserted 
between lines before written or printed. 

Interlink, in-ter-link', v. t. [-linked (-linkt'). -linb 
ING.] To connect by uniting links. 

Interlocation, in-ter-lo-ka'shun, n. A placing between 
interposition. 

Interlock, in-ter-lok', v. i. [-locked (-iokt'), -locb- 
ing.] To unite, embrace, communicate with, or flow 
into one another. — v. t. To unite by locking to- 
gether. 

Interlocution, in-ter-lo-ku'shun, n. Dialogue; con- 
ference. (Law.) An intermediate act or decree be- 
fore final decision. Intermediate argument or dis 
cussion. [F.; L. interlocutio, ir. interloqui, -iocutus, 
to speak between, fr. inter and loqv.i, to speak.] — 
Interloc'utor, -lok'u-ter, n. One who speaks in dia- 
logue, or takes part in a conversation. — Interloc'u- 
tory, -to-rY, a. Consisting ol dialogue. {Law.) In- 
termediate; not final or definitive. 

Interlope, in-ter-lop', v. i. [-loped (-lopf), -lopixg.} 
To traffic without a proper license; to forestall; tc 
prevent right. [L. inter and D. loosen, to run, looper 
a runner; s. rt. leap, elope, q. v.]— Interlop'er. n 
One who interlopes or runs into business to whict 
he has no right; one who interferes officiously. 

Interlude, in'ter-lud, n. A theatrical entertainmenv 
between acts of a play or between the play and af 
terpiece. (Mus.) A short piece of instrumental 
music played between the parts of a song or hymn. 
[L. inter and ludus, play, fr. ludere, to play.] 

Interlunar, in-ter-lu'nar, -nary, -na-rY, a. Belonging 
to the time when the moon, at or near its conjunc- 
tion with the sun, is invisible. 

Intermarry, in-ter-mar'rY, v. t. [-ried (-rid), -ryixg 
To become connected (as families, tribes, classes, 
etc.) by marriage. — Intermar'riage, -rij, n. Act oi 
or state of being, etc. 

Intermeddle, in-ter-med'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling. 
To meddle in the affairs of others, in which one hat 
no concern; to intrude officiously, interpose, inte? 
fere. — Intermed'dler, n. 

Intermediate, in-ter-me'dY-at, a. Lying or being n 
the middle place or degree between 2 extremes; in 
tervening; interjacent. — v. i. To intervene, inter 
pose. [F. intermediat, intervening, fr. L. inter anc 
mediare, -atum, to halve. See Mediate.] — Intel 
me'diately, adv. By way of intervention. — Intei- 
me'dia'tion, n. Intervention ; common means. - 
Interme'dium, -dY-um 5 «. Intermediate space; ar 
intervening agent or instrument. — Interme'dial 
-dY-al, -diary, -dY-a-rY, a. Lying between; intermf- 
diate. 

Interment. See under Inter. 

Intermigration, in'ter-mi-gra'shun, n. Reciprocal mi- 
gration. 

Intermingle, in-ter-min'gl, v. t. [-mingled (-mm'- 
gld), -gling.] To mingle or mix together, intermix 
to put with other things. — v. i. To be mixed or in 
corporated. 

Intermit, in-ter-mit', v. t. To cause to cease for a 
time ; to interrupt, suspend. — v. ?*. To cease for ^ 
time; to disappearor relax at intervals, as a fever. 
[L. intermittere, fr. inter and mittere, missum, to send.' 
— Intermit'tent, a. Ceasing at intervals.— n. (Med.) 
A disease which apparently subsides orceases at cer- 
tain intervals. — Intermit'tingly. adv. With inter- 
mission. — Intermis'sion, -misii'un, n. Cessation 
for a time: an intervening period of time; temporary 
pause ; interval : pause ; stop ; rest. (Med.) The 
temporary cessation or subsidence of a disease; time 
between the paroxysms of a disease. fF. ; L. inter- 
missio.] — Intermis'sive, -siv, a. Commg by fits, o? 
after temporary cessations. 

Intermix, m-ter-miks', v. t. [-mixed (-miksf), -mix 
ing.] To mix together, intermingle. — v. i. To be 
mixed together, be intermingled. — Intermixt'ure 
-rniks'chnr, n. A mass formed by mixture; admix^ 
ture; something additional mingled in amass. 

Intermontane, in-ter-mon'tan, a. Between or among 
mountains. [L. inter and montanus, belonging to 
mountains, fr. mons, mcm<is,_mountain.] 

Intermundane, in-ter-mun'dan, a. Being betweea 
worlds or between orb and orb. 

Intermural, in-ter-mu'ral, a. Lving between walls. 

Intern, in-tern', v. t. [-TERNED'(-ternd'). -terning.J 
To put for safe custody in the interior of a country; 
to confine to one locality. [F. interner, fr. interne, 
L. intemus, internal, fr. inter : see Interior ; s. rt 
denizen, entrails.] — Intern'ment, n. Confinement 



sun, Cfibe, full ; moon, f dot ; cow, oil , linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



INTERNATIONAL 



294 



INTBSTINE 



of prisoners, etc. — Inter'nal, a. Inward; interior; 
beneath the surface; not external; derived from, or 
dependent on, the object itself ; pert, to its own af- 
fairs or interests, — said of a country, domestic, as 
opp. to foreign; — intrinsic; real ; pert, to the heart, 
thoughts, or inner being. — Inter'nally, adv. In- 
wardly; beneath the surface; mentally; spiritually. 
International, in'ter-nash'un-al, a. Pert, to the re- 
lations of or affecting 2 or more nations. — n. A so- 
cialistic association for promoting industrial reforms 
through political combinations; a member of the as- 
sociation.— Interna' tionalist, n. A member of, etc. 

— Interna'tionalizm, -izm, n. The doctrines or or- 
ganization of, etc.; condition of the development of 
international interests and intercourse. 

Internecine, in-ter-ne'sin, a. Mutually destructive; 
deadly ; accompanied with great mutual slaughter. 
[L. internecare, to slaughter, f r. inter and necare, to 
kill.] — Interne'cive, -siv, a. Killing; tending to kill. 

Internuncio, in-ter-nun'shl-o, n. A messenger be- 
tween 2 parties ; the pope's representative at repub- 
lics and small courts. [Sp. ; L. intemuncius. See 
Nuncio.] 

Interoceanic, in-ter-o- she-anlk, a. Between oceans. 

Interpeal, in-tei'-pel', -pel', -pel', v. t. To interrupt, 
disturb, break in upon ; to interfere with, urge by 
way of intercession. [F. interpeller, It. and L. inter- 
peuare, fr. L. inter and pellere, to drive.] — Inter- 
pellate, -lat, v. t. To question (a minister or ex- 
ecutive officer) in explanation of his actions, — gen- 
erally on the part of a legislative body. - In'terpel- 
la'tion, n. Act of interrupting ; interruption ; act 
of interfering, interposing, or interceding ; act of 
demanding explanations from a minister, etc. [F.; 
L. interpellation — Interpel'lant, a. Interpelhng. 

— n. One who, etc. 

Interplead, m-ter-pled', v. i. (Law.) To discuss or 
try a point incidentally happening, before the prin- 
cipal cause can be tried. — Interpleader, n. One 
who interpleads. (Law.) A proceeding to enable a 
person, of whom the same debt, duty, or thing is 
claimed adversely by 2 or more parties, to compel 
them to litigate the right between themselves, there- 
by relieving him from suits which they might other- 
wise bring against him. 

Interpolate, in-tgr'po-lat, v. t. To insert (a spurious 
word or passage) in a manuscript or book ; to foist 
in ; to alter or corrupt by the insertion of foreign 
matter ; esp. to change by the insertion of matter 
that is new or foreign to the author's purpose. 
{Math.") To fill up intermediate terms of (a series) 
according to the law of the series. [L. interpolare, 
4atum, fr. inter andpolire, to polish.] — Inter'pola - 
Won, n. Act of, etc. ; a spurious word or passage 
in the genuine writings of an author. (Math.) The 
operation of finding from a few given terms of a 
series, other intermediate terms in conformity with 
the law of the series. — Interpolator, -t5r, n. 

Interpose, in-tgr-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -pos- 
ing.] To place Between ; to intrude (an obstruction, 
interruption, or inconvenience) : to offer (aid or 
services); to intervene, mediate, interfere, intermed- 
dle. — v. i. To step in between parties at variance; 
out in by way of interruption. [F. interposer, L. 
interponere, -posilum. See Pose.] — Interpos'er, n. 

— In'terposi'tion, -zish'un,w. A being, placing, or 
coming between; intervention; in tervenient agency; 
mediation ; thing interposed. [F.J — Interpos'al, n. 
Act of interposing; interference; intervention. 

Interpret, in-ter'pret, v. t. To explain the meaning 
of, expound ; to free from mystery or obscurity, 
make clear, unfold. [F. interpreter, L. interpretari, 
-tatus, fr. inttrpres, an interpreter ; perh. s. rt. Gr. 
phrazein, to speak.] — Interpretation, n. Act of 
interpreting, expounding, or explaining ; transla- 
tion ; version; sense given by an interpreter; expo- 
sition : meaning ; sense ; power of explaining. [F.] 

— Inter'preta'tive, -ta'tiv, a. Designed or fitted to 
explain; collected or known by interpretation.— In- 
terpreter, n. 

Interregnum, in-ter-reg'num, n. The time a throne 
is vacant between the death or abdication of a king 
and the accession of his successor ; period during 
which the executive branch of a government is in- 
terrupted. [L. inter and regnum, dominion, reign.] 

— In'terrex, n. A regent ; one who governs during 
an interregnum. [L. rex, king.] 

Interrogate, in-t6r'ro-gat, v. t. To question formally, 
examine by asking questions, inquire. — v. i. To 
ask questions. [L. interrogare, -gatum, fr. inter and 
rogare, to ask.] — Inter'roga'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; 



question put ; inquiry ; a point, mark, or sign, thus 
[?], indicating that the sentence immediately preced- 
ing it is a question. [F.] — Interrog'ative, -rog'a- 
tiv, a. Denoting a question; expressed in the form 
of a question. — n. ( Gram.) A word used in ask- 
ing questions.— Interrog'atively, adv. In the form 
of a question. — Inter'roga'tor, -tgr, n. One who, 
etc. — Interrogatory, -a-to-rl, n. A question or in- 
quiry. — a. Containing or expressing a question. 
Interrupt, in-ter-rupt', v. t. To stop or hinder by 
breaking in upon the course or progress of; to inter- 
fere with the motion of ; to break the even surface 
or uniform order of. [L. interrumpere, -ruptum, fr. 
inter and rumpere, to break.] — Interrupter, n. — 
Interruption, -rup'shun, n. Act of, etc. ; obstruc- 
tion caused by breaking in upon any course, current, 
progress, or motion; hindrance; stop; cessation ; in- 
termission. [F.] 
Interscapular, m-ter-skap'u-lgr, a. (Anat.) Situated 

between the shoulder-blades. 
Interscribe, in-tgr-skrlb', v. t. [-scribed (-skrlbd'), 
-scribing/] To write between. [L. inter and scrv- 
here, to write.] 
Intersect, in-tgr-sekt', v. t. To cut into or between ; 
divide into parts. — v. i. To cut into one another, 
meet and cross each other. [L. intersecare, sectum, 
f r. inter and secare, to cut.] — Intersection, n. Act, 
state, or place of intersecting. (Geom.) The point 
or line in which 2 lines or planes cut each other. — 
Interse'cant, a. Dividing into parts ; crossing. 
Interspace, in'tgr-spas, n. An intervening space. 
Intersperse, in-tgr-spers', v. t. [-spersed (-spgrsf), 
-SPERSING.] To scatter or set here and there among 
other things. [L. interspergere, -spersum, f r. inter and 
spargere, to scatter.] — Intersper'sion, -shun, n. Act 
of interspersing. 
Interstellar, in-ter-stel'lar, -stel'lary, -la-rl, a. Situ- 
ated among the stars. 
Interstice, in'tgr- or in-tgr'stis, n. A space between 
2 things or parts; esp. a narrow space between things 
closely set, or the parts which compose the body ; 
chink; crack; crevice; cranny. [F.; L. interstitmm, 
f r. inter and sistere, stiti, to stand.] — Intersti'tial, 
-stish'al, a. Pert, to, or containing, interstices. 
Intertexture, in-ter-teks'chur, n. Act of interweav- 
ing; state of things interwoven ; things interwoven. 
Intertropical, in-tgr-trop'ik-al, a. Situated between 

or within the tropics. 
Intertwine, in-ter-twln', v. t. [-twined (-twind'), 
-twining.] To unite by twining one with another. 
— v. i. To be twined or twisted together. 
Intertwist, in-ter-twist', v. t. To twist one with an- 
other. 
Interval, in'tgr-val, n. A space between things; space 
of time between events, or between 2 paroxysms of 
disease, pain, or delirium. (Mus.) Difference in 
pitch between any 2 tones. A fertile tract of low 



or plain ground between hills, or along the banks of 
rivers. [In this sense written also intervale.'] [F. tn- 
tervalle,L. intervallum, fr. inter and vallum, a ram- 
part; s. rt. wall.] 

Intervene, in-tgr-ven', v. i. [-vened (-vend'), -ven- 
ing.] To come or be between persons or things ; to 
occur, fall, or come between points of time or 
events ; to happen in a way to disturb, cross, or in- 
terrupt ; to interpose or undertake an action volun- 
tarily for another. [F. intervenir, L. intervenire, 
-ventum, fr. inter and venire = E. come.] — Inter- 
vener, n. — Intervention, : vSn'shun, n. Act of 
intervening ; interposition ; interference that may 
affect the interests of others, — esp. of one or more 
states with the affairs of another. (Civil Law.) The 
act by which a third person, to protect his own in- 
terest, interposes and becomes a party to a suit pend- 
ing between other parties. [F. ; L. intervention 

Interview, in'tgr-vu, n. A meeting, esp. for confer- 
ence on an important subject; consultation; conver- 
sation. — v. t. To have an interview with ; to con- 
verse with, to obtain information for publication. — 
In'terviewer, n. One who effects an interview, to 
obtain information, etc. 

Intervolve, in'ter-volv', v. t. [-volved (-volvdO, 
-volving.] To involve one within another. [L. 
inter and volvere, to roll.] 

Interweave, in-tgr-wev', v. t. [imp. -wove (-w5v'), 
-woven ; -weaving/] To weave together, unite in 
texture or construction ; to intermix, set among or 
together ; to intermingle, unite intimately, connect 
closely. 

Intestate, etc. See under Inability. 

Intestine, in-tes'tin, «. Internal ; inward : depend- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, f are ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, Wne, dr t 



INTHRALL 



295 



Ih OJSSTJSCEPTION 



ing upon the internal constitution ; subjective ; in- 
ternal with regard to a state or country ; domestic, 
not foreign,— applied usually to that which is evil.— 
n. (Anat.) The convoluted membranous canal or 
tube extending from the pylorus to the anus. pi. 
The bowels ; entrails ; viscera. [F. intestin, L. in- 
testinus, inward, fr. intiis, Gr. entos, within, fr. L. in, 
Gr. en. See In.] — Intes'tinal, a. Pert, to the intes- 
tines of an animal body. [F.] 

InthraU, in-thrawl', v. t. [-thralled (-thrawld'), 
-ling.] To reduce to bondage or servitude ; to en- 
slave. — Inthrall'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, 
ate; servitude; slavery; bondage. 

Inthrone. Same as Enthrone. 

Intimate, in'tTt-met, a. Innermost; inward; internal; 
near ; close ; close in friendship or acquaintance ; 
familiar, — n. A familiar friend or associate. [OF. 
intime, inward, secret, dear, L. intimus, innermost, 
superl. corresponding to compar. interior, q. v.] — 
In'timately, adv. — In'timacy, -ma-sT, n. State of 
being intimate; close familiarity or fellowship. 

Intimate, in'H-mat, v. t. To suggest obscurely, in- 
directly, or not very plainly ; to give slight notice 
of, hint. [L. intimare.-matum, to hring within, an- 
nounce, fr. intimus. See Intimate, a.]— Intima'- 
tion.w. Act of intimating; thing intimated; hint. [F.] 

Intimidate, in-tim'T-dat, v. t. To make timid or fear- 
ful ; to inspire with fear, dishearten, dispirit, abash, 
terrify. [LL. intimidare, -datum, to frighten, fr. L. 
in and timidus, fearful, timid.] — Intim'ida'tion, n. 
Act of. or state of being, etc. [F.] 

Intitule, in-tit'Ul, v. t. Riled (-uld),-ULiNG.] To en- 
title, give a title to. [F. intitvler, to entitle.] 

Into. See under In. 

Intolerable, Intractable, etc. See under Inability. 

In tomb, in-tobm', v. t. [-tombed (-toomd'), -tomb- 
ing.] To deposit in a tomb ; to bury. 

Intone, in-ton', v. i. [-toned (-tond'), -toning.] To 
utter a sound; give forth a deep, protracted sound; to 
chant. — v. t. To utter with a musical or prolonged 
tone; to chant. [LL. intonare, -natum, to sing in tonum 
= according to tone : tonus = Gr. tonos, tone, q. v. ; also 
L. intonare, to thunder forth, fr. in intens. and tona- 
re, to thunder, f r. OL. tonus, thunder, s. rt. Gr. tonos.] 
— In'tonate, -nat, v. i. To sound the tones of the 
musical scale; to practice solmization; to read, as in 
liturgical services, in a musical manner. — Intona'- 
tion, n. {Mus.) Act of sounding the tones of the 
musical scale; peculiar quality of a voice or musical 
instrument as regards tone. Act or manner of mod- 
ulating the voice ; esp. act of reading (a liturgical 
service) with a musical accentuation and tone. 

Intoxicate, in-toks'T-kat, v. t. To make drunk, in- 
ebriate ; to exhilarate or stupefy with alcoholic or 
narcotic poisons; to excite to a kind of delirium. — a. 
Overexcited, as with joy, grief, etc. [LL. intoxicare, 
-catum, to drug or poison, fr. L. toxicum, Gr. toxikon, 
poison in which arrows were dipped, fr. Gr. toxa, 
bow and arrows.] — Intox'ioa'tion, n. State of be- 
ing intoxicated; act of making drunk; elation which 
rises to enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness ; drunken- 
ness ; infatuation ; delirium. 

Intrados, in-tra'dos, n. {Arch.') The interior and 
lower hne or curve of an arch. [F., fr. L. intra, 
within, and F. dos, L. dorsum, the back.] 

Intreat. See Entreat. 

Intrench, in-trench', v. t. [-trenched (-trenchf), 
-trenching.] To surround with a trench, as in 
fortification; to fortify with a ditch and parapet; to 
make hollows or trenches in or upon. — v. i. To 
invade, encroach. — Intrench'ment, n. Act of in- 
trenching. {Mil.) A trench or ditch dug out for a 
defense against an enemy; earth thrown up in mak- 
ing such a ditch ; a slight field-work. Any defense 
or protection ; encroachment on rights of another. 

Intricate, in'trt-kat, a. Entangled ; involved ; per- 
plexed; complicated; obscure. [L. intricatus, p. p. 
of intricare, fr. in and tricari, to make hindrances, 
or perplexities, fr. tricse, hindrances. See Extri- 
cate.] — In'tricately, adv. — In'tricateness, -trica- 
cy, -trl-ka-sY, n. State of being, etc. ; perplexity; 
complication; complexity. — Intrigue', in-treg', n. 
A complicated plot or scheme to effect some pur- 
pose by secret artifices ; the plot of a play or ro- 
mance; illicit intimacy between two persons of dif- 
ferent sexes;_amour; liaison; libertinism, —v. i. [in- 
trigued (-tregd'), -triguing.] To form a plot or 
scheme, usually complicated, and intended to effect 
gome purpose by secret artifices ; to carry on an 
amour, have illicit commerce with a person of the 
opposite sex. [F. intriguer, formerly intriguer, to per- 



plex, insnare, fr. L. intricare. ] — Intrigu'er, -treg'- 
Sr, n.— Intrigante', -tre-gant', n. A female intriguer. 
[F.] — Intrigu'ery, -treg'Sr-T, n. Arts or practice of 
intrigue. 

Intrinsic, in-trin'sik, -sical, a. Inward ; internal ; 
true; genuine; real; essential; inherent. [OF. in- 
trinseque, Jj. intrinsecus, lit. following towards the 
inside, fr. intra, within, in, towards, and secus, lit. 
following; 8. rt. L. secundus, second, sequi, t > fol- 
low.] — Intrin'sically, adv. 

Introcession, in-tro-sesVun, n. {Med.) A depression, 
or sinking of parts inward. [L. introcedere, -cessum, 
. to go in, fr. intro, inwardly, within, and cedere, to 

fo, pass: intro = intero, abl. of interns, inward. See 
NTERIOR.] 

Introduce, in-tro-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -du- 
Cing.] To lead, bring, conduct, or usher, in ; to in- 
sert, put in; to bring to be acquainted ; to present ; 
to bring into notice or practice; to produce, cause 
to exist ; to open to notice, begin. [L. introducere, 
-ductum, fr. intro and ducere, to lead.] — Introdu'- 
cer, n. — Introduction, n. Act of introducing, esp. 
of making persons known to each other ; prelimina- 
ry matter ; preface; a formal preliminary treatise ; 
esp. a treatise introductory to other treatises, or to 
a course of study. [F.; L. introdvetio.] — Introduc'- 
tive, -tiv, a. Serving to introduce, introductory. — 
Introductory, -to-rt, a. Serving to introduce some- 
thing else ; previous ; preliminary ; prefatory. 

Introit, in-tro'it, n. Any musical vocal composition 
for opening church services; church service in gen- 
eral. [L. mtroitus, fr. introire, -Hum, to go into, en- 
ter, fr. intro and ire, to go.] 

Intromit, in-tro-mit', v. t. To send in, let in, admit; 
to allow to enter. [L. intrornittere, -mission, fr. in- 
tro and mittere, to send.] — Intromia'sion, -mish'= 
un, n. The action of sending or conveying in. 

Introspect, in-tro-spekt', v. t. To look into or within p 
view the inside of. [L. introspicere, -spectum, fr. in- 
tro and spicere, specere, to look.]— Introspec'tion, 
n. A view of the interior ; a looking inward ; ex- 
amination of one's own thoughts and feelings. — In- 
trospec'tive, -tiv, a. Inspecting within ; seeing in- 
wardly. 

Introvert, in-tro-vert', v. t. To turn inward. [L. in- 
tro and vertere, versum, to turn.] — Introver'sion, n 
Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Intrude, in-trood', v. i. To thrust one's self in; to en- 
ter, unwelcome or uninvited, into company; to force 
one's self in without permission. — v. t. To thrust 
in, or cause to enter without right or welcome ; to 
force or cast in; to obtrude, encroach, infringe, tres- 
pass. {Oeol.) To cause to penetrate, as into the clefts 
or fissures of rocks. [L. intrudere, fr. in and trudere, 
to thrust.] — Intrud'er, n. — Intru'sion, -zhun, n. 
Act of intruding; entrance without invitation, right, 
or welcome; encroachment. {Geol.) The penetra- 
ting of one rock, while melted, into cavities of other 
rocks. {Law.) The entry of a stranger, after a par- 
ticular estate of freehold is determined, before the 
heir in remainder or reversion. [F.] — Intru'sionist, 
n. One who intrudes into the place of another, or 
who favors such intrusion. — Intru'sive, -siv, a. 
Tending or apt to intrude; entering without right or 
welcome. 

Intrust, in-trust', v. t. To deliver in trust, confide to 
the care of, commit, consign. 

Intuition, in-tu-ish'un, n. An act of immediate 
knowledge, as in perception or consciousness ; a 
truth that cannot be acquired by, but is assumed in, 
experience. [L. intueri, -tuitus, to look on, f r. in and 
tueri, to look.]— Intui'tional, a. Pert, to, or char- 
acterized by, intuition; derived or obtained by in- 
tuition; intuitive.— Intui'tionalism, -tionism, -izm, 
n. {Metaph.) Doctrine that the perception or recog- 
nition of truth is intuitive, — opp. to experientialism 
and to sensationalism. — Intui'tionalist, -tionist, n. 
A believer that, etc. — Intu'itive, -i-tiv, a. Seeing 
clearly; knowing by intuition; received or obtained 
by intuition. — Intu'itively, adv. In an intuitive 
manner ; without reasoning. — Intu'itivism, -tiv- 
izm, n. {Moral Philos.) Doctrine that ideas of right 
and wrong are intuitive. 

Intumesce, in-tu-mes', v. i. [-mesced (-mesf), -mes- 
CING.] To enlarge or expand with heat ; to swell. 
[L. intumescere, fr. in and tumescere, fr. tumere, to 
swell. See Tumid.] — Intumes'cence, -ens, n. State 
or process of swelling ; a swelling with bubbles ; a 
tumid state or mass. [F.] 

Intussusception, in'tus-sus-sep'shun, n. Reception of 
one part within another. {Anat.) The abnormal 



eim, cube, full ; moon, lot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, gev 



W1TH1 



IN TWINE 



296 



INVOLVE 



slipping of a part of an intestine within another part. 
Nutrition ; interstitial deposition of nutritive parti- 
cles. [L. intus, within, and susceptio, a taking up 
or in.] 

Intwine, in-twin', v. t. [-twined (-twind'), -twin- 
ing.] To twine or twist into, or together; to wreathe. 

tntwist, in-twist', v. t. To twist into or together. 

tmunbrate, in-um'brat, v. t. To shade. [L. inumbrare, 
-bratum, fr. in & umbrare, to shade, f r. umbra, shade.] 

Inundate, in-un'dat, v. t. To overflow, deluge, flood; 
to fill with an overflowing abundance or superfluity. 
[L. inundare, -datum, fr. in and undare, to rise in 
waves, overflow, fr. unda, a wave.] — Inunda'tion, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a flood; spreading 
of water over low grounds ; superfluous abundance. 

Inure, in-Qr', v. t. [-ured (-fird'), -uking.] To apply 
or expose in practice till use gives little or no incon- 
venience; to harden, habituate, accustom. — v. i. To 
take or have effect; to be applied; to serve to the 
use or benefit of. [E. in and ods. ure, use, work, op- 
eration, also to use, accustom, OF. ovre, oevre, uevre, 
eure, F. ceuvre, L. opera, work. See Opera.] — In- 
ure'ment, n. Use; habit; practice; custom. 

(nurn, in-ern', v. t. [-urned (-ernd'), -urning.] To 
put m an urn. To bury, inter, intomb. 

Invade, in-vad', v. t. To enter with hostile intentions, 
attack ; to infringe, encroach on, violate. [F. in- 
vader, L. invadere, -vasum, fr. in and vadere, to go.] 

— Invad'er, n.— Invasion, -zhun, n. Act of en- 
croaching upon the rights or possessions of another; 
hostile entrance into the possessions or domains of 
another; a raid; approach or first attack of any foe, 
or anything hurtful or pernicious. [F. ; L. invasio.~] 

— Inva'sive, -siv, a. Tending to invade; aggressive. 

Invalid, Invariable, etc. See under Inability. 

Invaluable, in-val'u-a-bl, a. Precious beyond any as- 
signable value ; inestimable, [m intens. and valu- 
able.] — Inval'uably, adv. Inestimably. 

Inveigh, in-va', v. i. [-veighed (-vad'), -veighing.] 
To exclaim or rail against, utter invectives ; to ex- 
press reproach. [L. mvehere, -vectum, to carry into, 
attack, fr. in and vehere, to carry ; s. rt. vehicle.'] — 
Inveign'er, n. One who, etc. ; a railer.— Invec'tive, 
-tiv, n. A severe or violent utterance of censure ; 
harsh accusation ; abuse ; reproach. — a. Satirical ; 
abusive ; vituperative. [F.] 

Inveigle, in-ve'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To 
persuade to something evil by deceptive arts or flat- 
tery; to entice, seduce, wheedle. [Peril, fr. It. in- 
vogliare, to make one long for, f r. in and voglia, a 
desire, fr. voglio, L. volo, I wish; perh. corrupt, fr. 
OF. aveugler, to blind, hoodwink, fr. aveugle, LL. 
aboculis. blind, fr. L. ab, away, and oculus, eye.] — 
Invei'glement, n. Act of, or thing which, etc. ; en- 
ticement. — Invei'gler, n. 

Invent, in-vent', v. t. To discover, commonly by 
study or inquiry; to find out; to make, manufac- 
ture; to fabricate, contrive, devise, frame. [F. in- 
venter, L. invenire, -ventum, to come upon, find, fr. 
in and venire, to come.]— Invent 'fid, -ful, a. Full 
of invention. — Invent'ible, a. — Invention, -shun, 
n. Act of finding out; contrivance of that which 
did not before exist; thing invented; an original 
contrivance ; power of inventing. [F.] — Invent'- 
ive, -iv, a. Able to invent; quick at contrivance.— 
Invent'or, -€r, n. [L.] — In'ventory, -to-rt, n. A 
fist of the property of which a person or estate is 
found to be possessed, or of property assigned or 
conveyed ; a priced list or schedule of movables on 
hand, as the goods of a merchant, etc. ; register; roll; 
schedule. — v. t. [inventoried (.-to-rid), -rying.] 
To make an inventory of; to insert or register in an 
account of goods. [LL. inventarium.] — Invento'- 
rial, -rf-al, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Invert, in-vert', v. t. To turn over, put upside down, 
place in a contrary order, give a contrary direction 
to. (Mus.) To change the position of, — said of 
tones which form a chord, or parts which compose 
harmony. [L. invertere, -versum, fr. in and vertere, 
to turn.] — In' vert, n. {Arch.) An inverted arch. 




Inverted Arches. 



— Invert'ed, p. a. Changed in order; reversed. 
(Geol.) Situated apparently in reverse order, as 
strata when folded back upon themselves by up- 
heaval, etc. — /. arch. (Arch,) An arch placed with 
crown downward, or with its intrados below the 
axis or springing line. — Inverse', -vers', a. Oppo- 
site in order or relation; reciprocal. (Bot.) Invert- 
ed: having a position or mode of attachment the 
reverse of that which is usual. (Math.) Opposite in 
nature and effect. — Inverse'ly, adv. In an invert- 
ed order or manner. — Inver'sion, n. Act of invert- 
ing; a complete change of order; reversed position. 
( Oram.) A change of the usual order of words. 

Invest, in-vest', v. t. To put garments on, clothe, 
dress, array; to endow, confer, give; to clothe, as 
with office or authority; to grace, bedeck. (Mil.) To 
inclose; to surround, so as to intercept succors and 
prevent escape; to lay siege to. To place (property) 
so that it will be safe and yield a profit. — v. i. To 
make an investment. [F. investir, L. investire, fr. 
in and vestire, to clothe, fr. vestis, clothing. See 
Vest.] — Invest'iture, -T-chur, n. (Feudal Law.) 
The act of investing, giving possession, or livery of 
seizin. Right of giving possession of any manor, 
office, or benefice; that with which anyone is in- 
vested or clothed. [F.] — Invest'ment, n. Act of 
investing ; that with which any one is invested ; a 
vestment ; the laying out of money in the purchase 
of property, usually of a permanent nature; amount 
invested, or that in which it is invested. (Mil.) Act 
of surrounding or besieging by an armed force.— In- 
vest'or, -er, n. 

Investigate, in-ves'tt-gat, v. t. To follow up, pur- 
sue, search into. [L. investigate, -gatum, fr. in and 
vestigare, to track, trace, fr. vestigium, footstep, 
track. See Vestige.] — Inves'tiga'tion, n. Act of 
investigating ; research ; study ; inquiry. — Inves'- 
tiga'tive, a. Given to investigation ; inquisitive.— 
Inves'tiga'tor, -ter, n. One who searches diligently 
into a subject. — Inves'tigable, a. Admitting of be- 
ing searched out; discoverable by search. 

Inveterate, in-vet'er-at, a. Firmly established by 
long continuance ; obstinate ; deep-rooted ; having 
habits fixed by long continuance; confirmed; habit- 
ual. [L. inveteratus, p. p. of inveterare, to retain for 
a long time, fr. in intens. and vetus, veteris, old; s. 
rt. veteran.) — Invet'erately, adv. — Invet'erate- 
ness, -eracy, -a-sT, n. Obstinacy confirmed by time. 

Invidious, in-vid't-us, a. Enviable; desirable; like- 
ly to incur ill-will or hatred, or to provoke envy; 
hateful. [L. invidiosus, f r. invidia, envy.] — Invid'- 
iously, adv. — Invid'iousness, n. 

Invigorate, in-vig'or-at, v. t. To give vigor to, 
strengthen, animate. [L. in and vigor, vigor.] — In- 
vigora'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Invincible, Invisible, etc. See under Inability. 

Invite, in-vit', v. t. To ask, request; esp. to ask to 
an entertainment or visit; to allure, tempt to come, 
attract, entice. — v. i. To call to anything pleasing. 
[~F.inviter,L,.invitare, -tatum.]— Invit'er, n. — In- 
vita'tion, n. Act of inviting; the requesting one's 
company to visit, to dine, or to accompany one to 
any place. — Invl'tatory, -to-rt, a. Using or con- 
taining invitations. 

Invoice, in' vois, n. (Com.) A list or account of goods 
or merchandise sent to a purchaser, consignee, etc., 
with prices and charges annexed ; bill of parcels. — v. 
t. [invoiced (-voist), -voicing.] To make a written 
account of, as goods; to insert in a priced list. [Fr. 
envois, things sent, goods forwarded, — an E. pi. of 
F. envoi, a sending or thing sent, fr. envoyer, to send. 
See Envoy.] 

Invoke, in-vok' v. t. [-voked (-vokf), -voking.] To 
call for or ask, invite earnestly or solemnly ; to 
address in prayer. [F. invoquer, L. invocare, -catum, 
fr. w_and vocare, to call, vox, voice.] — In'vocate, 
-vo-kat, v. t. To invoke. — Invoca'tion, n. Act of 
addressing in prayer; form or act of calling for the 
assistance or presence of any being, esp. of some di- 
vinity. (Law.) A call or summons; esp., a judicial 
call, demand, or order. 

Involve, in-volv', v. t. [-volved (-volvd'), -volv- 
ing.] To roll up, intwine, wind round; to envelop in 
anything which exists on all sides ; to complicate or 
make intricate; to connect by way of natural con- 
sequence or effect; to include by rational or logical 
construction, comprise, contain; to overwhelm, em- 
barrass; to take in, catch, entangle, implicate, blend. 
(Math.) To raise to any assigned power, multiply 
into itself. [F. involver, L. involvere, -volution, to 
roll about, wrap up, fr. in and volvere, to roll.] — 



fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice : 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



INWALL 



297 



irrationa: 



Involv'edness, n. State of being involved. — In- 
volve'ment, n. Act of, or state of "being, etc. — In'- 
volate, -vo-lut, n. (Geom.) A curve traced by the 
end of a string wound upon another curve, or un- 
woundfrom it, — called also evolvent. SeeEvoLUTE. 
— In' volute, -lu'ted, a. (Bot.) Rolled inward from 
the edges. — Involu'tion, n. Act of involving; state 
of being involved; complication; that in which any- 
thing is involved; envelope. {Gram.) The insertion 
of clauses between the subject and the verb, in 



.) Act or process of raising a quantity to an. 
power assigned. [F. ; L. involutio.] — Involu'cre, 




wav which involves or complicates the construction, 
(Math.] 

: kgr, n. °(l?oL) A" whorl 
or set of bracts around a 
flower, umbel, or head. 
[L.] — Involucel, -vol'u- 
sel or in'vo-lu'sel, n. 
(Bot.) A partial or small 
involucre. [Dim. of in- 
volucre.'] 
In wall, in-wawK, v. t. 
[-walled (-wawld'), 
-ling.] To inclose or for- 
tify with a wall. 

^Sr' £j Wardly ' etC - See a, Involucre; 6, Involucel. 

Inweave, in-wev', v. t. [imp. -wove (-wov'),p. p. 
-woven or -wove ; inweaving.] To weave together; 
to intermix or intertwine by weaving, to weave in. 

Inwork, in-wgrk', v. t. [-worked (-werkf), -work- 
ixg.] To work or exert energy in or within. 

Inwrap, in-rap', v. t. [-wrapped (-rapf), -wrap- 
ping.] To cover by wrapping, infold; to involve in 
difficulty or perplexity. 

Inwreathe, in-reth / ', v. t. To surround as with a 
wreath. 

Inwrought, in-rawf,£. p. or a. Wrought or worked 
in or among other things. 

Io, i'o, n.; pi. Ios, i'oz. An exclamation of ioy or 
triumph, — often used interjectionally. [L., on! ah! 
huzza!] 

Iodine, i'o-din or -din, n. (Chem.) An irritant poison, 
much used in medicine: it is a grayish or bluish-black 
solid, of metallic luster, chiefly ootained from ashes 
of sea-weed : at 347° of Fahrenheit, it becomes a violet 
vapor, whence its name. [Gr. iodes, for ioeides, vio- 
let-colored, fr. ion, a violet, and eidos, appearance.] 
— I'odate, -dat, n. A compound of iodic acid with 
a base. — I'odide, -did, n. A non-acid compound of 
iodine with a metal or other substance. 

Ionian, i-o'nY-an, Ionic, a. Pert, to Ionia, in Greece, 
or to the Ionians. — Ionic dialect. ( Gr. Gram.) A di- 
alect of the Greek language, used in Ionia.—/, mode. 
(Mus.) An airy kind of ancient music. — J. order. 
(Arch.) An order characterized by a species of col- 
umn whose distinguishing feature is the volute of 
its capital: see Capital. — J. school. A sect of philos- 
ophers founded by Thales of Miletus, in Ionia, who 
held that water is the principle of all natural things. 

Iota, i-ola, n. A tittle; a very small quantity or de- 
gree; a jot. [Same as, jot; Gr. iota, Heb. yod, the 
smallest letter in the alphabet of each.] 

I U, i-c-u, n. A paper having on it these letters, with 
a sum named, and signed, — used in Eng. to ac- 
knowledge a debt ; a due bill. [= I owe you.] 

Ipecac, ip'e-kak, Ip'ecac'uan'ha, -u-an'a, n. (Bot. 
& Med.) The dried root, or an extract of the root, of 
several S. Amer. plants, esp. of one growing in Bra- 
zil, used as an emetic, also as a sudorific and expec- 
torant, and, in small doses, to check persistent vom- 
iting. [Braz. i-pe-caa-guen, lit. smaller road-side 
sick-making plant.] 

Iranian, i-ra'nl-an, n. An ancient inhabitant, also 
the ancient language, of Iran or Persia. — a. Pert, 
to Persian and cognate group of Aryan languages. 

Ire, Ir, n. Anger; wrath; keen resentment. [F.; L. 
ira.] — Irelul, -ful, a. Full of ire ; wroth. — Iras'- 
cible, i-rasl-bl, a. Susceptible of anger; easily pro- 
voked; irritable. [F.; L. irascibilis, fr. irasci, to be 
angry, f r. ira.] — Iras'cibleness, -cibillty, «.— Iras'- 
cibly, adv. — Irate', -rat', a. Angry; incensed; en- 
raged. [L. iratus.fr. irasci.] 

Iris, Kris, n. ; E. pi. Irises, -ez ; L.pl. Irides, ir'T-dez. 
Trie rainbow ; an appearance resembling the rain- 
bow. {Anat.) A colored membrane at the anterior 
part of the eye in the midst of the aqueous humor, 
and perforated by a circular opening called the pu- 
pil : see Eye. (Bot.) Flower-de-luce ; a tuberous 
or bulbous-rooted plant, of the flag family, of many 
varieties, some of which produce flowers of exquisite 



ill 



beauty, and one furnishes orris root. [L. and Gr. 
(gen. in L. iridis, in Gr. iridos), a rainbow, also the 
name of the messenger of the gods.] — I'riscope, -rt- 
skop, n. An instrument for exhibiting the prismatic 
colors. [Gr. skopein, to 6ee.] — Iridofomy, -ot'o-mt, 
n. (Surg.) Incision of the iris, to relieve occlusion 
of the pupil, etc. [Gr. temnein. to cut.] — Iridec'to- 
my, -ek'to-mi, n. (Surg.) Excision of a portion of the 
ins, to form an artificial pupil, etc. [Gr. ektemnein, 
to cut out.] — Iridescent, -descent, a. Having col- 
ors like the rainbow. — Irides'cence, -sens, n. Ex- 
hibition of colors, etc. — Iridium, -T-um, n. ( Chem.) 
One of the metals, the heaviest of known substances. 
Irish, i'rish, a. Pert, to, or produced in, Ireland. 
— n. pi. The natives or inhabitants of Ireland, sing. 
The language of the Irish, — a species of Celtic. 
[AS. yrisc] — I'rishism, -izm, n. A mode of speak- 
ing peculiar to the Irish. — Irish Moss. See Carra- 
geen. 
Irk, erk, v. t. [irked (erkt), irking.] To weary, 
give pain to, — used impersonally. [ME., tired, op- 
pressed, irken, to tire, Sw. yrka, to urge, press; s. rt. 
L. urgere = E. urge, Skr. vrij, to press out, exclude, 
Gr. heirgein, to press in, repress, AS. weorcsum, 
painful, irksome, E. wreak and perh. work.] — Irk'- 
some, -sum, a. Wearisome; tiresome; giving unea 
siness. — Irk'somely, adv. — Irk'someness, b. 
Iron, i'grn, n. (Min.) The most common and useful of 
the metals, being gray in color, hard, malleable, duo. 
tile, and susceptible of polish: according to the meth- 
od of manufacture and proportion of carbon with 
which it is combined, it forms wrought iron, cast iron. 
and steel. An instrument or utensil made of ironl 
I. Fetters; chains: manacles. — a. Made of iron; 
ike iron in color, hardness, strength, etc.; inflexible: 
hard ; unrelenting ; binding fast ; impenetrable. — 
v. t. [ironed (-ernd), ironing.] To smooth with 
an instrument of iron; esp. to smooth with a heated 
flat-iron ; to shackle with irons, fetter or handcuff; to 
furnish or arm with iron. [AS. iren, isen, OHG. isarn; 
prob. s. rt. ice.] — Hony, -ern-T, a. Made or partak- 
ing of , iron ; hard. — Hon-bound, a. Bound with 
iron; faced or surrounded with rocks. — -clad, a 
Protected or covered with iron. — n. A vessel pre- 
pared for naval warfare by being plated with iron. 
— mas'ter, n. A proprietor of iron-works. — mon'- 
ger, n. A dealer in iron wares, or hardware. — sides, 
n. A strong man ; a cuirassier, — applied esp. to 
Cromwell's cavalry. — wood, n. (Bot.) A tree of 
species belonging to several different genera. — 
-work, n. Anything made of iron. pi. A furnace 
where iron is smelted, or a forge, rolling-mill, or 
foundry, where it is made into heavy work. 
Irony, i'run-i, n. A kind of ridicule which exposes 
the errors of others by seeming^ to adopt or defend 
them; dissimulation; satire. [F. ironic, L. ironia. 
Gr. eironeia, fr. eiron, a dissembler, prop. p. pr. or 
eirein, to say, talk; s. rt. verb, word.] — Ironic, -ron'- 
ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, containing, or expressing, 
irony; expressing one thing and meaning the oppo- 
site. — Ironically, adv. 
Irradiate, ir-ra'dl-at, v. t. To cast a bright light upon, 
illuminate : to animate by light or heat.— a. Adorned 
with brightness. [L. irradiare, -atum, to cast ray6 
on, f r. in and radius, a ray, q. v.] — Irra'dialion, n. 
Act of emitting beams of light; thing irradiated: il- 
lumination. (Opt.) Apparent enlargement of bril- 
liant objects beyond their proper bounds. — Irra'di- 
ance, -diancy, -an-st, n. Emission of, etc.; that 
which irradiates or is irradiated; luster; splendor. 
Irrational, ir-rash'un-al, a. Not rational; void of rea- 
son or understanding; contrary to reason; absurd; 
foolish; preposterous; unreasonable. (Math.) Not 
capable of being exactly expressed by an integral 
number, or by a vulgar fraction. [L. in- priv. (see 
under Inability) and E. rational, q. v.] — Irra'- 
tionallty, n. Want of reason or the powers of un- 
derstanding.— Irra'tionally, adv. Without reason; 
absurdly. — Irreclaim' able, -klam'a-bl, a. Incapa- 
ble of being reclaimed. — Irreclaim / 'ably, adv. — Ir- 
rec'oncil'able, -sTKa-bl, a. Incapable of being rec- 
onciled, or appeased; implacable: incapable ot being 
made to agree or harmonize; incongruous; incom- 
patible; inconsistent.— Irrec'oacil'ableness, n.— Ir- 
rec'oncil'ably, adv. — Irrec'oncil'ia'tion, -stl'I-a' 
shun, n. Want of reconciliation. — Irrecoverable 
-kuv'gr-a-bl, a. Not capable of being recovered, re- 
stored, remedied, or regained; irreparable; irretriev- 
able; irremediable; incurable.— Irrecov'erably, adv. 
— Irredeem / 'able, a. Not redeemable; not subject 
to be paid at the nominal value, as a note or bill of 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot •, cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



IRRIGATE 



298 



1SCHIATI0 



Indebtedness. — IrreduOible, -du'sY-bl, a. Incapa- 
ble of being reduced, or brought into a different 
state or form of expression. — Irrefragable, -ra-ga- 
bl, a. Not refragable; not to be refuted; incontro- 
vertible ; unanswerable ; unquestionable ; undeni- 
able. — Irref ragably, adv. — Irref'ragabillty, n. — 
Irrefutable, ir-ref O-ta- or ir're-fuf a-bl, a. Incapa- 
ble of being refuted or disproved. — Irrefutably, 
arte. — Irreg'ular, -u-lSr, a. Not regular; not accord- 
ing to common form or rules, to established principles 
or customs, to nature or the usual operation of nat- 
ural laws, to the rules of art, or to rules of moral rec- 
titude; not straight; not uniform; abnormal; anom- 
alous ; erratic ; eccentric ; unsettled ; variable ; dis- 
orderly; intemperate; vicious. (Gram.} Deviating 
from the ordinary form in respect to the inflectional 
terminations. — IrregOiarly, adv. — Irreg'ularlty, 
-u-lar'T-tt, n. State of being or that which is. irreg- 
ular; deviation from symmetry, or established form, 
custom, or rule ; deviation from moral rectitude; an 
act of vice. — Irrefative, -a-tiv, a. Not relative ; with- 
out mutual relations; unconnected. — Irrelevant, 
-e-vant, a. Not relevant; not applicable or pertinent. 

— Irrelevantly, adv. — Irrelevancy, -van-st, n. 
Quality of not being applicable, or of not serving to 
aid and support. — Irreliglon, -re-lifun, n. "Want 
of religion, or contempt of it; ungodliness; worldli- 
ness ; impiety. — Irreligious, -lijOs, a. Destitute 
of religion; impious; ungodly; indicating a want of 
religion; profane; wicked. — Irreligiously, adv. — 
Irreme'diable, -me'dl-a-bl, a. Not to be remedied, 
cured, corrected, or redressed. — IrremeOUableness, 
n. — IrremeOUably, adv. In a manner or degree 
that precludes remedy, cure, or correction. — Irre- 
mis'sible, a. Not remissible; unpardonable. — Irre- 
mis'sibly, adv. — Irremov'able, -moovO-bl, a. Not 
removable; immovable. — Irremov' ably, adv.— Ir- 
rep'arable, -a-ra-bl, a. Not reparable; not capable 
of being recovered or regained.— Irrep'arably, adv. 

— Irrep'arabillty, n. — Irrepeaf able, -peKa-bl, a. 
Not capable of being repealed. — Irrepleviable, 
-plev'T-a-bl, -isable, -l-sa-bl, a. (Law.) Not capa- 
ble of being replevied. — Irrepressible, -pres'T-Dl, 
a. Not capable of being repressed, restrained, or con- 
trolled. — Irreproachable, -proch/a-bl, a. Incapa- 
ble of being justly reproached: free from blame; up- 
right.— Irreproach 'ably, adv.— Irresisfance, -zisf- 
ans, n. Forbearance to resist; passive submission. — 
Irresistible, a. Incapable of being successfully re- 
sisted or opposed. — Irresistlbleness, -tibillty, n.— 
Irresistibly, adv.— IrresOluble, -rezO-lu-bl, a. In- 
capable of being dissolved, set free, or resolved into 

Sarts . — Irresolute, -rezO-lut, a. Not resolute ; not 
ecided; given to doubt; wavering; vacillating; un- 
decided; unsettled; unstable.— Irresolutely, adv. — 
Irres01utenesg,«.— Irres'olu'tion, -rez'o-lu'shun, n. 
Want of resolution or decision; fluctuation of mind; 
irresoluteness. — Irresolvable, -re-zolv'a-bl, a. In- 
capable of being resolved.— Irrespective, -spektlv, 
a. Not having respect or regard to. — Irrespecf- 
ively, adv. Without regard ; not taking circum- 
stances into consideration.— Irres'pirable, -pl-ra-bl, 
a. Unfit for respiration. — Irresponsible, a. Not 
responsible; not liable or able to answer for conse- 
quences; not to be trusted. — Irresponsibility, n. 

— Irreten'tive, a. _ Not retentive or apt to retain. — 
Irretrievable, -trev'a-bl, a. Not retrievable ; ir- 
reparable. — Irretriev' ably, adv. — IrrevOrent, a. 
Not reverent; not entertaining or manifesting due 
regard to the Supreme Being; wanting in respect to 
superiors; proceeding from or expressive of irrever- 
ence.— Irreverently, adv. —Irreverence, n. Ab- 
sence or detect of reverence, — Irreversible, -vers'- 
Tf-bl, a. Incapable of being reversed; irrevocable; 
irrepealable; unchangeable.— Irrevers Idleness, n. — 
Irreversibly, adv. — Irrevocable, -o-ka-bl, a. In- 
capable of oeing recalled or revoked. — IrrevOca- 
bleness, -cabillty, n. — Irrevocably, adv. Beyond 
recall; in a manner precluding recall or reversion. 

Irrigate, irlT-gat, v. t. To water, wet, moisten; to 
water (land) by causing water from a stream to flow 
over it in many artificial channels. [L. irrigare, 
-gatum, fr. in and rigare, to water ; s. rt. rain.'] — Ir- 
rigation, n. Act of, etc.; esp. the operation of caus- 
ing water to flow over lands, for nourishing plants. 

— IrrigOous, -u-us, a. Watered ; watery ; moist ; 
penetrating; pervading. [L. irriguus.~] 

Irritate, irll-tat, v. t. To excite heat and redness in 
(the skin or flesh of animal bodies, as by friction); 
to fret; to increase the action or violence of; to ex- 
cite anger in, tease, provoke, exasperate. (Physiol.) 



To produce irritation in. [L. irritare, -tatum, to 
snarl (said of dogs), also to provoke, tease; perh. 
f req. of irrire, hirrire, to snarl; prob. onomat.] — It'- 
ritable, a. Capable of being, etc. ; easily inflamed 
or exasperated. — Ir'ritably, adv. — Ir'ritabiilty, 
n. Quality of being easily irritated; susceptibility 
to excitement. (Physiol.) A healthful vital suscep- 
tibility to the influence of natural, medicinal, and 
mechanical agents; a morbid and excessive vital 
susceptibility to the influence of natural, medicinal, 
and mechanical agents; the general vital activity of 
any and every part of the living animal body, 
whether in health or disease. — Irlitant, a. Irri- 
tating. — n. That which in any way causes pain, 
heat, or tension. — Irrita'tion, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc.; undue excitement; esp., excitement of 
anger or passion; provocation; exasperation; anger 
(Physiol.) A normal and appropriate action of an or- 
gan or part of an organized being under appropriate 
stimulus or conditions of action ; a vitiated and ab- 
normal sensation or action, or both in conjunction, 
produced by natural, medicinal, or mechanical 
agents. [F.] — Irlita'tive, -tiv, Ir'ritatory, -rl-ta- 
to-rT, a. Serving to excite or irritate ; accompanied 
with, or produced by, increased action or irritation. 

Irruption, ir-rup'shun, n. A breaking, or sudden, 
violent rushing into a place ; a sudden invasion or 
incursion. [F. ; L. irruptio, f r. irrumpere, to break 
in, fr. in and rumpere, ruptum, to burst. See Rup- 
ture.] — Irrup'tive, -tiv, a. Rushing in or upon. 

Is, iz, v. i. The 3d pers. sing, of the substantive vei/b, 
in the indicative mood, present tense. [AS.; Ic. and 
Dan. er, Goth, and G. ist, L. est, Lith. and Gr. esti, 
Skr. asti, fr. as, to be.] 

Isagon, i'sa-gon, n. (Math.) A figure whose angles 
are equal. [Gr. isos, equal (s. rt. Skr. vishu, equally), 
and gonia, angle.] — IOobar, -bar, -bare, -b&r, -bar'- 
ic, -barlk, n. (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting 
those places upon the earth's surface having the 
same mean height of the thermometer at the level 
of the sea. [Gr. isos and baros, weight.] — Isobath r - 
ytherm, -bath/T-therm, n. A line touching points 
on the earth's surface where the temperature is the 
same at the same depth. [Gr. isos; bathus, deep; 
and therme, heat.] — Fsochromatlc, -kro-matlk, a. 
( Opt.) Having the same color, — applied to 2 rings, 
curves, or lines, having the same color or tint. [Gr. 
chroma, color.] — Isocb/ronal, -soklo-nal, -ronous, 
-nus, a. Uniform in time; of equal time; performed 
in equal times. [Gr. chronos, time.] — Isocb/ronism, 
-nizm, n. State or quality of being, etc. — IsogeO- 
therm, -jeO-thSrm, n. (Phys. Geog.) An imaginary 
line or curved surface passing beneath the earth s 
surface through points having the same mean tem- 
perature. [Gr. ge, the earth, and therme, heat.] — 
Isoge'othernfal, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, 
etc. — Isomeric, -so-merlk, a. (Chem.) Having 
the quality of isomerism. [Gr. meros, part.] — Isonv- 
erism, -somOr-izm, n. (Chem.) An identity of ele- 
ments and of atomic proportions, with a difference 
in the amount combined in the compound molecule, 
and of its essential qualities. — Isomet'iic, -rical, a. 
Pert, to, or characterized by, equality of measure. 
[Gr. metron, measure.] — Isometrical projection. A 
method of delineating machines, buildings, etc., in 
which the ground-plan and elevations are shown in 
one view, 3 planes being projected at 
an equal angle upon a single plane. — 
Isoper'imetlical, -per'T-mefrik-al, a. 
Having equal perimeters or circum- 
ferences. [Gr. perimetron, circumfer- 
ence.]— IsoperimO try, -e-trt, n. 
(Geom.) The science of figures hav- 
ing equal perimeters or boundaries. — 
iOopod, -so-pod, n. (Zobl.) A species 
of crustacean whose legs are alike. 
[Gr. pons, podos, foot.] — IsosOeles, 
-sosOe-lez, a. (Geom.) Having only 
2 legs or sides that are equal, — said 
of a triangle. See Triangle. [L.; 
Gr. skelos, leg. ] — IOotherm, -therm, 
n. (Phys. Geog.) An imaginary line Isopod. 
over the earth's surface passing through points hav- 
ing the same mean annual temperature. [Gr. therme, 
heat.] — Isothernfal, a. Having reference to the 
geographical distribution of temperature, as exhib- 
ited by means of isotherms; having the nature of an 
isotherm; illustrating the distribution of tempera- 
ture by means of a series of isotherms. 

Ischiatic, is-kl-atlk, a. Pert, to the hip. [Gr. ischion, 
hip.] 










5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tgrm : In, Ice ; 5dd, tone. 6r ; 



ISHMAELITE 



299 



IZZARD 



Ishmaelite, ish'ma-el-It, re. A descendant of Ishmael, 
whose hand was against every man; one at war with 
society; an outlaw; outcast. 

Iainglas3, i'zin-glas, re. A semi-transparent, whitish 
form of gelatine, chiefly prepared from the sounds 
or air-bladders of sturgeons; sheets of mica, — popu- 
larly so called. [D. huizenl>las, lit. sturgeon-bladder, 
fr. huizen, sturgeon, and bias, bladder.] 

Iais.i'sis.n. (Myth.) The principal goddess worshiped 
bv the ancient Egyptians. 

Islam, iz'lam, re. The religion of Mohammed ; the 
whole body of his followers. [Ar. islam, obedience 
to the will "of God, fr. salama, to submit to God.] — 
Is'lamism, -izm, re. The faith or creed of, etc.; Mo- 
hammedism; Mahometanism.— Islamit'ic, a. Pert, 
to Islam; Mohammedan. 

Island, iKand, n. A tract of land surrounded by wa- 
ter; a floating mass, resembling an island, —v. t. To 
cause to become an island, as by surrounding with 
water; to surround, insulate. [ME. Hand, ylond (the 
s having been inserted from confusion with isle, q. 
v.), AS. igland, fr. ig, island, and land, land, Ic. and 
OD. eyland, Sw. bland; Ic. ey, Dan. and Sw. o, isl- 
and; s. rt. AS. ea, L. aqua, water.] — Isl'ander, IV- 
and-er, re. An inhabitant of an island. 

Isle, II, re. An island. — v. t. To cause to become an 



island, or like an island. [ME. iU, yle, OF. isle, F. 
V>>, L. insula. See Insular.]— Isl'et, iKet, n. A 
[OF. islette.] 
Ism, izm, n. A doctrine or theory, esp. used contemp- 



iittle isle. [OF. islette.'] 



tuously; a specious, but wild or visionary theory. 
[Fr. the E. termination -ism, denoting the theory, 
doctrine, or abstract idea of that signified by the 
word to which it is appended.] 

Isobar, Isochronal, Isosceles, etc. See under Isagon. 

Isolate, is'o-lat, v. t. To place in a detached situation, 
puce by itself, insulate. (Chem.) To separate from 
other substances; to obtain in a pure state. ("Same 
as insulate; It. isolare, fr. tso/a = L. insula, island.] 
— Is'ola'tion, n. State of being isolated. 

Israolite, iz'- or is'ra-el-it, re. A descendant of Israel, 
or Jacob; a Jew. — Is'raelific, -Tfik, Is'raelit'ish, 
-it'ish, a. Pert, to Israel; Jewish; Hebrew. 

Issue, ish'shoo, re. Act of passing or flowing out; a 
moving out of any inclosed place; egress; act of 
sending out; delivery; that which passes, flows, or is 
issued or sent out, — as, the whole quantity sent 
forth or emitted at one time; or, ultimate result or 
end; or, progeny, a child or children, offspring; or, 
produce of the earth, or profits of land, tenements, 
or other property; evacuation; discharge; a flux or 
running. (Med.) An artificial ulcer designed to 
promote a secretion of pus. (Law.) In pleading, 
a single material point of law or fact depending in 
the suit, which, being affirmed on the one side and 
denied on the other, is presented for determina- 
tion. Any point in debate or controversy on which 
the parties occupy affirmative and negative posi- 
tions ; the presentation of alternatives between 
which to decide.— v. i. [issued (-shood), -suing.] 
To pass or flow out, go out, rush out ; to proceed, 
as from a source, or as progeny ; to be produced 
as an effect or result : to arise, proceed. (Legal 
Pleadings.) To come to a point in fact or law, on 
which the parties join and rest the decision of the 
cause. To close, end, terminate. — v. t. To send 
out, put into circulation: to deliver for use; to send 
out, deliver by authority. [OF. issue, fern, of issu, 
p. p. of t<wiV,"to issue, go, depart out, L. exire, fr. 
ex, out, and ire, to go: see Exit.] — At issue. In con- 
troversy; disputed; opposing or contesting; at vari- 
ance: disagreeing. — Issue pea. (Med.) A pea, or a 
similar round body, used to maintain irritation in a 
wound, and promote_the secretion and discharge of 
pus. — Is'suable, -shoc-a-bl, a. Leading to, produ- 
cing, or relating to, an issue. 

Isthmus, is'mus, n. ; pi. -muses, -ez. (Geog.) A neck 
or narrow strip of land by which 2 continents are 
connected, or Dy which a peninsula is united to the 
main land. [L.; Gr. isthmos ; s. rt. Gr. ithma, a step, 
Skr. i, L. ire. to go.] — Istn'mian, -mt-an, a. Pert, 
to an isthmus, esp. to the Isthmus of Corinth in 
Greece, and to the athletic games formerly held 
there in April or May of every alternate year. 

Istle, is'sl, n. A species of Mexican agave, or the 
tough, wiry fiber of its long leaves, used for cordage, 
bagging, etc., and as a substitute for whalebone. 

It, it, pron. An impersonal or neuter pronoun, usu- 
ally regarded as a demonstrative, corresponding to 
the masc. pron. he and the fern, she, and naving the 
same plural, they. It is used, — as a demonstrative, 



pointing to that about to be stated or referring to that 
which is well known ; or, as a substitute for a noun 
of neuter gender, or for general terms ; or, as an in- 
definite nominative for an impersonal verb; or, as an 
indefinite object after some intransitive verbs, or 
after a substantive used humorously as a verb. [AS, 
hit, neut. of he; Ic. hit, neut. of hinn, D. het, neut. 
of hi).~] — Its, the possessive of It. [AS. his ; its 
came into use about the time of Shakespeare.] — It- 
self, the neuter reciprocal pronoun. 
Italian, I-tal'yan, a. Of, or pert, to, Italy, its inhab- 
itants, or their language. — n. A native or natural- 
ized inhabitant of Italy ; the language of, etc. [L. 
Italia, Italy.] — Italianize, r. i. [-ianized (-van- 
lzd), -izing.] To play the Italian; to speak Italian. 

— ItaJ/ic. a. Relating to Italy. — applied esp. to a 
kind of type in which the letters slope toward the 
right, — dedicated to the States of Italy by the in- 
ventor, Aldus Manutius, about 1500. — n. (Print.) 
Type whose face slopes to the right ; anything 
printed from such type, as an emphatic word or 
sentence. — Italic languages. That group which in- 
cludes the languages of ancient Italy. — 71 order. 
(Arch.) The composite order. — Italicize, -Y-siz, 
v. t. [-cized (-sizd), -cizing.] To print in Italic; 
to underline a written word, etc. 

Itch, ich, n. An eruption of small, isolated, acumi- 
nate vesicles, produced bv the entrance of a para- 
sitic animal, and attended with itching ; the sensa- 
tion in the skin occasioned by the disease; a constant 
irritating desire. — v. i. [itched (icht), itching.] 
To feel a particular uneasiness in the skin, which in- 
clines one to scratch the part ; to have a constant 
desire or teasing inclination. [ME. yif, AS. gicenes, 
an itching, giccan, to itch.]— Itch'y, -i, a. Infected 
with the itch. 

Item, i'tem, adv. Also ; at the same time. — n. An 
article ; a separate particular in an account. — v. t. 
[itemed (-temd), iteming.] To make a note or 
memorandum of. [L., in like manner, likewise, also; 
s. rt. L. ita, so, Skr. ittham, iti, thus, vlam, this.] — 
I'temize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To set forth in 
detail, or item by item. 

Iterate, it'er-at, v. t. To utter or do a second time; 
to repeat. [L. iterare, -atum, fr. iterum, again; s. rt. 
item.] — Itera'tion, n. Recital or performance a 
second time; repetition. — It'erative, -tiv, -erant, a. 
Repeating. 

Itinerate, l-tin'er-at, v. i. To travel from place to 
place, — esp., to preach, lecture, etc. [L. (obs.) itine- 
rare, -atum, fr. iter, itineris, a journey, fr. ire, itum, 
to go.] — Itin'eracy, -er-a-sT, re. The practice of 
itinerating.— Itiu'erancy, re. A passing from place 
to place ; discharge of official duty by frequently 
changing residence ; a body of persons who thus 
discharge official duty. — Itin 'erant, a. Passing or 
traveling about a country; wandering. — re. One 
who, etc.: esp. a preacher ; one who is unsettled. — 
Itinerary, -er-a-rT, n. An account of travels, or reg- 
ister of places and distances as a guide to travelers. 

— a. Traveling ; passing from place to place, or 
done on a journev. 

It3elf. See under It. 

Ittria, -um. See Yttrium. 

Ivory, i'vo-ri, re. The hard, white, opaque, fine- 
grained substance constituting the tusks of the ele- 
phant ; the tusks themselves ; any white organic 
structure resembling ivory, as the tusks of the wal- 
rus, etc.; (slang) teeth in general. [OF. irarie, ivoire, 
L. ebur, eboris ; perh. s. rt. Skr. ibha, an elephant.] — 
Vegetable ivory. See Ivory-nut. — I'vory-black. 
re. A kind of charcoal in powder, made by charring 

ivory or bones: animal charcoal. nut, n. The nut 

of a species of palm, containing, when young, a 
fluid which gradually hardens info a whitish, close- 
grained, albuminous substance, resembling ivory 
in texture and color. — I/voride, -rid, n. A compo- 
sition resembling ivory and used as a substitute for 
it. — I/vorytype, -tip, re. A photographic picture 
upon a surface polished like ivory. 

Ivy, i'vY, re. A climbing plant of several species, 
having smooth, shining, evergreen leaves, with small 
flowers, and black or yellow berries. [AS. ifig, OHG. 
ebah ; prob. s. rt. L. apium, Gr. apion, parsley.] 

Ixolite. lks'o-lit, re. A mineral resin, of reddish color, 
found in bituminous coal, becoming soft atl69°Fah. 
[Gr. ixos, bird-lime, and lithos, stone.] 

Izard, iz'ard, Lz'zard. re. The wild goat of the Pyr- 
enees; the ibex. 

Izzard, iz'zerd, re. The letter z, — formerly so caliea. 
[Prob. corrupt, of s hard.] 



sun. cube, full ; moon, ffiot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bouboN, chair, get. 



300 



JANGLE 



J. 




J, ja, the 10th letter of the Eng. alphabet, to which it 
has been added in modern days, the letter i being 
written formerly in words where j is now used : see 
I. Its sound is that of g soft, as in genius ; and j is 
used to represent that sound in the phonetic respell- 
ings in this vocabulary. 

Jabber, jab'bgr, v. i. [-beeed (-berd), -Bering.] To 
talk rapidly or indistinctly ; to chatter. — v. t. To 
speak rapidly or indistinctly. — n. Rapid talk, with 
indistinct utterance of words. [ME. jaber, j'able ; 
s. rt. gabble, D. gabberen, to jabber, Ic. gabba, to 
mock, scoff.] — Jab'feerer, n. One who jabbers. 

Jacent, ja'sent, a. Lying at length. [L. jacens, p. pr. 
of jacere, to lie.] 

Jacinth, ja/sinth, n. Same as Hyacinth. [ME. ia- 
cynte, OF. jacinthe. See Hyacinth.] 

Jack, jak, n. A nickname or diminutive of John; a 
saucy or paltry fellow ; rustic ; simple- 
ton, — said in contempt or ridicule ; a 
playing-card marked with the figure of 
a servant (same as the knave); a sea-far- 
ing man ; an instrument that supplies 
the place of a boy, as, an instrument 
to pull off boots, boot-jack ; a portable 
machine, variously constructed, for 
raising great weights through a small 
space; or, a contrivance to turn a spit, 
smoke-jack; in general, any appendage 
to a machine, rendering convenient ser- 
vice; a young pike; a buff jerkin, rarely, 
a coat of mail ; the male of certain ani- 
mals, as of the ass; a wooden frame on 
which wood or timber is sawed. (Mus.) The quill 
of the hammer which strikes the strings in a harpsi- 
chord, piano, etc. (Naut.) A small 
flag containing only the union with- 
out the fly. [Fr. F. Jaques ( = 
prop. E. Jacob, L. Jacobus, Gr. Ia- 
kobos, Heb. Faaqob, fr. aquab, to 
seize by the heel, supplant), the 
most common of French Christian 
names, and used in contempt: hence, 
OF. Jacquerie, the revolt of the F. 
peasantry (called Jacques Bon. Amer. Jack 
Aomme),inl358,whenceprob.,iagwe, _ in _ CTg ,. 

a coat of mail, jaquette,& jacket.] — fgPP* 
Jack-at-all-trades. One who can s 
turn his hand to any kind of busi- 
ness. — J.-at-a-pinch. One who re- 
ceives unexpected calls to do any- 
thing. —J.-o'-lantfrn, J.-with-a-lan- -r, - t . , To „ v 
tern. An ignis fatuus; a will-o'-the- Bntlsh Jack - 
-wisu.—J-a-dandy. A little, foppish, impertinent fel- 
low.— Jack'anapes, -a-naps, n. A monkey; ape; s 
coxcomb ; impertinent fellow. [Jack and ape.~) — 
Jack'ass, n. The male of the ass; a dolt; blockhead 

— Jack'' daw, n. A 
bird allied to the crows, 
of which it is the small- 
est example.— Jack'et, 
n. A short, close gar- 
ment, extending down- 
ward to the nips ; a 
coat without skirts; the 
outer covering of any- 
thing, esp. a case to pre- Jackdaw. 
vent radiation of heat. 

— Jack'knife, n. A strong clasp-knife for the 
pocket.— Jack'-boots, n. pi. Large boots reach- 
ing above the knee, to protect the leg. — plane, n. 

A plane used by joiners for coarse work. pud'- 

ding, n. A merry -andrew; buffoon; zany. — screw, 
n. A portable machine for raising heavy weights 
through a small distance. — stays, n. pi. (Naut.) 
Ropes or strips of wood or iron stretching along the 

yards of a snip to bend the sails to. straw, n. 

A low, servile fellow ; one of a set of straws or 
strips of ivory, bone, etc., for playing a child's game. 
— tow'el, n. A long, endless towel upon a roller. 

Jackal, jak'awl, n. A gregarious nocturnal animal 
of Asia and Africa, allied to the dog and fox, feeding 
upon carrion, small animals, poultry, grapes, etc. ; an 
unscrupulous agent. [Per. shaghal, Skr. crigala.} 






Jacobin, jak'o-bin, n. A Dominican friar; a pigeon 
with a hood-like tuft of feathers; one of a society of 
violent revolutionists in France, during the revo- 
lution of 1789 ; a turbulent demagogue. [F. ; LL. 
Jacobinus, fr. L. Jacobus : see Jack, — the friars be- 
ing so called f r. their monastery in Rue St. Jacques, 
Paris, the society fr. its meeting in the hall of the 
friars.] — Jacobinic, -ical, a. Resembling, or pert, 
to, the Jacobins; holding revolutionary principles. — 
Jac'obinism, -izm, n. The principles of the Jaco- 
bins ; factious opposition to legitimate government. 

Jacobite, jak'o-bit, n. A partisan of James II., of 
Eng., after he abdicated the throne, and of his de- 
scendants. [L. Jacobus, James : see Jack.]— Jac r - 
obite, -bit'ic, -bYfik, -bit'ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — 
Jac'obitism, -izm, n. The principles of, etc. — Ja- 
co'bus, n. ; pi. -buses. An Eng. gold coin, worth 25 
shillings sterling, struck in the reign of James I. 

Jacob's-ladder, ja'kobz-lad'der, n. (Bot.) A plant 
with alternate leaves and corymbs of blue or white 
flowers. (Naut.) A rope ladder, with wooden steps, 
for going aloft. — Ja'cob's Mem'brane. (Anat.) 
The delicate external membrane of the retina, — 
described by Dr. Jacob, of Dublin. 

Jaconet, jak'o-net, n. A thin cotton fabric, for dresses, 
neck-cloths, etc. [F.jaconas.] 

Jactitation, jak-ti-ta'shun, n. Restlessness ; vain 
boasting; vaunting. [L.jactitare, to bring forward 
in public, utte^freq. of jactare, to cast, boast.] 

Jaculate, jak'u-lat, v. t. To throw like a dart, throw 
out, emit. [L. jaculari, -latus, fr. jaculwn, javelin, 
fr. jacere, to throw.] — Jacula'tion, n. Act of dart- 
ing or throwing. — Jac'ulatory, -to-rt, a. Darting 
or throwing out suddenly, or suddenly thrown out. 

Jade, jad, n. (Min.) A hard stone of a dark-green 
color, used for ornament. [Sp., orig. piedra de 
yjada or ijada, fr. L- ilia, the groin, flank, — the 
stone _being thought to sure pain in the side.] 

Jade, jad, n. A mean, tned, or worthless horse ; a 
mean woman, wench ; a young woman, — in irony 
or slight contempt. — v. t. To reduce to the condi- 
tion of a jade, tire out ; to exhaust by excessive la- 
bor of any kind, fatigue, weary, harass. [Scot, and 
ProvE. yaud, a jade ; perh. s. rt. D.jagen, to hunt, 
drive, ride.] — Jad'ish, a. Vicious ; bad ; like a 
jade; unchaste, —applied to a woman. 

Jag, jag, n. A notch; a ragged protuberance; a small 
load, as of hay or grain in the straw.— v. t. [jagged 
(jagd), -GiNG.] To cut into notches or teeth like 



those of a saw ; to notch. [Ir., W., and Ga. gag, a 
cleft ; Ir. gagaim, Ga. gag, to split, notch.] — Jag r - 
ged, p. a. Having notches ; cleft; divided. — Jag'- 
gedness, n. — Jag'gy, -gT, a. Notched; uneven. 

Jaguar, jag'u-ar or jag-u-ar', n. A carnivorous feline 
animal, of S. Amer. ; the S. Amer. tiger. [Braz. 
jagua.] 

Jail, jal, n. A prison; a place for confinement for debt 
or for crime. [ME. gayole, OF. gaole, LL. gabiola, 
dim. of gabla, a cage, corrupt, fr. L. caws, a cavity, 
cage, coop.] — Jail'er, n. The keeper of, etc.— Jail /r - 
bird, n. A prisoner; one who has been confined in 
prison. — fe'ver, n. (Med.) A fever of the typhoid 
character, generated in jails and crowded places. 

Jalap, jaKap, n. (Med.) The root of a Mexican plant, 
used in powder as a cathartic. [Fr. Xalapa or Jala- 
pa, a town of Mexico.] 

Jalousie, zhal-oo-ze', n. A slatted window blind. [F.l 

Jam, jam, n. A mass of people or of objects crowded 
together ; the pressure from a crowd ; an injurj 
caused by pressure; a conserve of fruit, as berries, 
boiled with sugar and water to a uniform consist- 
ence.— v. t. [jammed (jamd), -MING.] To press, 
crowd, squeeze tight; to crush, as in the crack of a 
door; to wedge in. [Same as champ, q. v.] 

Jamb, jam, n. (Arch.) The side-piece of a door, fire- 
place, or other aperture in a building. [Y.jambe, leg, 
also sidepost of a door, It. and Sp. gamba, leg ; s. rt. 
ham, q. v.] 

Jangle, jan'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To sound 
harshly or discordantly, as bells out of tune ; to 
bicker, wrangle. — v. t. To cause to sound harshly, 
inharmoniously, or discordantly. — n. Discordant 
sound; contention; babble. \OF.jangler, to jangle, 



to, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, t5rm •, ¥n, ice ; Sdd, tone, &r ; 



JANITOR 



301 



JERK 



prattle, D.jangelen, to importune, freq. of janken, to 
howl, yelp.] — Jan'gler, re. A wrangling, noisy fel- 
low. 

Janitor, jan'Y-ter, re. A door-keeper ; porter; one in 
charge of a public building. [L., iv.janua, a door.] 

Janizary, jan'I-za-rt, re. A soldier of a privileged 
military class, formerly the nucleus of the Turkish 
infantry, but suppressed in 1826. [Turk, yeni askary, 
new soldier.] 

Jansenism, jan'sen-izm, re. (Eccl. Hist.) The doc- 
trine of Jansen. — Jan'senist, n. A follower of 
Cornelius Jansen, a Rom. Cath. bishop of Ypres, in 
Flanders, who held views of grace similar to those 
taught by Calvin. 

Jant. See Jaunt. 

January, jan'u-a-rY, re. The 1st month of the year. 
[L. Januarius, fr. Janus, an old Latin deity, to whom 
this month was sacred.1 

Japan, ja-pan', re. Work varnished and figured in 
the manner of the natives of Japan ; varnish or lac- 
quer used in japanning metallic or other articles. — 
v. t. [japanned (-pand'), -ning.] To cover with 
hard, brilliant varnish, in the manner of the Japa- 
nese; to black and gloss, as in blacking shoes.— Jap- 
anese', -nez', a. Of, or pert, to, Japan, or its inhab- 



itants. — re. A native or inhabitant of Japan; in pi. 
the people of Japan ; language of the people of 
Japan. — Japan'ner, n. One who varnishes in the 
manner of, etc. — Japon'ica, -pon'T-ka, n. (Bot.) A 
species of camellia, native of Japan. [NL.] 

Japhetic, ja-fefik, a. Pert, to Japheth, eldest son of 
Noah, — as, the Japhetic nations, which people the 
north of Asia and all Europe. 

Jar, jar, v. i. [jaeeed (jard), -eing.] To give forth 
a snort rattle or tremulous sound; to vibrate harshly 
or discordantly ; to clash, interfere ; to vibrate reg- 
ularly. —v. t. To cause to tremble, shake. — n. A 
rattling vibration of sound; clash of interest or opin- 
ions; discord; a vibration of the pendulum of a clock. 
[E.,orig. char, tar, to creak, clash; cf. ME. charken, to 
Creak like a cart, OS. karon, to lament ; s. rt. care.] 
— Ore the jar, or ajar. Not quite closed, — said of a 
door. 

Jar, jar, re. A deep, broad-mouthed vessel, of earth- 
enware, glass, etc.; the measure of what is contained 
in a jar. [OF. jare, Per. jarrah.] 

Jargon, jai-'gon, re. Confused, unintelligible talk or 
language; gabble; gibberish; cant language; slang. 
[F.; prob. s. rt. L. ganrire, to prate, croak, E. jar.] 



Jargonelle, jar-go-neK, re. A variety of pear which 
ripens early. [F., dim. fr. jargon, a yellow diamond, 
perh. fr. Per. zargun, gold-colored, fr. zar, gold.] 

Jasmine, jas'- or jaz'min, Jes'samine, re. An erect or 
climbing plant of many species, bearing flowers of a 
peculiarly fragrant odor. [OF. jasmin, Sp. jazmin, 
It gesmino, Per. yasmin, yasamin.] 

Jasper, jas'pSr, re. {Min.) An opaque, impure variety 
of quartz, of red, yellow, and other dull colors, 
breaking with a smooth surface. [OF. jasprejaspe, 
L. and Gr. iaspis, Ar. yasb, Per. yashp.) 

Jaundice, jan'dis, re. {Med.) Icterus; a disease caused 
by disturbance of the functions of the liver, and 
characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and 
urine. [F. jaunisse, fr. jaune, yellow, orig. jalne 
fr. L. galhinus, -banus, yellowish, fr. galbus, yellow.] 
— Jaun'diced, -dist, a. Affected with the jaundice ; 
prejudiced; seeing with discolored organs. 

Jaunt, Jant, jant, v. i. To ramble here and there, 
make an excursion, stroll. — re. An excursion; short 
journey. [Scot., to taunt, jeer, to jaunder, to go 
about idly, Sw. dial, ganta, to romp, sport, -jest, fr. 
gant, fool, buffoon, gan, droll.] 

Jaunty, jiin'tt, a. [-tiee, -tiest.] Gay and easy; airy; 
showy; finical ; characterized by an affected or fan- 
tastical manner. [Orig. janty, perh. fr. F. gent, neat, 
spruce, quaintly dressed; or fr. jantt/l, F. gentil, gen- 
teel.]— Jaun'tily, adv. — Jaun'tiness, re. 

Javelin, jav'lin, re. A light spear, anciently thrown 

from the hand. [OF.; Armor. —^ 

gavlin, gavlod, javelin, gavl, fork 



of a tree; s. rt. gaff, q.'v.] Javelin. 

Jaw, jaw, re. One of the maxillary bones ; the bone 
with its teeth and covering; scolding; abusive clam- 
or; anything resembling an animal's jaw; in pi., the 
mouth. — v. i. [jawed ( jawd), jawing.] To scold, 
clamor. — v. t. To abuse by scolding. [Same as 
chaw.] 

Jay, ia, re. A voracious and destructive bird of sev- 
eral species: the European jay is a showy bird, of 
red-brown color above, and a faint yellow below, 
and has a low, erectile crest of feathers; the blue jay 




Jay. 
- Jeal'ousness, n.— 



is a crested Amer. bird, hav- 
ing the larger part of the 
feathers of a brilliant sky- 
blue. [Same as gay, q. v. — 
fr. its appearance; OF. jay, 
gay, gai.~\ 

Jealous, jerus, a. Filled with 
anxious apprehension ; sus- 
piciously vigilant; solicitous 
in a matter affecting charac- 
ter or honor ; pained by sus- 
picions of preference given 
or love transferred to anoth- 
er; envious; zealous. [ME. 
and OF. jalous, Sp. zeloso, 
jealous, LL. zelosus, full of 
zeal, fr. "L. zelus, Gr. zelos, 
zeal, q. v.] — JeaJ/ously, adv 
Jeal'ousy, -us-sl, re. Quality of being jealous; 
picious f ear or apprehension; painful apprehension 
of rivalship. 

Jean, jan, re. A twilled cotton cloth. [Fr. Jaen, in 
Spain.] 

Jeer, jer, v. i. [jeeeed (jerd), jeeeing.] To make 
a mock of some thing or person, sneer, scoff, flout. 
— v.t. To treat with derision. — re. A railing remark 
or reflection; a taunt; jibe; mockery. [Prob. fr. the 
D. phrase den gek scheeren, to sheer the fool, i. e., to 
mock, make a fool of one, — corrupted to gekscheeren 
and to scheeren, whence E..;'eer.] — Jeer'er, re. 

Jehovah, je-ho'va, re. A Scripture appellation of the 
Supreme Being. [Heb. Yahoiah, prob. fr. havah, to 
be.] — Jeho'vist, re. {Heb. Oram.) One who main- 
tains that the vowel-points annexed to the word 
Jehovah, in Hebrew, are the proper vowels of the 
word, and express the true pronunciation; the sup- 
posed writer of the Jehovistic passages of the Old 
Testament, esp. those of the Pentateuch: see Elo- 
histic. — Jehovistlc, o. Relating to Jehovah, as a 
name of God. 

Jejune, je-jun / ', a. Craving food ; hungry; starving; 
wanting contents; empty; void of interest; barren; 
unprofitable. [L.jejunits, fasting, hungry, dry, bar- 
rt. Skr. yam, to restrain, fast.]- " 



ren ; 
June 



Jejune'ness, re. 



Je- 



perh. s. rt. 
. ne'ly, adv.— i „ 
Jelly, jel'lY, re. An elastic^ tremulous, viscous or ge- 



tinous semisolid ; a stiffened solution of gelatine, 
gum, etc. ; juice of fruits or meat boiled with sugar 
to a stiffened consistence. [F. geUe, jelly, prob. fem. 
of gelS, p. p. of geler, L. gelare, to freeze, fr. gelu, 
frost.] — Jel'lied, -lid, a. Brought to the consistence 
of jelly. — Jel'ly-fish, re. A marine radiate animal 
which looks like a mass of jelly; acaleph ; medusa ; 
sea-nettle. 

Jennet, Gennet, jen'net, n. A small Spanish horse. 
[OF. genette, Sp. ginete, a nag, orig. a horse-soldier, 
fr. Ar. zenata, a tribe of horsemen in Barbary.] 

Jenneting, jen'net-ing, re. A species of early apple. 
[Corrup. of F. Jeanneton, fr. Saint Jean, — its time of 
ripening being about St. John's day, June 24th.] 

Jenny, jen'nT, re. A machine for spinning a number 
of soft cotton threads at once. [Corrupt, of gin, 
contr. of engine.] 

Jeopardy, jep^ard-Y, re. Exposure to death, loss, or 
injury; peril; risk; hazard; danger. [ME. jepardye, 
corrupt, of OF. jeu parti, lit. a divided game, i. e., 
one in which the chances are even.] — Jeop'ard, 
Jeopardize, r. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To expose 
to loss or injury.— Jeop'ardous, -us, a. Exposed to 
danger; perilous; hazardous. 

Jerboa, jer'bo-a or jer-bo'a, re. A small, jumping, 
rodent' animal, having 
very long hind legs and 
a long tail: it burrows 
in the ground. [Ar. 
yarbu, the muscle- of 
the loins, — from its 
strong jumps.] 

Jeremiad, -ade, jer-e-mi / '- . 
ad, re. A tale of grief, 
sorrow, or complaint: jerooa. 

a doleful story. [Fr. Jeremiah, the prophet, author 
of the book of " Lamentations."] 

Jerk, jerk, v. t. [jeeked (jerkt), jeeking.] To throw 
with a quick and suddenly arrested motion; to give 
a sudden pull, twitch, thrust, or push.—'!', i. To 
make a sudden motion, start quickly, move with a 
start, or by starts. — re. A short, sudden thrust, push, 
or twitch ; unsustained or unsteady motion ; a sud- 
den spring. [Same as gird; ME. girden, to strike, 
AS. gyrd, uierd, a rod.] — Jerk'er, re. 




sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boifboN, chair, get. 



JERK 



S02 



JOCUND 



Jerk, jSrk, v. t. To cut (meat) into slices or strips, 
and dry it in the sun. [Corrup. of Peruvian charqui, 
the name for meat so cured.] 

Jerkin, jer'kin, n. A jacket; a kind of short coat or 
close waistcoat. [Dim. of D.jurk, a frock.] 

Jersey, jer'zt, n. The finest of wool separated from 
the rest ; fine yarn of wool ; a close-fitting woolen 
jacket or skirt. [Fr. the island of Jersey J] 

Jerusalem Artichoke, je-roo'sa-]em-ar'tr-ch5k. A 
perennial species of sunflower, whose tuberous roots 
are used as food. [Jerusalem is corrupt, of It. gira- 
sole, sunflower, fr. L. gyrus, circle, and sol, sun.] 

Jess, jes, n. A short strap tied round the legs of a 
hawk, to fasten it to the leash attached to the fal- 
coner's wrist. [OF. ject, gect, fr.jecter, to cast, hurl, 
L. jactare, freq. of Jacere, to throw. See Jet.] 

Jessamine. Same as Jasmine. 

Jest, jest, n. Something done or said to amuse; some- 
thing ludicrous meant only to excite laughter; the 
object of sport; laughing-stock; joke; fun; raillery; 
6port. — v. i. To make merriment, joke, sport, rally. 
[ME. and OF. geste, an exploit, story, tale, L. (res) 
gesta, deed, thing done, f r. gerere, gestum, to carry 
on, do.] — Jest'er, n. One who, etc.; a buffoon. 

Jesuit, jez'u-it, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) One of a 
religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, under 
the title of The Society of Jesus; a crafty person; 
intriguer (an opprobrious use of the word). — Jes- 
uits'-bark. Peruvian bark, or the bark of certain 
species of cinchona, whose medicinal properties 
were first made known in Europe by Jesuit mission- 
aries to S. Amer. — J. drops. Compound tincture 
of benzoin. —J. powder. Powdered cinchona bark. 
— Jesuitic, -ical, a. Pert, to the Jesuits, or to their 
principles and arts; designing; deceitful. — Jesuit'- 
lcally, adv. — Jes'uitism, -izm, n. The arts, princi- 
ples, and practices of the Jesuits; cunning; decep- 
tive practices to effect a purpose. 

Jet, jet, n. (Min.) A compact, lustrous, velvet-black 
variety of lignite, often wrought into toys, jewelry, 
etc. [OF. jet, Jaet, gagate,~L. and Gr. gagates,iT. 
Oagas, a town and river of Lycia, in Asia Minor.] — 
Jet'ty, -tl, a. Made of, or as black as, jet. 

Jet, iet, n. A spouting, forcible shooting forth, or 
sudden rush, as of water from a pipe, or name from 
an orifice ; that which issues in c, jet. — v. i. To 
shoot forward, shoot or stand out, project, jut. — 
v. t. To spout forth, emit in a stream or spout. [OF. 
Setter, jecter, getter, to hurl, fling, send out violent- 
ly, L. jactare, freq. of jacere, Gr. taptein, to throw.] 
— JeVd'eau, zha-do', n. A stream of water spout- 
ing from a fountain or pipe. [F.] — Jet'sam, Jet'- 
aon, Jet'tison, n. (Mar. Law.) The voluntary 
throwing of goods overboard, to lighten and pre- 
serve a ship ; goods thus thrown away, and which 
remain under water. [OLaw F.] — Jet'ty, -tY, n. 
A part of a building that jets or projects beyond the 
rest; a projecting pier or mole of timber, fascines, 
rubble, or masonry, for use as a wharf, or to defend 
a harbor, etc., from the waves, or to deflect a stream. 
[OF. jetted, orig. bank of a ditch, prop. p. p. of jetter.] 

Jew, ju or job, n. A Hebrew, or Israelite. — v. t. 
[jewed (jud or jood), jewing. J To cheat or defraud 
(an opprobrious use of the word). [ME. Giwes, OF. 
Juts, Jews, Late L. Judseus, an inhabitant of Judea, 
fr. Heb. Yehudah, Judah, lit. celebrated.] — Jew'ess, 
n. A Hebrew woman. — Jew'ish, a. Pert, to the 
Hebrews; Israelitish. — Jew'ry, -rt, n. Judea ; a 
district inhabited by Jews, hence the name of a 
street in London. — Jews'-harp, n. A small musical 
instrument, held between the teeth, and having a 
metal tongue, which when struck by the finger pro- 
duces musical sounds that are modulated by the 
breath. — Juda'ic, -ical, ju-da'ik-al, a. Pert, to the 
Jews. [L. Judaicus.] — Juda'ically, adv. After the 
Jewish manner. — Ju'daize, -da-lz, v. i. To con- 
form to the religious doctrines and rites of the Jews; 
to reason and interpret like, etc. — Ju'daist, -daiz'- 
er, n. One who, etc. — Ju'daism, -izm, n. Doc- 
trines and rites of, etc. 

Jewel, ju'- or joo'el, «. A personal ornament in 
which precious stones form a principal part ; a pre- 
cious stone; gem; any object very highly valued; a 
precious thing. — v. t. [jeweled (-eld), -eling.] To 



or deals in "jewels and other ornaments. [OF. joyal- 
lier.] — Jew'elry, -ellery, n. Jewels in general; the 
art or trade 01 a jeweler. [OF. joyaulerte.] 



Jezebel, jez'e-bel, n. An impudent, daring, vicious 
woman. [Fr. JezebeL wife of Ahab, king of Israel.] 

Jib, jib, n. (Naut.) The foremost sail of a ship, be- 
ing' a triangular stay-sail extended from the outer 
end of the jib-boom toward the fore topmast-head: 
in sloops, it is on the bowsprit, and extends toward 
the lower mast-head: see Sail. (Much.) The pro- 
jecting beam of a crane. [D. gijpen, to turn sudden- 
ly (said of sails), Dan.ptbbe, to gibe (a sail); s. rt. 
jump.] — Jib '-boom, -boom, n. (Naut.) A spar run 
out from the extremity of the bowsprit, and serving 
as a continuation of it: see Ship. — Jibe, jib, v. t. 
(jibed (jibd), jibing.] [Written also gybe.] (Naut.) 
To shift from one side of a vessel to the other, as a 
sail. — v. i. (Naut;) To shift from one side of a ves- 
sel to the other. To harmonize, agree. 

Jiffy, jif 'ft, n. A moment ; an mstant. [ProvE. 
jiffle, to be restless.] 

Jig, jig, n. (Mus.) A light, brisk musical movement. 
A frolicsome, quick dance, to such a movement ; a 
piece of sport ; trick; cajolery. — v. t. To sort or 
separate (ore) by shaking ; to trick, cheat, delude. 
[ME. gigge, a whirling thing, OF. gige, gigue, a mu- 
sical instrument, a dance, Sp. giga, a dance, It. giga, 
MHG. gige, a fiddle; s. rt. gig, perh. jog.] — Jig'ger, 
«. One who, or that which, jigs, as a miner who 
separates ore by shaking it in water in a riddle or 
wire-bottom sieve ; a jigging sieve ; a machine on 
which earthen vessels are shaped by rapid motion; 
a potter's wheel. (Naut.) A small tackle, consisting 
of a double and single block and the fall. — Jig'saw, 
». A vertically reciprocating saw, moved by a vi- 
brating lever or crank rod.— Jig'gle, -gl, v. i. To 
move in an affected or awkward manner; to shake 
up and down. 

Jigger, an insect. See Chigoe. 

Jill, jil, n. A young woman, — so called in contempt. 
[Personal name, short for Juliana, influenced hy 
OF. gigues, a gay girl. See Gill.] — Jill'-ftirt, -flSrt, 
n. A light, wanton woman. - Jilt, n. A woman 
who capriciously deceives and disappoints her lover; 
a coquette ; flirt. — v. t. To encourage and then 
frustrate the hopes of (a lover), —v. i. To play the 
jilt, practice deception in love. [Scot, jillet, dim. of 
Jill; ME. giglot, giglet, a wanton woman.] 

Jimmy, jim'inY, n. A short bar used by burglars in 
breaking open doors. 

Jimp, jimp, a. Neat; handsome ; elegant of shape. 
[See Gimp.] 

Jingle, jin'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To sound 
with a fine, sharp rattle; to clink. — v. t. To cause to 
give a sharp sound, as a little bell, or pieces of metal. 

— n. A rattling or clinking sound; that which makes 
such sound; correspondence of sound in rhymes. 
[ME. gingelen, prob. same as chink, and onomat.] 

Jingo, jm'go, n. A word often used in a vulgar oath, 
[Said to be corrup. of St. Gingoulph.] 

Jinnee, jin'ne, n. ; pi. Jinn. (Mohammedan Myth.') 
A genius or demon, — a name applied to genii, an- 
gels, or demons, supposed to have transparent bod- 
ies, with the power of assuming various forms. [Ax.] 

Job, job, n. A piece of work; anything undertaken; 
an undertaking with a view to profit ; a public trans- 
action done for private profit. — v. t. [jobbed (jobd), 
-bing.] To hire by the job, or period of use and 
service; to do by separate portions or lots. (Com.) 
To buy and sell as a broker; to purchase of im- 
porters for the purpose of selling to retailers. — v. i. 
To perform pieces of work, work by the job; to seek 
private gain under the pretense of public service. 
[ME. job, gob, gobbet, OF. gob, orig. a mouthful, a 
portion, bit, Celt, and Ir. gob, a bird's bill, the 
mouth.] — Job'ber, n. A worker by the job ; a deal- 
er in public stocks; one who purchases goods from 
importers, and sells to retailers; one who turns offi- 
cial actions to private advantage. — Job'bery , -bSr-I, 
n. Act of, etc.; unfair means for gaining a private 
end. — Job'bing-house, n. A mercantile establish- 
ment which purchases from importers and sells to 
retailers. — Job-print'er, n. A printer who does 
6mall miscellaneous work, esp. posters, circulars, 
handbills, etc. 

Jockey, jok'T, n. ; pi. Jock'eys, -iz. One who rides 
or drives horses at horse-races; a dealer in horses; 
one who cheats in trade. — ?;, t. [jockeyed (-id), 
-eying.] To play the jockey toward: to cheat, trick. 

— v. i. To act the jockey. [Dim. of name Jack, q. 
v.] — Jock'eyism, -izm, n. Practice of jockeys. 

Jocose, Jocular, etc. See under Joke. 
Jocund, jok'und, a. Merry ; lively; sportive. [OP. 
joconde, L. jitcnndus, for juv-cundus, fr. juvare, to 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in. lot ; Odd, tone, or ; 



JOG 



303 



JOURNAL 



assist.] — Joc'undly, adv. — Joc'undness, Jocun- 
dity, n. State of being merry; gayety. 

Jog. jog, v. t. [jogged (jogd), -ging.] To push or 
shake with the elbow or hand ; to arouse the mem- 
ory or attention by a slight push.— v. i. To move by 
jogs, like a slow trot; to walk or travel idly, heavily, 
or slowly.— n. A slight shake; a push to give notice 
or awaken attention. [ME. joggen, W. gogi, to shake, 
gogis, a gentle slap, Ir. and Ga. gog, a nod of the head ; 
s. rt. shake.] — Jog-trot. A slow, regular trot. — 
Jog'ger, n.— Jog'gle, -gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] 
To shake slightly; to jostle, or cause to move irregu- 
larly. (Arch.) To join or match by jogs or notches, 
so as to prevent sliding apart. — v. i. To shake or 
totter. — n. (Arch.) A joint between 2 bodies so 
constructed by means of jogs or notches, as to pre- 
vent their sliding past each other. (Masonry.) A 
similar joint held 
in place by means 
of pieces of stone 
or metal intro- 
duced into it. pi 
The pieces 
stone or met 
used in ajogg 
joint. [Freq. of 
jog.] 

Johannes, jo-han'nez 



isrss 



feaaye 



Joggles. 



A Portuguese gold coin 
worth $8,"named from the figure of King John (L. 
Johannes) which it bears. 

Johannisberger, yo-han'nes-berg'er, n. A white wine 
from Johannisoerg, on the Rhine. 

John Dory, jon-do'rT. (Ichth.) A small golden-colored 
sea-fish. [See Doree.] 

Johnny-cake, jon'nY-kak, n. A cake made of the 
meal of Indian corn. 

Join, join, v. t. [joined (joind), joining.] To bring 
together, place in contiguity, connect; to associate 
one's self to, be connected with; to effect a union ; 
to add, annex, combine, couple, link. — v. i. To be 
contiguous, close, or in contact; to form a league or 
contract together; to unite. [OF. joindre, E. jun- 
gerejunctum; s. rt. Skr. yu, to bind, join, mix, yuj, 
Gr. zeugnunai, to join, connect, E. yoke, adjoin, ad- 
junct, conjugate, jugular, etc.] — Join'der, n. Act of 
joining; conjunction. (Law.) A joining !of parties 
as plaintiff's or defendants in a suit, or of causes of 
action; acceptance of an issue tendered in law or 
fact. — Join'er, n. One who joins; a mechanic who 
does the wood-work in buildings. — Join'ory, -Sr-i, 
n. Art or work of a joiner. — Joint, n. The place or 
part in which 2 or more things or parts are joined or 
united; junction; articulation; hinge; node; the part 
or space included between 2 joints, knots, or articula- 
tions; a large piece of an animal cut off for cooking. 
(Geol.) A deep fissure or plane of fracture cutting 
across the stratification. — a. Joined; united; com- 
bined ; concerted ; uniting or sharing with others ; 
shared among more than one; held in common. — v. 
t. To unite by joints, fit together; to provide with 
joints, articulate ; to separate the joints of ; to cut 
up (meat), disjoint. — v. i. To fit perfectly; to coa- 
lesce as joints do. [OF. joinct, joint, p. p. of joindre.] 
— Joint er, n. The longest plane used by a joiner. 
(Masonry.) A bent piece of iron to secure the joints 
of a wall. — Joint'ly, adv. In a joint manner; to- 
gether; unitedly; in concert. — Jointuress, n. (Law.) 
A woman who has a jointure. — Joint'-stock, n. 
Stock held in company. — stool, n. A stool con- 
sisting of parts inserted in each other. — ten'ancy, 
n. (Law.) A tenure of estate by unity of interest, 
title, time, and possession, under which the surviv- 
or takes the whole. ten'ant, n. (Law.) One 

who holds an estate by joint-tenancy. — Joinfure, 
join'chur, n. (Law.) An estate settled on a wife, 
and which she is to enjoy after her husband's de- 
cease for her own life at least, and in satisfaction of 
dower. — v. t. [jointured (-churd), -Turing.] To 
settle a jointure upon. [OF. joincture, L. junctvra, 
orig. fern, of fut. p. of jungere.] — Ju'gular, -gu-lar, 
a. (Anat.) Pert, to the neck or throat. — n. One 
of the large veins by which blood is returned from 
the head to the heart : see Lung. [L. jugulum, the 
collar bone, which joins the shoulders and neck, fr. 
jugvm, a yoke.] — Junc'tion, junk'shun, n. Act of 
joining, or state of being joined; union; combina- 
tion; coalition; place or point of union; esp. place 
where lines of railway meet or cross. {L.junctio.] — 
Junct'ure, junk'chur, n. The line or point at which 
2 bodies are joined; a joint or articulation; a point 
of time, esp. a point rendered critical by a concur- 




Jolly-boat. 



rence of circumstances ; an exigency ; emergency. 
[L. junctura : see Jointure, above.] — Jun'ta, -ta, 
n. ; pi. -tas, -taz. A grand council of state inSpain 
or her possessions. — Jun'to, n. ; pi. -tos, -toz. A 
select council which deliberates secretly on affairs 
of government; a cabal; faction. [So. junta, a con- 
gress, fem. of junto, Jj.junctus, united.] 

Joist, joist, n. A small timber to which boards of a 
floor or laths of ceiling are nailed. — v. t. To fit or 
furnish with joists. [ME. giste, gyste, fr. OF. giste, 
a bed, place to lie on, also a joist (on which the floor 
lies), fr. gesir. to lie on: see Gist.] 

Joke, jok, n. Something said to excite a laugh; a jest; 
witticism; what is not in earnest, or actually meant. 

— v. t. [joked (jokt), joking.] To make merry 
with, banter. — v. i. To do something for sport, 
make sport, jest, rally. [L. jocus ; prob. s. rt. Skr. 
div, to play at dice: D. jok, joke, is fr. L. jocus.] — 
Jok'er, n. — Jocose, jo-kos', a. Given to jokes and 
jestings; containing a joke: facetious; witty: merry; 
waggish ; sportive. [L. jocosus.] — Jocosely, adv. 

— Jocose 'ness, n. Quality of being jocose; merri- 
ment. — Jocos'ity, -kos'Y-tY, n. A jocose act or say- 
ing ; jocoseness. — Joc'ular, -u-lar, a. Given to 
jesting ; containing jokes ; sportive. [L. jocularis, 
fr. joculus, dim. of jocus.] — Joc'ularly, adv. — Jocu- 
larity, -lar'i-tY, n. Merriment; jesting. 

Jolly, jol'lT, a. Full of life and mirth; jovial; joy- 
ous; merry; expressing mirth, or inspiring it ; of 
fine appearance; handsome; plump. [ME. and OF. 
jolif, orig. festive, fr. Ic. jol, Yule, q. v. ; D. joelen, 
to reveLJ — Jol'lily, -1MY, adv. — JoKliness, -lity, 
-11-tT, n. Noisy mirth; revelry; joviality. — Jol'li- 
fica'tion, n. Noisy festivity. 

Jolly-boat, 
joKlT-bot, n. 
(Want.) A 
small boat 
belonging to 
a ship. [Dan. 
jolle, D. jol, 
a yawl. q. v.] 

Jolt, jolt, v. i. 
To shake 

with short, abrupt risings and fallings, as a carriage 
moving on rough ground. — v. t. To shake with 
sudden jerks, —n. A shock or shake. [ME. joU, 
orig. the jowl(q. v.), then to knock the head, whence 
jolt-head ( joWd head).] — Jolfer, n. — Jolt 'head, 
n. A dunce ; blockhead. [Orig. one whose head 
was jolled (knocked) against the wall, — a punish- 
ment for stupid pupils.] 

Jonquil -quille. jon/kwil, n. A bulbous plant of the 
narcissus family, having lily-like leaves and very 
fragrant yellow flowers. [F. jonquille, fr. jonc, L. 
juncus, a rush.] 

Joram, jo'ram, Jo'rum, n. A large drinking vessel; 
also its contents, — nut-brown ale and toast, with 
sugar and spice. [Sw. joid, earth, earthen pot.] 

Joss-house, jos'hows, n. A Chinese temple. [Ft. joss, 
Chinese corrupt, of Pg. deos = L. deus, god, and 
house.] — stick, n. A small cylinder, made of gum 
mixed with dust of odoriferous woods, which the 
Chinese burn before idols. 

Jostle, jos'l, Jus'tle, v. t. [-tled (-Id), -tling.] To 
run, push, or crowd against, so as to render un- 
steady ; to hustle, clash. — v. i. To hustle, shove 
about, elbow, —n. An encounter or shock. [OF. 
jouster, to tilt. See Just.] 

Jot, jot, n. An iota; a point; tittle; the least quantity 
assignable. — r. t. To set down; to make a memo- 
randum of. [D., fr. Heb. yod, the smallest letter in 
the Heb. alphabet. See Iota.] 

Jounce, jowns, v. t. [jounced (jownst), jouncing.] 
To jolt, shake, as by driving over a stone, etc. — n. 
A jolt; shake; hard trot. 

Journal, j5r r nal, n. An account of daily transactions 
and events; diary; a record of proceedings; a paper 
published daily ; a periodical publication giving 
an aceount of passing events, proceedings of socie- 
ties, etc. (Naut.) A daily register of the ship's 
course and distance, etc. (Com.) A book in which 
every charge is entered under the date of each 
day. (Mach.) The portion of a shaft or other re- 
volving piece which turns in some other piece, or 
in a journal-box ; a bearing. [F. ; L. diurnalis, 
daily, fr. dies, a day; same as diurnal.] — Jour'nal- 
box, n. The part of a macBine in which the jour- 
nal of a shaft, axle, or pin bears and moves; strictly, 
a box in parts, which can be opened and adjusted. — 
Jour'nalism, -izm, n. The keeping of a journal; the 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



,^■1 



JOUST 



304 



JUMBLE 



profession of editing, or writing for, journals.— 
Jour'nalist, n. The writer of a journal or diarv; 
conductor of, or contributor to, a public journal. — 
Jour'nalize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izixg.] To enter 
an account of in a journal.— v. i. To aid by writ- 
ing in carrying on a public journal. — Jour'ney, 
-nl, n. ; pi. -neys, -niz. Travel from one place to 
another ; passage ; voyage ; tour ; expedition ; pil- 
grimage.— V. i. [JOURNEYED Q-nid), -NEYING.] To 
travel from place to place. [F. journee, orig. a whole 
day, a day's work or travel, LL. jornata, day's 
work.] — Journeyman, n. ; pi. -men. One hired to 
work by the day; a workman who has learned his 
trade and is supposed to be capable of earning the 
full rate paid for day's work. —Jour 'ney-work, n. 
Work done by a journeyman working at his trade. 

Joust. Same as Just. 

Jove, jov, n. The chief divinity of the ancient Ro- 
mans; Jupiter. [OL. Jovis, ior'Diovis; s. rt. Skr. div, 
to shine, deva (L. dens), a deity, daiva, divine, Gr. 
Zeus, AS. Tiw (whence E. Tuesday), Ic. Tyz, OHG. 
Zio, Ziu, a chief Aryan divinity.] — Jo'vial, -vt-al, 
a. Under the influence of Jupiter, the planet; gay; 
joyous; jolly. [OF., born under the planet Jupiter, 
L. jovialis.] — Jo'vially, adv. — Jo'vialness, Jovi- 
al'ity, -al'I-tt, Jo'vialty, n. Merriment. 

Jowl, jol, n. The cheek. [ME. chole, chowl, chattel, 
AS. ceafl, the jaw, OS. kaflos, the jaws ; s. rt. Skr. 
jahh, to yawn, jambha, the jaws.] — Cheek by jowl. 
With the cheeks close together; in close fellowship. 

— Jowler, joK- or jowKer, n. Name for a hunting- 
dog, beagle, or other thick-jawed dog. 

Joy, joi, n. The emotion excited by the acquisition 
or expectation of good ; exhilaration of spirits ; 
cause of happiness ; gladness ; pleasure ; delight ; 
felicity; rapture ; bliss ; mirth ; festivity ; hilarity. 

— v. i. [joyed (joid), joying.] To rejoice, be glad, 
exult. [pF.joye,joie, goie, It. gioja, fr. L. gaudia, 
fr. gauaium, joy, f r. gaudere, to rejoice. ] — Joy'ance, 
-ans, n. Gayety; festivity. — Joy'ful, -ful, a. Full 
of joy ; very glad ; exulting. — Joyfully, adv. — 
Joy'fulness, n. — Joyless, a. Destitute ot joy; giv- 
ing no pleasure; unenjoyable. — Joylessly, adv.— 
Joy'lessness, n. — Joy'ous, -us, a. Full of joy ; joy- 
ful; glad; lively; blithe; gleeful; sportive; delight- 
ful. — Joy'ously, adv. — Joy'ousness, n. 

Jubilant, ju'bt-lant, a. Uttering songs of triumph; 
rejoicing; shouting with joy. [L. jubilans, p. pr. of 
jubilare, -latum, to shout, ir.juhilum, a shout of joy; 
perh. s. rt.joke ; not s. rt. jubilee.'] — Jubila'te, -la / - 
te or -la'ta, n. The 3d Sunday after Easter, — the 
church service formerly beginning on that day with 
the words of the 06th psalm, "Jubilate Deo," etc. 
[L., imperative of jubilare.'] — Jubila'tion, n. Act of 
rejoicing; exultation. [F.; L. jubUatio.] 

Jubilee, ju'bY-le, n. {Jewish Hist.) Every 50th year, 
at which time all slaves were liberated, and all lands 



alienated during the whole period reverted to their 
former owners. {Rom. Cath. Church.) A solemnity 
celebrated at Rome, at stated intervals, latterly of 
25 years. A season of public festivity and joy; joy- 
fulness; exultation. [OF. jubile", L. jubilseus, jubilee, 
fr. Heb. yobel, a blast of the trumpet.] 

Judaic, Judaism, Judaize, etc. See under Jew. 

Judge, juj, n. {Law.) A civil officer authorized to 
hear and determine causes, civil or criminal. The 
Supreme Being; one skilled to decide on the merits 
of a question, or on the value of anything; a con- 
noisseur; expert. (Jewish Hist.) A chief magistrate 
with civil and military powers, such as those who 
governed the nation more than 300 years, pi. The 
title of the 7th book of the Old Testament, —v. i. 
[judged (jujd), judging.] To hear and deter- 
mine (in causes on trial); to pass sentence; to as- 
sume authority to try anything and pass judgment 
oo it: to form an opinion, determine, distinguish. — 
v. t. To hear and determine by authority (a case 
before a court, or controversy between parties); to 
examine and pass sentence on; to sit in judgment 
upon; to be censorious toward; to determine upon 
inquiry or deliberation; to esteem, think, reckon. 
[F.juge, L. judex, judicis, a judge, judicare, -catum, 
to judge, fr. jus, law (see Just), and dicare, to point 
out, make known.] — Judge-Advocate. {Mil.) One 
appointed to act as public prosecutor at a court-mar- 
tial.— J.- A.- General. {U.S. Army.) An officer at 
the head of the bureau of military justice, with the 
rank of brigadier-general. — Judg'er, n. One who 
judges or passes sentence. — Judge' ship, n. Office 
of judge. — Judgement, n. Act of judging; process 
ef the mind in comparing ideas, to find their mutual 



j relations, and to ascertain truth ; that discerned by 
the mind in judging ; opinion ; notion; facility in 
i judging ; faculty of judging or deciding truly and 
wisely ; good sense ; taste. {Philos.) The act or 
faculty of comparing objects, and discerning their 
illations, attributes, or properties; result of the act 
thus performed. {Law.) Sentence of the law, pro- 
nounced by a court or judge; decision of a court. A 
calamity regarded as sent by God, by way of recom- 
pense for wrong committed. {Theol.) The final 
punishment of the wicked. — Judg'ment-day, n. 
{Theol.) The last day, when final judgment will be 
pronounced on the subjects of God's moral govern- 
ment. seat, n. The seat on which judges sit in 

court ; a court ; tribunal. — Ju'dicative, -dt-ka-tiv, 
a. Having power to judge. — Ju'dicatory, -to-rT, a. 
Dispensing justice. — n. A court of justice; tri- 
bunal; distribution of justice. — Judicature, -ka- 
chur, n. Power of distributing justice by legal trial 
and determination; right of judicial action; juris- 
diction; a court of justice; extent of jurisdiction of 
a judge or court. [F.; L. jw/icatura.] — Judicial, 
-dish'al, a. Pert, or appropriate to courts of justice; 
practiced or employed in the administration of jus- 
tice; proceeding from a court of justice; positive or 
established by statute; inflicted, as a penalty or in 
judgment. [OF. judiciel, L. judicialis, fr. judicium, 
a trial, judgment.] — Judicially, adv. In the forms 
of legal justice; by way of penalty.— Judi'ciary, 
-dish'I-a-ri, a. Passing judgment or sentence; pert, 
to courts of judicature, —n. That branch of govern- 
ment in which judicial power is vested; judges col- 
lectively. — Judicious, -dish'uB, a. According to, 
having, or exercising, sound judgment; prudent ; 
wise; discerning; sagacious. [F. judicieux.] — Ju- 
diciously, adv. — Judi'ciousness, n. 

Jug, jug, n. A vessel, with a capacious body and nar- 
row mouth, and usually a handle on one side; a 
large earthen or stone hottle ; a pitcher ; ewer ; a 
prison; jail. —v. t. [jugged (jugd), -ging.] To boil 
or stew, as in a jug ; to commit to jail, imprison. 
[Prob. f r. Jug, Judge, formerly nicknames for Joan 
or Jenny ; cf. jack, jitt, susan, formerly names for 
drinking vessels.] 

Juger, ju'jer, n. A Roman measure of land = 28,808 
sq. feet, or 240 by 120 feet. [L. jugerum.] 

Juggle, iug'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To play 
tricks by sleight of hand ; to conjure ; to practice 
artifice or imposture. — v. t. To deceive by trick or 
artifice. — n. A trick by legerdemain; an imposture- 
deception. [OF. jogleres, jougleor, L. jocuiator, a 
jester, fr. jocular i, -latus, to jest, fr. jocvlus, dim. of 
jocus, a joke, q. v.] — Jug'gler, n. One who prac- 
tices tricks by sleight of hand; a cheat; deceiver. — 
Jug'glery, -gler-T, n. Art or act of, etc.; trickery; 
imposture. 

Jugular. See under Join. 

Juice, jus, 7i. The characteristic fluid of any vegetable 
or animal substance, esp. that which may be ex- 
pressed from fruit or meat, or which flows from 
them in cooking. [OF. jus, juice, liquor, sap, soup, L. 
jus, Skr. yusha, soup, yu, to join, mix.] — Juiceness, 
a. Destitute of juice ; dry. — JuKcy, ju'si, a. 
[-CIEE, -ciest.] Abounding with juice; moist; suc- 
culent. — Jui'ciness, n. 

Jujube, ju'jub, n. An oriental fruit, allied to the 
plum, of a blood-red or saffron color, and having a 
sweet, granular pulp. [OF. jujubes, L. zizyphum, Gr. 
zizuphon, fruit of the tree zizuphos, Per. zizafun.] — 
Jujube paste. The dried or inspissated jelly of the 
jujube; also, an expectorant made of gum arabic 
sweetened. 

Julep, ju'lep, n. A sweet drink; esp. {Med.), a demul- 
cent, acidulous, or mucilaginous mixture; a bever- 
age composed of some spirituous liquor, with sugar, 
pounded ice, and sprigs of mint. [F. ; Sp. julepe, 
Per.julab, julep, fr. gulab, rose-water, fr. gul, a rose, 
and ab, water.] 

Julian, jul'yan, a. Pert, to, or derived from, Julius 
Caesar. — Julian calendar. The calendar as adjusted 
by Julius Csesar, in which the year was made to con- 
sist of 365 days, 6 hours, instead of 365 days. — J. 
epoch. Epoch of the commencement of the Julian 
calendar, or 46 B. c. — J. period. A chronological 
period of 7980 years, combining the solar, lunar, and 
in diction cycles. — J. year. The year of 365 days, 6 
hours. —July', -li', n. The 7th month of the year,— 
fr. Julius Caesar, born in this month. 

Jumart, ju'mart, n. The supposed offspring of a bull 
and mare. [F., prob. corrupt, fr. L. chimsera, q. v.] 

Jumble, jum'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To mix 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Toe ; odd, tone, dr ; 



JUMP 



305 



JUST 




in a confused mass; to put or throw together with- 
out order.— v.?'. To meet, mix, or unite confusedly. 
— n. Confused mixture; orderless mass or collec- 
tion : a small, sweet cake, often ring-shaped. [Freq. 
of jump, q. v.] — Jam , bler, n. One who mixes things 
in confusion. 

Jump. jump. r. i. [.tumped (jumt), jumping.] To lift 
the feet wholly from the ground and alight again 
upon them, usually with a 
forward motion ; to leap : to 
skip, spring, bound; to jolt: 
to coincide.— v. t. To pass by 
a leap, pass over eagerly or 
hastily, skip over.— n. Act of 
jumping; a leap ; spring; 
bound: a venture. (Geol.) A 
dislocation in a stratum ; a 
fault. {Arch.) An abrupt in- 
terruption of level in a piece 
of brick- work or musonry. 
[ial. guru}. a. MHG. gum- 
lien, to jump. Ic. goppa, to 
skip, Dan. gumpe, to jolt.] — 
Jump'er, n. One who or that 
which jumps; the maggot of 
the cheese-fly : a long iron 
chisel or borer; a kind of 
sleigh ; one of a certain re- 
ligious sect. — Jump'seat. n. 
A carriage with a movable seat, readily changed 
from the one-seated to the two-seated form. 

Juncate. junk'et, n. A cheese-cake; delicate food; a 
furtive or private entertainment. [See Ju>-ket.] 

Junction, Juncture. See under Join. 

June, jun, n. The 6th month of the year. [L. Junius, 
fir. Juno, because it was sacred to tnis goddess.] 

Juneating, jun'a-ting, n. A kind of earlv apple. [See 
Jexxetixg.] 

Jungle, jun , »l, n. Land mostly covered with forest 
trees, brush-wood, etc., or coarse, reedy vegetation, 
but not wholly uninhabited. [Hind. jangdt,jungul, 
fr. Skr. jangala, dry, desert.] — Jnn'gly, -gll, a. 
Consisting of, or abounding with, jungles. 

Junior, jun'yer, a. Less old ; younger, esp. applied to 
the younger of 2 persons of the same name: pert, to 
a younger person, or to a junior. — n. A younger per- 
son; of a lower or younger standing; as", esp., one in 
the 3d year of his collegiate course in an Arner. col- 
lege, or in the 1st year of his course at a theological 
seminary. [L., compar. of juvenis, Skr. yuvan, 
young.] — Junior'ity, -yor'i-tT, n. The state of be- 
ing junior. 

Juniper. ju'ni-pSr, n. An evergreen shrub or tree, 
whose berries are used to flavor gin and as a power- 




Jump-seat. 
Two-seat form. 



ful diuretic. JL. juniperus. See Geneva.] 
Junk, junk, n. Pieces of old cable or cordage. (Aaut.) 
Hard salted beef supplied to ships. [Pg. junco, a 



.3U. JUHISU, \j 11 1 11. 

'an. Malay ajonq.] 
junk. n. A thick 



rush, also cordage made from rushes, L. juncus, a 
rush, — the beef "being so called because as tough as 
old ropes.] — Junk'-wad, n. (Artillery.) A wad made 
of oakum, bound with 
spun yarn, used in fir- 
ing hot shot, being 
placed between the 
charge and projectile. 
— Junk Dealer. One 
who buys and sells 
junk, old" metals, etc. 

Junk, junk, n. A ship 
used in China. [Pg. 
and Sp. Junco, Ch:' 
cht 

Junk, 
piece: lump. [Same as 
chunk.'] — Junk-bottle. A 
bottle, usually of green June. 

,ade thick and strong, for holding liquors, etc. 

Junket, jugk'et, n. Juncate: a sweetmeat: a stolen 
entertainment. — v. i. To make aprivate entertain- 
ment; to feast, banquet. — v.t. To give entertain- 
ment to ; to feast. [It. giuncata, a kind of cheese 
which was brought to market upon rushes, p. p. of 
giuncare, to strew with rushes, fr. giunco, L. juncus, 
a rush; s. rt. jonquil, junk.] — Junk'eting. n. A pri- 
vate entertainment, esp. when secret and jovial. 

Junta. Junto. See under Joix. 

Jupiter, ju'pT-ter, n. (Rom. Myth.') The supreme 
deity; the son of Saturn : Jove. (Astron.) The 
largest planet, and, next to Venus, the brightest: it 
has 4 moons. [L. = Dions pater : see Jove.] 

Jupon. ju-pon / ' or zhoo-pawx'. Juppon, jup-pon', n. A 




sleeveless jacket, orig. worn over 
armor, composed of several thick- 
nesses of material sewed through 
and faced with silk or velvet ; a 
petticoat. [F. jupon.] 

Jurassic, ju-ras'sik, a. (Geol.) Of 
the age of the middle secondary, 
or the oolite and lias, — named 
fr. rocks of the Jura mountains. 

Juridic, ju-rid'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to 
a judge: acting in the distribution 
of justice; used in courts of law. 
[L. juridicus, fr. jus, juris, law 
(see Just), and dicare, to pro- 
claim : see Judge.]— Jurid'- 
ically, adv. According to forms 
of law. — Ju'riscon'sult, -ris- 
kon'sult. n. A man learned in 
the law, and consulted thereon: 
a jurist; counselor. [L.juriscon- 
sultus, fr. jus and consulere, -sul- 
tum, to consult.] — Ju'risdic'- 
tion. n. Legal power or authoritv 
of determining causes; power o*f 
governing or legislating, or of ex- T 

ercising authority ; limit within d u P° n - 

which power may be exercised. [F. ; L. jurisdio- 
tio, fr.jus and dic'tio. a saying : see Diction.] — Ju'- 
risdic'tional. a. Pert, to jurisdiction. — Ju'risdic'- 
tive,-tiv, a. Having jurisdiction.— Ju'rispru'dence, 
-proo'dens, n. The science of law; knowledge of the 
laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or com- 
munity. [F.; L. jurisprvdentia, fr.jus and pruden- 
tia, a foreseeing, knowledge.] — Medical jurispru- 
dence. Science of the application of anatomy, phys- 
iology, and therapeutics, to the determination of 
cases" in law. — Jurisprudent, a. Understanding 
law: jurisprudential. — n. One who, etc. — Jurispru- 
den'tial, -shal, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Jurist. See under Just. 

Jury, ju'ri, n. (Law.) A body of men, selected and 
sworn to inquire into and try any matter of fact, 
and to declare the truth of it on the evidence given 
them in the case: a committee for adjudging prizes 
at a public exhibition, etc. [F. jurie. lit. a company 
of sworn men, prop. fem. p. p. of jurer, L. jurare, 
to swear; s. rt. just.] — Ju'ryman, n. ; pi. -iie>\ One 
impaneled on a jury, or who serves as a juror. — Ju r - 
ror, n. (Law.) One who serves on a jury; a jury- 
man. One of a committee chosen to adjudge prizes 
at a public exhibition, etc. \Y.jureur, L.jurator.] 

Jury-mast, ju'rr-mast. n. (3 T atrt.) A temporary mast 
erected in a ship, to supply the place of one carried 
away. [Perh. fr. Dan. kiore. a driving, fr. kiore. Ic. 
keyra, to drive, — i. e. a thing by which a ship is 
driven: prob. not for injury-mast,] 

Just, just, a. Rendering, or disposed to render, to each 
one his due : conformed to fact, to the truth of things, 
to a proper standard, to reasonable expectations, etc. ; 
upright; impartial: righteous: equitable: true: fair; 
regular. — adv. Precisely; exaetly: closely: nearly. 
[T. juste, L. Justus, fr. jus, juris, right, law. lit. that 
which binds; s. rt. Skr. yu, to bind.] — But just. That 
and no more; barely: scarcely. — J. now. The least 
possible time since :" a moment ago. — Justly, adv. 

— Jusfness, n. — Jus'tice, -tis. n. Quality of being 
just; the renderin? to every one his due: conformity 
to truth and reality: fair" representation of facts; 
just treatment ; merited reward or punishment ; 
equity; justness: one duly commissioned to hold 
courts, or to try and decide controversies and ad- 
minister justice". [OF., justice, also a judge, L. jus- 
titia. justice: LL., a tribunal, a judge, fr. L. Justus.] 

— Jus'ticeship. n. Office or dignity of a justice. — 
Justiciable. -tish'T-a-bl. a. Proper to be examined 
in courts of justice. — Justiciar. -tish'T-ar. -ciary, 
-tish'T-a-rT, n. A judge or justice: a lord chief jus- 
tice. [LL,. justitia'rius'.] — Ju'rist. n. One versed in 
the law. esp. in the civil law, or the law of nations. 
[F. juriste. LL. jurista. fr. L. jus.] — Jus'tlfy. -tt-fi, 
v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To prove or show to be 
just, or conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, 
or dutv: to vindicate as right; to pronounce free 
from blame. (Theol.) To treat as just, though 
guilty and deserving punishment. (Print.) To form 
even'or true lines of(type) by proper spacing; to ad- 
just, cause to fit. rF.justifier, L.j"stijicare, fir. Justus 
and facere, to make.] — Jus'tifi'able, a. Capable of 
being proved to be just: defensible: warrantable; 
excusable. — Jus'tiii'ableness. n. — Jus 'tin ably. 
adv. — Jus'tifica'tion. n. Act of justifying; vintti- 



sun, cube, full ; moon, toot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboy, chair, get. 



JUST 



306 



KEEN 



cation ; defense ; state of being justified. {Law.) 
The showing of a sufficient reason in court why a 
party accused did what he is called to answer. 
(Theol.) The treating of sinful man as though he 
were just. [F. : L. justification — Justificative, 
-tiv, -ca'tory, -to-rY, a. Justifying ; having power 
to justify. — Jus'tinca'tor, n. — Jus'tifL'er, n. One 
who justifies; one who pardons and absolves from 
guilt and punishment. 

Just, Joust, just, n. A mock encounter on horseback; 
a tilt; one of the exercises at tournaments.— v. i. To 
engage in a mock fight on horseback; to push, drive, 
jostle. [ME. justen, jousten, OF. jouster, to just, tilt, 
tourney, orig. to meet, approach, fr. jouste,Li. juxta, 
near to, hard by; LL. juxtare, to approach, join. 
See Juxtaposit.] 

Jostle. See Jostle. 

Jut, jut, v. i. To shoot forward, project beyond the 
main body. — n. A shooting forward; projection. 
[Same as jet, q. v.] — Jufty, -tl, n. A projection in 



a building; a pier or mole; jetty. [See Jetty, under 
Jet.]_ 

Jute, jut, n. A substance resembling hemp, used in 
manufacturing mats, coarse carpets, etc. ; also, the 
plant which produces it. [Bengali jut, j'oot, jute; 
Skr.iata, Malay jat, matted hair, a braid.] 

Juvenile, ju've-nil, a. Young ; youthful; pert, or 
suited to youth. — n. A young person or youth. [F.; 
L. juvenilis, fr. juvenis, young; s. rt. young.] — Ju'- 
venileness, -niKity, -I-tl, n. Youthfulness; manners 
or customs of youth. — Juvenes'cent, -nes'sent, a. 
Becoming young. [L. juvenescens, p. pr. of juvenes- 
cere, to grow young again, ir. juvenis.] — Juvenes'- 
cence, -sens, n. A growing young. 

Juxtaposit, juks-ta-pozlt, v. t. To place in close con- 
nection or contiguity. [L. juxta 0= jugista, fern, 
abl. of superl. of jugis, continual, fr. rt. of jungere, 
to join, q. v.} and rt. of position, a. v., under Pose.] 
Jux'taposi'tion, -zish'un, n. A placing or being 

• ity. [£] 



placed in nearness or contiguity. 



K. 



K, ka, the 11th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is silent 
before n, but elsewhere has one invariable sound, 
like c hard. 

Kabala. See Cabala. 

Kafir, Kaffir, Caffre, kaf 'Sr, n. One of the great Bantu 
race, occupying Africa between Negro land and 
Cape Colony, so named by the Arabs; specifically, 
one of a Bantu tribe living in Kaffraria. [Ar. kafir, 
infidel.] 

Kaiser, ki'zSr, n. An emperor. [G.; L. Csesar, q. v.] 

Kale, Kail, kal, n. A plant allied to the cabbage, culti- 
vated for its curled or wrinkled leaves or "sprouts"; 
borecole. [Ga. and Ir. cal, Manx kail, L. caulis.] 

Kaleidoscope, ka-li'do-skop, n. An optical instrument 
which, by a change of position, exhibits its contents 
in a variety of colors and symmetrical forms. [Gr. 
kalos, beautiful, eidos, form, skopein, to behold.] 

Kalendar. See Calendar. 

Kali, ka'lY, n. (Bot.) A species of glasswort, the 
ashes of which are used in making glass. [Ar. qah. 
See Alkali.]— Ka'lium, n. (Chem.) Potassium,— 
so called by German chemists. 

Kalif. See Caliph. 

Kalmia, kal'mt-a, n. An evergreen shrub, native to 
N. Amer., having corymbs of showy flowers; laurel. 
[Fr. Peter Kalm.] 

Kaloyer. See Caloyer. . . 

Kamsin, kam'sin, n. A hot southerly wind in Egypt ; 
the simoom. [Ar. khamsin, fr. khamsun, 50, because 
it blows for about 50 days.] 

Kanaka, ka-na/ka, n. A native of the South bea isl- 
ands, esp. of the Sandwich Islands. [Maori, man.] 

Kangaroo, kan / ga-roo > ', n. A ruminating, marsupial 
animal of Australia and 
the neighboring islands, 
having short fore legs, 
used only for digging, 
bringing food to the 
mouth, etc., and long 
hind legs, with which it 
makes e n o rm o u s 
bounds. [Native name.] 

Kaolin, -line, ka'o-lin, n. 
(Min.) A variety of clay 
used for making porce- 
lain. [Chin, kaoling.] 

Karob, ka'rob, n. With 
goldsmiths, the 24th 
part of a grain. 

Katydid, ka'tT-did, n. A broad-winged green grass- 
hopper, living in trees, — the males of which, at 
night, by means of membranes in their wing-covers, 
make a sound, resembling ka-ty-did. 

Kayak, ka'ak, n. A light boat of Greenland, made of 
seal-skins stretched upon a frame, and coming close 
round the body of the oarsman. 

Kayle, Kail, kal, n. A nine-pin; kettle-pin. [D. kegcl, 
a nine-pin, keg, kegge, a wedge; Dan. kegle, a cone, 
kegler, nine-pins; s. rt. keg.] 

Keblah, keb'la, n. The point toward which Moham- 
medans turn in prayer, being the direction of Mec- 




Kangaroo. 



ca. [Ar. kiblah, anything opposite, the south, fr. 
kabalah, to be or he opposite.] 

Keck, kek, v. i. [kecked (kekt), kecking.] To 
heave the stomach; to retch, as in an effort to vomit. 
— n. A retching or heaving of the stomach. [Prov. 
G. koecken.] — Keck'le, kekl, n. Same as Keck. 

Keckle, kek'l, v. t. [keckled (-Id), -ling.1 To wind 
rope round (a cable) to preserve it from being fret- 
ted, or to wind chains round (a ship's hull) to de- 
fend from the friction of a rocky bottom, or from 
the ice. [Perh. s. rt. Gr. kuklos, circle, round.] 

Kecksy. See Kex. 

Kedge, kej, n. (Naut.) A small anchor used to keep 
a ship steady when riding in a harbor or river, and 
esp. at the turn of the tide, to keep her clear of her 
bower anchor. — v. t. [kedged (kejd), kedging.] 
To warp, as a ship; to move by means of a kedge, as 
in a river. [Sw. dial, keka, to tug, to drag one's self 
forward.] — Kedg'er, n. A kedge. 

Keel, kel, n. The principal timber in a ship, extend- 
ing from stem to stern at the bottom, and supporting 
the whole frame : see Ship ; hence, a ship ; a low, 
flat-bottomed vessel, to convey coal ; a broad, flat 
vessel, for cooling liquids; a keel- 
er. (Bot.) The 2 lowest petals of 
the corolla of a papilionaceous 
flower, inclosing the stamens and 
pistil. (J¥at. Hist.) A projecting 
ridge along the middle of a flat or 
curving surface. — v. i. [keeled 
(keld), keeling.] To plow with 
a keel, navigate ; to turn up the 
keel, show the bottom. [ME. kele, Keel, (-tfot.; 
a keel, partly fr. AS. ceol, Ic. kjoll, OHG. cheol, a 
ship ; partly fr. Ic. kjolr, D. and G. kiel, keel oi a 
ship.] — False keel. A strong timber bolted to the 
bottom of the keel, to protect it. — Keel'age, -ej, n. 
Right of demanding a toll for a ship entering a har- 
bor; duty so paid. — KeeKer, n. A shallow tub for 
holding materials for calking ships, or for other 
uses. — Keel'-boat, n. A large, covered boat, with a 
keel, but no sails, used on Amer. rivers for trans- 
porting freight; a low, flat-bottomed freight-boat.— 
Keel 'haul, v. t. [-hauled (-hawld), -hauling.] 
(Naut.) To haul under the keel of a ship, as a pun- 
ishment, by ropes attached to the yard-arms on each 
side. [OD. kielhaalen; D. halen, to haul, pull.] — 
KeeKson, kel'sun, n. 
(Ship-building.) A 
piece of timber laid 
on the middle of the 
floor timbers over the 
keel, and binding the 
floor timbers to the 
keel. [G. kielschwein, 
Norweg. kjolsvill; 
svill — G. schwelle = 
E. sill, q. v., corrupt, to -son.] 

Keeling, kel'ing, n. (Ichth.) A kind of small cod. 
[Ic. keila.] . 

Keen, ken, a. Eager; vehement; sharp; having a fine, 





Keelson; 6, Keel; c, False 
Keel. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term -^ rn, Jce ; Odd, tone. 6r ; 



KEEP 



307 



RE'S 



cutting edge ; piercing; severe; acrimonious; acute 
of mind ; penetrating ; having mental acuteness. 
[AS. cene, sharp, acute, Ic. kxnn, wise ; s. rt. ken, 
can.] — Keen'ly, adv. — Keen'ness, n. 

Keep, kep, v. t. [kept, keeping.] To cause to re- 
main in a given position, situation, or condition ; to 
maintain unchanged: to hold, retain in one's power 
or possession; to nave in custody, take care of; to 
detain; to protect, guard, sustain; to hide; to attend 
upon ; to maintain (an establishment, institution, 
etc.); to conduct, manage; to supply with necessaries 
of life, entertain; to maintain (an assistant, servant, 
horse, etc.); to continue in (a course of action); to 
adhere to, perform, observe, obey (duty, promise, 
command); to confine one's self to, remain in, haunt, 
frequent; to celebrate, solemnize. — v. i. To remain 
in any position or state, continue, stay; to last, en- 
dure; to reside for a time, dwell. — n. Act of keep- 
ing; custody; care; state of being kept; resulting 
condition; case; maintenance; support; that which 
keeps or protects; a stronghold; castle; esp. the 
strongest and securest part of a castle, the donjon: 
see Castle ; that which is kept or had in charge. 
[AS. cepan, a form of cypan, to traffic, sell, store up, 
retain, keep, fr. ceap, traffic, price. See Cheap.] — 
To keep company with. To frequent the society of, 
accompany, go with ; to give or receive attentions, 
with a view to marriage. — To k. good or bad hours. 
To be early or late in returning home or in retiring 
to rest. — To k. school. To teach a school, as a pre- 
ceptor. — Keener, n. One who or that which keeps, 
or has possession of anything; one who has care of a 
prison and custody of prisoners, or care, custody, or 
superintendence of anything; one who keeps him- 
self or remains; a ring which keeps another on the 
finder.— Keep'ership, n. Office of keeper. — Keep'- 
ing, n. A holding; restraint; custody; maintenance; 
supnort; just proportion; conformity; congruity. — 
Keep'ing-room, n. A common parlor or sitting-room. 
— Keep'-sake, n. Anything kept, or given to be 
kept, f irthe sake of the giver; a token of friendship. 

Keeve, kev, n. A large vessel for fermentingliquors. 
{Mining.) A vat for dressing ores. — v. t. To set in 



tub, for fermentation. [AS. cyf, L. cupa, a cask.] 
Bg, keg, n. A small cask; barrel;'cag. [See Cag.] 
Kelp, kelp, n. Calcined ashes of sea-weed, from which 



carbonate of soda and iodine are made. (Bot.) The 
sea-weed yielding kelp. [ME. kilp.] 

Kelpie, Kelpy, kel'pf , n. In Scotland, a spirit of the 
waters, in the form of a horse, vulgarly believed to 
warn those soon to be drowned. [Scot.] 

Kelt. Same as Celt. 

Kelter, kel'ter, n. Regular order or condition. [Perh. 
fr. Ir. cealt, clothes.] 

Ken, ken, v. t. [kenned (kend), -ning.] To know, 
understand; to recognize, descry. — n. Cognizance; 
view; esp. reach of sight or knowledge. [ME., D., 
and G. kennen, Ic. kenna; s. rt. can, q. v. J — Ken/- 
ni.ig, n. The limit of vision at sea, — 20 miles. 

Kennel, ken'nel, n. A house for dogs ; a pack of 
h-mnds ; the hole of a fox or other Deast. — v. i. 
[kenneled (-neld), -neling.] To lodge, lie, dwell, 
— as a dog or fox. — v. t. To keep in a kennel. 
[ME. kenel, NormF. kenil, OF. chenil ; NormF. Ian, 
OF. chen, L. canis, a dog; s. rt. hound.) 

Kennel, ken'nel, n. A gutter; puddle. [Same as chan- 
nel; ME. and OF. canel, L. canalis; s. rt. canal.'] 

Kennel-coal. See Cannel-coal. 

Keno, ke'no, n. A game played with numbered cards, 
and balls correspondingly numbered. [F. quine, 5 
winning numbers, fr. L. quini, 5 each, fr. quinque, 5.] 

Kentle. Same as Quintal. 

Kentledge, kentle;), n. (Naut.) Pigs of iron for bal- 
last Laid on the floor of a ship. [D. kant, edge, cor- 
ner. [See Cant.] 

Kept. See Keep. 

Keramic. See Ceramic. 

Kerchief, kgr'chif , n. A square of fine linen used by 
women to cover the head ; any cloth used in dress, 
esp. on the head. [OF. covre-chef, fr. covrir, to 
cover, and chef, L. caput, head ; s. rt. head.] 

Kerf, k5rf, n. A notch, slit, channel, or way through 
wood made by a saw or other cutting instrument. 
[AS. cyrf, a cutting off, fr. ceorfan, to cut, carve.] 

Kerite, ke'rlt, n. An insulating material used in tel- 
egraphy, composed of tar or asphaltum, combined 
with animal or vegetable oils, and vulcanized by 
sulphur. [Gr. keras, horn.] 

Kermes, ker'mez, n. Dried bodies of an insect found 
on various species of oak around the Mediterranean, 
containing coloring matter analogous to carmine, 




and used in dyeing. [See Crimson.] — Kermes min- 
eral. An artificial sulphuret of mercury, in the state 
of fine powder, — named from its brilliant red color. 
Kern, kern. n. An Irish foot-soldier of the lowest 
rank; a boor. (Eng. Law.) An idle person or vaga- 
bond. [OGa. and Ir. cearn, a man.] 
Kern, kern, n. A hand-mill ; a quern. (Type-found- 
ing.) Part of a type which hangs over the body, or 
shank. — v. i. [kerned (kgrnd), kerning.] (lype- 
founding.) To form with a kern. [See Quern.] 
Kernel, ker'nel, n. A little grain or corn ; anything 
included in a shell, husk, or integument ; a small 
mass around which other matter is concreted ; nu- 
cleus ; central part of anything. [AS. cyrnel, dim. 
of corn, grain.] _ 
Kerosene, ker'c-sen, n. A hydrocarbon illuminating 

oil, distilled from petroleum. [Gr. keros, wax.] 
Kersey, ker'zf, n. A coarse woolen cloth, usually 
ribbed, woven from long wool. [Prob. fr. Kersey, in 
Suffolk, Eng.]— Ker'seymere, -mer, n. A thin, twilled 
cloth, generally of the finest wool; cassimere. 
Kestrel, kes'trel, n. A small, slender hawk, of a red- 
dish fawn color, streaked and spotted with white 
and black. [F. cresserelle, cristel.] 
Ketch, kech, n. A vessel with 2 masts, a main and 
mizzen-mast, usually from 100 to 250 tons burden. 
[Corrupt, fr. Turk, qaiq, a boat, skiff.] 
Ketchup. See Catchup. 

Kettle, ket'tl, n. A metallic vessel, with a wide 
mouth, used for heating water, etc. [AS. cetel, 
cytel, fr. L. catillus, dim. of catinus, a deep vessel, 
bowl ; s. rt. Gr. kotulos, cup, E. cotyledon, q. v.] — 
Ket'tle-drum, n. A drum made of 
a copper vessel, usually hemispher- 
ical, or shaped like a kettle, covered 
with parchment ; an informal af- 
ternoon or early evening party. 
[See Drum.] 
Kex, keks, Keck'sy, -sY, n. The dry 
stalk of the hemlock, or of other 
plants; a dry husk or covering. [W. 
ceceys, hollow stalks, cegid, L. ci- Kettle-drum. 
cuta, hemlock.] 
Key, ke, n. A portable instrument to shut or open a 
lock, by moving or raising a bolt or tumbler, or one 
by which anything is wound, screwed, turned, or 
tightened, as, a watch-fc?/, bed-key, etc.; that which 
unlocks a secret or mystery, or discloses anything 
difficult, a solution, explanation; that which locks 
up and makes fast, as, (Arch.) a piece of wood let 
into another across the grain to prevent warping ; 
(Masonry.) the highest central stone of an arch, key- 
stone; or (Mech.) a piece of wood or metal, placed in 
coincident slots or mortises, to hold parts together; a 
wedge or cotter in a frame, chain, etc.; a fin, spline, 
feather, or wedge, fastening a wheel or crank upon 
a shaft. (Mm.) A lever of wood, ivory, or metal, in 
an organ, piano-forte, etc., pressed by the fingers in 
playing the instrument; the fundamental tone of a 
movement, key-note.— v. t. [keyed (ked), keying.] 
To fasten with keys or wedge-shaped pieces of wood 
or iron. [AS. cseg, OFries. kai, kei.] —Key of a position, 
or country. (Mil.) A point the possession of which 
gives the control of that position or country. —Power 
of the keys. (Keel.) Authority 
of the ministry in Christian 
churches, esp. in the Rom. 
Cath., to administer the dis- 
cipline and grant or with- 
hold the privileges of the 
churchj — from Christ' s 
promising to St. Peter "the 
keys of the kingdom of heav- 
en." — Keyed, ked, a. Fur- 
nished with keys ; set to a 
key, as a tune. — Key'-board, 
n. (Mis.) The whole range 
of the keys of an organ or 

piano-forte. hole, n. A 

hole in a door or lock, for re- 
ceiving a key. (Carp.) An 
excavation in beams intended 
to be joined together, to re- 
ceive the key which fastens 
them. — note, n. (Mm.) The 
tonic or first tone of the 
scale in which a piece is 

written. seat, n. 

(Mach.) A rectangular 
groove, esp. in a wheel 
and shaft, to receive a 




St. Peter's Keys, an 
emblem of papal 
power or authority. 



Key-seat. 



cube, full ; moon fo"ot : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. 



KEY 



308 



KING 



key, 60 as to prevent one part from turning on the 
cither. — stone, n. (Arch.) The wedge-shaped stone 
on the top or middle of an arch or vault, which 
binds the work. 

Key, ke, n. An island rising little above the surface, 
as in the "W. Indies ; a quay. [See Quay.] — Key'- 
age, -ej, n. Money paid for use of a key or quay. 

Khalif. See Caliph. 

Khan, kawn or kan, n. A prince ; king ; chief, — so 
called among the Tartars. [Per. and Tart.] -Khan '- 
ate, -at, n. Dominion or jurisdiction of a khan. 

Khan, kan, n. An Eastern inn or caravansary. [Per. 
khan, khanah, house, tent, inn.] 

Khedive, ka-deV or ke'div, n. Governor, viceroy, — 
a title granted by the Sultan of Turkey to the ruler 
of Egypt, in 1866. [Per., a prince.] 

Kibe, kib, n. An ulcerated chilblain, as in the heels. 
[W. cibi, cibwst, for cib-gwist ; cib, cup, husk (prob. 
s. rt. cup), and gwst, a humor, disease.] 

Kibitka, kl-bifka, n. ; pi. -kas, -kaz. A framed tent 
of the nomad Tartars; a leather-covered Russian ve- 
hicle, used for winter travel and as a movable habi- 
tation. [Rus., fr. Ar. kubbah, vault, tent.] 

Kick, kik, v. t. [kicked (kikt), kicking.] To strike, 
thrust, or hit violently with the foot. — v. i. To 
practice striking with the foot ; to thrust out the 
foot violently ; to manifest opposition ; to recoil, — 
said of a musket, etc. — n. A blow with the foot ; 
recoil of a fire-arm, when discharged. [W. cicio, to 
kick, cic, foot.] — To kick the beam. To fly up and 
strike the beam,— said of the lighter arm of a loaded 
balance; to be found wanting in weight. — To k. the 
bucket. To lose one's life, die, — alluding to a bent 
piece of wood, called a bucket, by which a slaugh- 
tered pig is hung up. — Kick'er, n. 

Kickshaw, kik'shaw, n. Something fantastic or un- 
common, or that has no particular name : a fantas- 
tical dish. [Corrup. fr. F. quelque chose, something; 
quelque = L,. qualis, of what kind — E. which; chose 
=L. causa, cause, thing.] 

Kid, kid, n. A young goat ; a bundle of heath and 
furze ; a small wooden tub or vessel, — applied, 
among seamen, to one containing food; leather made 
of kid skin; a glove of kid leather; among thieves, 
etc., a child. [Dan. and Sw.; Ic. kidh, lit. that which 
is produced; s. rt. chit, child, kin, etc.] — Kid'ling, n. 
A small kid. — Kid' dy, -dT, v. t. [-died (-did), -dy- 
ing.] To deceive, hoax, take advantage of. — Kid'- 
nap, v. t. [-naped (-napt), -naping.] To steal and 
carry away or secrete (a man, woman, or child). 
[Niap same as nab; Dan. nappe, to snatch.] — Kid'- 
naper, n. One who steals or forcibly carries away a 
human being; a man-stealer. 

Kiddle, kid'di, n. A kind of wear in a river for 
catching fish, —corrupt, pron. kittle. [LL. kidellus.] 

Kidney, kid'nT, n. ; pi. -neys, -niz. (Anat.) One of 
2 oblong, flattened glands, at each side of the lum- 
bar vertebras, and surrounded with fatty tissue, 
which constitute the secretory organs of the urine. 
Habit; disposition ; sort ; kind ; a waiting-servant. 
[ME. kidnerc ; kid corrupt, fr. quid, quith, 1c. krirlhr, 
Sw. qved, AS. ciodh, the womb (s. rt. Skr.jathara, 
belly, womb, Gr. gaster, L. venter) ; nere = Ic. nyra, 
D. nier, kidney, prob. s. rt. Skr. niv, to be fat.] — 
Kid'ney-bean, rc. (Bot.) A sort of 
bean, — shaped like the kidney. — 
Kid'ney-form, -shaped, -shapt, a. 
Shaped like, etc. 

Kilderkin, kil'der-kin, n. A small 
barrel; a liquid measure containing 
18 gallc 



16 or 18 gallons. [OD. kindekin, lit. 
little child, dim. of kind = E. child, 



v.] 
kil, 




Kill, kil, v. t. [killed (kild), kill- 
ing.] To deprive of life, animal or tt-:a' „„ B y. nno /i 
vegetable ; to put to death, slay, Kidney-shaped 
destroy; to deprive of active quali- 
ties, appease, quell, calm, still. [Ic. kolla, to hit in 
the head, kollr, top, head, crown ; D. kollen, to knock 
down, kolhijl, butcher's axe, kol, a knock on the 
head; prob.' s. rt. W. col, peak, summit. Ir. coll, a 
head, L. collis, a hill: see Quell.] — Kill'er, n. 

Killikinick. See Kinnikinic. 

Killock, kil'lok, n. A wooden anchor for mooring a 
fishing boat at sea; in N. Eng., a small iron anchor. 

Kiln, kil, n. A large furnace or oven for calcining, 
vitrifying, baking, burning, or drying anything: a 
pile of brick for Durning or hardening. [AS. ci/Jn, 
fr. L. culina, a kitchen: s. rt. culinary.] — Kiln'-dry, 
kil'dri, v. t. To dry in a kiln. 

Kilogram, kiKo-gram, abbr. Kilo, kelo, n. A measure 



of weight, — 1,000 grams = 2.67951 pounds troy, or 
2.20485 pounds avoirdupois (15,432.31 grains). [F. 
kilogramme, fr. Gr. chilion, 1,000, and gramma, l-24th 
ounce: see Gkam.] — Kiloliter, kl-lol'I-ter or kil'o- 
li'ter, n. A measure of capacity = 1 cubic meter = 
1,000 liters = 35.3166 Eng. or 35.3105 Amer. cubic 
feet, or 264.14 Amer. gallons of 231 cubic inches. [F. 
kilolitre: see Litek.J— Kilometer, kT-lom'e-ter or 
kil'o-me'ter, n. A measure of length, — 1,000 meters 
= 3,280.890 Eng. or 3,280.709 Amer. feet, or .62135 of a 
mile. [F. kilometre: see Meter.]— Kilostero, ke- 
lo-star', n. A measure of solidity or volume, — 1,000 
cubic meters = 35,316.6 Eng., or 35,310.5 Amer. cubic 
feet. [F.] 

Kilt, kilt, n. A short petticoat, worn by men in the 
Highlands of Scotland, and by children in the Low- 
lands. [Ga. kilt, Dan. kilte, to tuck up, Ic. kilting, a 
skirt; s. rt. Ic. kjalta, the lap, E. child.} 

Kilter. See Kelter. 

Kimbo, kim'bo, a. Crooked ; arched ; bent. [See 
Akimbo.] — To set the arms akimbo. To set the 
hands on the hips, with the elbows outward. 

Kin, kin, n. Relationship, consanguinity, or affinity; 
relatives; kindred. —a. Of the same nature or kind; 
akin. [AS. cynn, Ic. kyn, kin, kindred, tribe; s. rt. 
E. andXi. genus, q. v.] — Of kin. Allied; related by 
birth or marriage. — Kin'ship, n. Relationship.— 
Kins'folk, -fok, n. Relations; persons of the same 
family. — Kins 'man, -woman, n. One who is, etc. — 
Kind, kind, n. Race; genus; generic class; esp. one 
fixed by the laws of nature ; sort; nature; style; 
manner ; character ; native character. [AS. cynd, 
gecytal.] — a. Having feelings befitting a common 
nature; esp., showing tenderness or goodness; dis- 
posed todogood; obliging; indulgent; tender; good; 
gentle; friendly; loving. [AS. cynde, gecynae.J — 
Kind'ly, -IT, a. [-liek, -liest.] Belonging to the 
kind or species; natural; kindred; sympathetic; dis- 
posed to do good; gracious; favorable; mild; gentle. 

— adv. In a kind manner; benevolently. — Kind'- 
liness, n. — Kind'ness, n. Quality of being kind ; 
good will; benevolence; a kind act; act of good will. 

— Kind'-heart'ed, a. Having kindness of nature. 

— Kin'dred, n. Relationship by birth ormauriage; 
consanguinity; kin; relatives by blood or marriage; 
relations.— a. Related; congenial; of like nature or 
properties. [ME. kinrede, fr. AS. cynn and -rseden, 
condition, lit, law; s. rt. read.] 

Kindergarten, kin'der-gar'ten, n. A school for young 
children, combining play with study. [G., children's 
garden.] — Kin'dergart'ner, n. A teacher in, etc. 

Kindle, km'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To set 
on tire, light; to inflame, as the passions; to exasper- 
ate, rouse, provoke. — v. i. To take fire ; to begin to 
be excited ; to grow warm or animated. [Ic. kyndill, 
fr. AS. candel, fr. L. candela, a candle, Ic. kynda, to 
light a fire.] — Kin'dling, n. Act of , etc. pi. Mate- 
rials easily lighted, for starting a fire. 

Kine, kin, n. pi. Cows. [Fr. ME. ky, cows = AS. 
cy, pi. of cu, cow, q. v., — a double plural.]— Kine'- 
pox, n. (3/ed.) Cow-pox, q. v. 

Kinematics, kin-e-mat'iks, n. Science of pure motion. 
[Gr. kinema, motion.] 

Kinetoscope, ki-ne'to-skop, n. A machine for the 
production of animated pictures. [Gr. kinetos, 
movable + skopein, to view.] 

King, king, n. A sovereign; monarch; chief among 
competitors; a playing-card having the picture of a 
king; the chief piece inthegame of chess; acrowned 
checkerman. pi. The title of 2 books in the Old 
Testament. — v. t. To supply with a king, make 
royal. [AS. cjjning, fr. cyn, a tribe, race, km, q. v., 
with suffix -ing, belonging to, son of, i. e., elected 
by, or chief of, the tribe.] — King at arms. An offi- 
cer in Eng. who directs the heralds and has jurisdic- 
tion of armory.— King's English. Correct or current 
language of good speakers; pure English. — King'- 
ly, -IT, a. [-lier, -liest.] Directed by a king ; 
monarchical; royal; belonging to, suitable to, or be- 
coming, a king; regal. — adv. With an air of royal- 
ty ; in a king-like manner. — Kingliness, «■ — 
King'ship, n. State, office, or dignity of, etc.; royal- 
ty. — King'cup, n. The buttercup, q. v. — King'- 
d'om, -dum, n. Quality and attributes of a king ; 
royal authority ; monarchy ; country subject to a 
king; domain; one of the great divisions in nat.hist. 
classification; adepartment. [AS. cyned.om.']— King'- 
fish, n. The opah, a fish having splendid colors ; 
also, the Amer. whiting; also, the black-spotted 
Spanish mackerel. — King'fisher, n. A bird of sev- 
eral widely distributed genera, inhabiting borders 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 8dd, t5ne, or ; 



KINK 



309 



KNIFE 




Kingfishei 




of streams, and living on fish, 
which it takes by darting 
down on its prey in the water. 
— King'-bird, n. A small bird 
of X. Amer., the tyrant fly- 
catcher or bee-martin, — noted 
for its courage in driv 
larger birds from the vicinity 

of its nest. crab, h. A large = 

crustacean, having the form 
of a horse's foot, with sharp, 
straight tail-spine ; horse-shoe 
crab. — kilFer, n. One who kills a king; a regicide. — 
-post,w. (Arch.) A beam in the 
frame of a roof, or any compound 
girder binding the tie-beam to 
the ridge. — King's Bench- (Law.) 
The highest court of common 
law in Eng., — so called because 
the king used to sit there in per- 
son. — King's'-evil, n. A scrofu- A > *Jng-post. 
lous disease, formerly supposed to be healed by the 
touch of a king. 

ink, kink, n. A spontaneous twist or doubling upon 
itself of a rope or thread, which prevents its running 
freely; a crotchet; whim. — v. i. [kinked (kinkt), 
kinking.] To twist or knot spontaneously. [D. 
and Sw., a kink.] 

" I ,c, kin / nt-kt-nik r , n. A preparation for ? mok- 
used by the North American Indians, consisting 
of the bark and leaves of red sumac or red willow. 
[Indian.] 

Kino, ki'no, n. An astringent extract of a deep 
brownish-red color, obtained from certain tropical 
trees. [Prob. an E. Indian word.] 

Kinology, ki-noFo-jr, n. Science of the laws of mo- 
tion or of moving bodies. [Gr. kviein, to move, and 
logos, discourse.] 

Kiosk, kt-osk', 72. A Turkish open summer-house, 
supported by pillars. [Turk, kiushk. fr. Per. kushk.] 

Kip, kip, n. The skin of a young beast. — Kip'-skin, 
n. Leather prepared from the skin of young cattle, 
intermediate between calf -skin and cow-hide. 

Kipper, kip'per, v. t. [-peeed (-perd), -ebbing.] To 
cure (fish) by means of salt and pepper, and by 
hanging up. — n. A salmon after spawning, also one 
split open, salted, and dried or smoked. [D. kippen, 
to hatch, also to catch.] 

Kirk,kerk,7!. In Scot., a place of worship: church; the 
established church in Scotland. [Scot.; Ic. kirkja, 
fr. AS. cirice. See Church.] — Kirk'man, n. ; pi. 
-men. One ofjthe church of Scotland. 

Kirschwasser, kersh'vas'ser or -wos-ser. n. An alco- 
holic liquor, obtained by distilling the fermented 
juice of the small black cherry ; Swiss brandy. [G., 
fr. kirsche, cherrv, and wasser, water.] 

Kirtle, ker'tl, n. An upper garment; gown; petticoat; 
short jacket. [AS. cyrtel, Ic. kyrtell ; prob. s. rt. L. 
curtus, E. curt, shirt, short, skirt.] 

Kismet, kis'met, n. Destinv; fate. [Turk.] 

Kiss, kis, v. t. [kissed (kisf), kissing.] To salute or 
caress with the lips; to buss; to touch gently, —v. i. 
To join lips, touch, meet. — n. A salute made by 
touching with the lips pressed closely together and 
suddenly parting them; a small piece of confection- 
ery. [AS. coss, a kiss, cyssan, to kiss; s. rt. L. gustu- 
lus, a small dish of food, also a kiss, dim. of gustus, a 
taste, E. choose, gust.] — Kiss'er, n. — Kiss / ing-com / - 
fit, -kurrpfit, n. A perfumed sugar-plum to sweeten 
the breath. — Kiss'ing - crnst, n. (Cookery.) An 
overhanging portion of the upper crust of a ioaf. 

Kit, kit, n. A vessel of various kinds; esp., a wooden 
tub; that which comprises a necessary outfit, as of 
tools, necessaries, etc., as of a workman, soldier, etc. 
[D. ; OD. kitte, a tub; perh. s. rt. AS. o/tc, a cell, 
and, if so, E. cot.] 

Kit, kit, n. A small violin or fiddle. [AS. cytere, L. 
cithara = E. cithern, guitar.] 

Kit-cat, kit'kat, a. Of the style of three-quarter length 
portraits on canvas 28 or 23 inches by o0, which was 
adopted by Sir Godfrey Kneller for portraits of 
members of the Kit-cat Club. [Named fr. Christo- 
pher Cat, its pastry cook.] 

Kitchen, kich'en, n. A room appropriated to cook- 
ery; a utensil for roasting meat. [AS. cicen. L. co- 
quina, fr. coquere, to cook, q..v.] — Kitch'en-gar'den. 
rt. A garden for raising vegetables for the table. — 
-maid, n. A woman employed in the kitchen. — 
-stuff, n. Fat collected from pots and dnpping-pans. 

Kite, kit, n. A rapacious bird of the hawk kind, dis- 
ting. fr. hawks and falcons by having a forked tail 




and long wings ; one 
who is rapacious ; a 
frame of wood cov- 
ered with paper, for 
flying in the air : fic- 
titious commercial pa- 
per designed to de- 
ceive— v. i. Lit., to fly 
a kite ; to raise money, K](e 

or sustain one's credit 
by the use of fictitious mercantile paper. [AS. cyta.) 

Kith, kith, n. Acquaintances or friends. [ME. kith, 
cudhdhe, fr. AS. cydh, kindred, cydhdhe, native land, 
fr. cudh, p. p. of cunnan, to know.] — Kith and kin. 
Intimate acquaintance and relations. 

Kitten, kit'tn, n. A young cat. — v. i. [kittened 
(-tnd), -tening.] To bring forth young, as a cat. 
[Dim. of cat; cf. F. chatton, fr. chat, L. catulus, a 
whelp, fr. catus, a cat.] 

Kleptomania, klep-to-ma'nl-a, n. A morbid impulse 
to steal; propensity to thievishness. [Gr. kleptein, to 
steal, and mania, madness.] 

Klick. Same as Click. 

Knab, nab, v. t. [knabbed (nabd), -bixg.] To seize 
with the teeth, lay hold of. [See Nab.] 

Knack, nak, n. A petty contrivance: toy; something 
requiring neat performance ; facility of perform- 
ance ; dexterity ; adroitness. [Same as crack tnd 
knock; Ga. cnac, "W. cnec, a crack, snap, — thence a 
snap with the fingers, juggler's trick, dexterity.] — 
Knack'er, n. A maker of knacks, toys, etc. 

Knacker,, nak'er, n. A dealer in old horses for slaugh- 
ter, and in hoofs, dog's meat, etc. [Orig. a harness- 
maker; Ic. hnakkr, a saddle.] 

Knag, nag, n. A knot in wood, esp. a protuberant knot; 
a peg for hanging things on; a shoot of an antler. 
[Ir. and Ga. cnag, knob, peg: s. r-t. knack, knuckle.] 

— Knag'gy, -gT, a. Knotty; full of knots; rough in 
temper. 

Knap, nap, n. A protuberance; knob or button ; ris- 
ing ground; a summit. [AS., W., Ga., and Ir. cnap, 
nob, button.] 

Knap, nap, r. t. [knapped (napt), -ping.] To bite, 
bite off; to strike with a loud noise; to snap. — v. i. 
To make a short, sharp sound; to snap. [Ga. cnap, 
to knock, D. happen, to crack, snap, crush, eat; s. 
rt. knack.] — Knap'sack, n. A case 
for food, clothing, etc., borne on the 
back by soldiers, travelers, etc. [D. 
knajjzak, fr. knap, eating, and zak, 
bag.] 

Knar, Knarl. See Gnarl. 

Knave, nav, n. A dishonest person; 
rascal; villain; a playing-card marked 
with the figure of a servant or soldier, 
a jack. [AS. cnafa, cnapa, a boy.] — 
Knav'ery, -Sr-T, n. Disnonesty; pet- 
ty villainy ; trickery ; mischievous 
Knavish,* a. Like a knave ; villainous. — Knav' 
ishly, adv. — Knav'ishness, n. 

Knead, ned, v. t. To work and press into a mass; esp., 
to work into a well-mixed mass, as the materials of 

_bread. [AS. cnedan, D. knedem.]— Knead'er, n. 

ne, n. (Anat.) The joint connecting the 2 
" parts of the leg. (Mech.) A piece of tim- 
or metal with an angle in the shape of the bent 
knee. [AS. cneo, D. and G. knie, Dan. knee, L. genu, 
Gr. gonu, Skr.janu ; s. rt. genuflection, hexagon, etc.] 

— Knee'-deep. a. Rising to the knees; sunk to the 
knees. — high. -hi. a. Rising or reaching upward 
to the knees. — -joint, n. (Mach.) A joint consist- 
ing of 2 pieces butting on each other like the knee 
bent, so as to thrust with increasing power when 

pressed into a straight line; a toggle-joint. pan, 

n. (Anat.) The patella, — a flattened round pone 
on the front part ofthe knee-joint — Kneel, nel, v. 
i. [knelt (nglt) or kneeled (neld), kneeling.] 
To bend the knee, fall on the knees. [Dan. knaele^ 
AS. cnemcianPt — KneePer, n. 

Knell, nel, n. The stroke of a bell, rung at a funeral, 
or at the death of a person: a death-signal. — v. i. 
[knelled (neld), knelling.] To sound as a knell, 
or as a warning or evil omen. [AS. cnpl, a knell, 
sound of a bell, cnyllan, to beat noisily.] 

Knew. See Know. 

Knickerbockers, nik'er-bok'erz, n. pi. Trousers end- 
ing at the knee, as worn in Holland, and now by 
sportsmen, young boys, etc. 

Knickknack, "nik'nak," n. A trifle or toy; bawble; 
gewgaw. [Fr. knack, q. v.] 

Knife, nif, n. ; pi. Knives, nivz. A cutting instrument 




principal ] 
ber or me 



sun, cube, full : moon, fot)t : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



KNIGHT 



10 



KUMISS 



having a blade with a sharp edge and a handle. [AS. 
cnif, D. knijf, knife, knijpen, to pinch; s. rt. nip.'] — 
Knife'board, n. A board on which to clean knives; 
in Eng., a seat along the roof of an omnibus. 
Knight, nit, n. A military attendant; a follower; a 
partisan ; champion; lover; one 
admitted, in feudal times, to a 
certain military rank, with 
special ceremonies; in Eng., 
one on whom a dignity next 
below that of baronet is con- 
ferred by the sovereign, enti- 
tling him to be addressedas Sir; 
a piece in the game of chess, 
usually bearing a horse's head. 

— v. t. To dub or create a 
knight. [AS. cniht, D. and G. 
knecht.] — Knightly, -It, a. 
Pert, to, or becoming, a knight. 

— adv. In a manner becoming, 
etc. — K n i g h t'l i n e s s, n. — 
Knight'hood, -hotid, n. Char- 
acter, dignity, or condition of 
a knight ; the whole body of 
knights at a particular time. — 
Knight-er'rant, -er'rant, n. A 
knight who traveled in search 
of adventures, to exhibit mil- 
itary skill, prowess, and gen- 
erosity. — Knight-errantry, 
-rt, n. Practice of, etc. 



Knit, nit, 



v. t. [] 
TO.] Ti 




KNIT or KNIT- 



Knight in full 
Armor. 




knot or into knots; to tie; to 
form, by the interlooping of yarn or thread in a 
series of connected knots, by means of needles; to 
join, cause to grow together; to unite closely, con- 
nect; to draw together, contract. — v. i. To unite 
or weave anything by making knots; to be united 
closely. [AS. cnyttan,ir. cnotta, a knot] — Knit''- 
ter, n. — Knifting, n. The work of a knitter; net- 
work formed by knitting. — Knit'ting-nee'dle, n. 
A long needle of steel, wood, etc., used for knitting 
stockings, etc. — Knot, not, n. A 
complication of threads, cords, or 
ropes, formed by tving, knitting, 
Or entangling, which resists sepa- 
ration; a bond of union; connec- 
tion; something not easily solved; 
a difficulty; perplexity; a figure, 
the lines of which are interlaced 
or intricately interwoven ; a collec- 
tion; band; clique; a joint in the 
stem of a plant; a hard place in 
wood caused by fibers passing 
transversely across the grain, as at 
the insertion of a branch; a protu- 
berance. (Naut.) A division of 
the log-line, serving to measure the 
rate of the vessel's motion. A nau- 
tical mile of 6,086.7 ft. (Ornith.) 
A bird allied to the snipe. — v. t. 
To form a knot; to unite closely; 
to entangle ; perplex. — v. i. To 
form knots or joints. [D. ; AS. 
cnotta, L. nodus, for gnodus, a knot.] — Knof-grass, 
n. (Bot.) A weed-like plant of several species,— 
so called from the joints of its stem. — Knofted, a. 
Full of knots; having intersecting lines or figures. 

— Knot'ty, -ft, a. [-tier, -tiest.] Having many 
knots; hard; rugged; difficult; intricate; perplexed.. 

— Knot'tiness, n. 
Knives. See Knife. 

Knob, nob, n. A hard protuberance; bunch; round 
ball at the end of anything; a ball-shaped handle. 
rSame as knop, q. v. J — KnoVby, -bT, a. Full of 
knobs or protuberances. — Kaob'biness, n. 

Knock, nok, v. i. [knocked (nokt), knocking.] To 
strike or beat with something hard or heavy; to 
strike against, clash. — v. t. To strike, drive against; 
to strike for admittance, rap upon (a door, etc.) — 
n. A stroke with something heavy ; a rap. [AS. 
cnucian, cnokien, fr. Ga. cnac, to crack, crash, 
break. See Knack.] — To be knocked up. To become 
fatigued, fail of strength; to become worn out, as 
with labor; to give out. — To knock u/>. To tire out; 
to arouse by knocking.— To k. off. To cease, desist. 

— To k. under. To yield, submit.— To k. down. To 
strike down, fell. (Auctions.) To assign to a bidder 
by a blow or knock; to knock off.— To k. in or on the 
head. To stun or kill by a blow upon the head; to 



Knots. 
, single knot ; b, 
double knot ; c, 
figure of 8 knot ; 
d, over-hand knot; 
e, bowline knot. 



put an end to, frustrate. — Knock'er, n. One who, 
or that which, etc.; esp. a kind of hammer fastened 
to a door, used in seeking admittance. — Knock'- 
down, a. Of force sufficient to fell or completely 
overthrow, — said_ of a blow or an argument. — 
Knock'-kneed, -ned, a. Having the legs bent in- 
ward, so that the knees touch in walking. 

Knoll. Same as Knell. 

Knoll, nol, n. The top or crown of a hill; esp., a little 
round hill or mount ; a small elevation of earth. 

tAS. and W. cnol, a hillock, Ga. and Ir. cnoc, a hill, 
). knol, a turnip, — fr. its roundness.] 

Knop, nop, n. Orig. a knob ; tufted top ; button. 
(Arch.) Around Dunch of flowers or leaves; the 
foliage on the capital of a pillar. [D., a knob, but- 
ton, bud, AS. ensep, top of a hill, prob. fr. Ga. cnap, 
a slight blow, lump, knob, button, also (v.) to 
strike. See Knap and Nap (of cloth).] 

Knot, etc. See under Knit. 

Knout, nowt or noot, n. An instrument of punish- 
ment in Russia, with which stripes are inflicted on 
the bare back. — v. t. To punish with the knout. 
[Russ. fenut.] 

Know, no, v. t. [knew (nu), known (non), know- 
ing.] To be aware of as true or actual; to have 
mental cognition of ; to perceive or apprehend 
clearly; to be acquainted with; to recognize; to ac. 
knowledge, approve ; to have sexual commerce 
with. — v. i. To have knowledge, possess informa- 
tion ; to take cognizance. [AS. cnawen, L. noscere 
for gnoscere, Gr. gignoskein, Skr.ina, ; s. rt. can, ken, 
keen, noble, narrate, etc.] — To know how. To un- 
derstand the manner of; to be wise or enlightened 
enough. — Know'able, a. — Knowing, p. a. Skill- 
ful; well-informed; intelligent. — Knowingly, adv. 
With knowledge ; intelligently ; deliberately. — 
KnowPedge, HOrej, n. Act of knowing ; certain 
apprehension ; that which is known ; a cognition ; 
learning; scholarship; familiarity gained by actual 
experience ; practical skill ; information ; notice ; 
sexual intercourse. 

Knuckle, nuk'l, n. The joint of a finger, esp. when 
made protuberant by closing the fingers; knee-joint, 
esp. of a calf. —v. i. [knuckled (-Id), -ling.] To 
submit in contest to an antagonist; to yield, — said 
to be derived from the old custom of striking the 
under side of a table when defeated in argument.— 
v. t. To beat or strike with the knuckles. [D. and 
Dan. knokkel, dim. of D. knoke, bone, knuckle; s. rt. 
knag, knoll] — Knuckle-joint, 
n. (Mach.) A joint or hinge in 
which a projection on one part 
enters a recess on the other and 
is held by a pin on which both 
turn. 

Knur, Knurr, ner, Knurl, n. A 
contorted knot in wood; nodule; 
protuberance; hard substance; Knuckle-joint, 
a c r o s s-grained fellow. [OD. A in . Bi thimble . <» 
knorre, Dan. knort; s. rt. ' P spa de Wdle. 
gnarled, knob, knag, etc.] — 
KnurPy, -T, a. [knurlier, -iest.] Full of knots; 
capable of enduring or resisting much. 

Kobalt. Same as Cobalt. 

Kobold, ko'bQld or kob'o'ld, n. A kind of domestic 
spirit or elf among the Germans. [G. See Cobalt 
and Goblin.] 

Kopeck, ko'pek, n. A Russian coin worth about 2-3da 
of a cent. [Russ. kopeika, fr. koppe, a lance, —be- 
cause it orig. bore a figure of a spearman.] 

Koran, ko'ran or ko-ran / ', n. The sacred writings of 
the Mohammedans, — same as Alcoran. [At. al, 
the, and quran, book, f r. qaraa, he read.] 

Koumiss, koo'mis, n. A fermented or distilled intox- 
icating liquor made fr. mare's or camel's milk, used 
by the Tartars. [Russ. kumys, of Mongolian origin.] 

Kowtow, kow-tow', n. In China, a prostration by 
way of salutation. — v. i. To perform the ceremony 
of prostration. 

Kraal, kral or krawl, n. In S. Africa, a village ; col- 
lection of huts; hut. [D., prob. fr. Hottentot.] 

Kraken, kra'ken, n. A fabled sea animal of enor- 
mous size. [Prob. fr. OSw. krake, trunk of a tree, 
fr. its clumsy form.] 

Kreosote. Same as Creosote. 

Kreutzer, kroifser, n. A German coin of variable 
value, — less than a cent. 

Kufic, ku'fik, a. Of, pert, to, or used in, ancient 
Arabic, — said of the characters employed in writ- 
ing it, so called from Kufa, on the Euphrates. 

Kumiss. See Koumiss. 




ftm, fame, far. pass or opera, fare ; end, eve. term ; In, Ice ; Qdd, tone, 8r ; 



KUMMEL 



311 



LAOONIC 



Kummel, kum'mel, n. A Russian and German li- 
queur, consisting of a sweetened spirit flavored by 
caraway seeds. [G.] 

Kursaal, kur'sal, n. In Germany, a public hall for 
amusement, formerly for gaming. [G.] 

Kyanize, ki'an-iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd). -izing.] To 



render proof against decay, as wood, by steeping it 
in a solution of corrosive sublimate, or other agent. 
[Fr. Ki/an, the inventor.] 
Kyriologic, kir^-o-loj'ik, -ical, a. Denoting objects 
dv conventional signs or alphabetical characters. 
[Gr. /curios, proper, literal, and logos, discourse.] 




L, el, the 12th letter of the Eng. alphabet, has only 1 
sound, as in like, canal. In Eng. words, the termi- 
nating syllable le. is unaccented and the e is silent, 
as in able, eagle, pronounced abl, egl. — L of a 
house. A wing, or part attached to the main build- 
ing; properly, a wing joined at right angles to the 
main building, giving it the shape of the letter L. 

La, la. (Mus.) A syllable applied to the 6th tone of 
the scale for the purpose of solmization. 

La, law, interj. Look; see; behold. [AS. See Lo.] 

Labarum, lab'a-rum, n. The imperial standard adopt- 
ed by the Emperor Constantine after his conversion 
to Christianity. [Late L.] 

Labefaction, lab-e-fak'shun, n. Act of making weak 
or lax; state of being weakened; decay; downfall. 
[L. labefacere, fr. labere, to totter, and facere, to 
make.] 

Label, la'bel, n. A narrow slip of paper, parchment, 
etc., affixed to anything, indicating its contents, 
ownership, etc.; any paper annexed to a will by 
way of addition, as a codicil. (Her.) A fillet with 
pendants or points, usually 3. ( Goth. Arch.) A pro- 
jecting tablet or molding over 
doorways, windows, etc.; drip- 
stone. — v. t. [labeled (-beld), 
labeling.] To affix a label to. 
[OF., fr. OHG. lappa, a small 
flap: s. rt. lap, lapel, lappet.'] 

Labial, la'bi-al, a. Pert, or belong- 
ing to the lips. (Pron.) Uttered 
principally with the lips, as 6, m, 
and p. — n. (Pron.) A letter 
representing a sound formed T 
chiefly with the lips. [Late L. Label. (Her.) 
labiatis, fr. L. labium, lip, q . v.] — La'biate, -at, 
-ated, a. (Pot.) Having the limb of a tubular co- 
rolla or calyx divided into 2 unequal parts, one pro- 
jecting over the other like the lips of a mouth. — 
La/biodent'al, c. (Pron.) Formed or pronounced 
by the cooperation of the lips and teeth, as,/" and v. 
[L. dens, dentis, tooth.] — Label'lum, n. (Bot.) The 
pendulous petal of the orchis family. [L., a little 
lip, dim. of labium.] 

Labor, la'ber, n. Toil or exertion, physical or mental, 
esp. when fatiguing, irksome, or unavoidable; that 
which requires hard work for its accomplishment; 
drudgery; work; task; travail; the pangs and efforts 
of childbirth. — v. i. [labored (-herd), -boring.] 
To exert muscular strength, work, toil; to exert 
one's powers of mind; to take pains; to be oppressed 
with difficulties; to be in travail. (Naut.) To pitch 
and roll heavily, as a ship in a turbulent sea. — v. t. 
To work at; to form with toil, exertion, or care; to 
finish or prosecute with effort; to urge. [ME. and 
OF. labour, L. labor, labos for rabos, s. rt. L. robur, 
strength, Skr. labh, to get, perform, Gr. lambanein, 
to take.] — Laboring oar. The oar which requires 
the most strength or exertion, or on which most de- 
pends. — La 'bored, -herd, a. Bearing marks of con- 
straint or effort in execution or style. — La'borer, 
-bSr-Sr, n. One who labors in a toilsome occupation, 
esp. one requiring little skill. — Labo'rious, -bo'rT- 
us, a. Requiring or employing labor, perseverance, 
or sacrifices; toilsome; irksome; using exertion; dili- 
gent ; industrious. — Labo'riously, adv. — Labo'ri- 
ousnesa, n. — La'borsome, -sum, a. (Naut.) In- 
clined to roll or pitch, as a ship in a heavy sea. 
Laboratory, la.b'c-ra-to-rT, n. A place for operations 
and experiments in chemistry, pharmacy, pyro- 
techny.etc; place where anything is prepared for 
use. [Prop, elaboratory, f r. OF. elaboratoire, fr. L. 
elahorare, -atum, to take pains, fr. e, extremely, and 
labornre, to work. See Elaborate.] 
Laburnum, la-b^r'num, n. An Alpine tree, cultivated 
for its pendulous racemes of yellow flowers. [L.] — 



Labur'nin, -nine, -nin, n. (Chem.) A poisonous al« 
kaloid in the unripe seeds of, etc. 

Labyrinth, lab'T-rinth, n. A place full of intricacies, 
or formed with winding passages; any involved in- 
closure, or object or arrangement of involved form; 
an inextricable or bewildering difficulty; maze. [F. 
labyrinthe, L. labyrinthus, Gr. la'mrinihos, a maze, 
fr. laura, a lane, alley.] — Labyrintb/ian, -Y-an, a. 
Winding; intricate.— Labyrintb/ic, -ical, -ine, -in, 
a. Like or pert, to a labyrinth. 

Lac, lak, n. A red, resinous substance produced by an 
insect, mainly upon the banian tree, fr. which are 
made shellac, sealing-wax, varnishes, dyes, etc. ; in 
the E. Indies, 100,000,— as, a lac of rupees. [Per. lak, 
luk, gumlac; Hind, lak, 100,000, referring to the num- 
ber of insects in a nest; Skr. laksha, the animal dye 
(f r. rakka, p. p. of ranj, to dye, redden), also 100,000.] 
— Lac'quer, Lack'er, n. A varnish for metals, etc., 
consisting of a solution of shellac in alcohol, colored 
by gamboge, saffron, etc. — v. t. [lacquered (-kerd), 
-queringT] To varnish with, etc. [F. lacre, lacquer, 
Pg. lacre, sealing-wax, fr. laca= Per. lak, gum» 
lac] — Lac'quering, n. Act of, etc.; covering pro- 
duced by, etc. 

Lace, las, n. A string or cord for fastening; an orna- 
mental network of linen, silk, or cotton. — v. t. 
[laced (last), lacing.] To draw together with a 
lace or string; to adorn with lace; to variegate with 
stripes; to beat.— v. i. To have a lace; to be tied with 
a lace or string. [OF. las, lags, L. laqueus, a noose, 
snare, knot; s. rt. L. lacere, to allure, E. lasso, de- 
light.] — La'cing, n. A fastening with a cord through 
eyelet-holes; a cord used in fastening. 

Lacerate, las'er-at, v. t. To tear, rend, wound, sepa- 
rate by violence, injure, or afflict. [L. lacerare, 
-atum, fr. lacer, mangled; s. rt. Skr. vracch, to tear, 
Gr. lakis, a rent, rhakos = E. rag, q. v.] — Lacera'- 
tion, n. Act of, or breach made by, rending.— Lac'- 
era'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to lacerate. 

Lache, lash, Laches, lash'ez, n. (Law.) Negligence; 
remissness; neglect to do a thine at the proper time. 
[O. & NormF. lachesse, fr. F. lache, lax, indolent, L. 
laxus, loose.] 

Lachrymal, lak'rf-mal, a. Generating or secreting 
tears ; pert, to, or conveying, tears. [L. lacryma, 
orig. dacrima, Gr. dakru, a tear ; s. rt. tear.] — 
Lacb/rymose', -mos', a. Generating or shedding 
tears; tearful. — Lacb/rymatory, -ma-to-rY, n. A ves- 
sel found in sepulchers of the ancients, supposed to 
have contained the tears of the deceased person's 
friends. [LL. lacrymatorium.] 

Lacing. See under Lace. 

Lack, lak, v. t. [lacked (lakt), lacking.] To be desti- 
tute of, be in need of, want. —v. i. To be in want, 
be wanting, —n. "Want; destitution; need; failure. 
[ME. lak, failing, fault, D. lak, blemish, stain, Ic. 
lakr, defective; ME. lakken, to be destitute of, D. 
laken, OFries. lakia, to blame; s. rt. leak.] — Lack r - 
brain, n. One deficient in understanding. — Lack'- 
lus'ter, a. Wanting luster; dull. 

Lackaday, lak'a-da', interj. Alas, —an expression of 
sorrow or regret. [Abbr. fr. alackaday, q. v.] — 
Lackadaisical, -da'zY-kal, -dai'sy, -z i, a. Affected- 
ly pensive or sentimental. 

Lacker. Same as Lacquer, under Lac. 

Lackey, lak'Y, n. ; pi. -eys, -iz. An attending serv- 
ant; footman; a servile follower. — v. t. To attend, 
wait upon. [OF. laquay, alacay, Sp. lacayo, perh. 
fr. Ar. luka, a slave.] 

Laconic, la-kon'ik, a. Pert, to Laconica or its inhab- 
itants; expressing much in few words; brief; con- 
cise; pithy. — n. A concise, sententious method of 
speaking; laconism; a concise phrase or expression. 
[L. laconicus, fr. Gr. Lakon, a Lacedaemonian. Spar- 
tan, — proverbial for an affectation of brevity.]-^ 



siln, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN. chair, get. 



LACROSSE 



812 



LAMBREQUIN 




Laconical, a. Same as Laconic. — Laconically, 
adv. — Lac'onism, -izm, Lacon'icism, -1-sizm, n. A 
concise manner of expression; laconic style; senten- 
tious phrase.— Lac'onize, v. i. [-nized (-nizd), -niz- 
ing.] To speak in a concise, sententious manner. 

Lacrosse, la-kros', n. An outdoor game, orig. of the 
Canadian Indians, played on ice or level ground, 
with balls and a wicker bat (crosse). [F.] 

Lacquer. See under Lac. 

Lacteal, lak'te-al, a. Pert, to, or resembling, milk ; 
milky. (Anat.) Con- . n 

veying chyle. — n. 
One of the minute 
tubes which convey 
the chyle from the 
small intestine 
through the mesen- 
teric glands to the 
thoracic duct. [L. 
lacteus, milky, fr. 
lac, lactis, Gr. gala, 
galaktos, milk ; s. rt. 
lettuce.] — Lac'tate, 
n. (Chem.) A salt 
formed by the union 
of lactic acid, or acid 
of milk, with a base. 

— Lacta'tion, n. Act 
of giving suck, or 
time of suckling; se- T 
cretion .or excretion -L-acteals and Adjacent .Farts, 
of milk. — Lac'tean, a, aorta; 6, thoracic canal; c, lym- 
a. Milky; resem- phatic glands; d, radicals of the 
bling, or consisting chyliferous vessels ; e, intestine ; 
Of, milk; conveying /. mesentery ; g, lacteals. 

chyle. — Lac'teous, -te-us, a. Milky; resembling 
milk ; la cteal , conveying chyle.— Lactes'cence, -sens, 
n. Tendency to milk; milkiness or milky color. (Bot.) 
The juice, commonly white, which flows from some 
plants when wounded.— Lactes'cent, a. Producing 
milk or white juice; abounding with a thick, colored 
juice. [L. lactescens, p. pr. of lactescere, to turn to 
milk, fr. Utctere, to be milky.] — Lac'tic, a. (Chem.) 
Pert, to milk, or procured from sour milk or whey. 

— Lactiferous, -er-us, a. Bearing or conveying milk 
or white juice; producing a thick, colored juice, as a 
plant. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Lactom'eter, n. An in- 
strument for ascertaining the proportion of cream 
in milk ; galactometer; a kind of hydrometer for as- 
certaining the value of milk by noting its specific 
gravity. [Gr. metron, measure.] 

Lacuna, la-ku'na, n. ; pi. -ir.fi, -ne. A small opening, 
pit, or depression; blank space; vacancy; niatus. 
(Bot.) The small pit or cup-shaped depression in 
the top of the thallus of some lichens; a vacant space 
between the cells of plants; an air-cell. (Anat.) A 
small cavity or sac in a mucous membrane. [L.; 
Gr. tokos, a hole, pit, tank: see Lake, water.] 

Lacustral, Lacustrine. See under Lake. 

uad, lad, n. A young man, or boy; stripling; fellow; 
Comrade. [W. llawd, Ir. lath, a youth, Ir. and Ga. 
tuth, strength; s. rt. lass.] 

T.ajjftnnm, lad'a-num, n. A gum-resin of a dark color 
and pungent odor, chiefly used as an external stim- 
ulant. [L. See Laudanum.] 

Ladder, lad'der, n. A frame of wood, rope, etc., con- 
sisting of 2 side-pieces, connected by rounds, form- 
ing steps by which persons may ascend; that which 
resembles a ladder in form or use; that by means of 
which one attains to eminence. fD.: AS. hlseder; 
perh. 8. rt. L. clathri, trellis, grate, Gr. Jcleithron, bar, 
bolt, kleiein, to shut, E. cloister.] 

Lade, lad, v . t. [imp. laded ; p. p. laded, laden ; 
lading.] To load ; to put on or in, as a burden or 
freight ; to throw in or out, as a fluid, with a ladle ; 
to dip. [Same as load, q. v.] — Lading, n. That 
which lades or constitutes a load or cargo ; freight ; 
burden.— La'dle, -dl, n. A cup with a long handle, 
used in lading or dipping; the float of a mill-wheel. 
(Gun.) An instrument for drawing the charge of a 
cannon.— v. t. [ladled (-did), -dling.] To use a 
ladle for dipping or drawing out. 

Ladino, la-de'no, n. ; pi. -nos, -noz. The name in 
Cent. Amer. for the mestizo, or half-breed descend- 
ant of whites and Indians. [Sp., fr. lado, L. latus, 
side.] 

Ladrone, la-dron', n. A robber; thief; pirate; rogue; 
rascal. [Sp.; L. latro, servant, robber.] 

Lady, la'dt, n. A mistress ; the female head of a 
household ; a woman of social distinction or posi- 
tion; the feminine corresponding to lord; a woman 



of gentle or refined manners; a wife, or spouse.— 
[ AS. hlsefdige, fr. klaf, a loaf, and perh. dsegee, a 
kneader, Goth, deigan, to knead.]— Our Lady. The 
Virgin Mary. — La'dykin, n. A little lady, — abbr. 
by Elizabethan writers to Lakin, as a title for the 
Virgin Mary. — La'dyship. n. Rank or position of a 
lady, — used as a title. — La'dy-bird, -bug, n. (En- 
tom.) A small, hemispherical, spotted beetle, feeding 
on plant-lice. — -day, n. Day of the annunciation of 
the virgin Mary, March 25. — love, n. A sweetheart 
or mistress. — La'dy's-slip/per, n. (Bot.) A terres- 
trial orchid, cult, for its flowers, the front segment 

of which resembles a slipper. tresses, n. A little 

orchidaceous plant, with an erect spike about which 
the white flowers are arranged in a spiral, somewhat 
resembling a tress of hair; a species of grass. 

Lag, lag, a. Slow; tardy; last; long-delayed. — n. One 
who lags; thatwhichcomesinlast; thefag-end; rump; 
lowest class ; amount of retardation of anything, 
as a valve in a steam-engine.— v. i. [lagged (lagd), 
-ging.] To walk or move slowly, stay behind, loiter, 
linger, delay. — v. t. To cover (a steam-boiler, etc.), 
to prevent radiation of heat. [Ga. and Ir., weak, 
faint, W. Hag, slack, sluggish, L. laxus, lax, loose ; 
s. rt. Gr. lagaros, slack, E. lax, languid, etc.] — Lag' r - 
gard, a. Slow; sluggish; backward. — n. One who, 
etc. — Lag'ger, n. — Lag'ging, n. The nonconduct- 
ing covering of a steam-boiler ; timber of a shaft in 
mines; planking over centering of arches and tun- 
nels. 

Lager-beer, la/gSr-ber, n. A German beer, — so called 
fr. its being stored for some months before use. [G. 
lager, bed,_storehouse, and bier, beer. See Lair.J 

Lagoon, la-goon', n. A creek, shallow pond, or lake, 
esp. one into which the sea flows; lake in a coral 
island. [It. lugone, aug. of lago, a lake, also, laguna. 
L. lacuna, a pool, both fr. L. locus, lake, q. v.] 

Laic, Laical. See under Lay, a. 

Laid. See Lay, v. t. 

Lain. See Lie. 

Lair, !ar, n. A place in which to lie or rest; esp. the 
bed of a wild beast ; any couch or resting-place. 
[AS. leger, fr. Ucgan, to he down ; G. lager, OHG. 
legar, couch, fr. liagan, to lie, q. v., and see Layer, 
under Lay ; s. rt. leaguer.] 

Laird, lard, n. In Scot., a lord ; a landholder under 
the degree of a knight or squire. [See Lokd.] 

Laity. See under Lay, a. 

Lake, lak, n. A large collection of water surrounded 
by land. [AS. lac, L. lacus, a lake, Gr. lakkos, a 
hollow, hole, pit; s. rt. lagoon.] — Lakelet, n. A lit- 
tle lake. — Lake'-dwel'lirig, «. One of a class of pre- 
historic dwellings, found esp. in Switzerland, built 
on piles or foundations of tree stems, reeds, etc., 
above the water of lakes. — Lacus'tral, -trine, -trin, 
a. Pert, to lakes or swamps. 

Lake, lak, n. A deep-red coloring matter, consisting 
of aluminous earth and cochineal or other red sub- 
stance; a compound of animal or vegetable coloring 
matter and a metallic oxide. [F. laque, rose-color, 
Per. lak, coloring produced f r. lac, q. v.] 
See Ladykin, under Lady. 

Lallation, lal-la'shun, n. An imperfect pronuncia- 
tion of the letter r % in which it sounds like I. [L. lair 
lare, 
to speak 

Lama, la/ma,"»?. A superior; a Buddhist priest in Thi- 
bet, Mongolia, etc. [Thibetan llama.] — Grand or 
JDelai-Lama. The Buddhist pontiff of Thibet, and 
supreme ruler in ecclesiastical and secular affairs. 

Lamb, lam, n. The young of the sheep kind ; one as 
innocent and gentle as a lamb. — v. i. To bring 
forth lambs, as sheep. [AS., Goth., and Ic.] — Lamb 
of God. (Script.) The Savior Jesus Christ, who was 
typified by the paschal lamb. — Lamb'kin, n. A 
small lamb. — Lamb's'-wool, -wo~61, n. The wool of 
lambs ; a beverage formed of ale mixed with the 
pulp of roasted apples. 

Lambative. See under Lambent. 

Lambda, lambda, n. A variety of moth, having a 
mark like the Greek letter A on its wings. [Gr., 
name of A, A. = E. L, I.] — Lambdoid'al, Lamdoid'- 
al, a. In the form of the Greek A- [Gr. eidos, form.] 

Lambent, lam'bent, a. Playing on the surface; touch- 
ing lightly; gliding over; twinkling or gleaming. 
[L. lambens, p. pr. of lambere, to lick — said some- 
times of flames, Gr. laptein; s. rt. labial, Up, lap.] — 
Lam'bative, -tiv, a. Taken by licking with the 
tongue. — n. A medicine which, etc. 

Lambrequin, lam'bSr-kin, n. A covering for a knight's 
helmet, protecting it from heat, moisture, etc.; ornsp 



}f the letter r, in which it sounds like I. [L. lair 
to sing lullaby, Gr. lalein, to chatter, G. lallen, 
eak imperfectly.] 



ftm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm j la, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



LAME 



313 



LANGUAGE 



mental drapery hanging from a window casing, u 
shelf, etc. [F.J 

Lame, lam, a. Crippled or disabled in a limb, or 
otherwise injured so as to be unsound and impaired 
in strength ; imperfect ; not satisfactory ; hobbling; 
not smooth. — v. t. [lamed (lamd), laming.] To 
make lame, cripple, render imperfect and unsound. 
[AS. lama, D., Dan., Sw., and MHG. lam, lame, Ic. 
lama, to bruise, ProvE. lam, to beat. See Limb.] — 
Lame duck. A defaulter at the stock exchange. — 
Lamely, adv. In a lame, crippled, or imperfect 
manner: unsteadily; feebly. — Lame'ness.M. 

Lamellar, lam'el-lar, a. Composed of, or disposed in, 
thin plates, layers, or scales. [L. lamella, dim. of 
lamina, q. v.] — Lam'ellate, -lat, -lated, a. Com- 
posed of, or covered with. etc. 

Lament, la-ment', v. i. To weep or wail, mourn; to 
feel deep regret or sorrow. — v. t. To mourn for, 
bemoan, deplore, bewail, —n. Grief expressed in 
complaints or cries; lamentation; an elegy or mourn- 
ful ballad. [F. lamenter, L. lamenlari, to lament, 
lamentum, a cry ; s. rt. L. latrare, to bark.] — Lam'- 
entable, a. To be lamented; sorrowful; expressing 
grief; fitted to awaken lament; pitiable; miserable; 
pitiful; low; poor.— Lam'entably, adv.— Lamenta'- 
tion, n. Act of bewailing ; expression of sorrow. 
[F.]— Lament'er, n. .«..,* 

Lamina, lam't-na, n. ; pi. -km, -ne. A thin plate or 
scale ; a layer lying over another. (Anat.) A bone, 
or part of a bone, resembling a thin plate. (Bot.) The 
blade of a leaf. [L.l — Lamlnable, a. Capable of 
being formed into thin plates. — Laminar, -nary, 
-nate. -nated, a. Consisting of plates, scales, or lay- 
ers, one over another. 

Lamm, lam, v. t. To beat. [See Lame.] 

Lammas, lam'mas, n. The 1st day of August. [AS. 
hlafmassse, loaf-mass, feast of first fruits, fr. hlaf, 
loaf, and rnxsse, feast.] 

Lammergeir, lam'mer-gir, -geyer, -gi-e'r, n. A vulture 
of the Eastern hemis- 
phere, having the neck 
covered with feathers 
like true eagles, and 
seeking living animals 
for food as well as car- 
rion. [G. lammergeier, 
fr. lamm, pi. lammer, 
lamb, and geier, vul- 
ture.] 

Lamp, lamp, n. A ves- 
sel for producing arti- Lammergeir. 
ficial light or heat by means of a wick saturated 
with inflammable liquid; whatever yields light or 
cheerfulness. [ME. and OF. lampe, L. and Gr. lam- 
pas, fr. Gr. lampein, to shine; s. rt. lymph, limpid, lan- 
tern.] — Lamp'light'er, n. One who, or that which, 
lights a lamp.— Lamp '-black, n. A black pigment of 
fine charcoal deposited from smoke of burning oil, 
resinous substances, etc. 

Lamper-eel. Same as Lamprey. 

Lampoon, lam-poon / ', n. A personal satire in writing. 
— v. t. [lampooned (-poondO, -pooning.] To 
abuse in written satire'; to libel, defame, calumniate, 
lash. [Fr. lampon, orig. a drinking song, as apt to 
contain the exclamation lampons! let us drink ! fr. 
tamper, to drink ; s. rt. lap.] — Lampoon'er, n. 

Lamprey, lam'pre, n. An eel-like fish, having a round, 
sucking mouth, set with numerous minute teeth. 
[OF. lamproie, It. and LL. lampreda, f r. L. lambere, 
to lick (see Lambent), and petra, rock,— the fish at- 
taching itself to rocks with its mouth.] 

Lanate, la'nat, -nated, a. Woolly. (Bot.) Covered 
with a substance like curled hairs. [L. 
lanatus, fr. lana, wool, down.] — Lanifer- 
oua, -er-us, -nig'erous, -nij'er-us, a. Bear- 
ing or producing wool. [L.fen-e, gerere, to 
bear.] — La' nary, -na-rt, n. A store-place 
for wool. [L. lanaria.] — Lanu 'ginose, 
-jl-nos, -ginous, -nus, a. Covered with 
down, or soft hair; downy. [L. lanugo, 
woolly substance, fr. lana.] 

Lance, fans, n. A weapon consisting of a long 
shaft and metal point ; spear ; a soldier S 
armed with a spear; lancer.— v. t. [lanced ' 
(lanst), lancing.] To pierce with a lance; 
to open with a lancet; to throw in the man- 
ner of a lance. [F.; L. lancea, Gr. longche, 
a lance.] — Lan'cer, n. — Lance'wood, n. A 
light, tough, elastic timber fr. the W. In- , 
dies.— Lan'ceolate, -se-o-lat, -lated, a. (Bot.) late Lea£ 
Oblong and gradually tapering toward the outer ex- 




Lanceo- 




tremity. [L. lanceolatus, furnished with a lanceola, 
spike, dim. of lancea.] — Lan'cet, -set, n. A sur- 
gical instrument, sharp-pointed and two-edged, used 
in venesection, and in opening tumors, abscesses, 
etc. (Arch.) A high and narrow 
window pointed like a lancet. [F. 
lancette, dim. of lance.] — Lan'ci- 
nating, -sT-nat-ing, a. Acute dart- 
ing (pains), as if fr. the thrust of a 
lancet. — Lanch, v. t. [lanched 
(lancht), lanching.] To throw, 
as a lance, dart; to pierce with 
a lance. [F. lancer; same as 
launch.] 
Land, land, n. Earth, or the solid 
matter constituting the surface of 
the globe; any portion of the sur- 
face of the glohe, considered as be- ...=^.— 
longing to an individual or people; Lancet Window: 
ground; soil; inhabitants of a re- 
gion; the main land, disting. from an adjacent island: 
the ground or floor. (Law.) Any earth whatso- 
ever; real estate, —v. t. To set on shore, disembark, 
debark. — v. i. To go on shore from a vessel, dis- 
embark. [AS., D., Ic, Dan., Sw., Goth., and G- 
land ; AS. lendan, to land ; perh. s. rt. lawn.] — Land'- 
ed, a. Having an estate in land; consisting in real 
estate. — Landing, n. Act of, or place for, going or 
putting onshore from a vessel; platform of a rail- 
road station. (Arch.) The level floor at the end of 
a flight of stairs, or a resting place between 2 flights. 

— Landing-place, n. A landing. — Landless, a. 
Having no property in land.— Land'ward, adv. To- 
ward the land. — Land'fall, n. A sudden transfer- 
ence of property in land by the death of its owner. 
(Naut.) The first land discovered after a voyage. — 
Landlady, n. A woman who has tenants hording 
from her; mistress of a lodging-house. — Landlock, 
v. t. To inclose or encompass by land. — Landlord, 
n. The lord of a manor or of land ; the owner of 
land or houses who has tenants under him; master 
of an inn or lodging-house. — Landlouper, -loop-gr, 
n. A vagabond or vagrant. [D. landlooper, lit. land- 
runner, f r. loopen, to run or ramble.] — Landlub- 
ber, n. One who passes his life on land, — so called 
among seamen.— Land'man.w. ;pl. -men. A man who 
lives or serves on land, — opp. to seaman. — Land'- 
mark, n. A mark to designate the boundary of land; 
any fixed and known object or prominent feature of 
a locality; a striking historical event. (Naut.) Any 
elevated object on land that serves as a guide to sea- 
men. — Land'scape, -skap, n. A portion of land 
which the eye can comprehend in a single view; a 
picture exhibiting some real or fancied scene in na- 
ture. [D. landschap ; -schap — 'E. -ship.] — Lands'- 
man, n.; pi. -men. One who lives on the land, — 
opp. to seaman. (Naut.) A sailor when first at sea, 

— Land'-flood, n. An overflowing of land by water, 

esp. by inland waters ; a freshet. force, n. A 

military force serving on land. hold'er, n. A 

holder or owner of land. — slide, -slip, n. The slid- 
ing down of a mass of land from a mountain ; the 
mass which slides. — tax, n. A tax assessed on land 
and buildings. — Lan'damman, n. A chief magis- 
trate in some of the Swiss cantons ; the president of 
the diet of the Helvetic republic. [G. landamtmann, 
fr. land, country, and amtmann, Dailiff .] — Land'- 
grave, -grav, n. A German nobleman of the rank 
of an Eng. earl or French count. [D. landgraaf; 
graaf, count.] — Land'gravine, -ven, n. Wife of, etc. 
[D. landgravin.] — Landgrav'iate, -grav'Y-at, n. 
Territory, office, or jurisdiction of, etc. — Land'- 
sturm, lant'stoorm, n. In Germany, a general levy 
of the people for war ; the last reserve. [G. sturm, 
storm, alarm.] — Land'wehr, -var, n. In Germany 
and Russia, the militia ; national guard. [G. wehr t 
defense.] 

Landau, lan'do, n. A kind of coach whose top maj 

be thrown back. [Fr. 

Landau, Bavaria.] 
Lane, Ian, n. A narrow 

way, road, street, alley, 

or private passage; 

passage between lines 

of people standing on 

each side. [AS.; perh. 

s. rt. Ic. Ion, an inlet, Landau. 

Isena, a hollow place, vale.] 
Langrage, lan'grei, Lan'grel, n. A kind of shot for 

tearing sail? and rigging, consisting of a bundle of 

bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron. 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, Hie»i, boNbo.v, chair, get. 



LANGUAGE 



314 



LARK 



language, lan'gwej, n. Human speech; expression 
of ideas by the voice, by writing, or other instru- 
mentality; forms of speech peculiar to a particular 
nation; characteristic mode of arranging words pe- 
culiar to an individual speaker or writer; style; 
ideas suggested by inanimate objects; a nation, as 
disting. t>y their speech ; tongue ; idiom ; dialect. 
[ME. and F. langage, fr. langue, L. lingua, the 
tongue. See Lingual.] 

languish, lar/gwish, v. i. (^-guished (-gwisht), 
-GUISHING.] To become languid or weak; to suffer, 
as from heat or drought; to grow dull, pine, droop, 
faint; to look with tenderness. — n. Act or condi- 
tion of, etc.: tender look or appearance. [F. lan- 
guir, L. languescere, to become weak, fr. languere, 
to be weak ; s. rt. Gr. langazein, to slacken, Ic. 
lakra, to lag, E. lax, q. v.] — Lan'guish.er, n. — 
Lan'guishment, n. — Lan'guor, -gwer, n. State of 
being languid ; lassitude; dullness of the intellec- 
tual faculty; listlessness. [L.] — Lan'guid, -gwid, a. 
Drooping from exhaustion; indisposed to exertion; 
slow in progress ; promoting or indicating weak- 
ness; faint; heavy; dull; weary; without animation. 

— Lan'guidly, adv. — Lan'guidness, n. 
Laniard. Same as Lanyard. 

Laniary, la'nt-a-rl, a. Lacerating or tearing. [L. 
laniare, to tear in pieces.] — Lan'ner, «./., Lan'ner- 
et, n. m. A long-tailed hawk found in Europe. [L. 
laniarius.'] 

Laniferous, Lanigerous. See under Lanate. 

Lank, lank, a. Loose or lax, and yielding to pressure; 
thin ana slender; not plump; not full and firm. 
[AS. hlanc; prob. s. rt. G. lenken, to bend. See 
Link.] — Lankly, adv. — LanVness, n. — Lank'y, 
-T, a. Somewhat lank; slender; slim. 

Lansquenet, lans'ke-net, n. A German foot-soldier of 
the 15th or 16th cent.; a mercenary; soldier of for- 
tune; a game at cards. [F.; G. and D. landsknecht, 
a foot-soldier, fr. G. land, land, and knecht, knight.] 

Lantern, lan'tgrn, n. A portable or fixed transparent 
case inclosing a light, and protecting it from wind, 
rain, etc.; upper part of a lighthouse. (Arch.) A 
little dome over the roof of a building to give light; 
an open tower. (Mach.) A trundle wheel. [F.lan- 
terne, L. lanterna, fr. Gr. lampter, a light, torch, fr. 
lampein, to shine. See Lamp.] —Dark lantern. . A 
lantern with a single opening, which may be closed 
to conceal the light. —Magic I. See under Magi. 

Lanthanium, lan-tb.a'nt-um, Lan'thanum, n. A metal 
occurring with cerium, — so called because its prop- 
erties were concealed by those of the latter. [Gr. 
lanthanein, to lie hid.] 

Lanuginose, -nous. See under Lanate. 

Lanyard, lan'yard, n. (Naut.) A short piece of line 
for fastening something in ships. (Mil.) A piece 
of twine, with an iron hook at one end, used in fir- 
ing cannon with a friction-tube. [OF. laniere.] 

Lap, lap, n. The loose part of a coat ; part of the 
clothing that lies on the knees when one sits down; 
part of the body thus covered; part of any sub- 
stance which extends over or lies upon another; an 
edge; border; hem. (Mach.) A piece of soft metal, 
used to hold a cutting or polishing powder in cut- 
ting glass, gems, etc., or in polishing cutlery, etc. — 
v. t. [lapped (lapt), -ping.] (Mach.) To cut or 
polish (glass, etc.) with a lap. —v. i. To extend over 
or upon; to lay partly over something else. [AS. 
Iseppa, a loosely hanging portion, Ic. lapa, to hang 
down; s. rt. Skr. lamb, to hang, L. labi, to glide, E. 
lobe, lapse, limp, label.] — Lap'ful, -f ul, n. As much 
as the lap can contain. — Lap'stone.'rc. A stone for 
the lap, on which shoemakers beat leather. — Lap'- 
dog, n. A small dog held in the lap. — streak, a. 
Made with boards whose edges lap one over another. 

— Lapel', n. That part of a coat which is made to 
fold over. — Lap'pet, n. Part of a garment, etc., 
hanging loose; a flap. 

Lap, lap, v. t. [lapped (lapt), -ping.] To fold, wrap, 
or twist round; to infold, involve. — v. i. To be 
spread or laid on or over; to be turned over or upon. 
[ME. lappen, wlappen, older wrappen; same as 
wrap, q. v.] 

Lap, lap, v. i. To take up food or drink with the 
tongue; to make a sound like that produced by tak- 
ing up drink with the tongue. — v. t. To take with 
the tongue, lick up. [ME. lappen, lapen, AS. lapian, 
Gr. laptein, to lap, L. lambere, to lick; s. rt. lambent, 
labial, lip.] 

Lapidary, lap'Y-da-rf, n. An artificer who cuts, pol- 
ishes, and engraves precious stones; a dealer in, or 
virtuoso skilled in gems, etc. — a. Pert, to the 



art of cutting stones. [F. lapidaire, L. lapidarius, 
jeweler, stone-mason, fr. lapis, -idis, a stone, Gr. 
"lepas, a bare rock, lepis, scale, flake, lepein, to peal, 
E. leaf, dilapidate.)— Lapida'rian, a. Of, pert, to, 
or inscribed on stone. — Lapides'cent, -sent, a. 
Growing or turning to stone.— n. A substance hav- 
ing the quality of petrifying a body, or of being con- 
verted into stone.— Lapides'cence, -sens, n. A nard- 
ening into a stony substance; a stony concretion.— 
Lapid'ify, -T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To form 
into stone. — v. i. To become stone or stony. — Lap- 
idif' ic, -ical, a. Forming or converting into stone.— 
Lapid^fica'tion, n. Operation of, etc. — Lap'idist, 
n. A lapidary. 

Lapse, laps, n. A gliding, slipping, or gradual falling; 
unobserved progress or passing away; a slip; error; 
failing in duty. (Eccl. Law.) Omission of a patron 
to present a clerk to a benefice within 6 months 
after it becomes void. — v.i. [lapsed (lapst), lap- 
sing.] To pass silently or by degrees, glide, slip; to 
commit a fault, deviate from rectitude, fail in duty; 
to pass from one proprietor to another, by the negli- 
gence or failure of some one. (Law.) To become 
ineffectual or void. [L. lapsus, a slip, lapsare, to slip, 
freq. of labi, lapsus, to glide, slip.] — Laps'able, a. 

Lapsided, lop'sld-ed, a. Same as Lopsided. 

Lapwing, lap' wing, n. A wading bird of the plover 
family found on the sea- 
coast and on marshy 
moors in Eng. ; the pewit. 
[AS. hleapewince, fr. 
hleapan, to run, leap (q. 
v.), and rt. of OHG. 
winchan, to totter, wa- 
ver; s. rt. L. vagus, wan- 
dering: see Vagrant.] 

Lar, lar, n. ; pi. Lares, 
la'rez. (Rom. Antiq.) A 
household deity, regard- 
ed as the soul of a de- Lapwing, 
ceased ancestor. 

Larboard, lar'berd, n. (Naut.) The left-hand side of 
a ship (looking toward the prow); port. 

Larceny, lar'se-nY, n. (Law.) Unlawful taking of 
others' property ; theft. [OF. larrecin, larcin, L. 
latrocinium, fr. latro, a robber, Gr. latris, a hireling, 
leis, booty.] — Lar'cenous, -se-nus, a. Of the nature 
of, or given to, etc. 

Larch, larch, n. A coniferous tree, having deciduous 
leaves, in whorls or clusters. 
[OF. larege, L. and Gr. larix.) 

Lard, lard, n. The fat of swine, 
melted and separated from the 
flesh. — v. t. To smear or mix 
with lard; to grease; to fatten, 
enrich; to mix with something 
by way of improvement ; to 
interlard. [OF. ; L. larda, lar- 
ida, lard, Gr. laros, pleasant, 
sweet, larinos, f at.] — Larda '- 
ceous, -shus, a. Consisting of, 
or resembling, lard. — Lard'er, 
n. A room where food is stored; 





pantry. [OF. lardier, a tub to 
keep bacon in.]— Lard'erer, » 
the larder. 



Larch. 
One in charge of 



Lares. See Lar. 

Large, larj, a. Having great size, wide, extensive,— 
said of surface or area ; abundant, plentiful, — of 
quantity; numerous, populous, bulky, huge, — of 
size ; diffuse, full, — of language, style, etc. ; liberal, 
comprehensive, — of the mind; generous, noble, — 
of the heart or affections. [F.; L. largus.] — At 
large. Without restraint or confinement; diffusely; 
fully. — To go or sail I. (Naut.) To have the wind 
crossing the direction of a vessel's course, so that 
the sails feel its full force, and the vessel gains its 
highest speed; esp. to have the wind on the Deam or 
the quarter. — Largely, adv. — Large'nesB, n. — 
Lar'gess, n. A present ; gift ; donation. [F. lar~ 
gesse, L. largitio, fr. largxri, -gitus, to bestow, fr. 
largus.] — Lar'go, a. (Mus.) Slowly. [It., broad, 
large.] — Larghet'to, -gefto, a. ( Mus.) Somewhat 
slowly, but not so slowly as largo. [It., dim. of 
largo.) 

Lariat, lar't-at, n. A long rope or cord for picketing 
horses in camp, also used as a lasso. [Sp. lariata.] 

Lark, lark, n. A migratory singing bird of several 
species, having a long, straight hind claw, strong 
bill, and erectile crest; esp. the skylark or laverock. 
— v. i. [larked (larkt), larking.] To catch larks. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6i : 



LARK 



315 



LATIN 



[ME. larkt, laverock, AS. lawerce, laverce, for liew- 
werca, guile- worker, Ub wa, a traitor.] — Lark'spur, 
n. A plant with showy blue, red, or white flowers ; 
delphinium. 

Lark, lark, n. A frolic; a jolly time. — v. i. To make 
sport, frolic. [ME. lak, lok, AS. lac, play, contest, 
lacan, to play; s. rt. wedlock, knowleilge.'] 

Larmier, lar'mt-er, n. {Arch.) The dripstone of a 
doorway or window. (Zo'ol.) A membranous pouch 
at the inner corner of the eye in the deer and ante- 
lope. TF., fr. larme, L. lacrima, a tear, drop.] 

Larrup, lar'rup, V. t. To beat or flog. [D. larp, a 
lash.] 

Larum, lar'um, n. An alarm: anything to give an 
alarm or notice. [Abbr. of alarum, for alarm, q. v.] 

Larva, lar'va, n. ; pi. -vs., -ve. An insect in the first 
stage after leaving the egg; a caterpillar, grub, or 
maggot. [L., ghost, specter, mask.] — Lar'vated, a. 
Masked; elothed as with a mask.— Larve, larv, n. 
Same as Larva. 

Larynx, lar'inks, n. (Anat.) The upper part of the 
trachea or windpipe, 
constituting the or- 
gan of voice. [L. ; 
Gr. larungx, larung- 



gos.]— Laryngeal, 
ISr'in-je'al 




la- 
rin'je-al, -gean, a. , fli 
Pert, to the larynx. *Hf ""'III 
— Laryngot'omy, 
-gofo-mT, n. {Surg.) 
Operation of cutting „_ ^! 
into the larynx, from 
the outside of the tv< 
neck, to assist respi- 
ration when ob- Larynx, 

s t r u c t e d, or to re- Ay lateral view of larynl . B< section 

move foreign bodies, of larynx; h. hyoid bone ; th, thy- 

[Gr. temnein, to cut.] roid cartilage ; ar, arytenoid car- 

Lascar, las'kar or las- tilage ; cr, cricoid cartilage ; tr, 

kar', n. In E. Indies, trachea ; t, tongue : si, superior 

a native sailor, em- vocal cord; ir, inferior vocal cord ; 

ployed in European "' Tent " cle - 

vessels; a camp follower. [Per. lashkar, an army, 

lashkari, soldier, camp-follower.] 

Lascivious, las-siv'I-us, a. Loose ; wanton ; lewd ; 
lustful; tending to produce lewd emotions. [L. las- 
civus, Gr. lastris, lecherous: s. rt. Skr. lash, to de- 
sire, las, to embrace.] — Lasciviously, adv. — Las- 
civlousness, n. 

Lash, lash, n. The thong of a whip; a whip; scourge; 
cord; string; a stroke with a whip ; stroke of satire 
or sarcasm; cut. — v. t. [lashed (lasht), lashing.] 
To strike with a lash, whip, scourge; to satirize; to 
throw up with a sudden jerk; to dash against; to tie 
or bind with a rope or cord. — v. i. To ply the whip, 
make a severe attack. [ME. lasche, a thong, a stroke, 
G. lasche, a flap, D. lasch, a joint, seam, lasschen, to 
ioin together.] — Lash'er, n. One who whips or 
lashes; a piece of rope for binding one tiling to an- 
other. 

Lass, las, n. A young woman; girl. [W. llodes, fem. 
of llawd, a lad, q. v.] 

Lassitude, las'sT-tud, n. State of being relaxed or 
weak; languor of body or mind; weariness. [F.; L. 
lassitudo, fr. lassus, faint; s. rt. late, q. -.] 

Lasso, las'so, n. ; pi. -sos, -soz. A rope or long leather 
thong with a running noose, for catching wild 
horses, etc. [Pg. laco, a snare ; s. rt. lace, q. v.] 

Last, Lastly. See under Late. 

Last, last, n. A foot-shaped block, on which boots or 
shoes are formed. [AS. last, least, Goth, laists, foot- 
track, path, fr. Goth, lais, I know, — the trace being 
that by which one knows a man's path, leisan, to 
find out; s. rt. learn.'] 

Last, v. i. To continue in time, endure; to continue 
unimpaired, hold out. [AS. Isestan, to observe, per- 
form, last, remain, fr. last (above), Goth, laistjan, 
to follow, f r. laists.'] — Last'ing, p. a. Of long con- 
tinuance ; that may continue or endure ; durable ; 
permanent. — n. A very durable woolen stuff. — 
Lasfingly, adv. Durably; with continuance. 

Last, n. A load; a weight or measure, varying as to 
different articles, but estimated at 4,000 lbs.; the 
burden of a ship. [AS. hliest, a burden, fr. hladen, 
to load; Dan., D., and G. last, fr. Dan. lade, D. and 
G. laden, to load.] 

Latakia, lat-a-ke'a, n. A superior quality of Turkish 
smoking tobacco, grown near Latakia, the ancient 
Laodicea. 
Latch, lach, n. A movable catch for fastening a door 



orgate. {Naut.) A latching.— v.t. [latched (lacht), 
latching.] To catch or fasten by means of a latch. 
[ME. lacche, a latch, lacrlien, AS. Iseccan, to seize, 
lay hold of, perh. fr. L. laqimis, a snare, but not 
same word as lace.] 

Latchet, lach'et, n. The string, thong, or fastening of 
a shoe or sandal. [Dim. of lojce, a. v.; ME. lachet, 
OF. lacet, dim. of laqs. a snare.] — Latch'ing. n. 
{Naut.) A loop on the head rope of a bonnet, by 
which it is connected with the foot of the sail. 

Late, lat, a. [later or latter, latest or last.] 
Coming after others, or after the proper time; slow; 
tardy; far advanced towards the end; existing not 
long ago, but not now; deceased; out of office; hap- 
pening not long ago; recent, —adv. After the usual 
time, or time appointed; not long ago; lately; far 
in the night, day, week, etc. [ME. lat (adj.), late 
(adv.), AS. Iset, D. laat, late, G. lass, L. lassus, 
weary. See Lassitude.] — Lately, adv. Not long 
ago; recently.— Late'ness. n.— Lafer, a. Poste- 
rior ; subsequent. — Lat'ter, lifter, a. More re- 
cent; mentioned the last of 2: lately past; modern; 
final. — Latter-day Saint. A Mo nnon. — Lafterly, 
adv. Lately; of late. — Laf ish, iafish, a. Some- 
what late. — Lat'est, a. Longest after the proper 
time; tardiest; last; most recent. —Last, a. Follow- 
ing all the rest; final; closing; hindmost; next before 
the present; incapable of being increased or sur- 
passed; utmost; most unlikely; having least fitness. 
— adv. The last time: the time before the present; 
in conclusion; finally; after all others in order or 
time. [Contr. of latst, superl. of ME. lat ; D. laatst, 
superl. of laat.'] — Lastly, adv. In the last place; 
in conclusion^ at length; finally. 

Lateen-sail, la-ten r sal, n. {Naut.) A triangular sail, 
extended by a long yard, — used in small boats, fe- 
luccas, xebecs, etc., esp. in the Mediterranean. [F. 
Latine, fem. of Latin, triangular sails being so 
called.] 

Latent, la'tent, a. Not visible or apparent; hid; secret; 
dormant. [L. latens, latentis, p. pr. of latere, Gr. lan- 
thanein, to lie hid; s. rt. Skr. rah, to quit, leave, E. 
lethe, lethargy.] — Latent heat. (Physics.) That por- 
tion of heat in any body which cannot be discerned 
by touch or by thermometer, but which becomes 
sensible heat during certain changes in the body. 

Lateral, lafer-al, a. Proceeding from, or attached 
to, the side; directed to the side. [L. lateralis, fr. 
latus, lateris, side.] — Lat'erally, adv. By the side; 
sidewise; in the direction of the side. — Lat / erifo r - 
lious, -lT-us, a. {Bot.) Growing on the side of a 
leaf at the base. {L.felium, leafT] 

Lath, lath, n. ; pi. Laths, liithz. A thin, narrow 
board, or strip of wood to support tiles, covering, or 
plastering. [ME., G., and F. latte, fr. AS. Isettu, a 
lath, perh. fr. W. Hath, a rod, staff; s. rt. lattice, 
latten.] — Lath, lath, v.t. [lathed (lathd), lath- 
ing.] To cover or line with laths. — Latfing, n. A 
covering of, or process of covering with, etc. — 
Lath'y, lath'!, a. Thin as a lath; long and slender. 




A, shears or framing ; B, lead-screw ; C, tail-stock ; D, com- 
pound rest ; F, face-plate ; L, feed ; M, head-stock. 

Lathe, lath, n. (Mach.) A machine-tool in which a 
revolving piece of wood, metal, etc., may be shaped 
by a cutting instrument ; the movable swing-frame 
of a loom. [Ic. lodh, perh. for hlodh, fr. hladha, to 
lade, — a water-wheel resembling a lathe.] 

Lather, lath'er, v. i. [-ered (-€rd), -bring.] To form 
a foam with water and soap : to become frothy. — 
v. t. To spread over with lather. — n. Foam made 
by soap moistened with water ; froth irom profuse 
sweat, as of a horse. [AS. leadhor, lather, ledhrian, 
to anoint, Ic. laudhr, foam, soap, leydhra, to wash.] 

Laticlave, lat'i-klav, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A badge worn 
by Roman senators, supposed to have been a purple 
stripe on the tunic. [L. laticlavus, f r. latus, Droad, 
and clavus, nail.] 

Latin, latin, a. Pert, to the Latins, a people of La- 
tium, in Italy; Roman; pert, to, or composed in, the 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, set- 



LATISH 



316 



LAW 



language used by the Romans or Latins. — n. A na- 
tive or inhabitant of Latium; the language of the 
ancient Romans. [F.; L. Latinus, pert, to Latium, 
the country of Italy in which Rome was situated.] 
— Latin church. The church of Rome and kindred 
communions, — disting. fr. the Eastern or Greek 
church.— L. races. The peoples of Western Europe, 
whose languages are allied to the Latin, — the Ital- 
ian, French, Spanish, etc. — L. Union. A monetary 
league between the governments of France, Belgium, 
Italy, Switzerland, and Greece, to secure uniform- 
ity of coinage. — Dog Latin. Latin grammatically 
accurate, but not elegant nor idiomatic. — Low L. 
The Latin of the middle ages. — Lat'inism, -izm, n. 
A Latin idiom or mode of speech. — Lat'inist, n. 
One skilled in Latin; a Latin scholar. —Latin 'ity, 
-I-tT, n. The Latin tongue, style, or idiom, or the 
use thereof; purity of the Latin style or idiom.— 
Lafinize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.J To give Latin 
terminations or forms to (foreign words) m writing 
Latin; to translate into Latin. 

Latish. See under Late. 

Latitat, lat'T-tat, n. {Law.) A writ by which a per- 
son was summoned into the King's Bench, to an- 
swer, as supposing he lay concealed. [L., he lies hid, 
fr. latitare, intens. of latere, to lie hid.] 

Latitude, lat r T-tud, n. Extent from side to side, or 
distance side wise from a given point or line ; breadth ; 
width; space; looseness; laxity; independence; ex- 
tent of signification, application, etc.; extent of de- 
viation from a standard, as truth, style, and the like ; 
amplitude; scope. (Astron.) Angular distance of a 
heavenly body from the ecliptic. (Geog.) Distance 
of any place on the globe from the equator. [F. ; L. 
latitudo, fr. latus, broad, OL. stlutus = stratus, 
spread out, fr. sternere, to spread, stretch out; s. rt. 
street, strew, star.] — Latitudinal , a. Pert, to lati- 
tude; in the direction of latitude. — Lat / itud / ina / '- 
rian, a. Not restrained; not confined by precise lim- 
its; lax in religious principles or views. — n. One 
who, etc. ( Theol.) One who departs from the strict 
principles of orthodoxy; in Eng., one of the Broad 
Church party. — Lat'itud'ina'rianism, n. A latitud- 
inarian system or state; freedom of opinion in relig- 
ious matters ; laxity of doctrine. 

Latria, la'trt-a or la-tri'a, n. The highest kind of 
worship, or that paid to God. [L. ; 6r. latreia, fr. 
latreueiu, to serve, latres, servant, worshiper.] 

Latrine, lat'ren, n. A water-closet; privy. [F.; L. 
latrina, fr. latere, to be hid.] 

Latten, laften, n. A fine kind of brass or bronze, 
used in the middle ages ; metal in thin sheets, as 
sheet tin; iron plate, covered with tin; milled brass. 
[OF. laton, fr. latte, a lath, q. v.; It. latta, tin.fr. 
LL. latta, a lath, — fr. its thinness.] 

Latter, Latterly. See under Late. 

Lattice, laftis, n. Work made by crossing laths, rods, 
or bars, and form' 
ing a n et-w ork : < 
anything made of 
strips interwoven 
so as to form net- 
work; esp., a win- 
d o w or window- 
blind.— v.t. [-TIC ED 
(-tist), -ticing.] To 
form into open 
work ; to furnish 
with a lattice. [F. 
lattis, fr. latte, lath, 
q. v.] 

Laud, lawd, n. A eu- 
logy; praise; com- 
mendation ; that 
part of divine wor- 
ship which consists 
in praise ; music in 
honor of any one. 







Lattice Window. 



■ v. t. To praise, extol. [L. laudare, -atum, fr. laus, 
praise.] — Laud'able, a. Praiseworthy; commend- 
able; healthy. — Laud'ableness, n. — Laud'ably, adv. 
— Lauda'tion, n. Commendation; praise. — Laud ''- 
atory, -to-rT, a. Containing or expressing praise. — 
n. That which, etc. 

Laudanum, law'da- or lod'a-num, n. A strong tinc- 
ture or alcoholic solution of opium. [L. ladanum, 
Gr. Iwlanon, the resinous substance exuding from 
the shrub (L.) lada, Gr. ledon, Pers. ladan.] 

Laugh, laf, v. i. [laughed (laft), laughing.] To ex- 
press mirth, derision, or satisfaction by the coun- 
tenance or voice; to appear gay, lively, or brilliant. 



— v. t. To express by laughing ; to ridicule or de- 
ride. — n. An expression of mirth, etc., peculiar 
to the human species ; laughter. [AS. hlehhan, G. 
lachen, Goth, hlahjaa ; onomat.] — To laugh at. To 
ridicule, deride. — To I. in the sleeve. To laugh se- 
cretly, esp. while apparently preserving a serious 
demeanor toward the one laughed at. —To I. out of 
the other corner or side } of the mouth. To weep ; 
to be made to feel vexation or disappointment, esp. 
after exhibiting exultation. — To I. to scoy-n. To 
deride, treat with mockery.— Laugb/able, a. Fitted 
to excite laughter ; droll ; ludicrous ; comical. — 
Laughableness, n. — Laugb/ably, adv. In a man- 
ner to excite laughter. — Laughter, n. — Laugh''- 
ing-gas, n. (Chem.) Nitrous oxide, or protoxida of 
nitrogen, — which ordinarily produces exhilaration 
when inhaled. — stock, n. An object of ridicule. — 
Laugh'ter, laf 'ter, n. An involuntary movement of 
the muscles of the face, or expression of the eyes, 
indicating merriment, satisfaction, etc., and usually 
attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion 
of air from the lungs. [AS. hleahtor, G. lachter.] 

Launch, lanch, v. t. [launched (lancht), launching.] 
To cause to slide from the land into the water; to 
send forth or dispatch; to throw (a spear or dart). — 
v. i. To go forth, as a ship into the water; to expa- 
tiate in language. — n. The sliding of a ship from 
the land into the water. (Naut.) The largest size 
of boat belonging to a ship. [F. lancer, to fling, hurl, 
dart, fr. lance, a lance, q. v.] 

Laundry, Laundress. See under Lave. 

Laurel, iaWrel, n. A flowering shrub or tree of sev- 
eral genera and many species: the Laurus nobilis, or 
sweet bay, with which heroes, poets, and scholars 
were formerly crowned, is an evergreen shrub of 
Africa and Europe, with aromatic leaves and purple 
berries : the mountain laurel, sheep laurel, and 
swamp laurel are handsome but poisonous species of 
kalmia. (pi.) A laurel crown; honors. [F. lau- 
rier, L. laurus.] — Lau'reate, -re-at, a. Decked or 
invested with laurel. [L. laureatus, fr. laurus.] — 
Poet laureate. In Eng., an officer of the royal house- 
hold, orig. retained to compose odes for the king's 
birth day and other state occasions.— Lau'reateship, 
n. Office of a laureate. — Laurea'tion, n. Act of 
crowning with laurel, as in bestowing a degree. — 
Lau'restine, -res-tin, -rustin, n. An evergreen shrub 
of S. Europe, which flowers during the winter 
months. [L. laurus and tinus, name of a plant.] 

Lave, lav, v. t. [laved (lavd), laving.] To wash, 
bathe, — v. i. To wash one's self. [F. laver, L. la- 
vare, Gr. louein ; s. rt. alluvial, deluge, lotion.] — La r - 
ver, «. A vessel for washing. (Script. Hist.) A 
large brazen vessel in the tabernacle or temple, to 
hold the water in which the priests washed their 
hands and feet and the sacrificial animals. [OF. 
lavoir, a washing pool.] — Lavatory, lav'a-to-rT, a. 
Washing, or cleansing by washing. — n. A place 
for washing ; a wash or lotion for a diseased part ; 
place where gold is obtained by washing. [F. lava- 
toire, L. lavatorium, working place of a lavator, 
washer.] — Laundry, lan'drT, ». A washing; place 
where clothes are washed and done up. — v. t. To 
wash and iron (clothes). [ME. lauendrye, fr. lauen- 
der, OF. lavendiere, LL. lavanderia, a washerwom- 
an.]— Laun'derer, -der-er, n. A man who washes 
clothes. — Latin' dress, n. A washerwoman. — Lav'- 
ender, n. An aromatic plant which yields an oil used 
in medicine and perfumery. [F. lavande, lavender, 
It. lavanda, lavender, also a washing, — the plant 
being used in washing, and to scent washed linen.] — 
Lavender-color. The color of lavender flowers, — a 
grayish-blue. — Lava, la'va or la/va, n. Melted rock 
ejected by a volcano. [It., fr. It. and L. lavare.] 

Lavish, lav'ish, a- Expending profusely, excessively, 
or foolishly; unrestrained; prodigal; extravagant.— 
v. t. [lavished (-isht), -ishing.] To besto"w with 
profusion, expend prodigally, squander. [Fr. obs. 
E. lave, to pour out (water); not s. rt. lave, to wash.] 

— Lav'ishly, adv. — Lav'ishment, n. State of being 
lavish; profuse expenditure. — Lav'ishness, n. 

Law, law, n. A rule of conduct established by au- 
thority ; statute; regulation; edict; decree ; the ap- 
pointed rules of a community or state, for the con- 
trol of its inhabitants ; established usage; a rule, 
principle, or maxim of science or art ; the Jewish or 
Mosaic code, disting. fr. the gospel; hence, the Old 
Testament ; litigation; legal science; jurisprudence. 
(Nature.) The regular method or sequence by 
which certain phenomena follow certain conditions 
or causes, etc. ; any force, tendency, propension, or. 









ftm, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; end. eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



LAWN 



317 



LEAD 



instinct, natural or acquired. (Morality.) The will 
of God, as the supreme moral ruler, concerning the 
conduct of all responsible beings. [AS. laou, OS. lag; 
6. rt. L. lex, F. lot, law, E. lie, q. v.J — Law'ful.-ful, a. 
Agreeable, conformable to, or allowed by, law; com- 
petent; constituted by law; legal: constitutional; le- 
gitimate; rightful. — Law'fnlly, adv. In accordance 
with law; legally. — Law'fulness, w. — Lawless, a. 
Not subject to, or unrestrained by, the law of mo- 
rality or of society; contrary to, or unauthorized by, 
the civil law; not subject to the laws of nature.— 
Law'lessly, adv. — Lawlessness, n. — Law'giver, n. 
One who makes or enacts a law ; a legislator. — 
Law'suit, n. A process in law instituted lor the re- 
covery of a supposed right or to obtain justice ; an 
action. — Law-book, n. A book containing, or treat- 
ing of, laws. — maker, n. A legislator ; a lawgiver. 
— Law'yer, n. One versed in the laws, or a practi- 
tioner of law, — a general term comprehending at- 
torneys, counselors, solicitors, barristers, sergeants, 
and advocates. 

Lawn, lawn, n. An open space between woods ; a 
smooth space of ground covered with short grass, 
generally around a house. [ME. (and till 18th cen- 
tury) laund, OF. lande, an unfilled plain; same as 
land.] — Lawn'y, -Y, a. Level; like a lawn— Lawn'- 
ten'nis, n. A variety of the game of tennis played 
upon an open lawn instead of in a tennis-court. 

Lawn, lawn, n. A sort of fine linen or cambric, used 
esp. for parts of the official robes of a bishop; the 
official dress itself. [Perh. corrupt, of F. and Sp. 
linon, thin linen, f r. F. lin, Ij.linum, flax.] — Lawn'y, 
a. Made of lawn. 

Lax, laks, a. Not tense, firm, or rigid; flabby; soft; 
not tight; sparse; not crowded; of loose texture; 
easy or indulgent in principles or discipline: having 
too frequent alvine discharges; slack: unrestrained; 
dissolute; licentious. — n. A looseness: diarrhea. 
[L. laxus ; e. rt. lag, languid.] — Laxa'tion, n. Act 
of loosening, or state of being loose or slackened. 
[L. laxatio, fr. laxare, to loosen.] — Lax'ative, -tiv, 
a. (Med.) Having the quality of loosening or open- 
ing the intestines. — n. A medicine which, etc.: a 
gentle purgative. [F. laxatif, L. laxativus.] — Lax'- 
lty, -I-tT, -ness, n. State or quality of being lax, — 
as, slackness (of a cord) ; looseness (of a texture) ; 
want of exactness or precision ; want of due strict- 
ness ; looseness (of the intestines) ; openness. [F. 
laxite", L. laxitas/] — Laxly, adv. 

Lay, imp. of Lie, q. v. 

Lay, la, v. t. [laid (lad), laying.] To cause to lie 
flat or to lie against something else ; to put down; to 
establish firmly; to beat down, prostrate; to place in 
order, arrangeregularly : to make ready, provide; to 
spread on a surface ; to calm, appease, allay ; to pre- 
vent (a spirit) from manifesting itself : to deposit (a 
wager), stake; to bring forth and deposit (eggs): to 
apply, put; to assess (a tax), impose (a burden, suf- 
fering, or punishment) ; to charge (origin of, or re- 
sponsibility for) ; to enjoin (a duty) : to present or 
offer. (Naut.) To depress and lose sight of, by sailing, 
or departing from. (Law.) To state, allege.— v. i. To 
produce eggs. (JS'aut.) To take a position; to come or 

So.— n. That which lies, or is laid: a row : stratum: 
iver; a portion of the proceeds of labor, etc., under- 
taken on shares. ( Weaving.) A swinging frame in a 
loom, which lays the weft-threads parallel to each 
other against the cloth previously woven. [ME. leg- 
gen (imp. leide, p. p. leid), AS. lecgan (imp. legde, p. 
p. gelegd), fr. lag for Ueg, imp. of licgan, to lie, q. v.] 
— To lay a cable, or rope. (Naut.) To twist or unite 
the strands.— To I. heads together. To consult to- 
gether, compare opinions, deliberate. — To I. hold or', 
or on. To seize, catch. —To I. one's self out. To ex- 
ert strength, strive earnestly. — To I. out. To ex- 
pend (money); to exert (strength); to plan, arrange; 
to prepare for burial ; to purpose. —To I. to. (Kaut.) 
To stop the motion of a ship. — To I. to heart. To per- 



mit to affect greatly 
To lie in ambush for. — 
To I. waste. To destroy, 
desolate. — To I. about. 
To strike on all sides, 
act with vigor. — To I. in 
for. To make overtures 
for, secure the posses- 
sion of. — To I. on. To 
strike, beat, deal blows 
incessantly and with ve- 
hemence. — Lay'er, la'- 
5r, h. One who, or that 



feel deeply. — To I. wait for. 




Layers 



which, lays ; thing laid, as, a stratum, bed, body 
[ spread over another; a course, as of bricks, stones, 
etc. ; a shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from 
the stock, laid under ground for growth or propaga- 
tion. [Perh. same as lair, q. v.] — Lay'ering, n. 
Propagation of plants by layers. 

Lay, la, n. A song; a species of narrative poetry among 
the ancient minstrels. [OF. lai, lay, Proven, lavs; 
s. rt. W. llais, a sound, Ir. and Ga. Inoidh, hymn, 
perh. s. rt. AS. leodk, G. lied, a song, Goth, liuthon, 
to sing.] 

Lay, la, a. Pert, to the laity or people, as distinct fr. 
the clergy or from the members of a learned pro- 
fession ; not clerical. [OF. lai, L. laicus, Gr. lai- 
kos, pert, to the laos, people.] — Lay'man, n. ; pi. 
-men. One of the people, disting. fr. the clergy; 
also, one who does not belong to one of the other 
learned professions, disting. fr. one who does. — La'- 
ic, a. Pert, to the laity. — n. A layman. — La'ity, 
-Y-tY, n. The people, disting. from the clergy. 

Lay-figure, la'fig'ur, n. A jointed figure of wood or 
cork, used as an artist's model. [D. leemun, fr. ledt, 
lid, a joint, and man, man.] 

Lazar, la'zar, n. One infected with a pestilential dis- 
ease. [Fr. Lazarus, the leprous beggar.] — Laz'aret', 
-ret'to, La'zar-house, n. A hospital or pest-house 
for the reception of diseased persons. [It. lazzeretto] 

— Laz'zaro'ni, -nT, n. pi. The beggars and homeless 
idlers of Naples, — so called fr. the hospital of St. 
Lazarus. [It.] 

Lazuli, laz'u-li, n. (Min.) A fine azure-blue amor- 
phous silicate of sodium, calcium, and aluminium, 
valued for ornamental work, — called also laj)is laz- 
uli and ultra-marine. [LL. lazulum, lazur, Sp. azul, 
blue. See Azure.] 

Lazy, la'zt, a. [-zier, -ziest.] Disinclined to exer- 
tion; moving slowlv; sluggish: idle; indolent; sloth- 
ful. [ME. and OF. lasche, F. lo.che, loose, weak, 
faint, cowardly, base, It. lasco, lazy, idle, fr. L. lax- 
us, lax, q. v.; not s. rt. G. laessig, weary.] — Laze, v. 
i. To live in idleness, be idle. — v. t. " To waste in 
sloth; to spend (time) in idleness. —La' zily, adv. — 
La'ziness, n. 

Lazzaroni. See under Lazar. 

Lea, Ley, le, n. A meadow or sward land : a grassy field. 
[AS. leah, lea; s. rt. ProvG. loh, morass, wood, L. 
lucus, a grove, glade, and prob. Skr. loka. a space, 
the universe, fr. loch, to see, whence E. lucid ; not 8. 
rt. layj 

Leach, lech, v. t. [leached (lecht), leaching.] To 
remove the soluble constituents from any material 
(as alkali from ashes) by causing water or other sol- 
vent to slowly pass through it. — v. i. To part with 
soluble constituents by percolation. — n. A quantity 
of wood-ashes, through which water passes, imbib- 
ing the alkali ; a vat, chamber, or tub for leaching 
ashes, bark, etc. [AS. leah, lye, q. v.] 

Lead, led, n. A heavy, soft, bluish-gray metal, easily 
fusible and ductile; an article made of lead, — as, a 
plummet, for sounding at sea; (Print.) a. thin plate 
of type-metal, to separate lines in printing ; a small 
cylinder of black lead or plumbago, used in pencils; 
sheets of lead covering roofs ; a roof covered with 
lead-sheets. — v. t. To cover, or fit, with lead. 
(Print.) To widen (space between lines) by insert- 
ing leads. [AS.] 

eg?* This paragraph is leaded. 
Lead'ed, p. a. Fitted with, or set in, lead. (Print.") 
Separated by leads, as the lines of a page. — Lead'- 
en, led'n, a. Made of lead ; heavy ; indisposed to 
action; dull. — Lead'ing. n. Lead, or leaden articles 
collectively. — Lead'-pen'cil, n. An instrument for 
drawing, made of black lead or nlumbago. 

Lead, led, r. t. [led, lea ding.] To show the wav to, 
guide in a way; to guide by the hand, as a child or 
animal; to direct, as a enmmander, govern-; to intro- 
duce by going first, precede ; to draw, allure, influ- 
ence; to pass, spend: to cause to pass or spend. — v. 
i. To go before and show the way; to conduct, as 
commander; to have precedence or preeminence ; 
to put forth, or exercise, a tendency or influence. 

— n. Precedence ; guidance ; a navigable opening 
or lane in an ice-field ; a lode. [AS. Xsedan, fr. lad, 
a way, path, li/lhan, to travel, go.] — Lead'er. n. 
One who, or that which, etc.: a guide: conductor; 
esp. one who goes first: a commander; the chief of a 
party or faction. (Jlus.) A performer who leads a 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



LEAF 



318 



LECTION 




Leaf. 
b, blade ; p, peti- 
ole, foot-stalk, 
o r leaf-stalk ; 
st, stipules. 



band or choir, also, in an orchestra, the performer 
on the principal violin; the leading editorial article 
in a newspaper; a horse placed in advance of others, 
or one of a forward pair; pi. (Print.) a row of dots, 
to lead the eye across a space. — Leadership, n. 
State, condition, or office, of a leader ; command ; 
guidance ; lead. — Leading, p. a. Chief ; principal ; 
most important or influential; showing the way bv 
going first. — Lead'ing-strings, n. pi. Strings by 
which children are supported when beginning to 
walk. — Led'-cap'tain, n. An obsequious follower. 
— horse, n. A sumpter-horse. 
Leaf, lef, n. ; pi. Leaves, levz. (Bot.) One of those 
organs of a plant which in the ag- 
gregate constitute the foliage and 
in which the sap is aerated and 
elaborated for use, — usually a flat- 
tened expansion of green paren- 
chyma upon a framework (veins or 
ribs) of woody fiber, attached by a 
petiole or leaf-stalk to a stem or 
branch: sepals, petals, scales, spines, 
tendrils, etc., are leaves modified for 
special uses. Something which folds, 
bends over, or otherwise resembles a 
leaf,— as, a part of a book containing 
2 pages ; a side or part, of window- 
shutters, folding-doors, etc. ; the 
movable side of a table; a very thin 
plate, as of gold ; a portion of fat 
lying in a separate fold or layer ; 
a tooth of a pinion- wheel. — 

V. i. [LEAFED (left), LEAFING.] To 

shoot, produce leaves. fAS.; s. rt. Gr. lepos, a scale, 
lepein, to scale, peel, E. leper.'] — Leafage, -ej, n. 
Leaves collectively; foliage. — Leafy, -t, a. [-ier, 
-iest.] Full of leaves. — LeaFiness, 
n. — Leaf ' less, a. Destitute of 
leaves. — Leaflet, n. A little leaf ; 
an unattached printed leaf. (Bot.) 
One of the divisions of_a com- 
pound leaf. — Leave, lev, v. i. 
To leaf. — Leaf -bridge, n. A draw- 
bridge having a leaf or platform"^ 
on each side, which rises and falls. 
— bud, n. (Bot.) A scale-covered 
conical bud, containing rudiments 
of common leaves or of a leaf-bear- 
ing branch. 

League, leg, n. A combination of parties for promo- 
ting their mutual interest, or executing any design 
in concert; a national contract or compact ; alli- 
ance; confederacy; coalition; combination. — v. i. 
[leagued (legd), leaguing.; To unite in a league, 
confederate. [F. ligue, Sp. and LL. liga, fr. L. liga- 
re, to clasp, bind; s. rt. ligament.] — Leag'uer, leg'- 
§r, n. One who, etc. 

League, leg, n. A measure of distance, — in Eng. and 
U. S. the marine league = 3 geographical miles. 
[OF. legue, leuge. It. and LL. lega, fr. L. leuca, a 
Gallic mile of 1500 Roman paces, fr. Celt.] 

Leak, lek, n. A crack, crevice, or hole in a vessel, 
that admits a fluid or permits it to escape; oozing of 
water or other fluid through an aperture in a vessel. 

— v. i. [leaked (lekt), leaking.] To let water, 
etc., into or out of a vessel, through a crevice. [Ic. 
leka, to drip, leak, leki, a leak; s. rt. lack.] — To 
spring a leak. To open or crack so as to let in water. 
—To I. out. To find publicity in a clandestine way. 

— Leak'age, -ej, n. A leaking; quantity of a liquor 
that enters or issues by leaking. (Com.) Allowance 
of a certain rate per cent, for the leaking of casks. — 
Leak.' y, -1, a. [-ier, -iest.] Permitting liquid to 
leak in or out; apt to disclose secrets; tattling; not 
close. — Leak'iness, n. 

Leal, lei, a. Faithful ; loyal ; true. [NormF. ; OF. 
kial, F. loyal, loyal, q. vj 

Lean, len, v. i. [leaned (lend) or leant (lent), lean- 
ing.] To deviate from a perpendicular position or 
line; to be in a position thus deviating; to incline in 
opinion, conform in conduct; to bend; to depend for 
support, comfort, etc. — v. t. To cause to lean, in- 
cline, support or rest. [AS. hlsenan, to make to lean, 
hleonian, hlinian, to lean; s. rt. L. clinare, Gr. klinein, 
to bend, Skr. ci-i, to enten undergo, E. incline, ac- 
clivity, etc.] — Lean'-to, -too, n. A building whose 
rafters pitch or lean against another building ; a 
wall,_etc. 

Lean, len, a. Wanting in flesh; bare; barren; barren 
of thoughts; jejune; low; poor; thin; meager; lank; 
skinny; gaunt. — n. The muscular part of flesh, 




Leaflets. 



without fat. [AS. hisene ; s. rt. L. declivis, bending 
dowm and E. lean, to incline.]— Lean 'ness, n. 

Leap, lep, v. i. [leaped (lent) rarely leapt (ISpt). 
leaping.] To spring from the ground, jump, vault; 
to make a sudden jump, bound, skip; to manifest 
joy or vivacity. — v. t. To pass over by leaping; to 
copulate with, cover. — n. Act of leaping; a jump; 
spring; bound; space passed by leaping; a hazardous 
or venturesome act; copulation with a female beast. 
[AS. hleapan, to run, leap, hlyp, a leap.]— Leap'er. 
n. — Leap'-frog, n. A play among boys, in which 
one stoops and another leaps over him by placing 
his hands on the shoulders of the former. — -year, n. 
Bissextile; a year containing 366 days; every 4th 
year, which leaps over a day more than a common 
year, giving to February 29 days. 

Learn, lern, v. t. [learned (lernd) or learnt (lernt), 
learning.] Orig., to teach (obs.); to acquire new 
knowledge or ideas from or concerning; to acquire 
skill in anything. — v. i. To receive information, 
intelligence, instruction, or knowledge. [ME. lern- 
en, AS. leornian, to learn ; s. rt. AS. Iseran, ME. 
leren, to teach, Goth, leisan, to find out, know, laists, 
a foot-track: see Last.] — Learn'ed, a. Versed in 
literature and science; literate; well acquainted with 
arts; containing or exhibiting learning; versed in 
scholastic, as disting. fr. other, knowledge.— Learn'' 



edly, adu. — Learn'er, 



- Learn'ing 



Knowl- 



§, i 
y instruction 
or study, or acquired by experience, experiment, or 
observation; erudition; lore; scholarship; letters. 
Lease, les, n. A letting of lands, tenements, or here- 
ditaments to another for life, for a term of years, 
or at will, for a specified rent or compensation; writ- 
ten contract for such letting; tenure Dy grant or per- 
mission; time for_ which such tenure holds good. — 
v. t. [leased (lest), LRJiSis-G.] To grant tempora- 
ry possession of lands, ete.. for rent; to let. [OF. les- 
ser, F. laisser, fr. L. lar:are, to slacken, let go, laxus, 
lax, q. v.; not s. rt. G. iassen =E. let, cj. v.] — Lessee', 
-se', n. (Laiv.) One who takes an estate by lease. 

— Les'sor, -s6r, n. One who gives a lease. — Lease'- 
hold, a. Held by lease. — n. A tenure held by lease. 

Leash, lesh, n. A* thong of leather, or line, by which 
a falconer holds his hawk, or a courser his dog. 
(Sporting.) A brace and a half: 3 creatures of any 
kind, esp. grej'hounds, foxes, bucks, and hares; the 
number 3 in general; a bandwherewith to tie any- 
thing. — v. t. [leashed (lesht), leashing.] To 
bind, hold by a string. [ME. lees, OF. lesse, a leash 
for dogs, LL. laxa, a thong, fr. L. looms, loose, q. v.] 

Least, etc. See under Less. 

Leather, lerh/er, n. The skin of an animal tanned, 
tawed, or otherwise dressed for use ; dressed hides 
collectively. [AS. ledher.] — Leatb/er, -ern, a. 
Made of, etc.— Leath/ery, -5r-t, a. Like leather; 
tough. — Leath'er-dress'er, n. One who dresses 
leather or prepares hides for use. 

Leave, lev, n. Liberty granted; permission; license; 
a formal parting of friends; farewell; adieu. [AS. 
leaf % permission, lyfan, to permit; s. rt. AS. leof— 
E. lief, D. verlof, G. vcrlaub = E. furlough, also be- 
lieve.] 

Leave, lev, v. t. [left, leaving.] To withdraw or 
depart from; to forsake, desert, abandon, relinquish; 
to suffer to remain; to have remaining at death; to 
gire by will, bequeath; to commit or trust to, as a 
deposit; to intrust; to permit or allow; to refer; to 
cease or desist from. — v. i. To cease, desist. [AS. 
Isefan, lit. to leave a laf, heritage, residue, lifian, to 
be remaining, to live, q. v.; prob. not s. rt. Gr. leip- 
ein,'~L. linquere, to leave.] — To leave off. To cease, 
desist, stop, cease to wear, give up. — Leav'er, n. — 
Leavings, n. pi. Things left; remnant; refuse; offal. 

Leave, lev, v. i. To leaf, q. v. 

Leaven, lev'n, n. A portion of fermenting dough, 
which, mixed with a larger quantity, produces fer- 
mentation in it, and renders it light ; yeast ; barm; 
anything which produces fermentation or works a 
general change in the mass. — v. t. [leavened (-nd), 
-ening.] To excite fermentation in; to taint, imbue. 
[F. levain, L. levamen, fr. levare, to raise. See Lev- 
er.] — LeaVening, n. Act of, or that which, etc. 

Lecher, lech'er, n. A man given to lewdness. — v. i. 
[lechered (-erd), -ering.J To practice lewdness, 
indulge lust. [OF. lecheor, fr. lecher = E. lick, q. v.] 

— Lech' erous, -er-us, a. Addicted to lewdness; lust- 
ful; provoking lust. — Lecb/erously, adv.— Lech'- 
erousness, n. — Lecb/ery, -er-T, n. Free indulgence 
of lust; practice of indulging the animal appetite. 

Lection, lek/shun, n. A difference in copies of a man- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd- tone. Gr ; 



LECTURN 



319 



LEGISLATE 




Lecturn. 



nscript or book; a reading; a portion of Scripture 
read in divine service. [L. lectio, fr. legere, tectum, 
to gather, read : see Legend.] — Lec'tor, n. A 
reader; one who read Scripture, etc., in the ancient 
churches. [L.] — Lec'tionary, -a-rT, n. The Roman 
Catholic service-book. — Lect'ure, lek/chur, n. Act 
or practice of reading; a discourse on any subject, 
esp. a formal or methodical discourse, for instruc- 
tion; a magisterial reprimand; formal reproof . — v. 
t. [lectured (-churd), -ceing.] To instruct by 
discourses, instruct 'authoritatively, reprove. — v. i. 
To deliver a discourse ; to practice delivering lec- 
tures to instruct or amuse. [F. ; L. lectura, prop, 
fern, of fut. p. of legere.] — Lect'urer, n. One who, 
etc. ; a preacher in a church, who assists the rector 
or curate. — Lect'ureship, n. Office of a lecturer. 

Lecturn, -tern, lek'tern, Let'- 
tern, n. A reading-desk, in 
churches. [LL. lectrinum, fr. 
lectrum, a pulpit, fr. Gr. lektron, 
a rest for a book, orig. a couch; 
8. rt. Gr. lecJios, L. led us, a 
couch, E. lie ; not s. rt. lection, 
etc.] 

Led. Led-captain, etc. See under 
Lead. 

Ledge, lej, n. A shelf on which 
to lay articles; whatever resem- 
bles such a shelf ; a ridge or 
part projecting beyond the rest, 
as rocks ; a layer or stratum ; a 
small molding ; a piece against 
which something rests. (JSaut.) 
A small timber athwart ships, 
under the deck, between the 
beams. [Norweg. logg, the low- 
est part of a vessel, lega, a ly- 
ing, couch, support on which 
anything rests, fr. liggja, AS. 
licgan=E._lie, q. v.] 

Ledger, lej'er, n. A mercantile account-book, in which 
all debits and credits from the journal are placed 
under appropriate heads. {Arch.) A slab of stone, 
such as is laid over a tomb; a piece of timber used 
in a scaffolding. [D. legger, one who lies down, the 
nether mill-stone, OD. leggen, to lie, lay. See Lie.] 

Ledger-line, n. See Leger-line, under Leger. 

Lee, le, n. ; pi. Lees, lez. That which settles at the 
bottom of a cask of liquor (esp. wine), etc.; sedi- 
ment; dregs. [F. lie, LL. Ha.] 

Lee, le, n. (Naut.) A place defended from the wind; 
that side of an object which is protected from the 
wind by the object itself; that quarter toward which 
the wind blows, — opp. to that whence it proceeds. 

— a. Of, or pert, to, the side opposite to that against 
which the wind blows. [Ic. Me, D. Uj. lee, AS. and 
OS. hleo, protection, shelter.] — Lee'ward, loo'erd, I 
a. Pert, to, or in the direction of, the part awav fr. 
the wind. — adv. Toward the lee. [D. lijwadrts.] j 

— Lee' way, le'wa, n. The lateral movement of a 
ship to the leeward of her course, or the angle which 
the line of her way makes with her keel; drift. 

Leech, lech, n. A physician. (Zo'61.) An aquatic suck- 
ing worm, used for the local abstraction of blood ; 
blood-sucker. — v. t. To treat with medicine; heal; i 
to bleed by means of leeches. [AS. Isece, phvsician, [ 
also the worm ; s. rt. AS. lacnian, to heal,"Ir. and 
Ga. leigh, physician, leighlas, a remedy.] 

Leech, lech, n. (Xaut.) The border of a saii at the 
sides. [Ic. lik, a leech-line, 
OD. lyken, a bolt-rope.] 

Leek, lek, n. A plant of the 
onion family, having an ob- 
long, edible bulb. [AS. leac, 
whence E. garlic, hemlock.'] 

Leer, ler, v. i. [leered (lerd), 
leering.] To look oblique- 
ly; to cast a lingering, sidelong 
look, expressive of lust, hatred, 
etc. — n. A sidelong lustful or 
malign look ; arch or affected 
look. [ME. lere, AS. hleor, the 
cheek, mien, look, OS. hlior, 
OD. Iter, cheek.] 

Lees. See Lee, sediment. 

Leet, let, n. (Eng. Law.) A 
court-leet, q. v. ; district within 
the jurisdiction of a court-leet. 
A list of candidates for office. - , 

[LL. leta ; L. lis, litis, law-suit.] , .„ . ^« eK - 

Left. See Leave. (.Allium porrum.) 




Left, left, a. In the direction, or on the side of, the 
part opp. to the right of the bodv.— n. The side op- 
posite to the right. {Legislative Bodies.) The left side 
of the speaker's chair, where the opposition usually 
sits ; hence, the extreme radical political faction. 
[OD. luft.] — Left-handed, a. Having the left hand 
more strong and dextrous than the right ; clumsy ; 
awkward ; unlucky ; inauspicious ; sinister ; mali- 
cious. 
Leg, leg, n. The limb of an animal, used in support- 
ing the body ; esp. that part from the knee to the 
foot ; that which resembles a leg ; esp. any long and 
slender support on which an object rests; that part 
of a stocking, etc., which covers the leg. [Ic. leggr, 
leg, hollow bone, stem of a tree, spear handle, Dan. 
Iseg, calf of the leg.] — Legged, legd, a. Having 
legs. — Leg'gin. -ging, n. A covering for the leg, as 
a gaiter. — Leg'bail, -bal, n. Flight. 
Legacy, leg'a-sl, a. A gift, by will, of money or other 
property; a bequest; anything bequeathed. [OF. 
legat, L. legatum, fr. legare, to bequeath, fr. lex, law: 
see Legal.]— Leg'atee', -te', n. One to whom a leg- 
acy is bequeathed. — Leg'ator', -t6r',w. One who 
bequeaths, etc. 
Legal, le'gal, a. According to, in conformity with, 
created by, or relating to, law; lawful. (Theol.) Ac- 
cording to the law of works, disting. f r. free grace ; 
resting on works for salvation; according to the old 
or Mosaic dispensation. (Laiv.) Governed by rules 
of law as disting. fr. rules of equity. Constitutional; 
legitimate; licit; authorized. [F.f L. legalis, fr. lex, 
legis=~E. law.] — Le'galism, -izm, n. Strictness in 
adhering to law, or trusting to conformity to law. — 
Le'galist, n. One who desires strict adherence to 
law. (Theol.) One who regards conformity to law 
as a ground of salvation.— Legality, -T-tl', n. State 
of being legal; conformity to law. (Theol.) Outward 
conformity to law without inward principle. [F. le- 
gality, L. legalitas.] — Le'galize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), 
-izing.] To make lawful; to authorize; to sanction 
after being done. (Theol.) To interpret in a legal 
spirit. — Le/gally, adv. According to law; lawfully. 
Legate, leg'at, n. An embassador or envoy; esp. the 
pope's embassador to a foreign state. (Mom. Hist.) 
An official assistant to a general or Governor of a 
province; a provincial governor. [OF. legat, L. le- 
gates, p. p. of legare, to appoint, send, fr. lex, law: 
see Legal.] — Leg'ateship, n. Office of a legate. — 
Leg'atine, -tin, a. Pert, to, made by, or proceeding 
from, a legate. — Lega'tion, n. The commission- 
ing one person to act for another; a legate, or envoy, 
and the persons associated with him in Ms mission; 
the official residence of a diplomatic minister at a 
foreign court. [F.] 
Legatee, Legator. See under Legacy. 
Legend, legend or lej'end, n. A chronicle of the 
lives of saints, formerly read at matins ; a story re- 
specting saints, esp., one of a marvelous nature; any 
remarkable story handed down from early times ; 
an inscription or motto, as on a coat of arms. [OF. 
legrnde, LL. legenda, neut. pi. of fut. pas. p. of legere, 
ledum, to read, orig. to gather, Gr. legein, to collect, 
speak, tell ; s. rt. legion, lection, legume, lesson, col- 
lect, elegant, sacrilege, lexicon, dialect, logic, etc.] — 
Leg'endary, -a-rl, a. Consisting of, or like, legends; 
strange; fabulous; exaggerated; extravagant. — Leg r - 
ible, -T-bl, a. Capable of being read, or of being dis- 
covered by apparent indications. — Legibly, adv. 
— Leglbleness, -ibillty, n. 
Leger. See Ledger. 

Leger, lej'er, a. Light; slender; slight; unimportant; 
trifling. [F.; L. levis. See Levity.] — Leger line. 
(3fus.) A line added above or below the s_taff to ex- 
tend its compass. — Leg / erdemain / ', -de-man', n. A 
trick performed with such adroitness as to elude 
observation ; sleight of hand. [F., light of hand ; 
main = L. manus, hand.] 
Legged, Legging. See under Leg. 
Legible, Legibility, etc. See under Legend. 
Legion, le'jun, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of infantry, 
consisting of from 3,000 to 5,000 men ; a military 
force ; a great number ; multitude. TOF. ; L. legio, 
-onis, fr. legere. See Legend.] — Le'gionary, -a-rl, 
a. Relating to, or consisting of, etc. ; containing 
a great number. — n. A soldier of a legion. 
Legislate, lej'is-lat, v. i. To enact a law or laws. [L. 
lex, law (see Legal), and latum, supine of ferre, to 
bear, but for tlatum; s. rt. tolerate, q. v.] — Legis- 
la'tion, n. Act of legislating, or enacting laws. — 
Leg'isla'tive, -tiv, a. Giving laws ; pert, to the en- 
acting of laws; done by enacting. — Legislatively, 



sfin. cube, full ; moon, fobt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN. chair, get. 



LEGUME 



320 



LESS 



adv. — Legislator, -ter, n. A lawgiver; one who 
makes laws for a state or community; member of a 
legislative assembly. [L.] — Legislature, -chur, n. 
The body of men in a state empowered to make and 
repeal laws. — Le'gist, n. One skilled in the laws. 
[OF. legiste, LL. legista.] — Legitimate, -jit'I-mat, 
a. Accordant with law ; lawfuLly begotten or born; 
genuine ; real ; following by logical or natural se- 
quence ; in accordance with established law; ac- 
knowledged as conforming to a rule or standard. — 
v. t. To make lawful, legalize; to render legitimate; 
to communicate the rights of a legitimate child to 
one illegitimate. [LL. legitimare, -matum, to declare 
to be lawful, fr. legitimes, pert, to law.] — Legiti- 
mately, adv. —Legitimateness, -imacy, -T-ma-sT, n. 
Accordance with law; lawfulness of birth; genuine- 
ness, or reality; logical sequence or validity; accord- 
ance of an action or institution with established law. 

— Legit'ima'tion, n. Act of rendering legitimate.— 
Legitlmatist, -imist, n. A believer in the sacred- 
ness of hereditary monarchy; in France, an adherent 
of the elder branch of the Bourbon family, deposed 
in 1830.— Legitimize, v. t. [-MizED(-mIzd),-MiziNG.] 
To legitimate. 

Legume^ leg'um or le-gum', n. {Bot.) A simple pod, 
which splits into 2 parts (by the ventral 
and dorsal sutures) and has the seeds at- 
tached at the ventral suture, as of the pea 
or bean. pi. The fruit of leguminous plants 
of the pea kind; pulse. [F.; L. legumen, fr. 
legere, to gather (see Legend), — because 
they may be gathered without cutting.] — 
Legu'minous, -mi-nus, a. Pert, to, or con- 
sisting of, pulse. {Bot.) Bearing legumes, 
as seed-vessels. 

Leisure, le'zhur, n. Freedom from occupa- 
tion or business; vacant time ; convenient 
opportunity ; convenience ; ease. [ME. 
leyser, OF. leisir, orig. an infinitive = L. 
licere, to be permitted ; s. rt. license, q. v.] Legume 

— Lei' surely, a. Exhibiting, or employ- s 
ing, leisure; deliberate; slow. — adv. Slowly. 

Lemma, lein'ma, n. ; L. pi. -mata, -ma-ta; E. pi. -mas, 
-maz. {Math.) A preliminary proposition demon- 
strated for immediate use in the demonstration of 
some other proposition. [L. and Gr., thing taken 
(for granted), fr. Gr. lambanein, Skr. rabh, to take.] 

Lemming, Leming, lemlning, n. A rodent animal of 
the far north, esp. of Europe, allied to the rat, which 
periodically migrates southward in great swarms. 
[Nbrw. lemende, Sw. lemel, Lapp loumek.] 

Lemon, lemlin, n. A yellowish, oval fruit, with a very 
acid pulp; the tree producing it. [F. limon L Per. and 
Turk, limun, Ar. kiimiw.]- Lern'onade', -ad', n. A 
beverage of lemon-juice and water, sweetened. 

Lemur, le'mur, n. A small nocturnal mammal of 
Madagascar, 
allied to the 
monkey, but 
havi n g a 
sharp, fox- 
like muzzle. 
[L. lemur, 
pi. lemur es, 
ghost, spec- 
ter, — from 
their going 
abroad by 
night. ]- 
Lem'ures, 
-u-rez, n. pi. 
Spirits or 
ghosts of the 
departed ; 
specters. T nr 

Lend, lend, v. Lemur. 

t. [lent, lending.] To grant to another for tem- 
porarv use or on condition of receiving an equiva- 
lent in kind; to loan; to afford, grant, or furnish; to 
let for compensation. [ME. lenen (imp. lende, p. p. 
lend), fr. AS. Isenan, to lend, give, lsen,& loan; s.rt. L. 
linguere, Gr. leipein, Skr. rich, to leave, E. license.] — 
Lend 'or, n. One who lends ; esp. onewho makes a 
business of lending money. —Loan, Ion, n. Act of 
lending ; thing lent; thing furnished on condition 
that the specific thing shall be returned, or its equiv- 
alent in kind; esp. money lent on interest; permis- 
sion to use; grant of the use. — v. t. [loaned (lond), 
loaning.] To lend. — v. i. To lend money or other 
valuable property; to negotiate a loan, — said of the 
lender. 





Length, Lengthen, etc. See under Long. 

Lenient, le'nl-ent, a. Emollient ; softening ; mitiga- 
ting ; acting without rigor or severity ; nvfld ; clem- 
ent; merciful, —n. {Med.) That which softens or 
assuages ; an emollient. [L. leniens, p. pr. of lenire, 
to soften, f r. lenis, mild.] — Le'niently, adv. — Len'- 
itive, -T-tiv, a. Having the quality of mitigating 
(pain or acrimony) ; emollient. — n. {Med.) A 
medicine easing pam ; a mild purgative ; laxative. 
That which tends to allay passion ; a palliative. [OF. 
lenitif.] — Lenity, -1-tt, Le'nience, -ency, -nT-en-sI, 
n. Mildness of temper ; gentleness of treatment ; 
kindness; clemency; mercy. [L. lenitas.] 

Lens, lenz, n. ; pi. Lenses. {Opt.) A piece of glass, 
or other transparent substance, 
ground with 2 opposite regular 
surfaces, used in optical instru- 
ments for changing the direction 
of rays of light, to magnify ob- 
jects or otherwise modify vision : 
of spherical lenses, there a r e 6 
varieties, as shown in section in 
the tigures, viz., a, plano-concave; 
o, double-concave ; c, plano-con- 
vex ; d, double-convex ; e, menis- 
cus ; /, concavo-convex. [L. lens, 
lentis, the lentil, — being shaped 
like its seed.] — Len'tu, n. A ^ e f 
small leguminous plant; its edible T J 

lens-shaped seeds. [OF. lentille, Lenses. 

L. lenticula, dim. of lens.'] — Lentic'ular, a. Like a 
lentil in size or form ; shaped like a double-convex 
lens. — Lentiglnous, -tij^I-nus, a. Freckly ; scurfy; 
furfuraceous. 

Lent, lent, n. A fast of 40 days, from Ash Wednesday 
till Easter, commemorating our Savior's fast. [ME. 
lenten, lent, lent, also the spring, AS. lencten, D. 
lente, spring, pern. fr. AS., D., and G. lang, long, be- 
cause the days lengthen in spring.] — Lent 'en, -n, a. 
Pert, to, or used in, Lent; spare; plain. 

Lentiscus, len-tis'kus, Len'tisk, n. A tree, the mas- 
tich. [F. lentisque, L. lentiscum, f r. lentus, tenacious, 
sticky, — f r. its clammy resin.] 

L'envoy, -voi, laN-vwa/, n. One or more detached 
verses at the end of a literary composition, to convey 
the moral, or to address the poem to a particular per- 
son; a conclusion; result. [F. le, the, and envoy, en- 
voi, a sending, f r. envoyer, to send.] 

Leo, le r o, n. {Astron.) The Lion, the 5th sign of the 
zodiac. [L., a lion, q. v.] — Le'onine, -nin, a. Pert, 
to, or like, a lion. [1. leonin, L. leoninus.] — Leonine 
verse. A kind of verse, the end of which rhymes 
with the middle, — named fr. Leo, or Leoninus, a 
Benedictine and canon of Paris in the 12th century, 
who wrote in this measure. 

Leopard, lep'ard, n. A carnivorous digitigrade mam- 
mal of the genus Felis : it is of a yellow or fawn col- 
or, with numerous black spots, and is found in Asia 
and Africa. [F. ; L. leopardus, Gr. leopardos, fr. 
lean, lion, and pardos, pard, q. v.] 

Leper, lep'er, n. One affected with leprosy. [Prop. 
the disease, not the patient ; F. lepre, L. and Gr. 
lepra, leprosy, f r. Gr. lepros, scaly, scabby, lepos, a 
scale, husk, lepein, to strip, peel, take off the rind ; 
s. rt. leaf, lapidary, limpet.] — Leplosy, -ro-sl, n. 
{Med.) A name applied to several loathsome, incur- 
able cutaneous or tuberculous diseases, esp. one with 
progressive destruction of extremities, etc.; a form 
of elephantiasis. — Lep/rous, -rus, a. Infected with 
leprosy. [OF. lepreux,L. leprosus.] — Lep'rousness, n. 

Leporine, lep'o-rln or -rtn, a. Pert, to, or having the 
nature or qualities of, the hare. [L. leporinus, fr. 
lepus, lepons, hare.] 

Lesion, le'zhun, n. A hurt; injury. {Law.) Loss or 
injury from not receiving a full equivalent for what 
one gives under an inequitable commutative con- 
tract. {Med.) Any morbid change in the exercise of 
functions or texture of organs. [F. ; L. Isesio, f r. Ise- 
dere, Isesum, to hurt, injure.] 

Less, les, a. Smaller ; not so large or great. — adv. 
Not so much; in a smaller or lower degree. — n. A 
smaller portion; the inferior; younger. [AS. Isessa 
(adj.), Ises (adv.), a compar. form of rt. of Goth. las~ 
iws, Ic. lasinn, feeble, 1c. lasna, to become feeble, 
decay ; not s. rt. little.] — LeBB'en, les'n, v. t. 
[-sened (-snd), -sening.] To make less or small- 
er; to reduce in size, quantity, number, or amount, 
diminish in quality, state, or degree, reduce in dig- 
nity, abate, lower, degrade. — v. i. To become less, 
contract, decrease, diminish. [ME. lassen.] — Less 
er, a. Less; smaller ; inferior. — Lest, conj. ni 



That 



am. fame. far. pass or opera, fare ; end. eve. term ; in, ice ; 5dd. tone. 6r 



LESSEE 



321 



LEVITT 



not; for fear that. [For lesthe, corrupt, fr. AS. tea 
dhe in the phrase dhy Ises dhe = for the reason less 
that; not fr. least.] — Least, lest, a. Smallest; little 
beyond others, either in size or degree; of the small- 
est worth or importance. — adv. In the smallest or 
lowest degree. [AS. leesast, Isesest, contr. best.] — At 
least, or at the least. At the lowest estimate, or at 
the smallest concession or claim; however; never- 
theless; yet. — Leasfways, -waz, -wise, -wiz, adv. 
At least; however; at all events. 

Lessee, Lessor. See under Lease. 

Lesson, les'n. n. Anything read or recited to a teach- 
er by a pupii; something assigned to be learned or 
taught at one time; instruction derived from expe- 
rience, observation, or deduction ; a portion of Scrip- 
ture read in divine service; severe lecture; reproof; 
rebuke, —v.t. [lessoned (-nd), -on ing.] To teach, 
instruct. [F. lecon, L. lectio. See Lection.] 

Lest. See under Less. 

Let, let, v. t. [let (letted is obsolete), letting.] 
To give leave or power by a positive act; or, nega- 
tively, to withhold restraint ; not to prevent ; to 
permit, allow, suffer ; to grant possession and use 
for a compensation; to lease,— often followed by 
out. [AS. Uetan, letan.] — To let alone. To leave; 
to suffer to remain without interference. — To I. 
blood. To cause blood to flow (from a vein) ; to 
bleed. — To I. down. To permit to sink or fall, 
lower. — 7b I. drive or fly. To send forth with vio- 
lence. — To I. in or into. To admit; to insert, as a 
piece of wood, into a space formed for the purpose. 

— To I. loose. To suffer to go free. — To I. out. To 
suffer to escape; to extend or loosen, as a rope, or 
the folds of a garment. — To I. off. To discharge, 
cause to explode (a gun); to release (from an en- 
gagement or penalty). 

Let, let, v. t. To retard, hinder, impede. — n. A hin- 
drance; obstacle; delay. [AS. lettan, fr. Iset, slow. 
See Late.] 

Letch, lech, v. t. To leach. See Leach. 

Lethal, le'thal, a. Deadly; mortal; fatal. [L. lethalis, 
fr. letum, death.] — Lethiferous, -er-us, a. Bringing 
death; mortal, [h.ferre, to bring.] 

Lethe, le'the, n. (Or. Myth.) One of the rivers of 
hell, causing forgetfulness of all that was past to 
those who drank of it. Oblivion; a draught of ob- 
livion ; forgetfulness. [L. and Gr., name of the 
river, also oblivion, fr. Gr. lanthanein, to lie hid. 
See Latent.] — Lethe'an, a. Inducing forgetful- 
ness. — Leth'argy, -ar-ji, n. Preternatural sleepi- 
ness ; morbid drowsiness ; dullness ; inattention ; 
apathy. [OF. lethargie, L. and Gr. lethargia.] — 
Lethar'gic, -gical, a. Given to, like, pert, to, or 
caused by, etc. 

Letter, let'ter, n. A mark or character, used as the 
representative of an articulate elementary sound; a 
written message ; epistle; mere verbal expression; 
literal meaning; exact signification. (Print.) A char- 
acter formed of metal or wood, used in printing ; 
type used for printing, — spoken of collectively, pi. 
Learning; erudition.— v. t. [lettered (-terd), -ter- 
ing.] To impress or mark with letters. [ME. and 
F. lettre, L. litera, littera, f r. linere, litum, to besmear, 

— i.e., smeared on parchment, not engraved on wood, 
etc. See Liniment.] — Leftered, -terd, a. Literate; 
educated; pert, to learning ; furnished, marked, or 
designated with letters. — Leftering, n. Act of im- 
pressing letters; letters impressed. — Let'ter-book, 
n. A book in which to enter copies or memoranda 
of letters. — car'rier, n. One who delivers letters at 
bouses ; a postman. — found'er, re. One who casts 
letters; a type-founder. — press, n. Print; reading 
matter, - disting, fr. plates or engravings. (Print.) 
Any work printed directly from type, — disting. fr. 
that printed from plates. 

Lettuce, leftis, n. A lactiferous plant, of many vari- 
eties, the slightly narcotic leaves of which are used 
as salad, etc. [L. lactuca, fr. lac, milk, fr. the milky 
white juice which flows from it when cut.] 

Leucorrhoea, lu-kor-re'a, re. (Med.) Fluor albus; the 
whites; a morbid discharge of white, yellowish, or 
greenish mucus, from the vagina. [Gr. teukos, white, 
and rhein, to flow.] 

Levant, lev'ant, a. Eastern. — Levant', n. The 
countries of Turkey, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, 
Egypt, etc., washed Dy the eastern part of the Med- 
iterranean. — v. i. To abscond, decamp mysterious- 
ly, — fr. reports spread that absconders had gone to 
the Levant. [It. leva.nte, east wind, eastern region, 
fr. L. levans, p. pr. of levare, to raise, se levare, to 
rise, f r. levis, light. See Levity.] — Levant'er, n. 



A strong easterly wind in the Mediterranean ; one 
who runs away without paying wagers he has lost, 
or otherwise runs away disgracefully. — Levantine, 
le-vant'In or lev'ant-In, a. Pert, to the Levant. — 
n. A native or inhabitant of the Levant; a kind of 
silk cloth. 

Levee, lev'e or le-ve', re. A morning reception or as- 
sembly of visitors; any general gathering of guests; 
a bank or causeway, esp. along a river, to prevent in- 
undation. [F. leve'e, fr. lever, to raise, se lever, to 
rise, fr. L. levare. See Levant.] — Lev'y, -T, v. t. 
[levied (-id), -ying.] To raise, collect, — said of 
troops, to form into an army; to impose; to raise by 
assessment. (Law.) To gather or exact; to erect, 
build, or set up ; to attach specific property for a 
debt, seize on execution. — n. Act of taking by au- 
thority or force for public service, as troops, taxes, 
etc.; thing levied, as an army, tribute, etc. (Law.) 
The seizure of property on executions to satisfy 
judgments, or on warrants for the collection of 
taxes; a collecting by execution. [Same as levee.'] — 
To levy war. To begin, make, or assist in making 
war; to take arms for attack; to attack. — Levy in 
mass. A requisition of all able-bodied men for mil- 
itary service. [F. Iev4e en masse.] — Leviable, a. 

Level, lev'el, a. Not having one part higher than 
another ; even ; flat ; smooth ; horizontal ; of the 
same height with anything else ; equal in rank or 
degree.— v.t. [leveled (-eld), -eling.] To make 
smooth, even, or horizontal ; to bring to the same 
height with something else, lay flat, reduce to an 
even surface or plane, or to equality of condition, 
state, or degree; to point, in taking aim; to direct, 
utter; to adapt to the capacity of . — v.i. To aim; 
to direct the view or purpose. — n. A line or plane 
everywhere parallel to the surface of stiil water, — a 
curve, the center of which coincides with the earth's 
center; a horizontal line or surface ; a smooth or 
even line, plane, or surface; equal elevation with 
something else; degree of energy, intensity, or at- 
tainment; rate; standard; quiet conditions position 
of rest; rule : plan; a, 

scheme; line of direc- 
tion in which a mis- 
sive weapon is aimed. 
(Mech.) An 
ment by which to 1 
a horizontal line, 
adjust something 
reference to su 

iiontiSrv £ na* f> ** M ° r air le ^ b - "^ 
lzontal gallerj 01 pas- foot level carpenter'* level; 

sage in a mine at a d< mason - s i eve i. 
given depth ; a drain- 
age adit or drift. [OF. livel, L. Ifliella, dim. of libra, 
a balance. See Libra.] — Lev'elor, n. One who lev- 
els or makes even; one who attempts to destroy dis- 
tinctions, and reduce to equality. — Lev'eling, n. 
Reduction of uneven surfaces to a plane. (Survey- 
ing.) Art or operation of ascertaining the differences 
of level between points of the earth's surface in- 
cluded in a survey. — Lev'elness, n. 

Lever, leaver or lev'er, n. (Mech.) A bar used over or 
against a fulcrum, to exert a pressure, overcome re- 
sistance, or sustain a weight. See Mechanical Pow- 
ers. [F. leveur, L. levator, fr. levare, to lift. See 
Levity.] — Lev'erage, -ej, n. Action of a lever; me- 
chanical advantage gained by the use of, etc. 

Leveret, lev'er-et, n. A hare in the first year of its 
age. [OF. levrault, dim. fr. L. lepus, leporis, a hare.] 

Leviathan, le-vi'a-than, n. An aquatic animal, de- 
scribed in the book of Job, Psalms, etc.; a crocodile, 
whale, or other aquatic monster. [Heb. livyath&n, 
prop, an animal twisted in curves, fr. Ar. lawa' , to 
bend, twist.] 

Levigate, lev'T-gat, v,. t. To rub or grind to fine 
powder ; to comminute ; to polish. [L. levigare, 
levigatum, fr. levis, smooth. See Levity.] — Levi- 
ga'tion, n. 

Levite, le'vit, n. (Jewish Hist.) One of the tribe or 
family, or a descendant, of Levi; esp., one not in the 
priesthood, but employed in certain subordinate du- 
ties of the tabernacle, and afterward the temple. — 
Levit'ical, -vifik-al, a. Belonging, or relating, to 
the Levites. — Leritical degrees. Degrees of relation- 
ship named in Leviticus, within which marriage is 
forbidden. — Levit'icus. n. The 3d book of the Old 
Testament, containing the laws which relate to the 
priests and Levites among the Jews. 

Levity, lev'Y-tY, n. Want of weight in a body, com- 
pared with another that is heavier; lightness; buoy, 



i mis- 

m± L JK 

i c h a <L S \ Z_L 2A 



sun, cfil<e, full ; moon, f 6t)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



LEVY 



32fc 



LICEflTSLi 



ancy; frivolity; vanity; lightness of temper or con- 
duct; want of seriousness; disposition to trifle; in- 
constancy; volatility; flightiness. [L. levitas, fr. levis 
= E. light, q. v.T. 

Levy. See under Levee. 

Lewd, lud, o. Given to the unlawful indulgence of 
lust; eager for sexual indulgence; proceeding from 
or expressing lust; libidinous; profligate; dissolute; 
lascivious; lecherous. [AS. Isewed, lay, pert, to the 
people, also debilitated, enfeebled.] — Lewd'ly, adv. 
— Lewd'ness, n. 

Lewis, lu'is, Lew'isson, n. An iron clamp dove-tailed 
into a large stone to lift it by. 

Lexicon, leks't-kon, n. A vocabulary, 
or book containing the words in a 
language, with definitions ; a dic- 
tionary ; esp. one of a foreign lan- 
guage, with Eng. definitions. [Gr., 
prop. neut. of lexikos, of or for words, 



fr. lexis, a saying, legein, to speak. 
See Legend.] — Lex'ical, a. Pert. 




Lewis. 



to a lexicon, or to lexicography; set- 
tled by lexicography.— Lex'icog'ra- 
phy, -ra-fY, n. Act or art of compos- 
ing dictionaries ; principles in ac- 
cordance with which dictionaries should be con- 
structed. [Gr. graphein, to write.] — Lexicogra- 
pher, -ra-fer. n. The author or compiler of a dic- 
tionary. — Lex'icagraph'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to the 
writing of a dictionary. — Lexicol'ogy, n. Science 
of the derivation and signification of words. [Gr. 
logos, discourse.] 

Ley, li, n. Alkaline water: see Lye. 

Ley, le. A meadow: see Lea. 

Leydenjar, li'- or la'dn-j&r, -phial, -fi'al, n. (Elec.) 
A glass jar so coated inside and out that it may be 
charged with electricity, — invented in Leyden, Hol- 
land. 

Leze-majesty, lez-maj'es-tY, rt. (Law.) Any crime 
against the sovereign power. [For F. (crime de) lese- 
majeste", L. (crimen) Iwsse majestatis; tsedere, Isesum, 
to hurt; majestas, -tatis, majesty.] 

Li, le, n. A Chinese measure of length, — more than 
1-M of a mile ; a Chinese copper coin, a cash = l-10th 
of a cent. 

Liable, li'a-bl, a. Obliged in law or equity; answer- 
able ; accountable ; responsible ; bound ; subject ; 
exposed, — used with reference to evils. [F. lier, L. 
ligare, to tie, bind. See Ligate.] — Li'ableness, 
Liability, n. State of being, etc.; responsibility; 
tendency; a state of being subject, pi. That which 
one is under obligation to pay; debts. — Liaison, le- 
a-zawN', n. An intimacy; esp.. an illicit intimacy 
between a man and a woman. (_F., fr. lier.] — Liana, 
le-a'na, Liane, le-an', n. A luxurious woody creeper, 
of tropical forests. [Sp. liana, fr. liai; F. liane, fr. 
lier, — both fr. L. ligare.] 

Liar. See under Lie. 

Libation, li-ba'shun, a. Act of pouring a liquor, usu- 
ally wine, on the ground, or on a victim in sacrifice, 
in honor of some deity; wine poured out in honor 
of a deity. [F.; L. ifbatio, fr. libare, -batum, Gr. 
leibein, to pour out; prob. s. rt. Skr. ri, to distill, 
drop, £. liquid, rivulet.] 

Libel, li'bel, w. (Law.) A defamatory writing; pub- 
lished defamation ; lampoon ; satire. (Civil Law 
and Courts of Admiralty.) A written declaration 
by the plaintiff of his cause of action, and of the re- 
lief he seeks. Crime of publishing a defamatory 
writing. — v. t. [libeled (-beld), -beling.] To de- 
fame or expose to public hatred and contempt by a 
writing, picture, sign, etc. (Law.) To proceed 
against by filing a libel, esp. against a ship or goods. 
[L. libellus. a little book, pamphlet, dim. of liber, a 
book, —used in the phrase libellus famosus, a de- 
famatory pamphlet.] — Li 'belant, n. (Law.) One 
who libels; one who brings a libel or institutes a 
suit in an ecclesiastical or admiralty court. — Li'bel- 
er, n. One who defames. — Libelous, -us, a. De- 
famatory. 

Liberal, lib'Sr-al, a. Free by birth; refined; befitting 
a freeman or gentleman; bestowing with a free 
hand; open-hearted; not narrow in mind; catholic; 
bountiful, — said of a gift; profuse; not restricted; 
not bound by orthodox or established tenets in po- 
litical or religious philosophy ; friendly to great 
freedom in the forms of administration of govern- 
ment; not strict or literal. — n. One who advocates 
freedom from restraint, esp. in political or religious 
matters. [OF.; L. Uheralis ; fr. liber, free, orig. acting 
at pleasure; s. rt. L.. libet, lubet, it pleases, is one's 



pleasure, Skr. lubh, to desire, covet, E. liefS] —Liberal 
arts. Such as depend more on exertion ot the mind 
than on labor of the hands, as grammar, rhetoric, 
painting, sculpture, architecture, music— Lib'eral- 
ism, -izm, n. Liberal principles or feelings; freedom 
from narrowness or bigotry, esp. in religion or poli- 
tics. — Lib'eralist, n. A liberal.— Liberality, -Y-tY, n. 
Munificence: bounty; act of generosity; donation; 
gratuity; largeness of mind; catholicity; candor ; 
impartiality. [F. liberality, L. liberalitas.] — Lib'- 
eulize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To render lib- 
eral or catholic, free from narrow views or preju- 
dices, enlarge. — Lib'erally, adv. In a liberal man- 
ner; generously; with regard to other interests than 
one's own; with enlarged views; freely; not literally. 
— Lib'erate, -er-at, v. t. To release from restraint, 
set at liberty, deliver, free, manumit; disengage. [L. 
liber-are, -atum, f r. liber.] — Liberation, n. Act of de- 
livering, or state of being delivered, from restraint, 
confinement, or slavery. — Lib'era'tor, -ter, n. One 
who, etc. — Lib'ertine, -tin, n. (Rom. Antiq.) One 
manumitted, or set free from servitude ; a freedman. 
One free from restraint; one who leads a dissolute, 
licentious life; a rake; debauchee; a skeptic; free- 
thinker. — a. Free from restraint; uncontrolled; 
dissolute; licentious. [L. libertinus, fr. libertus, a 
freedman.] — Lib'ertinism, -izm, n. Conduct of a 
libertine; debauchery; lewdness; licentiousness of 
principle or opinion. —Lib'' erty, -Sr-tY, n. State of 
one who is free; ability to do as one pleases; permis- 
sion granted; leave; privilege; immunity enjoyed by 
prescription or by grant; place within which certain 
privileges or immunities are enjoyed, or jurisdiction 
is exercised; permission to go about freely within 
certain limits, as in a place of confinement; limits 
within which such freedom or privilege is had; free- 
dom from, or neglect of observance of, the laws of 
etiquette, propriety, or courtesy; power of choice; 
freedom from compulsion or constraint. [ME. and 
OF. liberte, L. libertas.] — Libidinous, -Y-nus, a. 
Eager for sexual indulgence; fitted to excite lustful 
desire; lewd; lascivious; unchaste; licentious; sala- 
cious. [F. libidineux, L. libidinosus, fr. libido, libidi- 
nis, pleasure, desire, lust, fr. libet, it pleases.] — Li- 
bid'inously, adv. — Libid'inousness, n. 

Libra, li'bra, n. (Astron.) The Balance ; the 7th sign 
in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal 
equinox in September. [L., a balance, also a pound 
of 12 ounces, Gr. litra, a pound, a coin; s. rt. F. litre, 
a liter, q. v., E. level, deliberate, equilibrium,, etc.] — 
Li'brate, -brat, v. t. To poise, balance, hold in or 
bring to an equipoise. — v. i. To move, as a balance, 
oscillate ; to be poised. [L. librare, libratum, fr 
libra.] — Libra' tion, n. Act of librating or balan 
cing, or state of being balanced. (Astron.) A real 
or apparent libratory motion, like that of a balance 
before coming to rest. — Libration of the moon. One 
of certain small periodical changes in the position 
of the moon's surface relatively to the earth, render- 
ing narrow portions at opposite limbs visible or in- 
visible alternately. — Li'bratory, -to-rY, a. Balan- 
cing; moving like a balance, as it tends to a level. 

Library, li'bra-rY, n. A collection of books; an edifice 
or apartment appropriated to books. [ME. and F. li- 
brairie, L. librarium, a bookcase, neut. of librarius, 
pert, to books, fr. liber, a book, orig. bark of a tree, 
used for writing material; prob. s. rt. Gr. lepis, a 
scale, E. leaf] — Libra'rian, -rY-an, n. One who has 
care of a library. — Libra'rianship, n. Office of a 
librarian. — Libret'to, n. ; pi. -xos, -toz. (Mus.) A 
book containing the words of an opera or extended 
piece of music; the words themselves. [It., dim. of 
libro = L. liber.] 

Lice. See Louse. 

License, li'sens, n. Authority or liberty to do or for- 
bear any act; esp., formal permission from proper 
authorities to perform certain acts; written docu- 
ment by which permission is conferred; excess of 
liberty; exorbitant freedom; disregard of law or pro- 
priety; liberty taken by a poet or artist, —v. t. [li- 
censed (-senst), -censing.] To permit by grant of 
authority; to authorize to act in a particular charac- 
ter; to tolerate, permit. [F. licence,\j. licentia, free- 
dom to act, fr. licere, to be allowable, orig. to be left 
free; s. rt. L. linquere, Gr. leipein, Skr. rich, to leave, 
E. leisure, illicit, delinquent, relic, ellipse, eclipse ; prob. 
not s. rt. leave.] — Licensee', -se', n. (Law.) One to 
whom a license is given. — Li'censer, n. — Licen'ti- 
ate, -sen'shY-at, n. One who has a license to exer- 
cise a profession. [LL. licentiatus, f r. licentiare, to 
license.] — Licen'tious, -shus, a. Using license; in- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 5r ; 



LICHEN 



323 



LIFT 



dulging too great freedom ; unrestrained by law or 
morality; uncontrolled: ungovernable; wanton; dis- 
solute ; immoral.— Licen'tiously, adv.— Licen'tious- 
ness. re. 

Lichen, li'ken or lich'en, n. One of an order of cel- 
lular, flowerless plants, having no distinction of leaf 
and stem, growing on rocks, trees, etc., in the form 
of thin crusts, leaf-like expansions, or miniature 
shrubs. (Med.) A cutaneous eruption, attended 
with tingling and pricking. [L.; Gr. leichen, prob. 
fr. leichein, to lick, q. v.] 

Lick, lik, v. t. [licked (likt), licking.] To pass or 
draw the tongue over; to lap, take in by the tongue. 
— n. A place where salt is deposited from springs, 
resorted to by animals, which lick the surface to ob- 
tain the salt." [AS. liccian, D. likken, L. lingere, Gr. 
leichein, Skr. hh ; s. rt. lecher.'] — Lick'ing, re. Act 
of, etc. — Lick'spit'tle, n. An abject flatterer.— 
Lick'erish, a. Nice in the choice of food; dainty; 
eager or greedv to swallow or taste; tempting the 
appetite. [SeeXECHER.] 

Lick, lik, v. t. To strike repeatedly for punishment; 
to flog, beat, whip, castigate. — re. A blow. [W. 
Uach, a slap, Uachio, to slap.]— Lick'ing, n. A beating. 

Licorice, lik'o-ris, re. (Bot.) A hardy, herbaceous 
plant ; its sweet, mucilaginous root, used dry for 
chewing, and in porter-brewing and medicinal com- 
positions; a sweet, dark-colored, inspissated extract 
of the root of this plant, used as a remedy for coughs 
or colds. [OF.; L. liquiritia, corrupt, fr. glycyrrhiza, 
Gr. glukurrhiza, name of the plant, fr. glukus, sweet, 
and rhiza, root.] 

Lictor, lik'ter, n. (Rom. Antiq.) An officer who at- 
tended the magistrates with ax and fasces, as en- 
signs of office. [L., f r. ligare, to bind, — peril, f r. 
the fasces, bound together; perh. fr. his binding cul- 
prits.] 

Lid, lid, re. A movable cover, as of a vessel or box; 
cover of the eyes; eyelid. [D. and MHG. lid, AS. 
hlid, fr. hlidan, to cover.] 

Lie. li, re. Water impregnated with alkali. See Lye. 

Lie. li, re. A criminal falsehood; willful deceit; an in- 
tentional violation of truth : anything which mis- 
leads, as false doctrine, etc.— v. i. [lied (lid), ly- 
ing.] To utter falsehood with an intention to de- 
ceive; to say or do anything with intent to deceive. 
[ME. lyen, AS. Uogan^to lie, lyge, a lie.] — To give the 
he to. To charge with falsehood. — Li'ar, n. One 
who. etc. — Ly'ing, a. Addicted to, etc. — re. The 
practice of, etc. — Ly'ingly, adv. 

Lie. li, v. i. [imp. lay (la), p. p. lain (Ian) or obs. 
lien (li'en), lying.] To rest extended, as on the 
ground, bed, or couch; to be in a horizontal position; 
to be situated; to abide, remain; to belong, pertain, 
consist; to lodge, sleep; to weigh, press. (Laiv.) To 
be capable of being maintained. [ME. liggen, lien 
'imp. lei, lay, p. p. teien, lain), AS. licgan (i — 
3. p. legen), Ic. liggja (imp. la, p. p. leginn): 



(imp. lei, lay, p. p. teien, lain), AS. licgon (imp. Iseg. 
p. p. legen), Ic. liggja (imp. la, p. p. leginn); s. rt. L. 
lectus. Gr. lechos, abed, E. law, q. v., lay, q. v.] — To 
lie at the heart. To be an object of affection, desire, 
or anxiety. — To I. dozen. To lay the body on the 
ground, bed, etc., go to rest. — To I. in. To be in 
child-bed, bring forth young. — To I. on one's hands, j 
To remain unsold, unoccupied, or unemployed; to 
be tedious. — To I. to. (Naut.) To be checked or 
stopped, either by counterbracing the yards or tak- 
ing in sail, — said of a vessel. 

Lief, lef, adv. Gladly; willingly; freely, — used in the 
phrase, I had as lief go as riot. [ME. and D.; AS. 
leof, dear, beloved; s. rt. L. libet, Ivbet, it pleases, 
Skr. luhh, to desire, E. love, leave, liberal, deliver, I 
perh. clever.} 

Liege, lej, a. Bound by a feudal tenure; subject; en- I 
forcing allegiance: sovereign. — n. One who owes 
allegiance; a vassal; liegeman; a lord or superior: 
sovereign. [ME. lege, OF. lige, loyal, OHG. lidic, j 
free, ong. free to go where one pleases, fr. lidan, AS. 
lidhan, to go, travel.] — Liege'man, n. ; pi. -men. A 
vassal; subject. 

Lien, le'en or li'en, re. (Law.) A legal claim ; a ] 
charge upon real or personal property for the satis- 
faction of some debt or duty. [F.; L. ligamen, a | 
band, tie, ligare, to tie. See Ligate.] 

Lientery, k'en-ter-Y, n. (Med.) A diarrhea, in which ' 
the food is discharged with but little change [Gr. 
leienteria, fr. leios, soft, and enteron, an intestine.] 

Lieu, lu, n. Place; room; stead. [F.; L. locus, place.] ' 
— Lieuten'ant, lu- or lef-ten'ant, n. An officer, civil I 
or military, who supplies the place of an absent su- ! 
perior; a commissioned officer next below a captain i 
in the army, or lieutenant-commander in the navy. 



[ME. & F.; also ME. liefetenaimt ; fr. L. locum tenens, 
holding the place (of another), a deputy.] —Lieuten- 
ant-colonel. An officer next in rank above major, 
and below colonel.— L.-commander. A naval officer in 
rank between a lieutenant and commander. — L.-gen- 
eral. A military officer next above major-general.— 
L.-governor. In U. S., an officer of a State, next in 
ranK to the governor, and, in case of the death, res- 
ignation, or absence of the latter, himself acting as 
governor; in Eng.. a deputy-governor. — Lieuten'- 
antship, -ancy, -an-sT, n. Office or commission of, 
etc.; the body of lieutenants. 

Lieve._ Same as Lief. 

Life, hf, n. ; pi. Lives, livz. Animate existence; vital- 
ity: the time during which this state continues; th" 
present state of existence: sometimes, the perpetual 
existence of the soul in the present and future state; 
external manifestation of life ; manner of living; 
conduct; a person or thing imparting spirit, vigor, 
or enjoyment; animation: vivacity: energy: theliv- 
ingform; reai person or state: a living person; ani- 
mals in general, or considered collectively; narrative 
of a past life: biographical narration: happiness in 
the favor of God; heavenly felicity, disting. fr. eter- 
nal death; position in society: social state; course of 
things; human affairs; that which is dear as one's 
existence; a darling. [ME., AS., Ic, and Sw. lif, 
life, Ic. Ufa, AS. lif an, to remain, live: s. rt. live, 
leave, etc.] — Life'less, a. Dead: deprived of, or des- 
titute of, life; destitute of power, vigor, or spirit; in- 
sipid: tasteless, as liquor: wanting physical energy; 
sluggish: torpid: inert; dull: iriaid: vapid: flat: taste- 
less. — Life'lessly, adv. — Life'lessness, n. — Life'- 
blood, n. The blood necessary to life; vital blood; 
what gives strength and energy. — boat, n. A boat 
of great strength and buoyancy, for preserving lives 
in eases of shipwreck, etc.- — estate, n. An estate that 
continues during the life of the possessor. — giv'ing, 
a. Giving life or spirit; invigorating. — guard, n. A 
guard that attends the person of a prince or other 
high officer; a body-guard. — insur'ance, n. A con- 
tract to pay a certain sum of money on a person's 
death. — like, a. Like a living person; resembling 
life. — presenter, n. An apparatus for preserving 

lives in cases of shipwreck. time, n. The time 

that life continues; duration of life. — Live, liv, v. i. 
[lived (livd), living.] To have life, be animated; 
to pass one's life or time as to habits or constitution; 
to abide, dwell, reside; to continue in existence, re- 
main, last; to enjoy life; to feed, subsist, be nour- 
ished; to be maintained in life, acquire a livelihood. 
(Script.) To be exempt from spiritual death; to be 
inwardlv quickened, and actuated by divine influ- 
ence or faith. — v. t. To spend (one's fife); to act ha- 
bituallv in conformity to. [AS. litian, to remain, 
live, fr. lif. life.] — Liv v er. n. — Liv'ing, a. Having 
life; lively; issuing: continually from the earth; flow- 
ing; producing action, animation, and vigor. — re. 
Means of subsistence; livelihood: act of living, or 
living comfortably; in Eng., the benefice of a cler- 
gyman; one who is, or those who are, alive. — Live, 
liv, a. Having life: full of earnestness; active;con- 
tainingfire; ignited; vivid; bright; glowing, as color. 
[Short for alive = AS. on life; on, in: life, dative case 
of lif.} — Livelihood. -lT-h<56d, n. Means of main- 
taining existence ; support of life ; maintenance. 
[ME. tivelode, lifiode. fr. AS. lif and lad, a way, 
course: see Lode.] — Live'ly, -IT, a. [-lier. -liest.] 
Endowed with or manifesting life; livins: brisk: vi- 
vacious; active; gay; spirited: representing life; life- 
like; strong; bright; vivid: glowins. — adv. With 
strong resemblance of life. "[ME. lyvely. lifely.} — 
Liveliness, re. Quality or state of being lively or 
animated; spirit: appearance of life, animation, or 
spirit; sprightliness; vivacity: smartness: efferves- 
cence, as of liquors. — Livelong, It v'long, a. Long 
in passing; long as life; lasting: entire."" [For life- 
long.} — Live'-oai, n. (Bot.) An evergreen oak 
growing in the Southern States. 

Lift, lift, v. t. To raise, elevate, bring up to a higher 
place; to exalt, improve in fortune, estimation, rank, 
etc.; to cause to swell (with pride), elate. — v.i. To 
exert strength for the purpose of raising something 
heavy; to rise, be raised, seem to rise. — re. Act of 
lifting; thing to be raised: assistance in lifting, and 
in general. A.i elevator; lifter; a rise: degree of ele- 
vation. [ME. liften, Ic. lypta, prop, to raise aloft or 
into the air.Ic. toft, the air, Dan. and Sw. loft, a loft, 
garret, orig. the air.] — To lift up the eyes. To look, 
raise the eyes.— To I. up the face. To look with confi- 
dence, cheerfulness, and comfort.— T r I. up the voice. 



eiin, cube, full; moon, fdot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boy box. chair, ? „. 



LIFT 



324 



LIKE 




To cry aloud, call out, either in grief or joy.— Dead 
lift. A lift at the utmost disadvantage, as of a dead 
body; an extreme emergency. — Lift er, n. 

Lift, lift, v. t. To take and carry away, remove, steal. 
[Prop. Jiff; Goth. Mi/an, to steal, Jiliftus, a thief; s. rt. 
L. clepere, Gr. klepiein, to steal.] 

Ligate, li'gat, v. t. (Surg.) To tie with a ligature, 
bind around, bandage. [L. ligare. -gat inn, to tie; s. ! 
rt. liable, lirtor, lien, ally, alligation.] — Lig'ament, 
n. Anything that ties or unites one thing to another; 
a bond. (Anat.) A strong, compact membranous or 
tendinous substance connecting the ends of movable 
bones, or holding viscera in place. [F. ; L. ligamen- 
tum.~] —Ligament 'al, -ous, -us, a. Composing, or of 
the nature of, a ligament.— Li'gan, n. (Law.) Goods 
sunk in the sea, with a cork or buoy attached, that 
they may be found again. — Liga'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of 'being, etc.: thing which binds; bond; liga- 
ture. — Lig/ature, -a-chur, n. Anything that binds; 
actof binding: state of being bound; stiffness. (Mus.) 
A band or line connecting notes. (Print.) A double 
character, or a type consisting of 2 or more letters 
united. (Surg.) A string for tying blood-vessels, to 
prevent hemorrhage; a thread or wire used to remove 
tumors, etc.— v. t. To ligate. [F. ; L. ligatura.'] 

Light, lit, n. That agent or force in nature which il- 
luminates objects and renders them visible ; c 
that which furnishes or is a source of light, as 
the sun, a 
•candle, 
light- 
house, 
etc.; the 
med ium 
thro ugh 
-which 
Kght is 

admitted, i \ /"-..•..., SolarRay of Light.separated 

% s a ^i n ~ V ' by a prism into the seven 

dow;llte; 1 primary colors 

rhntwriich <*> P«s m ; c d > spectrum; v, violet; t, indigo; 
makes ** blue; 9< S reen; V' y ellow > °> orange ; r, red. 

clear to the intellect ; mental or spiritual illumi- 
nation ; enlightenment; instruction; information ; 
esp. the source of moral enlightenment ; dawn of 
day; open view; a visible state or condition ; pub- 
licity; a time of prosperity and happiness. (Paint.) 
The manner in which the light strikes upon a pic- 
tare ; the illuminated part of a picture. The point 
of view in which anything is seen, or from which 
instruction or illustration is derived ; one who is 
conspicuous or noteworthy. — a. Not dark or ob- 
scure; bright: clear; white or whitish; not intense 
or very marked. — v. t. [lighted or (less prop.) 
lit ; lighting.] To set fire to, kindle ; to give 
light to, illuminate ; to conduct with a light. [AS. 
leoht, a light, lihtan, to shine ; s. rt. L. lux, lumen, 
light, lima, the moon, Gr. leukos, white, luchnos^ a 
lamp, Skr. rucfi, to shine, also light, splendor, E. 
lucid, lucifer, lea, lusie?; lynx, etc.] — Lighfen, 
lit'n, v. i. [-ENED (-nd), -ening.] To burst forth 
or dart, as lightning; to shine like lightning, flash; 
to grow lighter, become less dark or lowering.— v. t. 
To make light or clear, illuminate, enlighten; to il- 
luminate with knowledge; to free from trouble and 
fill with joy. [AS. leohtan, to illuminate, fr. leoht.] 
— Light'er', n. — Lighfness, n. — Light'some, -sum, 
a. Luminous ; 
not dark. — 
Light'-house,?*. 
A tower bear- 
ing a powerful 
light, to guide 
mariners at 
night. — -ship, 
•ves'sel, n. A 
vessel moored 
and serving as 
a light-house.— 
-keep'er, n. One 
in charge of a 
light-house, 
light-ship, etc., 
and its illumin- 
ating appara- ; 
tus. — wood, w. 
Resinous wood, 
which kindles 
quickly and 
makes a brig; 




Light-house. 



blaze. —Lightening, n. A discharge of atmospheric 
electricity, accompanied by a vivid flash of light. — 
Light'ning-rod, n. An insulated metallic rod erected 
to protect buildings, vessels, etc., from lightning. 
Light, lit, a. Having little weight ; not heavy ; easy 
to be lifted, borne, or carried, or to be suffered or 
performed, or to be digested; containing little nutri- 
ment ; armed with weapons of little weight ; clear 
of impediments; active; nimble; not deeply laden; 
not sufficiently ballasted ; slight ; trifling ; not im- 
portant; not dense ; not gross ; inconsiderable ; not 
strong; moderate; easy to admit influence; inconsid- 
erate ; unsettled; volatile; wanting dignity or solidi- 
ty; trifling; gay; airy; wanton; unchaste; not of legal 
weight; diminished; loose; sandy: easily pulverized; 
dizzy. [Light is used in the formation of many com- 
pounds of obvious signification ; as, light-armed, 
light-bodied, light-spirited, etc.] [AS. leoht, Goth. 
leihts; s. rt. Gr. elachus, L. levis, Skr. laghu, light, 
Skr. rangh, to move swiftly, langh, to jump over, Ir. 
lingim, to spring, bound, E. levant, lever, levity, al- 
leviate, etc.] — To make light of. To treat as of little 
consequence ; slight ; disregard. — Lightly, adv. 
With little weight; without deep impression ; with- 
out dejection ; cheerfully ; with little effort or diffi- 
culty; easily ; readily ; without reason; wantonly ; 
nimbly ; with agility ; with levity ; without care.— 
Light'ness, ht'nes, n. Want of weight ; inconstan- 
cy ; levity ; wantonness ; lewdness ; agility ; ease ; 
facility. — Light'en, lifn, v. t. To make lighter, 
or less heavy ; to reduce in weight ; to make less 
burdensome or afflictive ; to cheer, exhilarate. — 
Light'er, Ht'er, n. One who, or that which, etc. 
(Naut.) A barge used in lightening or unloading 
ships, also, in loading them. [D. ligter, fr. ligt, 
light.] — Lighferman, n. One who manages or is 
employed on a lighter ; a boatman. — LightB, n. pi. 
The lungs; the organs of breathing, esp. in birds and 
in brutes. [AS. dha lihtan, the light things, — so 
called fr. their lightness.] — Lighf-brain, n. An 

empty-headed or weak-minded person. fin'gered, 

a. Dextrous in taking and conveying away ; ad- 
dicted to petty thefts. — foot'ed, a. Having a light, 
springy step; nimble with the feet; active. — hand'- 
ed, a. (Naut.) Not having a full complement of 
men. — head'ed, a. Disordered in the head ; dizzy; 
delirious ; thoughtless; heedless; volatile. — heart'- 
ed, a. Free from grief or anxiety; gay; cheerful ; 
merry. — in'fantry, n. (Mil.) A body of foot soldiers, 
trained for rapid evolutions. niind'ed, a. Unset- 
tled; unsteady; volatile. 
Light, lit, v. i. [lighted or (less prop.) lit, light- 
ing.] To come to by chance ; happen to find, fall ; 
to stoop from flight, settle, rest; to alight. [Same as 
alight, fr. light, not heavy.] 
Lignaloes, lin-aKoz or lig-naKoz, n. Aloes-wood, prop, 
the agailochum, a tree of India, "whose decaying 
timber develops a fragrant oil. [L. lignum aloes = 
Gr. xulaloe ; L. lignum (Gr. xulon), wood; L. and Gr. 
aloe, aloe, q. v.] — Lig'neous, -ne-us, a. Made of, 
consisting of, or resembling, wood; woody. [L. lig- 
neus, f r. lignum.] — Lig'nify, -nl-fi, v. t. [-fied (.-fid), 
-fying.] To convert or change into wood.— v. i. To 
become wood. [L. facere, to make.] — Lig'nifica'- 
tion, n. Process of becoming or of converting into 
wood, or the hard substance of a vegetable. — Lig'- 
niform, a. Like wood. [L,. forma, form.]— Lig'nine, 
-nin, n. (Chem.) An essential constituent of the 
woody fiber in plants. — Lig^nite, -nit, n. (Min.) 
Mineral coal retaining the texture of the wood from 
which it was formed.— Lig'nose, -nos, a. Ligneous. 
— n. An explosive compound of wood fiber and ni- 
tro-glycerine, q. v.— Lig / num-vi / 'tae, -te, n. A tree of 
tropical America, from which the guaiacum of med- 
icine is procured : its hard wood is used for various 
mechanical purposes. [L., wood of life.] 
Ligure, li'gur or hg^ur, n. A kind of precious stone. 

[L. ligurius, Gr. ligurion.'] 
Like, lik, a. Equal in quantity, quality, or degree ; 
having resemblance ; similar ; likely ; probable ; in- 
clined or disposed to. — n. A counterpart ; an exact 
resemblance; copy. — adv. In a similar manner; in 
a manner becoming ; likely ; probably. [ME. lyk, 
AS. lie, gelic, Dan. lik, lig, Sw. lik, lit. resembling in 
form; AS. lie, OS. and Ic. lik, a form, body ; perh. 
s. rt. Gr. talikos, L. talis, Russ. tolikii, such.] — Had 
like. Had nearly ; came little short of. — Like'ly, 
a. [-lier, -liest.] Worthy of belief ; probable ; 
credible ; having or giving reason to expect, — fol- 
lowed by an infinitive ; well adapted. [ME. likly, 
where the adjectival term. -fy = AS. lie, like ; the 



au. fame, far, pass or «nera, fare ; 6nd, eye, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r 



LIKE 



325 



LINE 



adverbial term, -ly = AS. -lice, fr. lie] — Like'- 
lihood, -lT-h<3od, -liness, n. Appearance of truth or 
reality ; probability ; verisimilitude. — Like'wise, 
-wiz, con.}. In like manner; also; moreover: too. 
[Abbr. for in like wise: see Wise.] — Like'ness, n. 
State of being like ; resemblance ; that which re- 
sembles or copies ; esp. a portrait of a person, or 
picture of a thing ; similarity; parallel; similitude; 
representation. — Lik'en, lik'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), 
-BNUTQ.] To make like; to represent as like or sim- 
ilar ; to compare. [Sw. likna, Dan. ligne, to resem- 
ble, to liken ; Sw. hk, Dan. lig, like.] 

Like, lik, v. t. [liked (likt), liking.] To be pleased 
with in a moderate degree ; to enjoy, — v. i. To be 
pleased; to choose, — n. A liking; fancy; inclination. 
[Fr. like, adj. ; .ME. lyken, AS. Ucian, to please, lit. 
to be suitable for.] — Like'ly, a. Such as may be 
liked; of honorable or excellent qualities. — Like'- 
liness, n. The qualities that please. — Lik'ing, n. 
Inclination ; pleasure ; satisfaction in, or attraction 
toward, some object. 

Lilac, li'lak, n. A shrub of the genus Synnga, a na- 
tive of Persia with fragrant purple or white flowers. 

— a. Of the color of the purple lilac. [Sp. ; Turk. 
leilaq, a lilac, fr. Per. lilaj, Wang, Skr. nili, the in- 
digo plant, ntia, blue.] 

Lilliputian, lil-T-pu'shan, n. One of a diminutive race 
described in Swift's " Voyage to Lilliput ; " a per- 
son of very small size. — a. Of, or pert, to, the 
imaginary island of Lilliput; of very small size; 
pigmy; diminutive; dwarfed. 

Lilt, lilt, v. i. To sing cheerfully, — n. A song tune ; 
song. [Scot.; G. lallen, to sing without words.] 

Lily, lil'T, n. A perennial, herbaceous, bulbous plant 
of many species, having showy white or colored 
flowers, some being very fragrant. [AS. lilie, L. lil- 
ium, Gr. leirion.]— Lily of the valfcy. Convallaria ; 
a stemless perennial with drooping racemes of very 
fragrant white flowers— LiFied, -id, ". Embellished 
with lilies. — Liliaceous, -a'shus, a. Pert, to or like, 
etc. — Lil'y-pad, n. The large floating leaf of the 
water-lily. 

Liman, li'man, n. The deposit of slime at the mouth 
of a river. [F. limon, L. limus, slime. See Lime.] 

Lunation, li-ma'shun, n. Act of filing or polishing. 
[L. limare, -atum, to file, fr. lima, filer] — Li'mature, 
-ma-chur, n. Act of filing; that filed off; filings. 

Limb, lini, n. An extremity of the human body, as the 
arm or leg ; a member; branch of a tree larger than 
a twig ; any thing or person regarded as a part of 
something else. (Bot.) The border or upper spread- 
ing part of a monopetalous corol, or of a petal, or 
sepal; blade, —v. t. [limbed (limd), limbing (limb- 
ing).] To supply with limbs ; to dismember, tear 
oft the limbs of. [AS. lim, Ic. limr, Dan. and Sw. 
lem, a limb, Ic. lim, foliage of a tree, Dan. lime, a, 
twig ; orig. something broken off, AS. lemian, Ic. 
lemju, to break; s. rt. lame. ] — Lim /, ber, n. {Mil.) 
The forward part of a gun-car- 
riage, to which the horses are 
attached, and from which the 
gun is detached (unlimbered) 
when in action. A shaft of a 
carriage. (Naut.) A gutter be- 
side the keelson for bilge-water; 
a board covering such gutter. — 
v. t. [limbered (-berd), -BERING.] 
ber to. [ProvE. limmers, a pair of shafts, f r. AS. lim.] 

Limb, lim, n. (Astron.) The border of the disk of a 
heavenly body, esp. of the sun and moon ; edge of 
a graduated circle in an instrument. [L. limbus, 
border, edge ; s. rt. Skr. lamb, to fall, hang down- 
wards, E. Z«/>.] — Lim'bo, n. (Scholastic Theol.) A 
region bordering on hell. A place of confinement. 
[Fr. L. in limbo, on the border (of hell).] —The limbus 
patrum was considered as a place for the souls of 
good men who lived before the coming of our Savior. 

— L. infantum. A similar place for the souls of un- 
baptized infants. — L. fatuorum. Fools' paradise, a 
receptacle of all vanity and nonsense. 

Limber, of a gun. See under Limb. 

Limber, lim'ber, a. Easily bent ; flexible ; pliant. — 
v. t. [limbered (-berd), -Bering.] To cause to be- 
come limber. [Same as limp, q. v.] — Lim' r berness, n. 

Lime, lim, n. A viscous substance laid on twigs for 
catching birds; bird-lime ; oxide of calcium ; a brit- 
tle, infusible, white, caustic substance obtained by 
calcining limestone, shells, etc., and used in making 
mortar, etc. ; the principal constituent in marble, 
chalk, bones, shells, etc. — v. t. [limed (hind), lim- 
ing.] To smear with a viscous substance; to entan- 




Limber. 
-To attach a lim- 




Lime. 



gle, insnare; to manure with lime; to cement. [AS. 
lim, bitumen, cement, Ic. lim, glue, lime, chalk, 
MHG. lim, bird-lime, L. limus, mud ; s. rt. L. linere, 
to smear, Skr. li, to meet, adhere, E. liquid, rivulet.] 
— Lim'y, -T, a. Covered with, containing, or like 
lime; viscous. — Lime'kiln, -kil, n. A kiln or fur- 
nace in which limestone or shells are burnt to make 
lime.— Lime'' stone, n. Any kind of stone consisting 
largely of carbonate of lime. esp. those varieties used 
in making lime. — Lime'-light, n. A brilliant light 
produced by turning jets of ignited oxygen and hy- 
drogen, or oxygen and coal-gas, upon a ball of quick- 
lime; calcium fight ; Drummond light. — wa'ter, n. 
Water impregnated with lime. 

Lime, lim, n. The European linden tree; the Amer. 
basswood. [Corrup. of line, lind, linden, q. v.] 

Lime, lim, n. A fruit allied to the lemon, but smaller, 
and more intensely sour. [F.; 
Per. limu, a lemon, q. v.] 

Limit, limit, n. That which termi- 
nates, circumscribes, restrains, or 
confines; bound, border, or edge. 
{Logic & Metai/h.) A distinguish- 
ing characteristic ; a differential. 
(Math.) A determinate quantity, 
to which a variable one continu- 
ally approaches, but can never 
go beyond it. — v. t. To bound ; 
set bounds to ; to confine within 
certain bounds ; to restrain ; to 
confine the signification of, de- 
fine exactly. [F. limiter, to limit, 
limite, L. limes, -itis, a limit; s. rt. 
L. limen, a threshold, and prob. limus, transverse.] -^ 
Lim'itable, a. -Lim'itary, -a-n. a. Placed at the 
limit, as a guard; confined within limits ; limited in 
extent, authority, power, etc. — Limita'tion, n. Act 
of, condition of being, or means of, etc.: restraining 
condition ; defining circumstance. (Law.) A cer- 
tain period limited ov statute after which the claim- 
ant shall not enforce his claims by suit. [F.] — T.im '- 
ited, a. Confined within limits; restricted; narrow; 
circumscribed. — Limited liability. Liability re- 
stricted to the value of the shares which one holds 
in a joint-stock company.— Lim 'iter, n. — Limit- 
less, a. Having no limits ; unbounded; boundless. 

Limn, lim, v. t. [limned (limd), lim'ning.] To draw 
or paint; esp. to paint in water colors ; to illuminate 
(books or parchments). TME. limnen, luminen, OF. 
enhiminer, to limn, L. illuminare, to enlighten.] 

Limoges-ware, lT-mozh , 'war, n. One of the enameled 
articles of metal, such as caskets, etc., formerly 
made at Limoges, France. 

Limonite. lim'o-nit, n. Hydrous sesquioxide of iron ; 
brown hematite or bog ore. [F., fr. limon, a lemon, 
fr. its color.] 

Limousine, lT-mdo-sen'', n. An automobile body with 
seats and permanent top like a coupe; also, an auto- 
mobile with such a body. TF.l 

Limp, limp, v. t. [limped (limt) limping.] To halt; 
walk lamely. — n. A halt ; act of limping. [AS. 
lemp-healt, halting, lame, MHG. limphin, to limp.] — 
Limp'or, n. 

Limp, limp, a. Lacking stiffness ; flexible ; limpsy. 
[Ic. limpa, limpness, weakness, Skr. lamba, depend- 
ing, falling, W. llibin, limber, drooping, llipa, limp, 
flabby ; s. rt. limber.] — Limp /, ness, n. — Limp'sy, 
Lim'sy, a. Weak ; flexible ; flimsy. 

Limpet,lim / 'pet, n. An edible gasteropodous univalve 
mollusk, found adhering to rocks. [L. and Gr. lepas.] 

Limpid, lina'pid, a. Characterized by clearness or 
transparency; pellucid; pure; crystal ; translucent. 
[F. limpide, L. limpidus ; s. rt. L. lympha, pure 
water, Gr. lampros, bright, lampein, to shine.] — Lim- 
pidity, -l-ti, Lim'pidness, n. 

Limy. See under Lime. 

Linchpin, linch'pin, ji. A pin to prevent the wheel of 
a carriage from sliding off the axletree. [D. luns, 
LG. lunse, linchpin, AS. lynis, axletree.] 

Linden, lin'den, n. A European tree, having panicles 
of light yellow flowers, and large cordate leaves; in 
Amer., the basswood. [ME., AS., Ic, Dan., and 
Sw. lind, D. and G. linde, the linden, Ic. linr, smooth, 
AS. lidhe, L. lentus, pliant. See Lithe.] 

Line, hn, n. A linen thread or string ; any slender 
strong cord or rope : a thread-like mark of the pen, 
pencil, or graver. (Math.) That which has length, 
but not breadth or thickness. The exterior limit 
of a figure ; boundary ; contour ; a long thread-like 
mark upon the face or hand ; lineament ; a straight 
row ; a continued series or rank ; supply of a vari- 



1, cube, full; moon, f 6"6t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, bcNboN, chair, get. 



LINEN 



326 



LIQUEFY 



ety of goods in some department of trade; the num- 
ber of shares taken by a stock broker ; a short let- 
ter, note. Course of conduct, thought, occupation, 
or policy, directed toward an object ; department ; 
ancestry or descendants of a given person ; family 
to which one belongs ; a connected series of pub- 
lic conveyances ; ah established arrangement for 
forwarding merchandise. (Poet.) Averse. (Oeoy.) 
The equator, — usually called the line, or equinoc- 
tial line. (Script.) That which is measured by a 
line or cord ; boundary ; place of abode ; instruc- 
tion, doctrine. (Mach.) Proper adjustment of parts, 
for smooth working. (Mil.) The regular infantry 
of an army. (Fort.) A trench or rampart ; pi. dis- 
positions covering extended positions, and present- 
ing a front in but one direction to an enemy. The 
12th of an inch. — v. t. [lined (llnd), lining.] To 
mark out or cover with lines; to cover on the inside; 
to put inside of ; to place along the side of for de- 
fense; to read or repeat line by line. [AS.; L. linen, 
a cord, prop, fem.of lineus, made of linum, Gr. linon, 
flax ; also F. ligrne, a line, verse, row, fr. the same. 
To line garments, etc., is prop, to put linen within 
them.] — Hard lines. An unfortunate fate ; dis- 
tressing circumstances.— On the line (of sight). At 
the right height, — said of pictures, as hung at ex- 
hibitions. — Linger, n. A vessel belonging to a reg- 
ular line of packets ; in games, a ball sent into the 
field in a straight line from the bat. — Lin'eage, 
lln'e-ej, n. Race ; progeny ; descent in a line from 
a common progenitor. [ME. linage, F. lignage.] 

— Lin'eal, a. Composed of lines ; descending in a 
direct line from an ancestor ; hereditary ; in the 
direction of a line ; pert, to, or ascertained by, a 
line. — Lin'eally, adv. In a direct line. — Lin'ea- 
ment, -e-a-ment, n. The outline of a body or figure, 
esp. of the face ; feature ; form ; mark. [F. ; L. 
lineamentum, fr. lineare, -atum, to draw a hue.] — 
Lin'ear, a. Pert. to, or consisting of, etc. ; in a 
straight direction. — Lin'eate, -e-at, -ated, a. (Bot.) 
Marked longitudinally with depressed parallel lines. 

— Lining, lining, n. The covering of the inner 
surface of anything. 

Linen, lin'en, n. Thread or cloth made of flax; un- 
derclothing, esp. shirts, as being orig. chiefly made 
of linen.— a. Made of, or like, etc. [ME. lin, n., 
linen, adj., AS. lin, flax, linen, fr. L. linum. See 
Line.] _: Linoleum, -le-um, n. A kind of floor- 
cloth made with hardened or oxidized linseed oil. 
£i. linum and oleum, oil.] — 
n'net, n. A small Euro- 
pean singing bird. [F. lin- 
otte, fr. tin, flax, W. llinos, 
f r. llin, — fr. its feeding on 
flax-seed.] — Lin'seed, n. 
Flaxseed.— Lin'sey-wool - 
eey, -si-wcJbl'sT, a. Made 
of linen and wool; of dif- Linnet 

ferent and unsuitable parts; vile; mean. — n. Stuff 
made of linen and wool mixed.— Lint, n. Flax; 
linen raveled, or scraped into a soft substance, and 
used for dressing wounds and sores. 

Ling, ling, n. An edible murine fish, more slender 
than the cod, and having only 2 dorsal fins. [D. leng, 
fr. lang, AS. langa, long.] 

Linger, lin/ger, v. i. [-gered (-gSrd), -gering.] To 
delay, loiter; to be in suspense, hesitate; to remain 
long in any state. [ME. lengen, to tarry, AS. lengan, 
to prolong, put off, fr. lang, long.] — Lin'gerer, n. — 
Lin' gering, n. Adelaying ; tardiness ; protraction. 

Lingerie, laN'zhS-re', n. Linen goods collectively ; 
linen underwear, esp. of women; the clothing of 
linen and cotton with its lace, etc., worn by a 
woman. IF.] 

Lingual, lir/gwal, a. Pert, to the tongue. — n. A let- 
ter pronounced with the tongue. [L. lingua, OL. 
dingua, tongue; s. rt. tongue, language.] — Lin'guist, 
-gwist, n. One skilled in languages. — Linguistic, 
-leal, a. Relating to linguistics, or to the affinities 
of languages. — Linguistics, n. sing. Science of 
languages, or of the origin, signification, and appli- 
cation of words. — Lin'guiform, -gwi-f6rm, a. Of 
the shape of the tongue. [I,, forma, shape.] — Lin'- 
go, n. Language; speech; dialect. — Lin'gua-dent'- 
al, -gwa-dent'al, a. (Pron.) Formed or uttered by 
the joint use of the tongue and teeth, or of the 
tongue and that part of the gum just above the 
front teeth, — n. An articulation pronounced by 
the tongue and teeth.— Lin'gua-Fran'ca, -f ran' ka, 
n. The commercial language of the Levant, — a 
compound of French. Italian, Arabic, etc. 





Liniment, lin't-ment, n. A soft anodyne or stimula- 
ting ointment or embrocation, with which diseased 
parts are rubbed. [F.; L. linimentum, fr. linere, to 
smear; s. rt. liquid.'] 

Lining. See under Line. 

Link, link, n. A single ring of a chain ; anything 
doubled and closed like a link. Anything connect- 
ing or binding one thing to another; any constituent 
part of a connected series. (Mech.) Any interme- 
diate rod or piece transmitting motive power from 
one part of a machine to another. (Surveying.) The 
length of one joint of Gunter's chain = 7.92 inches. 

— v. t. [linked (linkt), linking.] To unite or con- 
nect by something Intervening; to join, couple. — v. 
i. To be connected. [AS. hlence, link of achainjprob. 
s. rt. AS. Mine, hill, boundary, firing, ring, q. v.] — 
Link '-mo'- 
tion, n . 
(S t e a m- 
Eng.) A 
valve gear 
consisting 
of two ec- 
cen t rics 
and their 
rods, so con- 
nected by Link-motion. 

an adjust- 
able piece, called the link, to the valve, as to reverse 
the steam when the engine is in motion. 

Link, link, n. A torch made of tow and pitch. [Cor- 
rupt, of lint in lintstock, old spelling of linstock, a. 
v.] — Link'boy, -man, n. One who carried a torch 
to light passengers. 

Linnsean, -nean, lin-ne'an, a. Pert, to Linnseus, the 
botanist. — Linniean. system. (Bot.) The system iu 
which the classes are founded upon the number of 
stamens, and the orders upon the pistils ; the artifi- 
cial or sexual system. 

Linnet, Linseed, Linsey-woolsey, Lint. See under 
Linen. 

Linotype, lin'o-tip, ?t. (Tyjiog.) (a) A stereotype of a 
line of words cast in a continuous strip, (b) A 
composing machine in which such strips are cast 
from separate molds for each letter, which are ar- 
ranged in line by touching keys. [From line + type.] 

Linstock, lin'stok, n. A pointed or forked staff, to 
hold a lighted match, — used in firing cannon. [D. 
lontstok ; lont, a match, rag ; stok, stick.] 

Lintel, lin'tel, n. (Arch.) A horizontal timber or 
stone over a door, window, etc. [OF.; LL. lintel 'I 'us, 
fr. L. limes, boundary, border. See Limit.] 

Lion, li'un, n. A carnivorous feline mammal of great 
size and strength, found 
in Asia and Africa ; the 
puma of S. America. 
(Astron.) The 5th sign 
in the zodiac, Leo. An 
object of interest and 
curiosity. [OF.; L. leo, 
Gr. leon.~] — Li'oness, n. 
The female of the lion 
kind. — Li onize, v. t. 
[-ized (-izd), -izing.] To 
treat as a lion, or object 
of interest. [Orig. to 
show strangers the lions Lion. 

kept in the Tower of London.] 

Lip, lip, n. One of the 2 fleshy parts composing the 
exterior of the mouth in man and many other ani- 
mals ; the mouth ; organs of speech ; sometimes 
speech itself; the edge of anything, — v. t. [lipped 
(lipt), lipping.] To touch with the lips, kiss ; to 
speak. [AS. lippa, lippe. D. lip, L. labrum, labium, 
Ir. and Per. lab, lip, lit. that which laps or sucks up; 
s. rt. L. lambere. to lick, E. lap, q. v.l 

Liquefy, lik'we-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To 
melt, dissolve ; esp. to melt by the sole agency of 
heat or caloric. — v. i. To become liquid. TF. lique- 
fier, L. liquefacere, fr. liquere (s. rt. Skr. ri, to distill, 
ooze, li, to melt, dissolve, E. rivulet), to be fluid, and 
facere, to make.] — Liq'uefi'able, a.— Liq'uefac'- 
tion, n. Act or operation of, or state of being, etc. 

— Liq'uefa'cient, -shent, n. That which serves to 
liquefy.— Liqualion, n. Act of melting; capacity 
of being melted. (Metal.) Process of separating, 
by a regulated heat, an easily fusible metal from 
one less fusible.— Liques'cent, -kwes'sent, a. Tend- 
ing to become liquid; inclined to melt; melting. [L. 
liquescens, p. pr. of Hquescere, incept, of liquere, to be 
liquid.] — Liq'uid, -wid, a. Having liquidity; fluid 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; in, ice ; odd, tone, 6r ; 



LIQUORICE 



327 



LITMUS 



flowing smoothly or easily; sounding agreeably to 
the ear; pronounoed without harshness. — n. A 'sub- 
stance whose parts change their relative position on 
the slightest pressure and retain no definite form; a 
fluid not aeriform. (Oram.) A letter which has a 
smooth, flowing sound, or which flows smoothly 
after a mute, — in Eng., I, m, n, r. [F. liqukle, L. 
liquidus, f r. liquere.] — Liq'uidam'bar, -ber, n. A 
genus of trees growing in tropical regions, several 
species of which produce a transparent, balsamic 
liquid resin; the resin itself: the inspissated Amer. 
resin is copal, and the Oriental is storax. — Liq'ui- 
date, -wY-dat, v. t. To make liquid; to clear from 
obscurity; to ascertain the precise amount of; to set- 
tle, adjust, pay. [XL. liquidare, -datum, to make 
clear.] — Liquida'tion, n. Act of, etc.; esp. of adjust- 
ing debts. — Liquidity, -Y-tT, n. State of being liq- 
uid; fluidity; quality of being smooth and flowing; 
agreeableness of sound. — Liq'uor, lik'er, n. Any 
liquid or fluid substance; esp. alcoholic or spirituous 
fluid, distilled or fermented; a decoction, solution, 
or tincture. [L., fr. liquere.) — Liqueur, le-ker', n. 
A delicate preparation of distilled spirits, usually 
flavored with fruits and aromatic substances. [F.] 

liquorice. See Licorice. 

Lira, le'ra, n. ; pi. -re, -ra. An Italian coin = 1 
French franc = 19j cents. [It., L. libra, the Roman 
pound.] 

Lisp, lisp, v. i. [lisped (lispt), lisping.] To give s 
or z the sound of th, th, or dh ; to speak imperfectly 
or with hesitation; to make feeble beginnings or im- 
perfect efforts. — v. t. To pronounce with a lisp. — 
n. Habit or act of lisping. [Onomat; AS. wlispian, 
to lisp, wlisp, lisping; s. rt. whisper.] — Lisp'er, n. 

Lisson. See under Lithe. 

List, list, n. The outer edge or selvage of cloth; strip 
of cloth forming the border; a boundary; border. 
(Arch.) A little square molding; fillet, — v. t. To 
sew (strips of cloth) together; to form a border; to 
cover or pack (a crack) with list or with strips of 
cloth; to mark as if with list. [AS. and Sw.; Jc. lista, 
border, selvage.] — List'ing, n. Same as List. — 
Lisfel, n. (Arch.) A fillet. 

List, list, n. A roll; catalogue; register; inventory. — 
v. t. To place in a list or catalogue ; to enroll, en- 
list; to engage in the public service. — v. i. To en- 
list. [F. liste, a roll, catalogue; s. rt. list, a border.] 

List, list, n. A line inclosing or forming the extrem- 
ity of a field of combat ; pi. the ground or field 
inclosed for a race or combat. — v. t. To inclose for 
combat. [OF. lisse.a, tiltyard, LL. licise, barriers, 
palisades, perh. fr. L. Kcium, a thread, girdle.]— To 
enter the lists. To accept a challenge, or engage in 
contest. 

List, list, v. i. To desire, choose, please. [AS. lystan, 
to desire, AS., D., Sw., G. lust, desire. See Lust.] — 
Listless, a. Lit., devoid of desire; weary; not at- 
tending ; indifferent to what is passing; languid; 
indolent. — List'lessly, adv. — Lisflessness, n. 

List, list, n. (Naut.) An inclination to one side, — 
said of a ship. 

List, list. Listen, lis'n, v. i. [listened (-nd), -en- 
ing.] To attend closely with a view to hear; to 
hearken; to yield to advice, obey. [AS. hlystan, fr. 
hlyst, a hearing, the sense of hearing, Ic. hlust, W. 
dust, the ear; s. rt. L. cluere, Gr. kluein, Skr. cru, to 
hear, AS. hlud = E. loud, q. v., also E. lurk.] — 
Lisfener, n. 

Litany, lifa-nY, n. A solemn form of supplications 
for mercy and deliverance, used in public worship; 
esp. the responsive form of general supplication in 
the Book of Common Prayer. [ME. and OF. letanie, 
L. litania, Gr. litaneia, fr. htanein, to pray, lite, 
prayer, entreaty.] 

Liter, li'ter or le r t5r, n. A metric measure of capaci- 
ty^ cubic decimeter=fil. 016 cubic inches, or 2.113 
Amer. pints = (il .027 cubic inches. [F., fr. Gr. litra, 
a silver coin, L. libra, a Roman pound of 12 ounces.] 

Literal, lifer-al, a. According to the letter; real: not 
figurative or metaphorical; following the letter or 
exact words ; not tree ; consisting of, or expressed 
by, letters. [OF.; L. literalis, fr. litera, a letter, q. 
v.] — Lit' orally, adv. According to the primary and 
natural import of words; word by word; exactly. - ~- 
Liberalism, -izm, n. Adherence to the letter; a mode 
of interpreting literally. — Liferalist, n. One who 
adheres to the exact word; an interpreter according 
to the letter. — LiteraPity, n. Quality of being lit- 
eral.— Liberalize, V. t. [-IZED (-Tzd), -IZING.] To 
interpret or put in practice according to the strict 
meaning of the words.— Lit'erary, -5r-a-rY, a. Pert. 



to or connected with literature or men of letters; 
versed or engaged in literature; consisting in letters 
or compositions. [L. literarius.] — Litera'tus, n. ; ph 
-ATI, -ti. A learned man ; man of erudition. [L.] — 
Litterateur, le-ta-ra-tgr', n. One versed in litera- 
ture: a literary man. [F.] — Lit'erate, -Sr-tit, a. In- 
structed in learning and science; learned ; lettered. 

— u. In Eng., one educated, but not having taken 
a university degree ; a literary man. — Litera'tim, 
adv. Letter for letter. [LL.]"— Lit'erature, -5r-a- 
chur, n. Learning ; acquaintance with letters or 
books; the collective body of literary productions; 
the class of writings disti'ng. for beauty of style or 
expression, as poetry, essays, or history; belles-let- 
tres. [F.; L. literatura.] 

Lithe, lith, a. Capable of being easily bent; pliant; 
flexible; limber. [AS. lidhe, gentle, soft, L. lentus, 
pliant, lenis, soft ; s. rt. linden, lenity, relent.] — 
Lithe^ness, n. — Lithe'some, -sum, Lis'som, a. 
Pliant; limber; nimble. 

Lithic, lith'ik, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, stone, esp. 
to stone in the bladder; uric. — re. (Med.) A medi- 
cine preventive of, etc. [Gr. lithos, stone.] — Lith '- 
arge, -arj, n. Semi-crystalline or partially fused yel- 
low or red protoxide of lead, used in glass-making, 
etc. [F.; L. lithargyrus, Gr. litharguros, fr. lithos and 
arguros, silver, — it being obtained in working sil- 
ver-bearing lead-ore.] — Litb/ium, -T-um, n. ( Chem.) 
A very soft metal, — the lightest solid known.— 
Litb/ofrac'teur, -frak'tSr, n. An explosive com- 
pound of nitroglycerine, q. v. [F., fr. Gr. lithos and 
L. y ranger e,fr actum, to break.]— Litb/ograph, -graf, 
v. t. [-graphed (-graft), -graphing.] To trace on 
stone, and transfer to paper, etc., by printing, — n. 
A print from a drawing on stone. [Gr. graphe.in, to 
draw.] — Lithographer, -ra-f er, n. One who practices 
lithography. — Lithographic, -ical, a. Pert, to lith- 
ography; engraved upon, or printed from, stone.— 
Lithographic limestone. (Mm.) A compact fine- 
grained limestone, obtained largely from the Lias 
and Oolite, esp. of Bavaria, used in lithography. — 
Lithog'rapb.y, -f i, n. Art or process of writing or 
drawing upon stone with a greasy composition, and 
of obtaining printed impressions therefrom on a 
lithographic press. — LithoPogy, -jT, n. Science of 
the characteristics and classification of rocks. (Med.) 
A treatise on stones found in the body. [Gr. logos, 
discourse.]— Lithologlc, -ical, a. Of or pert, to li- 
thology; pert, to the character of a rock, as derived 
from the nature and mode of aggregation of its 
mineral contents. — LithoKogist, re. One skilled in, 
etc. — Lith / oman'cy, -man's!, n. Divination by 
means of stones. [Gr. manteia, divination.] — 
Litb/ontrip'tic, a. (Med.) Having the quality of 
destroying stone in the bladder or kidneys. — n. A 
medicine which, etc. [Gr. tribein, to rub, grind.] — 
Lith^ontrip'tor, n. (Surg.) An instrument for tritu- 
rating a stone in the bladder. — Litb/ophyte, -fit, n. 
Any species of polyp whose stony or horny secre- 
tions form plant-shaped structures, as corals, sea- 
fans, etc. [Gr. phuton, plant.] — Lithofomy, -o-mT, 
n. (Surg.) Operation, art, or practice of cutting for 
stone in the bladder. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] — Lithot'- 
omist, n. One who performs, etc. — Litb/otrip'sy, 
-trip'sT, n. Operation of triturating a stone in the 
bladder. [Gr. tripsis, grinding, fr. tribein : see Lith- 
ontriptic, above.] — Lithovrity, -rT-tt, n. Opera- 
tion of breaking a stone in the bladder into pieces 
that may be voided. [L. terere, tritum, to grind.] 

Lithuanian, lith-u-a'nt-an, a. Of or pert, to Lithua- 
nia, a part of the Russian and Prussian territory 
bordering on the Baltic sea. — n. The language of, 
etc., now extinct, a branch of the Slavonic closely 
akin to the Lettish of Courland and Livonia, and to 
the Old Prussian. 

Litigate, lift-gat, v. t. To contest in law, engage in a 
lawsuit, prosecute or defend in a court of justice. — 
v. i. To carry on a suit by judicial process. [L. liti- 
gare, -gatum, fr. lis, litis, dispute, lawsuit, and agere, 
to carry on.] — Lit'igant, a. Disposed to litigate; en- 
gaged in a lawsuit. — n. A person engaged in a law- 
suit. — Litigation, n. Act or process of litigating; a 
suit at law; judicial contest. — Litig'ious, -tij'us, a. 
Inclined to litigation; quarrelsome; contentious; sub- 
ject to contention; disputable: pert, to legal disputes. 
[F. litigieux, L. litigiosus, fr. litigivm, strife, fr. lis.] 

— Litig'iously, adv. — Litig , iousness, n. 

Litmus, lit'mus, ra. A coloring matter obtained from 
several lichens. [D. lakmoes, fr. lak, lac, q. v., and 
woes, pulp.] - Litmus paper. Unsized paper prepared 
with litmus for use as a delicate chemical test: blue 



sun, cube,- full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boxboN. ehair, get. 



LITRE 



328 



LOBSTER 



litmus paper turns red when it touches an acid, and 
the red paper turns blue when exposed to an alkali. 

Litre, li'ter or le'tr, n. Same as Liter. 

Litter, lifter, n. A portable bed or stretcher for car- 
rying a person, esp. a sick person; bedding of straw 
for animals; a covering of straw for plants; a con- 
fused mass of objects Tittle valued ; scattered rub- 
bish; a condition of disorder or confusion; number 
of pigs, etc., born at once. — v. t. [littered (-terd), 
-tering.] To supply with litter; to scatter things 
over in a slovenly manner: to give birth to.— v. i. 
To produce a litter. [OF. litiere, LL. lectara, fr. L. 
lectus, Gr. lektron, a bed; s. rt. lectern, q. v.; Ic. latr, 
a lair, an animal's lying-place or breeding-place.] 

Litterateur. See under Literal. 

Little, lit'l, a. [less, least.] Small in size or ex- 
tent; diminutive; short in duration; brief; small in 
quantity or amount; small in dignity, power, or im- 
portance; insignificant; contemptible; small in force 
or efficiency; weak; slight; petty; small in generos- 
ity; mean. — «. A small quantity, amount, space, 
etc.; small degree or scale; miniature, —adv. In a 
small quantity or degree; not much; slightly. [AS. 
lytel, fr. lut, a little (n. and adv.); s. rt. AS. lot, de- 
ceit, lutan. to stoop, sneak, E. loiter, lout; not s. rt. 
least and less, q. v.] — A little. By a small degree; 
to a limited extent; somewhat; for a short time.— 
Liftleness. n. State or quality of being little; small- 
ness; want of grandeur; insignificance; meanness. 

Littoral, lit'to-ral, a. Of, pert, to, or inhabiting a 
shore, as of the sea; pprt. to the zone on a sea-coast, 
between high and low water mark. [L. littoralis, 
litoralis, fr. lit t us, litus, sea-shore.] 

Liturgy, lifer-jTj n. The established formulas for 
public worship in churches using prescribed forms. 
(Rom. Cath. Church.) The mass, or entire ritual. 
[OF. lyturgie, LL. liturgia, Gr. leitourgia, fr. leitos, 
public, and ergon, work.] — Litur'gic.-gical, a. Pert, 
to a liturgy, or to public worship. — Lit'urgist, n. 
One who favors or adheres strictly to a liturgy. 

Live, Lively, etc. See under Life. 

Liver, liVer, n. (Anat.) A large abdominal organ or 
gland, which secretes the bile or gall: in the human 
body it is the largest gland, and is situated immedi- 
ately beneath the diaphragm. [AS. lifer.] — Liv'er- 
wort, -wert, n. (Bot.) A cryptogamous plant with 
lidless capsules, of several genera, allied to the 
mosses and including some of the lichens. 

Livery, liv'er-T, n. (Eng. Law.) Act of delivering pos- 
session of lands or tenements; writ by which posses- 
sion is obtained. Deliverance; formerly that which 
is delivered out statedly, as clothing, food, etc.; esp. 
the peculiar dress by which the servants of a house- 
hold are distinguished; peculiar dress appropriated 



by any body of persons to their own use; company 
of those wearing such a garb; any characteristic 
dress or outward appearance; an allowance of food 



statedly given out; a ration, as to a family, to ser- 
vants, to horses, etc.; release from wardship, —v. t. 
To clothe in livery. [F. livree, a delivery of a gift, 
thing given, livery, prop. fern, of p. p. of livrer, to 
deliver, LL. liberare, to give,L., to set free, liberate, 
q. v.] — LiVery-man, n. ; pi. -men. One who wears 
a livery, as a servant; a freeman of the city, in Lon- 
don, entitled to certain municipal rights and to wear 
the disting. dress or liven/ of the company to which 
he belongs. — Liv'ery-sta'ble, n. A stable where 
horses are kept for hire, and where stabling is pro- 
vided. 

Livid, livid, a. Black and blue; of a lead color; dis- 
colored, as bruised flesh. [F. livide, L. lividus, fr. 
livere, to be bluish.] — Livid'ity, Liv'idness, n. A 
dark or black and blue color. 

Livre, li'ver or le'vr, n. A French money of account, 
afterward a silver coin equal to 20 sous, or 18i cents, 
— not now in use. [F., fr. L. libra, a pound. See 
Libra.] 

Lixivial, etc. See under Lye. 

Lizard, liz'ard.n. A four-footed 
reptile, having an elongate, 
round body, long tail, head 
covered with polygonal plates, 
and a free tongue, more or less 
divided at the end. (Naut.) A 
piece of rope with thimbles or 
blocks attached by spliced 
legs. [ME. and F. lesard, L. lacerta, -tus.] 

Llama. Ia'ma, n. (Zo'61.) An ungulate ruminating 
mammal, of S. Amer., allied to the camel and al- 
paca: it was the only beast of burden of the aborig- 
ines, and is still used in parts of the Andes too rough 






Lizard. 




and steep for any other animal. 
[Peruvian, flock.] 

Lo, lo, inter j. Look; see; behold; 
observe. [Perh. AS. loca, imper- 
ative of locian, to look.] 

Loach, loch, n. A small food-fish, 
allied to the minnow, inhabit-, 
ing clear streams. [ME. and F. 
loche, Sp. loja.] 

Load, lod, n. A burden; that Llama, 

which is laid on or put in anything for conveyance; 
a weight; quantity which one can carry; contents 
of a cart, barrow, or vessel; lading; weight; cargo; a 
heavy burden ; that which oppresses the mind ; a 
particular measure for certain articles, — as much 
as is commonly carried at one time; the charge of a 
fire-arm. — v. t. To lay a burden on, cause to bear, 
furnish with a cargo ; to weigh down, encumber, 
bestow in abundance; to add to the weight of, by 
some extraneous addition; to charge (a gun) with 
powder, etc. [AS. hladan (imp. Mod), to lade, load, 
also to draw water, hlgsst, a burden.] 

Load-, Lodestar, lodestar, n. The star that leads; pole- 
star. [ME. lodesterre, fr. lode, AS. lad, a way, course, 
lidhan, to go, travel; s. rt. lead.] — Load'-, Lode'- 
stone, n. CMin.) Magnetic iron ore possessing po- 
larity like a magnetic needle. 

Loaf, lof, n. ; pi. Loaves, lovz. Any thick lump or 
mass; esp., a regularly shaped or molded mass, as 
of bread, sugar, or cake. [AS. hlaf.] 

Loaf, lof, v. i. [loafed (loft), loafing.] To spend 
time in idleness? to lounge, loiter. — v. t. To pass iu 
idleness, waste lazily. [G. laufen, to run.] — Loaf- 
er, n. An idle man; a lazy lounger; one who lives 
by sponging; a vagrant. 

Loam, lom, n. A rich friable soil chiefly composed oi 
silicious sand, clay, carbonate of lime, and humus. 

— v. t. [loamed (lomd), loaming.] To cover with 
loam. [AS. lam, fr. Urn, lime, q. v.] — Loam'y, -T, a. 
Consisting of, of the nature of, or like, loam. 

Loan. See under Lend. 

Loath, loth, a. Filled with aversion; unwilling; back- 
ward; reluctant. [AS. ladh, hateful; s. rt. G. leiden, 
to suffer.] — Loathe, lorn, v. t. [loathed (lothd), 
loathing.] To have an extreme aversion of the 
appetite to food or drink; to dislike greatly, hate, 
abhor, detest, abominate. [AS. tadhian.] — Loath'* 
er, n. — Loatb/ful, -ful, a. Pull of loathing; excit- 
ing disgust; disgusting. — Loathing, n. Extreme 
disgust ; detestation. — Loathly, -II, a. [-lier, 
-liest.] Loathsome. [AS. ladhlic.] — Loath'some, 
-sum, a. Causing to loathe; exciting disgust, hatred, 
or abhorrence; odious. — Loathsomeness, n. 

Loaves. See Loaf. 

Lob, lob. a. A dull, heavy .sluggish person; something 
thick and heavy.— v. t. To let fall heavily or lazily 
[W. lloh, an unwieldy lump, dolt, blockhead; s. rt 
lap, lump, lubber, q. v. J — Loblolly, -lol-H, n. Water- 
gruel, or spoon-meat,— so called among seamen.— 
Loblolly-boy, n. A surgeon's attendant on ship- 
board. — Lob'scouse, -skows, n. (Naut.) A hash of 
meat with vegetables of various kinds; an olio. 

Lobby, lob'bl, n. (Arch.) An inclosed place commu- 
nicating with one or more apartments; a hall or 
waiting-room. That part of a hall of legislation not. 
appropriated to the official use of the assembly; fre- 
quenters of such a place for business with legisla- 
tors. (Naut.) An apartment before the captain's 
cabin, —v. i. [lobbied (-bid), -bying.] To solicit 
members of a legislative body, with a view to influ- 
ence their votes. [LL. lobia, portico, gallery, MHG. 
loube, arbor, bower, fr. laub, a leaf; s. rt. leaf, lodge.} 

— Lob'byist, n. One who frequents a legislative 
lobby, to influence legislation. 

Lobe, lob, n. Any projection or division, esp. of 8* 
rounded form. [F. ; LL. lobus, Gr. 
lobas, the lap of the ear, also of the 
liver; s. rt. lap, limb.] — Lobed, lobd, 
Lo'bate, -bated, -ba-ted, a. Consist- 
ing of, or having, lobes. — Lob'ule, 
-ui, n. A small lobe. 

Lobelia, lo-be'll-a, n. (Bot.) A genus ( 
of plants, including many species, 
one of which is used in medicine as 
an emetic, expectorant, etc; some 
are very poisonous, and others are 
prized for their flowers. [Fr. Lobel, -r^K„^ i «„* 
Botanist to James I.] Lobate LeaL 

Lobster, lob'ster, n. An edible, fan-tailed, stalk-eyed, 
decapod crustacean, with large claws, — one of the 
scavengers of the sea. [AS. loppestre, lopystre, oot- 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, f are ; end, eve, t5rm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r : 



LOCAL 



329 



LOG 




rapt, of L. locusta, locust, 
also lobster.] 
Local, lo'kal, a. Pert, to a 
particular place, or to a 
limited portion of space; 
confined to a spot, place, 
or definite district. [F. ;■ 
L. localis, fr. locus, for OL. 
stlocus, a place; s. rt. dis- 
locate, lieutenant, couch, 
perh. stall, stretch, strevj.]— Lobster. 

Lo'caliam, -izm, n. State of being local; a local idi- 
om or custom. — Locality, -MY, n. Existence in a 
place, or in a certain portion of space; position; sit- 
uation; limitation to a county, district, or place.— 
Lo'calize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To fix in, or 
assign to a definite place; to discover the place of. — 
Lo'cally, adv. With respect to place; in place. — 
Lo'cate, -kat, v. t. To place, set in a particular po- 
sition; to designate the site or place of; to designate 
by limits; to select or determine the bounds or place 
of. [L. locare, locatum, fr. locus.] — Loca'tion, n. 
Act of placing, or of designating a place ; place where 
something spoken of is fixed; a tract of land desig- 
nated in place. {Civil Law.) A leasing on rent. (Amer. 
Law.) The marking out of the boundaries, or iden- 
tifying the site, of a piece of land, according to the 
description given in an entry, plan, map, etc.— Lo'- 
cative, -ka-tiv, a. (Gram.) Indicating place, or the 
place where, or wherein. — Locomo'tion, n. Act or 
power of moving from place to place. [L. locus and 
motio, motion, fr. movere, motum, to move.] — Loco- 
mo'tive, -tiv, a. Changing, or able to change, place; 
occupied in producing motion, or in moving from 
place to 
place. — 
Locomo ' - 
tive, L- 
en'gine, n. 
A wheel- 




Locomotive. 

AA, boiler ; B, smoke-box ; C, chimney ; E, 
sand-box ; F, cab ; G. cylinder ; OP, feed- 
pipe ; T, steam-chest ; UU, parallel rod ; 
VG, piston-rod ; W, ash-pan. 



carriage 
su p p o r t- 
ing and 
driven by ■* 
a s t e a m- 
engine, to ' 
convey 
goods or 
pass en- 
gers, or to 
draw rail- 
road cars. 
— Lo'co- 

motivlty, -tiv'Y-W, n. Power of changing place. — 
Locomo'tor, a. Pert, to movement. — Progressive lo- 
comotor ataxy. (Pathol.) A disease characterized by 
incoordination of movement, and dependent on de- 
generation of the posterior columns of the spinal cord. 

Loch, lok, n. A lake; a bay or arm of the sea. [Ga. 
and Ir.; L. lacus, lake, q. v.] 

Lock, lok, n. Anything that fastens; esp. a fastening 
for a door, lid, etc., in which a bolt is projected or 
withdrawn by, or in connection with, the action of 
a separate piece, called a key ; a fastening together; 
state of being fixed or immovable: a place locked up; 
barrier confining the water of a stream or canal; in- 
closure in a canal with gates at each end, used in 
raising or lowering boats from one level to another; 
that part of a fire-arm containing the apparatus for 
exploding the charge.— v. t. [locked (lokt), lock- 
ing.] To fasten with a lock and key; to fasten so 
as to impede motion; to confine, close fast, encircle, 
or inclose; to furnish with locks, as a canal. — v. i. 
To become fast; to unite closely by mutual inser- 
tion. [AS. loca, Ic. loka, a lock, latch, Ic. lok, Sw. 
lock, a lid, AS. lucan, Ic. luka, MHG. luchen, to shut.] 

— Lock'er, n. A close place, as a drawer or com- 
partment in a ship, that may be closed with a lock; 
a cupboard. — Lock'et, n. A catch to fasten a neck- 
lace, etc.; a little gold case worn as an ornament, 
containing a lock of hair, miniature, etc. [F. loquet, 
dim. of loc, a lock.] — Lock'age, -ej, n. Materials for 
locks in a canal ; toll paid for passing the locks ; 
amount of elevation and descent made by the locks. 

— Locfout, n. A suspension of work, on the part of 
employers,— corresponding to a strike on the part of 
the employed. — Locked'-, lokt'-, Lock'-jaw, n. 
(Med.) A painful and often fatal variety of tetanus, 
in which the jaws are immovably closed. — Lock'- 
Bmith, n. An artificer who makes or mends locks — 
-stitch, n. A stitch formed by the locking of 2 




threads together, as in some sewing-machines. — 
-up, n. A place for temporarily confining persons 
under arrest; a watch-house. 

Lock, lok, n. A tuft, tress, or ringlet of hair: a flock of 
wool ; a small quantity, as 01 hay. [AS. locc, Ic 
lokkr, a lock, lykkr, a loop, crook ; perh. s. rt. Gr. 
lugos, a twig, lugizein, to bend.] 

Locomotion, Locomotive, etc. See under Local. 

Locust, lo'kust, n. (Entom.) A jumping, orthopter- 
ous insect, of sev- 
eral species, some 
of which are popu- 
larly called grass- 
hoppers: some spe- 
cies swarm period- 
ically in countless 
numbers, devour- 
ing everything be- V 
fore them; also, in- ▼*• 
correctly, the har- Locust. 
vest-fly. (Bot.) The locust-tree. [L. locusta. See 
Lobster.] — Lo'cust-tree, n. A leguminous tree of 
several genera, esp. a N. Amer. tree, producing 
large, slender racemes of white, fragrant flowers. — 
-bean, n. Commercial name for the sweet pod of the 
carob tree. 

Locution, lo-ku'shun, n. Speech, or discourse ; phrase. 
[L. locutio, fr. loqui, to speak.] 

Lode, lod, n. (Mining.) A regular vein or course, 
whether metallic or not. A cut or reach of water. 
[AS. lad, a way, lidhan, to go: see Loadstar.] — 
Lodestar, Lodestone. Same asLoADSTAR and Load- 
stone. 

Lodge, loj, v. t. [lodged (lojd), lodging.] To de- 
posit for preservation; to infix, throw in, plant; to 
fix in the heart, mind, or memory; to furnish with a 
temporary habitation, harbor, cover. — v. i. To re- 
side, dwell; to rest or dwell for a time; to sink or be 
beaten down, as grain. — n. A place in which one 
may find shelter, as, a small house in a park or for- 
est; or the house of the gate-keeper on an estate; a 
local branch of a secret association, as of the Free- 
masons, etc.; or the place in which they assemble. 
[ME. and OF. loge, a lodge, It. loggia, gallery, lodge, 
LL. laubia, a porch, lobia, a gallery: see Lobby; OF. 
loyer, to lodge, sojourn.] — Lodg'er, n. One who 
lodges, esp. one who lives in a hired room, or who 
has a bed in another's house for a night; one who re- 
sides in any place for a time.— Lodging, n. A place 
of residence for a time; harbor; cover.— Lodgement, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a lodging-place; 
room; accumulation of something deposited or re- 
maining at rest. (Mil.) Occupation of a position, 
by a besieging party.— Log'gia, lod'ja, n. A gallery 
or portico ornamented with paintings, etc. [It.] 

Loft, loft, n. That which is lifted up; an elevation; 
esp. the space under a roof; a gallery in a church, 
hall, etc.; a floororroom placed above another. [Dan. 
and Sw., a loft, AS. lyjt, air, sky, Ic. lopt, air, also 
upper room; s. rt. lift: see Aloft.] — Loft'y, -Y, a. 
[-IER, -iest.] Lifted high up; towering; elevated in 
character or rank, language or style; tall; exalted; 
dignified: stately; majestic; haughty. — Loftily, adv. 
— Loftiness, n. 

Log, log, n. A bulky stick of wood or timber. (Naut.) 
An apparatus for measuring the 
rate of a ship's motion through the 
water; journal of a ship's progress, 
etc.: log-book.— v.i. [LOGGED(logd), 
-GiNG.J To cut and get out logs. 
[Ic. lag, a felled tree, log, fr. liggja, 
to lie, q. v-; D. and Dan. log, Sw. 
logg, a log (sea term).] — Log/ger, 
Log'man, n. One who cuts timber 
and gets it to the mill, etc. — Log r - 
book, n. (Naut.) A book in which is entered the 
daily progress of a ship at sea, as indicated by the 
log, with notes on the weather, etc. — line, n. A 
cord about 150 fathoms in length, used for ascertain- 
ing the speed of a vessel. — caVin, -house, -but, n. 
A building whose walls are composed of logs laid on 
one another. — roll, v. i. [-rolled (-rold), -roll- 
ing.] To assist in rolling and collecting logs; to help 
another in expectation of help from him, esp. in 
matters of legislative action.— Log'wood, n. A red, 
heavy, astringent dye-wood fr. S. Amer. and the W. 
Indies, used with other agents to color yellow, brown, 
and esp. black; hsematoxylon; Campeachv wood. 
[So called f r. being imported in logs.] — Log'gerhead, 
n. A blockhead: dunce; a spherical mass of iron, 
with a long handle, used to heat tar. (Naut.) A piece 




Log, Line, and 
Glass. 



sun. cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



LOGARITHM 



330 



LOOK 



of round timber, in a whale-boat, over which the line 
is passed, to make it run more slowly.— To be at, fall 
to, or go to logger-heads. To come to blows, be at 
strife. 
Logarithm, log'a-rithm, n. (Math.) One of a system 
of numbers increasing in arithmetical progression, 
representing a series increasing in geometrical pro- 
gression, used to facilitate mathematical calcula- 
tions, operations being much abridged by using log- 
arithms instead of the natural numbers for which 
they stand. [Lit. ratio-number; Gr. logos, word, pro- 
portion, and arithmos,& number.] — Logaritb/mic, 
-mical, a. Pert, to or consisting of, etc.— Logic, loj r - 
ik, n. Science of exact reasoning or of pure and for- 
mal thought, or of the laws according to which the 
process of pure thinking should be conducted; cor- 
rect reasoning. [OF. logique, L. (ars) logica, Gr. log- 
ike (techne), fem. of logikos, belonging to speaking, 
reasonable, fr. logos, speech, legein, to collect, select, 
tell, speak, L. legere, to collect, read; s. rt. analogue, 
prologue, syllogism, analogy, biology, etc.] — Logical, 
a. Pert, to, used in, according to the rides of, or skilled 
in, logic— Logically, adv.— Loglcalness, Logical- 
ity, n.— Logician, -jish'an, n. One skilled in logic. 

— Log'ogram,w. A word-letter; a character, that, for 
brevity, represents a word. [Gr. gramma, letter.] — 
Logograpb/ic-grafik.-ical, a. Pert, to logography. 

— Logog/raphy, -gog'ra-fi, n. A method of printing 
in which whole words, cast in a single type, are used 
instead of single letters; a mode of reporting speeches 
by a number of reporters, each of whom in succes- 
sion takes down a few words. [Gr. graphein, to 
write.] — Logom'achy, -gom'a-ki, n. Contention in 
words merely; a war of words. [Gr. mache, contest.] 

— Logom'achist, -kist, n. One who contends about 
words. — Log'otype, -tip, n. (Print.) A single piece, 
or type, containing 2 or more letters, as, as,fi,fl,ffl, 
and the like. [Gr. ttipos, type.] 

Loggia. See under Lodge. 

Loin, loin, n. That part of an animal between the il- 
ium or haunch bone and the false ribs: see Beef, 
Horse, pi. A corresponding part of the human 
body, — called also the reins. [OF. logne, longe, L. 
lumbus, the loin; s. rt. lumbar, lumbago.'] 

Loiter, loi'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -teking.] To be 
slow in moving, be dilatory, spend time idly, delay, 
lag, saunter. [D. leuteren, loteren, to dawdle, 1c. 
latr, lazy.] — Loi'terer, n. 

Loll, lol, v. i. [lolled (lold), lolling.] To act la- 
zily or indolently; to throw one's self down, lie at 
ease; to hang extended from the mouth, as the 
tongue of an ox or a dog; to put out the tongue. — 
v. t. To thrust out (the tongue). [ME. and OD. 
Mien, Ic. lulla, loda, fr. loll, sloth; s. rt. lull.] — Lol'- 
lard, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of early reform- 
ers in Germany, also one of the followers of Wycliff e 



in Eng. [Called in ME. loller, a lounger, vagabond; 
lollard. fr. OD. lollaerd, a mumble * 
, fr. 
pun on L. lolia, tares.] 



Jllard, fr. OD. lollaerd, a mumbler of prayers 
etc., fr. Mien, lollen, to sing, hum; perh. also fr. a 



Lollipop, lol'li-pop, n. A sugar confection which dis- 
solves in the mouth. [Bavarian lallen, to suck, and 
ProvG. pappe, something nice to eat.] 

toment, lo'ment, n. (Bot.) An elongated pod, con- 
sisting of 2 
valves, but di- V^^af/iEx; 
videdtrans- ^iig^i 
verselyinto Loment. 

small cells, each 

containing a single seed. [L. lomentum, a cosmetic 
mixture of bean meal and rice, fr. lavare, latum, to 
wash.] 

Lone, Ion, a. Having no company; solitary; retired; 
standing by itself ; single; unmarried, or in widow- 
hood. [For aZoree.] — Lonely, -If, a. [-liee, -liest.] 
Sequestered from company or neighbors; sad from 
lack of companionship or sympathy; unfrequented; 
sequestered; secluded— Loneliness,™.— Lone'some, 
-sum, a. Secluded from society; solitary; dismal; 
lonely. — Lone'somely, adv. — Lone'someness, n. 

Long, long, a. [longer (lon'ger), longest (lon- 
gest).] Drawn out in a line: protracted; extended 
mtime; faraway; distant; extended to any speci- 
fied measure; slow in coming; continued through a 
considerable time, or to a great length; far-reaching; 
extensive. (Stock Exchange.) Holding a quantity 
of stock; having bought stock on time, which may 
be called for at pleasure. — adv. To a great extent 
in space or in time; at a point of duration far dis- 
tant ; through the whole extent. r AS., D., Dan., 
Sw. t and G. lang, L. longus ; s. rt. MHG. lingen, to 



go hastily, Skr. langh, to surpass, rangh, to move 
swiftly, L. levis = E. light.] — In the long i~un. As 
the result of the whole course of things taken to- 
gether; ultimately . — L. dozen. One more than a 
dozen; 13. — L. home. The grave; death. — Long'- 
ish, a. Somewhat long. — Long'-boat, n. A ship's 
largest boat. — -head'ed, a. Having forethought and 
sagacity or great penetration of thought; discerning. 
- — meas'ure, n. Lineal measure; the measure of 
length. — -prim'er, n. (Print.) A kind of type, in 
size between small pica and bourgeois. 

fHf" This line is in long primer. 

— L.-sight'ed, a. Able to see at a great distance; of 
acute intellect; sagacious; far-seeing; able to see ob- 
jects distinctly at a distance, but not close at hand. 
— sight'edness, n. Faculty of, etc. (Med.) A de- 
fect of sight, in consequence of which objects near 
at hand are seen confusedly, but at remoter dis- 
tances distinctly. — sta'ple, -pi, n. A superior kind 
of long-fibered cotton; sea-island cotton. — -stop, n. 
In cricket, the fielder who stops balls sent to a dis- 
tance. — Buf'ferance, n. Forbearance to punish; pa- 
tience. — suffering, a. Patient; not easily provoked. 

— n. Long endurance; patience of offense. — wind''- 
ed, a. Long-breathed; hence, tediously protracted in 
speaking, argument, or narration. —Length, length, 
n. The longest measure of any object,— disting. f r. 
depth, thickness, breadth, or width ; extent from end 
to end; extent of space or time; a subdivision of a 
thing, as of a fence; long continuance; detail or am- 
plification. [AS. lengdh, D. lengte, fr. lang.] — At 
length. At or in the full extent; at last; after a long 
period; at the end or conclusion.— Length'en, -n, v. t. 
[-ened (-nd), -ening.] To extend in length, elon- 
gate; to extend in time, protract; to occupy time 
with, expand; to draw out in pronunciation. — v. i. 
To grow longer, extend in length. — Length' wise, 
adv. In the direction of the length; in a longitudi- 
nal direction. — Length'y, -f, «■ [-ier, -iest.] Hav- 
ing length; long; prolix— Longe'vous, -;|e-vus, -ge'- 
val, a. Living a long time; of great age. [L. longus 
and setas, sevitas, age.] — Longevity, -jev'i-tt, n. 
Length of life. — Longi- 
ros'ter, -jY-ros'ter, n. One 
of a tribe of grallatory 
birds, having long, slender 
beaks, which they thrust 
into the mud in search of 
food, as the snipes, etc. 
[L. rostrum, beak.] — Lon- 
giros'tral, a. Having a 
long bill. — Lon'gitude, 
-jl-tud, n. Length; meas- 
ure or distance along the 
longest line. (Geog.) Dis- 
tance east or west from 
the meridian of a given 
place, expressed in de- 
grees signifying each 
l-360th of the parallel of 
latitude on wliich the 




Longirosters. 
Glossy Ibis ; 6, Godwit \ 

Stilt. 



measurement is made. (Astron.) Distance in de- 
grees, reckoned from the vernal equinox, on the 
ecliptic, to a circle at right angles to it passing 
through the heavenly body whose longitude is des- 
ignated. [F. ; L. longitudo.] — Longitudinal, a. 
Pert, to longitude or length; running lengthwise. — 
Longitud'inally, adv. In the direction of length. 

Long, long, v. i. [longed (longd), longing.] To de- 
sire earnestly or eagerly; to have an eager or craving 
appetite. [AS. langian, fr. lang, long (adj.), q. v/] — 
Longing, n. An eager desire; earnest wish; aspira- 
tion; craving or morbid appetite.— Longingly, adv. 

Longe. See Lunge. 

Longshore-man, long'shor-man, n. One of a class of 
laborers employed about wharves, esp. in loading 
and unloading vessels. [Abbr. fr. along shore wian.j 

Loo, loo, n. A game at cards. — v. t. [looed (lood), 
looing.] To beat in the game of loo, by winning 
every trick at the game. [Orig. lanterloo, F. lanture- 
lu, the nonsensical refrain of a song.] 

Looby, hx/bT, n. An awkward, clumsy fellow; a lub- 
ber. [W. llabi.] 

Loof, loot' or luf . Same as Luff. 

Look, 16t>k, v. i. [looked (ldbkt), looking.] To di- 
rect the eye toward an object as if to see it; to direct 
the attention to, consider; to wait for expectantly; 
to penetrate, solve, as a mystery; to direct the gaze 
in all directions, be circumspect, watch; to seek, 
search; to observe narrowly, examine, scrutinize; to 



2m, fame, far, pass or opesa, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tn, tee ; 5dd, tone- Ar : 



LOOM 



331 



LOTE 




Loom. 



seem, appear; to face, front; in the imperative, see; 
behold; take notice; observe. — v. t. To influence or 
subdue by looks or presence; to express or manifest 
by a look. — n. Cast of countenance; air of the face; 
aspect; manner; glance; act of looking or seeing; 
view; watch. [AS. locian, to look, see ; perh. fr. loc, 
a lock, q. v., — i. e., peep through a key-hole.] — To 
look out. To search for and discover, choose, select: 
to be on the watch, be careful.— To I. up a thing. To 
search for and find it. — Look'er, n. One who looks. 

— Look'ing-glasB, 
n. A g 1 a s s 
which reflects 
whatever is be- 
fore it; a mir- 
ror— Look'out, 
n. A careful 
looking for any 
object orevent; 
place from 
which observa- 
tion is made; a 
person en- 
gaged in 
watching. 

Loom, loom, n. 
A frame or ma- 
chine for weav- 
ing cloth out of 

thread; the part of an oar within the rowlock. [ME. 
lome, AS. geloma, a tool, implement.] 

Loom, loom, v. i. [loomed (loomd), looming.] To 
appear above the surface either of sea or land ; to 
appear larger than the real dimensions, and indis- 
tinctly; to rise and to be eminent. — n. The indistinct 
appearance of anything, as land, whose outline only 
is visible. [Ic. Ijoma, to gleam, shine, dawn (as the 
day), fr. Ijomi, a beam, ray.] 

Loon, loon, n. A sorry fellow ; rogue ; rascal. [OD. 
loen, fr. lome, slow, inactive; perh. s. rt. clown."} 

Loon, loon, n. A migratory swimming and diving bird 
of northern regions, of several species, esp. the great 
northern diver or ember goose. [Ic. lo/ar, Sw. and 
Dan. loin.'] 

Loop, loop, n. A doubling of a string, cord, etc., for 
ornament or through which another cord, etc., may 
pass; a noose; bight; a narrow opening; loop-hole. 

— v. t. [looped (loopt), looping.] To fasten, se- 
cure, or ornament, by means of loops. [Ir. and Ga. 
Ivb, a loop, also to bend.] — Loop'-hole, n. {Mil.) A 
small opening in walls of a fortification or bulk-head 
of a ship, through which to fire at an enemy; an 
aperture for escape: see Castle. 

Loose, loos, v. t. [loosed (loost), loosing.] To untie 
or unbind, free from apy fastening, set free; to re- 
lease from anything obligatory or burdensome, ab- 
solve, remit ; to relax, loosen ; to unfasten, undo, 
unlock. — v. i. To set sail; to leave a port or harbor. 
— a. Unbound; untied; not attached, fastened, or 
fixed; free from obligation; disengaged; not tight or 
close; not crowded or compact; not concise; not pre- 
cise or exact ; vague ; not strict or rigid ; unconnected ; 
rambling; having lax bowels; dissolute; wanton; un- 
chaste. [AS. losian, D. lossen, to loose, fr. AS. leas, 
D. los. loose, AS. los, destruction. See Lose.] — 
Loose'ly, adv. — Loos'en, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -en- 
ing.] To make loose, free from tightness or fixed- 
ness; to render less compact; to free from restraint; 
to remove costiveness from. — v. i. To become less I 
tightj_firm, or compact. — Loose'iiess, n. 

Loot, loot, n. Act of plundering in a conquered city: 
booty; plunder.— v. t. or i. To plunder: to carry off 
as prize obtained by war. [Hind, lut, Skr. lotra, for 
loptra, booty, fr. lup, to spoil, plunder; s. rt. L. rum- 
pere = G. rauben = E. rob.] 

Lop, lop, v. t. [lopped (lopt), lopping.] To cut off 
(the top of anything) ; to cut partly off and bend 
down ; to let fall. — v. i. To hang downward, be 
pendent. — n. That cut off, as from trees ; that 
which lops or falls over. [Obs. E. lib.QD. luppen, 
to maim, castrate.] — Lop'ping, n. A cutting off 
(of branches) ; what is cut off ; leavings. — Lop r - 
aided, a. Heavier on one side than the other; in- 
clining to one side. 

Lope, lop, v. i. [loped (lopt), loping.] To run with j 
long strides. — n. A leap; long step: a gait of horses, 
dogs, etc. [D. loopen, to leap, run.] 

Loquacious, lo-kwa'ehus, a. Talkative ; given to con- 
tinual talking; noisy. [L. loquax, loquacis, fr. loqui, \ 
to speak ; s. rt. Skr. lap, for lak, to speak, E. collo- 
quial, eloquence, obloquy, locution, etc.] — Loqua/cious- 



nese, Loquac'ity, -kwas'T-tT, n. Habit of talking ex- 
cessively; garrulity; babbling. [F. loquactle".] 

Lorcha. lSrch'a, n. A light coasting vessel of China 
and the Eastern seas, with European hull and Chi- 
nese rigging. [Pg.] 

Lord, 16rd, n. A superior; master; governor; ruler: in 
Eng., a nobleman of any rank above that of a baronet, 
hence, by courtesy, the son of a duke or marquis or 
eldest son of an earl, also a bishop, if a member of 
Parliament ; a title of these persons and also of 
certain official characters or representatives of maj- 
esty; proprietor of a manor; a husband; the Supreme 
Being; Jehovah.— v. ». To play the lord; domineer. 
[ME. lovered, AS. hlaford, fr. tilaf, a loaf (of bread), 
and prob. weard, warden, keeper; cf. lady.] — Our 
Lord. Jesus Christ; the Saviour.— Lord's Day. Sun- 
day. — Lord's Supfjer. The Holy Communion; Eu- 
charist.— Lordly, -IT, a. [-liee, -liest.] Becoming 
or pert, to a lord; proud; imperious; domineering; 
arrogant; insolent. — Lord'liness, n. Dignity; high 
station ; pride ; haughtiness. — Lord'ling, n. A little 
or diminutive lord.— Lord'ship, n. State or 
of being a lord; hence (with his, your, or their), 
title applied to a lord, except to an archbishop or 
duke; territory of a lord over which he holds juris- 
diction; a manor; dominion; authority. 

Lore, lor, n. That which is or may be known; erudi- 
tion; knowledge gained from reading or study; in- 
struction; counsel. [AS. l&r, fr. laeran, to teach. See 
Learn.] 

Lorette, lo-ref, n. One of a class of females of light 
character in Paris supported by their lovers, — so 
called fr. the church of Notre Dame de Lorette. [F.] 

Lorgnette, lorn-yef, n. An opera-glass. [F.] 

Loricate, lor'T-kat, v. t. To plate over; to cover with 
a coating, as a chemical vessel, for resisting fire. — 
a. Covered with a shell or hard plates like a coat 
of mail. [L. loricare, -catum, to clothe in mail, lori- 
ca, a leather cuirass, fr. lorum, thong.] — Lorica'- 
tion, n. Act of loricating; a surface so covered; cov- 
ering thus put on. 

Lorn, lorn, a. Lost; undone; forsaken; lonely; bereft. 
[Old p. p. of lose, q. v.] 

Lose, looz, v. t. [lost (15st), losing.] To be rid of un- 
intentionally; to forfeit by unsuccessful contest; to 
part with, be deprived of ; to throw away, employ 
ineffectually, waste, squander ; to wander from ; to 
miss, so as not to be able to find ; to perplex or be- 
wilder; to ruin, destroy ; to cease to view ; to fail to 
obtain. — v. i. To forfeit anything in contest ; to 
suffer loss by comparison. [ME. losien, AS. losian, 
to become loose, escape ; also ME. leosen, lesen, AS. 
leosan, to lose ; both s. rt. L. luere, Gr. luein, to set 
free, Skr. lu, to cut, clip, E. loose, solve, analysis, 
palsy.] — Los' er, n. One who loses, or is deprived 
of anything by defeat, forfeiture, etc. — Loadable, a. 

— Loss, 18s, n. Act of losing ; failure ; destruction ; 
privation ; state of having been deprived of ; thing 
lost; waste. {Mil.) Killed, wounded, and captured 
persons, or captured property. [ME. and AS. los.] 

— Lost, a. Parted from unwillingly ; unintention- 
ally rid of ; missing ; forfeited in unsuccessful con- 
test; deprived of; thrown away; employed ineffect- 
ually ; wasted ; bewildered ; perplexed ; ruined or 
destroyed; hardened beyond sensibility or recovery ; 
not perceptible to the senses; not visible. 

Lot, lot, n. That which happens without human de- 
sign or forethought; chance; hazard; fortune; a con- 
trivance to determine a question by chance; part, or 
fate, which falls to one by chance; separate portion 
belonging to one person ; a distinct parcel, separate 
part; distmctportion of land; quantity or large num- 
ber. — v. t. To allot, assign : to separate into lots or 
parcels, assort. [AS. Mot, hlyt, fr. hleotan, to cast 
lots, Goth, hlauts, OHG. hloz. a lot.] — Lofo, Lot'- 
to, n. A game ; played with cards marked with 
numbers, and balls or knobs numbered to corre- 
spond ; keno. [F. loto. fr. It. lotto, a lot, lottery, fr. 
OHG. hloz.] — Lot'tery, -ter-I, 
n. A distribution of anything ' 
by lot or chance; esp. a gambling 
scheme, in which certain tickets 
draw prizes and the rest are 
blanks. 

Lote, lot, Lo'tus, -tos, n. A shrub 
of N. Africa and S. Europe, of 
several genera, o n e of which 
prob. furnished the food of 
Homer's lotus-eaters, and was 
fabled to make strangers forget 
their native land; the nettle tree; Lotus. (Arch.) 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair get. 



LOTH 



332 



LUBEIC 



an Egyptian water-lily of several species; a legumi 
A ~i ornament ii 
[L. lotus, Gr 



nous clover-like^ plant. (Arch.) An ornament in 



the form of the Egyptian water- 
lotos, name of several plants.] 

Loth. Same as Loath. 

Lotion, lo'shun, n. A washing, esp. of the skin, to 
render it fair; a liquid preparation for washing some 
part of the body. (Med.) A healing application in 
a fluid form, to be applied externally to the body. 
[L. lotio, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash.] 

Loto, Lottery. See under Lot. 

Loud, lowd, a. Having or making a strong or great 
sound; clamorous: boisterous: emphatic; noisy; vo- 
ciferous; vehement. — adv. With loudness; loudly. 
[AS. Mud, OHG. Mat, loud ; s. rt. L. inclutus, Gr. 
klutos, renowned, Skr. cru, Gr. Mucin, to hear, E. cli- 
ent, glory, slave, and prob. laud.] — Loudly, adv. — 
Loua'ness, n. 

Lough, lok, n. Same as Loch. 

Louis-d'or, loo'e-dor', n. A gold coin of France, first 
struck in the reign of Louis XIII., worth between 
$4 and $5. [F., a Louis of gold.] 

Lounge, lownj, v. i. [lounged (lownjd), lounging.] 
To spend time lazilv; move idly about: to recline at 
ease; loll.— n. An idle gait or stroll; act of reclining 
at ease ; place for lounging ; piece of furniture on 
which to recline. [F. longis, an idle fellow, PiattD. 
lungern, to lie in bed fr. laziness, Bavarian lunzen, to 
doze.] — Loun'ger, n. One who loiters away his time. 

Louse, lows, n. ; pi. Lice, lis. A wingless, bloodsuck- 
ing insect, of several species, parasitic upon men, 
animals, and birds. [AS., Sw., and Ic. his, G. laus: s. 
rt. loose, lose, etc.] — Lous'y, iowz't, a. Swarming 
with lice; infested with lice. — Lous'iness, n. 

Lout, lowt, n. A mean, awkward fellow; a bumpkin. 
[ME. louten, AS. lutein, to stoop, bow ; OD. loete, an 
uncouth person.] — Loufish, a. Clownish; rude; 
awkward. 

Louver, -vre, loo'ver, n. An opening in the roof of 
ancient buildings for ventila- 
tion, often in the form of a 
turret or small lantern. [ME. 
lover, OF. louvert for Vouvert, 
the open (space).] — Louver 
window. (Arch.) An opening 
in a bell-tower, church steeple, 
etc., crossed by a series of slats. 

Lovage, luVej," n. An umbel- 
liferous plant, used in med- 
icine as an aromatic stimulant. 
[Corrup. fr. OF. levesche, L. 
ligusticum, a plant indigenous 
to Liguria.] 

Love, luv, n. Act of loving; pre- T „.. , 

eminent kindness or devotion Louver Window, 
to another; affection; courtship; devoted attachment 
to one of the opposite sex; fondness ; devotion ; the 
object of affection; moral good-will; kindness; char- 
ity; Cupid, the god of love. — v.t. [loved (luvd), 
loving.] To be pleased with, be fond of, like ; to 
have good-will toward ; to have a strong affection 
for, have a tender feeling toward; to delight in, with 
exclusive affection.— v. i. To delight, take pleasure, 
be in love. [AS. lufu. love, lufigan, lufian, to love; s. 
rt. lief, q. v., Skr.lohha, covetousness.] — Lov'able, 
a. — Lov'er, n. One who loves: a friend; esp. one in 
love with a person of the opposite sex; one who likes 
or is pleased.— Love'ly, -It, a. [-lier, -liest.] Fit- 
ted to excite, or worthy of, love or esteem: amiable; 
charming; delightful; enchanting. — Love'liness, n. 
— Loveless, a. Not loving; not loved; not attract- 
ing love or esteem. — Love '-ap 'pie, n. The tomato. 
— bird, n. A small bird of the parrot kind, extreme- 
ly devoted to its mate. — child, n. An illegitimate 
child. — feast, n. A religious festival, held by some 
religious denominations. — knot, n. An intricate 
kind of knot, — used as a token of love, or as repre- 
senting mutual affection. — let'ter, n. A letter pro- 
fessing love; letter of courtship. — lock, n. A curl 
or lock of hair hanging prominently by itself. — lorn, 
a. Forsaken by one's love. — -sick, a. Sick or lan- 
guishing with love; expressive of languishing love. 
— sick'ress, n. State of being love-sick; languishing 
and amorous desire. — suit, n. Courtship; solicita- 
tion of union in marriage. — Lov'ing-kind'ness, n. 
(Script.) Tender regard; mercy; favor. 

Low, lo, v. i. [lowed (lod), lowing.] To cry or call 
as a cow; to moo.— n. The voice of cattle. [Ono- 
mat.; AS. hlowan.] — Low'ing, n. Utterance of, etc. 

Low, lo, a. Occupying an inferior or depressed position 
or place; not rising to the usual height; near the 




horizon; descending far below the adjacent ground; 
deep; sunk down to, or below, the natural level of 
the ocean by the retiring of the tide; below the usual 
rate, amount, or value; reasonable; not high or loud. 
( Mus.) Depressed in the scale of sounds ; grave. 
(Geog.) Near the equator. Late in time ; modern ; 
depressed ; dejected ; humble in rank ; abject; vul- 

far; base; dishonorable ; not elevated; submissive; 
umble; feeble; weak; moderate; not intense; in re- 
duced circumstances; impoverished; not high sea- 
soned or nourishing; plain; simple.— adv. In a low 
position or manner; under the usual price; cheaply; 
near the ground: humbly; meanly; in time approach- 
ing our own; with a depressed voice; in a state of 
subjection, poverty, or disgrace. (Astron.) In a path 
near the equator, or so that the declination is small. 

g. laag, lc. lagr, low, orig. lying flat; s. rt. lie.] — 
w Dutch, or L. German. The language spoken in 
the lowlands, or northern parts, of Germany. — L. 
life. Life among the poorer classes of a country. — 
L. Sunday. The Sunday next after JSaster ; Alb 
Sunday. — L. tide. The tide at its lowest point. — L. 
water. The lowest point of the ebb or receding 
tide. — L. wine. A liquor containing about 20 per ct. 
of alcohol, produced by the first distillation of wash; 
first run of the still.— Lowly, -It, a. [-lier, -liest.] 
Not high; not elevated in place: mean; wanting dig- 
nity or rank; humble; meek; free from pride. — adv. 
In a low manner or condition ; humbly ; meanly. 

— Lowliness, n. — Low'ness, n. State of being low 
or depressed; meanness of condition, mind, or char- 
acter; want of sublimity in style or sentiment; mod- 
esty ; humility ; want of courage or fortitude ; de- 
jection; poverty; depression in strength or intensity, 
in cost or worth ; gravenessof sound; gentleness of 
utterance. — Lowland, n. A low or level country. 

— Low'ermost, a. Lowest. — Low-mind'ed, a. Base; 
groveling; inclined to low things. — necked, -nekt, 
a. Cut low in the neck; decollete, — said of a wom- 
an's dress. ■ — pressure, a. Having or exerting a 
low degree of pressure, — esp. of less than 50 lbs. per 

square inch. spir'ited, a. Not having animation 

and courage; dejected. — stud'ded, a. Built with 
short studs. — Low'er, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] 
To cause to descend, let down, take down; to bring 
down, humble ; to reduce in value, amount, etc. — 
v. i. To fall, grow less, diminish, decrease. [Fr. 
lower, compar. of low.] — Low'er-case, a. (Print.) 
Pert, to or kept in the lower case,— said of the small 
letters, disting. from capitals. 

Lower, low'er, v. i. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To be 
clouded, threaten a storm ; to frown, look sullen, 
[ME. louren, luren, f r. lure, lere, the cheek ; same as 
her, q. v.] — Low'ery, -er-t, a. Cloudy; gloomy. 

Loxodromics, loks-o-drom / 'iks, n. sing. The art or 
method of sailing constantly in any direction oblique 
to the equator, so as to cross the meridians at equal 
angles: see Rhumb Line. [Gr. loxos, slanting, oblique, 
and dromos, a running, course.] — Loxot'omy, -o-mt, 
n. (Surg.) An oblique section or cutting, — said of 
a method of amputation. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] 

Loyal, loi'al, a. Devoted to the maintenance of law; 
faithful to lawful government, to the sovereign, or 
to a lover, friend, etc., esp. under trying circum- 
stances; true to a cause or to one's word. [F.; L. 
legalis; s. rt. leal, legal.] — Loy'alist, n. One who ad- 
heres to his sovereign, or to the constitutional au- 
thority, esp. in times of revolt or revolution. — Loy r - 
ally, adv. — Loy'alty, n. 

Lozenge, loz'enj, n. A figure with four equal sides, 
having 2 acute and 2 ob- 
tuse angles; a diamond; 
a rhomb; a small cake of 

a rhomb, prob. fr. losa, 

OF. lauze, flag-stone, pav- Lozenge Molding, 
ing-stone.]— Lozenge molding. (Arch.) A molding 
used in Norman architecture, having lozenge-shaped 
compartments or ornaments. 
Lubber, lub'ber, n. A heavy, clumsy fellow; esp. one 




unskilled in seamanship; sturdy drone; clown. [W. 
Hob, dolt, blockhead. See Lob.] — Lub'berly, -bSr- 
lt, a. Clumsy. 



Lubric, lu'brik, -brical,_a. Having a smooth surface ; 
slippery ; wavering ; unsteady ; lascivious ; lewd. 
[F. lubrique^ L. lubricus. slippery, lubricare, -catum, 
to make slippery.] — Lu'bricant, n. That which 
lubricates. — Lu'bricate, v. t. To make smooth or 
skppery ; to supply with an oily, greasy, or other 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term 5 In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r 



LUCE 



333 



LUNE 



substance diminishing friction. — Lubrica'tion, n. 
Act of, etc.— Lu'brica'tor, -ter, n. One who, or that 
which, ete.— Lubricity, -bris'Y-tY, n. State of bsing 
slippery; aptness to glide over anything, or to facili- 
tate motion by diminishing friction; instability; las- 
civiousness; fucontinency. [F. lubricity.] — Lu'bri- 
cous, -brY-kus, a. Smooth; slippery; unstable.— Lu'- 
brifica'tion, Lubrifadion, n. Act of lubricating, or 

' making smooth. [L.facere, to make.] 

Luce, lus, n. A full grown pike, — a fish used as an ar- 
morial bearing. [OF. lus, L. lucius.] 

Lucent, lu'sent, a. Shining ; bright ; resplendent. 
[L. hicens, p. pr. of lucere, to shine, fr. lux, lucis = 
E. light, q. v.] — Lu'cid, -sid, a. Shining ; bright ; 
clear ; transparent ; easily understood ; clear ; dis- 
tinct ; luminous ; sane ; reasonable. [L. lucidus, fr. 
lux.]— Lu'cidness, -cidlty, n. Quahty or state of 
being, etc. — Lucer'nal, a. Of or pert, to a lamp. 
[L. lucerna, lamp, fr. lucere.'] — Lu'cifer, -sY-fer, n. 
The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning 
star, — applied, in Isaiah, by metaphor, to a king of 
Babylon ; hence, Satan ; a match made of wood 
tipped with a combustible substance, to be ignited 
by friction. [L., light-bringiug, fr. lux, and feme, 
to bring.] — Lucif erous, -e"r-us, a. Giving light ; 
affording means of discovery. — Luciflc, a. Pro- 
ducing light. [L. facere, to make.] — Lu'ciform, 
a. Resembling light. [L. forma, i orm.] — Lu'cu- 
brate. r. i. To study by candle-light or a lamp. [L. 
lucubrare, -hratum, to work by lamp-light, fr. lux.] 
— Lucubra'tion, n. Act of, etc.; nocturnal study ; 
that composed by night; any literarv composition. — 
Lu'cubra'tory, -to-rY, a. Composed hy night. — Lu'- 
culent, a. Lucid; clear; evident. [L. luculentus.] 

Lucern, lu'sgrn, n. A leguminous plant cultivated 
for fodder. [F. luzerne ; W. llysian, herbs, plants.] 

Luck, luk, n. That which happens to a person; chance; 
bap; fate, fortune ; good fortune. [OFries. and D. 
luk, G. glueck, MUG. gelueck, good fortune, fr. 
luecken, to allure, decoy.] — Luck'y, -Y, a. [-iee, 
-iest.] Favored by luck ; fortunate ; producing 
good by chance, or unexpectedly; successful ; pros- 
perous ; auspicious. — Luckily, adv. — Luckiness, 
n. — Luckless, a. Without luck ; unfortunate ; 
meeting with ill-success. 

Lucre, lu'ker, n. Gain in money or goods; profit. {¥.; 
L. lucrum, gain ; s. rt. Ir. luach, value, wages, hire, 
G. lohn, a reward, Gr. leia, booty, Russ. lovlie, to cap- 
ture.] — Lucrative, -kra-tiv, a. Yielding lucre ; 
gainful; profitable. [F. lucratif, L. lucrativus.] 

Lucubrate, Luculent, etc. See under Lucent. 

Ludicrous, lu'dY-krus, a. Adapted to excite laughter, 
without scorn or contempt ; sportive ; burlesque ; 
comic; droll; ridiculous. [L. luaicrvs, fr. ludus, play, 
6port, ludere, to play; s. rt. delude, prelude, allusion, 
etc.] — Lu'dicrously, adr. — Lu'dicrousness, n. 

Lues, lu'ez, n. (Med.) Poison; pestilence. [L.] 

Lufi, luf, v. i. [LUFFED (luft), luffing.] (Naut.) To 
turn the head of a ship toward the wind ; to sail 
nearer tbe wind. — n. The side of a ship toward the 
wind ; act of sailing a ship close to the wind ; the 
roundest part of a ship' s bow ; the forward or weather 
leech of a sail. [D. loeven, to luff, f r. loef, the weather- 
gage (= E. loof, luff), also a thole-pin, fr. ME. lof, 
prob. a paddle' used at a vessel's bow to direct her 
course ; s. rt. Ic. lofi, Goth, lofa, Scot, loof, palm of 
the hand, whence paddle ; cf. L. palma, palm of the 
hand, also oar-blade.] 

Lug, lug, v. t. [lugged (lugd), -ging.] To pull with 
force, haul, drag ; to carry or convey with labor. — 
w. Anything drawn or carried with difficulty ; a 
weight ; effort of carrying anything heavy; in Scot., 
the ear, esp. its lobe ; that which projects like an 
ear, as the handle of a pitcher; a projecting piece in 
machinery, to communi- 
cate motion, etc.; esp. a 
short flange by or to 
which something is fas- 
tened; a ring-shaped 
piece of leather, fastened 
to the saddle of a single 
harness, to hold up the 




A, lugs. 



shaft. [Sw. and Norw. lugga, to pull by the hair, 
lugg, hair ; s. rt. lock (of hair), q. v.] — Lug'gage, 
-gei, n. That which is lugged or carried with diffi- 
culty ; anything cumbrous ; esp. a traveler's trunks, 
baggage, etc.; something of more weight than value. 
— Lug'ger, n. A small vessel carrying 2 or 3 masts, 
with a running bowsprit and lug sails. — Lug/ sail, n. 
A square sail bent upon a yard that hangs obliquely 
to the mast at J of its length. 



Lugubrious, lu-gu'brY-us, a. Mournful ; indicating 
sorrow. [L. lugubris, fr. lugere, to mourn ; 8. rt. Gr. 
lugros, sad, loigos, destruction, Skr. ruj, to bend, 
break.] 

Lukewarm, luk'wawrm, a. Moderately warm ; net 
ther cold nor hot ; tepid : not ardent ; not zealous; 
indifferent. [ME. leuk, luke, Sw. dial, ly, Dan. lun- 
ken, tepid ; AS. hleo, a shelter, whence E. fee.] — 
Luke'warmly, adv. — Luke'warmness, n. 

Lull, lul, v. t. [lulled (luld), lulling.] To cause 
to rest by soothing influences ; to quiet. — v. i. To 
become gradually calm, subside. — n. Power or 
quality of soothing ; a season of temporary quiet 
after storm or confusion. [Onomat. ; Sw. tulla, 
Dan. lulle, OD. Mien, to sing (children) to sleep, Gr. 
lalein, to speak.]— LuU/aby, -a-bl, n. A song to 
quiet babes. 

Lumbago, lum-ba'go, n. (Med.) A rheumatic pain 
in the loins and small of the back. [L., fr. lumbus, 
loin.] — Lumbag'inous, -baj'Y-nus, a. Pert, to lum- 
bago. — Lum'bar, a. (Anat.) Pert, to, or near the 
loins. — LumTjosa'cral, a. Pert, to the loins and 
sacrum, — said of a nerve which proceeds from tbe 
anterior branch of the 5th lumbar nerve, descends 
into the pelvis in front of the sacrum, and unites 
with the sciatic plexus. 

Lumber, lum'ber, n. Orig., a pawnbroker's shop, a 
pledge or pawn; anything cumbrous; things thrown 
aside as useless; timber sawed for use. — v. t. [lum- 
bered (-berd), -Bering.] To heap together in disor- 
der; to fill with lumber. — v. i. To move heavily, as 
if burdened; to rumble; to eut lumber and prepare 
it for market. [Perh. fr. the rooms where Lombard 
(F. ; G. Langbart, long-beard) merchants, or pawn- 
brokers, stored away pledges; perh. fr. G. rummel, a 
heap of iron scraps, etc., rummeln, to rumble ; D. 
rommeling, old furniture, rommelkamer, lumber- 
room, rommelen, to rumble.] — Lum'berer, n. One 
employed in getting lumber from tbe f orest.— Lum r - 
ber-room, n. A room for useless things. 

Lumbrical, lum / 'brik-al, a. (Anat.) Resembling a 
worm. [L. lumbricus, a worm.] 

Luminary, lu'mi-na-ri, n. Any body that gives light; 
esp., one of the heavenly bodies; one who illustrates 
any subject, or enlightens mankind. [OF. lumina- 
rie, L. Inminare, prop. neut. of luminaris, light- 
giving, f r. lumen (= luc-men), f r. lux, light, q. v.] — 
Luminif , 'erous, -nifer-us, a. Producing or yield- 
ing light. [L./en-e, to bear, produce.]— Lu'minous. 
-mt-nus, a. Shining, emitting light ; bright ; clear, 
as if illuminated ; lucid. [F. lumineuxfL. lumino- 
sus.] — Lu'minously, adv.— Lu'minousness, -minos / '- 
ity, n. Brightness ; clearness. 

Lump, lump, n. A mass of matter, of no definite 
shape, or thrown together without order or distinc- 
tion. — v.t. [lumped (lumpt), lumping.] To throw 
into a mass ; to take in the gross, speak of collect- 
ively. [Sw. dial., piece hewn from a log; Norweg., a 
block, stump ; D. lomp, a rag, lump, also clumsy, 
dull ; s. rt. lap, hihber ; not s. rt. clump.] — Lump^y, 
-Y, a. [-ier, -iest.] Full of, etc. — Lumpish, a. 
Like a lump; bulky; gross; dull; inactive; stupid.— 
Lumplshness, n.— Lump r -fish, n. A sea-fish, whose 
head and body are deep, thick, and short, the pec- 
toral fins uniting under the throat and forming a 
sucking disk with the ventral fins; the lump-sucker. 
— Lunch, n. A repast between breakfast and dinner; 
food taken at other than regular meal times; a light, 
informal repast instead of a regular meal. — v. i. 
[lunched Quncht), lunching.] To take a lunch. 
[Corrup. of lump ; cf. bunch fr. bump, hunch fr. hump, 
etc.] — Luncb/eon, -un, n. Same as Lunch, n. [Cor- 
rup. of lunching.] 

Lune, lun, n. Anything in the shape of a half-moon. 
(Geom.) A crescent-shaped figure. [F. ; L. luna 
(= luc-na), the moon, lit. light-giver, fr. lux, light, 
q. v.] — Lu'uar, a. Pert, to, or like, the moon ; 
orbed; measured by the revolutions of the moon. [L. 
lunaris.] — Lunar caustic. (Chem.) Fused nitrate 
of silver, — silver having been called luna by the 
old chemists. — L. cycle. Same as the cycle of the 
Golden Number, q. v., under Gold. 
— L. month. See Month.— L. year. 
The period of 12 lunar months, or 
3.54 days, 8 hours, 4* minutes, and 
34.28 seconds.— Lu'nate, -nated, a. 
(Lot.) Of the form of the half- 
moon ; crescent-shaped. — Lu'na- 
tic, a. Affected by lunacy: insane; 
exhibiting lunacy. — n. One who 
is, etc. [L. lunaticus, lit. affected Lunate Leaf. 




stin, cube, full ,- moon. fr!ht ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, ?et. 



LUN& 



334 



LYE 




by the moon, which was vulgarly supposed to cause 
insanity.] — Lu'nacy, -na-sT, re. A popular name 
for insanity ; derangement; craziness. — Luna'- 
tion. re. The period of a synodic revolution of the 
moon, or the time from one new moon to the next. 
— Lunette', -net', n. {Fort.) A detached bastion. 
(Far.) A half horse-shoe. A somewhat flat watch- 
crystal ; a kind of concavo-convex lens for specta- 
cles : a covering for the eye of a vicious horse. 
(Arch.) An aperture in a concave ceiling. [F., dim. 
of June.] 

Lung, lung, re. (Anat.) One of the 2 organs of respira- 
tion in an air-breath- 
i n g animal. [AS., 
Dan., and G. lunge; 
s. rt. AS. lungre, 
quickly, lightly, Gr. 
elackus, Skr. laghu, = 
E. light, q. v.] 

Lunge, Longe, lunj, re. 
A sudden push or 
thrust— v.i. To de- 
liver a lunge in fen- 
cing. [Abor. fr. al- 
longe, q. v.] 

Lupercal, lu-pSr^kal, ri- 
sing., -calia, -ka'lY-a, 
n. pi. (Rom. Antig.) 
A feast in honor of 
Pan. [L. lupercalis, 
fr. Lupercal, a grotto, 
sacred to Lupercus, 
the Lycean Pan.] j ihg f 

Lupine,lu'pin,re. (Bot.) Lungs, Heart, and chief Vital 
A leguminous plant Organs, in Man. 

of many species, some j lar Tei b b caroti(J 

cultivated f O r their ' ar teries . „, trachea ; d,d, bron- 
showy flowers, others e hi a l veins ; e, e, bronchial ar- 
sis forage plants, or to teries ; ft, I, lungs ; g, right au- 
be plowed under as ricle ; h, inferior vena cava ; i, 
fertilizers. [F. lupin, ri S ht ventricle ; j, aortal artery; 
Tu.lupinum, f r. lupinus, f> Ieft ventricle, 
belonging to a wolf, fr. lupus, wolf.] 

Lupuline, lu'pu-lin, re. (Chem.) The bitter principle 
of hops. The fine yellow powder of hops, which 
contains that principle. [L. lupulus, dim. of lupus, 
hope.] 

Lurch, lerch, n. (Naut.) A sudden roll of a ship to 
one side. — v. i. [lurched (lercht), lurching.] 
To withdraw to one side, or to a private place ; to 
lie in ambush, lurk ; to dodge, play tricks ; to roll 
or pass suddenly to one side, as a ship in a heavy 
sea. [A form of lurk.] — To leave in the lurch. To 
leave in a difficult situation, in embarrassment, or 
without help. — Lurk, v. i. [lurked (lerkt), lurk- 
ing.] To lie hid, lie in wait ; to keep out of sight. 
[ME. lurken, lorken, Dan. lus/ce, G. lauschen, to sneak, 
lurk.] — Lurk'er, re. — Lurk'ing-place, re. A place 
in which one lurks.— Lurch'er, re. One that lies in 
wait, esp. a dog that lies in wait for game, and seizes 
it, as hares, rabbits, and the like ; a glutton ; gor- 
mandizer. 

a,ure, lur, n. An object resembling a bird, held out 
by the falconer to call a hawk ; any enticement; de- 
coy; anything which attracts by promise of pleasure 
■ or advantage, — v. i. [lured (hard), luring.] To 
call a hawk or other animal, —v. t. To draw to the 
lure; entice; attract. [OF. loerre, MHG. luoder, a 
bait, decoy.] 

T.urid, lu'rid, a. Ghastly pale: yellow or red, as the 
sky when a tempest is coming; gloomy; dismal. [L. 
luridus, pale yellow, wan, ghastly ; prob. s. rt. Gr. 
chloros, green: see Chlorine.] 

Lurk, etc. See under Lurch. 

Luscious, lush'us, a. Sweet ; delicious; sweet or rich 
so as to cloy ; fulsome. [Corrup. fr. lusty.] — Lus'- 
ciously, adv. — Lus'ciousness, re. — Lush, a. Full of 
juice or succulence. [Abbr. fr. luscious.] 

Lust, lust, re. Longing desire ; eagerness to possess or 
enjoy ; carnal appetite : concupiscence. — v. i. To 
desire eagerly, long ; to desire the gratification of 
carnal appetite ; to have irregular or inordinate de- 
sires. [AS., D., Sw., and G., pleasure, AS. lystan, to 
lust; s. rt. loose, listless.] — Lust'ful, -ful, a. Hav- 
ing lust; provoking to sensuality; carnal; licentious; 
lewd; lecherous. — Lust'fully, at/r. — Lusf fulness, 
re. — LnB'ty, -tf, a. [-tier, -tiest.] Exhibiting 
vigor, health, etc.; able of body; large: robust; vig- 
orous; healthful; bulky; corpulent; lustf ul. — Lus'- 
tily, adv. — Lus'tiness, re. 

Luster, -tre. lus'ter, re. That which shines or is bril- 




liant; splendor; brightness; renown; distinction; a 
candlestick ornamented with pendants of cut glass. 
[F. lustre, luster, gloss, L. lustrum, a window, light ; 
s. rt. L. lustrare, to illumine, lucere, to shine : see 
Lucent ; not s. rt. lustrare, to purify.] — Lus'trous, 
-trus, a. Bright; shining. — Lus'tnng, re. A kind 
of glossy silk cloth. 

Luster, lus'ter, -trum, n. The space of 5 years. [F. 
lustre, L. lustrum, orig. an expiatory offering, or lus-. 
tration, which the Romans performed every 5 years; 
s. rt. L. lavare. to wash, lucre, to purify, E. lave.] — 
Lus'tral, a. Used in, or pert, to, purification. — 
Lustra'tion, re. Act of, etc. (Antiq.) A sacrifice 
or ceremony , by which cities, armies, people, etc., 
defiled by crimes, were purified. [L. lustratio.] 

Lute, lut, re. A pear-shaped musical instrument, whose 
strings are struck with the right 
hand, while the left presses them 
upon the stops. [OF. hit. It. liuto, 
Pg. alaude, f r. Ar. al 'wtf, al, the, 
lud, wood, stick, lute, harp.] — 
Lut'anist, re. One who plays on 
the lute. 

Lute, lut, Lufing, n. (Chem.) A 
composition of clay or other te- 
nacious substance, used for mak- 
ing joints of chemical vessels, t 
etc., air-tight; a rubber packing 
ring; a coating of clay, sand, etc., T . 

to protect retorts, etc., when ex- -L-uie. 

posed to heat.— v. t. To close or coat with lute. [OP. 
tut, L. lutum, mud, fr. luere, to wash; s. rt. lave.] — 
Luta'tion, re. Act or method of luting vessels. — Lu- 
ta'rious, -rt-us, a. Pert, to, living in, or of the color 
of, mud. 

Luteous, lu'te-us, a. Of a deep-yellow, golden-yellow, 
or orange-yellow color. [L. luteus, fr. lutum, yellow- 
weed, dyer's-weed, weld.] 

Lutheran, lu'ther-an, a. Pert, to Martin Luther, the 
reformer. — n. A disciple, or adherent to the doc- 
trines, of Luther or the Lutheran church. — Lu'- 
theranism, Lu'therism, -izm, re. Doctrines taught 
by Luther. 

Luthern, lu'thern, re. (Arch.) An upright window- 
in a roof; a dormer window. [F. lucarne, dormer 
window, fr._L. lucerna, lamp: see Lucent.] 

Luxate, luks'at, v. t. To put out of joint, dislocate. 
[L. luxare, -atum, fr. luxus, dislocated, Gr. looms, 
slanting, oblique.] — Luxa'tion, re. Act of, or thing 
which, etc.; a dislocation. 

Luxury, luk'shoo-rt, n. Free or extravagant indul- 
gence in the pleasures of the table, and in costly 
dress and equipage ; anything delightful to the 
senses ; a dainty ; any delicious or costlv food or 
drink; any article not necessary for health or com- 
fort; epicurism ; effeminacy. [OF. luxurie, L. luocuria, 
fr. luxus, pomp, luxury; prob. s. rt. L. pollucere, to 
offer in sacrifice, serve up in a dish, entertain, licere, 
to be lawful: see License.] — Luxu'riance, -riancy, 
lugz- or luks-u'rT-an-sT, re. State of being luxuriant; 
rank growth; strong, vigorous growth; exuberance. 

— Luxu'riant, a. Exuberant in growth ; in great 
abundance. — Luxu'riantly, adv.— Luxu'riate, v. i. 
To grow exuberantly, or to superfluous abundance; 
to feed or live luxuriously; to indulge to excess, de- 
light greatly. [L. luocuriare, -atum.] — Luxu'ria'tion, 
re. Act, or process of, etc. — Luxu'rious, -rt-us, a. 
Given to luxury; voluptuous; administering to lux- 
ury; furnished with luxuries; softening by pleasure, 
or free indulgence in luxury. — Luxuriously, adv. 

— Luxu'riousness, n. 

Lyceum, li-se'um, re. A place in Greece near the River 
Ilissus, where Aristotle taught philosophy: a place 
for instruction by lectures or disquisition's; a higher 
school, in Europe, which prepares youths for the 
university; an association for literary improvement. 
[L. ; Gr. Lukeion, fr. the neighboring temple of 
Apollo Lukeios, the wolf-slayer, fr. lukos, wolf.] — 
Lycan'thropy, li-kan'thro-pT, n. A kind of insanity, 
in which the patient imagines himself a wolf, and 
imitates his actions. [Gr. lukanthropia, fr. lukos and 
anthropos, man.] 

Lydian, lid'i-an, a. Pert, to Lydia, in Asia Minor, or 
to its inhabitants: soft; effeminate, — said esp. of 
one of the ancient Greek modes or keys, whose 
music was of a soft, pathetic character. 

Lye, li, re. Water impregnated with alkali imbibed 
from the ashes of wood, used in soap-making, etc. 
[AS. leak, OHG. louga, lye; s. rt. Ic. laug, a bath, L. 
lavare, to wash: see Lave; L. lixivium, lye, fr. lix, 
ashes.] — Lixiv / 'ial,-T-al,a. Obtained by lixiviation; 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve. term ; In, Tee ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



LYMPH 



335 



MACHINE 



containing alkali extracted from wood-ashes: of the 
color of. or like lye or alkaline salts from wood-ashes. 
— Lixiviate, -ated, a. Pert, to lye : impregnated 
with alkali from wood-ashes. — Lixiviate, v. t. To 
subject to the process of lixiviation: to leach. — Lix- 
iv'ialion, n. Operation or process of extracting sol- 
uble matter from insoluble by washing, filtering, or 
leaching, as alkali from ashes. — Lixiv'ium. -I-nni, 
n. Water impregnated with soluble matter, as with 
alkaline salts imbibed from wood-ashes. 

Lymph, limf, n. Water, or a pure, transparent fluid 
like water; a coagulable fluid in animal bodies, con- 
tained in vessels called lymphatics; the watery part 
of the pus or virus used in vaccination. [L. lympha, 
water, lymph, also a water-nymph: prob. s. rt. L. 
limpiaus, limpid, q. v.: prob. not s. rt. Gr. numphe, a 
nymph.] — Lymphatic, -fatlk, ". Pert, to, of the 
nature of, containing, or conveying lymph: heavy 
in temperament; dull. — n. (Physiol.) One of the 
vein-like, valved vessels in vertebrate a nimals, which 
absorb the lymph fr. various parts of the system and 
carry it to the thoracic duct, etc.: see Lacteal. 

Lynch, linch, v. t. [lynched (lincht), lynching.] 
To inflict punishment upon without the forms of 
law: esp. to hang by mob-law. [Prop, name; said to 
be of a Virginia farmer who took the law into his 
own hands; also, of a Mayor of Gal way, Ireland, who 
hanged his own son, in the 16th century.] — Lynch'- 
law, n. Punishment of men for offenses, by private, 
unauthorized persons. 

Lynx, links, n. A sullen nocturnal feline animal of 
several species, with brilliant eyes, tufted ears, and 



short tail : it preys upon birds and beasts in the 
woods of X. Europe, Asia, and Amer. JX. and Gr.; 
s. rt. Gr. luchnos, a lamp, light, fr. its bright eye.-.] — 
Lynx'-eyed, -Id, a. Having acute sight. — Lyn'- 
cean, -se-an, a. Pert, to thelynx. 
Lyra, li'ra, n. (Astron.) A northern constellation; 
situated directly 
in front of Ursa 
Major. — Lyre, 
Mr, n. (Mus.) A 
stringed instru- 
ment of music; 
a kind of harp 
used by the an- 
cients. (Astron.) 
The constellation 




Lvra. [F. lyre, L. 
and Gr. lyra. 



L y re - harp, lute.]— Ly 
rist, n. One who plays upon 
the lyre. — Lyre'-bird, n. 
An Australian bird, having 
the 16 tail feathers of the 
male arranged in the form 
of a lyre : it is the only 
known" species of its genus. 
— Lyric, lTrlk. -ical, a.- 
Pert, to a lyre or harp; fitted 
to be sung "to the lyre; appro- 
priate for song. — Lyric, n. 
A lyric poem; a song; averse of the kind usually 
employed in lyric poetry, — chiefly in pi. 




M. 



M. em. the 13th letter of the Eng. alphabet, represents 
a labial articulation, and is called the labial nasal. 
-As a numeral M = 1,000. (Print.) A quadrat, the 
face or top of which is a square, as formerly the letter 
M also was : it is the unit of measuring the amount 
of type in any work: this page in length is equal to 
97 lines of pearl, in breadth 58 ; it would therefore 
measure 58 X 9" = 5,636 m's. [Written also em.] 

Ma. ma, n. Mother, — an abbr. of mamma, a child's 
title for mother. — Ma'am, mam, n. Madam,— a 
colloq. contraction of madam. 

Macadamize, mak-ad'am-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -iz- 
ing.] To cover (a road) with small, broken stones, 
so as to form a smooth, hard surface. [Fr. John 
Mac Adam, the inventor.] 

Macaroni, mak-a-ro'nY. n. An article of food com- 
posed of paste, chiefly of wheat flour, made into 
long, slender tubes: a'medley; something extrava- 
gant, to please an idle fancy; a sort of droll or fool; 
a fop; beau; exquisite. [Olt. maccaroni. fr. maccare, 
to bruise, L. macerare, to macerate, q. v.: prob. s. rt. 
Gr. makaria, porridge, fr. massein, to knead, vjaza, 
dough, Russ. muka, flour.] — Macaronic, -ronlk, a. 
Pert, to, or like, a macaroni; empty; trifling; vain: 
affected: consisting in the addition of Latin termi- 
nations to the vernacular roots of some modern lan- 
guage, combined with genuine Latin and vernacu- 
lar words. [F. macaronique, a mixture of various 
things, applied to a poem by Theophilo Folengo, in 
1.509.] — Macaroon'. -roon / \ n. A small cake, com- 
posed chiefly of almonds and sugar. [F. macaron. 
It. macarone.] 

Macaw, ma-kaw', n. A large bird of the parrot fam- 
ily, of several species, all having 
beautiful plumage and long tails, 
native of tropical America. [Na- 
tive name in the Antilles.] 

Maccabees, mak'ka-bez, n. pi. Two ; 
books of the Apocrypha, which re- 
cord Jewish affairs in the time of 
the Maccabean princes. 

Maccaboy, mak'ka-boi, -co boy, n. 
Rose-flavored snuff. [Fr. a district 
in Martinique, where it is made.] 

Mace, mas. a. A heavy metal club, 
anciently used as a weapon; a staff 
borne by. or before, a magistrate 
as an ensign of authority: a scepter: a rod used ii 
billiards; a knobbed mallet used by curriers. [OF. 




Macaw. 



fr. obs. L. matea, a beetle; prob. s. rt. Skr. math, to 
crush, kill.] — Ma'cer, -ser, n. A mace-bearer ; a 
court officer. 
Mace, mas, n. A spice,— the 2d coat or aiil which cov- 
ers the nutmeg, — extremely fragrant and aromatic. 
[F. mads, L. macer, Gr. maker ; perh. s. rt. Skr. ma- 
kura, a bud.] 
Macerate, mas'gr-at, v. t. To soften and separate the 
parts of by steeping, as in a fluid, or by the digestive 
! process. [L. macerare, -atum, to steep; s. rt. Gr. rnas- 
j sein, to knead, Skr. much, to pound, E. mass, and 
I perh. macaroni, mackerel, meager, emaciate.] — Mac- 

era'tdon. n. Act, process, or operation of, etc. 
Machiavelian. mak'T-a-veKj-an, a. Pert, to Machia- 
vel, an Italian writer, or to his supposed principles; 
politically cunning; using duplicity; crafty.— Mach'- 
iavellahism, Mach'iavelism, -T-a-vel-izm, n. Polit- 
ical cunning and artifice, intended to favor arbitrary 
power. 
Machicolation. mach'i-ko-la'shun, n. An opening be- 
tween the corbels supporting 
a projecting parapet, in the 
floor of a gallery, or in the 
roof of a portal, for pouring 
hot liquids, etc., upon assail- 
ants approaching the walls; 
act of pouring or hurling mis- 
siles, etc., upon assailants 
through such apertures : a 
parapet resting on corbels. 
[F. machicoulis, fr. meche, a match, combustible mat- 
ter, and couler. to flow, L. colare, to filter.] 
Machine, ma-shen', n. Any body or assemblage of 
bodies used to transmit and modify force and mo- 
tion; esp., a construction in which the several parts 
unite to produce given results; any instrument or 
organization bv which power is applied and made 
effective, or a desired effect produced: a person who 
acts mechanically or at the will of another: supernat- 
ural agency in a poem. [F.; L. machina, Gr. mecha- 
ne, machine, device, meows, means, contrivance : s. 
rt. may, make.]— Machine work. Work done by a ma- 
chine, not by hand labor. — Machin'ery, -sheu'er-I, 
n. Machine's collectively: the working parts of a 
machine, arranged to apply and regulate force ; 
j means by which anything is kept in action ; esp. 
supernatural means" by which the action of a ficti- 
tious work is carried on and brought to a catastro- 
phe. — Machinist, n. A constructor of machinery. 




Machicolation. 



sun, cube, full; moon, f 6t)t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, bos don, chair, get. 





MACKEREL 

— Mach'inal, mak'Tf-nal, a. Pert, to machines.— 
Mach'inate, v. t. To plan; to form, as a plot or a 
scheme. [L. machinari, -natus.] — Machina' tion, n. 
Act of contriving a scheme for executing some pur- 
pose, esp. an evil one ; a hostile or treacherous 
scheme formed with deliberation and cunning. — 
Mach'ina'tor, n. One who plots with evil designs. 

Mackerel, mak'er-el, n. A food fish, blue, streaked 
with black, found in 
the European and N. 
Amer, seas. [OF. mak- 
er el, fr. L. maca, mac- 
ula, a stain, spot, Sp. 
maca, stain, bruise on 
fruit; prob. s. rt. macer- Mackerel. 

ate, q. v.] — Mackerel-sky. A sky in which the clouds 
are broken into fleecy masses, usually believed to 
portend wind and rain. — Mack'le, -1, n. (Print.) A 
blur causing part of the impression to appear double. 

— Mac'led, -Id, a. Spotted on the surface with a 
deeper hue than the ground of the substance. — 
Mac'ule, -Hi, v. t. To maculate, blur, esp. (Print.) 
to double an impression from type. — n. Same as 
Mackle.— Mac'ula, -u-la, n. ; pi. -ul^e, -le. A spot, 
as on the skin, surface of the sun, or other luminous 
orb. [L.] — Mac'ulate, v. t. To spot, stain, blur. [L. 
maculare, -latum.] — Macula'tion, n. The act of 
spotting; a spot; blemish; stain. 

Mackintosh, mak'in-tosh, n. A water-proof outer 
garment. [Inventor's name.] 

Macrocosm, mak'ro-kozm, n. The great world ; uni- 
verse, — opposed to microcosm, or the little world 
constituted by man. [Gr. matros, great, long, and 
/cosmos, the world.] — 
Macrom'eter, -krom'- 
e-ter, n. An instru- 
ment for measuring 
inaccessible objects 
by means of 2 reflect- 
ors on a common sex- 
tant. [Gr. metron, 
measure.] — Mac'ro- 
pod, n. (Zobl.) A Macropod. 

short-tailed, decapodous crustacean, having very 
long feet; the sea-spider; spider-crab. [Gr. pons, po- 
dos, foot.] 

Mad, mad, a. [madder, -dest.] Disordered in intel- 
lect ; distracted ; crazy ; insane; beside one's self ; 
showing uncontrolled or unreasonable feeling or ac- 
tion, as from levity, willfulness, fear, pain, appetite, 
rage, etc.; esp., excited with violent or unreasonable 
desire or appetite, or with wrath; enraged; angry; 
proceeding from, or indicating, madness or fury. — 
v. t. [madded, -ding.] To madden. [AS. gemsed, 
Ic. meiddr, mad, p. p. of meidha, to hurt.] — Mad'- 
ly, adv. In a mad manner, wildly ; with extreme 
folly. — Mad'ness, n. — Mad'cap, n. One of wild 
behavior; a violent, rash, hot-headed person.— Mad'- 
man, n. ; pi. -men. One who is mad; a lunatic; crazy 
person.— Mad '-house, n. A house where insane per- 
sons are confined for cure or for restraint; a bedlam. 

— Mad'den, -dn, w. t. [-dened (-dnd), -dexing.] To 
make mad, furious, or angry, drive to madness, 
craze, enrage. — v. i. To become mad, act as if mad. 

Madam, mad'am, Madame, ma-dam', n. ; pi. Mes- 
dames, ma-dam'. My lady, — a complimentary 
form of address to a lady, esp. an elderly or a mar- 
ried lady. [F. madame = ma dame, L. mea domina, 
my lady. See Dame.] — Madon'na, ma-don'na, n. 
Madam; my lady; a picture of the Virgin Mary, to 
whom the title Our Lady is given in the Rom. Cath. 
Church. [It., for ma donna. See Donna, under Dom- 
inie.] — Mademoiselle, mad'mwS-zel', n. ; pi. Mes- 
demoiselles, mad'mwo-zel'. Miss; young woman; 
girl, — used esp. in address. [F., for ma demoiselle, 
formerly damoiselle = E. damsel, q . v., under Dame.] 

Madder, mad'der, n. A plant cultivated in Europe 
and the Levant from whose root are made pigments 
for dyeing sevoral shades of red, yellow, and purple. 
[AS. msederu, Ic. madhra ; s. rt. Skr. madhura, sweet, 
teTider.] 

Madefy, mad'e-fl, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To 
make wet or moist; to moisten. [L. madefacere, fr. 
madere, to be wet, and/acere, to make.] 

Madeira, ma-de'ra or -da.'ra, n. A rich wine made on 
the Isle of Madeira. 

Madrepore, mad're-por, n. A reef-building polyp, or 
the white, stony, tree-shaped coral formed by aggre- 
gation of its cells. [F.; It. ma.drepora, fr. madre, 
mother, and prob. Gr. poros, light and friable stone, 
a stalactite; i. e., mother-s 



536 



MAGISTERIAL 




Madrepore, 
composition in 5 or 6 



-stone, cf. It. madreperla, 



moth e r-o f-pearl; not fr. 
pore, but confused with 
it.] 

Madrier, ma-drer' or mad'rT- 
5r, n. A thick plank or tim- 
ber, used for several me- 
chanical or military pur- 
poses, esp. for supporting 
the earth in mines. [F., fr. 
L. materia, stuff, materials, 
timber.] 

Madrigal, mad'ri-gal, n. A 
little amorous poem, or 
pastoral poem, containing 
some tender and delicate, 
though simple though t. 
(JIusic.) An elaborate vocal 

parts. [It. madrigale, for rnandrigale, prop, ashep- 
herd's song, fr. It., L., and Gr. mandra, a flock, 
fold, Skr. mandura, a stable, prob. fr. mand, to 
sleep.] 

Maenad, me'nad, n. (Rom. Hist.) A Bacchante ; a 
priestess or votary of Bacchus. A woman wild with 
passion. [L. Msenas, Gr. mainas, -ados, fr. maines- 
thai, to rave.] 

Maestoso. See under Majesty. 

Maestro. See under Master. 

Magazine, mag'a-zen', n. A warehouse or storehouse ; 
esp. a storehouse for military stores; building or 
room in which powder is kept in a fortification or 
ship; cartridge chamber of a repeating rifle; a pam- 
phlet periodically published, containing miscellane- 
ous compositions. [OF. magazin, fr. Ar. makhzan, 
storehouse, granary, khazana, to lay up.] 

Magdalen, mag'da-len, n. A reformed prostitute. 
[I r. Mary Magdalene, the repentant sinner forgiven 
by Christ.] 

Magenta, ma-jen'ta, n. A red or crimson dye or color 
derived fr. aniline. [Fr. the battle of Magenta, in 
Italy, fought about the time the color was intro- 
duced.] 

Maggot, mag'got, n. The larval form of a fly; a grub; 
worm. [W7 macai, a maggot, magiaid, worms, grubs, 
magiad, breeding, f r. magu, Corn, and Armor, maga, 
to feed, nourish; perh. s. rt. L. magnus, Gr. megas, 
great.] — Mag'goty, -got-Y, a. Full of or infested 
with maggots; full of whims; capricious. 

Magi, ma'ji, n. Priests of the Persians; wise men of 
the East. [L. ; Gr. magoi, pi. of magos, a Magian, 
one of a tribe in Media, hence an enchanter, wizard; 
prob. s. rt. Zend maz, Gr. megas, L. magnus, great.] 
— Ma'gian, -jir-an, a. Pert, to, etc. —re. A Zoroas- 
trian priest. — Ma'gianism, -izm, n. The philosophy 
or doctrines of the Magi. — Mag'ic, maj'ik, n. The 
pretended art, science, or practice of working won- 
ders by aid of supernatural beings, departed spirits,or 
occult powers of nature; sorcery; witchcraft; necro- 
mancy; conjuration; enchantment. — Mag'ic, -ical, 
a. Relating to, performed by, or proceeding from, 
etc.; hence, imposing or startling in performance. 
[F. magu/ue, L. magicus, Gr. magikos, magical.] — 
Magic circle. A series of concentric circles contain- 
ing the numbers 12 to 75 in eight radii, and having 
similar properties to the magic square. — M. lantern. 
An optical instrument consisting of a case contain- 
ing a lamp, whose light, passing through lenses, ex- 
hibits on a screen the magnified image of objects 
placed in the focus of the outer lens. — " 
A series of numbers in a regular progres- 
sion, -so disposed in parallel and equal 
rows, in the form of a square, that each 
row, taken vertically, horizontally, or di- 
agonally, shall give the same sum, same 
product, or a harmonical series, accord- 
ing as the series taken is in an arithmeti- A 
cal, geometrical, or harmonical progres- -Mag'C 
sion. — Mag'ically, adv. — Magi'cian, & 1 uare - 
-jish'an, n. One skilled in magic; an enchanter; sor» 
cerer or sorceress. [F. magicien.] 

Magilp, ma-gilp', -gilph, -gilf, n. (Paint.) A gelat- 
inous compound of linseed oil and mastic varnish, 
used by artists as a vehicle for colors. 

Magisterial, maj-is-te'ri-al, a. Pert, or appropriate to 
a master or magistrate; authoritative; commanding; 
imperious; haughty; despotic: dogmatical. [L.mag- 
ister, a master; s. rt. L. magnus, Gr. megas, Skr. mo- 
liant, great, E. much, may, master, majesty, major, 
mayor.] - Mag'iste'rially, -rT-al-lT, adv. With the 
air of a master. — Mag'iste'rialness, n. — Magis- 
trate, -trat, n. A person clothed with power as a 
public civil officer, executive or judicial. [F. magis- 



M. 


square. 


2 


7 


6 


9 


5 


1 


4 


.3 


8 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; in, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



MAGNESIA 



337 



MAIN 



■irat, L. magistratus.] — Magistral, a. Suiting a mag- 
istrate ; authoritative. {Pharmacy.) Prescribed for 
the occasion,— said of medicines, disting. f r. such as 
are officinal, or directed by the pharmacopoeia. — 
Magistracy, -tra-sT, n. Office or dignity of a magis- 
trate; the body of magistrates.— Mag'na Char'ta, 
kar'ta, n. The great charter obtained by the Eng. 
barons from King John, a. d. 1215; a fundamental 
constitution which guaranties rights and privileges. 
[Li., great charter.] — Mag'naninf ity, -T-tY, n. Qual- 
ity of being magnanimous; greatness of mind; eleva- 
tion or dignity of soul; generosity. [F. magnanimity, 
L. magnanimitas, fr. magnus and animus, the mind.] 
— Magnanimous, -Y-mus, a. Great of mind; raised 
above what is low, mean, or ungenerous; of lofty 
spirit; exhibiting nobleness of soul; liberal and hon- 
orable. [L. magnanimus.] — Magnanimously, adv. 

— Mag'nate, -nat, n. Anobleorgranrlee; apersonof 
distinction. [F. magnat, L. magn.ax, -natis, a prince.] 

— Mag'nify, -nY-il, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To 
make great or greater; to increase the power or glory 
of, sound the praises of; to enlarge, amplify, aug- 
ment, exaggerate, — v. i. To increase the apparent 
dimensions of objects. [F. magnifier, L. magnificare, 
fr. magnus and facere, to make.] — Mag^niffer, n. i 
One who, or that which, magnifies; an optical in- 
strument, which increases the apparent magnitude 
of bodies. — Mag'nifi'able, a. — Magnific, -ical, a. 
Grand; splendid; illustrious; magniiicent. [L. mag- j 
nificusA— Magnificat, n. The song of the Virgin 
NLa.Ty , Luke i. 46, — which commences with this word 
in the Latin Vulgate. [L., it magnifies, fr. magnifi- 
care.] — Magnificent, -Y-sent, a. On a grand scale ; 
imposing with splendor; grand in appearance; ex- i 
hibitinggrandenr; pompous; gorgeous; grand; bril- 
liant. — Magnificence, -Y-sens, n. Condition or 
quality of being, etc.; pomp.— Magnificently, adi>. I 

— Magnif oquence, -o-kwens, w. Quality of being ', 
magniloquent ; loftiness of speech. [L. loquentia, 
discourse, fr. loqui, to speak.] — Magnifoquent, a. \ 
Speaking loftily or pompously; bombastic. — Mag'- 
nitude, -nY-tud, n. Extent of dimensions or parts; 
bulk; size. (Geom.) That which has one or more 
of the 3 dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness; 
anything of which greater or less can be predicated; 
greatness; grandeur; importance. [L. magnitudo.] 

Magnesia, mag-ne'zhY-a or -zha, n. (Chem.) Oxide 
of magnesium, a white, almost insoluble, alkaline 
earth, used as an absorbent and antacid. [L. and 
Gr., name of a country in Lydia.] — Carbonate of 
magnesia. (Med.) A white pulverulent earth used 
as an antacid and mild cathartic. — Sulphate of m. 
Epsom salts. — Magne'sian, -zhan, a. Pert, to, con- 
taining, or resembling, magnesia. — Magne'sium, 
-zhY-um, n. (Chem.) The undecomposable metallic 
base of magnesia. — Magnesium light. A brilliant 
light produced by burning metallic magnesium, — 
used in photographic processes. — Mag'net, n. The 
loadstone; a species of iron ore, which attracts iron 
and some of its ores, and, when freely suspended, 
points to the magnetic poles; a bar of iron to which 
the properties of the loadstone have been imparted. 
[ME. and OF. magnete, L. magnes, -netis, for magnes 
lapis, Gr. lithos Magnetes. the Magnesian stone, load- 
stone.]— Magnetic, -ical, a. I- ert. to, or having the 
properties of, the magnet; pert to the earth's mag- 
netism; attractive. — Magnetic battery. A combina- 
tion of bar or horse-shoe magnets with the like poles 
adjacent, so as to act together with great power. — M. 
equator. The line around the equatorial parts of the 
earth at which there is no dip, the dipping-needle 
being horizontal.— M. field. Space through which a 
magnet exerts its influence. — M. fluid. The hypo- 
thetical fluid formerly supposed to explain magnetic 
phenomena.— M. iron. (Min.) Magnetite; a highly 
magnetic black oxide of iron, — a valuable crystal- 
line or granular ore. — M. meridian. See Meridian. 

— M. needle. A slender bar of steel, magnetized and 
suspended at its center, to take freely the direction 
of the magnetic meridian. — M. poles. The 2 points 
in the opposite polar regions of the earth, at which 
the direction of the dipping needle is vertical. — 
Magnetically, adv. By means of magnetism— Mag- 
netlcalness. n. Quality of being magnetic. — Mag- 
netics, n. Science or principles of magnetism. — 
Mag'netism, -izm, n. The force in nature which 
gives rise to the phenomena of attraction, polarity, 
etc., exhibited by the loadstone and other magnetic 
bodies; science of magnetic phenomena; power of 
attraction. — Animal magnetism. See Mesmekism.— 
Mag'netist, n. One versed in magnetism. — Mag'- 



netize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.1 To communicate 
magnetic properties to; to attract as if by a magnet; 
to move, influence; to mesmerize.— v. i. To acquire 
magnetic properties, become magnetic. — Mag'net- 
izer, n. One who, or that which, imparts magnetism. 

— Magneto-electricity, -o-e-lek-tris'Y-tY, n. Elec- 
tricity evolved by the action of magnets; science of 
phenomena involving the principles of both mag- 
netism and electricity. — Magnetonf eter, n. An in- 
strument for measuring any of the terrestrial mag- 
netic elements. [Gr. metron, measurej 

Magnificent, Magnify, etc. See under Magisterial. 

Magnolia, mag-noli-a, n. A tree of several specie3 
having large fragrant flowers. [Fr. the botanist 
Pierre Magnol.] 

Magpie, mag'pi, n. A long-tailed, crafty bird, allied 
to the crow, having black plumage above, glossed 
with green and purple, and snowy white below: it is 
noisy and mischievous, and may be taught to speak. 
[Mag, short for Magot = F. MargotA.ox Marguerite, 
name for a woman, also a magpie; F. pie, Li.pica, a 
magpie: see Pie.] 

Maguey, ma-gwa', n. A Mexican aloe, used for paper, 
clothing, cordage, etc. [Sp.; Mex. maguei.'] 

Maharajah, ma-ha-ra'ja, n. A sovereign prince in 
India. [Skr., fr. maha, great, and raja, king.] 

Mahl-stick. See Maul-stick. 

Mahogany, ma-hog'a-ni, n. A large tree, of tropical 
Amer.; the wood of the tree, of a reddish brown 
color, very hard, and susceptible of a fine polish; a 
dining table. [W. Indian name.] 

Mahomedan, Mahometan. See Mohammedan. 

Mahori, ma-hoolY, n. A collective name for the East- 
ern-Polynesian race, comprising the aborigines of 
New Zealand, Hawaii, Tahiti, Navigator's, and 
Friendly Isles, etc.,— disting. fr. Maori, q. v. [Ta- 
hitan, true, native.] 

Mahout, ma-hoof, n. In India, a man in charge of an 
elephant; elephant-driver. 

Maid, mad, n. An unmarried woman; virgin; maiden; 
a female servant. [AS. msegdh, msegedn, msegden, a 
maid, mseg, maid, son, kinsman, Goth, magus, a_boy, 
child ; s. rt. may, might, main.'] — Maid'en, mad'n, 
n. A maid; an instrument resembling the guillotine, 
formerly used in Scotland for beheading criminals; 
a machine for washing linen.— a. Pert, to a young 
unmarried woman or virgin ; consisting of virgins; 
fresh; new; pure; unused. — Maidenspeech. The first 
speech made by a person, esp. by a new member in 
a public body. — Maid'enhead, n. Virginity ; the 
hymen or virginal membrane; that which a woman 
loses when first she has sexual intercourse. — Maid'- 
enhood, n. State of being a maid or virgin; virginity; 
newness; freshness; uncont:i minuted state; state be- 
fore marriage; girlhood. — Maid'enly, a. Becoming 
a maid; gentle; modest; reserved.— Maid' en-hair, n. 
A name for several delicate and graceful species of 
fern, all of which are used in medicine.— Maid'hood, 
n. Virginity; maidenhood.— Maid'-serv'ant, n. A 
female servant; serving-girl. 

Maihem._ See Maim. 

Mail, mal, n. Defensive armor com- 
posed of steel scales, rings, or plates; 
any defensive covering. (Naut.) 
An apparatus composed of rings in- 
terwoven, for rubbing off loose hemp 
on lines and white cordage. — v. t. 
To put a coat of mail or armor upon. 
[ME. and OF. maille, fr. L. macula, 
a spot, hole, mesh, net: see Mack- 

MaiTmal, n. A bag for the convey- Coat of MaiL 
ance of letters and papers ; contents of such a bag, 
etc. ; the person or conveyance carrying the mail. 

— v.t. [mailed (maid), mailing.] To put in the 
post-office for transmission by the mail ; to post. 
[ME. and OF. male, OHG. mataha, Ga. and Ir. mala, 
a bag, sack; cf. Gr- molgos, a hide, skin.]-Maifable, 
a. Usually admitted, or proper to be admitted, 
into the mail. 

Maim, mam, v. t. [maimed (mamd), maiming.] To 
deprive of the use of a limb, or of a necessary part; 
to mutilate, mangle, disable. — Maim, in law lan- 
guage Mafhem, May'hem, ma'hem, n. Privation 
of the use of a limb or member of the body, or of 
any necessary part ; mutilation ; injury. [OF. me* 
haing, an injury, mehaigner, to maim.] 

Main, man, n. Strength; force; violent effort. [AS. 
mxgen.lc megin, strength; s. rt. may.) 

Main, man, a. Mighty; powerful ; vast ; first in size, 
rank, importance, etc.; principal ; chief ; capital. — 




siin, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tben. boNboN, chair, get. 



MAINPERNOR 



338 



M AL ADM INIS TR ATION 



n. The chief or principal part ; esp., the great sea, 
disting. fr. an arm, bay, etc. ; the ocean ; the conti- 
nent, (listing, fr. an island ; mainland ; a principal 
duct or pipe, disting. fr. lesser ones; esp., a principal 

£ipe leading from a reservoir. [OF. maine, magne, 
,. magnus, great: see Magisterial.] — Main'ly, 
adv. Chiefly ; principally ; greatly ; mightily. — 
Main'mast, n. The principal mast in a vessel. See 
Ship. — Main'sail, n. The principal sail. See Sail. 

— Main'spring, n. The principal spring in a piece 
of mechanism ; esp. the moving spring of a watch 
or clock ; the chief or most powerful motive. — 
Main'top, n. The platform at the top of the main- 
mast of a ship, brig, etc.— Main'yard, n. The yard 
on which the mainsail is extended, supported by the 
mainmast. — Main'-deck, n. (Naut.) The deck next 
below the spar-deck in frigates and seventy-fours. 
See Ship. — land, n. The continent, the principal 

land,— opp. to island. sheet, n. (Naut.) The sheet 

that extends and fastens the mainsail. stay, n. 

The stay extending from the foot of the foremast to 
the maintop; main support; principal dependence. 

Mainpernor, maii'per-ner, n. {Law.) A surety for a 
prisoner's appearance in court at a day. [OF. main 
(L. manus), hand, and pernor (F. preneur), a taker, 
fr. verner (F. prendre, L. prehendere), to take.] — 
Main'prise, -priz, n. (Law.) A writ directed to 
the sheriff, commanding him to take sureties, called 
mainpernors, for the prisoner's appearance, and to 
let him go at large ; deliverance of a prisoner on se- 
curity for his appearance at a day. — v. t. [main- 
prised (-prizd), -prising.] To suffer to go at large, 
on sureties for appearance. — Maintain'', -tan', v. t. 
[-tained (-tand'), -taining.] To hold or keep in 
any particular condition; to keep up, sustain; to 
keep possession of, hold and defend; to continue; to 
bear the expense of, supply with what is needed; to 
support by assertion or argument. — v. i. To affirm 
a position, assert. [F. maintenir, L. manu tenere, to 
hold in, or by, the hand.] -Maintain 1 ' able, a. -Main- 
tain 1 ' er, n.— Main'tenance, -te-nans, n. Act of main- 
taining; sustenance; support; defense; vindication; 
that which maintains or supports; means of susten- 
ance. (Crim. Law.) An officious intermeddling in 
a cause depending between others. 

Maiolica. . See Majolica. 

Maize, maz, n. Indian corn, a large species of Amer. 
grass, cultivated as a forage and 
food plant; its seed, growing on 
cobs and used as food for men 
and animals. [Sp. niaiz, W. Ind. 
mapiz.] — Maize'na, ma-ze'na, 
n. A trade name for fine meal 
or farina, prepared from maize, 
for puddings, etc. 

Majesty, maj'es-tY, n. Grandeur; 
exalted dignity; imposing lofti- 
ness; the title of a king or queen, 

— in this sense taking a pi. [OF. 
majestet, L. majestas, fr. mag- 
nus, great. See Magisterial.] 

— Majes'tic, a. Possessing or 
exhibiting majesty ; of august 
dignity, or imposing grandeur ; 
splendid ; magnificent ; imperi- . 
al; regal; royal; stately: lofty. — -* 
Majes'tically, adv. — Majes'- „ . 
ticalness, n. — Ma'esto'so, ma'- Maize, 
es-to'zo, a. (Mus.) Majestic,— a direction to perform 
a passage in a dignified and majestic manner. [It.] 

Majolica, ma-jol'T-ka, Maiolica, mi-ol'Y-ka, n. A kind 
of fine pottery or earthen ware with painted figures, 
first made in Italy in the 16th century. [Fr. Majorca, 
an early seat of this manufacture.] 

Major, ma'jer, a. Greater in number, quantity, or 
extent ; of greater dignity ; more important. — n. 
(Mil.) An officer next in rank above a captain and 
below a lieutenant-colonel. (Civil Lata.) A person 
of full age. (Logic.) That premise which contains 
the major term. [L., compar. of magnus, great, same 
as mayor. See Magisterial.] — Major interval. 
(Mus.) An interval greater by a half-step (semitone) 
than the minor interval of the same denomination. 
— M. mode. That mode in which the 3d and 6th 
tones of the scale form major intervals with the i 
tonic or key-note. — M. premise. (Logic.) That 
premise of a syllogism which contains the major 
term. — M. term. That term which forms the predi- 
cate of the conclusion. — Aid-major. (Mil.) An officer 
appointed to act as major on certain occasions.— 
Drum-m. The first drummer in a regiment; leader 




of a military band or drum corps when marching.— 
Fife-m. The first or chief fifer in a military band.— 
SergeanUm. A non-commissioned officer, subordi- 
nate to the adjutant.— Major 'ity, -jSr't-tt, n. Quality 
or condition of being greater; esp. the military rank 
of a major ; condition of being of age, to manage 
one's own concerns; the greater number; more than 
half ; the number by which one aggregate (as of 
votes) exceeds all opposed to it. [F. majorite'.] — 
Ma'jor-do'mo, n. A steward; a chief minister. [It. ; 
Sp. mayor-domo ; L. donius, house.] — Ma'jor-gen 1 '- 
eral, n. (Mil.) An officer next in rank below a lieu- 
tenant-general.— Majus'cule, -kul, n. A capital let- 
ter used in ancient Latin manuscripts. [L. majuscu- 
lus, somewhat greater or great, dim. of major, majus.] 
Make, mak, v. t. [made (mad), making.] To cause 
to exist ; produce, frame, create ; to produce (some- 
thing artificial or false) ; to bring about, effect, do, 
execute, etc. ; to gain, as the result of one's efforts ; 
to suffer ; to find, as the result of computation ; to 
pass over the distance of, travel over; to put in a de- 
sired or desirable condition ; to cause to be or be- 
come, constitute ; to cause to appear to be ; to esteem, 
represent; to require, compel, force ; to compose, as 
parts, ingredients, or materials ; to form ; to serve 
or answer as; to reach, or arrive at ; to come near, so 
as to have within sight. — v. i. To tend, proceed, 
move ; to contribute, have effect ; to increase, aug- 
ment, accrue. — w. Structure ; texture ; constitu- 
tion of parts ; shape ; form. [AS. macian; s. rt. 
may.] — To make avjay. To put out of the way, 
kill, destroy. — To m. believe. To pretend, act as if. 

— To m. bold. To venture, take liberty. — To m. 
free with. To treat with freedom or without cere- 
mony. —To m. good. To maintain, defend; to fulfill, 
accomplish; to make compensation for. — To m. light 
of. To treat with indifference or contempt — To m, 
much of. To treat with fondness or esteem, exagger- 
ate.— To m. no difference. To be a matter of indif- 
ference. — To m. no doubt. To have no doubt. — To 
m.of. To understand; to produce from, effect; to 
consider, esteem.— To m. out. To learn, discover; to 
decipher; to prove; to establish by evidence or argu- 
ment; to succeed, be able at last.— To m. over. To 
transfer the title of, convey. — To m. sail. (Want.) 
To increase the quantity of sail already extended ; 
to set sail, start. — To m. up. To collect into a sum 
or mass ; to reconcile, compose; to supply what is 
wanting in; to compensate; to settle, adjust, or ar- 
range for settlement; to determine, bring to a defi- 
nite conclusion; to put in shape, manufacture. — To 
m. water. (Naut.) To leak. To void urine. — To m. 
way. To make progress, advance; to open a passage; 
clear the way.— Mak'er, n. One who makes, forms, 
or molds; a manufacturer; the Creator. (Law.) One 
who signs or makes a promissory note. — Make'-be- 
lieve', n. A mere pretense. — shift, n. That with 
which one makes shift; a temporary expedient.— 
-up, n. The whole, — disting. from the parts com- 
posing it; general composition or structure; get-up; 
among actors, artificial preparation of the face, etc., 
for the stage. (Print.) Arranging of type into pages, 
with proper head-lines, etc. — weight, -wat, n. That 
which is thrown into a scale to make weight. 

Malachite, mal'a-kit, n. (Min.) Green carbonate of 
copper, found in Siberia, Cornwall, etc. [Gr. maV 
ache, a mallow, whose leaves it resembles in color.^ 

Malacology, mal-a-kol'o-j i, n. Science of the structure 
and habits of mollusks or soft-bodied animals. [Gr. 
malakos, soft, and logos, discourse.] 

Maladministration, mal / ad-min 1 'is-tra 1 'shun, n. Faulty 
administration; bad management of public officers 
or official duties. [F. mal, fern, male (L. mains), bad, 
and administration ; L. malus, orig. dirty, black, Gr. 
melas, black, Skr. mala, dirty, malina, black, sinful, 
bad, Ir. maile, W. mall, evil, Corn, malan, the devil.] 

— Maladroit'', -a-droif, a. Clumsy; awkward; un- 
skillful. [F.] — MaFady, -a-dl, n. Sickness or dis- 
ease ; esp., a lingering or deep-seated disorder ; a 
moral or mental disorder; illness. [F. maladie, fr. 
malade, OF. malabde, sick, L. male habitus, badly 
conditioned ; habitus, p. p. of habere, to have : see 
Habit; not fr. L. male aptus.~\ — Malaise', -az', n. 
(Patholj An indefinite sense of being sick or ill at 
ease. [F.; aise, ease.] — Mal'apert', -a-pert', a. In- 
appropriate through pertness ; without respect or 
decency; bold; forward; saucy; impudent. — n. A 
pert, saucy person. [OF. apert, open, adroit, intel- 
ligent, fr. L. aperire, apertum, to open.] — Malap'ro- 
pos', -ap'ro-po', adv. Unseasonably ; unsuitably. 
[F. malapropos; apropos, to the purpose.] — Mala'* 



am, fame, far, pass r opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 8r ; 



MALAGA 



339 



MAN 



ria, ma-la'rY-a, n. An unhealthy exhalation from 
wet land, etc., producing fever, ague, etc., in certain 
districts. [It., contr. fr. mala aria, bad air; L.mate 
and aer, air.] — Mala'rious, -rT-us, a. Pert, to, or 
infected by, malaria. — Malcon'forma'tion, n. Im- 
perfect or disproportionate formation; ill form. — 
Mal'content', n. One discontented; esp., a discon- 
tented subject of government. [OF.] — Mal'con- 
tent', Mal'content'ed, a. Discontented; dissatisfied 
with the government. — Mal'edic'tion, n. Denun- 
ciation of evil; declaration of a wish of evil; curse; 
imprecation: execration. [F.] — Mal'efac'tor, -ter, 
n. One who commits a crime; evil-doer; felon: con- 
vict. [L.; factor, a doer, fr. facere, to do.] — Male- 
faction, n. Acrime.-Malef'icence,-Y-sens,?i. Evil- 
doing. {Moral Pkilos.) The doing ill to others, — 
opp. to beneficence. — Malev'olent, a. "Wishing evil; 
ill-disposed, or disposed to injure others; envious; 
spiteful; malicious; malignant. [L. malevolens ; vo- 
lens, p. pr. of velle, to wish.] — Malev'olently, adv. 

— Malev'olence, -o-lens, n. — Malfea'sance, -fe'- 
zans, n. {Law.) Evil conduct; illegal deed; male- 
faction. [F. malfaisance.] — Mal'forma'tion, n. Ir- 
regular or anomalous formation or structure of 
parts. — Malice, -is, n. A disposition to injure oth- 
ers unjustly, without apparent cause, or in revenge; 
deliberate intention to do mischief to another; unpro- 
voked malignity or spite; rancor. [F.; L. malitia, fr. 
malus.] — Mali'cious, -lish'us, a. Indulging or ex- 
ercising malice; proceeding from hatred or malice; 
mischievous ; bitter. — Mali'ciously, adv. — Mali- 
ciousness, n. — Malign'', -Hn', a. Having a very evil 
disposition toward others; malignant; pernicious; 
tendingto injure. — v. t. [maligned (-lmd'), -lign- 
ing.J To speak great evil of, traduce, vilify. [OF. 
mating, fern, maligne, L. malignus, for maligenus, 1. e., 
of a bad nature, fr. malus and genus, birth, kind.] — 
Malignly, adv.— Malig'nancy, -lig'nan-si, n. Qual- 
ity of being malignant; malice. {Med.) Virulence; 
tendency to mortification or to a fatal issue. — Ma- 
Hg'nant, a. Disposed to do harm, inflict suffering, 
or cause distress; exerting pernicious influence; hei- 
nous. {Med.) Tending to produce death; virulent; 
incurable. — n. (Eng.Hist.) One of the adherents 
of the house of Stuart; a cavalier. [L. malignans, 

&pr. of malignare, to act spitefully.] — Malig'nant- 
, adv. — Malig'nity, -nT-tl, rc. Quality of being 
malign; extreme malevolence; deadly quality. [F. 
malignity.'] — Malinger, ma-lin'gSr, v. i. [-geeed 
(-gerd), -gering.] {Mil.) To feign illness or to pro- 
tract disease, in order to avoid duty. [F. malingre, 
sickly, weakly, fr. mal and OF. heingre, thin, infirm, 
fr. L. seger, sick.] — Mal'ison, mal'T-zn, n. Maledic- 
tion; curse; execration. [OF.; same as malediction.'] 

— MaloHor, n. An offensive odor. — Malprac'tice, 
-tis, n. Evil practice ; illegal or immoral conduct ; 
esp. professional misconduct of a physician.— Mal- 
treat'', v. t. To treat ill, abuse. — Maltreat'ment, n. 
Ill usage; abuse.— MaTversa'tion, ». Evil conduct; 
corruption or extortion in office. [F., fr. malverser, 
L. versari, to be engaged in, fr. versare, freq. of ver- 
tere, to turn.] 

Malaga,_mal'a;ga, n. A wine from Malaga, in Spain. 

Male, mal, a. Pert, to the sex that begets or procre- 
ates young, disting. f r. the female ; masculine. (£ot.) 
Having fecundating organs, but not fruit-bearing; 
staminate. — n. An animal of the male sex; a he. 
( Bot.) A plant which bears only staminate flowers. 
[OF. masle, male, L. masculus, fr. mas, a male crea- 
ture ; s. rt. Skr. mantis, E. man, masculine ; not s. rt. 
female.] — Male screw. {Mech.) A screw having the 
thread upon the outside, to fit the grooves on the in- 
side of a hollow or female screw.— Mallard, n. The 
common green-head or migratory wild duck of Eu- 
rope and the Western U. S., the progenitor of the 
tame mallard ; the common domestic duck. [OF. 
malard, fr. male.'] 

Malediction, Malice, etc. See under Maladminis- 
tration. 

Malkin, maw'kin, n. A kitchen wench; a dirty drab; 
a mop; a scarecrow. [ME. dim. for Moll, for Mary.] 

Mall, mawl, n. A large wooden beetle; a maul.— v. t. 
[malled (mawld), malling.] To beat with a mall; 
to maul. [OF. mail, fr. L. mallents, a hammer; perh. 
s. rt. Ic. mjolnir, the crusher, the name of Trior's 
hammer, Russ. molof, a hammer, moloU, to grind.] 

— Mall, mal, n. A level, shaded public walk. [OF. 
pale-maille, Olt. palamaglio, a game like croquet, in 
which a ball (It. palla) was driven with a mallet (It. 

li. malleus) through hoops.] — Mal'leate, 
r le-at, v. t. To hammer; to draw into a plate or 



al' 



leaf by beating. [LL. malleare, -atum, to beat with 
a hammer ; fr. L. malleus.] — Mallea'tion, n. Act 
of beating into a plate or leaf, as a metal. — Malle- 
able, a. Capable of being^ shaped, drawn out, or ex- 
tended by beating. [OF.] — Malleable iron. Iron so 
nearly freed from carbon, etc., that it may be wrought 
with a hammer. — Mal'leableness, -ability, n. — 
Mal'let, n. A wooden hammer, used esp. for driving 
a chisel. [F. maillet, dim. of mail, a mall.] 

Mallow, mal'lo, -lows, -loz, n. A plant of the genus 
Malva, — so called from its emolBent qualities. [AS. 
malwe, L. malva, Gr. malache, a mallow, maldkos, 
soft, mild, malasce\..\ to soften.] 

Malmsey, mam'zT. n. A sort of grape; also, a kind of 
strong and sweet wine. [OF. malvoisie, wine, fr. 
Malvasia, in the Morea.] 

Malpractice, Maltreat, etc. See under Maladminis- 
tration. 

Malt, mawlt, n. Barley, or other grain, in which the 
starch has been changed to saccharine matter by 
forced germination, and the sprouting checked bv 
drying m a kiln: it is used in brewing. — v. t. To 
make into malt. — v. i. To become malt. [Ic.Dan., 
and Sw.; AS. mealt } malt, melton, to melt, steep. 
soften; s. rt. melt, mild.] — Malt 'man, -ster, n. One 
who makes malt. _ 

Malthusian, mal-thoo'shan, a. Pert, to the theory of 
Malthus, that early marriages should be discour- 
aged, because population, if unchecked, increases 
more rapidly than means of subsistence. 

Mamaluke, mam'a-ltik, -eluke, n. One of the former 
Egyptian cavalry, formed of Circassian slaves; later, 
the virtual masters of the country until their de- 
struction by Mohammed Ali in 1811. [F. Mamaluc, 
Sp. & Pg. Mameluco, fr. Ar. mamlvJc, a slave, fr. ma- 
laka, he possessed.] — Mam'elu'co, n. In Brazil, the 
offspring of a white father and Indian mother. [Pg.] 

Mamma, mam-ma', n. Mother, — a word of tender- 
ness and familiarity, used chiefly by young chil- 
dren. [It. and L.; Sp., D., and G. mama, F. maman, 
W. mam, — a sound naturally made by infants.] 

Mamma, mam'ma, n. ; pi. -bis.. The breast; the pro- 
tuberant organ or gland in the female which secretes 
milk. — Mammal, n. {Zobl.) An animal of the 
highest class of vertebrates, the female of which 
suckles her young. [L. mammalis, pert, to the mam- 
ma, breast, perh. fr. mamma, mother; perh. s. rt. Gr. 
mazos, the breast, Skr. mad, L. madere, to be wet, 
trickle.] — Mamma'lia, -lY-a, n. pi. A class of ani- 
mals, comprehending the mammals. [L.] — Mam- 
ma'lian, a. Pert, to the mammalia. — Mammal 'ogy, 
-o-jT, n. Science of mammiferous animals. [Gr.7o- 
gos, discourse.] — Mam'mary, -ma-rt, a. (Anat.) 
Pert, to the breasts or mammas. — Mam'mifer, -ml- 
fer, n. {Zobl.) An animal which has breasts for 
nourishing its young; a mammal. [JL.ferre, to bear.] 

— Mammif'erous, -er-us, a. Having breasts, and 
nourishing the young by the milk secreted by them. 

— Mam'miform, a. Of the form of mammae. [L. 
forma, form.] — Mam 'miliary, -mil-la-rt, a. Pert, to 
or like, etc. [L. mammilla, dim. of mamma.'] . 

Mammon, mam'mun, n. Riches; wealth; also, the god 
of riches. [L. mammona, Syriac mamona, riches, 
Heb. matmon, a hidden treasure, fr. taman, to hide.] 

— Mam'monist, n. One devoted to getting wealth; 
a worldling. 

Mammoth, mam'muth, n. A huge extinct elephant, 
of which the remains of several species have been 
found in northern regions. — a. Resembling the 
mammoth in size; gigantic. [Russ. mamanV, Sibe- 
rian mammont, fr. Tartar mamma, the earth — in 
which the Tartars believe it lived, like a mole.] 

Man, man, n.; pi. Men, men. An individual of the 
human race; a human being; esp., an adult male 
person; the human race; mankind; sometimes, the 
male part of the race, as disting. fr. the female; one 
of manly strength' or virtue; a male servant; a mar- 
ried man: husband; a piece with which a game, as 
chess or draughts, is played.— v. t. [manned (mand). 
-ning.] To supply with men ; to furnish with 
strength for action, fortify. [Ic, D., and Sw. man, 
Ic. madhr, L. mas, Skr. manu. manus, a man, lit. 
thinking animal, fr. man, to think: s. rt. male, mas- 
culine, mandarin, mind, etc.] — Man of straw. One 
who has no property, character, or influence; a pup- 
pet. — Man-of-war. An armed government vessel of 
large size. — Man'ly, a. [-lier, -liest.] Having 
qualities becoming a man; firm; brave; noble.— 
adv. With courage like a man. — Manliness, n. 
— Mankind', -kind', n. The human race; man; men 
as disting. fr. women. — Man 'ful, -ful, a. Showing 



ofin, cube, fulls moon, f 6~6t ; cow. oil.; linger or ink. then. boxboN chair, get. 



MANACLE 



340 



MANGOSTAN 




manly spirit; bold. — Man'fully, adv. — Man'ful- 
ness, n. — Man'hood, -hOod, n. State of being, or 
qualities characteristic of or becoming, a man.— 
Man'nish, a. Having the appearance of a man; mas- 
culine. — Manslaughter, -slaw-tSr, n. The slaying 
of a human being; murder. {Law.) The unlawful 
killing of a man without malice. — Manikin, -I-kin, 
n. A little man; dwarf; an anatomical model of the 
human body, with detachable pieces to show the 
parts and organs.— Man'- 
hole, n. A hole through 
which a man may enter a 
drain, boiler, etc., to clean 
or repair it. — mid'wife, n. 
A man who practices ob- 
stetrics. — trap, n. An ap- 
pliance for catching tres- 

Manacle," man'a-kl, n. An Manhole, closed by bridge 
instrument of iron for ansl Dolt> 

fastening the hands ; handcuff ; shackle. — v. t. 
[manacled (-kid), -cling.] To put fastenings upon 
the hands ; to shackle. [OF. manicle, L. manicida, 
dim. of mauica, the long sleeve of a tunic, handcuff, 
fr. manus, hand.] 

Manage, man'ej, ?'. t. [-aged (-ejd), -aging.] To 
have under control and direction; to guide by care- 
ful treatment; to bring around cunningly to one's 
plans; to train, as a horse; to exercise in graceful or 
artful action; to direct, control, contrive, conduct, 
transact. — v. i. To direct or conduct affairs. [OF. 
manege, the managing of a horse, It. maneggio, a 
business, handling, exercise of horses, a riding 
school, fr. memo, L. manus, the hand: see Manual; 
not s. rt. manage (q. v.), F. maison, a house.] — Man'- 
ageable, a. Capable of being managed; admitting 
or suifering management; easily made subservient 
to one's designs; tractable; tamable; docile.— Man f - 
ageableness, n. — Management, n. Act of man- 
aging; manner of treating, directing, etc.; cunning 
practice; conduct directed by art or address; board 
of managers; administration: direction.— Man'ager, 
n. One who, etc.; a director; one who conducts busi- 
ness with economy and frugality: a good economist. 

— Manege', ma-nazh', n. The art of horsemanship, 
or of training horses; a riding school. [F.] 

Manchineel, manch-Y-neK, n. A lofty W. India tree, 
having a milky poisonous sap, but furnishing wood 
valued for cabinet making. [Sp. manzanillo, dim. 
of manzana, an apple, — the fruit being apple-like.] 

Manciple, man'sY-pl, n. A steward; purveyor, esp. of 
a college. [OF. mancipe, L. mancipium, fr. manceps, 
purchaser at a public auction, fr. manus, hand, and 
capere, to take.] 

Mandamus. See under Mandate. 

Mandarin, man-da-ren', n. A Chinese nobleman; a 
civil or military official in China ; the colloquial 
language of China; a variety of orange, orig. fr. 
China. [Pg. mandarim, fr. Malay mantri, a coun- 
selor, minister of state, Skr. mantrin, a counselor, 
mantra, a holy text, advice, counsel, fr. man, to 
think, know: see Man.] 

jlandate, man'dat, n. An official or authoritative 
command; an order; precept; injunction; commis- 
sion. {Canon Law.) A rescript of the pope, requir- 
ing a person therein named to be put in possession 
of a vacant benefice. [OF. mandat, L. mandatum, fr. 
mandare, -datum, to enioin, command, lit. put into 
one's hand, fr. manus, hand, and dare, to give.] — 
Man'datory, -da-to-rl, a. Containing a command. 

— Man'datary, -ta-rY, n. One to whom a charge is 

fiven; esp., one to whom the pope has given a man- 
ate for his benefice. (Law.) One who undertakes, 
without a recompense, to do some act for another in 
respect to a thing bailed to him. — Manda'mus, n. 
{Law.) A writ issued by a superior court to some 
inferior tribunal, corporation, or person exercising 
public authority, commanding the performance of 
some specified duty. [L., we command.] 

Mandible, man'di-bl, n. The jaw (upper or lower) of 
a bird, — also applied to designate the lower jaw of a 
mammal, and the anterior or upper pair of jaws in 
some invertebrates. [L. mandibula, fr. manaere, to 
chew. See Meat.] — Mandib'ular, a. Pert, to or 
like the jaw, or mandible. 

Mandrake, man'drak, n. A low-growing Oriental nar- 
cotic plant, with a large fleshy root, often forked, 
supposed formerly to possess aphrodisiac properties, 
and fabled to drive him mad who heard its parting 
groan. [OF. mandragore, L. and Gr. mandragoras/\ 

Mandrel, man'drel, n. (Mach.) A bar of metal on 




which work to be turned is 
fixed or to which a tool is 
attached, as in a lathe; the 
spindle carrying the center- 
chuck of a lathe, and com- 
municating motion to the 
work, and usually driven by 
a pulley; an arbor. [F. mand- 
rin, a punch, mandrel, prob. „ 

fr. Gr. mandra, orig. an in- Mandrel, 

closed space, sheep fold, also the setting for the 
stone of a ring.] 
Mane, man, n. The long hair on the neck of some 
quadrupeds, as the horse, lion, etc. See Horse. 
[OD.; W. myngen, a mane, mwn, the neck, Skr. man- 
ya, the tendon forming the nape of the neck.] 
Manege. See_under Manage. 

Manes, ma'nez, n.pl. (Rom. Antiq.) The benevolent 
infernal deities; deified shades of the departed. [L., 
fr. OL. manus, good.] 
Maneuver, -noeuvre, ma-noo'ver, n. Management ; 
dexterous movement; esp., an evolution, or change 
of position among military or naval bodies; adroit 
proceeding ,* intrigue ; stratagem. — v. i. [maneu- 
vered or -noeuvred (-verd), -NEUVERING Or-N(EU- 
vringJ To make an evolution; to manage with art. 
— v. t. To change the positions of (troops, ships, etcA 
[F. manoeuvre, LL. manopera, lit. hand-work, fr. L. 
manus, hand, and opera, fr. opus, work, labor.] — 
Maneu'verer, Manceu'vrer, n. One who, etc. 
Manful, etc. See under M_an. 
Manganese, man'ga-nez', n. 
(Chem.) A metal of a dusky 
white or whitish-gray color, very 

hard and difficult to fuse. The 
black oxide of the metal. [OF. 

and It., perh. fr. its resemblance 

to the (L. ) magnes, loadstone. 

See Magnet, under Magnesia.] 
Mange, manj, n. The scab or itch 

in cattle, dogs, etc. [Fr. F. 

rnangi, eaten, p. p. of manger, to 

eat: see Manger.] — Man'gy, 

-jY, a. [-gier, -giest.] Infected 

with, etc. ; scabby. — Man'gi- 

ness, n. 
Mangel-wurzel, man'gl-wer'zl, n. 

A large kind of field beet used 

for feeding cattle. [G., corrupt. 

fr. mangold, beet, mangold wurzel, beet root.] 
Manger, man'jer, n. A fixed receptacle to hold food 

for horses or cattle, in a barn or stable. (Naut.) A 

space at the fore-end of the deck, bounded by the 

manger board, to prevent water which enters the 

hawse-holes from running over the deck. [F. man- 

geoire, fr. manger, L. manducare, to eat, manducus, 

a glutton, mandere, to chew; s. rt. mandible, mange.] 
Mangle, man'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To cut 

bunglingly, as flesh; to hack, lacerate, mutilate; to 

curtail, take by piecemeal. [ME. mankelen, freq. of 

manken, to maim, fr. L. mancus, maimed ; s. rt. Ic. 

minnka, to minish, q. v.] 
Mangle, man'gl, n. A machine for smoothing damp 

cloth or clothes by roller pressure, —v. t. To smooth 

(linen) with a mangle. [D. mangelen, to roll with a 

rolling-pin, Olt. mangano, a press for cloth, fr.LL. 

manganum, a mangonel.]— Man'gonel, n. An engine 

formerly used for throwing stones and battering 

walls. [OF.; 

LL. mangonel- 

lus, dim. of 

mang anum , 

Gr. manganon ; 

s. rt. mechane, 

a machine.] 
Mango, man^go, 

n. An Asiatic 

tree of many 

species, culti- 
vated in the 

tropics; its lus- 

cious acid 

fruit ; a green 

m u s k-m e 1 o n 

pickled. [Ma- 
lay manggaJ] 
Mangos tan, 

man'go-stan, 

-steen, -sten, n. 

A tree of the 

E. Indies ; its 




Mangel-wurzel. 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve, term ; In, Ice ; ddd, tone, or ; 



MANGROVE 



341 



MANUAL 



delicious and wholesome fruit, about the size of a 
small orange. [Malay mangusta, mangis.] 

Mangrove, man'grov, n. A tree of the muddy shores 
and deltas of the tropics, whose branches take root 
and form new trunks and whose seeds germinate 
while attached to the tree, forming dense forests ex- 
tending into the water. [Malay manggimanggi.] 

Mangy. See under Mange. 

Mannaden. See Menhaden. 

Manhood. See under Man. 

Mania, ma'nT-a, n. Violent derangement of mind; 
uncontrollable desire; insane passion; madness; de- 
lirium; frenzy. [L. and Gr.; s. rt. inenos, mind, q. v.] 

— Ma'niac, -nt-ak, a. Raving with disordered in- 
tellect; mad. — n. One raving; a madman. [F.ma- 
niaque, fr. manie, insanity.] — Mani'acal, a. Affect- 
ed with madness. 

Manichee, man'Y-ke, -chean, -ke'an, n. A follower of 
Manes, a Persian heretic of the 3d century, who 
maintained that there are 2 supreme principles, — 
light, the author of all good, and darkness, the au- 
thor of all evil. — Maniche'an, a. Pert, to, etc. — 
Man'icheism, -izm, n. Doctrines of, etc. 

Manifest, man'Y-fest, a. Clearly visible to the eye ; 
obvious to the understanding ; apparent ; eviaent ; 
conspicuous; plain, — n. A list or invoice c ; - shio's 
cargo, to be exhibited at the custom-house. — v. t. 
To disclose to the eye or to the understanding ; to 
show plainly ; to exhibit the manifests of, at the cus- 
tom-house. [F. manifeste, L. manifestus, lit. struck 
by the hand, palpable, fr. manus, the hand, and obs. 
fendere, festum, to strike.] — Manifestable, a. — 
Man'ifesta'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; exhibition ; dis- 
play ; revelation. — Manifestly, adv. — Manifes 'to, 
«. ; pi. -toes, -toz. A public declaration, usually of 
a sovereign, showing his intentions, or proclaiming 
his opinions and motives in reference to some act 
done or contemplated by him. [It.] 

Manifold, man'f-fold, a. Various in kind or quality; 
many ; numerous ; exhibited at divers times or in 
various ways. — v. t. To double or fold in many 
complications or thicknesses; to take many copiesof 
by a mechanical process. [AS. manigfeald ; manig, 
many; -feald, suffix =E. -fold, q. v.] — Man'ifoldly, 
-li, adv. 

Manikin. See under Man. 

Manila, Manilla, ma-nil'a, a. Of or pert, to Manila, 
the capital of the Philippine Islands. — n. A kind 
of cheroot or cigar made at, etc. — Manila hemp. 
A fibrous material from a plant allied to the banana. 

— M. paper. A very firm and durable brown paper 
made fr. M. hemp. — M. rope. Rope made fr., etc. 

Manioc, ma'nt-ok, n. A poisonous tropical shrub 
from whose fleshy tubers cassava and tapioca are 
prepared; cassava. [Pg. andBraz. mandioca.] 

Maniple, man'l-pl, n. A handful ; a small band of 
soldiers, a company ; a kind of scarf about the left 
arm of a Rom. Catn. priest. [L. manipulus, a hand- 
ful, hence a wisp of straw, etc., used as an ensign, 
and a company of soldiers under the same standard; 
fr. manus, the hand (see Manual), and rt. oiplenus 
= E. full.'] — Manip'ular, a. Pert, to the maniple, 
or company. — Manip'ulate, -u-lat, v. t. To treat, 
work, or operate with the hands ; to handle skillfully ; 
, to re-arrange for a purpose, tamper with. — v. i. To 
use the hands, esp. in scientific experiments, artistic 
and mechanical processes, etc. [LL. manipulare, 
-latum, f r. L. manipvlus.] — Manipulation, n. Act 
of, etc. — Manip'ula'tor, -ter, n. One who practices 
manipulation. 

Mankind, Manly, etc. See under Man. 

Manna, man'na, n. (Script.) A substance miracu- 
lously furnished as food for the Israelites in the 
wilderness; divinely supplied food. (Med.) A sweet- 
ish secretion from many trees, as the manna ash, 
%. European larch, etc. [L. and Gr. ; perh. fr. Heb. 
man hu, what is this ? the inquiry when it was first 
seen on the ground; perh. fr. Heb. man, it is a gift, 
Ar. mann, gift, fr. manna, to share, bestow.] 

Manner, man'ne'r, n. Mode of action ; way of effecting 
anything; characteristic mode of acting, conducting, 
etc.; habitual style; esp. style of writing or thought 
in an author ; a certain degree or measure ; sort ; 
kind; style; pi. carriage; behavior; decent and re- 
spectful deportment; customary method of acting. 
[OF. maniere, manner, maraier( adj.), habitual, (v.) to 
hand, handle, manage, fr. main, L. manus, the hand: 
see Manual.] — Man'nerism, -izm, n. Adherence 
to a peculiar style or manner ; a characteristic mode 
of action, bearing, or treatment, carried to excess. — 
Mavi'nerist, n. One addicted to mannerism. — 



Man'nerly, -It, a. Showing good manners ; civil ; 
not rude or vulgar. — Man'nerlinoBS, n. 

Manoeuvre. See Maneuver. 

Manor, man'gr, n. (Eng. Law.) District over which 
a lord has feudal authority, — the tenants holding 
by copyhold; lordship; barony; house and land re- 
served by a person of rank for his own use. (Amer. 
Law.) A tract of land occupied by fee-farm tenants. 
[OF. manoir, (n.) a manor, (v.) to dwell, L. manere, 
mansum, to remain, dwell; s. rt. Gr. menein, to stay, 
memona, Skr. man, to wish ; E. menial, menagerie, 
mastiff.] — Man'or-house, n. The house belonging 
to a manor. — Mano'rial, -rT-al, a. Pert, to a manor. 
— Manse, mans, n. A house or habitation; esp. par- 
sonage-house ; a farm. [LL. mansa, a farm, f em. of 
mansits, p. p. of manere.] — Man'sion, -shun, n. A 
house; abode; esp. one of some size or pretension; 
house of the lord of a manor. [OF.; L. mansio.] — 
Man'sion-house, n. House in which one resides; the 
official residence of the Lord Mayor of London. 

Mansard-roof, man'sard-roof, n. (Arch.) A roof with 
2 sets of rafters on each side, the lower nearly verti- 
cal, the upper much inclined, giving much space 
for chambers; French-roof; hip-roof; curb-roof. [Fr. 
the F. architect, Mansard.] 

Mantel, man^tl, n. (Arch.) The ornamental work 
over a fire-place in front of the chimney, esp. a shelf 
above the fire-place. [OF., a chimney-piece, also a 
cloak, L. mantellum, a napkin, covering, cloak.] — 
Man'tel-piece, -shelf, -tree, n. Same as Mantel. — 
Man'telet;, -tel-et, n. A small cloak worn by women. 
(Fort.) A musket-proof shield of wood, metal, or 
rope, for the protection of sappers, riflemen, or gun- 
ners. [F., dim. of OF. mantel. 1 — Mantilla, -la, n. 
A lady's light cloak or cape; a kind of vail covering 
the head and shoulders. [Sp., dim. of manto, a 
mantle.] — Man'tle, -tl, n. A loose garment worn 
over other garments; a cloak; a covering or conceal- 
ing envelope. (Zobl.) The outer soft membrane of 
the body of a mollusk ; any free outer membrane. 
(Arch.) A mantel. — v. t. [mantled (-tld), -tling.] 
To cover or envelop, as with a mantle ; to cloak, 
hide, disguise. — v. i. To rise and spread, expand, 
be spread out, esp. in a graceful manner ; to revel 
iu pleasure ; to become covered, as a liquid, on the 
surface. [Same as mew fe/.] — Man' tie-piece, -shelf, 
-tree, n. A mantel. —Man 'tua, -tu-a or -tu, n. A 
woman's gown or dress. [From It. and Sp. manto, F. 
manteau = OF. mantel ; prob. confused with the 
town of Mantua, in Italy.] — Man'tua-mak'er, 
man'tu-mak'er, n. A dressmaker ; one who makes 
women's clothes. 

Mantis, man'tis, n. A pugnacious, voracious, insec- 
tivorous, 
o r t h op- 
t e r o u s 
insect, of 
s e v e ral 




Mantis. 



s p e cies, 
of s 1 e n- 
der, gro- 
tesque 
form. 
[Gr., a 
prophet.] 

Manual, man'u-al, a. Pert, to, or performed by, the 
hand; used or made by hand. — n. A small hock, 
such as may be conveniently handled; a compendi- 
um; a hand-book; esp. the service-book of the Rom. 
Cath. church. (Mus.) The key-board of an organ or 
harmonium. [F. manuel, L. manualis, fr. manus. the 
hand, lit. the former, maker; s. rt. Skr. ma, to meas- 
ure, build, cause, create, E. manage, manifest, aman- 
uensis, emancipate, maintain, etc.] —Manual exercise. 
(Mil.) The exercise by which soldiers are taught the 
use of their muskets and other arms. — Man'ually, 
adv. By hand. —Man 'ufact'ure, -fak'chur, n. The 
operation of making (wares) by the hands, by art, 
or machinery ; anything made'from raw materials. 
— v. t. [manufactured (-churd), -Turing.] To 
make from raw materials, by the hand, by art, or 
machinery; to work (materials) into forms for use. 
[F., workmanship, fr. L. manus and factura, a mak- 
ing, fr. facere, factum, to make.] — Man'ufact'- 
urer, n. — Manufac'tory, -to-rt, n. A house or place 
where anything is manufactured ; a factory. — 
Man'umit', v. t. To release from slavery ; to free, 
as a slave. [L. manumittere, fr. mrrnns and miU 
tere, -nnissum, to send.] — Man'umis'sion, -mish'un, 
n. Act of, etc. [F. ; L. manumissio.] — Manure', v. t. 
[-nured (-nurd'), -nuring.] To enrich (land) by the 



gun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



■■ 



MANX 



342 



MARJORAM 



application of a fertilizing substance.— n. Any mat- 
ter which makes land productive ; a fertilizing sub- 
stance. [Contr. fr. F. manceuvrer, to work with the 
hand. See Maneuver.] — ManuT'er, n. — Man'u- 
script, -u-skript, a. Written with the hand ; not print- 
ed. — n. A book or paper written with the hand. 
[LL. manuscriptum, lit. written with the hand, fr. L. 
manus and scribere, scriptum, to write.] 

Manx, manks, a. Of, or pert, to, the Isle of Man. 

Many, men'Y, a. [more (mor); most (most); from a 
different root.] Comprising, or consisting of, a great 
number of individuals; numerous; manifold; vari- 
ous; sundry. — n. A number; multitude; crowd,— 
chiefly in the phrases a great many, a good many. 
[AS. manig, OHG. manac; s. rt. Ga. minig, W. my'n- 
ych, frequent, Skr. mankshu, much, maksha, multi- 
tude, L. magnus, great, E. monger, much, q. v. — Many 
a. A large number taken distributively; each one 
of many. 

Maori, ma-o'rf, n. One of the aboriginal inhabitants 
of New Zealand, or their language. — a. Pert, to, 
etc. [See Mahori.] 

Map, map, n. A representation of the earth's surface 
or of part of it on a plane ; a chart. — v.t. [mapped 
(mapt), -ping.] To delineate (the figure of any por- 
tion of land); to describe well; to plan, mark out. 
[L. mappa, napkin, signal-cloth, a Punic word.] 

Maple, ma' pi, n. A tree of the genus Acer, of several 
species, with hard wood and sweet sap. [AS. mapul- 
der, majnd ; perh. s. rt. L. macula, a spot ; cf . G. 
maser, spot, maserholz, speckled wood, maple.] — 
Maple sugar. Sugar made fr. sap of the rock maple. 

Mar, mar, ,v. t. [marred (mard), -ring.] To injure, esp. 
by cutting off a part, or by wounding and making 
defective ; to damage, harm, spoil ; to impair the 

food looks of, disfigure. — n. A mark made by 
ruising, scratching, etc. : an injury. [AS. merran, 
OHG. marrjan, to hinder, obstruct, AS. meant, 
OHG. maro, tender; prob. s. rt. Ic. merja, to bruise, 
crush, Gr. marainein, to weaken, wear out, E. malice, 
malign, mild, mill, meal, mallet, malt, melt, etc.] — 
Mar/plot, n. One who frustrates a scheme by of- 
ficious interference. — Mar'text, n. A blundering 
or ignorant preacher. 

Marabou, mar v a-boo' r , n. (Zo'ol.) A kind of stork, 
producing white feathers used as ' ornaments. In 
Louisiana, the offspring of a mulatto and a griffe. 

Maranatha, mar-a-nath / a or -na'tha, n. The Lord 
comes, or has come, — a word used in anathematiz- 
ing persons for great crimes. [Syriac] 

Maraschino, mar-as-ke /, no, n. A delicate spirit dis- 
tilled from cherries. [It., fr. marasca, amarasca, a 
sour cherry, fr. L. umarus, bitter.] 

Marasmus, ma-raz'mus, n. (Med.) A wasting of flesh 
without fever or apparent disease ; atrophy ; con- 
sumption; phthisis. [Gr. marasmos, fr. marainein, 
to quench (fire), die away, decay.] 

Maraud, ma-rawd', v. i. To rove in quest of plun- 
der ; to plunder. [F. marauder, fr. maraud, rogue, 
beggar, vagabond, prob. fr. OF. marir, marrir, to 
stray, wander, fr. OHG. marrjan, to hinder. See 
Marr.] — Maraud'er, n. 

Maravedi, mar-a-ve'dY, n. A small copper coin of 
Spain = 3 U. S. mills. [Sp., the coin having been 
struck during the dynasty of the Almoravides, a. d. 
1094-1144.] 

Marble, mar'bl, n. Calcareous stone or mineral, of 
compact texture and beautiful appearance, suscepti- 
ble of high polish; a thing made of, or like, marble, 
— as, a work of art, in marble ; a little ball used as a 
plaything by children; or, pi. a collection of antique 
works of art in marble. —v. t. [marbled (-bid), 
-bling.] To stain or vein like marble; to variegate 
in color. [OF. marbre, L. marmor, Gr. marmaros, 
fr. marmarein, to glitter.] — Mar'bler, n. One who 
paints or stains in imitation of marble. — Mar'- 
feleize, -bl-Tz, v. t. To marble. 

Marc, mark, n. Refuse matter left after the pressure 
of fruit, esp. of grapes. [F., prob. fr. L. emarcus, a 
wine of middling quality ; orig. a Gallic word.] 

Marcescent, mar-ses'sent, a. (Bot.) Withering with- 
out falling off; fading; decaying. [L. marcescens, p. 
pr. of marcescere, to become soft and flabby, begin 
to rot, fr. marcere, to wither, droop; s. rt. Gr. mala- 
kos, soft, fr. malkos, beaten soft, L. marcus, a ham- 
mer.]— Mar'cid, -sid, a. Pining; drooping; withered; 
wasted away; lean; causing or accompanied by wast- 
ing. — Marcid'ity, -Y-tY, n. State of great leanness. 

March, march, n. The 3d month of the year. [LL. 
Marcius, L. Martius, pert, to Mars, god of war.] 

March, march, v. i. [marched (marcht), marching.] 



To move with a regular step and in order, a6 sol- 
diers; to walk in a deliberate or stately manner. " 
v. t. To cause to move in military array or in a 
body, as troops; to cause to go by peremptory com- 
mand or by force. — w. Military progress; advanee 
of troops; measured and regular advance like that 
of soldiers; a piece of music, designed to guide the 
movement of troops; distance passed over between 
halting-places or in one day. [F. marcher, to march, 
perh. fr. L. marcus, a hammer, fr. the regular tramp 
of troops; perh. fr. F. marche, a frontier: see below.] 

March, march, n. A frontier of a territory; border; 
confine, —used chiefly in pi. [ME. and F. marche, 
fr. AS. mearc, OHG. marcha, a fixed point, bound- 
ary; same as mark, q. v.] 

Marchioness. See under Mark. 

Marchpane, march'pan, n. A kind of sweet bread or 
biscuit; spice cakes of sugar, nuts, poppy seeds, and 
Indian corn. [Prob. fr. L. and Gr. maza, frumenty, 
a barley-cake, fr. Gr. massein, to knead, and L.pa- 
nis, bread.] 

Marcid, Marcidity. See under Marcescent. 

Marconi system, mar-ko'nY-. (Elec.) A system of 
wireless telegraphy developed by G. Marconi, an 
Italian physicist, in which electrical waves are used 
in transmission and a coherer is used as the receiv- 
ing instrument. — Marco'nigram, n. A message 
sent by Marconi telegraph. 

Mardi-Gras, mar-de-gra/, rt. The festival preceding 
Ash-Wedne*day, the first day of Lent; Shrove-Tues- 
day. [F., lit. fat Tuesday.] 

Mare, mar, n. The female of the horse, or equine 
genus of quadrupeds. [AS. mere, fern, of mearh, a 
horse ; s. rt. Ir. and Ga. marc, W. and Corn, march, 
a stallion.] — Mare's-nest. A fancied discovery of 
something absurdly ridiculous, or of some evil, scan- 
dal, or cause of anxiety, which proves to be base- 
less; a hoax. — Mare's-tail. A long streaky cloud, 
spreading like a horse's tail, and indicating rain. 
(Bot.) An aquatic plant, having silicious, jointed 
stems; horse-tail. 

Mareschal, mar'shal, n. Same as Marshal. 

Marge, marj, Mar'gent, mar'jent, n. A margin — 
Mar 'gin, n. A border ; edge, brink ; verge ; the part 
of a page at the edge left uncovered in writing or 
printing. (Com.) Difference between the price of 
purchase and sale of an article, which leaves room 
tor profit ; difference between the outlay, expense, 
number, or amount of anything as estimated, and 
that which is actually required or incurred. (Stock 
Exchange. ) Monty which one speculating in stocks 
deposits with his broker, to secure him against loss. — 
v.t. [margined (-jind), -gining.] To furnish with a 
margin ; to border ; to enter in the margin of a page. 
[F. marge, L. margo ; s. rt. mark, q. v.] — Mar'ginal, 
a. Pert, to, written or printed in, etc. — Mar'ginate, 
-jY-nat, -gina'ted, a. Having a margin. 

Margrave, mar'grav, n. Orig., a lord of the borders 
or marches, in Germany; a nobleman of a rank 
equivalent to that of an English marquis. [D. 
markgraaf, fr. merk, boundary, mark, q. v., and 
graaf, count. See Landgrave, under Land.] — 
Mar'gravate, -gra'viate, -vl-at, n. Thejerritory or 
jurisdiction of, etc. — Mar'gravine, -ven, n. The 
wife of a margrave. [D. markgravin.] 

Marigold, mgr'- or mar'Y-gold, n. A plant of several 
genera, bearing yellow, orange, or brown flowers. 
TFr. Mary, i. e., the Virgin Mary, and W. gold, a ma- 
. goudbloem , a marigold, lit. gold-bloom.] — 
"window. (Arch.) A Catherine-wheel window, q. v. 

Marine, ma-ren', a. Pert, to the sea, ocean, naviga- 
tion, naval affairs, etc.; naval; nautical. (Geol.) 
Formed by the action of currents or waves of the 
sea. — n. A soldier serving on shipboard; the sum of 
naval affairs; naval economy; collective shipping of 
a country. [F. marin, L. marinus, pert, to the mare, 
sea; s. rt. mere.] — Mar'iner, -Y-ner,n. One who pur- 
sues a sea-faring life ; a seaman ; sailor. [F. mari- 
nier.]— Maritime, -Y-tim, a. Bordering on the ocean ; 
connected with the sea by situation, interest, power, 
etc.; pert, to navigation and naval affairs. [F.] 

Mariolatry, ma-rY-oKa-trY, n. The worship of the 
Virgin Mary. [Gr. Maria and latreia, worship.] 

Marionette, mar'Y-o-nef, n. A puppet made to act a 

fiart in a miniature pantomime. [Fr. Marion, an 
talian, who brought the amusement to France.] 
Marital. See under Marry. 
Maritime. See under Marine. 

Marjoram, mar' jo-ram, n. A plant of the genus Orig- 
anum, of several species : the sweet marjoram is 
aromatic, and used in cookery. [ME. majoran. F. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or; 



MARE 



343 



MARSHAL 



marjolerine, LL. majoraca, L. amaracus, Gr. amara- 
bos, marjoram, prob. of Oriental origin.] 
Hark, mark, n. A visible sign or impression, as a line, 
point, figure, streak, scratch, etc., made or left upon 
anything; a token; trace; a significative token; esp., 
a permanent impression of one's activity or charac- 
ter; distinguished preeminence; a character made, 
instead of signature, by one who cannot write; a 
thing aimed at; what one seeks to hit or reach. {Log- 
ic.) A characteristic or essential attribute; a differ- 
ential. — v. t. [marked (markt), MARKING.] To 
make a visible sign upon, affix a significant mark to; 
to notice the marks of, give attention to, remark, re- 
gard, note, observe, betoken, brand, —v. i. To take 
particular notice, note. [AS. mearc, Ic. mark, OHG. 
marcha, a mark, bound, boundary, end ; s. rt. L. 
margo, border, margin, F. marge, marque, E. mar- 
gin, march, q. v.] — Mark'er, n. One who, or that 
which, etc.; esp. a counter in card-playing; one who 
keeps account of a game played. {Mil.) The soldier 
who forms the pivot of a wheeling column, or marks 
the direction of an alignment. —Markedly, -ed-lT, 
wlv. In a noticeable manner or degree. — Marks'- 
man, n. ; pi. -men. One skillful at hitting a mark; 
one who shoots well. — Letter of marque, -mark. A 
license from the supreme power of a state to its 
subjects, to make reprisals beyond its marches or 
borders ; esp. a commission authorizing a private 
armed vessel, in time of war, to take the property of 
a hostile state or of its subjects; the vessel so com- 
missioned; a privateer. [OF. marque, orig. a boun- 
darv, hence the catching within one's borders.] — 
Mar'quetry,-ket-rI,K. Inlaid work; work inlaid with 
pieces of divers colored wood, shells, etc. [F. mar- 
queterie, fr. marqueter, to checker, inlay, fr. marque, 
mark, sign.] — Mar 'quia, -kwis, n. A nobleman in 
England, France, and Germany, of a rank next be- 
low that of duke. [F.; OF. marchis, LL. marchio, 
marchensis, a prefect of the marches (see March, a 
frontier), fr. OHG. marcha. ] — Mar'quess, -kwes, n. 
A marquis. [Sp. marques.'] — Mar'quisate, -kwiz-et, 
n. The seigniory, dignity, or lordship of a marquis. 

— Mar'chioness^ -shun-es. Marquise', -kez', n. The 
wife of a marquis. [F.; LL. marchionissa.] — Mar- 
quee', -ke', n. A large field-tent. [F. marquise, — 
orig. a tent for a marchioness.] 

Mark, mark, n. A German silver coin=100 G. pfennig 
or about 24 cents. [G., a weight =3 oz., also a coin; 
same as preceding.] 

Market, mar'ket.n. A public place or building where 
provisions, cattle, or other goods are exposed tor sale ; 
occasion when goods are publicly bought and sold 
at private sale; a fair; gathering of people on such 
an occasion; a town, region, country, etc., where an 
article maybe disposed of by sale or barter; demand 
and sale; exchange, — v. i. To buy or sell; to make 
bargains. [OF. markiet, D. and G. markt, fr. L. mer- 
catus, traffic, trade, also a market, prop. p. p. of mer- 
cari, to trade: see Merchant.] — Marketable, a. 
Fit to be offered for sale; salable; current in market. 

— Mar'keter, n. One who brings anything to mar- 
ket for sale; one who attends a market. — Mar'ket- 
town, n. A town having a stated public market. 

Marl, marl, n. A mixed earthy substance, consisting 
of carbonate of lime, clay, and silicious sand. — v. t. 
[marled (marld), marling.] To overspread or 
Manure with marl. [ME. and OF. marie, LL. mar- 
jila, dim. of marga, marl; prob. s. rt. mould.] — 
Marl'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.] Consisting or partak- 
ing of, resembling, or abounding with marl.— Marl- 
a'ceous, -a'shus, a. Resembling marl, or partaking 
of its qualities. 

Marline, mar'lin, n. {Xaut.) A small line composed 
of 2 strands a little twisted, for winding 
round ropes, to prevent their being fretted 
by the blocks, etc. — i-. t. To wind marline 
around. [D. marling, fr. marren, to tie (s. j 
rt. moor), and lijn, ling, a line.] — Marl, v. t. 
To wind with, etc. — Mar 'line-spike, n. An 
iron tool, tapering to a point, to separate 
strands of a rope, in jplicing. 

Marmalade, mar'ma-lad, n. A pasty or jelly- -> larl > ne - 
like preserve made of the pulp of fruit, 8p e ' 
boiled with sugar. [OF. mermela/le, Pg. marmelada, 
fr. marmelo, a quince, L. melimelum, Gr. melimelon, 
a honey-apple, apple grafted on a quince, fr. meli 
(L. met), honey, and melon, apple.] 

Marmoreal, mar-mo're-al, -rean, a. Pert, to, or like, 
made of, or having the qualities of, marble. [L. 
mannoreus: see Marble.] 

Marmoset, mar'mo-zet', n. A small, agile, wary S. 




Amer. monkev, having soft fur, sharp, hooked nails* 
and a long, thick, hairy, non-prehensile tail. [F. 
marmouset, Armor, marmovz, prob. fr. F . marmotter, 
L. mutire, Sp. rnusitar, to mutter, fr. the chattering 
of the animal. | 

Marmot, mar'mot, n. A burrowing and hybernating 
rodent of Europe, Asia, 
and Amer., of many ^ 
species, most of which ^ 
(as the marmot of the 
Alps and Pyrenees and 
theprairiedogof Amer.) 
live in communities, 
while others (as the 
Amer. woodchuck) are 
solitary. [It. mar motto, 
OF. marmotan, marmon- 
tain, perh. fr. L. mus, Alpine Marmot. 

muris, a mouse, and mons, montis, mountain, i. e., 
mountain-mouse; perh. f r. OF. marmotonner, Y. mar- 
motter, to mutter: see Marmoset.] 

Maroon, ma-roon', n. A fugitive slave living on the 
mountains in the W. Indies and Guiana, — v. t. 
[maeoosed (-roond'J), -rooming.] To put (a sailor) 
ashore on a desolate isle, under pretense of his hav- 
ing committed crime. [F. man-on, said of a fugi- 
tive slave, corrupt, fr. Sp. cimarron, wild, fr. ama, 
summit of a mountain; negro cimarron, a negro that 
lives in the mountains.] 

Maroon, ma-roon', a. Brownish-crimson; of a claret 
color. — n. A claret color. [F. marron, chestnut- 
colored, also a large French chestnut; LGr. maraon, 
fruit of the cornel-tree.] 

Marplot. See under Mar. 

Marque, Marquetry, Marquis, etc. See under Mark. 

Marriage, etc. See under Marry. 

Marroon. Same as Maroon, a. 

Marrow, mar'ro, n. {Anat.) A soft, oleaginous sub- 
stance contained in the cavities of animal bones. 
The essence; best part. [AS. mearh, Dan. maro, 
Corn, maru, Skr. majjan.] — Mar 'row-bone, n. A 
bone containing marrow, pi. The bone of the knee; 
the knees. — Mar'rowfat, n. A rich but late variety 
of pea. — Mar'rowless, a. — Mar'rowy, -ro-I, a. 
Abounding in marrow or pith; pith}'. 

Marry, mar'r'f, v. t. [-ried (-rid), -ryixg.J To unite 
in wedlock or matrimony; to dispose of in wedlock, 
give away as wife; to take for husband or wife; to 
unite closely.— v. i. To unite as husband and wife. 
[F. marier, L. maritare, fr. maritus, a husband, fr. 
mas, maris, male, q. v.] — Mar'riage, -rij, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc. ; legal union of a man and 
woman for life ; matrimony ; wedlock ; wedding; 
nuptials. [ME. and OF. ma>~ioge, fr. LL. maritati- 
cum, maritagium, a woman's dowry. j — Marriage- 
able, a. Of an age suitable for marriage. — Mar'- 
ried, -rid, a. Formed bv marriage; conjugal: con- 
nubial; wedded. — Mar'ital, a. Pert, to a husband. 
[F.; L. maritalis.] 

Mars, marz, n. {Lot. Myth.) The son of Jupiter and 
Juno, and god of war. {Astron.) The planet of the 
solar system next beyond the earth, conspicuous for 
the redness of its light.— Mar'tial, -shal, a. Pert, or 
suited to war; military; given to war; brave; pert.ta 
army and navy, — opp. to civil. [F.; L. martialis. fr. 
Mars.] — Martial law. An arbitrary kind of law, 
extending to matters of civil as well as of criminal 
jurisdiction, and proclaimed only in times of war, 
insurrection, rebellion, or emergency: it is quite dis- 
tinct from military law. 

Marseilles, mar-salz', n. A fabric formed of 2 series 
of interlacing threads, forming double cloth, quilted 
in the loom, — first made in Marseilles, France. 

Marsh, marsh, n. A tract of low, wet land, at times 
covered with water; a fen; swamp; morass. [AS. 
mersc, for merisc, oris, full of pools, fr. mere, a pool, 
mere, q. v.]— Marsh'y, -T, a. Like, pert, to, or pro- 
duced in, etc.; wet; boggy; fennv. — Marsh'-har / - 
rier. n. A species of harrier (bird) frequenting 
marshes and preying upon mice, etc.; moor buzzard. 
— -maMow. n. A plant common in marshes near the 
sea-shore. 

Marshal, mar'shal, n. An officerof high rank, charged 
with the arrangement of ceremonies, conduct of op- 
erations, etc.; as, a harbinger, pursuivant; or one 
who regulates rank and order at an assembly, di- 
rects the order of procession, etc.; or the chief offi- 
cer of arms, who regulates combats in the lists; in 
France, the highest military officer. {Am. Law.) A 
ministerial officer, who executes the process of the 
courts of the United States, and has dunes simiiar 



eon, cube, full ; moon, f<5ot ; cov, oil ; linger tr ink, then. bo>boN, chair, get. 



MARSUPIAL 



344 



MASSETER 




to a sheriff's: the name is also sometimes applied to 
certain police officers of a city. — v. I. [marshaled 
(-shald), -Shaling.] To dispose in order, arrange in 
a suitable manner, as troops or an army; to lead, as 
a harbinger. [ME. and OF. mareschal, OHG. mara- 
schalh, orig. an attendant on a horse, groom, fr. 
marah (s. rt. E.mare, q. v.), a war-horse, and schalh, 
servant.] — Mar'shaler, n.— Mar'shalship, n. Office 
of a marshal. 

Marsupial, mar-su'pT-al, a. (Zobl.) Having a pouch 
for carrying the immature young after birth; pert, 
to the group of quadrupeds having, etc.; pert, to the 
pouch of the marsupials.— ?). One of the marsupial 
animals. [L. marsupium, Gr. marsnpion, dim. of mar- 
supos, a bag, pouch.] — Marsu'piate, -at, a. Related 
to the marsupial animals; furnished with a pouch. 

Mart, mart, «. A place of sale or traffic; a market. 
[Contr. fr. market, q. v.] 

Martello Tower, mar-teKlo-tow'er. (Fort.) A round 
tower of masonry, erected on the sea-coast, bearing 
a gun that may be fired in 
any direction. [It. martello, 
hammer, f r. L. martidus, 
dim. of marcus, hammer.] 

Marten, mar'ten, n. A carniv- 
orous animal of several spe- 
cies, allied to the weasel; its 
fur, used for hats, muffs, etc. 
[F. murtre, LL. marturis, D. 
marter, AS. meardh.~] 

Mar-text. See under Mar. 

Martial. See under Mars. 

Martin, mar'tin, Martlet, n. 
which builds its nest about 
the eaves, etc., of houses. 
[F. Martin (the proper 
name), martlet, martinet, 
dim.] 

Martinet, mar'tin-et', «. 
(Mil.) A strict disciplina- 
rian ; a pedantic officer. 
[Name of an officer in the 
French army under Louis 
XIV.] (Naut.) A small line fastened to the leech 
of a sail, to bring it close to the yard when the sail 
is furled. 

Martingal, mar'tin-gal, -gale, -gal, n. A strap fastened 
to a horse's girth, passing between his fore legs, and 
ending in 2 rings, through which the reins pass, to 
hold down his head, and prevent him from rearing. 
(Naut.) A lower stay for the jib-boom or flying- 
jib-boom; the short, perpendicular spar (= dolphin- 
striker) under the bowsprit end, which forms a strut 
for the stay: see Ship. (Gambling.) Act of doubling 
the amount lost on the preceding stake. [F. mar- 
tingale, Sp. martingal, a kind of Dreeches worn by 
a Martigal, citizen of Martigues, in Provence.] 

Martinmas, mar'tin-mas, n. (Eccl.) The feast of 
St. Martin, Nov. 11th. 

Martlet. See Martin. 

Martyr, mar'ter, n. One who, by his death, bears 
witness to the truth of the gospel ; one who sacri- 
fices his life, or what is of great value, for any prin- 
ciple or cause, —v. t. [martyred (-terd), -tyring.] 
To put to death on account of faith or profession ; 
to persecute as a martyr, torment, torture. [L.; Gr. 
martur, orig. a witness, lit. one who remembers ; 
s. rt. Skr. smri, to remember, declare, E. memory.] — 
Mar'tyrdom, -dum, n. The condition or death of a 
martyr. — Martyrol'ogy, -oKo-jT, n. A history of 
martyrs, with their sufferings ; a register of mar- 
tyrs. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Mar'tyrologlc, -o- 
loj'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to martyrology; registering, or 
registered in, a catalogue of martyrs. — "Martyrol''- 
ogist, n. A historian of martyrs. 

Marvel, mar'vel, n. That which arrests tht uttention, 
and causes admiration or surprise; a wonder ; prod- 
igy ; miracle. — v. i. [marveled (-veld), -vel- 
ing.] To be struck with surprise or admiration; to 
wonder. [ME. and F. inerveille, fr. L. mirabilia, 
wonderful things, pi. of mirabilis, wonderful, fr. 
mirari, to wonder or marvel at, mirus, wonderful; 
s. rt. Gr. meidan, Skr. smi, to smile, smapaya. to sur- 
prise, E. smile.'] — Mar'velous, -us, a. Exciting 
wonder or surprise ; prodigious ; surpassing belief; 
improbable ; incredible. — Mar'velously, adv. — 
Mar'velousness, n. 

Masculine, mas'ku-lin, a. Of the male sex ; not fe- 
male ; having the qualities of a man ; virile ; not 
effeminate; unwomanly. (Gram.) Having inflec- 
tions, or construed with words, pert. esp. to male 



beings, as disting. fr. feminine and neuter. [i?\ mas- 
culin, L. mascidinus, fr. masculus, male, q. v.l — 
Mas'culinely, adv. — Mas'culineness, n. 

Mash, mash, v. t. [mashed (masht), mashing.] To 
crush by beating or pressure; to bruise. (Brewing 
and Distilling.) To steep ground grain and crushed 
malt in warm water, — n. A mixture or mass of in- 
gredients, beaten or blended together in a promis- 
cuous manner. [AS. max, a mixture, Dan. mask, a 
mash, mseske, to mash; prob. s. rt. mix; not s. rt. 
F. mdcher = L. mastviare, to masticate.] — Mash^y, 
-X, a. Produced by crushing or bruising; like, or 
consisting of, a mash. 

Mask, mask, n. A cover for the face, with apertures 
for the eyes and mouth ; a visor ; that which dis- 
guises ; a pretext or subterfuge ; a festive entertain- 
ment in which the company wear masks ; a mas- 
querade; revel; piece of mummery ; a dramatic per- 
formance written in a tragic style, introducing such 
characters that the actors must be masked. — v. t. 
[masked (maskt), masking.] To conceal with a 
mask, disguise, cover, hide. —v. i. To revel ; to be 
disguised. [F. masque, a visor, masquer, orig. mas- 
querer, to mask, masquei-ie, masquerade, an assem 
bly of maskers, mummery, Sp. mascarada, mas- 
querade, mascara, a masker, a mask, fr. Ar. mask- 
harat, a buffoon, sport.] — Masked battery. (Mil.) A 
battery concealed from the enemy's observation 
until it opens fire. — Mask'er, n. -Masque, mask, 
n. A mask; masquerade. [F.] — Mas'querade', mas', 
kgr-ad', n. An assembly of persons wearing masks, 
and amusing themselves with dancing, conversation, 
etc. ; elaborate hiding of what is true under a false 
show; disguise. — v. i. To assemble in masks, go in 
disguise. — Mas'querad'er, n. 

Mashn, mazlin, n. A mixture of different materials, 
esp. of different sorts of grain. — a. Composed of 
different sorts ; as, maslin Dread, which is composed 
of wheat and rye. [Same as mash and mess.] 

Mason, ma'sn, n. A builder in stone or brick; a brick- 
layer ; stonemason ; a member of the fraternity of 
Freemasons. [OF. macon, masson, LL. macio, mace- 
rio, lit. wallmaker, fr. L. maceria, a wall, Gr. make- 
Ion, an inclosure; orelseLL. mattio, fr. MUG. mezzo, 
a mason, meizan, to hew, cut.] — Ma'sonry, -sn-rf,w. 
Art or occupation, work or performance, of a mason; 
art of building, or that which is built, with stone or 
brick ; craft or mysteries of Freemasons. — Masonic, 
-son'ik, a. Pert, to the craft of Freemasons. 

Masora, ma-sola, n. A critical Rabbinical work on 
the text of the Hebrew Scriptures. [NHeb. mas- 
sorah, massoreth, i. e. tradition, fr. masar, to hand 
down.] — Mas'orefic, -ical, a. Relating to the Ma- 
sora, or to its authors, who invented the Hebrew 
vowel-points and accents. 

Masque, Masquerade, etc. See under Mask. 

Mass, mas, n. A body or lump of solid matter; a body 
of fluid matter ; a quantity collected; heap; assem- 
blage ; bulk ; magnitude ; size ; chief component 
portion; principal part; main body. (Physics.) The 
quantity of matter which a body contains, irrespec- 
tive of its bulk or volume. — v. t. To form into a 
mass, or a collective body ; to assemble. [ME. and 

F. masse, L. massa, fr. Gr. rnaza, a barley-cake, 
magma, any kneaded mass, f r. massein, to knead, 
whence L. mncerare, to macerate, q. v.] — The 
masses. The people in general ; the populace. — 
Mass'-meet'ing, n. A popular assembly on some 
public business. — Massive, -iv, a. Forming, or 
consisting of, a large mass ; compacted ; weighty ; 
heavy. (Min.) Having a crystalline structure, but 
not a regular form. [F. massif.] — Masslveness, n. 
State or quality of being massive. — Mass'y, -I, a. 
[-IER, -iest.] Compacted into, o>- consisting of, a 
mass; solid; bulky and heavy. — Mass'iness, n. 

Mass, mas, n. The communion service, or the consecra- 
tion and oblation of the host in Rom. Cath. churches. 
[ME. and F. messe, AS. mvesse, LL. missa, fr. L. mit- 
tere, missum, to send, dismiss, — the catechumens 
having been dismissed before the celebration of the 
eucharist.] 

Massacre, mas'sa-ker, n. The killing of numbers of 
human beings by indiscriminate slaughter ; cold- 
blooded destruction of life ; butchery ; carnage.— 
v.t. [massacred (-kerd), -cring.] Tomurdercru- 
elly, butcher, slaughter indiscriminately. [F., prob. 
fr. LG. maUken, A1HG. meizan, to cut, hew. whence 

G. metzeln, to massacre, metzelei, a massacre.] 
Masseter, mas-se'ter, n. (Anat.) A muscle which 

raises the under jaw, and assists in chewing. [G., a 
chewer, fr. massasthai, to chew.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve, term ; In, ice } 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



MASSICOT 



345 



MATERNAL 



Massicot, mas'st-kot, Mas'ticot, n. (Chem.) Pro- 
toxide of lead, or yellow oxide of lead. [F. massicot.] 

Massive, etc. See under Mass, body or lump. 

Mast, mast, n. (Newt.) A pole, long round timber, 
spar, or iron pillar set upright in a vessel, to sustain 
the sails, yards, rigging, etc. : see Ship. — v. t. To 
furnish with, etc. [AS. mnest, D., Sw., Dan., and G. 
mast.]— Mast'-head, n. The top or head of a must. 

— r. t. To send (a sailor, etc.) to stay at the mast- 
head, as a punishment. 

Mast, mast, n. The fruit of the oak, beech, or other 
forest trees : nuts : acorns. [AS. maest, G. mast, 
whence muesten, to fatten (swine, etc.) ; prob. s. rt. j 
meat.] 

Master, mas'ter, n. A superior; leader; chief,— em- 
ployed as a title of respectful address, also, familiarly 
to an inferior or a boy ; a ruler, governor, director, o"r 
manager: esp. an owner or possessor: proprietor: a 
person having others under his authority: the direc- j 
tor of a school; teacher; instructor; one highly skilled 
in an v occupation, art. or science. (XaiU.) The com- 
mander of a merchant ship ; an officer in the navy, [ 
subordinate to captains and lieutenants in com- ! 
mand, who navigates the vessel. — v. t. [mastered j 
(-terd), -tering.J To become the master of; to con- : 
quer,overpower,subdue;tobecomeanadeptin. [ME. j 
maister, meister, OF. maistre, meistre, It. maestro, L. 
magister ; s. rt. L. magnus, Gr. megas, great, E. may, 
ministerial, majesty, q. v.] — Mas'terly, -IT, a. In- 
dicating thorough knowledge or skill : most excel- 
lent : imperious ; domineering : arbitrary. — Mas'- 
tery, -T, n. Act of mastering ; position or authority 
of a master: supremacy; superiority in competition; i 
preeminence ; victory in war; eminent skill.— Mas'- ' 
ter-piece, n. A capital performance : a chef-d'oeu- j 
vre. — Mas'tership, n. Office of a master; mastery; i 
superiority. — Mas'ter-key, ». A key that opens | 
many locks; a clew to lead out of many difficulties. ! 

— -stroke, n. Capital performance ; a masterly ' 
achievement: an able or successful action. — Maes'- i 
tro, ma-es'tro, n. A master in any art, esp. in mu- i 
sic: a composer. [It] 

Mastic, Mastich, mas'tik, n. A low, shrubby tree of 
the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean, pro- 
ducing a valuable resin; the resin of the mastic tree, | 
used as a chewing gum, as an aromatic and astrin- 
gent, and in varnishes; a cement used for plastering \ 
walls, etc. [F. mastic. L. and Gr. mastiehe, the gum 
of the (L. tentiscus, Gr. schinos) lentisk or mastic 
tree, used for chewing in the East: s. rt. Gr. mastax, 
the mouth, mastazein, to chew, perh. madaros, melt- 
ing away, and L. mandere, to chew.] — Mas'ticate, 
-tT-kat, v. t. To grind with the teeth, and prepare 
for swallowing and digestion: to chew. [L. masti- 
care, -catum, fr. mast *'cAe.] — Mastica'tion. n. Act 
o'- operation of, etc — Mas'ticatory, -tl-ca-to-rT, a. 
Chewing ; adapted to perform the office of chewing 
food. — n. {Med.) A substance to be chewed to in- 
crease the saliva. ottbttt-i 

Masticot. See Massicot. 

Mastiff, mas'tif, n. ; pi. 
-tiffs. A large and trusty 
variety of dog, of great 
strength and courage. 
[OF. mastif; perh. s. rt. 
Venetian mastino, large- 
limbed, solid, strong, G. 
masten, to feed.] Mastiff. 

Mastlin. mazlin or masflin, n. See Maslin. 

Mastodon, mas'to-don, n. An extinct mammal re- 
sembling the elephant, but 
larger, a n d having mas- 
toid processes on the teeth. 
[Gr. mastos, a woman's 
breast, and odou.s, o'lontos, 
tooth, — fr. the nipple- 
shaped projections on its 
molar teeth.] — Mas'toid, 
-toid, a. Resembling the 
nipple or breast. [Gr. eidos, , 
form.] - Mastol'ogy, -o-jl. Skeleton of Mastodon. 
n. Natural history of animals which suckle their 
young. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 

Masturbation, mas-ter-ba'shun, n. Production of the 
sexual orgasm by handling one's private parts. — a 
degrading and health-destroying vice ; onanism 



-. : 




sell-pollution. [L. masturbare, to practice onanism, 
prob. fr. manus, nand, and stuprare, to defile.] 
Mat, mat, n. A texture of sedge, rushes, husks, etc. 



for cleansing shoes or to cover a part of the floor: 
rug; any similar fabric for various uses ; anything 



growing thickly, or closely interwoven. — v. t. To 
coveror lav with mats; to twist together, interweave. 
— v.i. To become interwoven like a mat. [AS. meat- 
tn. L. mafta.] — Mat'ting, n. Mats collectively; ma- 
terials for m;its: a carpet made oi straw, etc., or a 
texture used in packing goods, etc. 

Matachin. lnat'a-sheu', n. An old dance with swords 
and bucklers. [Sp.; It. mattacino, mimic, fr. matte, 
mad, extravagant.] 

Matadore, mat'a-dor, n. One of the 8 principal cards 
in the irame of omber and quadrille; the man ap- 
pointed to kill the bull in bull-fights. [Sp.. fr. ma- 
tar. L. mactare, to sacrifice, kill.] 

Match, mach, n. A combustible substance used for 
retaining, conveying, or communicating fire: a small 
strip of "wood, etc., "having one end covered with a 
composition winch ignites by friction. [OF. mesche, 
fr. LL. tnyxus, wick of a candle, Gr. muxa, nozzle 
of a lamp.] — Matchlock, n. The lock of a musket 
containing a match for tiring it ; a musket fired by 
a match. 

Match, mach, n. A person or thing equal to another 
in quality : an equal ; mate ; a bringing together of 
2 parties suited to one another, as for a union, a trial 
of skill or force, etc. : a contest to try strength or 
skill, or to determine superiority: a marriage: a can- 
didate for matrimony, — v. t. "[matched (macht), 
matching.] To be a mate or match for; to rival 
successfully ; to furnish with its match ; to bring a 
mate, match, or equal, against ; to set in competi- 
tion ; to make equal, proportionate, or suitable ; to 
marry, give in marriage.— v. i. To be united in 
marriage; to be of equal size, figure, or quality; to 
tally : correspond. [ME. macclie, AS. msecca, "com- 
panion, spouse, maca, a mate: s. rt. Ic. makr, MUG. 
gemach, suitable, AS. macuin = E make.] — Match'- 
able, a. — Match'er, n. — Match/less, a. Having 
no equal ; unrivaled. — Match'-maker. n. Onewho 
contrives a marriage. — mak ing. ". — Mate, mat, n. 
One who customarily associates with another; a com- 
panion; a husband or wife; a bird or animal which 
has paired with one of the opposite sex; one suitable 
to be a companion; a match. ( Xaut.) An officer in 
a merchant vessel next below the captain; an assist- 
ant. — v. t. To match, marry, pair: to match one's 
self against, compete with. [OD. maet, mate (of a 
shin).] — Mate'less, a. Having no mate or companion. 

Materia, ma-te'rt-a, n. Matter : substance. [L. See 
Mattek.] — Materia medica. (Med.) All substances 
used as curative agents in medicine: science of the 
nit ure and properties of substances used for the cure 
of diseases. — Mate'rial, a. Consisting of, or pert, 
to, matter: physical; pert. to. or affecting, the phys- 
ical nature of man. as (listing, fr. the moral or relig- 
ious nature ; of solid or weighty character; of conse- 
quence, not to be dispensed" with. (Logic.) Pert, to 
the matter, as opposed to the form, of a thing. Cor- 
poreal; bodily; weighty; momentous; essential. — 
n. Substance'of which anything is or may be made. 
[OF. materiel, L. rn.atericd.is. fr. materia?] — Mate'- 
rialism, -izm, n. Doctrine of materialists: tendency 
to give undue importance to material interests ; de- 
votion to the material nature and its wants. — Mate'- 
rialist. n. One who denies the existence of spiritual 
substances, and maintains that the soul of man is 
the result of a particular organization of matter in 
the body: one who maintains the existence of mat- 
ter, — disting. fr. the idealist, who denies it. — Ma- 
te'rialist'ic. -ist'ical. a. Pert, to materialism or 
materialists. — Mate'riallty. -T-tT, n. Quality of 
being material; material existence: corporeity; im- 
portance. —Mate'rialize, v. t. [-izeu (-Izd), -izixg.] 
To reduce to a state of matter, regard as matter ; to 
explain by the laws or principles appropriate to mat- 
ter ; to occupy with material instead oi moral or 
religious interests. (Spiritualism.) To pretend to 
present a spirit or departed soul under a material 
form or body. — Mate'riaFiza'tion, n. Act or pre- 
tense of materializing a departed soul ; thing mate- 
rialized : appearance of a spirit in material form. 
— Mate'rially, adv. In the state of matter; in its 
essence; substantially: in an important manner or 
degree ; essentially. — Mate'rialness. n. State of be- 
ing material; importance. — Mat 'riel, -ta're-el, n. 
That in a complex system which constitutes the 
materials, or instruments employed, disting. fr. the 
personnel, or men. [F.] 

Maternal, ma-ter'nal, a. Pert, to, or becominga 
mother; motherly. [F. maternel. LL. maternalisTL. 
matemvs, motherly, fr. mater = E. mother, q. v.] — 
Materially , adv. — Mater'nity, -n.-t;. n. State, 



sun, cube, ful' i moon, f<56t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boxbox. chair, get. 



MATHEMATIC 



346 



MAXILLAR 



character, or relation of a mother. [F. maternite", 
Xi. maternitas.] — Mat'ricide, -rl-sid, n. The mur- 
der, also the murderer, of one's mother. [F. ; L. ma- 
tricida, the murderer of a mother : matricidium, the 
killing of, etc., fr. mater and csedere, to kill.] — 
Mafrici'dal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Mat'rimony, -rl- 
mo-nl, n. Union of man and woman as husband 
and wife ; the nuptial state ; marriage ; wedlock. 
[OF. matrimonie, L. matrimonium, fr. mater.] — 
Matrimo'iiial, a. Pert, to, or derived from, mar- 
riage ; connubial; conjugal; nuptial : hymeneal. — 
Matrimo'nially, adv. — Ma'tron, n. A married 
woman; the female head of a household; esp. an 
elderly, motherly woman; a head nurse in a hospi- 
tal; a female superintendent of any institution. [F. 
matrone, L. matrona, f r. mater.] — Matronal, raat'- 
or ma'tron-al, a. Pert, or suitable to a matron ; 
grave; motherly.— Ma'tronly, a. Advanced in years; 
elderly; like, or befitting, a matron; sedate. — Mat '- 
ronage, -ej, n. State of a matron; the collective body 
of matrons. 

Mathematic, math-e-mafic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or ac- 
cording to the principles of, mathematics; theoreti- 
cally precise; very accurate. [OF. mathematique, L. 
mathematicus, Gr. mathematikos, fr. mathema, tiling 
learned, lesson, science, fr. manthanein, to learn, me- 
nos, mind, Skr. man, to think.] — Mathematically, 
adv. According to the principles of mathematical 
science; demonstrably.— Math'emati'cian, -tish'an, 
n. One versed in mathematics. — Mathematics, n. 
Science of the properties, measurement, and exact 
relations of numbers, quantities, or magnitudes, and 
of the methods and processes by which problems are 
solved, — including arithmetic, geometry, algebra, 
etc. 

Matin, matin, a. Pert, to, or used in the morning.— 
n. Morning worship or service, prayers or song ; 
time of morning service; the first canonical hour in 
the Rom. Cath. church. [F. matins, morning prayer, 
matin, morning, L. matutinus, pert, to the morning, 
fr. Matuta, goddess of dawn; s. rt. mature.] — Mat'- 
inee, -e-na, n. A reception or entertainment in the 
early part of the day. [F.] — Mat'uti'nal, Mat'u- 
tine, -u-tin, a. Pert, to the morning; early. 

Matrass, matlas, n. An egg-shaped glass chemical 
vessel with tapering neck, used for distilling, diges- 
ting, etc. [OF. matraSj large arrow, dart; L. materis, 
matara, a Celtic javehn,— f r. its narrow, long neck.] 

Matress. See Mattress. 

Matricide, Matrimony, etc. See under Maternal. 

Matrix, malriks, Matrice, malris or matlis, n. ; pi. 
Mat'rices, -rY-sez. (Anat.) The womb. 
That which gives form or modifies any- 
thing; as, (Mech.) a mold, as for the face 
of a type; (Min.) the earthy or stony sub- 
stance in which metallic ores or crystalline 
minerals are found; pi. (Dyeing.) the 5 
simple colors, black, white, blue, red, and 
yellow, of which all the rest are composed. 
[F. matrice, L. matrix ; s. rt. L. mater = E. 
mother, q. v.] — Matriculate, -trik'u-lat, 
v. t. To enter or admit to membership in 
a body or society, esp. in a college or uni- 
versity, by enrolling the name in a regis- 
ter. — n. One matriculated. [LateL. ma- 
trieulare, -latum, fr. L. matricula, a regis- 
ter, dim. of matrix.]— Matric'ula'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Matron, etc. See under Maternal. 

Matter, matler, n. That of which the sensible uni- 
verse and all existent bodies are composed ; body ; 
substance ; that of which anything is composed ; 
material or substantial part of anything ; that with 
regard to, or about which, anything takes place ; 
subject of thought, emotion, speech, or action; con- 
cern; affair; business; thing of consequence; impor- 
tance; moment; inducing cause or occasion; indefi- 
nite amount, quantity, or portion; pus; purulent sub- 
stance. (Print.) Copy; type set up. (Metaph.) That 
which is the subject of any mental operation or psy- 
chological or logical process; substance, as opp. to 
form. — v. i. [mattered (-terd), -tering.] To be 
of importance ; to import, signify ; to form pus or 
matter, maturate. [OF. matiere, matere, L. materia, 
matter, materials, stuff; s. rt. Skr. ma, to measure, 
build, form, E. material] - Matter of fact. A real 
occurrence or existence, as disting. from anything 
fancied or supposed ; a verity ; fact. — Mafter-of- 
facV, a. Adhering to facts; not fanciful or imagin- 
ative; dry. 

Matting. See under Mat. 

Mattock, maftok, n. A kind of pickax, with ax and 





Matrix. 



adze-shaped cutting ends, instead of 
points. [AS. raattuc, W. matog.] 

Mattress, matlres, n. A bed stuffed 
with hair, moss, or other soft mate- 
rial, and quilted or tied. [OF. ma- 
teras, Ar. matrah, situation, founda- 
tion, place where anything is thrown, 
fr. taraha, to throw prostrate.] MattocK. 

Mature, ma-tar', a. Brought by natural process to 
completeness or perfection of development ; com- 
pletely worked out ; fully digested ; come to sup- 
puration; ripe. — v. t. [matured (-turd''), -Turing. J 
To bring or hasten to perfection or maturity; to per- 
fect, ripen; to make fit or ready for a special use. — 
v. i. To become ripe or perfect; to become due, as a 
note. [L. maturus, prob. fr. s. rt. Lithuan. metas, a 
period, year, matoti, to measure, E. mete, matin.] — 
Maturely, adv. — Mature'ness, Matu'rity, -rl-tl, 
n. State of being mature ; ripeness ; termination 
of the period a note has to run. — Matures'cent, 
-res'sent, a. Approaching to maturity. [L. matu- 
rescens, p. pr. of maturescere, to become ripe.] — 
Mat'urant, n. (Med.) A medicine, or application, 
which promotes suppuration. —Mafurate, v. t. To 
bring to ripeness or maturity; to promote suppura- 
tion of. — v. i. To suppurate. [L. maturare, -ratum, 
to make ripe.] — Maturalion, n. Process of ripen- 
ing; ripeness; suppuration; forming of pus. — Mat '- 
ura'tive, -tiv, a. Conducing to, etc. — n. (Med.) A 
remedy which promotes, etc. 

Matutinal, Matutine. See under Matin. 

Maudlin, mawdlin, a. Drunk ; fuddled ; stupid ; 
weak or silly, as if half drunk ; sickly sentimental. 
[Fr. Maudlin, contr. fr. Magdalen, who is drawn by 
painters with eyes swelled and red with weeping.] 

Mauger, -gre, maw'ggr, prep. ' In spite of, in opposi- 
tion to; notwithstanding. [OF. malgre, maugre, lit. 
displeasure, fr. mal, ill (see Maladministration), 
and gre, gret, L. gratum, a pleasant thing : see 
Grace.] 

Maul, mawl, n. A large, heavy hammer or beetle, usu- 
ally of wood. — v. t. [mauled (mawld), mauling.] 
To beat and bruise. [Same as mall.] 

Maul-stick, mawKstik, n. The stick used by painters 
to keep the hand steady in working. [G. maler- 
stock, fr. maler, a painter (fr. malen, to paint, mahl, 
OHG. mal, mol, a mark, spot = E. mole,, and stock, 
stick ; s. rt. stock, stake.] 

Maund, mand or mawnd, Maund'er, v. i. To mutter, 
murmur, beg; to talk incoherently or idly. [F. 
mendier, to beg.] — Maund'erer, n. A grumbler. 

Maundy-Thursday, mawn ' dl-therz'da, n. (Eccl.) 
Thursday in Passion-week, or next before Good 
Friday. [ME. maundee, fr. L. "Mandatum novum " 
(John xih. 34), the " new commandment " given by 
Christ when washing the disciples' feet, — a cere- 
mony observed on this day, with singing of an an- 
them beginning with the words quoted.] 

Mauresque. See under Moor. 

Mausoleum, maw-so-le r um, n. A magnificent tomb, or 
stately sepul 



chral monu- 
ment, chapel, 
or edifice. 
[L., orig. the 
tomb of Mau- 
solus, king of 
Caria.]- 
Mausole ' an, 
o. Pert, to a 
mausoleum ; 
monumental. 
Mauve, mov, n. 
A purple or 
lilac coloring 
matter ob- 
tained from 




Ret;..-- : 



Mausoleum. 

aniline; the color itself. [F.: L. malva, a mallow (q- 
v.), whose flowers are of this color.] 

Mavis, ma' vis, n. (Ornith.) The throstle or song- 
thrush. [F. mazivis, Corn, melhuez.] 

Maw, maw, n. A stomach of one of the lower ani- 
mals, or, in contempt, of a man ; in birds, the craw. 
[AS. maga, Ic. magi, OHG. mago ; s. rt. may.] -* 
Maw'-worm, n. (Med.) An intestinal worm. 

Mawkish, mawkish, a. Apt to cause satiety or loath- 
ing; nauseous; disgusting; squeamish. [ME. mauk, 
maivk, a maggot, q. v.] 

Maxillar, maksll-lar, -lary, a. {Anat.) Pert, to the 
jaw. [L. maxillaris, fr. maxilla, jaw-bone, dim. of 
mala, cheek-bone, fr. macerare, to macerate, q. v.] — 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd. tone. Si 



MAXIM 



347 



MEASURE 



Maxillary bone. A bone of cither jaw, having an 
alveolar process in which the teeth are set. 

Maxim, maks'im, //. An established principle or 
proposition ; a condensed statement of important 
practical truth ; axiom ; aphorism ; apothejrm : ad- 
age ; proverb. [F. mairime, fr. L. maxima (jsententir 
arum), the chief (of opinions), fern, of maximus, 
greatest, superl. of magnus, great. See .May.] — 
Max'imom, n. ; pi. -ima, -ma. (Math, and Physics.) 
The greatest quantity or value attainable in a given 
case; greatest value attained by a quantity which 
first increases and then begins to decrease; highest 
point or degree. [L., superl. of ma gnus.'] 

May, ma, v. [imp. migut (mit).] An auxiliary verb 
qualifying the meaning of another verb, by express- 
ing ability or possibility; or moral power: liberty; 
permission ; allowance ; or contingency or liability ; 
or modesty, courtesy, or concession, or a desire to 
soften a question or remark ; or desire or wish. 
[AS. mugan, to be able (ic mag, I may or can, ic 
mihte, I might) ; s. rt. Russ. moche, to be able, also 
power, might, L. magnus, great, mactus, honored, 
Gr. mechane, means, Skr. ruah, to honor, E. main, 
magnate, magisterial, maid, major, mayor, make, ma- 
chine, master, maxim, dismay, much, most, etc.] 

May, ma, n. The 5th month of the year; the early part 
of life ; the flowers of the hawthorn, which bloom 
in May. — v. i. To gather flowers on May morning. 
[ME. and OF. Mai, May, L. Mains, the" month of 
growth, dedicated to Maiu, lit. the increaser, the hon 
ored: see preceding.] — May'-ap'ple, re. The yellow 



ish pulpy fruit of the Podophyllum, an Amer. plant 
with poisonous leaves and cathartic root. — bug, n. 
A dor-bug or cockchafer: see Dor. — day, n. May 



1st. floWer, n. A flower that appears in May; in 

Eng., the hawthorn; in N. Eng., the trailing arbu- 
tus. — pole, n. A pole to dance round in Ma}-. — 
-queen, n. A young woman crowned with flowers as 
queen at the celebration of May-day. 

Mayhem. See Maim. 

Mayonnaise, ma-on-naz', n. A salad compounded of 
oil, vinegar, pepper, and salt, with raw yolks of 
eggs ; a dish of meat, etc., with this sauce. [F.] 

Mayor, ma'er or mar, n. The chief magistrate of a 
city or borough ; chief officer of a municipal corpo- 
ration. [Sp.; ME. and OF. maire, L. major, greater ; 
see Major and May.] — May'oralty^al-tf , n. The 
office of a mayor. — Mai 
mayor. 



ly'oress, n. The wife of a 



Mazard, Mazzard, maz'ard, n. A kind of small, black 
cherry._ [F. merise, a wild cherry.] 

Maze, maz, re. A baffling net-work of paths or pas- 
sages; confusion of thought; labyrinth; perplexitv ; 
intricacy. — v. t. [mazed (mazd), mazing.] To 
confound with intricacy; to amaze, bewilder. [ME. 
ma.se, perplexitv, masen, to confuse, puzzle, Norweg. 
masast, to fait into slumber, dream, masa, to be 
busied, to prate, chatter, Ic. masa, to chatter, Sw. 
dial, masa, to be slow, work lazily, mas, slow, lazy ; 
prob. s. rt. Skr. man, to think, Gr. mateuein, to 
strive after, mataios, stupid.]— Ma'zy, -zt, a. Per- 
plexed with turns and windings ; intricate ; confus- 
ing-; perplexing. 

Mazer, ma'zer, n. A large bowl or goblet. [ME. and 
OD. maser, lit. a knot in a tree, —these goblets be- 
ing often made of maple wood, OHG. masa, a spot, 
mark of a blow; s. rt. measles.] 

Mazology, ma-zol'o-jT, n. That branch of zoology 
which treats of mammiferons animals. [Gr. mazos, 
the breast, and logos, discourse. See Mammal.] 

Me, me, pron. pers. Myself ; the person speaking,— 
objective case of I. [AS., Corn., Armor., L., and Gr. 
me, accus. of 1st pers. pronoun, Skr. ma, ace, me, 
dative \_ s. rt. mine, my.] 

Mead, med, n. A fermented liquor made of honey and 
water with malt, yeast, etc.; a drink made of water 
flavored with sirup of sarsaparilla, etc., and impreg- 
nated with carbonic acid gas. [AS. rnedu, G. meth, 
W. medd, Lithuan. middus, mead, medus, honey, Gr. 
methu, intoxicating drink, Skr. madhu, sweet, also 
'"voney, jugar; s. rt. metheglin.] 

Mead, med, Mead'ow, med'o, n. A tract of low or 
level grass land, esp. land somewhat wet, but cov- 
ered with grass. [AS. msed, msedu, a grass field, 
mawan, OHG. majan, to mow, q. v. ; s. rt. after- 
math.]— Mead'owy, -o-T, a. Pert, to, like, or con- 
sisting of, meadow.— Mead'ow-lark, n. A migratory 
Amer. singing bird, of a dark-brown color above, 
and yellow below, which builds its nest among grass. 

Meager, -gre, me'ge'r, a. Having little flesh ; thin ; 
lean; destitute of richness, fertility, strength, etc. ; 



defective in quantity, or poor in quality ; wanting 
strength of diction or affluence of imagery; starved: 
| scanty; barren. [F. maigrt, L. muter, thin, whence 
Ic. uiaqr, Dan., Sw., and G. mager; b. rt. emaciate, 
prob. Gr. mihos, small.] — Mea'gerly, -grely, adv.— 
Mea'gerness, -greness, n. 

Meal, mel, n. A portion of food taken at on^ time: a 
repast. [AS. msel, Goth, mel, G. mal, a stated time, 
; 1). and Dan. maul, Ic. mal, a time, also a meal at a 
! regular time, G. maid, a meal ; s. rt. Skr. ma, to 
mete, q. v.] — Meal'-time, n. The usual time for eat- 
ing me_als. 

Meal, mel, n. Grain coarsely ground and unbolted, 
esp. oats or maize. [AS. melu, D. and Dan. meel, G. 
meld, meal, Ic. mala, Goth, and OHG. malan, W. 
malu, L. molere, to grind: s. rt. mill, mar.] — Meal'y, 
-I, a. [-ier, -iest.] Having the qualities of meal; 
soft; smooth; like meal; farinaceous; dry and friable; 
overspread with something that resembles meal. — 
Mealiness, n.— MeaKy-mouthed, -mowthd, a. Hav- 
ing a soft mouth; unwilling to tell the truth in plain 
language. 

Mean, men, a. Destitute of eminence ; wanting dig- 
nity of mind ; destitute of honor ; of little value ; 
base; ignoble; humble; poor; degraded; degenerate; 
vile ; servile ; disgraceful; despicable ; paltry : sor- 
did. [AS. msene, wicked, man, iniquity, Ic. meinn, 
mean, base, hurtful, mein, a hurt, harm.] — Mean'- 
ly, adv 1 — Mean'ness, re. 

Mean, men, a. Occupying a middle position ; inter- 
vening; intermediate in excellence. (Math.) Aver- 
age ; having an intermediate value between 2 ex- 
tremes. — re. That which is intermediate between 2 
extremes ; middle point, place, rate, or degree : me- 
dium. (Math.) A quantity having an intermediate 
value between several others, from which it is de- 
rived, and of which it expresses the resultant value; 
average. Intermediate agency or measure, instru- 
ment, — usually in pi. (means), but with a singular 
attribute or predicate: pi. resources; property: rev- 
enue. [ME. mene, OF. meien, L. medianus, fr. me- 
dius, middle : see Medial.] — By all meuns. Cer- 
tainly ; without fail ; at any rate. — By any m. In 
any way; possibly. — By no m., or by no manner of m. 
Not at all ; certainly not ; not in any degree. — 
Mean'time, -while, adv. In the intervening time; 
during the interval. 

Mean, men, r. t. [meant (ment), meaning.] To have 
in mind, view, or contemplation; to intend; to pur- 
pose, design; to signify, indicate, denote. [AS. mse- 
nan, to intend, OHG. meinjan. to think upon, signify, 
meina, thought, intent, mmm, memory, mind, q. v.] 
— Meaning, n. That which is meant; intent; pur- 
pose: aim; that which is signified; sense; import. 

Meander, me-an'der, n. A winding course; a turning 
in a passage; an intricate or tortuous movement. — 
v.t. [meandered (-derd), -dering.] To wind, turn, 
or flow round. — v.t. To wind or turn. [Name of a 
proverbially crooked river in Phrygia.] 

Mease, mes or mez, n. The number of 500, as, a mease 
of herrings. [OHG. mez, measure, f r. mezzan, mezan, 
to measure.] 

Measles, me'zlz. n. pi. (Med.) A very contagious dis- 
ease, with inflammatory fever, catarrhal symptoms, 
and an eruption of red points grouped in circles or 
crescents,— it is often fatal, or leaves dreaded seque- 
lae; rubeola. A disease of swine. [ME. maseles, D. 
maselen, measles, fr. mase, OHG. masa, a spot, mark 
of a wound: s. rt. mazer; not fr. ME. and OF. mesel, 
a leper.] — Mea'sly, -zlT, a. Infected with measles 
or eruptions. 

Measure, mezh'er, n. Extent, dimensions, or capacity 
of anything; aggregate measurements to determine 
the shape and size, as for clothing; limit; allotted 
share, as of action, influence, ability, etc.; modera- 
tion; due restraint; a standard of dimension; rule by 
which anything is adjusted or judged; an instru- 
ment for measuring' size or quantity: contents of a 
vessel by which quantity is measured; a stated or 
limited quantity or amrjiunt ; undefined quantity; 
extent; degree; means to an end; regulated division 
of movement, as, (Dancing.) a grave, solemn style 
of dance, with slow and measured steps: or, (Mus.) 
that division of the time by which the air and mo- 
tion are regulated ; or, (Poetry.) meter ; rhythm ; 
hence, a foot. pi. (Geol.) Beds or 6trata. — v. t. 
[measured (-erd), -uring.] To ascertain the extent, 
quantity, capacity, or dimensions of; to serve as the 
measure of ; to estimate, value, appraise ; to pass 
through or over in journeyine : to adjust, propor- 
tion; to allot or distribute bv measure. — v. i. To 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



MEAT 



348 



MEED 



have a certain extent or bulk. [ME. and OF. mesure, 
L. mensura, measure, prop. fern, of f ut. p. of metiri, 
to measure; s. rt. mete, q. v.] — Lineal or long meas- 
ure. The measure of lines or distances. — Square m. 
The measure of the superficial area of surfaces in 
square units, as inches, feet, miles, etc. — Meas'ur- 
able, a. Capable of being measured; moderate; in 
small quantity or extent. — Meas'urableness, n. — 
Meas'urably, adv. To a limited extent; moderately. 
— Meas'ureless, a. Without measure; boundless; 
endless; vast; infinite; immeasurable. — Meas'ure- 
ment, n. Act or result of measuring; mensuration; 
amount or quantity ascertained by measuring; the 
area. — Meas'urer, n. 

Meat, met, n. Food in general; flesh of animals; edi- 
ble portion of anything. [AS. mete, Goth, mats, food, 
mat/an, to eat: prob. s. rt. L. mawlere, to chew, E. 
mandible.] — Meat'-of'fering, n. (Script.) An offer- 
ing of food, esp. of flour with salt and oil.— Meat'y, 
-X, a. Abounding in meat; fleshy. 

Mechanic, me-kanlk, n. One who works with ma- 
chines or instruments; j o 
a workman employed 



in the mechanic arts; ^5v fp^ffi 

artiricer; artisan ;oper- ^s. • ^""£^^^ 

a t i v e . — Mechanic, JsV **, >— ; -^ 

-ical, a. Pert, to, gov- Jik>P 4 




-ical, a. rert. to, gov- 
erned by, or in accord- 
ance with, the princi- 
ples or 1 a w s of me- 
chanics; depending 
upon mechanism or 
machinery ; done as if 
by a machine, or with- 
out conscious exertion 
of will; pert, to arti- 
sans or mechanics; 
made by mechanical 
means, and not by- 
chemical action. [01. ._ , . t, 
mechanique, L. me- Mechanical Powers. 

chanicu, Gr. mechan- 1. lever; 2, inclined plane; 3, 
ike, fr. mechane, a ma- wh , e , el *<& ax j e • 4 > screw "' 6 > 
chine, q. v.] -Mechan- P ulle * ; 6 - wedge - 
ical powers. Certain simple instruments (the lever, 
inclined plane, wheel and axle, screw, pulley, wedge, 
and their modifications) which convert a small force 
acting through a great space into a great force acting 
through a small space, or vice versa.— Mechanically, 
adv. — Mechanlcalness, n. — Mechanician, -nish / '- 
an, n. One skilled in mechanics; a machinist. — Me- 
chanics, n.sing. That science which treats of forces 
and powers, and the construction and use of ma- 
chines and instruments to utilize the laws of matter 
and motion.— Mecb/anism, -nizm, n. The construc- 
tion of a machine; the parts of a machine taken col- 
lectively. — Mecb/anist, n. A maker of machines; 
one skilled in mechanics. 

#echoacan, me-cho'- or me-ko'a-kan, n. A species of 
jalap, of very feeble properties. [Fr. Mechoacan, in 
Mexico.] 

Meconium, me-ko'ni-um, n. (Med.) The inspissated 
juice of the poppv. The green substance in the in- 
testines of new born infants. [L.; Gr. mekonion, fr. 
mekon, poppy.] 

Medal, med'al, n. A coin-shaped piece of metal, with 
a device to commemorate an action, event, or person, 
or given as a reward of merit. [OF. medaille, a med- 
al, flat jewel, meaille, a coin worth half a penny, It. 
medaglia, a coin, half a danaro or half a livre, LL. 
medalia, medalla, a small coin, perh. fr. L. medius, 
half: see Medial; perh. corrupt, ir. met all urn, metal, 
q. v.] — Med'alist, n. One skilled or curious in med- 
als; one who has gained a medal as the reward of 
merit.— Medallic, a. Pert, to medals.— Medallion, 
-yun, n. A large antique medal; a circular or oval 
tablet, bearing a portrait or ornament in relief. [OF. 
medallion. It. medaylior.e, fr. medaglia.'] 

«feddle, med'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To mix 
with another person's affairs in an unnecessary, im- 
pertinent, or improper manner; to interpose offi- 
ciously, interfere, intermeddle; to touch or handle. 
[OF. mesler, medler, meller, fr. LL. misculare, L. nns- 



ce?-e,tomix, q. v.] — Med'dler, n. One who meddles; 
a busybody.— Med'dlesome, -sum. a. Given to med- 
dling; officiously intrusive.— Med'dlesomeness, ».— 
Medley, -IT, n. A mixture; jumble; hodge-podge. 
(Mus.) A composition containing detached passages 
from several different compositions. [OF. medle, 
meste, melle, whence E. mill, slang term for a fight.] 
— Melange, ma-iaNzh', n. A medley; mixture. [F.] I Meed 



— Mell, v. i. To mix, meddle.— Melee, ma-la', n. A 
fight in which the combatants are mingled in one 
confused mass; a hand-to-hand conflict. [F.] 

Medial, nie'dT-al, a. Pert, to a mean or average; 
mean. [L. medialis ; mediare, -atum, to be in the 
medius, middle; s. rt. AS. midda, middle: see MidJ 

— Me'dian, a. Running through the middle.— Me / - 
diant, n. (Mus.) The 3d above the key-note, — so 
called because it divides the interval between the 
tonic and dominant into 2 thirds. — Me'diate, -at, a. 
Being between the 2 extremes: middle; intervening; 
acting as a medium; acting by means, or by an in- 
tervening cause or instrument, — v. i. To interpose 
between parties, as the equal friend of each; to arbi- 
trate, intercede.— r. t. To effect by mediation or in- 
terposition. — Me'diately, adv. In a mediate man- 
ner; by a secondary cause. — Media'tion, n. Act of 
mediating; action as a necessary condition, means, 
or instrument; interposition; intervention; agency 
between parties at variance, to reconcile them; en- 
treaty for another. [OF.] — Me'diatize, -dT-a-tlz, v. 
t. [-TIZED (-tizd), -tizixg.] To render mediate: to 
make mediately, not immediately, dependent.— Me'- 
dia'tor, -ter, n. One who mediates, esp. between par- 
ties at variance; intercessor; advocate; propitiator; 
hence, by way of eminence, Christ is called the Me- 
diator. [L.] — Me'diato'rial, a. Pert, to a mediator, 
his agency, or office. — Me'dia'torship, n. Office of a 
mediator. — Me'cuVcre, -dT-o'kr, a. Of a middle 
quality; indifferent; ordinary; commonplace. — n. 
One of indifferent talents or ordinary abilities. [F.; 
L. mediocris, fr. medius.] — Medioc'rity, -oklf-tT, n. 



Quality of being mediocre ; a moderate degree or rate. 
— Me'dium, -dT-um, n. ; L. pi. -dia, -di-a, E. pi. -di- 
UMS, -di-umz. That which lies in the middle; inter- 



vening body or quantity; middle place or degree ; 
mean. (Math.) See Mean. (Logic.) The mean or 
middle term of a syllogism. An intervening or per- 
vading substance; instrumentality of communica- 
tion; agency of transmission; esp. in animal magnet- 
ism, spiritualism, etc., a person through whom the 
action of another being is said to be manifested and 
transmitted; a kind of printing paper of middle size. 
[L., neut. of medius.] — Mediae'val, -e'val, a. Of or 
pert, to the middle ages. [L. serum, age.] 

Medicine, med'i-sin or med'sn, n. Any substance 
administered in the treatment of disease; remedy; 
physic; science of the prevention, cure, or allevia- 
tion of disease. [OF. medecine, L. medicina, fr. med- 
icus, a physician, fr. mecleri, to heal; s. rt. Gr. rnan- 
thanein, to learn, Zend madh, to treat medically. E. 
man, meditate.] — Medic'inal, -dis'T-nal, a. Having 
the property of healing or of mitigating disease ; 
pert, to medicine. —Medicinally, adv. — Medical, 
-ik-al, a. Pert, to medicine, or the art of healing 
disease ; tending to cure; medicinal ; adapted, in- 
tended, or instituted to teach medical science. — 
Medically, adv.— Medicament, n. Anything used 
for healing diseases or wounds; medicine; healing 
application. [F.; L. medicamentum.] — Medicate, 
v. t. To tincture or impregnate with anything me- 
dicinal ; to treat with a medicine, heal, cure. [L. 
medicari, -catus.] — Medica'tion, n. Act or process 
of medicating ; use or application of medicine. — 
Medlca'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to cure; curing. — 
Medicable, a. Capable of being cured or healed. 

Medieval, Mediocre, etc. See under Medial. 

Meditate, med'T-tat, v. i. To dwell on anything in 
thought; to revolve any subject in the mind; to in- 
tend, think, ruminate, cogitate, study. — v. t. To 
plan, contrive, intend. [L. meditari, -tatus ; s. rt. 
medicine, man, q. v.] — Meditalion, n. Act of med- 
itating: close or continued thought; musing; reflec- 
tion. [OF.] — Meditative, -tiv, a. Addicted to, ex- 
pressing, or appropriate to, etc. 

Mediterranean, medl-ttr-ra'ne-an, a. Surrounded by 
land; inland; pert, to the Mediterranean Sea. [Of. 
Mediterranee, the Mediterranean Sea, L. mediterra- 
neus, fr. medius, middle, and terra, land.] 

Medium. See under Medial. .■*„,. 

Medjidi, med-jeUe, n. A gold com of Turkey = 120 
to ]"() piasters, about $5. 

Medlar, medlar, n. A kind of tree, and its sour, as- 
tringent fruit, eaten only when in a state approach- 
ing decay. [OF. meslier, L. mespilum, Gr. mesptton.] 

Medley. See under Meddle. 

Medullar, me-dullar, Med'ullary, -ul-la-rf, a. Pert. 
to, consisting of, or resembling, marrow (Bot.) 
Filled with spongy pith; pithy. [L. medullars, fr. 
medulla, marrow, fr. medius, middle.] - 

ed n. That bestowed m consideration oi 



am, fame. far. pass or opera, fare : 2nd, 5ve, term ; In, ice : Sdd, tone. 






MEEK 



349 



MEMENTO 



merit; reward; recompense. [AS. med, OIIG. mieta, 
Goth, rnizdo, Gr. misthos, pay.] 

Meek, mek, a. Not easily provoked or irritated; esp. 
submissive to the divine will; gentle; yielding; for- 
bearing; unassuming: humble. [Ic. m'jukr, D. muik, 
soft; perh. s. rt. macerate, q. v. J— Meekly, adv.— 
Meek'ness, n._ 

Meerschaum, mer'shawm, n. (3fin.) Hydrous silicate 
of magnesia, — a line white clay, consisting of mag- 
nesia, silica, and water: when first taken out it is 
soft, and makes lather, like soap. A tobacco-pipe 
made of this mineral. [G., lit. sea-loam, fr. meer, 
sen (s. rt. mere), and schaum, foam (s. rt. scum).] 

Meet, met, v. t. [met, meeting.] To come together 
with from an opposite direction, fall in with ; to 
come face to face with, join; to come upon with a 
hostile object, encounter; to have befall one, light on, 
find, receive.— v. i. To come together by mutual ap- 
proach, converge, join; to come together with hostile 
purpose; to assemble together,. congregate, collect; to 
agree, harmonize. [AS. metan, to meet, mot, gemot, a 
meeting: see Moot.] — Meeting, n. A coming to- 
gether; interview; a congregation; collection of peo- 
ple; convention: a religious assembly; in Eng., ap- 
plied distinctively and disparagingly to a congrega- 
tion of dissenters. — Meeting-house, n. A place of 
worship; in Eng., a place of worship for dissenters. 

Meet, met, a. Adapted, as to a use or purpose; fit; 
proper ; convenient ; suitable ; appropriate. [AS. 
gemet, fit, meete, small, scanty, tight-fitting, metan, 
to mete, q. v.] — Meet'ly, adv. — Meefness, n. 

Megalosaur, meg/a-lo-sawr 7 , -sau'rus, -saw'rus, n. An 
extinct gigantic carnivorous saurian or lizard. [Gr. 
megas, megale, great (s. rt. much, q. v.), and sauros, 
b- lizard.]— Megathe'rium, -the'rl-um, n. An ex- 




Megatherium Cuvieri. 
tinct gigantic mami riferous edentate quadruped al- 
lied to the sloths. L Gr. tlierion, dim. of then, wild 
beast; s. rt. L.fera, wild beast, E. deer, q. v.] 

Megrim, me'grim, n. A vehement neuralgic or hys- 
terical pain confined to one side of the head or fore- 
headend often periodical; a whim; freak: humor. 
[F. migraine, LL. hemigranea, L. hemicranium, pain 
on one side of the head, Gr. hemikranion, half the 
skull, ir.he.mi, half, and kranion, cranium, q. v.] 

Meiosis, mi-o'sis. n. A rhetorical figure, representing 
a thing less than it is. [Gr., fr. meioun, to make 
smaller.] 

Melancholia, mel-an-koTf-a, n. (Pathol.) Mental un- 
soundness characterized by depression of spirits, 
unfounded fears, and brooding over one particular 
subject: it often attends disorders of the liver and 
digestive organs. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. melas, black 
(s. rt. Skr. mala, dirty, malina, black), and chole, 
bile (s. rt. gall, q. v.).] — Mel'ancholy, -kol-T, n. A 
gloomy state of mind; dejection of spirits. — a. De- 
pressed in spirits; causing dejection; sad: unhappy; 
hypochondriac : doleful : dismal; afflictive. [OF. 
melancholies — Mel'anchol'ie, a. Given to, etc.— 
MeKanchoFiness, n. 

Melange, Mel^e, MeU. See under Meddle. 

Meliorate, mel'vor-at, v. t.' To make better, improve, 
ameliorate, — v. i. To grow better. [L. meliorare, 
-alum, fr. melior, better, compar. of bonus, good; s. 
rt. Gr. m'dlon. rather, compar. of mala, very much.] 
— Meliora'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; im- 
provement. 

Melliferous, mel-lifer-us, Mellif'ic, a. Producing 
honey. [L. meUifer, fr. mel, mellis, honey (s. rt. Gr. 
meli, Goth, milith, honey), and ferre, to hear.] — 
MeFlinca'tion, n. Production or making of honey. 
[L. facere, to make.] — Mellifluent, -lu-ent, -luous, 
-lu-us, a. Flowing as with honey: smooth; sweetly 
flowing. [L. fluere, to flow.] — Mellifluence, n. A 
flow of sweetness, or a sweet, smooth flow. 



Mellow, mel'lo, a. Soft; not hard, harsh, tough, or 
unyielding, — as, soft with ripeness, ripe: or well 
broken and lying lightly, as soil; or not hard, coarse, 
or rough to the senses; soft, rich, delicate, — said of 
sound, color, flavor, etc.; well matured: genial; jovi- 
al with liquor; sliglitly intoxicated; fuddled. — v. t. 
[mellowed (-lod), -LOWING.] To make mellow, 
ripen, soften by age; to pulverize. — v. i. To become 
soft; to be ripened, matured, or brought to perfec- 
tion. [AS. meant, soft, tender; s. rt. E. mollis, Gr. 
malakos, soft, Goth, malan, to grind, E. meal, mar, 
melt, mild, etc.] — Mellowness, n. 
Melocoton, -toon, mel'o-ko-tdon'j n. A quince; also, a 
large kind of peach. [Sp. melocoton, a peach tree 
grafted into a quince tree ; L. malum cotottium, a 
quince or quince-apple, fr. Cydonia, in Crete.] 
Melodrama, mel-o-dra'ma or -dra'ma, n. A dramatic 
performance in which songs are intermixed, and 
effect is sought by startling, exaggerated, or unnat- 
ural sentiment or situation. [F. melodrame, fr. Gr. 
melos, a song, and drama, dramatos, drama, q. v.] 
— Melodramatic, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, 
etc. ; overstrained ; coarsely exaggerated. — Melo- 
dram'atist. a. A writer of, etc. 
Melody, lneKo-dT, n. Sweetness of sound : music. 
(Mus.) A rhythmical succession of single tones, so 
related together as to form a musical whole. The 
air or tune of a musical piece. [ME. and OF. melo- 
die, L. and Gr. melodia, fr. Gr. melos. a song, music, 
and ode, song, ode, q. v.] — Melo'dious, -dT-us, a. 
Containing melody: agree.ible to the ear by a sweet 
succession of sounds. — Melo'diously, adv. — Melo'- 
diousness, n. — MePodist, n. A composer or singer 
of melodies.— MeKodize. v. t. [-dized (-dizd), -diz- 
ING.] To make melodious.— v. i. To make or com- 
pose melodies. — Melo'deon, -de-un, n. (Mus.) A 
kind of reed instrument, with a key-board, and bel- 
lows worked by the feet. A music-hall. 
Melon, meKun.w. A cucurbitaceous plant of many 
species; its fleshy, edible fruit. [OF. and Gr.; L. 
melo, -onis; s. rt. L. malum, apple. J 
Meloplasty, mel'o-plas'ti, n. (Surg.) Process of re- 
storing a cheek which has been destroyed. [F. me- 
loplastie, fr. Gr. melon, apple, cheek, and plassein, to 
form.] — Meloplas' tic, a. Pert, to, etc. 
Melt, melt, v. t. To reduce from a solid to a liquid 
state by heat ; to soften, as by a warming or kindly 
influence ; to liquefy, dissolve, fuse, thaw, mollify, 
subdue. — v. i. To Decome liquid, dissolve: to pass 
by imperceptible degrees, blend; to be softened to 
love, pity, tenderness, sympathy, etc. : to become 
dissipated or weak. [AS. meltan; prob. s. rt. Skr. 
mridu, OSlav. mladu, E. mellow (q. v.), soft, E. malt, 
milt ; perh. not s. rt. smelt.] — Melt 'er, n. — Molt'en, 
molt'n, a. Melted; made of melted metal. [Obs. 
p. p. of melt.] 
Member, member, n. A part of an animal body ca- 
pable of performing a distinct office ; a vital organ; 
limb; a part of a whole; an independent constituent 
of abody,as,apartol'adiscourse,period,orsentence; 
a clause; (Arch.) a subordinate part of a building, as 
a frieze, cornice, or molding ; one of the persons 
composing a society, community, etc. ; (Math.) either 
of the 2 parts of an algebraic equn tion, connected by 
the sign of equality. [ME. and F. membre, L. mem- 
brum, Skr. marman.a member, joint.] — Member- 
ship, n. State of being, etc. ; collective body of 
members. — Mem'brane, -bran. n. (Anat. and Bot.) 
A thin, extended cellular tissue or skin, covering, 
lining, connecting, or dividing some part, organ, or 
cavitv. [F.; L. membrana, fr. memhrum.] — Mem'- 
branous, -bra-nus, -bra'neous, -ne-us, -brana'ceous, 
-na'shus, a. Pert, to, like, or consisting of, etc. — 
Membranif'erous, -nifer-us, a. Having or produ- 
cing, etc. [L.,;er?-e,to bear.] -MembranoPogy, -noK- 
o-jT, n. Science of, etc. [Gr. /0.70s, discourse.] 
Memento, me-menlo, n. ; pi. -tos. -toz. A sugges- 
tion or memorial, tti aw.aken memory ; a souvenir. 
[L., remember, imper. of )iieminisse, to remember: s. 
rt. mind.] — Mem'ory, -o-rT, n. The faculty of the 
mind by which it retains knowledge of previous 
events, ideas, etc; time within which past events can 
be remembered; remembrance of a person or event 
preserved to after-times; state of being remembered; 
recollection: reminiscence. TOF. memoire, iormemo- 
rie, L. memoria, fr. memor, "mindful, Gr. inermeros, 
anxious, merimna. care, thought; s. rt. Skr. smri, to 
remember, E. martyr (q. v.). commemorate, remem- 
ber, etc.] — Memoir, mem'wor or melnwor, n. A 
memorial account; familiar history composed from 
personal experience and memory ; a memorial of 



stm. cube^ full ; muon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



■■■■^ 



mrm 



MEN 



350 



MERCURY 



any individual; biography; record of investigations 
of any subject ; the journals and proceedings of a 
society. [F.J — Mem'orabiPia, -bil'i-a, n. pi. Things 
remarkable and worthy of remembrance or record. 
[L., fr. memorabilis. memorable.] — Mern'orable, a. 
Worthy to be remembered; illustrious ; celebrated ; 
remarkable ; famous. — Mem' orably, adv. — Memo- 
randum, n. ; E. pi. -dums, dumz, L. yd. -da, -da. 
A record of something which it is desired to remem- 
ber. {Law.) A brief note in writing of some trans- 
action, or outline of an intended instrument. [L., 
something to be remembered, fr. memorandns, fut. 
pas. p. of memorare, to remember.] — Memo'rial, 
-rl-al, a. Preservative of, or contained in, memory. 
— ». Anything intended to preserve the memory- of 
a person, occurrence, etc.; a record: a written repre- 
sentation of facts or address of solicitation or com- 
plaint made to a legislative or other body. {Di])lo- 
macy.) A species of informal state paper, much 
used in negotiation. —Memo'' rialist, re. One who 
writes or presents a memorial. — Memo / rialize, v. t. 
[-IZEU (-Izd), -izing.] To present a memorial to, 
petition by memorial. — Mern'orize, v. t. [-rized 
(-rizd), -RiziNG.j To cause to be remembered; esp., 
to record ; to commit to memory, learn by heart. 
Men. See Man. 



men'es, v. t. [-aced (-est), -acing.] To 
threaten; to inspire with apprehension. — re. Show 
of a disposition or intention to inflict an evil; a threat 
or threatening. [F. ; L. minacise, fr. minax, threat- 
ening, fr. minere, to jut, project ; s. rt. cornmi nation, 
demean, eminent, prominent.} — Men'acer, n. 
Menage, men-azh', n. Housekeeping ; household af- 
fairs and administration; domestic economy ; train- 
ing of animals, as of horses ; a collection of animals 
for exhibition ; a menagerie. [F., a household, 
housekeeping, menager, to keep house, OF. mesnage, 
household business ; s. rt. menial, manor, q. v. ; not 
s. rt. manage.} — Menag'erie, men-azh^e-rt, n. A 
place where animals are kept and trained: esp., a col- 
lection of wild or exotic animals, kept for exhibi- 
tion. [F., orig. place for keeping the animals of a 
household.] 
Mend, mend, v. t. To repair (anything that is torn, 
broken, decayed, etc.) ; to alter for the better, set 
right, quicken, hasten : to help, further, improve, 
better, reform. — v.i. To grow better, become im- 
proved. [Corrup. of amend, q. v.] — Mend'able, a. 
Mendacious, men-da'shus, a. Given to deception ; 
lying ; false. [L. mendax, -dacis ; s. rt. merit iri, to 
lie, orig. to think out, devise: see Man.] — Mendac'- 
ity, -das'T-tl, n. Quality of being mendacious ; 
disposition to deceive ; habit of lying ; a falsehood ; 
lie. [L. mendar-itas.] 
Mendicant, men'dY-kant, a. Begging; poor; practicing 
beggary. — n. One who, etc.; a beggar; esp., one of 
thehegging fraternity of the Rom. Cath. church. 
[L. menaicans, p. pr. of mendicare, to beg, fr. -men- 
dicus, beggarly, beggar.] — Men'dicancy, -kan-sT. 
n. Beggary. — Mendicity, -dis'T-ti, n. State of 
begging ; life of a beggar. [F. mendicite'.] 
Menhaden, men-ha'den, re, A salt-water fish used for 
making oil, mackerel bait, and manure; the moss- 
bunker. 
Menial, me'nir-al, a. Belonging to a retinue of serv- 
ants ; performing servile office ; pert, to servants ; 
low ; mean. — /*. A domestic servant ; a person of 
servile disposition. [ME. meineal, fr. meine, mainee, 
OF. maisnee.lt. masnada, a family, troop, LL. mans- 
nada, household, fr. L. mansio, a mansion, q. v.] 
Meninges, me-nin'jez, n. pi. {Anat.) The 3 mem- 
branes enveloping the brain and spinal cord. [Gr. 
meninx,meningos, membrane.] — Meningi'tis, n. In- 
flammation of one or a!l of the meninges. 
Meniscus, me-nis , kus, n.; pi. -cuses. A lens convex 
on one side and concave on the other, having the 
concavity less than the convexity. See Lens. [Gr. 
meniskos, dim. of men, moon.] 
Meniver, men'T-ver, n. A small, white animal of 
Russia, or its fine fur; the Siberian squirrel. [OF. 
menuver, inenurair, a grayish fur, fr. menu (L. minu- 
tus), small, and vair (L. varius), variegated, spotted.] 
Mennonite, men'non-it, n. One of a Christian sect in 
Russia and Germany, founded by Simon Menno, 
who hold that the New Test, is the only rule of 
faith, that there is no original sin, that infants should 
not be baptized, and that oaths and physical force 
are unlawful. 
Mensal, men'' sal, a. Occurring once in a month ; 
monthly. [L. mensis, Gr. men, Skr. masa, month, 
q. v.] — Men'ses, -sez, n. pi. {Med.) The catameni- 



al or menstrual discharges, a periodic flow of blood 
from the uterus. [L., pi. of mensis.] — Men'strual, 
-stroo-al, a. Recurring once a month; monthly; pert.' 
to the menses; pert, to a menstruum. {Astron.) Mak- 
ing a complete cycle of changes in a month.— Men'- 
struant, a. Subject to monthly flowing.— Menstru- 
ate, -at, v. i. To discharge the menses. — Menstrua'- 
tion, re. Discharge of the menses; state or period of 
menstruating.— Men'struous, -stroo-us, a. Having, 
or pert, to, the monthly flow; catamenial. [L. vien- 
struus.] — Men'struum, jstroo-um, n. ; E. pi. -ums, 
-umz, L. pi. -strua, -stroo-a. Any fluid or subtilized 
substance which dissolves a solid body ; a solvent. 
[Prob. fr. the supposed influence of the moon.] 

Mensurable, inen^shoo-ra-bl, a. Capable of being 
measured ; measurable. [L. mensurabilis, fr. men- 
surare,-atum, to measure, fr. mensura, measure, q. 
v -] — Men'surabiPity, n. Quality of being, etc. — 
Men'sural, «. Pert, to measure. — Mensura'tion, n. 
Act, process, or art of measuring; that branch of ap- 
plied geometry which gives rules for finding the di- 
mension of objects from measurement of lines and 
angles. 

Mental, men'tal, a. Pert, to the mind ; intellectual. 
[F.; LL. mentalis, fr. L. mens, mentis, the mind, q. 
v.] — Men'tally, adv. In the mind ; intellectually ; 
in idea. — Men'tion, -shun, n. A brief notice; a 
cursory speaking of anything. — v. t. [mentioned 
( : shund), -honing.] To direct attention to by a 
simple reference; to name. [F. ; L. mentio ; s. rt. L. 
mens.] — Men'tionable, a. 

Mentor, men'tor, n. A wise and faithful counselor or 
monitor. [Gr., name of the counselor of Telema- 
clius, lit. advisor = L. monitor, q. v.] 

Menu, ma-noo', n. The details of a banquet ; bill of 
fare. [F., lit. minute, q. v., under Minish.] 

Mephistophelian, mef'is-to-feTi-an. a. Pert, to, or 
like, the devil Mephistopheles ; fiendish ; crafty. 

Mephitis, me-fi'tis, Meph'itism, mefl-tizm, n. Foul 
or noxious exhalations from decomposing sub- 
stances, etc. [L. mephitis.] — Mephit'ic, -ical, -fit'- 
ik-al, a. Offensive to the smell ; poisonous ; pesti- 
lential; destructive to life. 

Mercerize, mSr'ser-Tz. v. t. To treat, as cotton 
fabrics, with a solution of alkali, so as to produce a 
silky appearance. [From J. Mercer, an English 
calico printer.] 

Merchant, mer'chant, n. One who traffics or carries 
on trade, esp. on a large scale ; a trafficker ; trader. 

— a. Pert, to, or employed in, trade or merchan- 
dise. [ME. and OF. marchant, L. mercans, -cuntis, 
p. pr. of mercari, to barter, fr. merx, mercis, mer- 
chandise, merere, to gain, buy, purchase: see Merit.] 

— Merchant service. Trie mercantile marine of a 
country. — M. tailor. A tailor who keeps and sells 
materials for the garments made by him. — Mer- 
chantable, a. Fit for market ; such as is usually 
sold in market, or will bring the ordinary price. — 
Merchantman, re. ; pi. -men. A trading vessel; a 
vessel for transporting goods.— Merchandise, -chan- 
diz, n. Act or business of trading; whatever is usu- 
ally bought or sold in trade : wares ; goods ; com- 
modities.— v. i. [merchandized (-dizd) -dizing] 
To trade ; carry on commerce. [ME. and F. mar- 
chandise, n.] — Mercantile, -kan-til, a. Pert, to 
merchants, or their business; commercial. [F. mer- 
cantil.LL,. mercantilis.] — Mercenary, -se-na-rT, a. 
Acting for reward; serving i'orpay; hired; moved by 
considerations of profit; hireling; venal; sordid; self- 
ish: — n. One who is hired ; a hireling ; esp. a sol- 
dier hired into foreign service. [F. mercenaire, L. 
mercenarius.ir. merces, reward : see Mercy.]— Mer- 
cenarily, adv. — Mer'cenariness, n. — Mer'cer, n. 
One who deals in silks and woolen cloths, etc. [F. 
mercier, LL. mercerius, f r. merx.] — Mercery, -ser-T, 
n. Trade of mercers; goods in which a mercer deals. 

Merciful, Merciless, etc. See under Mercy. 

Mercury, mer , ku rt, n. {Rom. Myth.) The son of 
Jupiter and Maia ? messenger and interpreter of the 
gods, and god of eloquence, commerce, and gain. 
{Cfiem.) A very heavy, expansible metal, white like 
silver, liquid at common temperatures; quicksilver: 
it acts as a poison, and its compounds are used in 
medicine. {Med.) A salt or preparation of mercury, 
used as a remedial agent, as calomel, blue-pill, etc. 
{Astron.) The planet of the solar system, nearest the 
sun. A newsboy; messenger; newspaper. {Bot.) A 
plant, whose leaves are used for spinach, in Europe; 
in Amer., certain climbing plants, some of which are 
poisonous to the skin, esp. the poison ivy. [ME. and 
NormF. mercurie, quicksilver, fr. L. 3fercurius, the 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



MERCY 



351 



MESSAGE 



god of traffic, fr. merx, merchandise : see Mer- 
chant.] — Mercu'rial, -rl-al, a. Having the qual- 
ities fabled to belong to Mercury; active; sprightly; 
full of fire or vigor; gay; fickle; changeable; pert, to 
Mercury, as god of trade; money-making; pert, to, 
containing, or consisting of, mercury.— Mercu'rial- 
ize, v. t. [-1ZED (-Izd),-izijJG.] {Med.) To affect with 
mercury. (Photog.) To expose to the vapor of mer- 
cury. 

Mercy, mer'sl, rt. Disposition to overlook injuries, 
or to treat an offender better than he deserves ; an 
act or exercise of mercy or favor ; clemency ; pity ; 
compassion; leniency ; mildness. [ME. and F. mer- 
ci, fr. L. nierces, reward, in LL., mercy, pity, fr. 
nterx, traffic, fr. merere, to buy: see Merit.] — Mer'- 
cy-seat, n. The place of mercy or forgiveness ; the 
covering of the ark of the covenant, among the 
Jews; God's throne.— Mer/ciful, -si-ful, a. Full of, 
having, or exercising, mercy; unwilling to give pain; 
compassionate; humane; kind; benignant. — Mer /r - 
cifully, adv.— Mer'cifalness, n.— Mer'ciless, a. Des- 
titute of, or acting without, mercy; unsparing; re- 
lentless; cruel; unfeeling; remorseless: ruthless; pit- 
iless; severe; barbarous; savage.— Mer'cilessly, ach>. 
— Mer'cilessness, n. 

Mere, mer, a. Unmixed ; pure ; absolute ; only this, 
and nothing else; simple; Dare. [L. mei-us, pure, un- 
mixed, orig. said of wine; s. rt. Gr. marmairein, to 
glitter, Skr. marichi, a ray of light, E. marble.] — 
Mere'ly, adv. Purely ; utterly; solely. 

Mere, mer, n. A pool or lake. [AS., a mere : D. and 
G. meer, OHG. mari, L. mare, Ga. and Ir. muir, the 
sea, orig. that which is dead, a desert, waste, Skr. 
maru, a desert, fr. mri, to die ; s. rt. mortal, marsh, 
marine.'] 

Meretricious, rnSr-e-trish'us, a. Pert, to prostitutes ; 
like the arts of harlots ; alluring by false show ; 
gaudily and deceitfully ornamental; ,awdry;showy; 
in bad taste. [L. meretrix, -trxcis, a harlot, fr. mere- 
re, to gain: see Merit. _, — Meretri'ciousiiess, n. 

Merge, meri, i>. t. [merged (merjd), merging.] To 
cause to be swallowed up ; to immerse, immerge, 
sink. — v. i. To be sunk, swallowed up, or lost. [L. 
mergere, to dip, Skr. majj, to dive, sink.] — Mer'ger, 
n. One who, or that which, merges or swallows up. 
{Law.) Absorption of one estate, or one contract, in 
another. — Mer'sion, -shun, n. Act of merging. — 
Mergan'ser, -gan'ser, n. A 
migratory, crested, fish-eat- 
ing, slender-billed water- 
fowl, of several species, al- 
lied to the ducks. [Sp. mer- <g 
gansar, f r. merge, L. mer gut 
a diver (fr. mergere), am 
Sp. ansar , L. anser, goose. 

Meridian, me-rid't-an, n. ~ s s ^^-= 

Midday ; noon ; the high- Merganser, 

est point, as of success, prosperity, etc.; culmination. 
(Astron.) A great circle of the celestial sphere pass- ! 
ing through the poles of the heavens and the zenith j 
of a given place. (Geog.) An imaginary great cir- 
cle on the surface of the earth, passing through the 
poles and any given place. — a. Pert, to the merid- 
ian, or to midday, or to the highest point or culmi- 1 
nation. [F. meridien, L. meridianus, pert, to noon, I 
fr. meridies, noon, fr. medius, middle, and dies, day.] I 
^Magnetic meridian. A great circle, passing through j 
the zenith and coinciding in direction with the mag- I 
netic needle, or a line on the earth's surface, having I 
the same direction. —M. of a globe, or brass m. A j 
graduated circular ring of* brass, in which the arti- 
ficial globe is suspended and revolves. — Meridi- 
onal, -T-un-al, a. Pert, to the meridian ; having 
a southern aspect ; southern, southerly. [OF.] — 
Merid'ionaKity, n. State of being in the meridian; 
position in, or aspect toward, the south. 

Meringue, ma-rang', n. 
A soft icing or frosting 
(white of eggs and su- 
gar) piled upon a pud- 
ding, pie, or confec- 
tion, and browned in 
the oven. [F.] 

Merino, me-re'no, a. 
Of, or pert, to, a var- 
iety of sheep with Ion: 
fine wool ; made o 
the wool of the merino 
sheep, or of fine wool 
mixed with cotton. — 
n. A thin fabric, of 





| merino wool, for ladies' wear. [Sp., moving from 
pasture to pasture, fr. merino, an inspector ofsheep- 
walks, LL. merinus, fr. majorinus, a major-domo, 
house steward, majoralis, head shepherd, fr. via/or, 
q.v.] 

Merit, meruit, n. Quality or relation of deserving well 
or ill ; desert; excellence entitling to honor or reward : 
worth : reward deseived ; that which is earned or 
merited. — v. t. To earn by active service, or by any 
valuable performance; to "be entitled to, deserve; in- 
cur. [ME. and OF. merite, L. meritum. lit. thing de- 
served, fr. merere, -itum, to deserve, orig. to receive 
as a share ; s. rt. Gr. meiromai, 1 obtain a portion, 
meros, portion, share ; s. rt. merchant, Mercury, mer- 
cy, etc.] — Merito'rious, -to'rl-us, a. Possessing 
merit or desert: deserving of reward or honor; valu- 
able. — Merito'riously, adv. 

Merle, merl, n. A blackbird. [OF.; L. merula.] — 
Mer'lin, n. ( Omith.) The smallest of tne falcons. 
A wizard. [OF. emerillon.] 

Merlon, mer'ton, n. That part of a parapet which 
lies between 2 embrasures. See Embrasure. [L. 
moertts, for murvs, wall, dim. mcerulus.] 

Mermaid, mer'mad, n. A fabled marine creature, hav- 
ing the upper part like that of a woman, and the 
lower like a fish. [AS. mere, q. v., and msegd, a 
maid.]— Mer'man, n. A sea-man, with a fish's tail 
instead of legs. 

Meroblast, mer'o-blast, n. (Physiol.) An ovum con- 
sisting of 2 portions, — one protoplasmic and ger- 
minal, forming the embryonic sac ; the other albu- 
minous and nutritive, to support the embryo. [Gr. 
meros, a part, and blastos, a shoot.] 

Merry,meVri,a. [-rier,-riest.] Brisk; lively; stirring; 
noisily gay ; overflowing with good spirits ; cheer- 
ful ; causing laughter or mirth ; sprightly ; joyous ; 
sportive; pleasant. [AS. merg, Ir. and Ga. mear, fr. 
Ga. mir, to sport, play, flirt, mire, play, pastime; perh. 
s. rt. mild.] — Mer'rily, -rMl, adv.— Mer'riment, n. 
Gayety, with laughter or noise; noisy sport; hilarity; 
frolic; jollity. — Mer'riness, n. — Mer'ry-an'drew.'/f. 
A buffoon ; zany ; esp. one who attends a mounte- 
bank or quack doctor. [Said to have originated fr. 
Andrew Boorde, a facetious Eng. physician in the 
time cf Henry VIII.] — -mak'ing, n. A festival ; a 

meeting for mirth. thought, n. The forked bone 

of a fowl's breast. which is broken in sport by 2 per- 
sons ; a wish-bone. 

Mersion. See under Merge. 

Mesalliance, maz-'al-le-axs', n. Misalliance, q. v. [F.] 

Mesdamep See Madame. 

Mesentery, mes'- or mez'en-ter-i, n. (Anat.) A mem- 
brane in the cavity of the abdomen, which retains 
the intestines and "their appendages in position. [L. 
mesenterium, Gr. mesenterion, fr. mesos, middle, and 
enteron, entrail.] — Mesenteric, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Mesh, mesh, n. The opening or space inclosed by the 
threads of a net between knot and knot ; net-work. 
— v.t. [meshed (mesht), meshing.] To catch in 
a mesh, insnare. [AS. max, a net, D. maas, W. 
masg. net, also mesh, Lithuan. mazgas, a knot, 
megsti, to knot.raet] 

Meslin. Same as Maslin. 

Mesmerism, mez'mer-izm, n. The art of inducing an 
abnormal state of the nervous system, in which the 
actor claims to control the actions, and communi- 
cate directly with the mind, of the recipient. [Fr. 
3fesmer, a. Ger. physician, who published his doctrines 
in 1766.]— Mes'merist, n. One who practices, or be- 
lieves in, etc. — Mes'merize, v.t. [-ized (-Tzd), -iz- 
ing.] To bring into a state of mesmeric sleep. — 
Mes'meriz'er, n. One who practices mesmerism. — 
Mesmeric, -ical, -mer^ik-al, a. Pert, to, or under 
the influence of, mesmerism. 

Mesne, men, «. (Law.) Middle ; intervening. [NormF. 
mesne, middle, mean, q. v.] 

Mess, mes, n. A dish; or quantity of food prepared 
at one time ; a number of persons who eat together, 
and for whom food is prepared in common. — r. ?'. 
[messed (mest), messing.] To eat, feed ; to eat in 
company, —v. t. To supply with a mess. [OF. mes, 
a dish, course at table, p. p. of mettre. to place : It. 
messe, LL. mission, a course of dishes, fr. L. mittere, 
to send; s. rt. message, mission ; not s. rt. AS. myse, 
L. mensa, a table, OHG. maz, meat.] — Mess'mate, 
n. A table companion. 

Mess, mes, n. A medley ; mixed mass ; a disagree- 
able mixture ; a state of dirt and disorder, a diffi- 
cult, embarrassing, or distressing situation. — v. t. 
To confuse, disorder, soil. [Same as mash.] 

Message, mes'sej, n. Any notice, word, or communi- 



6tin, cube, full ; moon, fdot i 



oil : linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



MESSIAH 



352 



METHODIZE 



cation, from one person to another; an official ad- 
dress, not made in person, but delivered by a mes- 
senger. [F. ; LL. missaticum, f r. L. mittere, missum, to 
send.] — Messenger, -sen-jer, n. One who bears a 
message or goes on an errand. (Naut.) A. hawser 
wound round the capstan, used for heaving in the 
cable. {Law.) A person appointed to perform cer- 
tain ministerial duties under bankrupt and insolv- 
ent laws. [ME. and F. messager.] 

Messiah, mes-si'a, n. Christ, the anointed; the Savior. 
[Heb. mashiach, anointed, fr. mashach, to anoint.] 
— Messi'as, n. Same as Messiah.— Messi'ahship, 
n. Character, state, or office of the Savior. — Messi- 
anic, -si-an'ik, a. Relating to the Messiah. 

Messieurs. See Monsieur. 

Messmate. See under Mess, a dish. 

Messuage, mes'swej, n. {Law.) A dwelling-house, 
with the adjacent buildings and lands appropriated 
to the use of the household. [ME. and OF. mesuage, 
LL. mesuagiran, a manor-house, LL. massagium, 
mansnagium, a farm-house ; OF. masage, a tenement, 
fr. mas = E. manse. See Manor.] 

Meatee, mes-te', n. In the W. Indies, the offspring of 
a white person and a quadroon. — Mesti'zo, -te'zo, 
n. In Sp. Amer., the child of a Spaniard or Creole 
and a native Indian. [Sp., fr. L. mixtus, mixed, fr. 
miscere, to mix, q. v.] 

Met. See Meet. 

Metacarpus, met-a-kar'pus, n. (Anat.) The part of 
the hand between wrist and fingers. See Skele- 
ton. [Gr. metakarpion, fr. meta, beyond (as a prep., 
among, with, after, between ; as a prefix often imply- 
ing change; s. rt. AS. mid, G. mit, Goth, mith, with), 
and karpos, the wrist.]— Metacarpal, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Metach'ronism, me-tak'ro-nizm, n. An error 
in chronology, placing an event after its real time. 
[Gr. metachronos, after the time, fr. meta and chro- 
nos, time.]— Metagen'esis, -jen'e-sis, n. {Biol.) Al- 
ternate generation; alternativeness, q. v., under Al- 
ternate. [Gr. genesis, q. v.] — Met'agram'niatism, 
-ma-tizm, n. Transposition of the letters of a name 
into such a connection as to express some perfect 
sense applicable to the person named ; anagramma- 
tism. [Gr. gramma, letter.]— Met'al.met'al or met'l, 
n. An elementary substance having a peculiar luster, 
insoluble in water, a good conductor of heat and 
electricity, and usually solid at ordinary tempera- 
tures ; the effective power of guns carried by a ves- 
sel of war ; a metallic alloy or compound, such as 
brass, bronze, steel, etc. pi. In Eng., the rails of a 
railroad. [OF., fr. L. metallum, Gr. metallon, metal, 
orig. a mine, f r. metallao, I search after, explore, f r. 
meta and rt. of erchomai, I go; s. rt. Skr. ri, to go, at- 
tain.] — Metallic, me-taKhk, a. Pert, to, consist- 
ing of, resembling, or of the nature of, metals. — 
Met'alline, -al-lin, a. Pert, to, consisting of, or im- 
pregnated with, metal. — Mefallist, n. A worker 
in metals, or one skilled in metals. — Mefallize, v. 
t. [-lized (-lizd), -lizing.] To form into metal ; 
to give its proper metallic properties to. — Metal- 
liferous, -er-us, a. Producing metals. [L. ferre, to 
bear.] — Metal 'liform, a. Having the form of met- 
als ; like metal. [L. forma, form.] — Metallog''- 
raphy, n. An account of metals ; treatise on metal- 
lic substances. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — Met /r - 
alloid, -loid, n. (Chem.) An inflammable, non-me- 
tallic body, such as sulphur, phosphorus, etc.; the 
metallic base of a fixed alkali, or alkaline earth. — 
a. Like metal ; pert, to the metalloids. [Gr. eidos, 
form.]— Met'allur'gy, -ler'jT,n. The art of working 
metals; esp. the operation of obtaining metals from 
their ores. [OF. metallurgie, fr. Gr. metallourgein, 
to smelt ore or work metals, fr. ergon, work.]— Met- 
aUur'gic, -ler'jik, -gical, a. Pert, to metallurgy. — 
Mefallur'gist, n. One skilled in, etc. — Mettle, 
-tl, n. Element ; material ; disposition ; character ; 
courage ; temper ; temperament susceptible of high 
excitement ; ardor. [Same word as metal, used in 
allusion to the temper of the metal of a sword- 
blade.] — Met' tied, -tld, a. Having mettle; high-spir- 
ited ; full of fire. — Meftlesome, -sum, a. Full of 
spirit; easily excited; fiery. — Met 'tlesomely, adv. — 
Met'tlesomeness, n. — Metalep'sis, n. ;pl. -ses, -sez. 
{Rhet.) The continuation of a trope in one word 
through succession of significations, or the union 
of two or more tropes of a different kind in one 
word. [Gr., participation, alteration, fr. metalam- 
banein, to partake, take in exchange; lambanein, to 
take.] — Metallep'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, etc.; trans- 
verse. — Met'amor'phosis, -mSr'fo-sis, n. ; pi. -ses, 
-sez. Change of form, shape, or structure ; transfor- 



mation; change in the form or function of a living 
body, by a normal process of growth. [L. and Gr., 
fr. Gr. metamorphoomai, I am transformed; morphe, 
form.] — Met / amor /, phose, -fos, n. Same as Meta- 
morphosis. — V. t. [METAMORPHOSED (-fost), -PHOS- 

ing.] To transform, transmute. — Metamor'phic, 
-fik, a. Subject to change ; changeable ; variable. 
{Oeol.) Changed in form or structure by subter- 
ranean heat, pressure, or chemical agency, — said 
esp. of stratified rocks which have been metamor- 
phosed from the sedimentary to the crystalline form. 

— Metamor'phism, n. State or process of metamor- 
phosis, — said esp. of metamorphic rocks. — Met'a- 
phor, -a-fer, n. {Rhet.) A short similitude ; a word 
suggesting similitude without a formal expression 
of comparison. [F. metaphore, L. and Gr. meta- 
phora, fr. Gr. metapherein, to transfer ; pherein, to 
bear, carry.] — Metaphor'ic, -fQr'ik, -ical, a. Pert. 
to, or comprising, a metaphor ; figurative ; tropical. 

— Metaphorically, adv. — Mefaphrase, -fraz, Me- 
taph'rasis, me-tafra-sis, n. A literal or verbal 
translation ; a phrase answering to, or in reply to, an- 
other phrase; a repartee. [Gr. metaphrasis; phrazein, 
to speak.] — Mefaphrast, -frast, n. One w-ho trans- 
lates from one language into another, word for word. 

— Metaphrasfic, -ical, a. Close, or literal, in trans- 
lation.— Metaphysics, -fiz'iks, n. Science of being; 
science of mind or intelligence, as disting. fr. sci- 
ence of matter ; scientific knowledge of mental phe- 
nomena ; mental philosophy ; psychology ; philos- 
ophy ; science of the supernatural. [Gr. meta ta 
phusika, after physics (see Physics), so called by 
Aristotle, who considered the science of natural 
bodies, or physics, to be first in the order of studies, 
and the science of mind to be second.]— Metaphys'- 
ic,-ical, a. Pert, to, or according to rules or prin- 
ciples of, metaphysics. — Metaphysically, adv. — 
Met'aphysi'cian, -f i-zish'an, n. One versed in met- 
aphysics. — Met'aplasm, -plazm, n. {Oram.) A 
change made in a word by the augmentation, dimi- 
nution, or immutation, of a syllable or letter. [Gr. 
plassein, to form, mold.] — Metas'tasls, n. ; 'pi. -ses, 
-sez. (Med.) A removal of a disease from one part 
to another. [Gr., fr. histanai, to place.] — Metatar''- 
BUS, n. {Anat.) The middle of the foot, or part be- 
tween ankle and toes. See Skeleton. [Gr. tarsos, 
flat surface, flat of the foot.] — Metatarsal, a. Be- 
longing to, etc. — Metath'esis, me-tath'e-sis, n. ; pi. 
-ses, -sez. (Gram.) Transposition; a figure by which 
the letters or syllables of a word are transposed. 
(Chem.) Interchange of 2 elements in a reaction. [L. 
and Gr. ; Gr. thesis, a placing.] — Metathet'ical, a. 
Taking place by metathesis.— Metemp'sycho'sis, -si- 
ko'sis, n. The passing of the soul of a man after 
death into some other animal body; transmigration. 
[Gr., fr. meta, en, into, psuche, the soul.] — Me'teor, 
-te-or, n. Any transitory phenomenon or appearance 
in the atmosphere, as clouds, rain, hail, snow, etc.; 
esp. a transient fiery or luminous body seen in the 
atmosphere ; aerolite ; shooting star. [OF. meteore, 
Gr. meteoron, a meteor, fr. meteoros, raised above the 
earth ; eora, aiora, thing suspended, fr. aeirein, to 
lift, raise up.] — Me'teor'ic, -te-or'ik, a. Pert, to, of 
the nature of, or consisting of, meteors ; proceeding 
from a meteor transiently brilliant ; influenced by 
the weather. — Me'teorite, -It, Me'teor'olite, -o-llt, 
n. A meteoric stone; aerolite. [Gr. lithos, stone.] — 
Me'teoroKogy, -o-jT, n. Science of the atmosphere 
and its phenomena, esp. in relation to the weather. 
[Gr." logos, discourse.] — Me'teor'olog'ic, -ical, -c- 
loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to the atmosphere and its phe- 
nomena, or to meteorology. — Me'teorol'ogist, n. 
One skilled in meteorology. — Meth'od, n. An or- 
derly procedure or process ; regular manner of do- 
ing anything; orderly arrangement, elucidation, de- 
velopment, or classification. {Nat. Hist.) Arrange- 
ment of natural objects according to their common 
characteristics. [OF. methode t L. methodvs, Gr. me- 
thodos, lit. a way after, following after; Gr. hodos, a 
way.] — Methodic, -ical, me-thoa'ik-al, a. Charac- 
terized by method; systematic; arranged in conven- 
ient order.— Method 'ically, adv.— Meth'odist, n. A 
strict adherent to method, esp. one of an ancient 
school of physicians. (TheoL) One of a sect of 
Christians, founded by John Wesley, so called from 
the exact regularity of their lives at Oxford uni- 
versity. A person of strict piety; one who lives in 
the exact observance of religious duties. — Meth / - 
odism, n. Doctrines and worship of the Method- 
ists. — Methodist'ic, a. Resembling, or mrtaking 
of the strictness of, Methodists. — Meth'odize, v. t. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t5rm ; in, ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



METE 



353 



MID 



[-ized (-lzd), -iztng.] To reduce to method, ar- 
range conveniently. — Meth'odiz'er, n. One who 
methodizes. — Metonymy, me-ton'T-mY or met'o- 
nim'T. (Rhet.) A trope in - 
which one word is put for f 
another; a change of names 
which have some relation 
to each other. [Gr. meto- 
numia; onoma, name.] — 
Met'onym'ic, -ical. a. Used 
by way of metonymy, by 
putting one word tor an- . 
Other. — Met'onim'ically, 
adv. — Met/ ope, -o-pe, n. 
(Arch.) The space between 
the triglyphs of the Doric frieze, 
with carved work. [Gr.; owe, opening, the opening 
in the frieze between the beam-ends.] 




Met 
often adorned 



Mete, met, v. t. To ascertain the quantity, dimensions, 
or capacity of , by rule or standard; to measure.— 
lieasure; limit: boundary. [AS. metan, to meas- 



ure; s. rt. L. mctiri, Skr. ma, to measure, modus 
measure, moderation, Gr. medein, to rule, metron, a 
measure, E. meet, measure, maiure, manual, material, 
moral, mode, modest, month, moon, barometer, im- 
mense, etc.] — Mefage, -ej, n. Measurement of coal; 
charge for measuring. — Me'ter, n. One who, or that 
which, metes or measures; esp. an instrument for 
measuring the consumption of gas, also of water; a 
licensed measurer of coal before its delivery for sale. 
Me'ter, -tre, n. Rhythmical arrangement of words 



into verses, stanzas, strophes, etc.; number of sylla- 
bles in a verse, etc.; rhythm; measure; 



verse; a deci- 



mal measure of length = 39.37 inches. [ME. and OF. 
metre, L. metrum, Gr. metron.'] — Met'ric, mOfrik, a. 
Pert, to the decimal system of weights and meas- 
ures, in which the mete'- is the unit of linear, square, 
and cubic measure. — Metrical, a. Pert, to meas- 
ure, or due arrangement or combination of long and 
short syllables; consisting of verses; poetically meas- 
ured; employed in, or obtained by, measurement.— 
Met'rically, adv. In a metrical manner ; accord- 
ing to poetic measure. — MefcroPogy, n. Science of 
weights and measures. [G.\ logos, discourse.] — 
Met'ronome, -nom, n. An instrument for treasuring 
musical time. [Gr. nemein, to distribute.] — Metron'- 
omy, -ml, n. Measurement of time by, etc. 

Jtetheglin, me-theg/lin, n. A liquor made of honey 
and water boiled and fermented; mead. [W. mea- 
ihighm, fr. medd, mead (q. v.), and Win, liquor.] 

Method, Metope, etc. See under Metacarpus. 

Metoaic, me-ton'ik, a. Pert, to, or discovered by, the 
Athenian, Meton. — Metonic cycle or M. year. (As- 
tron.) The cycle of the moon, or period of 19 years, in 
which the lunations of the moon return to the same 
days o^ f he month: see Golden Number, under Gold. 

Metropolis, me-trop'o-lis, n. The mother city; chief 
citv or capital of a kingdom, state, or country. [L. 
and Gr., fr. Gr. meter, metros, a mother, and polls, 
city: see Police.] — Met'ropol'itan, a. Pert, to a 
metropolis; residing in the chief city. — n. The bish- 
op presiding over the other bishops of a province. 
(Lot. Church.) An archbishop.— Met'ropoiifical, a. 
Pert, to a metropolis, or to a metropolitan, or his see. 

Metrotomy, me-trot'o-mT, n. (Surg.) Operation of 
cutting into the uterus: hvsterotomy; the cesarean 
section. [F. mitrotomie, fr. Gr. metra, womb (fr. 
meter, mother), and temnein, to cut.] 

Mettle etc. See under Metacarpus. 

Mew, mu, n. A kind of sea-fowl; a gull. [AS. msew, 
D. meeuw, — onomat., fr. its cry.] 

Mew, mu, v. t. [mewed (mud), mewixg.] To shed 
or cast ; to molt, as a bird, its feathers ; to shut up, 
confine in a cage or other inclosure. — v. i. To cast 
the feathers, molt, change, put on a new appear- 
ance. — n. A cage for hawks while mewing; a place 
of confinement. [O F. mue, a changing, casting of the 
coat or skin, molting, also a coop for molting hawks 
or for poultry, fr. muer, L. mutare, to change, fr. 
movere, to move, q. v. ; s. rt. molt, mutable.] —Mews, 
n. ; pi. Mews'es, muz'ez. Prop, the royal stables 
in London; any range of stables; an inclosed space; 
an alley, etc., where stables are situated. [Orig. the 
place for mewing the king's falcons in London, af- 
terwards altered to stables.] 

Mew, mu, v. i. To cry as a cat. — n. The cry of a cat. 
[Onomat.; ME. mawen, Per. maw, Ar. mua : see 
Mew, a gull.] — Mewl, mul, v. i. [mewled (muld), 
mewling.] To cry from uneasiness, as a child; to 
squall. [OF. miauler, to mew as a cat.]— Mewl'er,n. 
, med'zo or met'zo, a. (Mus.) Middle; mean. 



[It., fr. L. medius, middle, half. See Mid.] — Mez< 
zo-rilie'vo, -re-le-a'vo, n. A middle degree of relief 
in figures, between high and low relief. [It.] — M- 
sopra'no, -so-pra/no, n. (Mus.) A female voice in- 
termediate in compass between soprano and contral- 
to ; one having such a voice. [It.] — Mez'zotint, 
-tin'to, n. A manner of engraving on copper, in im- 
itation of painting in India ink. [It. mezzo tinto, 
half tinted ; tinto. p. p. of tingere, to tinge, q. v.] 

Miasm, mi'azm, Mias'ma, -ma, n.; pi. Mias'mata, 
-ma-ta. Infection floating in the air; deadly exhala- 
tion ; noxious effluvia ; malaria. [Gr. miasma, fr. 
miainein, to stain.]— Mias'mal, MPasmafic, -ical, a. 
Pert, to, or partaking of the qualities of, miasma. 

Mica, mi'ka, n. (Min.) A mineral easily split into 
extremely thin flexible plates, more or less transpar- 
ent, and used like glass, in lanterns, etc. [F., Sp., 
and L., orig. a crumb, fr. Gr. mikrus, small (see Mi- 
crocosm), but prob. applied to the mineral fr. con- 
fusion with L. micare, to shine, glitter.] — Mica'- 
ceous, -shus, a. Pert, to, or containing, mica; split- 
ting into laminse or leaves like mica. 

Mice. See Mouse. 

Michaelmas, mikd-mas, n. The feast of St. Michael, 
celebrated Sept, 29th; hence, autumn. {Michael and 
mass, q. v.] 

Mickle, mik , l, a. Much; great. [AS. mycel, Goth. 
mikils, Gr. megalos, great. See Much.] 

Microcosm, mi'kro-kozm, n. A little world; a minia- 
ture society, or institution: hence, man, supposed to 
be an epitome of the universe or great world. [F. 
microcosme, L. microcosmus, Gr. mikrokosmos, fr. 
Gr. mikros, for smikros, small, and kosmos, world: 
see Cosmos.] - Microcos'mic, -mical, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Microg'raphy, -ra-f I, n. Description oi mi- 
croscopic objects. [Gr. mikros and graphein, to 
write.] — Mici-om'eter, n. An instrument, u»ed with 
a telescope or microscope, for measuring very small 
distances, or the apparent diameters of objects which 
subtend very small angles. [Gr. metron. measu;e.] 

— Microne'sia, -zha, n. A collective name for the 
small islands of the tropical Paciric, N. of Austral- 
asia and E. of Malaysia. [Gr. nesos, an island.] — 
Microne'sian, -zhan, n. One of the natives of, etc., 

— a race between the Mahori and Malayan races. — 
Mi'crophone, -ion, n. An instrument, resembling 
the telephone, for intensifying very feeble sounds. 
[Gr. phone, sound.] — Microscope, -skop, n. An 
optica] instrument, consisting of a lens, or combi- 
nation of lenses, for examining objects too minute 
to be viewed by the naked eye. [Gr. skopein, to 
view.] — Microscop'ic, -ical, a. Made by aid of a 
microscope ; resembling a microscope ; capable of 
seeing very minute objects; visible onlv by aid of a 
microscope. — Microscopy, -ko-pT, n. tTse of, or in- 
vestigations with, the microscope. — Mi'crozyme, 
-zlm, n. A minute living organism, supposed to act 
like a ferment in causing or propagating certain 
contagious diseases. [Gr. zume, ferment.] 

Mid, a. [com par. wanting; superl. midst or midmost.] 
Situated between extremes ; middle : intervening. 
[AS. mid, midd, Goth, midja, OHG. mitti. L. medius, 
Gr. meso*, Skr. madhya, middle.] — Mid'day, a. 
Pert, to noon: meridional. — n. The middle of the 
day; noon. — Mid'land, a. In the interior country; 
distant from the coast: mediterranean. — 
Mid'night, n. Middle of the night; 12 o'clock 
p. m. — a. In the middle of the night ; very 
dark. — Mid'rib, n. (Bot.) The main rib of 
a leaf, a continuation of the petiole. — Mid / - 
riff, n. (Anat.) The diaphragm, or respira- 
tory muscle which separates the thorax and 
abdomen. [AS. midrif; hrif, bellv, womb, 
OHG. href, the body.] — Mid'ships, adv. 
(Naut.) In the middle of a ship. [For amid- 
ships.]— Mid'shipman, n. ; pi. -men. A naval 
cadet holding a petty office in a ship of war. 

— Passed midshipman. One who has passed Mldnb - 
the examination preliminary to promotion to a lieu- 
tenancy. — Mid'dy, -dT, n. Colloquial abbrev. of 
midshipman. — Mid'sum'mer, n. The middle of the 
summer; the summer solstice. — Mid'way, n. The 
middle of the way or distance.— a. and adv. In 
the middle, etc.; half way. — Mid'win'ter, n. The 
middle of the winter; the winter solstice; also the 
severe winter weather, which is usually later.— Mid' 
heav'en, n. The middle part ol heaven, or the sky. 
(Astron.) The meridian, or middle line of the heav- 
ens.— Mid'dle, -dl, a. Equally distant from the ex- 
tremes; mean; medial; mid; intermediate; interven- 
ing. — n. The point or part equally distant from the 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot»t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



MIDGE 



354 



MILIARY 



extremities; midst; central portion. [AS. middel, n., 
fr. mid., D. middel, a., adv., and n.] — Mid'dle-aged, 
-aid, a. Being about the middle of the ordinary age 
ot' man. — Eng'lish. A term applied to the dialects 
of the Eng. language in use between the period of 
Anglo-Saxon and that of modern English, consid- 
ered by Skeat as from about 1200 to 1460 a. d. — 
-ground, re. (Paint.) The central part of a picture. 
— man, re. ; pi. -xlen. An agent between two parties; 
a broker; eap. in Ireland, one who takes land of the 
proprietors, in large tracts, and rents it out in small 
portions to the peasantry; one who makes a profit 
on anything on its way from the producer to the 
consumer; a person of intermediate rank. (Mil.) 
The man in the center of a file of soldiers. — Mid - 
dlemost, a. In the middle, or nearest the middle; 
midmost. — Mid'dling, a. Of middle rank, state 



size, or quality; moderate; mediocre; medium; or- 

iry. — Mid'dlings, n. pi. A coarse, inferior flour; 

in high milling, coarse particles of the first crushing 



dinar 



of the grain, from which the best flour is afterwards 
ground ; in U. S., the portion of a hog between ham 
and shoulder --Midst, re. The interior or central 
part; the middle, — adv. In the middle. — In the 
midst of. Among ; amid ; surrounded by ; in the 
thickest of ; overwhelmed by. 

Midge, mij, n. A name given to several minute but 
troublesome species of gnats and flies. [AS. micge, 
D. mug, OHG. mugga, a gnat, orig. a buzzer; s. rt. 
L. mugire, Skr. muj, to make a low sound, Gr. 
muzein, to mutter.] 

Midwife, mid'wlf, n. ; pi. -wives, -wivz. A woman 
who assists other women in childbirth. [AS. mid 
(D. mede, G. mit, Gr. rneta), with, assisting, and 
wife, woman.] — Mid'wifery, -wif-rt or -wTf-rt, n. 
Art or practice of assisting, or assistance rendered, 
at childbirth ; obstetrics. 

Mien, men, n. External appearance; carriage; bear- 
ing; look; air; aspect; demeanor. [F. mine. Armor. 
min, countenance, look, W. min, lip; s. rt. demean.] 

Miff, mif, re. A slight degree of resentment. [ProvG. 
muff, sulkiness, muffen, to be sulky, muffig, pout- 
ing-] 

Might, mjt, imp. of Mav, q. v. 

Might, mit, n. Force or power; strength; ability; ca- 
pacity. [AS. miht, D., Dan., and Sw . magt ; s. rt. 
niay, q. v.] — Might'y, -Y, a. Possessing might; for- 
cible; strong; valiant; very great; remarkable for 
size, effect, or qualities ; exhibiting or implying 
power; very excellent; fine. — adv. In a great de- 
gree; very. [AS. tnihtig.] — Might'ily, -TC-lT, adv. 
With might; powerfully; greatly; very much. — 
Mighfiness, re. 

Mignon, men-yoN' or min'yun, a. Delicate; dainty; 
pretty. — re. A darling. [F., 
a. and n., fr. OHG. minna, 
minni, memory, love; s. rt. 
mind.) — Mign'onette', 
min'yun-et', n. An annual 
flowering plant, having a 
delicate fragrance. [F.,dim. 
of mignon.] — Minion, -y un, 
re. A favorite; darling; esp. 
an unworthy favorite ; one 
who gains favors by flattery 
or mean adulation; a servile 
dependent; a small kind of 
printing type, in size be- 
tween brevier and non- 
pareil. [The bad sense fr. 
It. mignone, a favorite, fr. F. 
mignon.] 

This line is in minion. 

— Min'nesing'er, -ne-sing'- 
er, n. A love-singer; esp. one Mignonette, 

of a class of Germ, poets and musicians of the 12-1 4th 
centuries. [OHG. minni and singen, to sing.] — Min'- 
ikin, a. Small; diminutive, — re. A darling; favor- 
ite; a small kind of pin. [D. minnekyn, dim. of min- 
ne = OHG. mimii.] 

Migrate, mi'grat, v. i. To change one's place of res- 
idence, esp. to remove to another country ; to pass 
to a warmer climate in the autumn, returning in the 
spring, — said of birds. [L. migrare, -gratum ; s. rt. 
I,, meare, to go.] — Migration, re. Act of migrating. 
[F.; L. migratio.) — Mi'gratory, -to-ri, a. Remov- 
ing or accustomed to remove, etc. 

Mikado, me-ka'do, re. The title of the Emperor 'of 
Japan. [Peril. f r. Jap. mi, honorable, and kado, gate; 
cf. the Sublime Porte, of Turkey.] 




Milage. Same as Mileage: see under Mile. 

Milch. See under Milk. 

Mild, mild, a. Tender and gentle in temper or dispo- 
sition; not showing severity or harshness; not acrid, 
pungent, corrosive, or drastic; gently affecting the 
senses; not violent; soft; calm; soothing; placid; 
tender; lenitive; assuasive. [AS. milde, I)., Dan., 
Sw., and G. mild ; s. rt. Lithuan. melas, dear, Gr. 
meilichos, mild, Skr. mrilikam, grace, pity, pern. E. 
merry.] — Mild'ly, adv. — Mild'ness, re. 

Mildew, mil'du, n. A peculiar state of decay in living 
or dead vegetable matter, cloth, paper, etc., caused 
by minute fungi; the fungi which cause such decay. 

— v. t. [mildewed (-dud), -dewing.] To taint with 
mildew.— v.i. To become tainted with, etc. [AS. 
maledeaw, lit. honey-dew, fr. its sticky appearance.] 

Mile, mil, re. A measure of distance = 320 rods, or 5,280 
feet; the Eng. geographical or nautical mile is l-60th 
of a degree of latitude, or about 6,079 feet; the Ger- 
man short mile is nearly 3.9 Eng. m. ; the Ger. long 
m. 5.75 Eng. m.; the Prussian and Danish m. about 
4.7Eng. m.; theSwedishm.about6.625Eng.m. [ME. 
sing, and pi. mile, AS. mil, pi. mile, L. milia, millia, 
a Roman mile, prop, thousands, orig. mille passus, 
1,000 paces = 1 mile; L. mille, 1,000.]-Mile'age, Mile- 
age, nul'ej, re. An allowance for traveling, as so 
much by the mile. — Mile'-post, -stone, re. A post or 
stone set to mark the space of a mile.— Mil'foil, -foil, 
re. (Bot.) An herb ; yarrow. [F., fr. F. and L. 
mille, 1,000, and OF. foil (L. folium), a leaf, L. mille- 
folium, lit. thousand-leaved, fr. its numerous divis- 
ions.]— Mill, n. An imaginary money of account 
of the U. S. = MOth of a cent, or 1-lOOOth of *1. 
[L. mille.] — Millennium, -nt-um, re. 1,000 years, — a 
word used to denote the 1,000 years mentioned in 
Revelation xx., during which Satan will be bound, 
and holiness triumph throughout the world. [L., 
fr. mille and annus, a year.] — Millena'rian, -rY-an, a. 
Consisting of 1,000 years ; pert, to the millennium. 

— re. One who believes that Christ will personally 
reign on earth 1,000 years. — Millenary, -na-rT, a. 
Consisting of 1,000. — re. Space of 1,000 years. [L. 
millenarius, containing 1,000, f r. ndlleni, a thousand 
each, fr. mille.] — Millen'nial, -nY-al, a. Pertaining 
to the millennium, or to 1,000 years.— Miilen'nialist, 
re. One who believes that Christ will reign, etc. — 
Mil'leped, -le-ped, n. An insect having many feet; 
one of the myriapods. [L. millepeda, fr. mille and 
pes, pedis, foot.] — Mil'le- 
pore, -le-por, re. A minute 
reef-building marine ani- 
mal; its branching coral, 
having thesurfo cesmooth, 
and perforated with very 
minute punctures or cells. 
[Ij.porus.a pore.]— Mil'le- 
porite, -po-rit, re. A fossil 
millepore. — Milles'imal, 
a. Thousandth ; consist- 
ing of 1,000 parts. [L. mil- 
lesimus, fr. mille.] — Mil'* 
li g r am, Milligramme', Millepora alciconus. 
-gram', n. A metric measure of weight, being the 
l-1000th of a gram = .01876 grain troy, or .0154 grain 
avoirdupois. [F. milligramme, f r. milli, abbr. of mil- 
likme, thousandth, and gramme. See Gram, under 
Grammar.] —Milliliter, mil-lil'Y-ter or mil'lY-li'ter, 
MiFlili'tre, -le'tr,re. A measure of capacity =l-1000th 
of a liter = .00103 of a cubic inch. [F. millitre, fr. 
milli nnd litre. See Liter.] — Millimeter, mil-lim'e- 
ter or niil'lY-me'ter, Millime'tre, -ma'tr, re. A lineal 
measure = l-1000th of a meter = .03937 of an inch. 
[F. millimetre ; metre, a meter, q. v., under Mete.] 

— Mill'rea, -ree, -reis, mil're, re. A coin of Portugal 
= 1000 reis = $1.08. [Pg. mil (= L. mille) and reis, 
pi. of real, a coin.]— Mill'ion, -yun, n. The number 
of ten hundred thousand, or a thousand thousand, 
written 1,000,000; an indefinitely large number. [F.; 
LL. millio, extended fr. L. mille.] — Mill'ionary, 
-yun-a-ri, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, millions.— 
Mill'ionth, -yunth, a. Last of, or constituting one 
of, a million units. — re. One of, etc. — Mill'ionaire', 
-at-', re. One whose wealth is counted by millions. 
[F.] — Millier, mel-ya', re. A measure of weight = 
1,000,000 grains = 2204.62 lbs. avoirdupois, being the 
weight of 1 cu. meter of water at 4° centigrade. 

— Milliard, mil'le-ar', re. A thousand millions. 
Milesian, mi-le'zhan, re. A Celtic inhabitant oi _. 

land. [Fr. Milesius, a legendary king of Spain, said 
to have conquered Ireland, 1300 b. c7\ 
Miliary. See under Millet. 




1115 uu 

e. [F. 

is. [f: 

of Ire 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : Snd, eve. tSrm ; tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 



MILITATE 



355 



MINE 



Militate, mil'i-tat, v. i. To stand opposed, have weight 
on the opposite side, contend, — said of arguments, 
etc., and followed by against. [L. militare, -tatum, 
fr. miles, militis, soldier.] — Militant, «. Engaged 
in warfare; combating; serving as a soldier. — Mil- 
itary, -l-ta-rY, a. Pert, to soldiers, to arms, or to 
war; engaged in the service of soldiers or arms; war- 
like; becoming a soldier, —re. The whole body of 
soldiers; soldierv; militia; the army. — Militarily, 
adv. — Militarism, -rizm, re. A military state or 
condition; reliance on military force in administer- 
in"- government; a military system. [F. militansme.] 

— Mili'tia, nn-lish'a.w. The body of citizen soldiers 
in a state enrolled for discipline, but engaged in act- 
ual service onlv in emergencies. [L., fr. miles.} — 
Mili'tia-man, n. ; pi. -men. One who belongs to the 
militia. 

Milk, milk, re. A white fluid secreted by female mam- 
mals for the nourishment of their young; white juice 
of certain plants; emulsion made by bruising seeds. 

— v. t. [MILKED (milkt), milking.] To draw milk 
from the breasts or udder of; to supply with milk; 
add milk to; to draw the substance, contents, etc., 
from, esp. surreptitiously, — as, to milk a telegram, 
to use information designed for others. [As. meolc, 
D. and Dan. melk, G. milch, milk, OIIG. melchan, to 
milk. orig. to stroke; s. rt. L. mulgere, Gr. amelgein, 
to milk, Skr. mrij, to rub, stroke.] — Milk'er, n. One 
who or that which milks; also, an animal giving milk. 

— Milk'y, -I, a. Relating to, made of, like, or yield- 
ing milk; soft; mild; gentle; timorous. — Milky way. 
(Asti-on.) A broad, irregular, luminous zone in the 
heavens, supposed to be the blended light of innu- 
merable fixed stars, not distinguishable with ordinary 
telescopes; the Galaxy. — Milklness, n. Qualities 
like those of milk; softness.— Milk'maid, n. A wom- 
an employed in the dairy. — Milk'sop, n. A piece of 
bread sopped in milk ; a soft, effeminate, feeble- 
minded man.— Milk'tooth, n. ; pi. -teeth. {Far.) 
The tore tooth of a foal, which is cast within 2 or 3 
years. One of the deciduous or first set of teeth of a 
child. — Milk' weed, n. A plant of several species, 
abounding in a milky juice, and having its seeds at- 
tached to a long, silky down; silkweed.— Milk '-tree, 
re.~ A tree yielding a milky juice; esp. one in which 
this juice is fit for food, as the cow-tree of S. Amer.— 
Milk leg. (Pathol.) A swelling of the leg, usually in 
puerperal women, caused by inflammation of veins, 
and having a white appearance due to an accumula- 
tion of serum or of pus in the cellular tissue. — Milch, 
a. Yielding milk, — said only of beasts. [G.] 

Mill. U. S. money. See under Mile. 

Mill, mil, n. A set-to; pugilistic encounter. — v. t. To 
beat. [See Medley, Me"lee, under Meddle.] 

Mill, mil, n. An engine or machine for grinding any 
substance, as grain, etc., also for transforming raw 
material by mechanical processes into a condition for 
use; the building, with its machinery, where grind- 
ing or manufacturing is carried on. (Calico Print- 
ing.) A printing cylinder, of copper. — v. t. [milled 
(mild), milling.] To reduce to fine particles, grind, 
comminute; to pass through a machine or engine; 
to shape or finish by passing through a machine; to 
make a raised border orimpression around the edges 
of, or to cut fine grooves or indentations across the 
edges of; to stamp in a coining press, coin; to full 
(cloth). [ME. melfe, mulle, mulne, AS. myln, f r. L. mo- 
lina, a mill, that which grinds, molere, to grind.] — 
High milling. Reduction of the grain to flour by a suc- 
cession of crackings, or of slight and partial crush- 
ings, alternately with sifting and sorting the product, 

— the method by which New Process or Haxall flour 
is obtained. — Low m. Reduction by a single crush- 
ing or grinding. — Mill'stone, n. A stone tor grind- 
ing grain.— Mill'-dam, re. Adam to obstruct a water- 
course and raise the water to a height sufficient to 
turn a mill-wheel. — race, n. The current of water 
driving a mill wheel, or the canal conveying it. — 
-tail, n. The current of water flowing from a water- 
wheel, and which has been used in turning it. — 
Mill'er, n. One who keeps or attends a mill, esp. a 
grist-mill. (Entom.) A moth, whose wings appear 
covered with powder, like a miller's clothes. — MilK- 
er's thumb, n. A small fresh-water fish; the river 
bull-head of Europe. 

Millennium, Milleped, Milligram, Million, Millreis, 
etc. See under .Mile. 

Millet, millet, n. A grain-bearing grass of several 
species, cultivated in the Orient for its seed and in 
Europe and Amer. as a forage plant. [F., dim. of 
mil, AS. mil, L. milium, Gr. meline, millet.] — Mil- 



iary, -ya-rT, a. Like, or accompanied with an erup- 
tion like, millet seed6. 

Milliner, millT-ner, n. One who makes head-it resses, 
bonnets, etc., for women. [Prob. corrup. of Mihuter, 
a dealer in wares fr. Milan, Italy.] — Mil'liner'y, 
-nei'T, n. Articles dealt in bv milliners. 

Milt, milt, re. (Anat.) The spleen. [AS. milte; s. rt. 
melt, malt.] , , , 

Milt, milt, n. The soft, white, spermatic glands of the 
male fish; soft roe; sperm of the male fish.— V. t. To 
impregnate (the roe or spawn of the female fish). 
[Same as milk; Sw. mjolk, milk, mjolke, milt of fish.] 

Mime, mlm, n. A kind of farce in which real charac- 
ters were depicted; an actor in one. [Gr. mimos, an 
imitator, actor; s. rt. Skr. ma, to measure: see Mete.] 

— Mimeograph, mlm 'e-o-graf, n. An autographic 
stencil copying device invented by Edison. [Gr. 
mimeisthai, to imitate + graphein, to write.] — 
Mimetic, -ical, a. Apt to imitate; given to aping, 
or mimicry; imitative. [Gr. mimetikos, fr. mimos.'] 

— Mimic, -ical, a. Inclined to ape; imitative; con- 
sisting of, or formed in, imitation. —Mimic, re. One 
who, etc.; a mean or servile imitator. — v. t. [mim- 
icked (-ikt), -icking.] To imitate for sport, ridicule 
by imitation, ape, counterfeit, mock. — Mimlcker, 
re. — Mimicry, -ik-rl, re. Act or practice of, etc.— 
Mimo'saj-saor-za.re. A genus of leguminous plants, 
of many species, including the sensitive plant, — so 
called fr. its imitating the sensibility of animal life. 

Minaret, min'a-ret, n. (Arch.) A slender, lofty tur- 
ret on or near a Mohammedan mosque, 
having one or more projecting balcon- 
ies, from which the people are sum- 
moned to prayer. [Sp. minarete, Ar. 
manarat, manar, fr. nar, fire.] 

Minatory, lnin'a-to-rT, a. Threatening ; 
menacing. [L. minatonus, fr. minari, 
to threaten.] 

Mince, mins, v. t. [minced (minst); 
mincing.] To cut into very small 
pieees; to hash; to diminish in speak- 
ing, extenuate ; to clip (words, or ex- 
pressions). — v. i. To walk with short 
steps, or to speak softly, with affected 
nicety. [AS. minsian, fr. min, small, 
D. mm, L. minor (a. v.), less.] — Mince'- 
pie, n. A pie made with minced meat 
and other ingredients baked in paste. — Min'cingly, 
ado. In a mincing manner: with affected delicacy. 

Mind, mind. re. The intellectual or rational faculty 
in man; the understanding; the entire spiritual na- 
ture; soul; state of the faculties of thinking, willing, 
choosing, etc.; as, opinion, sentiment, belief ; choice, 
desire, purpose ; courage, spirit ; memory ; remem- 
brance; recollection. — v. t. To attend to; to notice, 
mark, regard, obey. — ». i. To be inclined, or dis- 
posed ; to incline. [AS. gemynd, memory, mind, 
thought, fr. munan, to think, gemunan, to remember; 
s. rt. L. mens, mind, memini, I remember, Skr. man, 
to think, E. man.] — Mind'ed, a. Disposed; inclined. 

— Mindlul, -ful, a. Attentive; heedful; observant. 

— Mindlully, 'adr.— Mindfulness, re. 

Mine, min, a. Belonging to me; my, — used, as a pro- 
nominal adjective, placed always in the predicate; 
also, attributively, in the old style, before a noun 
beginning with a vowel, for my; also as a possessive 
pronoun, equivalent to of me, or, belonging to me ; 
often used in the predicate standing for the noun to 
which it belongs. [AS. min, Goth, meins. See Me.] 

Mine, min, re. A subterranean cavity or passage; esp. 
a pit from which mineral substances are dug; or 
(MU.) a cavity filled with powder, under a fortifica- 
tion or other work, for blowing up the superstruc- 
ture; a rich source of wealth or other good. — v.i. 
[mined (mind), mining.] To dig a mine; to form a 
burrow, tunnel, or hole, in the earth.— v. t. To dig 
away the foundation of, lay a mine under, sap, un- 
dermine; to ruin or destroy by slow degrees or secret 
means. [F. miner, to mine, undermine, LL. minare, 
to conduct, esp. to lead along a vein of metal.] — 
Min'er, re. — Min'y, -t, a. Full of mines; subterra- 
neous. — Min'eral, mTu'er-al, re. Any natural inor- 
ganic substance having a definite chemical composi- 
tion. — a. Pert, to, consisting of, or impregnated 
with, minerals. [F.J — Mineralize, v. t. [-ized 
(-izd), -izing.] To transform into a mineral, to 
make like a mineral. — Min'eraliza'tion. re. Process 
of mineralizing, or forming an ore by combination 
with another substance: act of impregnating with a 
mineral, as water. — Min'eraliz'er, n. A substance 
which mineralizes another, or combines with it in 




sQn, cube, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



MINEVER 



356 



MIRACLE 



an ore. — MineraKogy, -jT, n. Science of the proper- 
ties of minerals, their classification, etc. [Gr. logos, 
discourse.] — MineraKogist, n. One versed in, etc. — 
Min'eraloglcal, a. Pert, to mineralogy. 

Minever, Miniver. Same as Meniver. 

Mingle, min'gl, v. t. [-gled (gld), -gling.] To unite 
in one body, mass, or compound; to blend; to mix 
confusedly, irregularly, or promiscuously; to unite 
in society or by ties of relationship; to deprive of 
purity bv mixture; to render impure. — v. i. To be 
mixed, be united. [AS. mengan, to mix, mang, a 
mixture, D. mengelen, to mingle, mengen, to mix; s. rt. 
OtiG. menigi, a crowd, manac, many, E. among, 
monger, mongrel.'] — Min'gler, n. 

Miniate, Miniature. See under Minium. 

Minikin, Minion. See under Mignon. 

Minish, minish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To 
lessen, diminish. [ME. menusen, F. menuiser, to di- 
minish, LL. minutare, to reduce to fragments, fr. L. 
minutia, smallness, minutus, small, fr. rt. min-, found 
in minor, less, minimus, least; s. rt. AS. and Ir. min, 
small, Gr. minuthein, to make small, Skr. mi, to hurt.] 

— Minify, -l-fi, v. t. To make small or smaller; to 
degrade, treat with contempt, speak slightingly of, 

— opp. to magnify, [h.facere, to make.] — Min'how, 
-no, n. A very small fresh- 
water fish, of several spe- 
"cies. [ME. menow, AS. 
mi/ne, fr. min, small; also 
ME. menuse, OF. menuise, 
small fish, menu, L. minutus, 
small.] — Mi'nor, a. Infe- Minnow. 

rior in bulk, degree, importance, etc.; less; smaller; 
small; petty; unimportant. {Mus.) Less or lower by 
a semitone.— n. A person underage; a person under 
authority of parents orguardians; in Eng. and U. S., 
one not yet 21 years of age ; a Minorite, or Franciscan 
friar. {Logic.) The minor term, that is, the subject 
of the conclusion; also, the minor premise, that is, 
that premise which contains the minor term; in hy- 
pothetical syllogisms, the categorical premise. [L., 
compar. fr. rt. mm-.] — Mi^norite, -It, n. A Fran- 
ciscan friar. — Minority, -nOrl-tT, n. State of be- 
ing, or period during which one is, a minor, or un- 
der age; the smaller number. — Mi'nus, a. Less; 
requiring; to be subtracted; negative. [L., neut. of 

minor.'] -Minim, n. A _ i 

Anything very minute; -Jf. p2 1. 

a single drop. (Mus.) 
A half note, equal in 
time to 2 quarter notes, , 
or crochets. [F. min- 'J Minims, 

ime, L. minimus, superl. fr. rt. min-.] — Minimize, 
v. t. [-mized (-mizd), -mizing.] To reduce to the 
smallest part or proportion possible. — Minimum, 
n. ; pi. -ma, -ma. The least quantity assignable in 
a given case: smallest amount; lowest point or de- 
gree; a thing of small consequence; trifle. [L., neut. 
of minimus?; — Min'uend, -u-end, n. (Arith.) The 
number from which another number is to be sub- 
tracted. [L. minuendus, to be diminished, fr. minu- 
erc, to diminish.] — Min'uet. -u-et, n. A slow, grace- 
ful dance; a tune to regulate the movements in the 
dance so called. [F. memiet, fr. menu, small, fr. the 
small steps of this dance.] — Minute 1 ', mY-nut', a. 
Very small, little, or slender ; slight ; attentive to 
small things; fine; critical; exact; circumstantial; 
detailed. [L. minutus, p. p. of rninitere, to lessen.] — 
Minutely, adv. — Minute'ness, n. — Min'ute, min'- 
it, n. The 60th part of an hour; CO seconds. ( Geom.) 
The 60th part of a degree. A note in writing to pre- 
serve the memory of anything:. — v. t. To make a 
note of; to jot down. — Min'utely, -it-It, adv. Every 
minute; rapidly. — Min'ute-book, n. Abookof short 
hints. — glass, n. A glass, the sand of which meas- 
ures a minute in running. — gun, n. A gun dis- 
charged every minute, as a signal of distress or 
mourning. — hand, n. The hand which marks the 
minutes on a clock or watch. — man, n. ; pi. -men. 
One enlisted for service whenever required, and 
ready to march at a moment's notice. — Minulia, 
-shi-a, n. ; pi. -TI.E, -shT-e. A minute particular; the 
smallest detail. [L., fr. minutus.] 
Minister, minls-ter, n. A servant ; subordinate ; as- 
sistant of inferior rank ; one to whom is intrusted 
the direction of affairs of state ; the representative 
of a sovereign or government at a foreign court; em- 
bassador; one who serves at the altar ; pastor of a 
church; clergyman; parson; priest, — v. t. [min- 
istered (-terd), -tering.] To furnish, afford, sup- 
ply, administer. — v. i. To act as a servant, attend- 



P 



z± 



m 




ant, or agent ; to serve in any office, sacred or secu- 
lar; to afford supplies, give things needful, serve, 
officiate, administer, contribute. [ME. and F. mi- 
nistre, Li. minister, a servant, fr. rt. of minor: see 
Minish ; cf. magister, magistrate, fr. major.] — 
Ministry, -is-trt, n. Act of ministering ; ministra- 
tion; instrumentality; office, duties, or functions of 
a minister ; the body of ministers ; the clergy ; the 
ministers of state; business; employment. — Minis- 
te'rial, -rT-al, a. Pert, to ministry, or to the perform- 
ance of service, or of executive office ; pert, to the 
office of a minister : executive, embassadorial, or 
sacerdotal: official; clerical: priestly; ecclesiastical. 
— Ministelially, adv. — Minlstrarit, a. Perform- 
ing service as a minister ; acting under command. 
[L. xiinistrans, -trantis, p. pr. of ministrare, to min- 
ister.] — Ministralion, n. Act of performing ser- 
vice; office of a minister ; ecclesiastical function. — 
Min'strel, n. One of an order of men, in the middle 
ages, who sang verses to the harp, etc.; a bard; sing- 
er ; harper; a singer and musician, — often applied 
esp. to one who performs at comic entertainments. 
[OF. menestrel, fr. LL. ministralis, a servant, re- 
tainer, fr. L. minist e?\] — Min'strelsy, -sT, n. Arts 
and occupation of minstrels ; a collective body of 
minstrels, or of their songs. 

Minium, min'T-um, n. A pigment of a beautiful red 
color; red lead. [L, cinnabar^red lead, — prob. an 
Iberian word.] —Miniate, -T-at, v. t. To paint or 
tinge with red lead or vermilion. [L. miniare, fr. mi- 
nium.] — Miniature, -I-a-chur or -T-chur, n. Orig. 
a painting in colors, esp., and now exclusively, one 
on a reduced scale ; hence, reduced scale ; greatly 
diminished style or form. — o. On a small scale. 
[It. miniatura, fr. miniare.] 

Mink, mink, n. A carnivorous and fish-eating qnad- 
ruped, allied to the weasel, 
which burrows near rivers or< 
ponds, and is an expert swim- 
mer and diver ; its fine black 
fur. [Prob. same as minx.] 

Minne-smger. See under Mig- 
non. 

Minnow, Minor, etc. See under Min... 

Minish. 

Minotaur, min'o-tawr, n. (Antic/.) A fabled monster, 
half man and half bull. [Gr. Minotauros, — the 
monster being the offspring of Pasiphae, wife of 
Minos, king of Crete, and of a bull, Gr. tauros.'] 

Minster, minister, n. The church of a monastery, or 
one to which a monastery has been attached ; a ca- 
thedral church. [AS. mynster, fr. L. monasterium. 
See Monastery, under Monad.] 

Minstrel, etc. See under Minister. 

Mint, mint, n. The place where money is coined; place 
of invention, fabrication, or production ; unlimited 
supply. — i'. t. To make by stamping, as money; to 
coin ; to invent, forge, fabricate, fashion. [AS. 
mynet, coin, fr. L. moneta, the mint, coined money, 
fr. Moneta, a surname of Juno, in whose temple at 
Rome money was coined.] — Minfage, -ej, n. That 
which is minted or coined; duty paid to the mint 
for coining. — Mint'er, n. One who mints; a coiner; 
an inventor.— Mint'-man, n. ; pi. -men. One skilled 
in coining, or in coins : a coiner. — mas'ter, n. Su- 
perintendent of a min e who invents. 

Mint, mint, n. An aromaac >lant of various species, 
producing a pungent essential oil. [AS. minte, fr. L. 
mentka, LL. men* ', Gr. mintha.] 

Minuend, Minus, Minute, etc. See under Minish. 

Minx, minks, n. v pert, wanton girl; a she puppy; 
lap-dog." [Prob. s. rt. inilcin. q. v., under Mignon.] 

Miocene, mi'o-se n, a Men/.) Less recent, —a term 
appliedto the middle division of the tertiary strata. 
[Gr. melon, less, and kainos, new.] 

Miracle, mir'a-kl, n. Awonderorwonderfulthing;esp. 
an event oreffect contrary to the established constitu- 
tion and course of things; supernatural event; a spec- 
tacle or dramatic representation exhibiting the lives 
of the saints, — called also a miracle-play. [F. ; L. 
miraculum, fr. mirari, to wonder at, mirus, wonder- 
ful ; s. rt. Skr. sniaya, wonder, smi=E. smile.] — 
Mirac'ulous, -rakli-lus, a. Of the nature of a mir- 
acle ; performed by or exhibiting a supernatural 
power ; extraordinarily wonderful. — Miraclllous- 
ly,adv— Mirage', mT-razh r , n. An optical illusion 
arising from an unequal refraction in the lower 
strata of the atmosphere, and causing remote objects 
to be seen double, in verted, suspended in air, approxi- 
mated, or changed or as if reflected in water. [F.; fr. 
mirer, LL. mirare, to behold, fr. L. mirari.] — Miri- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve. tSrm ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, Sr i 



MIEE 



35? 



MISS 



ror. -rer,n. A 
looking-glass: 
that in w h i c h a 
true image may 
be seen ; a pat- 
tern ; an exem- 
plar. — v.t. [mir- 
rored (-rgrd), 
-roring.] Tore- 
fleet 



mirare.] f===^^^=-= i^-^ _ 

Mire, mir, n. Earth Mirage, 

so wet and soft as to yield to pressure ; deep mud. 

— v. t. [mired (mirtl), miring.] To plunge and 
fix in mire ; to soil or daub with mud. [Ic. myrr, 
OHG. mios, swamp, OD. moer, mud ; s. rt. 7tioss, 
moor, prob. not mere.] — Mir'y, -I, a. Abounding 
with, full of, or consisting of, etc. — Miriness, n. 

Mirk, merk, a. Dark; murky. — n. Darkness: gloom. 

— Mirk'y, -I, a. Dark : obscure. [See Murky.] 
Mirror. See under Miracle. 

Mirth, mSrth, n. High excitement of pleasurable 
feelings in company ; noisy gayety ; merriment ; 
fun; frolic: festivity; jollity. [AS. myrgdh, mirigdh, 
Ga. mireadh, Ir. mireog, mirth, frolic ; s. rt. AS. 
merg, merrv, q. v.] — Mirth'ful. -ful, a. Full of 
mirth; merry; jovial: festive. — Mirth'fully, adv.— 
Mirth 'fulness, n. — Mirtb/less, a. Without mirth. 

Mirza, mer'za, n. The common title of honor in 
Persia : appended to a name, it signifies prince. 
[Per. mirza, abbr. fr. mirzadah. son of the prince, 
fr. Per. mir, Ar. amir, emir, prince, and Per. zadeh, 
son.] 

Misadventure, mis-ad-ven'chur, n. An unfortunate 
adventure ; ill luck ; accident ; mishap ; disaster. 
[ME. misaventure, OF. mesaventure, fr. rues- (F. me"-, 
Sp. and Pg. menos-, fr. L. minus, less : see Minish ; 
not s. rt. E. mis-, q. v. under Miss, v.) and aventure, 
adventure.] — Misalli'ance, -li'ans, Mc's'alliance', 
mez'ai-le-aNs', n. Improper association ; esp. a de- 
grading marriage connection with one of inferior 
social station. [F. mesalliance.'] — Mischance'', 
-chans',n. Ill luck: Occident; misfortune; calamity. 
[OF. meschanne.] — Mis'chief, -chit, n. Evil pro- 
duced or effected, whether with or without inten- 
tion; trivial evil or vexation, caused by thoughtless- 
ness, or in sport: troublesome or annoying act or con- 
duct : cause of trouble or vexation; damage; harm; 
wrong-doing. [ME. and OF. meschief, Sp. and Pg. 
menoscabo, fr. L. minus, less, car>ut. Head ; cf. ME. 
bonchef, a good result.] — Mis'chief -mak'er, n. One 
who makes mischief. — mak'ing, a. — Mischievous, 
-chiv-us, a. Making mischief; inclined to do harm; 
hurtful; injurious; noxious: destructive. — Mis'- 
chievously. culv. — Mis'chievousness, n. — Mis- 
count'', v. t. and i. To count wrongly. — n. An er- 
roneous counting or numbering. [OF. mesconter.]— 
Mis'creant, -kre-ant, n. An infidel; misbeliever ; a 
vile wretch ; scoundrel. [OF. mescreant. It. miscre- 
dente, fr. L. credens, p. pr. of credere, to believe.] — 
Misfea'sance, -fe'zans, n. {Law.) A trespass; wrong 
done; improper performance of a lawful act. [OF.; 
faisance, fr. /aire, L. facere, to do.] — Misno'mer, n. 
(Law.) The mistaking of the true name of a person. 
A wrong or inapplicable name or title; a misapplied 
term. [OLawF. mesnommer, to misname; F. nommer, 
L. nominare, to name.] — Misprize', -priz', v. t. 
F-prized (-prlzd'), -prizing.] To slight, undervalue. 
[OF. mespriser ; LL. jyretiare, to prize, esteem, fr. 
L. pretium, a price, q. v.] — Misprision, -prizh'un, 
n. (Law.) A high offense or misdemeanor, negative 
or positive : passive concealment of a crime or neg- 
lect to reveal it, as of treason or felony ; a positive 
act to help cover a crime, as dissuading a witness ; 
maladministration ; neglect, oversight, or mistake 

— as of a clerk in writing or keeping a record. [OF. 
mesprison, F. miprise, a mistake, fr. mes- and LL. 
prensio, a taking, fr. L. prehendere, -hensum, to take, 
seize ; not fr. misprize.] 

Misanthrope, mis'an-throp, -an'thropist, -thro-pist, 
n. A hater of mankind. [Gr. misanthropos. fr. 
misein, to hate (fr. misos, hatred), and anthropos, a 
man.] — Misanthropic, -ical, a. Hating mankind. 

— Misan'thropy, -pi, n. Hatred or dislike of, etc. — 
Hisog'amy, -mi, n. Hatred of marriage. [Gr. ga- 
mos, marriage.] — Misog'amist. n. One who, etc. — 
Misog'yny, -soj'I-nl, n. Hatred of the female sex. 
[Gr. gune, woman.] — Misog'ynist, n. A woman- 
hater. 



Misapply, Misapprehend, Misbegot, etc. See under 
Miss. 

Miscellaneous, mis-sel-la'ne-us, a. Mixed : mimrled « 
consisting of several kinds. [L. miscettaneux, ir. 
miscellus, mixed, fr. miscere, to mix, q. v.] — Miscei- 
la'neousness, n. — Mis'cellany, -la-nT, n. A mass 
or mixture of various kind*: a medley : esp., a col- 
lection of compositions on various subjects. [Fr. L. 
miscellanea.] — Miscella'nea, -ne-a, n. pi. A collec- 
tion of miscellaneous matters. [L., neut. pi. of mis- 
cellaneus.] — Mis'cegena'tion. -se-je-na'shun, n. 
Amalgamation of races. [L. miscere and genere, to 
beget.] 

Mischance, Mischief, etc. See under Misadventure. 

Miser, mi'zer, n. An avaricious or extremely covet- 
ous person; one who hoards money and lives mean- 
ly ; a niggard. TL., wretched ; prob. s. rt. Gr. mi- 
sos, hatred.] — Mi'serly, -IT, a. Sordid: avaricious; 
parsimonious ; stingy : mean. — Mis'ery, -er-Y, n. 
Great unhappiness: extreme pain of body or mind ; 
evils which cause misery ; calamity : misfortune : 
torture ; agony ; anguish : distress. " [ME. and OF. 
miserie, L. miseria.] — Miserable, a. Very un- 
happy ; in a state of distress ; causing misery "; very 
£oor; worthless; despicable; abject: wretched. [F. 
i. miserabilis, fr. miserari, to pity, fr. miser.] — 
Mis'erableness, n. — Mis'erably, adv. In a misera- 
ble manner; unhappily; pitiably.— Mis'ere're, -re'- 
re, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) The 51st psalm, which 
commences with this word. (Pathol.) The symptoms 
attending obstruction in the intestines ; iliac pas- 
sion. [L., have mercy, fr. miserari.] 

Misfeasance, etc. See under Misadventure. 

Mish-mash, mish'-mash, n. A mingle or hotch-potch. 
[G. misch-masch, fr. mischen, to mix.] 

Mishna, mish'na, n. The digest of the Jewish tra- 
ditional and ritual law, made in the 2d cent., which 
with the Gemara forms the Talmud. [NHeb. mish- 
nah, lit. repetition, explanation, fr. Heb. shanah, to 
change, repeat.] 

Misle, etc. See under Mist. 

Misnomer, Misprize, Misprision. See under Misad- 
venture. 

Misogamy, Misogyny, etc. See under Misanthrope. 

Mispickel, mis-pik'l, n. (Jlin.) Arsenical iron py- 
rites. [G.] 

Miss, mis, n. Young woman or girl, — used as a title 
of address, prefixed to the name of an unmarried 
woman. [Contr. of mistress, q. v.]— Miss'y, -I, 
-ish, a. Like a miss or young girl; affectedlv tine. 

Miss, mis, v. t. [missed (mist), Sussing.] To fail of hit- 
ting, reaching, obtaining, seeing, finding, etc.: to do 
without, forego: to omit, pass by ; to discover the ab- 
sence of, feel the want of, mourn the loss of. — v. i. 
To fail to hit; not to succeed; to tail to obtain, learn, 
find, etc. ; to mistake ; err.— n. A failure to hit, reach, 
etc.; loss; want; felt absence: mistake; error. [AS. 
missan, mission, D. and ~SWiG.missen.Xo miss, D.mis, 
a mistake, also amiss (as adv. and prefix), MHG.thwsc, 
an error; s. rt. AS. midhan, OHG. midan,to avoid, dis- 
simulate, Skr. mithyu, untruly, wrongly, amiss; not 
s. rt. OF. mes-, but of similar meaning : see Misad- 
venture.] — Mis'apply', v. t. To apply wrongly 
or to a wrong purpose. — Mis'apprehend', v. i. To 
misunderstand. — Misap'prehen'sion, -shun, n. A 
mistaking ; wrong apprehension of one's meaning 
or of a fact; misconception; mistake. — Mis'appro 7 - 
prialion, n. Wrong appropriation. 

— Misbecome', -kum', v. t. To suit ill ; not to befit 
or become. — Misbegot', -got'ten, p. a. Unlawfully 
or irregularly begotten. — Misbehave', v. i. To be- 
have ill, conduct one's self improperly. — Misbe- 
havior, -hav'yer, n. Improper, rude, or uncivil 
behavior; ill-conduct. — Misbelief, -lef r . n. Errone- 
ous belief; false religion. — Misbeliev'er, n. One 
who believes wrongly, or holds a false religion. — 
Misbestow', v. t. To bestow improperly. 

— Miscalculate, -kal'ku-lat, v. t. To calculate er- 
roneously. — Miscal'cula'tion, n. Erroneous calcu- 
lation.— Miscall', -kawl', v. t. To call by a wrong 
name, name improperly, abuse. — Miscar'riage, 
-kar'rij, n. Unfortunate event of an undertaking; 
failure ; improper behavior ; expulsion of a fetus 
from the womb before it is viable; abortion. — Mis- 
car'ry, -kar'rl, v. i. To fail of the intended effect; 
to fail to reach its destination; to bring forth young 
before the proper time. — Misconceive, -kon-sev', v. 
t. or i. To conceive wrongly; interpret incorrectly; 
misapprehend: misjudge; mistake. — Misconceit"', 
-set', Misconcep'tibn, n. Erroneous conception ; 
false opinion; mistake. — Miscon'duct. n. Wrong 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox. chair, get. 



MISDATE 



358 



MISTRESS 



wrong person or piace. — jxusairec won, n. j* 
directing wrongly. (Law.) An error of a juc 
charging the jury.— Misdo', -doo', v. t. [-did, -i 
-doing.J To do wrongly. — v. i. To do wrong. 



conduct: ill behavior; misdemeanor: mismanage- 
ment. — Misconduct', v. t. To conduct amiss; mis- 
manage. — Miscon'strue, -kon'stroo, v. t. To con- 
strue wrongly; interpret erroneously. — Mis'con- 
struc'tion, n. Wrong interpretation of words or 
things. — Miscoun'sel, -kown'sel, v. t. To counsel 
wrongly. — Miscue', -ku', v. i. To fail to strike the 
ball properly with the cue at billiards. — n. An in- 
effectual stroke with the cue. 

— Misdate', n. A wrong date.— r. t. To date errone- 
ously. — Misdeed'', n. An evil deed; wicked action; 
offense; transgression; crime. — Misdeem', v. t. To 
judge erroneously, misjudge. — Misdemean', _-de- 
men', v. t. To behave ill.— Misdemean'or, -men'- 
er, n. Ill behavior; evil conduct. (Law.) Any 
crime less than a felony. — Misdirect', -dl-rekt', 
r.t. To give a wrong direction to: to direct to a 
wrong person or place. — Misdirec'tion, n. Act of 

judge in 

-DONE, 

com- 
mit a fault or crime. — Misdo'er, n. — Misdo'ing, «. 
A wrong done, fault, offense. 

— Misemploy', v. t. To employ to no purpose, or to 
a bad purpose ; to use amiss. — Misemploy'ment, n. 
Ill employment. — Misen'try, -en'trT, n. An er- 
roneous entry or charge, as of an account. 

— Misfit', n. A bad lit; a bad match. — Misform', 
v. t. To put into an ill shape. — Misfort'une, -f&r- 
chun, n. Ill fortune; ill luck; accident; calamity; 
mishap; harm; disaster. 

— Misgive', -giv', v. t. To fill with doubt and appre- 
hension, deprive of confidence; to fail.— Misgiv'ing, 
n. A failure of conhdence; distrust; doubt. — Mis- 
got 'ten, a. Unjustly obtained.— Misgov'ern, -guv'- 
?rn, v. t. To govern ill, administer unfaithfully. — 
Misgov'ernment, n. Ill administration of public or 
private affairs; irregularity; disorder. — Misguid'- 
ance, -gld'ans, n. Wrong direction or guidance. — 
Misguide', v. t. To direct ill, lead into error. 

— Mishap', n. Ill chance; accident; calamity; mis- 
chance. — Mishear', v. i. To mistake in hearing. 

— Misinform', v. t. To give erroneous information 
to. — Misin'forma'tion, n. Wrong information. — 
Misinter'pret, v. t. To interpret erroneously ; to 
understand or to explain amiss. — Mis'inter'preta'- 
tion, n. A mistaken interpretation. 

— Misjoin', v. t. To join unfitly or improperly. — 
Misjudge', -jui', v. t. To mistake in judging of. — v. i. 
To err in judgment, form false opinions. — Mis- 
judg'ment, n. Wrong determination. 

— Mislay', v. t. [-laid (-lad'), -laying.] To lay in 
a wrong place, lay in a place not recollected, lose. — 
Mislead', -led', v. t. [-led, -leading.] To lead into 
a wrong way or path, lead astray, cause to mistake, 
deceive, delude.— Mislead'er, n. — Mislike', v. t. or 
t". To dislike, have aversion to.— n. Dislike; disap- 
probation; aversion. 

— Misman'age, -man'ej, v. i. To behave or manage 
ill. — v. t. To manage ill, administer improperly. — 
Mieman'agement, n. — Misman'ager, n. — Mis- 
match', -mach', v. t. To match unsuitably. 

— Misname', v. t. To call by the wrong name. 

— Mispell, Mispend. See Misspell, etc., below. — 
Misplace', -plas', v. t. To put in a wrong place; to 
set or place on an improper or unworthy object. — 
Misplace'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — 
Misplead', -pled', v. t. To err in pleading. — Mis- 
print', v. t. To print wrong.— n. An error in printing. 
—Mispronounce', -nowns', v. i. and t. [-notjnced 
(-nownsf), -nouncing.] To pronounce erroneously. 

— Mis'pronun'cia'tion, -shf-a'shun, n. Wrong pro- 
nunciation. — Mis'propor'tion, v. t. To err in pro- 
portioning one thing to another; to join without due 
proportion. 

— Misquote', -kwot', v. t. To quote erroneously. — 
Misquota'tion, n. An erroneous quotation. 

— Misrecite', -sit', v. t. To recite erroneously.— 
Misrecit'al, ». An inaccurate recital.— Misreck'on, 
-rek'n, v. t. To reckon or compute wrongly.— Mis- 
reck' oning, n. An erroneous computation. — Mis- 
rep'resent', v. t. To represent falsely onincorrect- 
ly. — v. i. To make an incorrect representation. — 
Misrep'resenta'tion, n. Act of giving a false repre- 
sentation ; incorrect account given, from mistake, 
carelessness, or malice. — Misrep'resent'er, n. — 
Misrule', -rool', n. Disorder ; confusion ; tumult 
from insubordination; unjust domination. 

— Misshape', -shap', v. t. To shape ill, deform.— 
Misspell'" '•. t. To spell wrong, write with wrong 
letters.— Misspell'ing, n. A wrong spelling; fabe 



orthography. — Misspend', v. t. To spend, amiss, 
squander.— Misstate', v. t. and i. To state wrongly, 
falsify. — Misstate'ment, n. Incorrect statement.— 
Misstep', it. A wrong or false step. 

— Mistake', -tak', v. t. To take wrongly, misun- 
derstand, misapprehend, or misconceive ; to mis- 
choose, misjudge; to take one person or thing to be 
another, confound.— v. i. To err in opinion or judg- 
ment. — n. A taking or apprehending wrongly; a 
fault in opinion, judgment, or conduct; a miscon- 
ception; blunder: error; bull. — To be mistaken. To 
be misapprehended or misunderstood; to be taken 
orled astray; to err; to misapprehend.— Mistak'en, 
-tak'n, p. a. Guilty of a mistake; in error; errone- 
ous; incorrect; wrong. — Mistak'enly, ar/r. By mis- 
take.— Mistak'er, n— Mistak'able, a. Liable to be 
mistaken.— Mistime', -tiin', v. t. To time wrongly, 
not adapt to the time. — v. L To neglect the proper 
time. — Misti'tle, -tl, v. t. To call by a wrong title 
or name. — Mistri'al, n. (Law.) A false or errone- 
ous trial. — Mistrust', n. Want of confidence or 
trust; suspicion. — r. t. To regard with jealousy or 
suspicion, suspect, doubt; to anticipate as near or 
likely to occur ; to surmise. — Mistrust'ful, -ful, a. 
Suspicious; wanting confidence. — Mistrust 'fully, 
adv. — Mistrust'fulness, n. — Mistune', -tun', v.t. 
To tune wrongly or erroneously. — Mistu' tor, v. t. 
To instruct amiss. 

— Misun'derstand', v. t. To misconceive, mistake, 
take in a wrong sense. — Misun'derstand'ing, n. 
Mistake of meaning; error; misconception; disagree- 
ment; difference: slight quarrel.— Misuse', -uz',w.«. 



To use improperly, treat ill, maltreat, abuse, misem- 

ly.-l 

ise', -E 
misapplication ; abuse. 



ploy, misapply. — Misus'age, -uz'ej, n. Ill usage; 
abuse.— Misuse', -us', n. Wrong application or use; 



Missal, mis'sal, n. The Roman Catholic mass-book. 
[LL. missale, fr. missa, the mass, q. v.] 

Misseltoe. See Mistletoe. 

Missile, mis'sil, a. Capable of being thrown, hurled, 
or projected, —n. A projectile weapon, as a lance, 
arrow, or bullet, with which one may strike an ob- 
ject at a distance. [L., a missile weapon, prob. neut. 
of missilis, that may be thrown, fr. mittere, missum, 
to throw, send; s. rt. Lithuan. mesti, to throw, Skr. 
math, to churn, agitate, E. admit, commit, diswiiss, 
emissary, promise, premise, etc.] — Mis'sion, mish'- 
un, n. Act of sending, or state of being sent; com- 
mission; errand; duty on which one is sent; persons 
sent; delegation; embassy; a station, residence, or 
organization, of missionaries. [OF. ; L. missio, fr. 
mittere.] — Mis'sionary, -er-t, n. One sent upon a 
mission ; esp., one sent to propagate religion. — a. 
Pert, to missions. — Mis'sive, -siv, a. Intended to 
be sent; prepared for sending out; sent by authority 
of some person or society; intended to be thrown or 
hurled; missile. — w. That which is sent; a message; 
letter. [OF.] — Mit'timus, -tt-mus, n. (Law.) A 
warrant of commitment to prison. [L., we send, fr. 
mittere.'] 

Mist, mist, Mis'le, Mis'tle, miz'l, Miz'zle, miz'zl, n. 
Visible watery vapor at or near the surface of the 
earth ; fog ; coarse, watery vapor, approaching the 
form of rain ; anything which dims or darkens. — 
v. t. To cloud, cover with mist. — v. i. [misted, 
misting; —miz'led (-Id), -ling; — mis'tled (miz'- 
ld), -ling;— miz'zled, -zling.] To rain in very fine 
drops. [AS. mist, gloom, darkness, Sw. and D., fog, 
G., dung, Ic. mistr, mist ; s. rt. Gr. omichle, fog, Skr. 
mihira, a cloud, mih, to sprinkle ; ME. misle, mysylle 
= mistle, freq. of mist.]— Mist 'y, -t, Mis'ly, miz'- 
1T, Miz'zly, -zlt, a. Overspread with, attended by, 
or obscured as if by, mist ; raining in fine drops.— 
Mist'iness, n. 

Mister, oiis'ter, abbr. in 
writing to Mr., n. Sir ; 
master, — a title of any 
adult male. [Corrup. of 
master, q. v.] 

Mistletoe, Misletoe, miz'l- 
to, n. A parasitic ever- 
green shrub, bearing a 
glutinous berry : the 
sacred plant of the Dru- 
ids. [AS. miste ] lan, fr. 
mistel, dim. of mist, 
gloom, and tan, a twig.] 

Mis'tress, mis'tres, n. A 
woman who exercises au- 
thority, is chief, etc. ; the 
female head of a family, 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; tn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



MISTRUST 



359 



MODE 




Mitre. 




school, etc.; a woman well skilled in anything, or 
having the mastery over it : a beloved object; sweet- 
heart; a paramour; concubine. Madam, — a title or 
term of address, now written Mrs. and pron. mix'is. 
[ME. and OF. mairtresse, fir. maistre, master, q. v.] 

Mistrust. Mistune, Misuse, etc. See under Miss. 

Mite, mit, n. Anything very small; a minute object; 
very small quantity: very small coin. [OD. imjt, a 
coin = l-6th of a doit; s. rt. minute : see under Min- 

ISH.] 

Mite, mit, n. A minute animal, allied to the spider, 
of several varieties, having jaws, which distinguish 
it from the ticks. [AS. andLG.; OHG. rniza, a mite, 
midge, lit. cutter, biter; s. rt. Goth, raaitan. Ic. meita, 
to cut, G. messer, a knife, prob. E. minixh, q. v.] — 
Mit'y, -Y, a. Abounding with mites. 

Miter, -tre, mi'ter, n. A covering for the head, worn 
by bishops, cardinals, etc. 
(Arch.) The joint formed by 
the ends of 2 pieces (of mold- 
ing, etc.), each cut off at an 
angle, and matching together. 
— v. i. [mitered or mitred 

(-tSrd), MITERINGCW MITRING.] 

(Arch.) To meet and match 
together, on a line bisecting 
the angle of junction, esp. 
when at a right angle. — v. t. 
To adorn with a miter ; to 
cut the ends of 2 pieces oblique- 
ly and join them at an angle. [OF. mitre, L. mitra, 
a cap, Gr. mitra, 



belt, gird 
head-band, tur- 
ban.] - Mi'tral, 
a. Pert, to or 
like, etc.,— said 
esp. (Anat.) of 
the mitral valves 
of the left ven- Miter Joints, 

tricle of the heart: see Heart. [F.] 

Mitigate, mit'T-gat, v. t. To alleviate (suffering, etc.); 
to make less rigorous, soften in severity or harshness; 
temper ; to render more tolerable ; to reduce a pen- 
alty in amount or severity ; assuage. [L. mitigare, 
-gatum, fr. mitis, mild, soft.] — Mifiga'tor, -ter, n. 
One who, or that which, etc. — Mit'iga'tive, -tiv, a. 
Tending to, etc. — Mit'iga'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. [F.] — Mit'igable, a. Capable of be- 
ing alleviated.— Mit'igant, a. Tending to mitigate; 
lenitive. 

Mitrailleuse, me-tra-yez / ', n. A machine-gun, having 
37 parallel breech-loading barrels, which may be 
fired at once or in quick succession. [F.,fr. mitraille, 
old iron, grape-shot.] 

Mitt, mit, n. A mitten; also, a covering for the wrist 
and hand and not for the fingers. [Abbr. fr. mitten.] 

— Mit'ten, n. A covering for the hand for warmth, 
etc., in which the fingers are not separated. [ME. 
and OF. mitaine, peril, fr. MHG. mittamo, the mid- 
dle, fr. miite, mid, middle ; perh. fr. Ga. miotag, a 
mitten, Ga. and Ir. mutan, a muff.] — To give the 
mitten to. To dismiss as a lover, reject the suit of. 

Mittimus. See under Missile. 

Mix, miks, v. t. [mixed, less prop, mixt; mixing.] To 
unite or blend 2 or more ingredients into one mass 
or compound, as by stirring together ; to unite with 
in company, join, associate; to produce by the stir- 
ring together of ingredients, mingle ; to confuse, 
disarrange, confound. — v. i. To become united or 
blended promiscuously ; to be joined, associate. [AS. 
miscan, OHG. miskan, Ga. measg ; s. rt. L. miscere, 
Gr. misgein, to mix, Skr. migra, mixed.] — Mixfure, 
miks'chur, n. Art of mixing, or state of being mixed; 
that which is mixed; an ingredient entering into a 
mixed mass; admixture; intermixture; medley. [L. 
mixtura, fr. miscere, mixtum.] — Mix'er, n. — Mix'- 
tilin'eal, -ear, a. Containing, or consisting of, lines 
of different kinds, as straight, curved, etc. [See 
Line.] 

Mizzen, miz'zn, a. (Naut.) Hindmost; nearest the 
stern. — n. The hindmost of the fore-and-aft sails 
of a vessel; the spanker sail. See Sail and Ship. 
[OF. misaine. It. mezzana, orig. the fore-sail, perh. a 
medium-sized sail, fr. LL. medianus, middle, of 
middling size: see Mid.] 

Mizzle, v. i. See under Mist. 

Mnemonic, ne-mon'ik, -ical, a. Assisting the memory. 

— Mnemonics, n. The art of memory; a system of 
rules to assist the memory. [Gr. mnemonikos, pert, to 
the memory, mnaomai, I remember; s. rt. man, mind.] 



Moan, mon, v. t. [moaned (mond), moaning.] To 
bewail with an audible voice, lament, deplore. — c. 
i. To make a low, dull sound of grief or pain. — n. 
Audible expression of sorrow or suffering; lamenta- 
tion; s low, dull sound, like that of one in grief or 
pain. [AS. maenan, to moan, man, wickedness, Ic. 
rnein, hurt, harm.] 

Moat, mot, n. (Fort.) A deep trench round the ram- 
part of a fortified place; a ditch.— v. t. To surround 
with a ditch for defense. See Castle. [ME. and 
OF. mote. It. motta, a heap of earth, also a hollow, 
Ir. mota, a mound, moat, Sp. mota, a mound.] 

Mob, mob, n. A disorderly crowd; collection of peo- 
ple for some riotous and unlawful purpose; popu- 
lace, —v. t. [mobbed (mobd), -bing.] To attack in 
a disorderly crowd. [Contr. fr. L. mobile vtclgus, the 
fickle multitude ; mobile, neut. of mobilis, easily 
moved, fr. movere, to move, q. v.] — Mob^bish, a. 
Like a mob; tumultuous; mean; vulgar. — Moboc''- 
racy, -ra-st, n. Rule or ascendency of the mob. [Gr. 
kratein, to rule.] — Mo'bile, -bil, a. Capable of be- 
ing moved, aroused, or excited ; movable ; change- 
able ; fickle. [F. ; L. mobilis.]— Mobility, -T-tl, n. 
Quality of being mobile; capacity for motion; sus- 
ceptibility of being moved, aroused, excited, etc.; 
activity ; fickleness. [F. mobility, L. mobilitas.] — 
Mob'ilize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To put in a 
state of readiness for active service, — said of troops, 
enrolled, but not previously on the war establish- 
ment. — Mob'iliza'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. 

Mob-cap, mob'kap, n. A plain cap or head-dress; esD., 
one tying under the chin by a very broad band, 
generally of the same material as the cap itself. [D. 
mop-muts, fr. OD. mop, a woman's coif (cf. ProvE. 
mop, to muffle up; prob. s. rt. muffle), & muts, a cap.] 

Moccasin, mok'ka-sin, n. A shoe of the N. Amer. In- 
dians, made wholly (including the sole) of deer- 
skin or soft leather." (Zobl.) A poisonous water ser- 
pent of the U. S. ; also a highland species. [An 
Indian word.] 

Mocha, mo'ka, n. An Abyssinian weight = I Troy 
grain; a kind of coffee fr. Mocha, in Arabia. 

Mock, mok, v. t. [mocked (mokt), mocking.] To im- 
itate in contempt or derision: to treat with scorn or 
contempt; to disappoint the hopes of; to deride, rid- 
icule, taunt, jeer. — v. i. To make sport in contempt 
or in jest, gibe, jeer. — n. Ridicule; derision; sneer; 
mockery. — a. Imitating reality, but not real: false. 
[OF. mocquer, It. moccare, to mock, LG. mukken, OD. 
mocken, to mumble; s. rt. L. maccus, a buffoon, Gr. 
mokos, mockery, Ga. mag, to deride, W. mocio, to 
mimic, E. motto, mumble, mutter, mow, mope.] — 
Mock'er, n. — Mock'ery, -er-T, n . Act of mocking; 
derision; ridicule; counterfeit appearance; vain im- 
itation or effort. [F. moquerie.] — Mock'ing-bird, n. 
A singing-bird of N. Amer., which imitates the notes 
of other birds and many other sounds. 

Mode, mod, n. Manner of existing or being; prevail- 
ing popular custom; variety: gradation ; degree; 
method; fashion; way; style. (Metaph.) Condition, 
or state of being; form, — opp. to matter. (Logic.) 
The form in which the proposition connects the 
predicate and subject, whether by simple, contin- 
gent, or necessary assertion. (Gram.) A form in 
the inflection of a verb indicating the manner in 
which the action or state is presented, as certain, 
contingent, etc. ; mood. (Mus.) The arrangement 
of the intervals in a scale. [F., manner, sort, fash- 
ion, L. modus, a measure, manner, kind, way: s. rt. 
Gr. medos, a plan, medomai, I intend, Skr. ma, to 
measure, E. mete (q. v.), mood, measure, accommo- 
date, commodious.] — MocKish, mod'ish, a. Accord- 
ing to the mode ; conformed to the extreme fash, 
ion. — Mod'ishly, adv. — Mod'ishness, n. — Mod'ist, 
n. One who follows the fashion. — Modiste'', -desf, 
n. A milliner; dressmaker; purveyor of fashions. 
[F.] — Mo'dal, a. Pert, to a mode or mood; consist, 
ing in mode or form only. (Logic & Metaph.) Indi- 
cating some mode of conceiving existence, or of ex- 
pressing thoughts. — Modality, -1-tT, n. Quality of 
being modal, or being in form only. (Logic.) A 
modal relation or quality. — Mo'dally, adv. In a 
modal manner; with reference to mode. — Mod'el, 



mCd'el, n. Standard; pattern; example; something 
to be copied; a mold; a representation; facsimile; 
a copy, as of a statue or bust; a representation of a 
machine or structure on a reduced scale. — v. t. 
[modeled (-eld), -eling.] To plan or form after a 
pattern; to form in model, or propose a model for.— 
v. i. (Fine Arts.) To make a pattern from which 



6ttn, cube, full : moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



MODELER 



360 



MOLE 




some work is to be executed. [OF. modelle, It. mod- 
ello, fr. L. modulus, a measure, standard, dim. of 
modus.'] — Mod'eler, n. One who models; a worker 
in plastic art. — Mod'eling, n. {Fine Arts.) Act or 
art of making a model from which a work of art is 
to be executed. — Mod'ulate, -u-lat, v. t. To form 
(sound) to a certain key or proportion; to vary or in- 
flect in a natural, customary, or musical manner. — 
v. i. {Mm.) To pass from one key into another. 
l jlj. modulari, -latus, fr. modulus.] — Modula'tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; sound modulated ; 
melody. (Mus.) Manner of ascertaining and man- 
aging the modes; a passing from one key to an- 
other. [F.] — Mod'ula'tor, n. One who, or that 
which, modulates. [L.] — Mod'ule, -ul, n. A model 
or representation. {Arch.) The size of some one 
part, as the diameter or semi-diameter of the base of 
u shaft, taken as a unit of measure by which the 
proportions of other parts of the composition are 
regulated. [F.] — Mod'ulus, , n. {Mech. & Physics.) 
A quantity or coefficient which expresses the meas- 
ure of some specified force, property, or quality (of 
elasticity, strength, 
efficiency, etc.). [£.] — 
Modilllon, -yun, n. 
{Arch.) The enriched 
bracket generally 
found under the cor- 
nice of the Corinthian 
entablature,— so called 
fr. its arrangement at 

regulated distances. [F. and Sp., fr. L. modulus.] — 
Mod'erate, -gr-at, a. Kept within due bounds; ob- 
serving reasonable limits ; not excessive, extreme, 
violent, or rigorous; restrained. — v. t. To restrain 
from excess, keep within bounds, lessen, allay, re- 
press, temper, qualify; to regulate, mitigate, abate, 
still, pacify, quiet, — v.i. To become less violent, 
severe, rigorous, or intense; to abate. PL. moderari, 
-atus, h. modus.] — Mod'erately, adv. In a moderate 
manner; temperately: mildly; in a middle decree; 
not excessively.— Mod'erateness, n.— Moderation, 
n. Act of moderating; state or quality of being mod- 
erate; freedom from excess- calmness of mind; equa- 
nimity. [OF.] — Mod'era'tor, n. One who, or that 
which, moderates or restrains; one who presides over 
a meeting to preserve order, propose questions, etc. 
[L.] — Mod'era'torship, n. Office of, etc.— Mod "era, 
a. Pert, to the present time, or time not long past; 
late; recent; new; novel. — n. A person of modern 
times. [F. modern?, L. modernus, fr. modus; modo, 
just now.] — Mod'ernness, n.— Mod'ernism, -izm, n. 
Modern practice; a thing of recent date; origin not 
remote. — Mod'ernist, n. One who admires the 
moderns. — Mod'ernize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] 
To cause to conform to recent or present usage or 
taste. — Mod'est, a. Restrained within due limits 
of propriety or decency; observing the proprieties 
of the sex; free from familiarity, indecency, or 
lewdness, — said of a woman; evincing modesty in 
the actor or author; not boastful, presumptuous, or 
arrogant; reserved; unobtrusive; diffident; bashful; 
coy; shy; decent; chaste; virtuous. [F. modeste, L. 
modestus, lit. keeping within bounds, fr. modm.] — 
Mod'estly, adv. — Mod'esty, -t, n. Quality of being 
modest; absence of self-confidence, arrogance, and 
presumption, or of unwomanly or indecent bearing 
or conduct; purity of manners; humility; diffidence; 
shyness. — Modicum, -T-kum, n. A little; a small 
quantity. [L., neut. of modicus, moderate, fr. rao- 
aus.] — Mod'ify, -T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] 
To change the form or external qualities of; to give 
a new form to, vary, alter, qualify. [F. modifier, 
L. modificare, fr. modus and facere, to make.] — 
Mod'ifi'able, a. — Mod'ifica'tibn, n. Act of modi- 
fying; particular form or manner; modified shape 
or condition. — Mod'in'er, n. 

Mogul, mo-gul', n. A person of Mongolian race. [Per. 
Moghol.] — Great Mogul. The sovereign of the em- 
pire founded in Hindostan by the Mongol Tartars 
in the 16th century. 

Mohair, mo'har, n. The long, silky hair or wool of 
the Angora goat, of Asia Minor; a fabric made from 
it. [OF. movdire, mohere, fr. Ar. mukhayyar, hair- 
cloth; not s. rt. hair.] 

Mohammedan, mo-harn'med-an, a. Pert, to Moham- 
med or Mahomet, or to the religion founded by him. 
— n. A follower of, or believer in, etc. [Ar. muham- 
mad, praiseworthy; hamd, praise.] -Moharn'medan- 
ism, -medism, -izm, n. The religion, or doctrines and 
precepts, of Mohammed, contained in the Koran: 



Islamism. — Moham'medanize, -medize, v. t. To 

make conformable to, etc. 

Moidore, moi'dor, n. A gold coin of Portugal = about 
$(>. [Pg. moedar d'ouro, lit. coin of gold; L. moneta, 
money, aurum, gold.] 

Moiety, moi'e-tY, n. One of 2 equal parts; the half. 
[F. moitii, L. medietas, fr. medius, middle, half: see 
Mid.] 

Moil, moil, v. t. [moiled (moild), moiling.] To daub, 
make dirty, soil, defile. — v. i. To work with pain- 
ful effort; to labor, toil, drudge. [ME. moillen, OF. 
moiller, to wet, soak, fr. mot, L. mollis, soft : see 
Mollient; not fr. L. moliri, to toil.] 

Moire, mwSr, n. A clouded or mottled appearance on 
metallic or textile fabrics; watered or clouded silk. 
[F.; same as mohair, q. v.] — Moire antique. A su- 
perior kind of watered silk, for ladies' dresses, etc. 

Moist, moist, a. Moderately wet; damp; humid. [ME. 
moiste, orig. fresh, new, OF. moiste, liquid, humid, 
wet, L. musteus, pert, to new wine or must, also new, 
fresh, fr. uiustum, new wine, mustus, fresh, new.] — 
MoisfneBS, n. — Moisfen, mois'n, v. t. [-ened 
(-nd), -en ing.] To make damp, wet slightly, soften. 
— Moist'ure, mois'chur, n. A moderate degree of 
wetness; dampness; that which makes damp or wet. 

Molar, mo'lar, n. A grinding tooth; double tooth: see 
Tooth. — Mo'lar, -lary, -la-rt, a. Having power to 
grind ; grinding. [L. molaris, fr. mola, mill, molere, 
to grind in a mill.] 

Molasses, mo-las'sez, n. sing. The viscid, uncrystal- 
lizable sirup which drains from sugar, in the process 
of manufacture. [Pg. melago, fr. L. mellaceus, hon- 
ey-like, fr. mel, honey: see Melliferous.] 

Mold, Mould, mold, n. Fine, soft earth, or earth easi- 
ly pulverized: the earthy material, or the matter of 
which anything is formed.— v. t. To cover with 
soil. [AS. mol'Te, Ic. mold ; s. rt. meal, mole (the an- 
imal).]— Mold'er, Mould'er, v. i. To turn to dust 
by natural decay; to crumble, perish, waste away 
gradually. — v. t. To turn to dust, crumble, waste. 

Mold, Mould, mold, n. A vegetable or fungous growth, 
often like down, upon decaying food or articles that 
lie long in warm and damp air. — v. t. To cause to 
contract mold. — v. i. To become moldy. [Corrupt, 
of mole (a spot).] — MoWy, Mould'y, -t, a. Over- 
grown with mold; fusty. 

Mold, Mould, mold, n. The matrix in whicli anything 
is cast; anything which i 
serves to regulate size,' 
form, etc.; cast; shape; 
character.— v. t. To form 
into a particular shape, 
model, fashion. [ME. 
and Sp. molde, OF. molle, 
mo die, fr. L. modulus, 
measure, standard, dim. 
of modus : see under 
Mode.] — Mold'able, 
Mould'able, a. Capable 
of being, etc. — Mold'er, 
Mould'er, n. — Mold'ing, 
Moulding, n. Anything 
cast in a mold, or which 
appears to be so. (Arch.) 
A grooved or swelling 
band or projection, or an 




Moldings. 
i, astragal ; 6, ogee ; c, oy- 
matium ; d, cavetto ; e, 
scotia, or casement ; /, 
apophyges ; g, ovolo, or 
quarter round; h, torus ; i, 
reeding ;j, band. 

ssemblage of such, upon 
a wall, column, wainscot, etc. 

Mole, mol, n. A spot, mark, or small permanent pro- 
tuberance on the human body. [AS. and Sw. mal, 
a mark, G. maal, a mole; s. rt. L. macula, a spot, 
orig. a bruise: see Mackerel.] 

Mole, mol, n. A mass of fleshy matter generated in 
the uterus. [L. mola.] 

Mole, mol, n. A mound, pier, jetty, or massive work 
formed of masonry, etc., laid in the sea, extended 
before a port, to defend it from the waves; a break- 
water; the harbor itself. [F.; L. moles, a mass, pile; 
s. rt. emolument.] — Mol'ecule, moKe-kul, n. A very 
small particle of matter; one of the elementary par- 
ticles of any substance. [Dim. of mole.] — Molec'- 
tdar, a. Pert, to, consisting; of, or residing in, mol- 
ecules. — Molest', v. t. To 
trouble, render uneasy, dis- 
turb, annoy, vex, tease. [F. 
molester, L. molestare, fr. mo- 
lestns, troublesome, fr. moles.] 
— Molest'er, n. — MoPesta'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. 

Mole, mol, n. (Zobl.) A small 
subterranean insect-e a t i n g 




Mole. 



fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Tfn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r : 



MOLECULE 



361 



mammal, with minute eyes and very soft fur. — v. t. 
[moled (mold), moling.] To form holes in, as a 
mole; to burrow, excavate. [ME. mold warp, -werp, 
lit. the animal, that casts up mold (q. v.), fr. werpen, 
to throw up: see Wahp.]- Mole'-cast, -hill, n. A 
little elevation of earth made by a mole digging un- 
der ground; a very small hill; insignificant difficul- 
ty. eyed, -Id, a. Having eyes like a mole's; seeing 

imperfectly. — skin, n. A silk fabric, having a thick, 
soft shag, like a mole's fur; also, a shaggy cotton 
fabric. 

Molecule, Molest, etc. See under .Mole, a mound. 

Mollient, mol'lT-ent or -yent, a. Serving to soften; 
assuaging; emollient. [L. molliens, p. pr. of moUire, 
to sotten, fr. mollis, soft ; s. rt. Gr. malakos, soft, 
amalos, tender, E. moil, mar.] — Mol'lify, -ll-fi, v. t. 
[-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make soft or tender; to 
assuage (pain or irritation); to appease (excited feel- 
ing or passion), pacify; to reduce in harshness or 
asperity. [OF. modifier, L. mollificare, -catum, fr. 
mollis and facere, to make.] — Mol'lifi/able, a. — 
Mol'lifica/tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — 
Mol'lift'er, n. — Mol'lusk, n. A boneless animal, 
having a soft, fleshy body, inhabiting a univalve or 
bivalve shell, or clothed only with a membranous 
mantle. [F. mollusque, a mollusk, L. mollusca, a soft- 
shelled nut, fr. motluscus, softish, fr. molus.] — Mol- 
lus'can, n. A mollusk. — Mollus'can, -cous, -kus, a. 
Pert, to the moilusks, or partaking of their properties. 

Molt, Moult, molt, v. i. To shed or cast the hair, 
feathers, skin, horns, etc. — v. t. To cast (the hair, 
skin, etc.); to shed. [ME. monten, fr. L. mutate, to 
change, whence F. micer, OHG. muzon, to molt; 
s. rt. mew, muta'ile.] 

Molten: see Melt. 

Molybdena, mol-ib-de , na, Molyb'denite, -nit, n. (Kin.) 
An ore of dark lead color, occurring in flexible lam- 
inae, like plumbago; sulphuret of molybdenum. [Gr. 
moluhdaina, fr. molubdos, lead.] — Molyb'denous, 
-lib'de-nus, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, molybde- 
na.— Molybde'num, n. (Chem.) A rare, white, brit- 
tle metal, obtained with difficulty from molybdena. 
— Molyb'date, n. (Chem.) A compound of molyb- 
dic acid with a base. 

Mome, mom, n. A dull, silent person; stupid fellow; 
stock. [OF. See Mum and JIumm.] 

Moment, mo'ment, n. A minute portion of time ; an 
instant; impulsive power; momentum; importance 
in influence or effect; an essential element; a decid- 
ing point, fact, or consideration. [F.; L. momentum, 
a movement, hence an instant of time, also moving 
force, weight, fr. movere, to move, q. v.] — Mo'ment- 
ary, -a-rf, a. Done in a moment; continuing only a 
moment.— Mo'mentarily, -a-rT-lT, adv. Every mo- 
ment; from moment to moment. — Mo'inentariness, 
n. — Mo'mently, adv. For a moment; in a moment; 
every moment. — Moment'ous, -us, a. Of moment 
or consequence ; important; weight v. — Momenf- 
ousness, n. — Momen'tum, n. ; L. pi. -ta ; E. pi. 
-tums. (Mech.) The amount of force in a moving 
body, being always proportioned to the quantity of 
matter multiplied into the velocity; impetus; essen- 
tial or constituent element. [L.] 

Monachal, etc. See under Monad. 

Monad, mon'ad, n. An ultimate atom, or simple, un- 
extended point; an indivisible thing. (Zo'61.) One of 
the simplest kind of minute animalcules. (Chem.) 
One of the elements (hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, 
bromine, iodine, potassium, sodium, and lithium) 
which can combine with, be exchanged for, or be re- 
placed by one atom of hydrogen. [L. and Gv.monas, 
, a unit, fr. Gr. mono.*, alone, sole ; perh. s. rt. Skr. 
manak, a little.] — Monad'ic, -ical. a. Relating to 
monads; having the nature of a monad. — Monan''- 
drian, -nan'drf-an, -drous, -drus, a. 
(Bot.) Having but one stamen. [Gr. 
oner, man.] — Mon'arch, -ark, n. A 
sole ruler; autocrat; sovereign; emper- 
or, king, prince, or chief; one superior 
to all others of the same kind. [F. mov- 
arque, L. monarcha, Gr. monarches ; 
archein, to be first, rule : see Arch, 
chief.]— Mouarch'al, -ial, a. Pert, to, 
or suiting, a monarch ; sovereign ; regal ; 
imperial.— Monarchic, -ical, a. Vested 
in a single ruler; pert, to monarchy or a 
monarch. — Monorchism, n. The prin- 
ciples of monarchy; love or preference 
of, etc. — Monarchist, n. An advocate of, etc. — 
Mon'archy, -(, n. A state or government in which 
the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a mon- 



arch: territory ruled over by u monarch; a kingdom; 
empire. — Moa'astery, mon'as-ter'I or lnoii'as-trY, 
i&e of religious retirement, esp. lor monks; 



A hot 




convent; nunnery: abbey; priory. [L. monasteriwn, 
Gr. mouasttrion, fr. numastes, living alone, also a 
monk, fr. monazein, to be alone, ir. mouos]. — Mon'- 
aste'rial, a. Pert, to a monastery. — Monas'tic. n. 
A niouK. — Monas'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to monaster- 
ies, or to their occupants, rules, etc.; secluded from 
the temporal concerns of life; recluse. [Gr. monasti- 
kos, living in solitude.] — Monas'tic ally, adv. In a 
retired manner; in the manner of monks; reclu6ely. 
— Monas'ticism, -tl-sizm, n. The monastic life, sys- 
tem, or condition. —Monachal, -a-kal, a. Pert, to 
monks or a monastic life; monastic. [L. monachus, 
Gr. monachos, solitary, also a monk.] — Mon'achism, 
-a-kizm, n. The system and influences of a monastic 
life.— Monk, munk.n. One of a male community in- 
habiting a monastery, and bound by vows to a life of 
celibacy and religious exercises; a religious recluse 
or hermit. [AS. muwc, fr. L. monachus.] — Monk'- 
ery, -er-I, n. The life of monks; monastic life, usage, 
or customs. — Monk'ish, a. Like, or pert, to, etc. — 
Mon'ocar'pous, -kiir'pus, a. (Bot.) Bearing fruit 
but once, and dying alter fructification, as wheat. 
[Gr. monos and kurpos, fruit.] — Mon'ochord, -kord, 
n. (Mus.) An instrument consisting of 1 string only, 
for experimenting upon the mathematical relations 
of musical sounds. [Gr. chorde, string.] — Mon'o- 
chrome, -o-kr5m, n. A painting with a single color. 
[Gr. chroma, color.] — Mon'ochromat'ic, -kro-mat'- 
fk, a. Consisting of 1 color, or presenting rays of 
light of 1 color only.— Mon'ocii'nal, a. (Geol.) Hav- 
ing 1 oblique inclination, — said oi strata that dip in 
only 1 direction from the axis of elevation. {Gv.kli- 
nein, to incline.]— Monoc'ular, -ulous. -u-lus, a. Hav- 
ing 1 eye only; adapted to be used with only 1 eye 
at a time. [L. oculus, an eye.] — Mon'ocule, -kul, n. 
(Entom.) An insect with only 1 eye. — Mon'odac'- 
tylous, -dak'til-us, a. Having but ] finger or toe. 
[Gr. daktulos, finger.] — Mon'ody, -o-dl, n. A mourn- 
ful poem, in which a single mourner expresses lam- 
entation. [Gr. monodia, a solo ; ode, song.] — Mon'- 
odist, n. One who writes, etc.— Monog'amy, -a-mT, 
n. Union of 1 male with 1 female: practice or state 
of having only 1 husband, wife, or mate at a time,— 
opp. to bigamy and polygamy; also the state of such 
as may not marry again after the death of a first 
wife. [Gi. gamos, marriage.] — Monog'amist, ?i. One 
who holds to monagamy, as opp. to polygamy, etc.; 
one who disallows second marriages. — Mon'ogam''- 
ic, a. Pert, to, or involving, monogamy. — Monc- 
gen'esis, -jen'e-sis, -nog'eny, -noj'e-ni, n. Unity of 
origin, — esp. the theory that all mankind has a com- 
mon origin, opp. to )>oh/ genesis or polygeny. [Gr. 
genesis, origin.] — Mon'ogram, n. A character or 
cipher composed of 1, 2, or more letters, interwoven, 
being an abbreviation of a name. [Gr. gramma, a 
letter.] — Mon'ograph, -graf, n. A treatise upon or 
description of a single thing, or a single branch of a 
subject. [Gr. graphe, a description.] — Kon'ograpb/- 
ic, -ical, a. Drawn in lines without colors; pert, to a 
monograph.— Monog'raphy, -ra-fT, n. A represen- 
tation by lines only; an outline drawing ; a mere 
sketch; a monograph. — Mon'olith, n. A pillar, col- 
umn, etc., consisting of a single stone. [Gr. lithos, a 
stone.] — Mon'oJogue, -log, n. A speech uttered by a 
person alone; soliloquy; a poem, song, or scene com- 
posed for a single performer. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 
— MoVoma/'nia, -nT-a, n. Derangement of a single 
faculty of the mind, or with regard to a particular 
subject only. [Gr. mania, mania, q. v.] — Mon'o- 
ma'niac, n. One affected by monomania. — a. Af- 
fected with, etc. — Mono'mial, -no'mT-al, n. (Alg.) 
A single algebraic expression; that is, an expression 
unconnected with any other by the signs of addi- 
tion, subtraction, equality, or inequality. [Gr. name, 
distribution.] — Monop'athy, -a-thf, 
n. Solitary suffering or sensibility. 
[Gr. pathos, suffering.] — Mon'opet v - 
alous, -a-lus, a. (Lot.) Having only 
1 petal, or the corolla in 1 piece, or 
composed of petals cohering so as to 
form a tube. [Gr. petolon, leaf.] — 
Monophthong, mon'of-thong, n. A 
single uncompounded vowel sound ; 
a vowel digraph. [Gr. phthongoa, 
sound.] — Mon'ophthon'gal, -thon'- 
gal, o. Consisting of, or pert, to, Monopetalou? 
etc. — Monoph/ysite, -nof'l-slt, n. orGamopei- 
(Eccl. Hist.) One of an ancient sect alousFlower. 




tun, cube, full; moon, idol; cow, oil; linger ur ink, tiien, botfboN, cnair, get. 



MONDAY 



362 



MONTH 



who maintained that the human and divine in Jesus 
Christ constituted but 1 nature. [Gr. phusis, nature.] 

— Monop'oly,-o-lY, n. An exclusive right, privilege, 
or power of dealing in any species of goods, or of deal- 
ing with a country or market. [Gr. monopolia ; po- 
lein, to sell.]— Monopolist, -oliz'er, -o-liz'Sr, n. One 
who monopolizes.— Monopolize, v.t. [-lized (-lizd), 
-lizing.] To get possession of the whole of (a com- 
modity); to appropriate or control the exclusive sale 
of; to obtain the exclusive right of, esp. the right of 
trading to any place, or with any country or district ; 
to engross the whole of . — Monop'teral, a. {Arch.) 
With but 1 wing, — applied to a temple or circular 
inclosure of columns without a cell. [Gr. pteron, 
feather, wing.] — Monoptote, mon'op- or mo-nop'- 
tot, re. {Gram.) A noun having only 1 case. .[Gr. 
ptotos, fallen, fr. piptein, to fall.]— Mon'ostich, -stik, 
re. A composition consisting of 1 verse only. [Gr. 
stichos, line, verse.] — Mon'ostropb/ic, -strofik, a. 
{Pros.) Having 1 strophe only: not varied in meas- 
ure. [Gr. strophe, strophe.] — Mon'osyl'lable, -sil'- 
la-bl, re. A word of 1 syllable. [Gr. sidlabe, syllable.] 

— Mon'osyUab'ic, a. Consisting of 1 syllable ; con- 
sisting of words of 1 syllable. — Mon'otne'ism, -the / - 
izm, m. The doctrine or belief that there is but 1 
God. [Gr. theos, god.] — Mon'othe'ist, re. One who 
believes, etc. — Mon'otheisfic, a. Pert, to, or par- 
taking of, monotheism. — Monotb/elite, -noth'e-llt, 
?i. {Eccl. Hist.) One of an ancient sect who held 
that Christ had but 1 will in his 2 natures. [Gr. thel- 
ein, ethelein, to will.] — Mon'otone, -o-ton, n. {Mus.) 
A single unvaried tone or sound. {Rhet.) The ut- 
terance of successive syllables in 1 unvaried key or 
line of pitch, [Gr. tonos, tone.] — Monotonous, -o- 
nus, a. Uttered in 1 unvarying tone or kev; contin- 
ued with dull uniformity. — Monotonously, adv.— 
Monot'omousness, -ony, -o-nT, re. Absence of variety, 
as in speaking or singing; an irksome sameness or 
want of variety. 

Monday, mun'di, n. The 2& day of the week. [AS. 
Jlonan dseg, day of the moon; mona, gen. monati, 
moon, q. v.; deeg, day, q. v.] 

Money, mun'I, re.; pi. -eys, -iz. Coin; stamped metal 
used as the medium of commerce; any currency 
usually and lawfully employed in buying and sell- 
ing; cash; wealth. [ME. and OF. moneie,h. moneta, 
a mint (q. v.), also money.] — Mon'etary, -e-tSr-T, a. 
Pert, to or consisting in money; pecuniary. — Monk- 
eyed, -id, a. Rich in, having," consisting in, or com- 
posed of, money.— Mon 'ever, -T-er, n. {Coinage.) A 
responsible and authorized manufacturer of coin. — 
Moneyless, a. Destitute of money ; penniless. — 
Mon'ey-bro'ker. n. A broker who deals in money. 
— chan'ger, n. A broker who deals in money or ex- 
changes. or'der, n. An order for a sum of money, 

issued by a post-office to which payment has been 
made, and payable by another office. — Mon'etize, 
-e-tlz, v. t. [-TIZED (-tizd), -tizing] To convert into 
money, adopt as current money, give an established 
value to. 

Monger, mun'ger, re. A trader; dealer, — now used 
chiefly in composition. — v. t. To deal in, make 
merchandise of, traffic in. [AS. mangere, dealer, 
merchant, mangian, to traffic, Darter, ong. to deal in 
a mixture of things, f r. mang, sl mixture ; s. rt. manig, 
many.] — Mom'grel, mun'grel, a. Of a mixed breed ; 
hybrid, — re.. An animal of a mixed breed; one of 
no deflnite breed or without pedigree. [Fr. AS. 
mengan, to mingle (q. v.), fr. mang.] 

Mongoose. See Mungoose. 

Monition, mo-nish'un, re. Instruction given by way of 
caution; warning; information; notice. [F.; L. mo- 
nitio, fr. monere, moniturn, to remind; s. rt. Skr. man, 
to think: see Man.] — Mon'itive, -t-tiv, a. Convey- 
ing admonition; admonitory. — Monitor, re. One 
who warns, advises, cautions, instructs, or admon- 
ishes; a pupil selected to look to the scholars in the 
absence of an instructor, or to instruct a division or 
class. {Naut.) An ironclad war vessel, having its 
guns in a revolving turret, — this having been the 
name of the first vessel of the kind. [L., same as 
mentor. .] — Mon'itolial, -I-to'rf-al, a. Pert, to, per- 
formed by, conducted or taught by, or communi- 
cated by, monitors. — Monitory, -to-rf, a. Giving 
admonition ; warning. — Monltress, re. A female 
monitor. 

Monk. etc. See under Monad. 

Monkey, munk'T, re. ; pi. -eys, -iz. One of an order 
of 4-handed mammals, having pectoral mammae, 
short legs with hand-shaped prehensile feet, usual- 
ly, long arms with clasping hands, and almost al- 




Heads of Monkeys. 

1, Simiadoe; 2, Cebidse. 



ways a pre- 
hensile tail, 
—sometimes 
a p p 1 ie d to 
apes and ba- 
boon s ; a 
name of con- 
tempt, or of 
slight kind- 
n e s s ; the 
hammer of a 
p i 1 e-driver. 

[F. monne, monnine, Sp. and It. mona, Armor, mouna, 
inounika, Illyr. muna, maimun, Ar. maymoun, monk- 
ey.]— Monk'eyism, -T-izm, n. Conduct of a monk- 
ey ; rese-mblance to a monkey in disposition or ac- 
tions. — Monk'ey-jack'et, n. A tailless, close-fitting 
jacket. — rail, n. {Nam.) A second and lighter rail 
raised aboutii inches 
above the quarter-rail 
of a ship. — wrench, n. 
A wrench o r spanner 
having a movable jaw. 

Monocalpous, Monody, Monkey-wrench. 

Monogram, etc. See under Monad. 

Monseigneur, mawN-sa-nyer'', n. ; pi. Messeigneuks, 
ma-sa-nyer'. My lord; your grace or highness, — 
title of a person of high rank. [F. ; mon, my, seign- 
eur, lord.] — Monsieur, mo-sye r , n. ; pi. Messieurs, 
ma-sye'. Sir, or Mr. — title of civility to persons ad- 
dressed in speech or writing: it is used specifically of 
princes of the French blood-royal; a Frenchman,— in 
contempt or ridicule. [F.; sieur, contr. fr. seigneur.'] 

Monsoon, mon-soon', n. A wind alternating with the 
seasons, esp. a wind in the Indian Ocean, blowing 
from the S.-W. from April to Oct., and from the N.- 
E. during the other half of the year. [It. monsone, 
fr. Malay musitn, the monsoon, also a season, year, 
Ar. mawsim, a time, season.] 

Monster, monaster, w. Something of unnatural size, 
shape, or quality; a prodigy; an unnatural produc- 
tion ; an animal or plant departing from the usual 
type ; any thing or person horrible from ugliness, 
deformity, wickedness, or power to harm. [ME. 
and F. vionstre, fr. L. monstrum, a divine omen, por- 
tent, monster, fr. monere, to warn, lit. make to 
think; s. rt. man, mind (q. v.), demonstrate, remon- 
strate, mutter.] — Mon'strous, -strus, a. Having the 
qualities of a monster ; deviating greatly from the 
natural form ; abnormal ; enormous ; extraordi- 
nary ; marvelous ; shocking to the sight or other 
senses ; horrible ; dreadful. — adv. Exceedingly ; 
verv much. [OF. monstrueux, L. monstruosus, -stro- 
sws.] — Mon'strously, adv. In a monstrous manner; 
shockingly; to a great degree; enormously. — Mon'- 
strousness, n. — Monstrosity, -stros'T-tt, re. State 
of being monstrous; an unnatural production; that 
w h i c h is monstrous. — Mon'- 
strance, -strans, n. {Rom. Cath. 
Church.) A transparent pyx. in 
which the consecrated wafer or 
host is held up to view before 
the congregation. [OF. ; LL. 
monstrantia, demo nstration, 
proof, fr. L. monstrare, to show, 
fr. monere.] 

Montanic, mon-tanlk, a. Pert, 
to, or consisting in, mountains. 
[L. montanus. fr. rnons, montis, 
mountain: see Mount.] —Mont \ 
de Pi£te\ mawN / de-pe-a-ta /r . A 
pawnbroking establishment, to 




lend money to necessitous per- 



Monstrance. 



sons at a low rate of interest. [F.; It. monte di pietk, 
mount of piety. J 

Montanist, mon v ta-nist, re. {Eccl. Hist.) A follower 
of Montanus, a Phrygian bishop of the 2d century, 
who claimed that he was inspired in points not re- 
vealed to the apostles, and -that the Holy Spirit dwelt 
in him, and employed him to guide men in the 
Christian life. 

Monteth, mon-teth' or monleth, re. A vessel for 
washing glasses. [Inventor's name.] 

Month, munth, re. One of the 12 divisions of the calen- 
dar year ; time of one revolution of the moon ; four 
weeks. [ME. moneth, AS. monadh, mondh, prop, a 
lunation, f r. mona, moon ; s. rt. L. mensis, Skr. masa, 
Lithuan. menesis, month, menu, moon, Gr. men, 
month, mene, moon, q. v.] — Monthly, -It, a. Con- 
tinued, or performed in a month; happening once a 
A publication which 



month, or every month. ■ 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Tee ; 5dd, tone, or; 



MONUMENT 



363 



MORAL 



appears regularly once a month, 
month; in every month. 



• adv. Once a 




Phases of the moon. 
See Phase. 



Monument, mon'u-ment, n. Anything intended to 
remind or give notice; a building, pillar, stone, etc., 
erected in remembrance of a person, event, etc. ; 
memorial; tomb; cenotaph; an enduring or notable 
evidence, instance, orexample. [F.; L. monumentum, 
fr. monere, monition, to remind : see Monition.] — 
Monument' al, a. Of, pert, to, inscribed upon, suit- 
able for, or serving as, a monument; memorial.— 
Monumentally, adv. By way of memorial ; by 
means of monuments. 

Moo, moo, v. i. To make the noise of a cow ; to low. 
[Onomat.] 

Mood, mood, n. Manner; style; mode; logical form; 
musical style ; grammatical form indicating man- 
ner of action or being. [Same as mode, q. v.] 

Mood, mood, n. Temper of mind; temporary state of 
the mind in regard to passion or feeling. [AS. mod, 
mind, feeling, heart, D. moed, Dan. and Sw. mod, 
G. muth, courage, Ic. modhr, Goth, mods, wrath; 
perh. s. rt. man, mind.) — Mood'y, -T, a. [moodier, 
-iest.] Indulging moods, or varying frames of mind; 
out of humor: peevish; abstracted and pensive; 
gloomy; fretful; capricious. [AS. modig.) — Mood'- 
lly, -T-1T, adv. — Mood'iness, n. 

Moon, moon, n. The satellite which revolves round 
the earth; any second- 
ary planet, or satellite; 
a month ; a complete 
revolution of the moon. 
{Fort.) A crescent- 
formed outwork. — v. i. 
To act as if moon- 
struck; to stare dream- 
ily and inanely, wander 
idly. [ME. morte (2 syl.), 
AS. mona, OHG. m.ano, 
and see Month; s. rt. 
Skr. masa, a month, fr. 
ma, to measure.] — 
Moon-'y, -T, a. Pert, to, 
or like, the moon ; moon- 
struck; prone to moon. 

— Moon'ish, a. Like 
the moon; variable.— Moon'beam, n. A ray of light 
from the moon. — Moonlight, n. The light afforded 
by, etc. —a. Illuminated by, etc.; occurring during 
or by moonlight.— Moon'sliine, n. Moonlight; show 
without substance or reality. — Moon'-calf, n. A 
monster; a mole, or mass of fleshy matter, generated 
in the uterus; a stupid fellow. — eyed, -Id, a. Hav- 
ing eyes affected by the moon; dim-eyed; purblind. 
— stone, n. (Min.) A nearly pellueid variety of 
feldspar, showing pearly or opaline reflections from 
within. —-struck, a. Affected by the influence of 
the moon; lunatic. — year, n. A lunar year, con- 
sisting of 12 lunar months, or 354;^ days. 

Moor, moor, n. An extensive waste covered with 
heath, and having a poor, light soil, but sometimes 
marshy and abounding in peat; a heath; fen. [AS., 
Ic, and Dan. mor, 01). moer, G. moor; s. rt. mire, 
moss.]—- Moor'ish. a. Having the character of a 
moor ; marshy ; fenny ; watery. — Moor'y, -T, a. 
Of, pert, to, or like, moors ; boggy. — Moor'-cock, 
-fowl, -game, n. The red grouse or gorcock. — hen, 
n. The gallinule, or water-hen. See Gallinule. 
— land, n. A marsh; low, watery ground; a heath; 
large tract of waste ground. — stone, n. A species 
of Eng. granite. — Morass', -ras', n. A tract of soft, 
wet ground; marsh; swamp; bog; fen. [D. moeras, 
fr. OD. moer, a moor, also mire, mud, Sw. moras.] — 
Morass^y, -T, a. Marshy. 

Moor, moor, n. One of a swarthy Mohammedan race, 
once masters of Spain, 
but expelled in 16th 
cent., and now found 
in the towns of N. and 
N. W. Africa. [OF. 
More, Sp. Moro, L. 
Maurus, Gr. Mouros, 
prob. same as mauros, 
o.mauros, dark.] — 
Moor'ish, a. Pert, to 
Morocco or the Moors. 

— Moresque'', -resk', 
Mauresque', maw- 
resk', Moris'co, a. 
Done after the man- 
ner of the Moors. — n. A species of ornamentation 
upon flat surf aees, used by the Moors, painted, inlaid 





Moorish Archway. 



[F. moresque. It. moresco, Sp. morisco.) — Moris'co, 
Mo'risk, n. One of the Moors in Spain ; the Moor- 
ish language ; a Moorish dance, now called Morris- 
dance : one who dances it. — Moroc'co, n. A fine 
kind of leather, prop, made of goatskin and tanned 
with sumach, dyed, and grained, — said to have 
originated with the Moors. 
Moor, moor, v. t. [moored (moord), mooring.] (Naut.) 
To confine (a ship) by cables and anchors; to secure, 
fix firmly.— v. i. To be confined by cables or chain3. 
[D. marren; s. rt. mar, marline.) — Moor'age, -ej, n. 
A place for mooring. — Moor'ing, n. Act of confin- 
ing a ship to a particular place, bv anchors, etc.; 
that by which a ship is secured or confined; pi. place 
or condition of a ship thus confined. 
Moose, moos, Moose'deer, n. A large, ungainly Amer 
deer, the congener of the 
European elk, having a 
short, thick neck, with a 
mane, a long, flexible' 
nose, and very long, 
coarse ears : the males 
have antlers, branched 
and broadly palmate. 
[Indian_name.J 
Moot, moot, v. t. To argue 
for and against, debate; 
to propound and discuss 
in a mock court. —v. i. Jioose. 

To argue or plead on a supposed cause. — o. Sub- 
ject to argument or discussion: undecided; debat- 
able. — n. A debate; esp., a discussion of fictitious 
causes by way of practice. [AS. motian, to cite, 
summon, fr. AS. and Ic. mot, MHG. moz, a meeting, 
assembly; s. rt. L. manere, Gr. menein, to remain, E. 
meet.) — Moot'-case, -point, n. A point, case, ox 
question, to be mooted or debated; a disputable case. 

court, n. A court held for arguing or trying 

feigned cases. 
Mop, mop, n. A piece of cloth, or a collection of 
thrums, fastened to a handle, for washing floors ; a 
thick, shaggy, or untidy mass, as of hair. — v. t. 
[mopped (mopt), -PING.] To rub or wipe with, or 
as with, a mop. [Prob. fr. OF. mappe, a napkin ; 
perh. W. mop, Ga. moibeal, Ir. moipal, a mop, are fr. 
the E.] — Mop'-board, n. A narrow board covering 
the wall of a room next to the floor. — Mop'pet, ra. 
A rag baby; a little girl; woman. — Mop'sey, -sf, n. 
A moppet: a slatternly woman. 
Mop, mop, n. A grimace ; a wry mouth, —v. i. To 
grimace. [Same as mope.) — Mope, mop, v. i. [moped 
(inopt), moping.] To be very stupid; to be dull; to 
be spiritless or gloomy. — v. t. To make spiritless 
or stupid.— n. A dull, stupid person ; a drone. [D. 
moppen, to pout, sulk; same as mock.) — Mop'ish, a. 
Dull; spiritless; sulky; sullen.— Mop'ishness. n. 
Moquette, mo-kef, n. A fine tapestry or Brussels 

carpet; Wilton carpet. [F.] 
Moraine, mo-ran', n. (Geol.) A line of stones and 
other debris along the sides and at the foot of sepa- 
rate glaciers, and along the middle part of glaciers 
formed by the union of separate ones. [F. ; cf. Pg. 
morraria, a ridge of shelves of sand, ir. morra, a 
rock, shelf of sand, It. mora, pile of rocks, Bava- 
rian mur, sand, broken stones; s. rt. OHG. muruwi, 
soft, brittle, AS. meai~u, tender, L. mola, a mill, E. 
meal, mold.) 
Moral, mor'al, a. Pert, to those intentions and ac- 
tions of which right and wrong, virtue and vice, are 
predicated; conformed to rules of right; virtuous; 
just; conformed to law and right in deportment; ca- 
pable of moral action; subject to the moral law; cal- 
culated to serve as the basis of action; probable. — n. 
Doctrine or practice of the duties of life, manners, 
conduct, behavior, — usually in pi.; the inner sig- 
nificance of a fable, occurrence, experience, etc. [F.; 
L. moralis, fr. mos, moris, manner, custom; s. rt. 
demure.) — Moral philosophy. Science of the nature, 
condition, and duties of man as a moral being. — 21. 
sense. Power of moral judgment and feeling. — 
Mor'alist, n. One who moralizes or teaches moral- 
ity; one who practices moral duties. — Moral'ity, 
mo-raKi-tY, n. Relation of conformity or non-con- 
formity to the true moral standard or rule; doctrine 
or system of moral duties: ethics; practice of the 
moral and social duties; external virtue; a kind of 
play, which consisted of discourses in praise of mo- 
rality between allegorical actors. fF. morality.) — 
Mor'ally, adv. In a moral or ethical sense; accord- 
ing to moral rules; virtuously; honestly: practically, 



eCn, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



MORASS 



364 



MORT 



according to the usual course of things and human 
judgment. — Morale', mo-raK, ra. Moral condition 
or mental state (of a body of men, an army, etc.). 
[F.] — Mor'alize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To ap- 
ply to a moral purpose, explain in a moral sense, 
draw a moral from; to lend amoral to; to render 
moral or virtuous.— v. i. To make moral reflections. 

— Mor'alizer, n. — Mor'aliza'tion, n. Act of mor- 
alizing; explanation in a moral sense. 

Morass. See under Moor. 

Moravian, mo-ra'vt-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a re- 
ligious sect called the United Brethren, orig. fr. Mo- 
raria, Austria. 

Morbid, m6r'bid, a. Not sound and healthful ; in- 
duced by a diseased or abnormal condition; sickly; 
sick. [F. morbide, L. morbid us, fr. morbus, disease; 
s. rt. L. mori, to die, mors, death, E. mortal.] — 
Mor'bidly, adv.— Mor'bidness, ».— Morbific, -ical, 
a. Causing, or tending to produce, disease. [h.fu- 
cere, to make.] — Morbose', -bos', a. Proceeding 
from disease; unsound; unhealthy. [L. morbosus.] 

Morceau, m6r-so', n. A bit; a morsel. [F., fr. L. mor- 
sum, a bit, f r. mordere, morsus, to bite ; prob. s. rt. 
smart.'] — Mor'sel, n. A bite; mouthful; a small 
quantity of anything; little piece; fragment. [OF. 
= F. marceau, It. morsello.] — Morda'cious, -shus, a. 
Biting; given to biting; sarcastic; severe; scathing. 
[L. mordax, -dacis, fr, mordere.] — Mordacity, 
-das't-tt, n. Quality of being mordacious; biting 
or sarcastic quality. [F. mordacite'.] — Mor'dant, a. 
Biting; caustic; sarcastic. {Dyeing & Calico Print- 
ing.) Serving to fix colors. — ??. A substance which 
gives fixity to dyes, or one which makes gold leaf 
adhere. [F., p. pr. of mordre = L. mordere.] . 

More, mor, n. Greater quantity, amount, or number; 
something other and further. — a., comp. [used as 
compar. of much and many; superl. Most.] Greater 
in amount, degree, quality, number, etc.; additional. 

— adv. In a greater quantity, extent, or degree; 
rather; in addition; further; besides; again. [ME. 
mo, also more ; mo = AS. ma (a. and adv.), more in 
number, additional ; s. rt. G. mehr, Goth, mats, L. 
magis, more, E. may, q. v.; ME. more = AS. mara, 
greater, bigger ; s. rt. 1c. meiri, Goth, maiza, great- 
er.] — No more. Existing no longer ; departed ; de- 
ceased or destroyed.— The m. To a greater degree; 
by an added quantity ; for a reason already speci- 
fied. — The m., — them. By how much more, — by 
so much more. — Moreo'ver, adv. Beyond what 
has been said; further; also; likewise ; besides. — 
Most, most, a. [superl. of more.] Consisting of the 
greatest number or quantity; greatest, —n. The 
greatest, etc. — adv. In the greatest or highest de- 
gree. [ME. most, meste, AS. msest, Ic. mes/r, Goth. 
maists.]— Mostly, -It, adv. For the greatest part ; 
chiefly; in the main. 

Moreen, mo-ren', n. A heavy watered woolen stuff, 
used for curtains, etc. [Same as mohair.] 

Morel, mor'el, Mor'il, n. An edible mushroom of the 
size of a walnut, abounding with little holes. [F. 
morille, OI1G. morhila.] 

Morel, mor'el, Morel'lo, n. A variety of juicy cherry 
of an acid taste. [F. morelle.] 

Moresque. See under Moor. 

Morganatic, m6r-ga-nat'ik, a. Pert, to, or in the man- 
ner of, a marriage of a man with a woman of in- 
ferior rank, in which neither the latter nor her 
children can enjoy the rank or inherit the posses- 
sions of her husband, though the children are legiti- 
mate. [LL. morgenatica, fr. G. morgen, morning, 
here an abbr. of MUG. morgengabe, morning-gift, i. 
e., a present formerly made by the husband to the 
wife on the morning after their marriage.] 

Moribund. See under Mortal. 

Moril. See Morll. 

Morion, mo'rl-un, n. A kind of hat-shaped metal 
helmet, without visor or beaver. [F. morion, Sp. 
mom-ion, fr. morra, the crown of the head, morro, 
anything round.] 

Morioplasty, mo'rt-o-plas'tt, n. (Surg.) The resto- 
ration of lost parts of the body. [Gr. morion, dim. of 
moras, a part, and plassein, to mold, form.] 

Morisco, Morisk. See under Moor. 

Morling, mdr'ling, n. Wool plucked from a dead 
sheep. [F. mort, L. mortuus, dead, fr. moriri, to die: 
see Mortal.] 

Mormon, mSr'mon, n. One of a polygamous sect in 
the U. S., followers of Joseph Smith, who claimed to 
have found an addition to the Bible, called the Book 
of Mormon. — Mor'monism, -izm, n. Doctrine of, 
etc. — Mor'monite, -it, n. A Mormon. 



Moor.] 



Morn, m&rn, n. The first part of the day; the morn- 
ing ; the following day; morrow. [ME. morwen, 
rnorwe, morn, AS., D., and G. morgen; prob. s. rt. 
Gr. marmairein, to glitter, Skr. marichi, a ray of 
light, L. marmor = E. marble.] — Morning, n. The 
early part of the day, earliest hours of light, time 
from midnight to noon, from rising till dinner, etc.; 
the first or early part. — ■ a. Pert, to, or in, the early 
part of the day. [ME., contr. fr. morwening, a be- 
coming morwen, morn.] — Morning-glory, n. A 
climbing plant, having funnel-shaped flowers. — 
-star, n. The most brilliant planet visible on a given 
morning, esp. the planet Venus, when it precedes 
the sun in rising. — Mor'row, mSr'ro, n. Morning 
(as, good morrow); the next following day; the day 
following the present; to-morrow. [ME. morwe.] 

Morocco. See under Moor. 

Morose, mo-ros', a. Of a sour temper; sullen; austere; 
splenetic; crabbed; surly; ill-natured. FL. morosus, 
self-willed, fr. mos, moris, self-will, also custom, 
character.] — Morosely, adv. — Morose'ness, n. 

Morpnia, mor'f I-a, Mor'phine, -fin or -fen, n. ( Chem.) 
A vegetable alkaloid, the bitter, narcotic principle 
of opium: its salts are used in medicine as an ano- 
dyne. [Gr. Morpheus, god of sleep and dreams, fr. 
morphe, a shape, form.] — Morphol'ogy, -fol'o-jt, n. 
Science of the ideal forms and arrangement of the 
parts in the structure of animals and plants. [Gr. 
morphe and logos, discourse.] 

Morrice, -ris, mor'ris, n. A dance in imitation of the 
Moors, usually performed with castanets, by a sin- 
gle person ; a dance formerly common in Eng., 
joined with the May-day processions; a game played 
on the ground or on a board by 2 persons, wi ' 
pieces each. [See Morisco, under M 

Morrow. See under Morn. 

Morse, m6rs, n. The sea-horse, or walrus. [Russ. 
morj, Lapp, morsk.] 

Morsel. See under Morceau. 

Mort, m6rt, n. A note or tune sounded at the death 
of game. [F.; L. mors, mortis, death, mori, to die; 
s. rt. Skr. mri, to die.] — Mor'tal, a. Subject to 
death; destructive to life; causing death; admitting, 
or accessible to, death; incurring the extreme pen- 
alty of God's law ; not venial ; extreme ; human ; 
belonging to man, who is mortal; wearisomely long. 

— n. A being subject to death; man. [OF.; L. mor- 
talis.] — Mortal foe, or enemy. An inveterate, or im- 
placable enemy. — Mortality, -t-tt, n. Condition 
or quality of being mortal; death; destruction; the 
whole number of deaths in a given time or commu- 
nity ; those who are, or that which is, mortal ; the 
human race : humanity. [F. mortality, L. mortal- 
itas.] — Mor 'tally, adv. In a mortal manner; irre- 
coverably; in the highest possible decree; inveter- 
ately.— Moribund, mSr'T-bund, a. At the point of 
death; dying. [L. moribundus.] — Mort'uary, m6rt'- 
u-a-rf , n. A gift due to the minister of a parish on 
the death of a parishioner; a burial-place; a morgue. 
—a. Pert, to the burial of the dead. [LL. mortua- 
rium, a burial-fee, L. mortuarius, pert, to the dead.] 

— Mort'gage, mor'gej, n. (Law.) A conveyance of 
property, as security for payment of a debt or per- 
formance of a duty, on condition that the grant shall 
become void upon payment or performance; state of 
being pledged.— v. t. [mortgaged (-g-ejd), -gaging.] 
To convey as security, etc.; to pledge; to make liable 
to the payment of any debt or expenditure. [OF., 
lit. dead pledge (see Gage), — because whatever 
profit it might yield, it did not thereby redeem it- 
self, but became lost or dead to the mortgager upon 
breach of the condition.]— Mortgagee', -ga-je', n. 
One to whom a mortgage is made or given. — Mort' - 
gageor', -gej-6r', Mort'gager, -ga-ier, n. One who 
conveysproperty as security for debt. — Mort 'main, 
mort'man, n. (Law.) Possession of lands or tene- 
ments in dead hands, or hands that cannot alienate, 

— orig. by the church, now by any corporation. 
[F.; main, L. manus, a hand.] — Mortif'erous, -tif '- 
er-us, a. Producing death; fatal; destructive. [L. 
mortifer, fr. mors and ferre, to bring.] — Mor'ttfy, 
-tf-fi. v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To destroy the 
organic texture and vital functions of; to deaden 
by religious discipline, as the carnal affections, bod- 
ily appetites, or worldly desires; to abase; to affect 
with vexation, chagrin, or humiliation; to humble. 

— v. i. To lose vitality, as flesh; to practice severi- 
ties and penance from religious motives; to be sub- 
dued. [OF. mortifier, L. mortificare, to cause death, 
fr. facere, to make.] — Mor'tinca'tion, n. Act of, 
or condition of being, etc., esp. (Med.) death of one 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or 



MORTAR 



365 



MOUNT 





part of an animal body, while the rest continues to 
live ; subjection of the passions and appetites, by pen- 
ance, abstinence, etc. ; humiliation, chagrin, vexa- 
tion; that which mortifies. [OF.] — Mor'tifi'er, n. 

Mortar, mQr'tar, n. A wide-mouthed vessel, in which 
substances are pounded 
with a pestle. (Mil.) A 
short piece of ordnance, 
with large bore, for throw- 
ing bombs, shells, etc, at 
high angles of elevation. 
[As. mortere, L. mortarium.^^^gggggmBgm 
a vessel in which to pound Mortar 

things ; s. rt. L. martuhts, a 

hammer, E. mar.] — A mixture of lime and sand 
with water, used as a cement for uniting stones and 
bricks in walls. [F. mortier, fr. L. mortarium, lit. 
6tuff pounded together.] 

Mor'tise, mSr'tis, n. A cavity cut into a piece of tim- 
ber, or other material, esp. one to receive 
the end of another piece, made to fit it, 
called a tenon. — v. t. [mortised (-tist), 
-using.] To make a mortise in; to join 
by a tenon and mortise. [F. mortaise, 
Sp. mortaja; perh. s. rt. Ar. murtazz, 
fixed in the mark — said of an arrow.] 

Mortmain, Mortuary. See under Mort. 

Mosaic, mo-za'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to Moses, 
the leader and lawgiver of the Israelites. 

Mosaic, mo-za'ik, n. Inlaid work, in 
which the effect of painting is produced }., \.' w , 
bv yieces of colored stone, wood, glass, -ionise ana 
etc— a. Of, or pert, to, etc. ; varie- J-enon. 
gated ; tessellated ; also, composed of various ma- 
terials or ingredients. 
[OF. mosaique, Late 
Gr. mouseion, mosaic 
work, neut. of Gr. 
rnouseios, pert, to the 
Muses, hence artis- 
tic, fr. mousa, a Muse, 
q. v.] 

Moslem, mozlem, n. 
A Mussulman ; an or- 
thodox Mohamme- 
dan. — a. Pert, to, 
etc. [Ar. muslim. a 
true believer in the 
Mohammedan faith, 
fr. salama, to submit 
(to God); s. rt. mussul- 
man, Islam, salam.] 

Mosque, mosk, n. A Mohammedan place of worship. 
[F. mosque'e, Sp. mezquita, Ar. masjid, fr. sajada, 
to bend, adore.] 

Mosquito, mus-ke'to, n. ; pi. -toes, -toz. A small dip- 
terous stinging insect of several species, having a 
sharp-pointed proboscis, by which it punctures the 
6kins of animals and sucks their blood. [Sp., dim. 
of mosca, L. musca, Gr. muia, a fly.] — Mosquito bar, 
or net. A net or curtain (over a bed, or in a window) 
to exclude mosquitoes. 

Moss, mos, n. (Bot.) An acrogenous cryptogamous 
plant of a cellular structure, with branching stem, 
narrow leaves, and a distinct root, — popularly ap- 
plied to other cryptogamic plants, esp. lichens. A 
bog ; a place where peat is found. — v. t. [mossed 
(most), mossing.] To cover with moss. [ME., D., 
Dan., MHG. mos, AS. meos, Ic. most, moss, also 
MHG. mos, Ic. mosi, moorland, swamp ; s. rt. Russ. 
mokh\ L. muscus, moss, E. mire, perh. Gr. moschos, 
a young shoot of a plant, scion.] — Moss^y, -T, a. 
[-IER, -iest.] Overgrown, abounding, or bordered 
with, moss. — Mossiness, n. — Moss'-rose, n. A vari- 
ety of rose having a mosslike pubescence or growth 
on the calyx or envelope of the flower. — troop'er, n. 
One of a class of marauders that formerly infested 
the border country between England and Scotland. 

Most, Mostly. See under More. 

Mostic, -tick. Same as Maul-stick. 

Mot, mo, n. A pithy or witty saying ; a witticism, 
f F., fr. L. muttwn, a mutter, grunt, muttire, to mut- 
ter, mumble; s. rt. Gr. mu, a muttered sound, E. 
mutter.] — Motet', mo-fet', n. (Mus.) A musical 
Composition adapted to sacred words in church style ; 
an anthem. [F. ; Olt. mottetto, dim. of motto.'] — 
Mot' to, n. ; pi.- toes, -tOz. A phrase or sentence 
prefixed to an essay, poem, etc., and apposite to its 
subject ; a phrase attached to a device. [It., fr. L. 
muttum.] 

Mote, mot, n. A small particle, speck, spot [AS. mot.] 




Mosaic. 




Moth, moth, n. (Entom.) A lepidopterous insect, 
of many species, allied to 
the butterfly, having an- 
tenna that taper regular-, 
ly to a point, and Hying 
mostly by night; a miller; 
a small caterpillar or larve 
of certain insects, very de- 
structive to woolen goods, 
furs, honey, and some veg- 
etable substances. That „ 
which gradually and si- Feather-winged Moth, 
lently consumes or wastes anything. [AS. modhdhe, 

D. mot, a moth; s. rt. AS. madhu, D. and G. made, a 
maggot, Goth, matha, a worm, prob. E. mow, to cut 
grass.] — Moth'-eat, -et, v. t. To eat or prer upon, 
as a moth eats a garment. — Motb/y, -T, a. Full of, 
or eaten by, moths. 

Mother, muth'Sr, n. A female parent, esp. of the hu- 
man race; that which has produced anything; source 
oi birth or origin. — a. Received by birth or from 
anoestors; native; natural; acting the part, or hav- 
ing the place of, a mother. [AS., Dan., and Sw. 
moder, Ic. modhir, G. mutter, OHG. mvotar, L. ma- 
ter, Gr. meter, Skr. mnta; s. rt. Skr. ma, to measure, 

E. maternal.] — Mother Carey's chicken. (Ornith.) A 
small oceanic bird; the stormy petrel. See Petrel. 
— Moth'er-hood, n. State of being a mother.— Motb/- 
erly, -It, a. Pert, to, or becoming, a mother; tender; 
maternal. — adv. In the manner of, etc. — Moth'er- 
less, a. Destitute of, or having lost, etc. — Motb/er- 
in-law', n. The mother of one's husband or wife.— 
-land, n. The land of one's mother or parents.— 
-of-pearl', n. The hard, silvery, brilliant, internal 
layer of several kinds of shells, esp. oyster shells of 
the Indian seas ; \acre. — tongue, n. A language 
from which another language has had its origin; 
one's native language. — wit, n. Native wit; com- 
mon sense. 

Mother, mutfa/er, n. A thick, slimy vegetable growth 
which forms in certain saccharine or alcoholic liq- 
uids, turning them into vinegar; the vinegar plant. 
— v. i. To produce or become thick with mother. 
[Prop, mudder, fr. mud, q. v. ; OD. modder, mud, 
mire, also lees, dregs, etc., G. moder, mud, mutter, 
mother (parent), also sediment.] — Motb/ery, -er-Y, 
a. Like, of the nature of, or containing, etc. [G. 
moderig.] — Moth'er-wa'ter, n. The impure resi- 
due of a liquor from which crystals have been ob- 
tained— Motherwort, -wert, n. (Bot.) An herb 
of a bitter taste, used popularly in medicine. 

Motion, Motive, Motor, etc. See under Move. 

Motley, mofll, a. Variegated in color; dappled; het- 
erogeneously made or mixed up; discordantlv com- 
posite.— n. A fool's parti-colored coat. [OF. mat- 
tele, spotted, clotted — said orig. of curdled milk, 
Bavarian matte, curds.] — Mot'tle, -tl, v. t. [-tled 
(-tld), -tling.] To mark with spots of different 
colors. 

Motto. See under Mot. 

Mould, Moulder, etc. See Mold, etc 

Moult. See Molt. 

Mound, mownd, n. An artificial hill or elevation of 
earth ; a raised bank ; bulwark ; rampart ; also, a 
natural isolated hill, hillock, or knoll. — v. t. To 
fortify with a mound. [ME., a protection, AS. 
mund, OHG. munt, protection, a hand, OFries. mund, 
G. vormund, a guardian; prob. s. rt. L. eminere, to 

i'ut out, E. promontory, mount, q. v.; prob. not s. rt. 
j. manus, a hand.] — Mound'-build'er, n. One of an 
aboriginal N. Amer. race which built mounds and 
earthworks, esp. in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys. 

Mound, mownd, n. (Her.) A globe forming part of 
the regalia of a sovereign, [F. monde, L. mundus, 
the world.] 

Mount, mownt, n. A mass of earth rising considerably 
above the surrounding surface; a mountain; means 
or opportunity for mounting ; esp., a horse, and the 
equipments for a horseman. — v. i. To rise on high, 
go up, ascend, tower ; to get upon anything, esp. 
on horseback; to amount, count up. — v. t. To get 
upon, ascend, climb ; to bestride ; to put on horse- 
back, furnish with horses ; to put on anything that 
sustains and fits for use, as a gun on a carriage, a map 
on cloth or paper ; to prepare for being worn or 
used, as a diamond by setting, etc, [ME. and AS. 
munt, a mount, hill, L. mons, montis, a mountain ; 
s. rt. L. eminere, to jut out, E. eminent, menace; ME. 
mounten, F. monter, to mount, ascend, OF. a >.>07it, 
up hill, fr. mont = L. mons; s. rt. E. amount.] — 
To mount guard. (Mil.) To take the station, and 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNbos. chai r , t*- 



MOURN 



366 



MUCUS 



do the duty, of a sentinel. — Mount'able, a. Capa- 
ble of being mounted. — Mounting, re. Act of pre- 
paring for use, or embellishing; that by which any- 
thing is prepared for use, or set off to advantage ; 
embellishment.— Mount'ebank, -e-bank, re. A quack- 
doctor who vends nostrums from a bench or public 
stage; any boastful and false pretender; a charlatan. 
[It. montambanco, Olt. monta in banco, fr. montare 
(= F. rnonter), to mount, in (= L. in, in, on), and 
banco (= MHG. banc), bench, monev-table : see 
Bank.] — Mountain, -in, n. A large mass of earth 
and rock, rising above the adjacent land; a very high 
hill, esp. a particular elevation in a lofty range; 
something very large. — a. Pert, to, or found on, 
etc. ; of mountain size ; vast. [ME. and OF. mon- 
taine, LL. montana, neut. pi. of L. montanus, moun- 
tainous, f r. mons.] — Mount/ameer', -in-er', n. An 
inhabitant of a mountain.— Mount'ainous, -in-us, a. 
Full of mountains; large as a mountain; huge. 
Mourn, morn, v. i. [mourned (mornd), mourning.] 
To feel or express grief or sorrow, grieve, lament; to 
wear the customarv habit of sorrow. — v. t. To grieve 
for; to utter in a sorrowful manner, deplore, bewail, 
bemoan. [AS. murnan,lc.morna, to grieve; s. rt. Ic. 
murra, to murmur, q . v.] — Mourn'er, re. One who 
mourns; one who follows a funeral in the habit of 
mourning. — Mourn'ful, -f ul, a. Full of, expressing, 
intended to express, or causing, sorrow; lugubrious; 
sad; doleful; grievous; calamitous. — Mourn / 'fully, 
adv.— Mourn'fulness , n.— Mourning, n. Act of sor- 
rowing; lamentation; sorrow; dress worn by mourn- 



b, mows, re.; pi. Mice, mis. A small rodent quad- 
ruped infesting houses and fields. [AS., Ic, Dan., 
Sw., L., and Gr. mus, Skr. musha, mouse, lit. the 
stealing animal, fr. Skr. mush, to steal; pi. in AS. 
mys, in Ic. myss.] — Mouse'-hole, n. A hole which 
mice enter or pass; a very small hole or entrance. — 
-trap, re. A trap for catching mice. — Mouse, mowz, 
v. i. [moused (mowzd), mousing.] To watch for 
and catch mice ; to watch for or pursue anything 
in a sly manner. — Mous'er, n. One that mouses; a 
cat that catches mice. — Mu'rine, -rin, a. Pert, to 
mice ; mouse-colored. [L. murinus, f r. mus, muris.] 

Moustache. See Mustache. 

Mouth, mowth, re. The aperture between the lips ; 
aperture by which an animal takes food ; also, the 
cavity within the lips, containing the jaw, teeth, 
and tongue ; an opening ; orifice ; aperture ; as of 
a vessel hy which it is filled or emptied, charged or 
discharged ; or, of any cavity, as a cave, pit, well, 
or den; or, the opening through which the waters of 
any body of water are discharged into another; a 
principal speaker ; mouth-piece ; a wry face ; gri- 
mace. [AS. rnudli, Goth, munths.] — Moutb/ful, Jul, 
n. ; pi. -fuls. As much as the mouth contains at 
once ; a small quantity. — MoutbZ-or'gan, n. A 
small wind instrument, played by blowing upon 

metallic reeds; a harmonica. piece, n. The piece 

of a musical wind instrument to which the mouth is 
applied; one who delivers the opinions of others. — 
Mouth, mowth, v. t. [mouthed (mowthd), mouth- 
ing.] To chew, devour; to utter with a voice affect- 
edly big or swelling. — v. i. To speak with a full, 
round, or loud, affected voice ; to vociferate, rant. 

Move, moov, v. t. [moved (moovd), moving.] To 
cause to change place or posture, carry from one 
place to another, alter the position of, set in motion; 
to excite to action by presentation of motives; to af- 
fect (the mind, will, or passions); to arouse the feel- 
ings or passions of ; esp., to excite to tenderness or 
compassion; to offer formally for consideration and 
determination, in a publie assembly, propose, offer. 
— v. i. To change place or posture; to go from 
one place to another; to act mentally or spiritually; 
to change residence; to bring forward a motion in 
in assembly; to make a proposal, — re. Act of mov- 
ing; movement; act of moving a piece used in play- 
ing a game, as chess. [OF. moroir, F. mouvoir, L. 
movere, motum, to move; s. rt. Skr. miv,p. p. inuta, 
to push, Gr. ameuomai, I change place, E. mob, mo- 
bile, moment, commotion, promote, remove, etc.] — 
Moveable, a. Capable of being moved; not fixed; 
changing from one time to another. —Moveable, n.; 
pi. -bles, -biz. An article of wares or goods; gen- 
erally, in pi. ; goods ; wares ; furniture ; property 
not fixed, opp. to real estate. — Mov'ableness, n. — 
Mov'ably, adv. — Move'ment, n. Act of moving ; 
change of place or posture: mentalaction; emotion; 
manner of moving; that which moves or imparts 
motion. (Mus.) Rhythm; any single strain, or part, 



having the same measure or time. [OF.] — Mov'er, 
re. A person or thing that moves, stirs, or changes 
place ; a motor; motive power; one who offers a prop- 
osition, or recommends anything for consideration 
or adoption. — MoVing, p. a. Changing place or 
posture ; causing motion or action ; exciting the pas- 
sions or affections ; touching ; pathetic ; affecting. 

— Mo' tile, -til, a. Having powers of self-motion, 
though unconscious. [F.] — Motion, -shun, re. Act 
or process of changing place or position ; gesture ; 
movement ; manner of moving ; port ; gait ; air ; 
power of, or capacity for, moving; movement of the 
mind, will, desires, or passions; proposition offered, 
esp. in a deliberative assembly. — v. i. [motioned 
(-shund), -tioning.] To make a significant move- 
ment or gesture ; to make proposal, offer a proposi- 
tion. [1.; 'L.motw, a motion.] — Motionless, a. 
Wanting motion; at rest. — Motive, -tiv, a. Caus- 
ing motion ; having power, or tending, to move. — n. 
That which incites to action ; anything moving the 
will; incentive; incitement; inducement; stimulus; 
cause. (Fine Arts.) The theme or conception which 
the artist embodies in his work. [ME. and OF. 
motif, LL. motivum, a motive, motivus, moving.] — 
Motivlty, -T-tT, n. Power of producing motion ; 
quality of being influenced by motives. — Mo'tor, 
re. One who, or that which, imparts motion ; a 
source or originator of mechanical power, etc. [L.] 

— Mo'tor, -tory, -to-ri, a. Giving motion ; pert, to 
organs of motion. 

Mow, mow, re. A heap or pile of hay or sheaves of 
grain in a barn; place in a barn where hay or grain 
is stowed. — v.t. [mowed (mowd), mowing.] To 
pile and stow away in a barn, as hay or sheaves. 
[AS. muga, a mow, Ic. muga, a swath in mowing ; 
perh. 8. rt. Skr. mu, to bind.] 

Mow, mo, v.*. limp, mowed; p. p. mowed (mod) or 
mown (mon); mowing.] To cut down with a scythe, 
as grass; to cut the grass from; to cut down indis- 
criminately, or in great numbers or quantity. — v. i. 
To cut grass, perform the business of mowing. [AS. 
mawan, OHG. majan, man ; s. rt. Gr. aman, L. me~ 
tere, to reap, E. mead, aftermath, perh. moth.] — 
Mow'er, re. 

Mow, mow, re. A wry face. — v. i. To make mouths, 
grimace, pout. [F. moue, fr. OD. mouwe, the pro- 
truded underlip; s. rt. mock.] 

Moxa, moks'a, re. A substance burnt on the skin as 
a remedy or counter-irritant. [Corrupt.fr. Japan. 
mogusa (pron. mongsa), an escharotic made from the 
plant yomogi; s. rt. F. moxa.] 

Mr. Abbr. of mister, q. v. —Mrs. Abbr. of mistress, 
but pron. mis'sis. See Mistress. 

Much, much, a. [compar. & superl. wanting, but sup- 
plied by more and most.] Great in quantity or 
amount; long in duration ; abundant; plenteous. — 
re. A great quantity; great deal; a thing uncommon, 
wonderful, or noticeable. — adv. To a great degree 
or extent; greatly; abundantly; far; often, or long: 
in nearly the same condition; almost. [ME. moche, 
muche, miche, Ic. mjok; s. rt. Gr. megas, great.] 

Mucid, Mucilage, etc. See under Mucus. 

Muck, muk, n. Dung in a moist state; a mass of de- 
caying vegetable matter ; black swamp earth con- 
taining decomposed vegetable matter ; peat ; some- 
thing mean, vile, or filthy. — v. t. To manure with 
muck. [Ic. myki, Dan. mog, dung ; not s. rt. AS. 
meox, dung.] — Muck'y, -t, a. Full of, or covered 
with, etc.— Muck'iness, n. — Muck'-worm, re. A 
worm that lives in muck; a miser. 

Muck. See Amuck. [ w, 

Mucronate, mu'kro-nat, -nated, a. (Bot. & / tt O 
Zobl.) Terminating abruptly, with a short, I \\ / 
spinous process. [L. mwcronatus, f r. mucro, !\N/J 
mucronis, a sharp point.] l\\ /, 

Mucus, mu'kus, n. (Physiol.) A viscid fluid lv 
secreted by the mucous membrane, which it 
moistens and defends; any other animal fluid 
of a viscid quality. [L.; Gr. mukos, slime, 
the discharge from the nose; s. rt. Skr. much, 
to cast away, effuse.] — Mu'cous, -kus, a. 
Pert, to, resembling, or secreting mucus ; *j 1 "^ ro * 
slimy; secreting a slimy substance. — Mucous |£*' 
membrane. The membrane lining all the 
cavities of the body which communicate with an 
external opening. — Mu'cousness, re.— Mu'culent. a. 
Slimv ; moist, and moderately viscous. — Mu'cid, -sid , 
a. Musty; moldy ; slimy. [L. mucidus, fr. mucus.] — 
Mu'cilage, -sT-lej, re. (Chem.) One of the proximate 
elements of vegetables; an aqueous solution of gum. 
[F., slime, clammy sap, gluey juice, L. mucUago, 



im, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r : 



MUD 



36 



MULTANGULAR 



moldy moisture, fr. mucus.'] — Mucilag'inous, -laj'T- 
nus, a. Of the nature of mucilage ; moist, soft, and 
lubricous; slimy ; pert, to, or secreting, mucilage. — 
Mucilag'inousness, «. — Mucip'arous, -sip'a-ruS; a. 
Secreting or producing mucus. [L. parere, to bring 
forth, produce.] 
Hud, mud, n. Earth wet, soft, and adhesive : mire. 

— v. t. To make turbid, or foul, with dirt ; to 
muddy. [OLG. mudde, Dan. mudder, D. modeler, 
mud, Sw. madder, lees of wine, mother, q. v.; s. rt. 
Bavarian mott, peat, Ic. mo lha, a river, also mud. 
Gr. miainein, to pollute.] — Mud'dy, -dl, a. [-diek, 
-ihest.] Besmeared with, containing, or consisting 
bf mud or adhesive earth ; of the color of mud ; tur- 
bid; thick, as with dregs ; gross; impure; cloudy in 
mind; dull; heavy; stupid. — v. t. [muddied (-did), 
-DYING.! To soil with mud, dirty, make turbid ; to 
make dull or heavy. — Mud'dily, adv. — Mud'di- 
ness, re.— Mud'scow. n. A heavy boat, used for 
dredging. — sill, n- The lowest sill of a structure, 
usually imbedded in the soil ; one of the lower 
classes. — wall, n. A wall composed of mud, or of 
materials laid in mud without mortar. — Mud'dle, 
-dl, n. A state of being turbid or confused ; bewil- 
derment. — V. t. [MUDDLED (-did), -DLIXG.] To 
make turbid, or muddy, as water ; to cloud or stu- 
pefy ; to make a mess of. — a. In a half -intoxicated 
state. [Freq. fr. mud ; Dan. muddre, to stir up mud 
in water — said of a ship.] 

Muezzin, mu-ez'zin, n. A Mohammedan crier of the 

hour of prayer. [Ar. muzin, muazzin, fr. azan, the 

call to prayer, uzn, the ear.] 
Muff, muf, n. A warm cover for receiving the hands, 

esp. a cylinder of fur. [OSw. and G., a muff, OD. 

and MHG. mouwe, OFries. mowe, a hanging sleeve.] 

— Muffin, n. A light, spongy cake, circular and 
flat. — Muffle, v. t. [-fled (-fid), -fling.] To wrap 
up in something that conceals ; esp. to wrap (the 
face) in disguising folds ; to wrap with something 
that dulls or renders sound inaudible. — n. ( Chem. 
& Metal.) An oven-shaped vessel, used in assaying. 
The naked portion of the upper lip and nose of ru- 
minants and rodents. [OF. mofle, moufle. Xorweg. 
muf el, a mitten, OD. moffel, a muff.] — Muffler, n. 
A covering, esp. for the face, head, etc. 

Muff, muf, a. A stupid, clumsy, or despicable fellow; 
a blunderer; simpleton; in games, a failure to catch 
a flying ball. — Muffle, -fl, v. i. To speak indistinct- 
lv. [ProvE. muff, muffle, to mumble, moffle, to do 
things ineffectually, D. muffen, to dote, ProvG. muf- 
fen, to sulk; s. rt. mumble.'] 

Mufti, mufti, n. ; pi. -tis, -tiz. An official expounder 
of Mohammedan law ; among Eng. military and 
naval officers, the civilian dress worn by them when 
off duty. [Ar., a magistrate ; s. rt. Ar.fatwa, de- 



cree, judgment.] 
k: 
i, a mug, mucog, a cup 



Mug 



A kind of earthen or metal cup. [Ir. 



Muggy, musfgT, a. [-gier, -giest.] Moist; moldy; 
damp and close ; warm and humid. [Ic. mugga, 
drizzling mist, mygla, to grow musty, Sw. mogel, 
moldiness; perh. s. rt. muck.] 

Mulatto. See under Mule. 

Mulberry, muf ber-rT, n. The berry or fruit of a tree 
of the genus 31orus ; the tree it- 
self. [AS. morbeam, fr. L. mo- 
ma, Gr. moron, mulberry, and 
A.S. beam, tree.] 

Mulch, mulch, re. Half-rotten 
straw, leaves, etc., strewn over 
the roots of plants to protect 
from heat, cold, dryness, etc. — 
v.t. [mulched (mufcht), mulch- 
ing.] To protect with mulch. 
[ProvG. iiadsch, rotten, soft, 
mellow; s. rt. mold.] 

Mulct, mulkt, n. A fine; pecuni- 
ary punishment or penalty. — v. 
t. To punish by a fine; to with- 
hold from by way of discipline. 
[L. mulcta, multa.] 

Mule, mul, n. A quadruped of 
mongrel breed, usually generated between an ass 
and a mare, sometimes between a horse and a she- 
ass; any animal or plant of a mongrel kind; a hy- 
brid. [F. ; AS. mul, L. mulus, a mule, Gr. muklos, an 
ass, mukla, the black stripe on the neck and feet of 
the ass.] — Mulish, a. Like a mule; stubborn.— 
Mu leteer', -le-tef. re. One who drives mules. [F. 
muletier.] — Mulafto, re. ; pi. -toes, -toz. The off- 
spring of a negress by a white man, or of a white 




Black Mulberry 
Leaf and Fruit. 




Mullet. 
A twisting of the inte»- 



woman by a negro. [Sp. mulato, fr. muleto, a youn% 
mule.] 
Mule, mill, n. A machine used in spinning cotton. 
[G. muelde, MG. mule, ME. mulle, a mill, q. v.] — 
Mule'-spin'ner, re. One who spins on a mule. — 
-twist, a. Cotton yarn in cops, as spun on a mule, 

— distiug. fr. water-twist. 

Muliebrity, mu-lT-eb'rl-tr, n. State of being a wom- 
an; womanhood ; effeminacy; softness. [L. mulie- 
britas, fr. mulier, a woman.] 

Mull, mul, v. t. [mulled (muld), mulling.] To heat, 
sweeten, and enrich with spices; to dispirit or dead- 
en. [Fr. mulled ale, corrupt, of mold-ale, a funeral 
banquet, fr. ME. and Ic. mold, earth, Ic. moldar, a 
funeral, and ale, a feast: aee Ale and Bridal.] — 
Mulfer, n. One who, or that which, mulls; a vessel 
in which wine is mulled over a fire. 

Mull, mul, re. A thin, soft kind of muslin. [Peril, fr. 
muslin.] 

Mullein, -len, muflen, n. A plant growing in roads 
and neglected fields. [AS. molegn, whence F. mot- 
hie; perh. s. rt. Dan. mol, Goth. undo, a moth, some 
varieties of mullein being a specific against moths.] 

Mulier, muf lSr, n. A pestle of stone or glass, for 
grinding pigments. [ME. mullen, to break to mull, 
powder: see Mill.] 

Mullet, muf let, n. An ed- 
ible fish of 2 genera and 
several species. [ME. & 
OF. midet, L. mutlus.] 

Mulligatawny, mul'll-ga- 
taw'nl, n. A kind of 
curry soup or stew. 

Mulligrubs, muf lT-grubz, n 
tines ; colic ; sullenness. 

Mullion, muf yun, n. (Arch.) A vertical bar divid 
ing the lights of Gothic windows, 
screens, etc.; one of the divisions 
in panelings resembling windows. 
[F. moignon, a stump (the part of 
the division before it branches 
out into the tracery of the win- 
dow), prob. fr. It. monco, L. man- 
cus, maimed.] 

Multangular, mult-arfgu-lSr. a. 
Having many angles; polygon 
[L. multus, many, and E. angu- 
lar, q. v.] — Multan'gularly, adv. 
With many angles or corners. — 
Multica'vous, -vus, a. Having 
many cvrities. [L. cavus, cavity, 
hole. 1 — Multiden'tate, -tat, a. 
Armed with many teeth. —Mul- 
tifarious, -rT-us, a. Having mul- 
tiplicity; of various kinds; diver- 
sified. [L. mvltifarius, orig. speaking on many sub- 
jects ; Jari, fariari, to speak.] — Multifa-'riously, 
adv. — Multifa'riousness, n. Multiplied diversity. 

— Muf tifid, a. (Bot.) Divided into several parts 
by linear sinuses and straight margins. [L. findere, 
to cleave, divide.] —Multiflorous, -tt-flo'- or -tiflo- 
rus, a. Having manv flowers. VL.flos.jloris, flower.] 
-Muf tifoil, n. (Arch.) 
A leaf ornament con- 
sisting of more than 5 
divisions or foils: see 
Foil. — Muf tifold. a. 
Many times doubled ; 
manifold. — Mufti- 
form, a. Having many 
forms, shapes, or ap- 
pearances. -Multi- A/, 
fornfity, n. Diversity flf. 
of forms; variety of ap- 
pearances in the same 
thing. — Multilateral, 
a. Having many sides. 

— Multilufealj-e-al, a. Having many lines. —Mul- 
tilobular, a. Having many cells or compartments. 
[L. loculus, a little place, a cell.] — Multif oquence, 
-o-kwens, n. Use of many words; talkativeness. [L. 
loquens. p. pr. of loqui, to speak.] — Multif oquent, 
-oquous, -kwus, a. Very talkative. — Multip'arous, 
-a-rus, a. Producing many at a birth. [L. parere, 
to bear, produce.] — Multip^artite, -ar-tit, a. Di- 
vided into many parts. — Muf tiped, -tT-ped, re. An 
insect having many feet. — a. Having many feet. 
[L. pes, pedis, foot.] — Muf tiplex, a. Manifold. [L. 
plicare, to fold, q. v.] — Muftiple, -tY-pl, a. Con- 
taining more than once, or more than one; mani- 
fold. — n. (Math.) A quantity containing another 




Mullions. 




Multifoil. 



cube, full ; moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



MUM 



368 



MUSOADEL 



a certain number of times without a remainder.— A 
common multiple of 2 or more numbers contains each 
of them some number of times exactly : the least c. 
m. is the least number that will do this.— Muftiply, 
-tY-pli, v. t. [-plied (-phd), -plying.] To increase 
in number, make more numerous, add quantity to. 
(Math.) To repeat or add to itself any given num- 
ber or quantity as many times as there are units in 
any other given number.— v. i. To become numer- 
ous; to increase in extent and influence. [F. multi- 
plier, L. multiplicare, f r. multiplex.] — Muftipliable, 
-plicable, a. Capable of being multiplied. — Mul / '- 
tiplicand', n. (Arith.) The number to be multiplied 
by another, which is called the multiplier. — Multi- 
plicate, muKtT-plT- or mul-tip'lT-kat, a. Consisting 
of many, or more than one; multiple; multifold. — 
MuTtiplica'tion, n. Act of multiplying, or of in- 
creasing in number. (Math.) A rule or operation 
by which any given quantity may be added to itself 
any number of times proposed. — Muf tiplica'tive, 
-tiv, o. Tending, or having the power, to multiply. 

— Muftiplica'tor, n. The number by which an- 
other number is multiplied; a multiplier. — Multi- 
plicity, -plis'i-tT, n. A state of being multiple, 
manifold, or various; a collection of many objects; 
a great number. — Mul'tipli'er, n. One who, or that 
which, etc. ; the number in arithmetic bv which an- 
other is multiplied. — Multitude, -tT-tiid, n. State 
of being many ; numerousness ; a great number of 
individuals ; throng ; crowd ; commonalty ; swarm; 
populace ; vulgar. [F. ; L. multitudo, -dinis, fr. 
multus.] — Multitu'dinary, -dT-na-rY, -dinous, -di- 
nus, a. Consisting of, or having the appearance of, 
a multitude ; manifold. — Murtivalve, -tl-valv, n. 
(Zo'ol.) A shell having more than 2 valves. — Muf- 
tivalve, -valv'ular, a. Having many valves.— Mul- 
toc'ular, a. Having many eyes, or more than 2. 
(Xi. ocitlus, eye.] 

Mum, mum, a. Silent.— inter;'. Be silent; hush. — n. 
Silence. [Onomat.; ME. mom, L. and Gr. mu, the 
least sound made with the lips, Skr. man, to mur- 
mur.] — Mum'ble, -bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] 
To speak with the lips or other organs partly closed, 
mutter; to eat with the lips closed, chew ineffectu- 
ally. — v. t. To utter with a low, inarticulate voice; 
to eat with a muttering sound; to suppress, or utter 
imperfectly. [ME. momelen. I), mommelen, mompelen, 
Dan. mumfe, fr. mom.'] — Mum'bler, n.— Mumm, v. t. 
[mummed (mumd), -Ming.] To sport in a mask or 
disguise; to mask, play the buffoon. [OD. mommen, 
to go as a mom or mommer, masker, fr. mom, mum, 
the sound made by nurses to frighten children, also 
by maskers, whence LG. mumme, a mask, bemum- 
meln, G. rermummen, to mask, mummel, a bugbear.] 

— Murn'mer, n. — Mum'mery, -mer-T, n. Masking ; 
spo.t; buffoonery; farcical show. [OF. mommerie, 
OD. mommerye.] — Mump, v. t. [mumped (mumpt), 
mumping.] To work over with the mouth, chew 
quickly, nibble; to talk imperfectly or feebly.— v. i. 
To move the lips with the mouth closed, mumble; 
to talk brokenly; to begin a low tone or deceitful 
manner. [D. mompen, to mump, suck, cheat, fr. 
mommen, etc.] — Mump'er, n. A beggar. — Mump'- 
ish, a. Dull; sullen; sour. — Mumps, n. pi. (Med.) 
A peculiar and specific unsuppurative inflammation 
and swelling of the parotid glands. 

Mummy, murn'mT, n. A dead body embalmed and 
dried after the manner of the ancient Egyptians ; a 
body preserved, by any means, in a dry state. [OF. 
mumie, It. mummrn, Per. mumayin, fr. mum, wax, 
which was used in embalming.] — Munfmify, -fi, 
v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To embalm and dry as 
a mummy. [L. facere. to make.] — Mum / mifica , - 
tion, n. Act of , etc.— Mum'miform, a. Resembling, 
etc. 

Munch, munch, v. t. [munched (muncht), munch- 
ing.] To nibble, chew without opening the mouth, 
chew noisily or eagerly. — ?-, i. To chew with closed 
lips, masticate. [ME. monchen : onomat.; not fr., but 
perh. influenced by, F. manger, L. manducare, to 
chew.] — Munclfer, n. 

Mundane, mun'dSn, a. Pert, to this world; worldly; 
earthly; terrestrial. [F. mondain, L. mundanus, fr. 
mundus, the world, also (adj.) clean, adorned, Skr. 
mand, to dress, adorn.] —Muu'diflca'tion, n. Act 
or operation of cleansing any body from dross or 
extraneous matter. TL. mundificare, to make clean, 
fr. mundus, clean, and facere, to make.] — Mundif - 
ieative, -tiv, a. Having power to cleanse. — n. A 
medicine which, etc. 

Mungo, muifgo, n. Fibrous material obtained by 



deviling the rags of fine woolen goods, broadcloths, 
etc., as shoddy is obtained fr. coarser kinds ; cloth 
made from this material. 

Mungoose, Mongoose, mun'gods, n. An animal of 
India which destroys snakes, small animals, etc.; a 
species of ichneumon. 

Municipal, mu-nis'i-pal, a. Pert, to local self-govern- 
ment; pert, to a corporate town or city, or to a state, 
kingdom, or nation. [F.; L. municipalis, ir.municip- 
ium, a free town, fr. munia, official duties, and ca- 
pere, to take; L. munus, duty, present; s. rt. E. com- 
mon, commune, immunity, remunerate, etc.] — Munic- 
ipal r ity, -T-ti. n. A municipal district. —Munifi- 
cence, -nif'i-sens, n. Great liberality in giving; be- 
nevolence; beneficence; bounty. [F.; L. munijicentia, 
fr. munificus, liberal, fr. munus, and/acere,to make.] 

— Munificent, -sent, a. Very liberal in giving; 
bountiful; generous. — Munificently, adv. 

Muniment, mu'ni-ment, n. Anything supporting or 
defending; a stronghold; place or means of defense. 
(Law.) A record; a title-deed, charter, etc., esp. one 
relating to national, manorial, or ecclesiastical rights 
and privileges. [F.; L. munimentum, fr. munire, to 
fortify, fr. mcenia, walls, defenses, Skr. mu, to bind.] 

— Munf tion, -nish'un, n. Materials used in war for 
defense, or for annoying an enemy; military stores 
of all kinds, usually in pi. [F. ; L. munitio, fr. mu- 
nire, -itum.] 

Munjeet, mun-iet', n. A pigment obtained from the 
root of an E. Indian plant, used for dyeing, in place 
of madder. [Hind, manjit, majith.] 

Mural, mu'ral, a. Pert, to, or like, a wall; perpendic- 
ular or steep. [F.; L. muralis, fr. murus, wall; prob. 
s. rt. motnia, defenses: see Muniment.] — Mural cir- 
cle. (Astron.) A graduated circle, in the plane of 
the meridian, attached to a perpendicular wall, — 
used for measuring arcs of the meridian. 

Murder, mer'dgr, n. Act of killing a human being 
with malice prepense or aforethought, —v. t. [mur- 
dered (-dgrd), -dering.] To kill with premeditated 
malice; to destroy, put an end to, assassinate, slay, 
massacre. [AS. mordhor, fr. AS., OS., and Ic. 
mo?-dh = L,. mors, death: see Mort.] — Mur'derer, 
n. One guilty of murder ; assassin ; bloodshedder ; 
manslayer. — Mufderess, n. A woman who, etc. — 
Mur'derous, -us, a. Guilty of, consisting in, ac- 
companied with, fond of, or premeditating, murder; 
bloody; blood-guilty ; blood-thirsty; savage; cruel. 

— Murderously, adv. 

Muriate, mu'ri-at, n. (Chem.) A compound formed 
by the union of muriatic acid with a base. [L. mu- 
ma, salt liquor, brine, pickle; prob. s. rt. mare, the 
sea, E. marine, q. v.] — Mu'ria'ted, a. Combined 
or impregnated with muriatic acid ; put in brine.— 
Muriatic, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, sea-salt. — 
Muriatic acid. An acid consisting of hydrogen and 
chlorine; hydrochloric acid. 

Murine. See under Mouse. 

Murky, merk't, a. [-IER, -iest.] Dark ; obscure ; 
gloomy. [ME. mirke, AS. mure; perh. s. rt. Russ. 
mrake, gloom, Skr. malas, dirty, malina, obscure, 
Gr. melas, black, E. mark ; or else, 8. rt. E. morn, 
q. v.] 

Murmur, mefmer, n. A low, confused, and indis- 
tinct sound; a half suppressed complaint, —v. i. 
[murmured (-merd), -muring.] To make a low, con- 
tinued noise, like the hum of bees, stream of water, 
rolling waves, wind in a forest, etc.; to utter com- 
plaints in a low, half-articulated voice; to grumble. 
[F. murmure, L. murmur, a murmur, Skr. marmara, 
the sound of the wind; F. murmurer, L. mw-murare, 
to murmur, Gr. mormurein, to rush and roar as 
water ; s. rt. Ic. murra : see Mourn.] — Mur'murer, 
n. — Mur'muringly, adv. With a low sound; with 
complaints. — Mur'murous, -us, a. Attended with 
murmurs ; murmuring. 

Murrain, miir'rin, n. An infectious and fatal dis- 
ease among cattle. [Pg. morrinha, murrain, OF. 
marine, carcass of a beast, also murrain, morir, L. 
mori, to die.] 

Murrhine, mur'rin or -rin, Myr'rhin, mir'-, a. Pert. 
to, or made of, a stone called murrha by the an- 
cients, — said of vases used by the Romans, reputed 
to break if poison was put into their contents. [L. 
murrhinus, myrrhinus, f r. murrha, fluor-spar.] 

Murza, mer'za, n. The hereditary nobility among 

Muscadel, mus'ka-del, -catel, -cat, -cadine, -din or 
-din, n. A rich, spicy grape, or the wine made from 
it; a fragrant pear. [OF. muscadel, Olt. moscadello, 
-tello, muscadel wine, moscatini, certain grapes, 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tSrm ; in, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



MUSCLE 



369 



MUTABLE 




pears, and apricots, f r. moscato, perfumed with mus- 
co = L. muscvs, musk, q. v.] 
Muscle, mus'sl, n. (Anat.) An organ of motion in 
animal bodies, consisting of fibers inclosed in their 
cellular membrane, and capable of contraction and 
relaxation. [F.; L.musculus, lit. a little mouse.fr. 
its creeping appearance, dim. of mus, mouse, q. v.] 
(Conch.) An edible bi- 
valvular shell-fish. [AS. 
muxle, also fr. L. muscu- 
Ivs; cf. Dan. musling, Sw. 
mussla, a muscle (fish), 
lit. mouse-ling, Gr. mus, 
mouse, also muscle (in 
both senses). See Mouse.] 
-Mus'cular, -ku-ler, a. Muscle. 

Pert, to a muscle, or to a system or the strength of 
muscles; cnnsistingof orconstituting, performed by, 
or dependent on, etc.: well furnished with muscles; 
brawny; strong! powerful; characterized by strength 
and vigor. — Muscular'ity. -lar'T-ti, n. State of be- 
ing muscular. — Myol'ogy, -oKo-jT, n. (Anat.) A 
description of the muscles of the human body. [Gr. 
mus and logos, discourse.] 
Muscovado, mus-ko-va'do, a. Pert, to or characteriz- 
ing unrefined or raw sugar. [Sp. mascabado,ir. mas- 
cabar, to lessen, impair, fr. menoscabo, deterioration 
= E. misr/n'ef, q. v.] 
Muscovy Duck. mus'ko-vY-duk'. A large and prolific 
species of duck, wild and domesticated, having a 
musky smell. [Corrupt, of musk-cluck.] 
Muse, muz, v. i. [mused (mtizd), musing.] To think 
closely, study in silence, oonder, meditate, rumi- 
nate; to be absent-minded. — !;, t. To think on, med- 
itate on. — n. Deep thought; absence of mind. [F. 
muscr, to muse: pert. a. rt. Sp. musitar, L. mussitare, 
Gr. muzein, to mutter.] — Mus'er, n.— Mus'ing, a. 
Meditative. — n. >«jt of, etc. 
Muse, muz, n. (Mu'n.) One of the 9 goddesses who 
preside over In* 1'beral arts ( Cali'ope, overeloquence 
and heroic ur^try: Cd'p, history; Er'ato, lyric and 
love poetr.v -. hvter' pe, music ;" Melponv'ene, trage- 
dy ; Pohifii>r>' nia, singing and rhetoric: Terpsich'- 
ore, danciry< ; ThaWa, pastoral and comic poetry; 
Ura'nia, nstronomy); a genius of art, literature, or 
music. f F. ; L. miisa. Gr. mousa ; s. rt. mosaic] — 
Muse'uw, n. A collection of natural, scientific, or 
literary ".uriosi ties, or of works of art. [L.; Gr. mou- 
seion, temple of the muses, school.] — Mu'sic, n. 
Melody or harmony; a succession of sounds so mod- 
ulated as to please the ear: science of harmonical 
sounds; art of producing or combining sounds in a 
manner to please the ear. [F. musicnie, L. musica, 
Gr. rnousike, any art presided over Dy the muses, 
esp. music, fern." of mousikos, pert, to, etc.] — Mu'si- 
cal, a. Pert, to, producing or containing music ; 
pleasing to the ear; melodious; harmonious. —Musi- 
cal box. Music box. A case inclosing mechanism 
which plays tunes automatically. — Musical glasses. 
An instrument, consisting of a number of glass gob- 
lets, played upon with the end of the finger damped. 
See Harmonica.— Mu'sically, adv.— Mu'sicalness, 
n.— Musi'cian, -zish'an, n. One skilled in the art 
or science of music. [F. musicien.] 
Mush, mush, n. Indian meal boiled in water; hasty 

pudding. [G. mus, pap.] 
Mushroom, mush'room, n. (Rot.) One of a class of 
r a p i d-growing cryptogamic 
plants of the order of Fungi: 
the name is popularly restrict- 
ed to such species as are edi- 
ble. An upstart. — a. Pert, 
to mushrooms ; short-lived ; 
ephemeral. [ME. muscheron, 
OF. mouscheron, fr. mousse, 
OHG. 7/ios, moss, q. v.] 
Music, etc. See under Muse. 
Musk, musk, n. A substance 
of powerful and enduring 
odor obtained from a bag behind the navel of the 
male musk-deer. [F. muse, L. muscus, Per. musk, 
misk, musk, fr. Skr. mushka, a testicle; s. rt. musca-. 
del,n>itmi'/.]—Mnsk.''y,a. Having the odor of musk. 
— Musk'iness. n. — Musk'deer, n. A hornless deer 
of the highlands of Central Asia. See Musk. — 
-mel'on, n. A species of melon, having a musky fra- 
grance. — ox,n. A bovine ruminant of the country 
about Hudson's Bay: it has large horns turning 
downward and outward on each side of the head. 

rat, n. A rodent animal of N. Amer., allied 

to the beaver, but about the size of a cat, hav- 





Mushrooms. 



ing a strong, musky 
smell. 
Musket, mus'ket, n. 
Orig. a kind of hawk 
or falcon; now, the or- 
dinary fire-arm of in- 
fantry soldiers. [OF. 
moustjuet. It. mosmtetto, 
musket (bird, also 

fun): s. rt. OF. mouche, 
t. musca, L. musca, a 
fly, E. mosquito.] — 
Mus'keteer', -er', n. 
A soldier armed with a musket. [OF. mousquetav-e.] 
— Mus'ketoon', -oon', n. A short, wide-mouthed 
musket: one armed with. etc. [It. moschettone, a 
blunderbuss.] — Mus'ketry, -rT, n. Muskets in gen- 
eral or collectively; practice with, or the art of using, 
etc. ; the fire of, etc. 

Muslin, muzlin, n. A thin cotton cloth or gauze. 
[F. moutseline, It. mussolino, fr. Svriac Mosul, a cit/ 
of Kurdistan, where it was made."] — Muslin de laine 
(F.mousseline de laine). A woolen fabric of light 
texture, for ladies' dresses, etc.; a like fabric of cot- 
ton and wool. [F. laine, wool.] 

Musquash, mus'kwosh, n. The Indian name for 
Musk-rat, q. v. 

Musquet. Same as Musket. 

Musquito. Same as Mosquito. 

Musrole, muz'rol, n. The nose-band of a horse's 
bridle. [F. muserolle, fr. museau, a muzzle, q. v.] 

Muss, mus, n. A confused struggle; state of confusion 
or disorder; mess. — v. t. To disorder, tumble, rum- 
ple. [See Mess, a medley.] 

Mussel. Same as Muscle, a shell-fish. 

Mussulman, mus'sul-man, n. ; pi. -mans. A Moham- 
medan; a Moslem. [Per. musulman, Ar. muslim: see 
Moslem.] — Mus'sulman'ish, a. Mohammedan. 

Must, must, v. i. or auxiliary. To be oblisred, —ex- 
pressing both physical and moral necessity ; to be 
essential to the end proposed. [ME. moste, muste, 
imp. of obsol. mot, I am able, may; s. rt. OS. motan, 
D. moetan, to be obliged.] 

Must, must, n. Wine pressed from the grape, but not 
fermented. — v. i. To grow moldy and sour; to be- 
come fetid. [AS. ; L. mustum, new wine, neut. of 
mustus, young, fresh ; s. rt. moist. ] — Musfy, -T, a. 
[-ier, -iest.] Moldy ; sour ; foul and fetid; spoiled 
by age; stale; vapid; dull; heavy.— Must'iness, n. — 
Mus'tard, n. A cruciferous 
plant of several species; a 
powder or paste made of its 
pungent seeds, used as a 
condiment and in medicine. 
[OF. mostarde, It. and Pg. 
mostarda, fr. It., Pg., and 
Sp. mosto, must, the pow- 
dered seeds having been 
mixed with must or vinegar.] 

Mustache, mus-fash', Mous- 
tache, moos-tash', n. That 
part of the beard which 
grows on the upper lip. [F. 
moustache, Sp. mostacho, fr. 
Gr. mustax, upper lip, also 
mustache, mastazein, to 
masticate, q. v.] 

Mustang, mus'tang, n. The Mustard, 

wild horse of the prairies in Mexico, California, etc. 

Mustard. See under Must, n. 

Mustee. Same as Mestee. 

Muster, mus'ter, v. t. [-teeed (-teYd), -terixg.] To 
assemble (troops) for parade, inspection, exercise, 
etc.; to take an account of numbers, condition, etc.; 
to gather for use or exhibition, get together. — v. i. 
To come together as. parts of a force or body; to as- 
semble. — n. An assembling of troops for" review, 
etc.; assemblage and display; gathering. [OF. mos- 
tre, monstre, pattern, muster, view, sight. LL. mons- 
tra, a review of troops, sample, L. monstrare, to 
show: s. rt. monster.] — To pass muster. To pass with- 
out censure through a muster or inspection.— Mus'- 
ter-mas'ter, n. One who takes an account of troops, 

their arms, military apparatus, etc. roll, n. A 

register of the men in each company, troop, or regi- 
ment. 
Musty, etc. See under Must, n. 

Mutable, mu'ta-bl, a. Capable of alteration : subject 
to change ; susceptible of change ; inconstant : un- 
stable; wavering; variable; fickle. [L. mutabilis, fr. 
mutare, to change ; s. rt. molt, commute, transmute. 




sun, cube, full - moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



MUTE 



370 



MYSTERY 



etc.]— Mu'tableness, -tabil'ity, n. Quality of being, 
etc.; changeableness; inconstancy. — Muta'tion, n. 
Act or process of changing ; alteration, either in 
form or qualities. 

Mate, mut, a. Restrained from speaking ; uttering 
no sound ; incapable of speaking ; not uttered ; un- 
pronounced; silent; having its sound wholly checked 
by complete closure of the vocal organs, — said of 
certain consonants. — n. One who is silent or speech- 
less, as, one who, from deafness, is unable to use ar- 
ticulate language; or, one employed to stand before 
the door of a house in which there is a corpse ; or, a 
dumb attendant, esp. of a seraglio. {Gram.) A let- 
ter which represents no sound, a silent letter; a con- 
sonant formed by a position of the vocal organs which 
stops the passage of the breath entirely, as p, b, d, g, 
k, t. [ME. and F. muet, L. mutus, Gr. mudos, Skr. 
niuka, dumb, mu, to bind, Gr. muein, to close; prob. 
s. rt. mum, mumble, q. v.] — Mutely, -It, adv. — 
Mute'ness, n. — Mu'tacism, -sizm, n. Inability to 
enunciate properly the labial consonants, b, p, m. 

Mute, mut, v. i. To eject the contents of the bowels, 
as birds. [OF. mutir, for esmeutir, esmeltir, fr. OD. 
smelten, to smelt, liquefy.] 

Mutilate, mu'ttl-at, v. t. To cut off a limb of ; to 
maim, cripple; to destroy or remove a material part 
of, so as to render imperfect. [L. mutilare, -latum, 
fr. mutilus, maimed, Gr. mutilos, curtailed, docked; 
s. rt. minish.] — Mu'tila'tion, n. Act of mutilating, 
or state of being mutilated. [F.; L. mutilatio.] — 
Mu'tila'tor, n. 

Mutiny, mu'tT-nT, n. Insurrection against constituted 
authority by subordinates, esp. against military or 
naval commanders; violent commotion; tumult; re- 
volt ; uprising ; rebellion. — v. i. [mutinied (-nid), 
-nying.] To rise against lawful authority. [OF. 
mutiner, to mutiny, prob. fr. D. muyten, to mutter, 
murmur, inuitery, mutiny, sedition, muiteling, a mu- 
tineer, muitmaker (whence OF. meutimacre), an agi- 
tator.]— Mu'tineer'', -ner', n. One guilty of mutiny; 
a sailor or soldier who rises in opposition to the au- 
thority of the officers. — Mu'tinous, -nus, a. Dis- 
posed to mutiny ; turbulent. — Mu'tinously, adv. 
— Mu'tinousness, n. 

Mutter, muftSr, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -teeing.] To 
utter words with a low voice, with sullenness or in 
complaint; to grumble, murmur; to sound with a 
low, rumbling noise, — v. t. To utter with imperfect 
articulations, or with a low voice, — n. Repressed 
or obscure utterance. [ME. muttren, to mutter; s. rt. 
D. muyten (see under Mutiny), ProvG. mustern, to 
whisper, L. muttire, mussare, to mutter.] — Muf 
terer, n. 

Mutton, mut'tn, n. The flesh of sheep, raw or dresseo. 
for food. [OF. moton, molton, LL. multo, a sheep, 
perh. fr. L. mutilatus, mutilated, perh. fr. Ir. molt, 
Ga. mult, a wether, sheep.] — Muf ton-chop, n. A 
small piece of mutton for broiling, chopped from 
the loin, etc. 

Mutual, mufu-al, a. Reciprocally acting or related; 
reciprocally given and received ; showing commu- 
nity of action. [OF. mutuel, L. mutuus, fr. mutare, 
to change. J — Mutuality, -aKl-tt, n. Quality of cor- 
relation ; reciprocation ; interchange. — Mufually, 
adv. 

Mutule, mut'ul, n. (Arch.) A projecting block worked 
under the corona of the 
Doric cornice, in the same 
situation as the Corinthian 
inodillion. [F. ; L. mutulus.] Mutule. 

Muzzle, muz'zl, n. The projecting mouth and nose 
of an animal; mouth of a thing, esp. of a gun; a 
fastening or covering for the mouth which prevents 
biting.— -v. t. [muzzled (-zld), -zling.] To bind 
or cover the mouth of, so as to prevent biting or eat- 
ing. [OF. musel, Armor, muzel, morzeel, It. muso, 
muzzle, fr. LL. morsus, snout, beak, also remorse, 
morsel, buckle, L. morsus, bite, tooth, fluke of an 
anchor, prop. p. p. of mordere, to bite.] 

My, mi, a. Belonging to me, — used always attribu- 
i, fr. min, mine: see Mine and Me.] 
■ used for emphasis ; used 
also instead of me, without emphasis, as the object 
of the first person of a reflexive verb. 

Mycology, mi-koKo-jf, n. That branch of natural 
science which relates to the fungi or mushrooms. 
[Gr. makes, fungus, and logos, discourse.] 

Mynheer, min-har' or mln-her', n. Sir; Mr., — the 
ordinary title of address among the Dutch ; hence, 
a Dutchman. [D., my lord or master.] 

Myology. See under Muscle. 



tively. [ME. i 

— Myself, pron. I or me, 



Myope, mi'Sp, n. A short-sighted person. [Gr. muops, 
fr. muein, to close, shut, and ops, the eye: see Mys- 
tery, a secret.] — Myo'pia, -pl-a, My'opy, -o-pt, n. 
Short-sightedness; nearsightedness. [Gr. muopia.] 

Myriad, mir'T-ad, n. The "number of ten thousand; 
an immense or indefinitely large number. [Gr. 
murias, -riados, 10,000, f r. murios, numberless, prob. 
fr. murmex, an ant, i. e., a swarm as of ants. See 
Myrmidon.] — Myr'iagram, -Y-a-gram, n. A metric 
weight =J'10,000 grams, or 10 kilograms, or 22.046 lbs. 
avoirdupois. [F. myriagramme, fr. Gr. murioi, 10,000, 
and gramma : see Gram, under Grammar.] — Myria- 
gramme, me're-a/gram', n. Same as Myriagram. — 
Myrialiter, mir'I-aKY-ter or mir'I-a-li'ter, n. A 
measure of capacity = 10,000 liters = 2,641.4 Amer. 
gallons, or nearly 42 hogsheads. [F. myrialitre. See 
Liter. J— Myriantre, -le'tr, n. Same as Myrialiter. 

— Myriameter, mir'1-anT'e-ter or mir'I-a-me'tEr, n. 
A measure of length = 10,000 meters = 6.2134 Amer. 
or 6.21382 Eng. miles. [F. myriametre. See Meter.] 

— Myriametre, me're-a'ma'tr, n. Same as Myria- 
meter.— Myriare, me're-ar', n. A measure of sur- 
face = 10,000 ares = 247.085 Amer. or 247.1143 Eng. 
acres. [F. ; are, 100 sq. miles.] — Myr'iapod, -Y-a-pod, 
n. (Zool.) An air-breathing, vermiform, articulate 
animal, having many jointed legs and a hard exter- 
nal skeleton; centiped; milliped. [Gr. pous, podos, 
a foot.] 

Myrmidon, mer'niY-dun, n. One of a troop who ac- 
companied Achilles to the war against Troy; hence, 
a soldier of a rough or desperate character; one who 
ruthlessly executes orders. [L. and Gr. Myrmidones, 
fabled to have been ants transformed into men ; Gr. 
murmedon, an ant's nest, murmex, an ant; s. rt. Per. 
mur, L. formica, ant, E. myriad.'] 

Myrobalan, ml-rob'a-lan, -olan, n. A dried astringent 
plum, of several species, from the E. Indies and S. 
Amer., used in medicine, dyeing, etc. [Gr. muroba- 
lanos, fr. muron, juice of plants, and balanos, acorn, 
fruit.] 

Myrrh, mer, n. A transparent gum-resin, usually of 
amber color, of aromatic odor, and bitter, slightly 
pungent taste. [ME. and OF. mirre, F. myrrhe, E. 
and Gr. myrrha, fr. Ar. murr, myrrh, lit. bitter, Heb. 
mar, bitter.] 

Myrrhine. Same as Mtjrbhinb. 

Myrtle, mer'tl, n. A fragrant evergreen shrub of sev- 
eral species : the common 
myrtle has a shrubby, up- 
right stem, 8 or 10 feet high : 
the ancients considered it 
sacred to Venus. [OF. myr- 
til, dim. of myrte, L. mur- > 
tus, myrtus, Gr. murtos, Per. 
murd, the myrtle.] — Myr r - 
tiform, a. Resembling 
myrtle or myrtle-berries. 
[L. myrtus and forma, 
shape.] 

Myself. See under My. 

Mystery, mis'ter-T, n. A 
trade; handicraft; any me- 
chanical occupation; a kind 
of rude drama, of a relig- 
ious character, orig. per- 
formed b y craftsmen ; a 
mystery -play. [Prop, mistery: ME. mistere, OF. 
mestier, F. mitier, Sp. menester, It. mestiere, a trade, 
employment, fr. L. ministerium, service, fr. minis- 
ter, q. v.] 

Mystery, mis'ter-t, n. A profound secret; that which 
is beyond human comprehension until explained; 
anything artf ulJy made difficult, pi. A kind of secret 
religious celebrations, to which only initiated persons 
were a( nitted. [ME. mysterie, L. mysterium, Gr. 
musterion, fi. mustes, one who is initiated, fr. muein, 
to close the eyes, to initiate into mysteries, fr. mu, a 
slight sound; s. rt. mute, mum, q. v.] — Myste'rious, 
-rt-us, a. Relating to, of the nature of, or containing, 
mystery ; difficult or impossible to understand ; ob- 
scure ; secret; occult; enigmatical; incomprehensi- 
ble. — Myste'riously, adv. — Myste'riousness, «.. — 
Mys'tic, n. One who holds to m j'sticism. — Mys'tic, 
-tical, a. Remote from human comprehension ; ob- 
scure; importing or imp^ing mysticism: involving- 
some secret meaning ; allegorical ; emblematical. 
[F. mystique, L. mysticus, Gr. mustikos, pert, to a 
mustes.] — Mys'tically, adv. — Mys'ticalness, n. — 
Mys'ticism, -tT-sizm, n. Obscurity of doctrine. 
(Eccl. Hist.) Doctrine of the Mystics, who main- 
tain that they have direct intercourse with the divine 




Myrtle {Myrtus com- 
munis). 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 8dd, 



MYTH 



371 



NARD 



Spirit, and acquire a knowledge of spiritual things , 
unattainable by the natural intellect. — Mystifica > - 
tion. n. Act of involving in mystery, perplexing, j 
or playing on one's credulitv : also, something de- | 
signed to mystify. — Mys'tiry, v. t. [-fied (-fid), 
-fyi.vg.] To involve in mystery so as to mislead ; I 
to perplex purposely. [L.jacere, to make.] — Mys'- 
tagogue, -ta-gog, n. Oue who interprets mysteries ; ' 
one who keeps ami shows church relics. [Gr. agogos, ] 
a leader, fr. agein, to lead. J 
Myth, mith, n. A fable, legend, or tradition as to the i 
origin, early history, gods, etc., of a nation, etc. : a 
fabulous story; an imaginary person or object. [Gr. 
rmUho3, a fable-, fr. mu, a slight sound, saying, tale : ' 



see Mum and Mystery, a secret.]— Myth'ic, -icai, 
a. Relating to, described in, or of the nature of, a 
myth: fabulous; imaginary; fanciful. — Mythical- 
ly" adv. — Mythog'rapher, -tnog'ra-fSr, n. A com- 
poser of fables. [Gr. yraphein, to write.]— Mythol'- 
ogy, -thoKo-il, n. Science of, or a treatise on, 
myths ; a collective body of myths ; esp. pert, to the 
gods, etc., of a heathen people. [F. mythologie, L. 
and Gr. mythologia ; Gr. logos, discourse.] — Mytho- 
log'ic, -ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert to, etc. ; fabulous. 
— Mytho/ogist, -thol'o-jist, n. One versed in, or 
who writes on, mythology. — Mythol'ogize, -jlz, v. i. 
To relate or explain the fabulous history of the 
heathen. 



N. 



N, en, the 14th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is a nasal. ! 

Nab, nab, v. U [nabbed (nabd). -bing.] To catch 
suddenly or unexpectedly. [Sw. nappa, to catch, 
snatch at ; prob. s. rt. nip?] 

Nabob, na'bob, n. A deputy or viceroy in India: one 
who returns to Europe from the East with immense 
wealth: a very rich man. [Hind, and Ar. nawwab, 
prop. pi. of Ar. natb, a lieutenant, deputy, nawb, 
supplying another's place.] 

Nacre, "na'ker, n. An iridescent substance which 
lines the interior of some shells ; mother-of-pearl. 
[F.; Sp. nacar.) — Na'creous, -kre-us, a. Consisting 
of, or resembling, nacre. — Nac'arat, nak'a-rat, n. 
A pale red color, with a cast of orange; fine linen or 
crape of this color. [F., fr. nacre.] 

Nadir, na'der, n. That point of the heavens directly 
opposite to the zenith; the lowest point. [Ar. nazir, 
alike, corresponding to, also the nadir.] 

Nag, nag, n. A horse, esp. a small horse : pony. [OD. 
negghe, negge, fr. net/en, to neigh: s. rt. hackney J] 

Nag, nag, v. t. [nagged (nagd), -ging.] To tease in 
a petty and pertinacious fashion, scold, annoy. ; 
[Same "as gnaw, q. v.] 

Naiad, na'yad, n. (Myth.) A female deity, presiding | 
over a river or spring ; a water nymph. [L. and i 
Gr. naias, fr. Gr. naien, Skr. snu, to"flow.] 

Nail, nal, n. The horny scale growing at the end of 
the human fingers and toes: the claw or talon of a 
bird or other animal; a metal pin to fasten boards, 
timbers, etc.; a measure of length = 21-4 inches.— ' 
r. t. [nailed (nald), nailing.] To fasten with 
nails, or as with a nail : to fix, catch, trap. [AS. 
nsegel, D., Sw., and G. nagel, the human nail, also a 
spike, Ic. nagl, human nail, nagli, spike: s. rt. gnaw ; 
also Lithuan. nagas, Skr. naJcha, Gr. omtx, L. unguis. 
Ga. and Ir. ionga, (finger or toe) nail.] — Nail'er. n. 
One who makes nails. — Nail'ery, -er-I, n. A manu- 
factory where nails are made. 

Nainsook, nan-sook', n. A thick jaconet muslin, 
plain or striped, orig. made in India. 

Naive, na'ev', a. Having native or unaffected sim- 
plicity : ingenuous ; artless. [F. naif, naive : see 
Nativity under Nation.] — Naivete.' na'ev'ta', n. 
Native simplicity; ingenuousness. [F.] 

Naked, na'ked, a. Having no clothes on: uncovered: 
bare : nude : unarmed: defenseless: open to view; 
manifest ; plain : without addition, exaggeration, 
excuses, etc. ; destitute, unaided ; mere ; simple. 
(Hot.) Without pubescence; without a calyx: with- 
out leaves; not inclosed in a pod or capsule. (Mus.) 
Not having the full complement of tones. [AS. na- 
cod, Sw. naken, OHG. nakot, Russ. nagoi, L. nvdus 
(=nagdus), Skr. nagna. Ir. and Ga. nochd. naked, 
Skr. naj, to be ashamed : s. rt. nude.] — Kaked eye. 
The eye alone, unaided by glasses.— Nakedly, adv. 
— Na'kedness, n. 

Namby-pamby. nam'bT-pam'bY.n. That whichis weak- 
ly sentimental, or affectedly pretty. — a. Weakly 
sentimental. [Applied to the poems of Ambrose 
Phillips, in the 17th century.] 

Name, nam, n. The title by which a particular person 
or thing is known or designated: appellation; reputed 
character; reputation; renown; celebrity; eminence; 
memory: remembrance; a race; family; a person. — 
v. t. [named (namd). naming.] To give an appella- 
tion to; to mention by name; to designate by name. 
denominate, style, term, call, nominate. [ME. and 



G. name (2 syllables), AS. nania, noma, Goth, and 
OHG. namo, L. nomen, Gr. onoma, Skr. naman, a 
name, AS. nemnan, to name; s. rt. know, cognomen, 
ignominious, nominal, noble, note.] — Christian name. 
The name a person receives by baptism, — disting. 
fr. surname. — In the n. of. In behalf of; by the 
authority of; in the assumed character of. — Name'- 
less, «. " Without a name ; undistinguished ; that 
cannot or ought not to be named. — Nam'able, a. 
Capable of being named. — Namely, adv. To wit; 
that is to say; to particularize. — Name'sake, n. One 
who has the same name as another; esp., one named 
out of regard to another. 

Nankeen, nan-ken r , iu A yellowish cotton cloth, of 
firm texture, orig. manufactured at Nankin, China. 

Nap, nap, v. i. [napped (napt), napping.] To have 
a short sleep; to be drowsy, doze; to be in a careless, 
secure state, —n. A short sleep. [ME. nappen, AS, 
hnseppian, to doze: s. rt. AS. hnipian, to bend one's 
self, Ic. hnipna, to droop, E. nod.] 

Nap, nap, n. W00II3- or villous substance on the sur- 



face (of felt, cloth, some plants, etc.) [AS. hnoi 
OD. noppe, nap of cloth, noppen, to shear off (r 
etc.), fr. AS. ensep, D. and Sv. knop, a knob : see 



oppa, 
(nap, 



Knop.] — Napless, a. Without rap ; threadbare. 
— Nap'py, -pi, a. Downy: shaggy. — Nap'piness. n. 
Abundance of nap, as on cloth. 

Nape, nap, n. The back part of the neck. [Same as 
knop: see Nap.] 

Naphtha, nap'tha or naf'tha. n. A thin, volatile, 
very inflammable and explosive hydrocarbon, ob- 
tained from some oil-springs and from distillation of 
coal and wood, and esp. from petroleum. [L. and 
Gr.: Ar. naft.] 

Napkin, nap'kin, n. A little towel; a cloth used for 
wiping the mouth and hands, esp. at the table. 
[Dim. of F. nappe, a table-cloth, fr. L. maj/pa, nap- 
kin : see Map.] 

Narcissus, nar-sis'sus, «. (Bot.) A genus of bulbous 
flowering plants, of several 
species, comprising the daf- 
fodils, jonquils, etc. [L.; Gr. 
narkissos, fr. its narcotic 
properties.] — Narcot'ic, 
-kot'ik, -ical, a. (Med.) Re- 
lieving pain, and producing 
sleep; producing stupor, co- 
ma, and convulsions, and, 
when given in sufficient 
quantity, causing death. — 
n. (Med'.) A medicine which, 
in medicinal doses, relieves 
pain, and produces sleep, 
but in poisonous doses, pro- 
duces stupor, coma, convul- 
sions, and. in sufficient 
quantity, causes death. [F. 
narcotique. Gr. narkctikos, 
benumbing, fr. narkoun, 
to benumb, narke, numb- 
ness, torpor: s. rt. narroic, snare.] - 
n. Quality of operating as a narcotic. — Nar'cotina, 
-ko-tin, n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from 
opium, and one of its active narcotic principles. —- 
Nar'cotize. -tiz, r. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tizing.1 To 
subject to the influence of a narcotic; to stupefy. 

Nard, nard. n. An odorous or aromatic plant, usually 




Narcissus. 

Narcot'icness, 



sim. cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



NARRATE 



372 



NAUSEA 



called spikenard; an unguent prepared from it. [F. 
and Per. ; L. nardvs, Gr. nardos, Skr. nalada, fr. 
nal, to smellj 

Narrate, nar-raf or narlat, v. t. To tell, rehearse, or 
recite, as a story ; to give an account of. [L. nar- 
rare, -ratum, to tell, lit. make known, fr. narus, 
gnarus, knowing, acquainted with ; s. rt. Skr. jna, 
Kuss. znate = E. know, q. v.] — Narralion, n. Act 
of, etc.; rehearsal; recital; thing related; account; 
relation; story ; tale ; history. [F. ; L. narratio.] — 
Narlative, -ra-tiv, a. Pert, to narration ; giving a 
particular or continued account ; inclined to relate 
stories, or to tell particulars of events, — n. That 
narrated; the recital of a story: narration. [F., fern.. 
of narrutif. — Nar'ratively. adv. By way of recital. 
— Narra'tor, n. One who narrates. [L.] 

Narrow, narlo, o. Of little breadth ; not wide or 
broad; of little extent; very limited; circumscribed; 
contracted in mind, disposition, views, feelings, etc. ; 
parsimonious; selfish; within a small distance; close; 
near ; involving serious exposure ; scrutinizing ; 
careful; exact. — v. t. [narrowed (-rod), -row- 
ing.] To lessen the breadth of, contract ; to con- 
tract the reach or sphere of ; to make less liberal or 
more selfish; to limit, confine. (Knitting.) To con- 
tract the size of (a stocking, etc.) bv taking 2 stitches 
intol.— v. i. To become less brood. (Knitting.) To 
contract size, by taking 2 stitches into 1. [AS. warn, 
nearo, OS. naru, narrow, AS. neanoe, OS. naratvo, 
narrowly ; s. rt. nigh, perh. narcotic, snare ] —Narroio 
gauge. See Gauge. — Narlows, n. pi. A narrow 
passage through a mountain, or a channel of water be- 
tween one sea or lake and another; a contracted part 
of a river or of an ocean current; a strait : sound. — 
Nar'rowly, adv. With little breadth; without much 
extent; contractedly; with minute scrutiny; closely; 
carefully ; by a small distance ; barely ; merely ; 
sparingly. — Narrowness, n — Nar'row-mind'ed, a. 
Illiberal ; meanspirited. 

Narwhal, naVhwal, -wal 
found in the northern 
seas; sea-unicorn: 
the male has usually 
one long, twisted. 
tusk, projecting for- 
ward from the upper 
iawlike a horn. [Dan. and Sw. narvhal, Ic. nahvatr, 
lit. corpse-whale, fr. nar, a corpse (the narwhal be- 
ing of a pallid color,) and hvalr = E. whale.'] 

Nasal, na'zal, a. Pert, to the nose ; spoken through 
the nose. — n. An elementary sound uttered 
through the nose, or through both nose and mouth 
simultaneously. (Med.) A medicine that operates 
through the nose; an errhine. [F.; LL. nasalis, pert. 
to the (L.) nasus = E. nose.] — Nasality, -zal'T-tT, 
n. State or quality of being nasal. — Nasturlium, 
-ter'shum, n. A plant of several species, cultivated 
for its showy, strong-scented, yellow or orange flow- 
ers, as a salad plant, and for its pungent flower- 
buds and seeds (for pickling) ; Indian cress ; also, 
the water cress and allied cruciferous plants. [L., 
fr. nasus, nose, and torguere, tortum, to twist, torture, 
because it distorts the nose.] 

Nascent. See under Nation. 

Nasty, nasIT, a. [-tier, -tiest.] Offensively filthy; 
very dirty; nauseous; disgusting; indecent; gross; 
vile; wet, sloppy, disagreeable,— said of the weather. 
kig, Sw 



A cetaceous mammal. 



Narwhal. 



[Sw. snukig. 



snaskig, nasty, swinelike, 



snaska, to eat like a pig, greedily or noisily, LG. nask, 
nasty, Norweg. nask, greedy, naska, to eat noisily. J 
— Nas'tily, adv. — Nas'tiness, n. 

Natant, nalant, a. (Bot ) Floating on the surface 
of water, as the leaf of an aquatic plant. [L. nu- 
tans, p. pr. of nature, freq. of vare, to swim : see 
Nausea.] — Natato'rial, -rl-al, Na'tatory, -ta-to-ri, 
a. Inclined or adapted to swim ; swimming. [L. 
natatorius.] 

Nation, na'shun, n. A people living in the same 
country and under the same government; a people 
having a common origin and language ; people ; 
race; stock. [F.; L. natio, a race, fr. 7iatus, for gna- 
tus, born, p. p. of nasci, to be born ; s. rt. genus, q. 
v.] — Na'tional, nash'un-al, a. Pert, to a nation ; 
common to a people or race ; public ; general : at- 
tached, esp. to one's own country. — Nationalism, 
-izm, n. State of being national ; national attach- 
ment. — Nationality, -al'T-tT, n. Quality of being 
national, or strongly attached to one's own nation ; 
national character ; a race or people, as determined 
by common language and character, and not by po- 
litical bias or divisions ; nation ; national unity and 



integrity. — Nationalize, nash'un-al-Iz, v. t. [-ized 
(-Izd),-iziNG.] To make national.— Na'tionally, adv. 
— Na'tionalness, n.— Nas'cent, -sent, a. Beginning 
to exist or to grow. [L. nascens, p. pr. of nasci.) — 
Na'tal, a. Pert, to, accompanying, or dating from, 
one's birth ; native ; natural. [F. ; L. natalis.] — 
Nalive, -tiv, a. Pert, to one's birth ; natal ; con- 
ferred by birth; born with one ; indigenous ; pro- 
duced by nature ; not wrought by art ; unartificial. 

— n. One born in a place or country; a denizen by 
birth. (Stock-breeding.) Any of the live stock found 
in a region, excluding such as belong to pure and 
distinct breeds ; an animal of common or mongrel 
blood. [F. natif, fern, native, L. nativus, fr. natusT] — 
Na lively, adv. — Naliveness, n.— Nativity, -tiv'- 
T-tT, n. Birth; time, place, or circumstances of birth. 
(Astrol.) A horoscope. [F. natirite',~L.nativitas; same 
as naive, q. v.] — Nat'ure, na'chur, n. Native char- 
acter; inherent qualities, attributes, or endowments; 
kind; sort: character; species; established or regular 
course of things; existing system of things; the world 
of matter; thecreation; universe; the personified sum 
and order of causes and effects ; the agencies which 
carry on the processes of the creation ; natural af- 
fection or reverence ; adherence to what is natural, 
normal, or usual ; a person of intelligence and char- 
acter. [F. ; L. natura, orig. fern, of f ut. p. of nas- 
ci.]— Good nature. Natural good temper; amia- 
bility. — III n. Natural bad temper. — In a state of 
n. Naked as when born; unclothed; nude. — Nat- 
ural, nach'ur-al, a. Pert, to the constitution of a 
thing ; according to nature ; characteristic ; con- 
formed to the order of nature ; normal ; regular ; 
having to do with the existing system of things; con- 
formed to truth or reality ; by impulses of natural 
appetite alone ; illegitimate ; bastard ; pert, to, de- 
rived from, or formed by, the lower or animal na- 
ture merely. (Mus.) Pert, to a key which has 
neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, —n. An 
idiot. (Mus.) A character [thus, _ST] used to con- 
tradict, or to remove the effect of, a sharp or flat 
which has preceded it. [ME. and OF. naturel, L. 
naturalis.] — Natural history. A description of the 
earth and its productions; sometimes applied to the 
animal kingdom only. — N. orders. (Bot.) Groups 
of genera resembling each other. — N. philosophy. 
Science of the phenomena and laws of masses of 
matter, and of those effects which are not attended 
by any change of nature, as motion, etc. — N. scale. 
(Mus.) A scale written without flats or sharps.— TV". 
selection. A supposed operation of natural laws, 
analogous to designed selection in the breeding of 
plants and animals, resulting in the survival of the 
fittest. — Nat'uralism, -ral-izm, n. Mere state of 
nature. (Theol.) Doctrine of those who deny a 
supernatural agency in the miracles, revelations, 
and grace of God, etc. ; also, that theory of the uni- 
verse which resolves all its phenomena into blind 
or intelligent forces acting according to fixed laws. 

— Nat'uralisfc, n. One who studies the natural his- 
tory of animals ; one who maintains the doctrines 
of naturalism.— Nat'uralizalion, n. Act of invest- 
ing an alien with the rights and privileges of a na- 
tive subject or citizen ; state of being thus invested 
with citizenship.— Nat'uralize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), 
-izing.] To make natural or easy by custom and 
habit ; to confer rights of a native citizen on ; to re- 
ceive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular ; to 
accustom, habituate, acclimate. — v. i. To explain 
phenomena by natural agencies or laws.— Nat'ural- 
ly. adv. According to nature, or to the usual course 
c.': things; without art or cultivation; spontaneously; 
without affectation. — Nafuralness, n. 

Natron, nalrun, n. (Min.) Native carbonate of soda. 

[Ar. natrum, L. nitrum. See Niter.] 
Natty, natlT, a. Neatly fine ; smart ; spruce. [Same 

as neat, q. v.] 
Naught, Nought, nawt, n. Nothing. — adv. In no 

degree. — a. Of no value or account; worthless; 

bad ; vile ; naughty. [AS. nawiht, contr. naht, fr. 

na, not, no (q. v.), and wild, a thing, whit, q. v.] 

— Naughfy, -Y, a. [-ier, -iest.] Orig. corrupt; 
wicked : mischievous ; perverse, — said esp. of chil- 
dren.— Naughtily, -T-lT, adv. In a naughty man- 
ner ; perversely ; corruptly. — Naught 'mess, n. 
Slight wickedness, as of children. 

Nausea, naw'she-a, n. Seasickness; any similar sick- 
ness of the stomach, accompanied with a propen- 
sity to vomit ; qualm. [L. ; Gr. nansia, seasickness, 
fr. Gr. naus, L. navis, Skr. nan, a ship, AS. naca, G. 
nachen, a boat; L. nare, to swim, Gr. naein, Skr.sww, 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



NAUTCE 



373 



NECK 




to flow; s. rt. argonaut, naiad, nereid, aneroid .•perh. 
snake, adder.] — Nau'seate, naw'she-at, v. i. To be- 
come squeamish, feel disgust. — v. t. To affect with 
nausea, sicken ; to reject with disgust, loathe. [L. 
naitseare, -atum.] — Nausea'tion. re. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. — NauSeous, -shus, a. Causing, or 
fitted to cause, nausea. — Nauseously, adv. Loath- 
somely. — Nau'seousness, a. — Nau'tical, -tik-al, a. 
Pert, to seamen, or to the art of navigation ; naval; 
marine; maritime. [X. nauticus, Gr. nautikos. fr. nau- 
tes, a sailor, f r. naus.] — Nau'tilus, 
-tl-lus,«. (Zodl.) A cephalopodous 
mollusk, of several species, having 
a spiral, chambered shell and many 
slender cupless tentacles; the name 
is also applied to the shells of sev- 
eral different mollusca. A kind of 
diving bell, whose motions are con- 
trolled by the occupants. [L. ; Gr. 
nautilos, a sailor, also the fish, fr. 
nautes.] — Na'val, a. Pert, to, con- 
sisting of, or having- to do with Nautilus, 
ships or a navy ; nautical: marine; maritime. [F. ; 
L. navalis, fr. navis.] — Na'vy, -vT, n. A fleet of 
ships; a nation's ships of war, considered collectively, 
or the officers and men belonging to them. [OF. 
navie, a fleet, L. navia, a ship, fr. navis.) — Na'vy- 
yard, n. A place for the construction, repair-, and 
care of the ships of a national navy. — Navic'u- 
lar, -vik'u-ler, a. Relating to small boats: shaped 
like a boat. [X. naviculuris, fr. naricula, dim. of 
navis. ] — Navigate, naVi-gat, v. i. To jou.-ney by 
water, go in a s Hip, sail. — v. t. To pass over in 
ships ; to steer, direct, or manage in sailing. [L. 
navigare. -gatum, fr. ?iavis and agere, to move, di- 
rect.] — Navigation, n. Act of navigating; science 
or art of conducting ships or vessels from one place 
to another: navigable water; means of navigation ; 
vessels; shipping. [F.; L. navigatio.] — Navigable, 
a. Admitting of being navigated. — Navigable- 
ness, -gabillty, *;. Quality or state of being navi- 
gable. — Navigably, adv. — Navlga'tor, n. One 
who is skihful in the art of navigation. — Nav'vy, 
-vl, re. Originally, a laborer on canals for internal 
navigation ; 
hence, a labor- 
er on other 
public works, 
esp. railroads. 
— Nave, -nav, 
re. (Arch.) The 
middle or body 
of a church, 
extending f r , 
the choir to the 
principal en- 
trance ; the 
part between 
the wings or 
aisles. [F. nef, 
L. navis, ship, 
also body of a 
church.] 

Sautch, nawch, 
n. In India, 
an exhibition 
of dancing by 
girls, generally 
courtesans. 
[UindJ 

Nave, nav, re. Body of a church: see under Nausea. 

Nave, nav, n. The piece of wood, etc., in the center 
of a wheel, through which the axle passes: the hub. 
[AS. nafu, nafa, Dan. nav, nave, Skr. nabhi, nave, 
center, navei.] — Na'vel, -vl. re. A depression in the 
center of the abdomen, being the scar left by the 
detachment of the umbilical cord after birth ; the 
central part or point of anything ; middle. [D. ; 
AS. nafela, f r. nafa.] 

Navew, na'vu, n. The wild turnip ; a plant with 
yellow flowers. [AS. nape, L. napus.] 

Nay. na, adv. No; not this merely, but also; not only 
so. —re. Denial; refusal. [ME. nay, nasi, nai, Ic. 
and Dan. nei, S\y. nej ; s. rt. no, q. v.] 

Nazarene, naz'a-ren', re. An inhabitant of Nazareth; 
one of the early converts to Christianity, — a term 
of contempt. — Naz'arite, -i-Tt, re. A Jew who 
bound himself by a vow to extraordinary purity of 
life and devotion. fHeb. nazar, to separate one's 
self, vow, abstain.] — Naz'aritism, -rit-izm, re. The 
vow and practice of, etc. 




% 




Nave. 



Noap, nep, re. The pole of a cart or wagon ; a prop 
for the front of a cart, etc. [Perh. same as neb.] 

Neap, nep, a. Low ; scanty. [AS. nep, Dan. knap, 
Sw. kit'i/ip, scanty, narrow, knappa, to pinch, stint ; 
s. rt. nip.] — Neap tides. Tides which happen in the 
second and last quarters of the moon, when the dif- 
ference between high and low water is less than at 
any other period in the month,— opp. to spring tides. 

Neapolitan, ne-a-poll-tan, a. Of, or pert, to, the 
city of Xaples. 

Near, ner, a. Not far distant; as, not distant in place, 
adjacent, neighboring ; or, not distant in time ; or, 
closely related; or, close to one's interests, affection, 
etc.; intimate: dear; or, close to anything followed 
or imitated ; or, on the left of a team ; serving to 
bring the object closer ; immediate ; direct ; par- 
simonious : illiberal. — adv. At a little distance 
only, in place or time, manner or degree ; almost ; 
well-nigh ; nearly. — v. t. [xeared (nerd), near- 
IHG.] fo approach, come nearer, — v. i. To draw 
near, approach. — prep. Adjacent to; close by. 
[AS. near, comparative adv., fr. neah, nigh, Ic. 
user.] — Nearly, -IT, adv. At no great distance ; 
closely; intimately; pressingly ; almost ; in a parsi- 
monious manner. — Near'ness, n. — Near'-sight'ed, 
a. Seeing at a small distance only: short-sighted. 

Neat, net, re. Cattle of the bovine genus, as bulls, ox- 
en, and cows. —a. Belonging to the bovine genus, 
as, neat cattle; also, pert, to such cattle. [AS., fr. 
neotan, to use, employ, Goth, niutan, to receive ben- 
efit from; Skr. nand, to be pleased, Gr. oninemi, I 
profit, support.] — Neat/ -herd, re. One who has the 
; care of cattle. 

! Neat, net, a. Free from that which soils or disorders; 
| clean; pleasing with simplicity; chaste: good in its 
kind; excellent; complete in character, skill, etc.; 
adroit; with all deductions made: net; tidy; trim; 
spruce. [F. net, fern, nette, L. nitidus, shining, clear, 
elegant, fr. nitere, to shine; prob. s. rt. Ic. gneisti, a 
spark, E. g/ieiss.] — Neatly, adv. — Neat'ness, re. — 
Net, a. (Com.) Pure; unadulterated; clear of all 
charges, deductions, etc.— v. t. To gain or produce 
as clear profit. 

Neb, neb, n. The nose; snout; mouth; the beak of a 
bird; the bill; nib (of a pen). J AS. nebb, the face, 
D. neb, G. schnabel, beak, bill, nib, mouth, fr. MHG. 
snaben, to snap; s. rt. nib, nipple, snap, snipe.] 

Nebula, neb'u-la, re. ,• pi. -l.e, -le. (Astron.) A misty 
or cloud-like object in the distant heavens, often re- 
solvable by the telescope into distinct stars. [L., a 
mist: s. rt. L. nimbus, nubes, Gr. nephele, a cloud, 
nephos, G. 7iebel, mist, Skr. nabhas, sky, atmosphere, 
nabh, to burst.] — Neb'ular, a. Pert, to nebulae. — 
Nebular hypothesis. The theory of Laplace that the 
solar system orig. consisted of a revolving nebula 
which, cooling and contracting, threw off rings of 
matter which ultimately became the planets, satel- 
lites, etc., of the system. — Neb'ulous, -u-lus, a. 
Cloudy; hazy. (Astron.) Pert, to, or like, a nebula; 
nebular. — Nebulosity, -los'T-H, n. State of being 
nebulous. (Astron.) The faint, misty appearance 
surrounding certain stars. 

Necessary, nes'es-sa-rT, a. Such as must be; inevita- 
ble; indispensable; essential; acting from necessity 
or compulsion.— re. A thing indispensable to some 
purpose, — chiefly in pi. ; a privy ; water-closet. 
I OF. necessaire, L". necessarius, necesse ; prob. s. rt. 
L. nancisci, nacttis, to get, come upon, and not fr. 
ne, not, and cedere, to give way.] — Necessalian, 
-salT-an, re. An advocate for the doctrine of philo- 
sophical necessity; a necessitarian. — Nec'essarily, 
-rl-ll, adv. In a necessary manner ; by necessity; 
unavoidably; indispensablv. — Nec'essariness, re. — 
Necessity, -sesST-tT, n. Quality of being, etc. ; 
pressing need: indigence: want: that which is neces- 
sary; a requisite, — chiefly in pi. ; irresistible force ; 
overruling power; fate; fatality. (3lJaj>h.) Denial 
of freedom to voluntary action. [OF. necessite, L. 
necessitas.] — Neces'sita / rian, -talY-an, re. One who 
maintains the doctrine of philosophical necessity in 
regard to the origin and existence of things, esp. as 
applied to the operations of the will. — Necessitate. 
v. t. To make necessary or indispensable ; to force, 
compel. — Necessitous, -sT-tus, a. Very needy or 
indigent: narrow ; destitute. — NecesSitously, adv. 
— NecesSitousness, re. Extreme poverty or desti- 
tution. 

Neck, nek, n. The part of an animal's body connect- 
I ing head and trunk; any part of an inanimate ob- 
ject corresponding to a neck ; the long, slender part 
| of a vessel, as a retort, or of a fruit, as a gourd: esp.. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



NECROLOGY 



374 



NEGRO 



s narrow tract of land connecting larger tracts. 
[AS. hnecca, D. nek, Ic. hnakki, nape ot the neck ; 
e. rt. nape, knag, knuckle.] — Neck'cloth, n. A piece 
of cloth worn on the neck. — Neck'erchief, -er-chif , 
n. A kerchief worn around the neck : neck-tie. 
[For neck-kerchief.] — Neck'lace, //. A string of 
beads, or precious stones, worn upon the neck. — 
Neck'-tie, n. A band or kerchief of silk, etc., pass- 
ing around the neck or collar and tied in front ; a 
bow of silk, etc., fastened in front of the neck. 

Necrology, ne-krol'o-jl, n. A register of deaths. [Gr. 
nekros, nekus, a corpse (s. rt. Skr. nac, to perish, 
nacaya, to destroy, L. necare, to kill, E. internecine), 
and logos, discourse.] - Necrologue, -ical, -loj'ik-al, 
a. Pert, to necrology ; relating to an account of 
deaths. — Necrologist, -krol'o-jist, n. One who 
gives an accouut ot deaths. — Nec'roman'cy, -sT, n. 
Art of revealing future events by pretended commu- 
nication with the dead; conjuration; enchantment; 
the black art, q. v., under Black. [Gr. manteia, divi- 
nation.] — Nec'roman'cer, -ser, n. One who, etc.; a 
wizard. — Necroman'tic, -tical, a. Pertaining to, or 
performed by, necromancy. — Necroman' tically, 
adv. — Necroph'agous, -krof 'a-gus, a. Eating, or 
feeding on, the dead. [Gr. phagein, to eat.] — Ne- 
cropolis, «. A city of the dead; cemetery; grave- 
yard. [Gr. polls, city.] 

Nectar, nek'tar, «. ( Myth. & Poet.) The drink of the 
gods; the honey in certain flowers and plant glands; 
a sweet, pleasant, or delicious beverage. [L. and 
Gr.] — Necta'real, -rean, -reous, -re-us, Nec'tarous, 
a. Pert, to, containing, or resembling nectar; deli- 
cious. — Nec'tarine, -tar-in, n. (Bot.) A variety of 
peach, witli a smooth rind. — Nec'tary, -ta-ri, n. 
(Bot.) The honey-gland of a flower. — Necta'rial, 
-rX-al, a. Pert, to a nectary. 

Nee, na, p. p. Born,- used to denote the family name 
of a woman before her marriage. [F., p. p. of naitre, 
L. nasci, to be born: see Nation.] 

Need, ned, ». A state that requires supply or relief: 
urgent want; poverty; indigence; exigency; strait; 
extremity. — v. t. To be in want of, lack. [With 
another verb, need is used like an auxiliary, and un- 
dergoes no change of termination in the 3d pers. 
sing, of the pres. tense.] — v.i. To be wanted, be 
necessary. [AS. nyd, ned, Russ. nyjda, need; s. rt. 
AS. anijd(ti), Skr. nud. to repel, Russ. nydite, to 
force.] — Needs, adv. Of necessity; necessarily; in- 
dispensably. — Need'y, -I, a. [-ier, -iest.j Dis- 
tressed by want of the means of living: necessitous. 

— Need'ily, adv. — Need'iness, n.— Need'lesB, a. 
Having no need: in want of nothing; unnecessary; 
not requisite.— Need'lessly, adv.— Need'lessness, n. 

— Need'er, n.— Need'ful, -ful, a. Full of need; 
needy; requisite. — Need'fully, adv.— Need'fulness, 
n. 

Needle, ne'dl, ft. A slender, pointed steel instrument 
with an eye, used in sewing ; a knitting-needle ; a 
magnetized oar of steel, resting on a pivot, in a com- 
pass, so as to turn freely toward the magnetic poles 
of the earth ; any slender pointed object ; a pointed 
crystal; a sharp pinnacle of rock, etc. — v. i. To 
shoot into the form of needles. [AS. nsedl, OHG. 
nadela, needle, nahen, to sew ; s. rt. L. nere, Gr. 
neein, to spin, Ir. snaidhe, thread, snathad, needle, 
E. snare, nerve.] — Nee'dleful, -ful, »..; pi. -fuls. 
As much thread as is put at once'into a needle. — 
Nee'dle-gun, w. A ri re-arm loaded at the breech by 
a cartridge containing detonating powder, which is 
exploded by a slender pin, or needle, which passes 
in at the breech.— -wom'an, n. ; pi. -wom'en. A 
seamstress. 

Ne'er, nar, adv. A contr. of never. — Ne'er'-do-weel, 
-wel, ft. A good-for-nothing; one who will never do 
good. [Scot.] 

Nefarious, ne-fa'rl-us, a. Wicked in the extreme : 
atrociously villainous; detestable; infamous: impi- 
ous. [L. nefarius, fr. nefas, impiety, fr. ne, not, and 
fas, divine law, orig. what is divinely spoken, fr. 
'fori, to speak: L., Gr., F., AS., MHG., and Russ. ne 
= OHG., Goth., Ir., Ga., and W. ni, Skr. na, not.] — 
Nefa'riously, -rf-us-lt, adv. — Nega'tion, n. Act of 
denying; denial; statement of what a thing is not, 
or has not, etc. [F.; L. negatio, fr. negare, negatum, 
to deny, fr. ne and aiere, to say; s. rt. Gr. emi, Skr. 
ah. to say, E. deny, abnegate, renegade.]— Neg' a- 
tive, -tiv, a. Implying or containing denial, nega- 
tion, or refusal ; the opposite of affirmative or pos- 
itive ; marked by absence of what is appropriate or 
expected ; having the effect of stopping or restrain- 
ing. — n. A proposition by which something is de- 



nied orforbidden ; an opposite or contradictory term 
or conception ; a word that denies; veto; the relation 
of denial or opposition. (Photog.) A picture upon 

flass in which the lights and shadows are reversed, 
rom which photographs, etc., may be printed.— 
v. t. [negatived (-tivd), -TiviNG.J To disprove; 
to refuse to enact or sanction. [ME. and F. negatif, 
L. negativus.] — Neg'atively, adv.— Neglect', -lekt v , 
v. t. Not to treat with due attention; to suffer to 
pass unimproved, unheeded, undone, etc.; to omit; 
to forbear to treat with attention or respect; to slight, 
overlook, disregard. — n. Omission of proper atten- 
tion; state of being disregarded. [JL. negligere, neg- 
lectum, fr. nee (contr. of neque, fr. ne and que, enclitic 
particle) and legere, to gather, collect.] — Neglect'er, 
ft. — Neglect'ful, -ful, a. Full of neglect; heedless; 
careless; inattentive; treating with neglect or slight; 
indicating indifference.- Neglect' fully, adv.— Neg'- 
ligence, -lT-jens, n. Quality ot being negligent; ha- 
bitual neglect; a negligent act. [F.; L. negligentia.] 

— Neg'ligent, a. Apt to neglect; customarily neg- 
lectful; heedless; remiss. [F.; L. negligens, -gentis, 
p. pr. of negligere.] — Negligently, adv.— Negligee, 
neg'lY-zha', n. An easy, unceremonious attire; a 
long necklace, usually of red coral. [F., p. pr. of 
negliger.] — Nego'tiate, -shT-at, v. i. To transact 
business; to treat with another respecting purchase 
and sale; to treat with respecting a treaty, league, 
etc. — v. t. To arrange for ; to settle by dealing and 
management ; to sell, pass. [L. negotiari, -atus, fr. 
negottum, business, fr. ft^c(see Neglect, above)and 
otiwn, leisure.] — Negotiable, a. Capable of being 
negotiated ; transferable by assignment or indorse- 
ment to another person.— Nego'tiabil'ity, n. Qual- 
ity of being, etc. — Nego'tia'tion, -shl-a'shun, n. 
Act of negotiating; the transacting of business in 
traffic; mercantile business; trading; the transaction 
of business between nations. [I. negociation.] — 
Nego'tia'tor, n. One who negotiates. [L.] — Nei'- 
ther, ne'ther or ni'ther (see Either), pron. or pro- 
nominal a. Not either ; not the one or the other. — 
co)ij. Not either. [ME. nether, nother (whence nor), 
AS. nawdher, contr. fr. uahwisdher, fr. na, no, and 
hwtedher, whether, q. v., ajid see Neuter, below.] — 
Nepen'the, -the, -thes, -thez, n. A drug used by the 
ancients to relieve from pain and produce exhilara- 
tion of spirits, — perh. opium or hashish. [Gr. nepen- 
thes, name of the drug, lit. free from sorrow, fr. ne 
and penthos, grief, s. rt. pathos, q. v.] — Nes'cience, 
nesh'ens, n. Want of knowledge; ignorance. [L. 
nescientia, fr. nesciens, p. pr. of nescire, to be igno- 
rant, fr. ne and scire, to know.] — Neu'ter, nu'ter, a. 
Neither the one thing nor the other; of neither side; 
neutral: sexless. (Gram.) Of neither gender; nei- 
ther male nor female ; neither active nor passive ; 
intransitive. (Bot.) Having neither stamens nor 
pistils. — ft. A person who takes no part in a con- 
test; a neutral ; the working bee, which is really 
an undeveloped female. (Bot.) A plant having 
neither stamens nor pistils. [L., neither, fr. we and 
uter, whether of the two ; s. rt. Skr. kalara = E. 
whether: see Neither, above.] — Neu'tral, a. Not 
engaged on either side ; neuter ; indifferent ; nei- 
ther very good nor bad; of medium quality. (Bot.) 
Having neither stamens nor pistils. — n. A person 
or nation that takes no part in a contest between 
others. [L. neutralit. ] — Neutral'ity, -tral'I-tl, n. 
State of being neutral ; indifference ; a combination 
of neutral powers or states. [F. neutrality, E. neu- 
tralUas.] — Neutralize, v. t. (-ized (-Izd), -izing.] 
To render neutral. (Chem.) To destroy the effect 
of, render inert. To destroy the peculiar properties 
or opposite dispositions of . — Neu'traliz'er, n. One 
who, or that which, etc. — Neu'traliza'tion, n. Act 
of, or state of being neutralized. — Neu'trally, adv. 

— Nev'er, adv. Not ever; not at any time ; in no 
degree; not in the least; not. [AS. nsefre, fr. ne and 
sefre, ever, q. v.] — Never so. As never before ; es- 
pecially ; particularly, — now usually replaced by 
ever so. — Nevertheless', adv. Not the less ; not- 
withstanding ; in spite of that; however ; at least ; 
yet. [AS. na dhe Ises = no-the-less.] 

Negro, ne'gro, n. ; vl. -groes, -groz. A black man; 
esp., one of a race naving protruding lips and woolly 
hair, inhabiting a portion of tropical Africa. [Sp., 
Pg., and It. negro, L. niger, black; s. rt. Skr. nig — 
E. night, q. v.] — Ne'gress, ft. A black woman : a 
female negro. — Ne'groid, a. Characteristic of or 
resembling the negro. [Gr. eidos, form.] — Negri'to, 
w. ; pi. -TOS; -toz. One of a very diminutive negroid 
race found in the Philippine and other islands. [F., 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



NEG-US 



375 



NET 



fr. negre, negro.] — Nig'ger, n. A negro, — in con- 
tempt. [Fr. F. negre.] — Nigres'cent, ni-frres'sent, 
a. Growing black; changing to a black color. [L. 
nigrescens, p. pr. of nigrescere, to become black, ir. 
nigrere, to be black, fr. niger.) — Nig'ritude, n. 
Blackness. [L. nigritudo. ) — Nig'rinca'tion, a. Act 
of making black. [L./acere, to make.] 

Negus, ne'gus, ?i. A beverage made of wine, water, 
sugar, nutmeg, and lemon-juice. [Inventor's name.] 

Neigh, na, v. i. [neighed (nad), neighing.] To cry 
as a horse; to whinny. — m. The natural cry of a 
horse ; a whinnying. [Ononiat. ; AS. hnxgan, to 
neish, hnsegung, a neighing; s. rt. nag.] 

Neighbor, na'ber, n. One who lives near one; one en- 
titled to, or exhibiting, neighborly kindness; one of 
the human race. — a. Near to another; adjoining; 

next. — V. t. [NEIGHBORED (-berd), -BORING.] To 

adjoin, border on, be near to. [AS. neahgebur, fr. 
neah, nigh, and gebur, a husbandman; s. rt. D. boer, 
a boor.] — Neighborhood, -h<56d, n. Quality or con- 
dition of being a neighbor; vicinity; adjoining dis- 
trict; a region whose inhabitants may be counted as 
neighbors; inhabitants living in the vicinity of each 
other. — Neighboring, a. Living or being near. — 
Neighborly, -ber-ll, a. Becoming a neighbor; kind; 
social; friendly; cultivating familiar intercourse. 

Neither. Sec under Nefarious. 

Nemesis, nem'e-sis, n. {Math.) The goddess of ven- I 
geance; retributive justice. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. I 
neiuein, to distribute: see Nomad.] 

tfeogene, ne'o-jen, n. (Geol.) A designation for the ' 
nuocene and pliocene tertiary formations. [Gr. veos, 
new (q. v.), and genos, geneos, birth.] — Neol'ogy, 
-ol'o-jT, «. Introduction of a new word, or of new | 
words, into a language; new doctrines, esp. in the- ' 
ology. [Gr. logos, discourse, word.] — Neolog'ical, : 
-lojlk-al, a. Pert, to neology ; employing new ! 
words. — NeoKogisni, -jizm, n. Introduction of new I 
words or doctrines ; a new word, expression, or doc- i 
trine. — Neol'ogist, n. One who holds doctrines 
subversive of supernatural or revealed religion. — 
Neol'ogisVic, -ical, «. Pert, to, etc. — Ne'ophyte, j 
-o-iit, n. A new convert or proselyte ; a novice ; | 
tyro. [Gr. neophutos, a neophite, lit. newly planted; 
photon, a plant, phuein, to grow, cause to grow ; s. ! 
rt. be.] — Ne'oplas'ty, -plas'tT, n. {Physiol.) Res- i 
toration of a part by granulation, adhesive inflam- | 
mation, or autoplasty. [Gr. plassein, to form.] — I 
Neoteric, -ical, -terlk-al, a. Recent in origin ; j 
modern; new. [Gr. neotei-ikos, novel, fr. neoteros, 
compar. of neos.] 

Nepenthe. See under Nefarious. 

fephew, nef 'u, Eng. pron. nev-'u, n. A son of one's 
brother or sister. [ME. nevew, OF. neveu, L. nepos, 
nepotis, grandson, nephew, AS. nefa, OHG. nefo, I 
nephew, Skr. napat, grandson.] — Nep'otism, -tizm, j 
n. Fondness for, or favoritism shown to, relations, i 
[L. nepos.] — Nep'otist, n. One who practices nepo- 
tism. 

STephritic, ne-fritlk, -ical, a. Pert, to the kidneys; 
affected with, or relieving disorders of the kidneys. 
— Nephritic, n. {Med.) A medicine adapted to re- 
lieve or cure the diseases of the kidneys. [Gr. ne- 
phritikos, fr. nephrites, pert, to the nephros, kidney.] 

tfepotism, etc. See under Nephew. 

Neptune, nep'tiin, n. {Rom. Myth.) The god of the 
waters, esp. of the Mediterranean Sea. ( Astron.) A 
large planet beyond Uranus; its mean distance from 
the sun is about 2,850,000,000 miles. fL. Neptunus; 
peril, s. rt. Gr. niptomai, to bathe ; pern. Gr. nephos, 
a cloud ; see Nebula.] — Neptu'nian, -nT-an, a. 
Pert, to the sea ; formed by water or aqueous solu- 
tion. — Neptu'nian, Nep'tuaist, n. One who holds 
that the substances of the globe were formed from 
aqueous solution. 

Nereid, ne're-id, n. {Myth.) A sea-nvmph, one of 
the daughters of Nereus. [L. and Gr. 'Nereis, daugh- 
ter of Nereus, fr. Gr. neros, wet ; s. rt. naiad, q. v.] 

Nerve, nerv, n. Physical force or steadiness ; firm- 
ness of mind : self-command ; courage. {Anat.) 
One of the fibers which establish communication 
between the parts of the body, and the brain and 
spinal cord, or the central ganglia. {Bot.) One of 
the simple parallel veins or ribs of a leaf, etc. — v. t. 
[nerved (nervd), nerving.] To give strength or 
vigor to. [F. nerf, L. nervus, Gr. neuron, a sinew, 
neura, a string ; s. rt. G. schnur, a string, E. snare : 
see Needle.] — Nerva'tion, n. The arrangement of 
nerves, esp. those of leaves. — Nerveless, a. Desti- 
tute of strength ; wanting vigor. — Nervine, -in, a. 
{Med.) Quieting nervous excitement. — n. Nerve 



substance. {Med.) A medicine which acts upon 
the nerves. — Nerv'ous, -us, a. Possessing nerve; 
strong ; vigorous ; manifesting mental vigor ; pert, 
to, or seated in, the nerves ; full of nerves ; having 
the nerves weak or diseased ; easily agitated, [i. 
nerveux. sinewy, L. nervosus, full of nerve.] — 
Nerv'ously, adv. — Nerv'ousness, n. — Neuralgia, 
nu-ral'j \-a, n. {Med.) A disease, whose chief 
symptom is acute pain, which follows the course 
of a nervous branch, extends to its ramifications, 
and seems to be seated in the nerve. [Gr. neuron 
and algos, pain.] — Neural'gic, -jik, a. Pert, to 
neuralgia.— Neuroglia, -ll-a, ra. {Anat.) The finely 
granulated connective tissue of the brain and spinal 
cord; bindwcb. [Gr. glia, glue.] — Neurol'ogy, n. 
{Anat.) A description of the nerves oi animal bod- 
ies, or the doctrine of the nerves. [Gr. logos, dis- 
course.] — Neuro'ma, -ma, n. {Pathol.) A tumor 
on a nerve. — Neu- 
rop'ter, n. One of 
an order of insects 
having 4 membra- 
nous, transparent 
wings, as the drag- 
on-fly. [Gr. pteron, ^B 
wing.] — Neurop'- Vfc> 
teral, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — Neurotic, a. 
Relating tOj seated 
in,orusef ulin disor- 
ders of, the nerves. 
— n. A drug affect- 
primarily the Neuropter. 




Caddis-fly (Phryania). 



her 
young; place in 




functions of intel- 
lection, sensibility, 
or motility, — as aconite, alcohol, chloral, ether, digi- 
talis, opium, etc. — Neurot'omy. -o-mi, n. (Anal.) 
Art or practice of dissecting the nerves; an incised 
wound of a nerve. [Gr. tome, a cutting.] 

Nescience. See under Nefarious. 

Nest, nest, n. The receptacle prepared by a bird for 
hatching and 
'ng ' 
„; pla< 
liicfi eggs of 
insects, turtles, 
etc., are laid; j 
a snug resi- v 
dence or situa- 
tion ; a collec- 
tion of boxes, 
cases, etc., of 
graduated size. 
— v.i. To build 
and occupy a 
nest. — v.i. To 
form a nest for. 
[AS., D., and 
G. nest, L. nv- ■ 
dus, Skr. nida, 
f r. nas, to go to, 
join, Gr. naiein, 

left in the nest to prevent the hen from forsaking it; 
something laid up as the beginning of a fund or col- 
lection.— Nestle, nesl, v. i. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To 
lie close and snug, as a bird in her nest ; to move 
about in one's seat, like a bird when forming her 
nest. — v. t. To house, as in a nest; to cherish, as a 
bird her young. — Nesfling, nesling, n. A young 
bird in the nest, or just taken from the nest. — Nr- 
dus, n. A nest or hatching-place, esp. place where 
or part in which a parasite or disease is developed. 
[L.J — Nid'amen'tal, a. Bearing, or pert, to, eggs or 
young. — Nid'ificate, -T-f T-kat, v. i. To make a nest. 
[L./aeere, to make.] — Nid'ifica'tion, n. Operation 
of building a nest and rearing young. — Nid'ulate, 
v. i. To nidificate.— Nidula'tion, n. The time a 
bird remains in the nest. 

Nestorian, nes-toll-an, n. {Eecl. Hist.) An adher- 
ent of Nestorius, who held that the divine and hu- 
man natures in Christ were not so united as to form 
but a single person, —a. Like Nestor, the aged 
warrior and counselor mentioned in Homer's Iliad ; 
sage ; experienced ; pert, to Nestorius or to his her- 
esy. 

Net, net, n. A texture of twine, etc.. with open 
meshes, arranged in various forms, for catching 
fish, birds, or heasts ; anything fitted to entrap or 
deceive; a snare; any fabric of open texture, as one 
to inclose the hair. — v. t. To make into a net, or 
net-work; to take in a net. — v. i. To form net- 



Nest of Thistle-bird, 
to dwell.]— Nest^-egg, «. An egg 



sun, cube, full ; moon, frJot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



NET 



376 



NIELLO 




Nettle. 



work. [AS., D., Ic., and Dan.; perh. s. rt. Goth. 
netzen, to wet, perh. Skr. nada, a river; not s. rt. 
knit.] — Net'ting, n. A piece of net-work. — Net- 
work, n. A fabric of threads, cords, or wires cross- 
ing each other at certain intervals, and secured at 
the crossings. 

Net, a. Unadulterate, clear of deduction. See under 
Neat. 

Netb/er, neth'er, a. Lying or being beneath, or in 
the lower part; lower. [AS. neoahera, Ir. nidher, 
downward, nidhe, neo/han, below.] — Netb/ermost, 
a. Lowest. [AS. nidhemesta, fr. ni, down, with 
superl. suffix; not fr. E. most.] 

Nettle, neftl, n. A plant covered with minute sharp 
hairs containing a poison 
that produces a very 
painful sensation. — v. t. 

[NETTLED (-tld), 

-tling.] To fret or 
sting; irritate or vex. 
[AS. netele, OHG. nazza, 
Gr. knide, a nettle, kniz- 
ein, to scrape, cause to 
itch; s. rt. nit.] — Nef- 
tler, n. One who pro- 
vokes, stings, or irri- 
tates. — Net'tle-rash, n. 
{Med.) An eruptive dis- 
ease resembling the ef- 
fects of whipping with a 
nettle; urticaria. 

Neuralgia, Neurotic, etc. 
See under Nerve. 

Neuter, Neutral, Never, 
etc. See under Nefari- 
ous. 

New, nu, a. Having existed, or having been made, 
but a short time; of late origin; lately manifested; 
recently invented, discovered, or established as true; 
strange; starting anew; recommencing; not ancient; 
modern; not worn out or defaced by use ; unaccus- 
tomed ; unfamiliar : fresh from anything ; novel. 
[ME. newe (2 syl.), AS. niwe, niowe, Ir. and Ga. 
nuadh. L. novas, Gr. neos, Skr. nava, new; s. rt. Skr. 
nu = E. now, q. v., also E. neogene, etc., novel, novice, 
renew.] — New Church, or N. Jerusalem C. The re- 
ligious body holding the doctrines of Emanuel Swe- 
deuborg. — New'ish, a. Nearly, or somewhat, new. 
— New'ly, -II, adv. Lately; freshly; recently; in a 
manner not existing before; with a new form. [AS. 
niwlice. ] — New'ness, n. State or quality of being 
new, or of being iirst known or introduced; novelty; 
innovation; recent change; want of practice or fa- 
miliarity; different state or qualities introduced by 
change or regeneration. — News, nuz, n. [Plural in 
form, but united with a verb in the sing.] Recent 
intelligence; fresh information; tidings; informa- 
tion of what has recently happened or of what was 
before unknown ; advice. —News'' mon'ger, n. One 
who deals in news. — News'paper, n. A public print 
that circulates news, advertisements, etc. — New- 
fan 'gled, -fan/gld, a. New-made; formed with the 
affectation of novelty. [MF. newefangel (4 syl.) ; 
fangel, ready to seize, snatching at, fr. AS. fangan, 
to take ; s. rt. fang, q. v.] — -fashioned, -fash'und, 
a. Made in a new form, or lately come into fashion. 
— mod'el, v. t. To give a new form to. 

Newel, nu'el, n. {Arch.) The upright post about 
which the steps of a circular staircase wind: the post 
at the angles and foot of a staircase. [OF. nual; 
same as nucleus, q. v.] 

Newt, nut, n._ A small water lizard ; an eft. [Prop. 



an ewt; ME. ewte, neivte, AS. efeta, an eft, q. v.] 
fext, nekst, a. ; superl. of nigh. Nearest in pla 
time, degree, quality, rank, right, or relation; ad- 



joining in a series. — adv. At the time or turn near- 
est or immediately succeeding. [Contr. of ME. 
nehest, superl. of neh, nigh, q. v.] 

Nib, nib, n. Something small and pointed; a prong; 
esp. the bill or beak of a bird, or point of a pen.— 
v. t. To furnish with a nib; to point; to cut off the 
point of. [Same as neb, q. v.] — Nip'ple, -pi, n. The 
protuberance on the breast of females from which 
milk is drawn ; a teat, pap ; any small projection 
having a perforation, as that part of a gun-1'ock on 
which the cap is placed. [ME. neble, dim. of nib, 
neb; not f r. nip.] 

Nibble, nib'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To eat 
slowly or in small bits. — v. z. To bite gently, or a 
little at a time. — n. A little bite, or seizing as if to 
bite. [Freq. of nip (q. v.), LG. knibbeln, to nibble, 



rt. nib, neb.]- 



D. knxhbelen, to cavil, haggle ; not i 
Nib'bler, n. 

Nibelungen, N.-Lied, ne-be-lung'en-led. The " Lay of 
the Nibelungen," the oldest German epic poem, 
dating fr. the 13th century, and written in OHG. 

Nice, nis, a. Pleasing to the senses; esp. to the taste; 
agreeable; gratifying; wrought by a skillful work- 
man; produced by an acute or fastidious mind; re- 
quiring to be daintily touched, discussed, or judged 
of; refined; showing delicacy or refinement; distin- 
guishing accurately or minutely ; over scrupulous 
or exact ; hard to please or satisfy ; scrupulously 
and minutely cautious; dainty; fine; precise; fas- 
tidious; squeamish; finical. [ME., foolish, simple ; 
OF., lazy, slack, dull, simple; fr. L. nescius, igno- 
rant (see Nescience, under Nefarious), prob. influ- 
enced by obs. E. nesh, AS. hnesce, tender, soft, deli- 
cate.] — Nice'ly, adv. In a nice or delicate manner; 
accurately ; exactly ; well ; cleverly ; in the best 
manner. — Nice'ness, n. Quality of being nice ; del- 
icacy of perception ; excess of scrupulousness or 
exactness. — Nic'ety, -e-tT, n. Quality of being nice ; 
daintiness, as, delicate management; or, delicacy of 
perception; a minute distinction ; precision; or, ex- 
cess of delicacy; fastidiousness ; a delicacy, — used 
in pi. 

Nicene, ni'sen or m-sen', a. Of, or pert, to, Nice, 
in Asia Minor, where the Nicene creed, a summary 
of Christian faith, was composed, a. d. 325. 

Niche, nich, n. A cavity or recess, generally within 
the thickness of a wall, for a 
statue, bust, etc. [F. ; It. nic- 
chia, a niche, nicchio, a shell, 
prob. fr. its orig. shape, fr. L. 
mytilus, Gr. mutilos, a muscle; 
s. rt. L. musculus, muscle (q. v.), 
dim. of nms, mouse.] 

Nick, nik, n. {Northern Myth.) 
An evil spirit of the waters ; 
hence Old Nick, the devil. [AS. 
nicor, G. nix, nixe, a water 
sprite.] 

Nick, nik, n. A notch cut into 
something; a score for keeping 
an account ; a hit ; the exact 
point or critical moment. — v. t. 

[NICKED (nikt), NICKING.] To 

cut in notches ; to make nicks 
in, notch ; to suit or fit into, as 
one nick or notch into another; 
to hit; to strike at the precise 
point or time; to gain an advan- 
tage over, cozen, defeat; to hit 
with a telling name or epithet. 
[Same as notch, nock.] — To nick Niche. 

a horse. To notch or make an 
incision in a horse's tail, in order to make him carry 
it higher. 

Nickel, nik'el, n. {Min.) A hard grayish-white metal 
of considerable luster, very malleable and ductile: 
it is used in various alloys and in plating; in the U. 
S., a coin (1, 2, or 5 cents) marie partly of nickel. [G. 
nickel, abbr. fr. kupfernickel, copper nickel, copper 
of Nick, or Nicholas, a name given in derision, as it 
was thought to be a base ore of copper.] — Nickelif'- 
erous, -if^er-us, a. Containing nickel. [L. ferre, to 
bear.] 

Nick'nack. Same as Knickknack. 

Nickname, nik'nam, n. A name given in contempt, 
derision, or sportive familiarity. — v. t. [nicknamed 
(-namd), -naming.] To give a name of reproach or 
familiarity to. [Prop, an ekename; ME. ekename, 
nekename, fr. eke (q. v.) and name; cf. L. agnomen, 
G. zuname, Ic. auknafn (fr. auka, to eke, nafn, name), 
Sw. oknamn (fr. oka, to eke), a nickname.] 

Nicotian, nl-ko'shan, a. Pert, to, or derived from 
tobacco. [Fr. Nicot, who first introduced it into 
France, A. d. 1560.] — Nic'otin, -tine, -tin, n. An 
oily, limpid, and highly poisonous liquid alkaloid 
yielded by tobacco. 

Nictate, nik'tat, Nic'titate, -tl-tat, v. i. To wink. 
[L. nictare, -tatnm, fr. nicer e, to beckon.] — Nicta'- 
tion, Nictita'tion, n. The act of winking. 

Nidamental, Nidification, etc. See under Nest. 

Niece, nes, n. A daughter of one's brother or sister. 
[OF.; LL. neptia, fr. L. neptis, fern, of nepos, grand- 
son, nephew, q. v.] 

Niello, ne-el'lo, n. A method of ornamenting metal 
by filling engraved lines and figures with a colored 
composition. [It. ; f r. LL. nigellum, a kind of enam- 
el, fr. L. nigellus, dim. of niger, black : see Negro.] 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 



NIGG-ARD 



377 



NITER 



Niggard, nig'gard, n. One meanly close and covet- 
ous; a miser. — a. Meanly covetous; sordidly parsi- 
monious ; miserly. [1c. huoygr, economical, AS. 
hneaw, sparing.] — Nig'gardish, a. Somewhat nig- 
rdly. — Nig'gardly, -ll, a. Meanly avaricious in 



dealing with others; cautiously avoiding profusion 
penurious. — Nig'gardliness, n. 

Nigger. See under Negro. 

Nigh, ni, a. [nigiiek; highest or next.] Not dis- 
tant in place or time; near; not remote in degree, 
kindred, circumstances, etc. ; closely allied ; adja- 
cent ; contiguous; intimate. — adv. In a situation 
near in place or time, or in the course of events; al- 
most ; nearly.— prep. Near to; not distant from. 
[AS. neah, neh; s. rt. AS. genoh = E. enough, q. v., 
Goth, ganah, it suffices, Skr. nac , to attain, L. nan- 
cisci, to acquire, E. near, neighbor, necessary, ne.rt.'] 

Night, nit, n. The time from sunset to sunrise; dark- 
ness; obscurity; ignorance; a state of afiiiction or 
distress; adversity; death; the time of the absence 
of life from nature. [AS. niht, neht, D. and G. nacht, 
Russ. noche, L. nox, noctis, Gr. nux, Skr. nakta, nie; 
8. rt. Skr. nac, to disappear, nashta, lost, dead, L. 
nex, death, Gr. nekus, a corpse, E. negro, q. v.] — 
Night'ly, -If, a. Done by night; done every night. 
—adv. By night; in the night; every night.— Night '- 
cap, n. A cap worn in bed or in undress; a glass of 
liquor before going to bed. — fall, n. Close of the 
day, evening. — gown, n. A loose gown used for 
undress, or worn in bed. hawk, n. An insectivo- 
rous Amer. bird allied to the goat-sucker and whip- 
poorwill, which hunts its prey in the evening.— 
-piece, n. A painting representing some night-scene, 
or so colored as to be best exhibited by candle-light. 
— soil, n. The contents of privies, — carried away, 
as a manure, by night. — walk'er, n. One who 
walks in his sleep ; a somnambulist ; one who roves 
about in the night for evil purposes. — walk'ing, n. 
Walking in one's sleep ; somnambulism ; a roving 
in the streets at night with evil designs. — watch, 
n. A period in the night, as disting. by the change 
of watch; a watch, or guard, to afford protection in 
the night. — Nightingale, -gal, n. A small migra- 
tory bird of Europe, Asia, and Africa, which sings 
sweetly at night; philomel. [AS. nihtegale, fr. niht 
andgalan, to sing, gale, singer; s. rt. yell.] — Night'- 
mare, -mar, n. A state of oppression during sleep, 
with horror, anxiety, and a desire to call for help, 
and a sense of pressure on the chest or stomach ; in- 
cubus; any overwhelming, oppressive, or stupefying 
influence. [ME. nightemare, AS. and Ic. mora, D. 
nachtmerrie, nightmare, Polish mara, nightmare, 
ghost, phantom, JBohem. mura, hobgoblin.]— Nighf- 
shade, n. (Bot.) A low, branching, annual plant, of 
several species, having very small white flowers, and 
round berries, and poisonous properties. [AS. niht- 
scada, G. nachtschade, perh. fr. AS. scadu, shade 
perh. fr. G. schade, injury.] 

Nigrescent, Nigrificatioh. See under Negro. 

Nil, nil, n. Nothing, — a term used in canceling, in 
book-keeping, meaning to take no notice of that to 
which it refers. [L., contr. of nihil, nihilum, noth- 
ing, fr. ne (see Nefarious) and hilum, a little thing, 
trifle, prob. for filura, a thread : see File.] — Nr- 
hilism, ni'hil-izm, n. Nothingness ; nihility ; doc- 
trine that nothing can be known. (Buss. Politics.) 
The socially destructive principles maintained by 
the organization of Nihilists, who disbelieve in any 
permanent improvement in the social condition or 
progress of man, and who constitute a secret revolu- 
tionary society, devoted to the destruction of the 
present form of government. — Ni'hilist, n. An ad- 
vocate of, etc.— Nihility, -hil'T-tT, n. Nothingness; 
a state of being nothing. 

Nimble, nim'bl, a. [-bler, -blest.] Light and quick 
in motion ; agile ; brisk ; prompt. [ME. nimel, fr. 
AS. niman, to catch, seize ; s. rt. Ic. nema, Goth. 
niman, to take, Gr. nemein, to distribute, L. numerus 
= E. number, E. nemesis, nomad, numismatic, numb.] 
— Nim'bleness, n. — Nim'bly, adv. 

Nimbus, nim'bus, n. (Fine Arts.) A circle, or disk, 
of rays of light around the heads of divinities, 
saints, etc. ; a halo. (Meteor.) A rain-cloud. [L. 
See Nebula.] 
Nincompoop, nin'kum-poop, Nin'kum, n. A silly 
fool; blockhead; simpleton. [Corrup. of L. non com- 
pos. See Non Compos Mentis.] 
Nine, nin, a. One more than 8, or one less than 10. — 
n. The sum of 5 and 4 ; a symbol representing nine 
units, as 9 or ix; the players on one side in a game 
of base ball, 9 in number. [AS. nigon, Ic. niu, L. 



novem, Gr. ennea, Skr. navan.] — The Nine. The 
9 Muses : see Muse.— Nine'fold, a. Nine times re- 
peated. — Nine'pence. n. ; pi. -fences. A silver 
coin of the value of 9 pence. — Nine '-holes, n. A 
game in which a ball is to be bowled into 9 holes 

made in the ground, pins, n. A play, orig. with 

9 wooden pins set on end, at which a bowl is rolled 
for throwing them down. — Ninth, a. Following 
the 8th and preceding the 10th; being one of 9 equal 
parts into which anything is divided. — n. The 
quotient of a unit divided by 9 ; one of 9 equal 
parts. (Mus.) An interval containing an octave and 
a second; a chord consisting of the common chord, 
with the 8th advunced one note. [AS. nigodha.] — 
Ninth 'ly, adv. In the 9th place. — Nine'teen, -ten, 
a. Nine and ten. — n. The sum of 10 and 9 ; a 
symbol representing nineteen units, as 19 or xix. — 
Nineteenth, a. Following the 18th and preceding 
the 20th; being one of 19 equal parts into which any- 
thing is divided. — n. The quotient of a unit divid- 
ed by 19 ; one of 19 equal parts ; the next in order 
after the 18th. — Nine'ty, -tl, a. Nine times 10; one 
more than 89.— n. The sum of 9 times 10 ; a symbol 
representing ninety units, as 90 or xc. [AS. nigon- 
tig.] — Nine'tieth, -tl-eth, a. Next in order after the 
89th; being one of 90 equal parts. — n. The quotient 
of a unit divided by 90 ; one of 90 equal parts ; the 
next in order after the 89th. 
Ninny, nin'nr, n. A fool ; simpleton ; dolt. [It. nin- 
no, Sp. nino, a child, infant ; onomat., It. ninna, a 
lullaby, ninnare, to lull to sleep.] 
Nip, nip, v. t. [nipped (nipt) less properly nipt, 
nipping.] To catch or inclose and compress tightly 
between two surfaces or edges brought together; to 
pinch; to remove by pinching, biting, or cutting with 
2 meeting edges of anything; to blast, as by frost; to 
destroy; to bite, vex. — n. A seizing or closing in 
upon; a pinch with the nails or teeth; a small cut, 
or a cutting off the end; a blast; destruction by frost; 
a biting sarcasm; taunt; a sip or draught (esp. of in- 
toxicating liquor). [ME. nippen, D. knijpen, G. knei- 
pen, to pinch; s. rt. knip, neap, 
nibble.] — Nip'per, n. One who 
or that which, etc.; a fore tooth f 
of ahorse; a small draught; sip; 
nip. pi. Small pincers for hold- 
ing, breaking, or cutting. Nippers. 

(Naut.) A number of yarns marled together, to se-, 
cure a cable to the messenger. 
Nipple. See under Nib. 
Nisan, ni'san, n. The 1st month of the Jewish sacred 

year, answering to April, orig. called Abib. [Heb.] 
Nisi, ni'si, conj. Unless; if not. [L.] — Nisi prius. 
(Law.) Unless before, — a phrase applied to terms 
of court, held generally by a single judge, with a 
iury, for the trial of civil causes. 
Nit, nit, n. The egg of a louse or other small insect. 
[AS. hnitu, OIc. gnit, Sw. gnet ; s. rt. Gr. knizein, to 
scrape, make to itch, E. nettle, perh. gnat.] —Nifty, 
-tT, a. Full of, etc. 
Niter, -tre, ni r ter, n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline 
salt, nitrate of potassa, having a pungent, saline 
taste, — used in the manufacture of gunpowder, etc.; 
saltpeter. [F. nitre, L. nitrum, Gr. nitron, potassa, 
also soda (not our saltpeter), Ar. nitrun, natrun, na- 
tron, q. v.] — Nitrate, -trat, n. A salt formed by the 
union of nitric acid with a base. — Nitrate of s'ilrer. 
A transparent crystalline substance obtained by dis- 
solving silver in nitric acid: when fused it becomes 
lunar caustic. — Nitride, -trid, n. A compound of 
nitrogen with any other element or radical, as with 
phosphorus, silicon, or one of the metals. — Nitric, 
a. Compounded of nitrogen and oxygen. See Ni- 
trous. — Nitric acid. A powerful, corrosive acid, 
containing 5 equivalents of ox3 7 gen and 1 of nitro- 
gen. — Nitrify, -trf-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] 
To convert into niter. [L. facere, to make.]— Ni- 
trif'erous, -trifer-us, a. Producing niter. [L./er?-e, 
to bear.] — Nitrous, -trus, -try, -trf, a. Compounded 
of nitrogen with a smaller proportion of oxygen 
than in a nitric compound: pert, to, containing, pro- 
ducing, or like, niter. — Nitrous oxide gas. A gaseous 
oxide of nitrogen, used as an anesthetic, esp. by- 
dentists; laughing gas. — Nitrogen, -tro-jen, n. A 
gaseous element, without taste, odor, or color, form- 
ing nearly 4-5ths of common air, and incapable of 
supporting life; azote. [Gr. gignein, to produce.] — 
Ni'trogenize, -jen-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izmo.J — 
To imbue with nitrogen. — Nitrogenous, -troj'e- 
nus, a. Pert, to, or containing, nitrogen. — Ni'tro- 
cal'cite, -kal'sit, n. Nitrate of calcium, a grayish 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; l'nger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



NITTY 



378 



NOMINAL 



white substance, occurring in efflorescences on old 
walls and in limestone caves, esp. where there isdecay- 
ing animal matter. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] — -glyc'- 
eruie, -glis'er-in, re. A compound produced by the 
action of a mixture of strong nitric and sulphuric 
acids on glycerine at low temperatures : it detonates 
when struck and explodes with great violence. The 
mixture of nitro-glycerine with silicious earth pro- 
duces dynamite or giant-powder ; with gunpowder, or 
with sawdust and nitrate of sodium or barium, 
lithofracteur ; with gunpowder, Colonia powder ; 
with sawdust, or with sawdust and nitrate of potas- 
sium and some other substances, dualin; with wood 
fiber, lignose. — mu'riatlc, -rl-atlk, a. Pert, to, 
or composed of, nitric acid and muriatic acid,— said 
of an acid formed by mixing nitric and muriatic (or 
hydrochloric) acid. — Nitroleum, -le-um, re. Nitro- 
glycerine. [L. oleum, oil.] 

Nitty. See under Nit. 

Nitty, nit'tl, a. Shining ; elegant ; spruce. [L. niti- 
dus, shining, fr. nitere, to shine.] 

Niveous, niv'e-us, a. Snowy; resembling snow. [L. 
niveus, fr. nix, nivis, snow, q. v.] 

Nix, niks, n. ; fern. Nix'e. A water sprite. [G. See 
Nick.] 

No, no, adv. Nay, — a word of denial or refusal; not. 
— re. ; pi. Noes, noz. A refusal by use of the word 
no; a denial; a negative vote; one who votes in the 
negative. [AS. na, no, never, no, fr. ne (see Nefa- 
rious), not, and a, ever = E. aye.] — No, a. Not 
any; not one; none. [Abbr. of none.] — None, nun, 
a. and pron. No one; not anything; no ; not any. 
[ME. noon, non, AS. nan, fr. ne and an, one.]— None 
of. Not at all ; nothing of ; not. — None'such, re. 
Something extraordinary ; a thing that has not its 
equal. — No'body, -bod-I, n. No person ; no one ; 
not any body ; a person of no importance. — Notb/- 
ing, nuthlng, n. Not anything ; no thing; non-ex- 
istence ; nonentity ; nihility ; not anything of ac- 
count, value, note, etc. ; a trifle. — adv. In no de- 
gree; not at all. [ME. no thing (2 words).] — Notb/- 
ingness, n. Nihility ; non-existence ; nothing ; a 
thing of no value. — Norway, -ways, -waz, adv. In 
no manner or degree ; not at all ; nowise. [ME. 
nanes weies = AS. nanes (gen. of nan, none) weges 
(gen. of weg, a way).] — No' where, adv. Not any 
where ; not in any place or state. [AS. nahwser ; 
hwser, where.] — No'wise, adv. Not in any manner 
or degree. [ME. onnone wise; ore, in; none, dat. of 
noon, none ; wise — wisan, dat. of AS. wise, way, 
wise, q. v.] 

Noacbian, no-alcY-an, a. Pert, to Noah, the patriarch, 
or to his time. 

Noble, no'bl, a. [-bler, -blest.] Possessing emi- 
nence, elevation, dignity, etc.; above whatever is low, 
mean, degrading, or dishonorable ; grand ; magnifi- 
cent ; splendid ; of exalted rank ; of aristocratic or 
patrician family; sublime; great; eminent; stately; 
magnanimous; liberal; free. — n. A nobleman; peer; 
a money of account, and, formerly, a gold coin, 
worth about $1.61. [F. ; L. nobilis = gnobilis, notable, 
noble, f r. noscere, gnoscere = E. know, q. v.]— No'bly, 
,blt, adv. — No'bleness, n. — Nobility, -bil't-tt, n. 
The quality of being noble, as, dignity; greatness; 
elevation, superiority of mind and of quality; or, no- 
ble birth ; patrician dignity ; distinction by rank, 
station, and title ; the aristocratic or patrician class ; 
the peerage. [OF. ndbilite, L. ndbilitas.] — No'ble- 
man, re. ; pi. -men. One of the nobility ; a noble ; 
peer. — Nobless', -blesse', -bles', re. The nobility ; 
persons of noble rank collectively. — Nob, re. A 
slang contr. of nobleman ; a swell. — Nob'by, -M, a. 
Stylish; modish; fashionable. 

Nobody. See under No. 

Nocake, no'kak, re. Indian corn parched, beaten to 
powder, and made into a paste with water. [Corrup. 
fr. Indian nookhik, meal.] 

Nocent, no'sent, a. Doing hurt, or having a tendency 
to hurt; hurtful; mischievous; guilty. [L. nocens, 
p. pr. of nocere, to hurt: see Noxious.] 

Nocturn, noklern, re. An act of religious service by 
night ; one of the portions into which the Psalter 
was divided, designed to be used at such a night-ser- 
vice. — Nocturne', -tern', re. {Painting.) A night- 
piece, night-scene. (Mm.) A piece to be played as 
a serenade. [F. nocturne, LL. nocturna, fr. nox, 
night, q. v.] — Noctam'bulist, -bu-list, re. One who 
walks in his sleep ; a somnambulist. [L. nox and 
ambulare, to walk.] — Noctiv'agant, a. Wandering 
in the night, as animals for prey. [L. vagari, to 
wander about.] — Noc'tograph, -graf , re. A kind of 



3tc. (Astron.) ^-^ 
2greatceles- ( ^ 
other, or the \ \ J / 
cts that of its \\£_^/ 
?*££*??• Node. 



writing frame for the blind. [Gr. nux, night, and 
graphein, to write.]— Noctur'nal, a. Pert, to, done 
or occurring at night; seeking food at night. 

Nod, nod. v. ?. To bend or incline the upper part 
with a quick motion; to make a slight bow in assent 
or salutation ; to be drowsy. — v. t. To incline or 
bend, as the head or top ; to make a motion of as- 
sent, of salutation, or of drowsiness with ; to sig- 
nify by a nod. — re. A bending forward of trie 
upper part or top; quick downward or forward mo- 
tion of the head, in assent, salutation, drowsiness, 
as a ,f J??, a1 ' etc - [ Pr °vG. notteln, to shake, wag, 
log, MHG. nuotan, to shake ; s. rt. nudge ; not s. rt. 
L. nuere, to nod.] — Nod'der, «.— Nod'dy, -dT, re. A 
simpleton; fool. (Ornith.) A sea-fowl, easily taken; 
the booby. TProb. f r. nod.] 

Noddle, nod'dl, re. The head, — used jocosely or con- 
temptuously. [ME. nodil, nodle, for knoddel, dim. 
of obs. knod, OJD. knodde, a knob ; s. rt. knob, knot, 
node.]_ 

Node, nod, re. A knot; knob; protuberance; a swell- 
ing, as of a bone, tendon, etc. (Astron.) 
One of the points where 2 j 
tial circles intersect each 
orbit of a satellite intersects 
primary. (Bot.) The joint of astern. 
(Geom.) The oval figure, or knot, 
formed by the folding of a curve upon itself. [L. 
nodus = gnodus = E. knot, q. v.: see Noddle.] — 
Nod'al, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.— Nodose'', no-dos', 
a. Having knots or swelling joints; knotted. [L. 
nodosus, fr. nodus.] — Nodosity, -dOs'T-tt, re. Knot- 
tiness; a node; knot; swelling. — Nod'ule, nSdUl, re. 
A rounded mass of irregular shape; a little knot or 
lump. [Li. nodulus, dim. of nodus.] — Nod'ular, a. 
Pert, to, or in the form of, a nodule. 

Nog, nog, re. A little pot; noggin; a kind of strong ale; 
a wooden pin or treenail; a timber brick. [Abbr. of 
noggin.]— Nog'gin, n. A small mug or wooden cup; 
a measure = 1 gill. — Nog'ging, re. A partition of 
scantlings filled with bricks. [Ga. noigean, a wooden 
cup, cnagan, a little knob, peg, earthen pipkin, fr. 
Ga. and Ir. cnag, knob, peg, knock, also to knock, 
q. v.] 

Noise, noiz, n. Sound of any kind; esp., over-loud, 
empty, confused, or senseless sound; loud or contin- 
uous talk; discussion; stir; outcry; clamor; din; up- 
roar. — v. i. [noised (noizd), noising.] To sound 
loud. — v. t. To spread by rumor or report; to disturb 
with noise. [F. ; OF. reose. Proven, nausa, noisa, perh. 
fr. L. nausea (q. v.), a noise being nauseous; perh. fr. 
noxia, harm: see Noxious.]— Nois'y, -I, a. [-ier, 
-iest.] Making a noise, clamor, etc. — Noisily, adv. 
— Noisiness, n. — Noiseless, a. Making no noise ; 
quiet. 

Noisome, noi'sum, a. Injurious to health ; unwhole- 
some ; unsalubrious ; destructive ; offensive to the 
smell or other senses ; disgusting ; fetid ; noxious. 
[ME. noyous,noyful, noysome, fr. noy, contr. of anoy, 
annoyance, injury : see Annoy ; fr. L. in odio; not 
s. rt. "L. nocere, to hurt, or E. noise.] — Noi'somely, 
adv. — Noi'someness, noi'sum-nes, n. 

Nolle prosequi, nolle-pros'e-kwi. (Law.) A phrase 
denoting that a plaintiff discontinues his suit, or the 
attorney for the public a prosecution. [L., to be un- 
willing to prosecute.] 

Nomad, -ade t nom'ad, re. One of a tribe that has no 
fixed location, but wanders from place to place in 
search of game or pasture. [Gr. nomas, -ados, roam- 
ing, esp. in search of pasture, fr. nomos, a pasture, 
allotted abode, also a law, fr. nemein, to assign, allot; 
s. rt. Skr. nam, to bow to, bend, upanam, to fall to 
one's share, E. nemesis, nimble, number, and the suf- 
fix in astronomy, gastronomy, etc.] — Nome, nom, re. 
A province or political division, esp. of modern 
Greece or of ancient Egypt. [Gr., fr. nemein.] — 
Nem/archy, nSm'ar-ki, re. Anome; a province of 
modern Greece. [Gr. nome and archein, to rule.] — 
Nomog'raphy, -ra-fX re. A treatise on laws. [Gr. 
nomos, law, and graphein, to write.] — Nomadic, a. 
Pert, to, or like, etc.; wandering. — Nom'adism, re. 
State of being, etc. 

Nombles, num'blz, n.pl. The eatable portion of the 
entrails of a deer. [F. See Humbles!] 

Nombril, nom'bril, n. (Her.) A point half way be- 
tween the f esse point and the middle base point of 
an escutcheon : see Escutcheon. [F., iorrombril 
(ombril, with the article), fr. L. umbilicus, navel.] 

Nome. See under Nomad. 

Nominal, nom'T-nal, a. Pert, to a name or term; ver- 
bal; existing in name only; not real or substantial. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 3r ; 



NOMOGRAPHY 



379 



NOON 



[L. nominalis, fr. nomen, a name, q. v.l — Nom /, inal- 
ism, -izm, n. The principles of nominalists.— Nom'- 
inaliat, n. (Metaph.) One of a sect of philosophers 
in the middle ages, who held that general concep- 
tions, or universals, exist in name only — Nom /, in- 
ally, adv. By name, or in name only. — isom'inate, 
-nat, v. t. To mention by name; to name; to appoint; 
to propose by name, or offer the name of, as a can- 
didate for office. [L. nominare, nominatum.] — Vom- 
ina/tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; power of 
nominating. [F.l — Nom'inative, -tiv, a. Naming; 
designating,— said of a case of a noun.— n. {Gram.) 
The simple form (or case) of a noun which may be 
the subject of a verb. [ME. and OF. nominalif.] — 
Nom'ina'tor, n. One who nominates. — Nom'inee'', 
-ne', n. One proposed for an office; one nominated 
for election to office. — No'mencla'tor, n. One who 
gives names to things. [L.. fr. nomen and calare, to 
call.] — No'menclafure, -kla'chur, n. A system of 
technical names in a particular branch of science; 
terminology. 

Nomography. See under Nomad. 

Nonage, Nonagenarian, Nonagon, etc. See under 
Nones. 

Nonage, non'aj, n. The time of life before a person 
becomes of age; minority. [L. non-, not (orig. not 
one, fr. ne, not, and oinwn, old form of unum, neut. 
of wins, one; cf. None, under No), and E. age.] — 
Non'-attend'ance, -ans, n. Failure to attend.— Non- 
chalance, nawN-sha-laNs', n. Indifference; careless- 
ness; coolness. [F.]— Nonchalant, -lax', a. Indif- 
ferent; careless; cool. [F., p. pr. of nonchaloir, to 
have no care for, fr. non (= L. non) and chaloir, to 
concern one's self, fr. L. calere, to glow, be roused: 
see Caloric] — Non-commis'sioned, -mish'und, a. 
Not having a commission. — Non-commissioned offi- 
cer. An officer of a rank below lieutenant; a war- 
rant officer. — Non-commit'tal, n. A state of not 
being committed or pledged to any course. — Non- 
compliance, -ans, n. Neglect or failure of compli- 
ance. — Non com'pos, N. c. men'tis. Lit., not of 
sound mind. — n. An idiot ; lunatic. [L.] — Non- 
concur'', -kgr', v. i. To dissent or refuse to concur. 

— Non-concur / 'rence, n. Refusal to concur. — Non- 
conduct'or, n. A substance which does not transmit 
or permit the passage of a substance, fluid, or force, 
as heat, electricity, etc., or which transmits it with 
difficulty. — Non-conform'ist, n. One who does not 
conform to an established church. — Non-conform'- 
ity, -T-tt, n. Neglect of conformity; esp., in Eng., 
refusal to unite with the established church in its 
worship. — Non con'stat. It is not clear, or does 
not appear. [LawL.] — Non-content', n. (British 
House of Lords.) One who gives a negative vote. — 
Non'descript, -de-skript, a. Not hitherto described; 
novel; odd; abnormal; irregular. — n. A thing not 
yet described; something abnormal, or hardly clas- 
sifiable. [L. non and describere, descriptum, to de- 
scribe, q. v.] — Nonen'tity, -tl-tT, n. Non-existence; 
negation of being; a thing not existing; a person of 
no account ; a nobody. — Non-essen'tial, -shal, a. 
Not essential. — n. A thing which, etc. — Non est 
inven'tus. Lit., he is not found. (Law.) The re- 
turn of a sheriff on a writ, when the defendant is 
not found in his county. — Non-exisfence, n. Ab- 
sence of existence ; nonentity ; a thing that has no 
being. — Non-exisfent, a. Not having existence. 

— Noh-fulfill'ment, n. Neglect or failure to fulfill. 

— Non-jur'ing, a. Not swearing allegiance, — ap- 
plied to the party in Great Britain that would not 
swear allegiance to William and Marv. [L. jurare, 
to swear, fr. jus, juris, right, law.] — Nonjuror, non- 
iu'- or non'ju-rSr, n. (Eng. Hist.) One who re- 
fused to take the oath of allegiance to the govern- 
ment and crown of Eng. during and after the revo- 
lution of 1688; a Jacobite. — Non-nat'urals, n. pi. 
(Med.) Things necessary to human existence, but 
not entering into the composition or constituting the 
nature of man, such as air, food, drink, sleep, etc.— 
Non-observ , ance, n. Neglect or failure to observe 
or fulfill. — Nonpareil'', -pa-reK, n. Something of 
unequaled excellence; a sort of apple ; a small sug- 
ar-plum; a kind of narrow ribbon; a brilliantly col- 
ored singing bird, of the finch family; a printing 
type, in size between ruby and emerald. 

(B^T" This line is printed in nonpareil type. 

— a. Having no equal; peerless. [F., fr. non and 
pareil, equal, fr. LL. variculus, dim. of L. par, 
equal .] — Non-pay'ment, n. Neglect or failure to 
pay. — Non-perform / 'ance, n. Neglect or failure to 



perform. -Non'plus, n. Insuperable difficulty; state 
of embarrassment ; inability to say, do, or decide ; 
puzzle. — v. t. [nonplused (-plust), -plusing.] To 
puzzle, confound, put to a stand. [L. non and plus, 
more, further.] — Non pros. (Law.) A judgment 
entered against the plaintiff in a suit where he does 
not appear to prosecute. [Abbr. of L. non proseq- 
uitur, he does not prosecute.] — Non'-pros, v. t. 
[-prossed ('-prost), -peossing.] To fail to prosecute. 

— Non-residence, n. Failure or neglect of residing 
at the place where one is stationed. — Non-resident, 
a. Not residing in a particular place, on one's own 
estate, or in one's proper place. — n. One who does 
not reside in, or is not a resident of, a particular 
place, —applied esp., in Eng., to clergymen who live 
away from their cures; absentee. — Non-resist'ance, 
n. The principles or practice of a non-resistant ; 
passive obedience. — Non-resist'ant, a. Making no 
resistance to power, oppression, or violence. — n. 
One who maintains that no resistance should be 
made to constituted authority, even when unjustly 
or oppressively exercised; one who holds that wrong 
or violence should not be resisted by force. — Non'- 
sense, n. That which is not intelligible, is not sense, 
or has no meaning; trifles; things of no importance. 

— Nonsensical, a. Unmeaning; absurd; foolish. — 
Nonsensically, adv. — Nonsenslcalness, n. — Non 
seq'uitur, -sek'wl-te'r. Lit., it does not follow. 
(Logic.) An inference which does not follow from 
the premises. [L.] — Non'suit, -sut, n. (Law.) A 
judgment against a plaintiff who is unable to prove 
or does not follow up his case. — v. t. To adjudge or 
record (a plaintiff) as having dropped his suit, upon 
his withdrawal or failure to follow it up. — Non- 
us'er, -uz'er, n. A not using; failure to use. (Law.) 
Neglect or omission to use an easement or other right. 

Nonce, nons, n. The present occasion or purpose — 
in the phrase for the nonce. [ME. for the nones, orig. 
for then ones or anes ; then, aat. case of the ; ones = 
E. once, formerly a noun]. 

None. See under No. 

Nones, nonz, n. pi. (Roman Calendar.) The 7th day 
of March, May, July, and October, and the 5th of 
other months, — being the 9th day before the ides. 
(Rom. Cath. Ch.) A season of prayer, orig. observed 
at the 9th hour = 3 p. M., afterwards changed to mid- 
day, whence noon, q. v. [L. nonse, the nones, nona 
(hora), the 9th (hour), fern, of nonus, ninth, f r. no- 
vem = E. nine, q. v.] — Non'age, nQn'aj, n. (Eccl.) 
A payment formerly made to the clergy of the l-9tn 
part of the movable goods of persons dyingin their 
parishes. [LL. nonagium, fr. L. nonius.*] — Non'age- 
na'rian, -je-na'rf-an, n. One who is 90 years old. 
[L. nonagenarius, containing, or consisting of, 90, fr. 
nonageni, 90 each, fr. nonaginta, 90, fr. novem, 9.] — 
Nonages'imal. -jes'I-mal, a. Pert, to a nonagesimal. 

— n. (Astron.) The middle or highest point of that 
part of the ecliptic which is at any given moment 
above the horizon. [L. 7ionagesimus, the 90th.] — 
Non'agon. n. (Math.) A polygon having 9 sides 



md 9 angles. [L. novem and Or. gonia, angle.] - 
Nonilllon, -yun, n. By the common, or French, 
notation, a thousand octillions, or 1 with 30 ciphers 
annexed ; by Eng. notation, a million octillions, or 
1 with 54 ciphers annexed. [L. nonns and E. million.'] 

— Nov'enary, -e-na-rT, a. Pert, to the number 9. [L. 
novenarius.] — Noven / 'nial, -nT-al, a. Done every 9th 
year. [L. novennis, of 9 years, fr. novem and annus, 
year.] — Novem'ber, n. The 11th month of the year, 

— the 9th of the Roman year. [L., fr. novem.] 
Non-essential, Nonpareil, "Nonsuit, etc. See under 

Nonage. 

Nonesuch._ See under No. 

Noodle, noo'dl, n. A simpleton; blockhead; stupid 
person. _[Prob. fr. noddle.] 

Noodle, noo'dl, n. A thin strip of dough, made with 
eggs, rolled, cut in small pieces, and used in soup. 
[6. nudel, vermicelli.] 

Nook, nd6k or nook, n. A corner; recess; secluded re- 
treat. _[Scot. neuk, Ir. and Ga. niuc] 

Noon, noon, n. The middle of the day; midday: 12 
o'clock; the time of greatest brilliancy; culminating 
point.— a. Pert, to midday; meridional. [ME. nones, 
AS. nontid (= noontide) fr. L. nona hora, the 9th 
hour (see Nones) = 3 p. m., when the services called 
nones were orig. held, but afterwards altered to mid- 
day.] — Noon'day, n. Midday: 12o'clockin the day. 

— a. Pert, to midday; meridional. — Noon'ing, n. 
Repose at noon; a repast at noon. — Noon'tide, n. 
The time of noon ; midday. — a. Pert, to noon ; me- 
ridional. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil j Linger or ink, titien, boNboN, chair, get. 



NOOSE 



380 



NOTE 



Noose, nooz or noos, n. A running knot, -which, binds 
the closer the more it is drawn. — v. t. [noosed 



(noozt or noost),_ noosing.] To tie or catch in a 
fr. OF. nou, pi. nous, L. nodus 




Noria. 



noose, insnare. [Perh. 
= E. knot, q. v. J 

Nopal, no'pal, n. Indian fig, a species of cactus on 
which the cochineal bug feeds. [Mexic. nopalli.] 

Nor, n6r, conj. A negative connective or particle, in- 
troducing the 2d member or clause of a negative 
proposition, following neither, or not, in the first ; 
neither ; and not. [ME., contr. fr. nother, neither, 
q. v., under Nefarious.] 

Noria, no'r l-a, n. A Persian wheel, — a water wheel 
used in Spain, etc., for irrigating 
land, which is turned by the ac- 
tion of a stream against its floats, 
and raises water in pendent buck- £ 
ets to a trough at top. [Sp.] fTT 

Norm, n6rm, n. A rule or authorita- ' 
tive standard ; model ; type. [L. 
norma, a rule; s. rt. gnomon, know, 
q. v.] — Nor'mal, a. According to 
an established norm, rule, or prin- _ 
ciple ; conformed to a type or reg- - 
ular form; ordinary; analogical, m 

— n. A perpendicular. (Geom.) r 
A straight line perpendicular to ' 
the tangent of a curve at any 
point, and included between the 
curve and the axis of the abscissas. [L. normalis.] 

— Normal school. A school whose methods of in- 
struction are to serve as a model for imitation ; an 
institution for the education of teachers. 

Norman, Norroy, Norse. See under North. 

North, nSrth, n. The direction opposite to the south. 
—a. Lying toward, or situated at the N. — v. i. To 
turn or move toward the N. [AS. nordh. Ic. nordhr, 
Dan., Sw., and G. nord, north.] — North-east', n. 
The point between the N. and E. at an equal dis- 
tance from each. — a. Pert, to, or proceeding from 
the N. E. — North-east 'erly, a. Toward, or coming 
from, etc. — North-east'ern, a. Pert, to, being in, 
or in a direction, to the N. E. — North-north-east, 
North-west, etc. See Compass. — North'er. n6rth'- 
er, n. A wind or gale, from the N. — Northerly, 
-6r-lT, a. Being toward the N.; northern; from the 
N. — adv. Toward the N. ; in a northern direction; 
proceeding from a northern point.— Nor 'therliness, 
7i.— North'ern, a. Being in, near to, or in a direc- 
tion toward, the N. — Northerner, ;/. A native or 
resident in the N. — Northernmost, a. Situated at 
the point furthest N.— Northing, n. (Surr. & Nav.) 
Distance northward from any point of departure, 
measured on a meridian. (Astron.) The distance 
of any heavenly body from the equator northward. 

— North 'most, a. Northernmost. — North'ward, a. 
Being toward the N., or nearer to it than the E. and 
W. points. — North'ward, -wards, adv. Toward the 
N., or toward a point nearer to the N. than the E. 
and "W. points. — North'wardly, a. Having a north- 
ern direction. — adv. In a northern direction.— 
North'man, n. ; pi. -men. One of the inhabitants of 
the N. of Europe ; the ancient Scandinavians. — 
Nor'man, n. A native or inhabitant of Normandy. 

— a. Pertaining to Normandv, or to the Normans. 
[OF. and Dan. Normand, Ic. Nordhmadhr, pi. 
Nordhmenn, a Northman, Norwegian.] — Norwe'- 
giaxi, -we'jan, a. Of, or pert, to, Norway, — n. A 
native or inhabitant of, etc. [Ic. Norvegr, Norway.] 

— Norse, a. Of, or pert, to, ancient Scandinavia. — 
n. The language of, etc. flc. Norskr.] — Norse'- 
man, n. ; pi. -men. An inhabitant of ancient Scan- 
dinavia; a Northman. — Nor'roy, n. (Her.) The 
3d of the 3 Eng. kings at arms, or provincial heralds: 
his jurisdiction is NT of the Trent. [Lit., north-king, 
fr. F. nord, north, and roy, roi, king.] 

Nose, noz, n. The prominent part of the face, which is 
the organ of smell; power of smelling; scent: a pro- 
jecting end or vent; a snout; nozzle. — v.t. [nosed 
(nozd), losing.] To smell, scent; hence, to track; to 
oppose to the face, affront. — v. i. To smell ; to carry 
the nose high, strut ; to pry officiously into what 
does not concern one. [AS. nosu, G. nase, L. nasus, 
Sw. and Skr. nasa.] —To hare one's nose on the grind- 
stone. To be subject to exactions; to be oppressed. 

— To lead by the n. To lead blindly. — To put one's 
n. out of joint. To supplant one in the affections of 
another. — To thrust one's n. into. To meddle offi- 
ciously in.— Nose'bleed, n. A hemorrhage, or bleed- 
ing at the nose.— Nose'gay, n. A bunch of odorous 
flowers; a bouquet; posy.— Nos'tril, nSs'tril, n. One 



of the 2 channels through the nose which give pas 
sage to the air we breathe, and to the secretions of 
the nose. [ME. nosethirl, AS. nosdhyrl ; AS. dhyrel, 
perforation, orifice; s. rt. thrill.'] — Noz'zle, -zl, n. 
The nose; snout; projecting vent of anything. [Dim. 
of nose.] — Nuz'zle, v. i. [-zled (-zld), -zling.j To 
work with the nose, like swine in the mud; to go 
with the nose thrust out and down, like swine; to 
hide the head, as a child in the mother's bosom; to 
nestle. — v. t. To nestle; to house, as in a nest. 
[Freq. of nose; cf. Sw. nosa, to smell to, snuff, LG. 
nusseln, to push the nose into.] 

Nosology, no-sol'o-jT, n. A systematic classification 
of diseases; the branch of medical science treating 
thereof. [Gr. nosos, disease (perh. s. rt. Gr. nekros, 
dead : see Necrology), and logos, discourse.] — 
Nos'clog'ical, -loj'ik-af, a. Pert, to, etc. — Nosol'- 
ogist, -sol'o-jist, n. One versed in nosology. 

Nostalgia, nos-taKjt-a, n. Melancholy resulting from 
absence from one's home; homesickness. [Gr. nos- 
tos, return (esp. home), and algos, pain, grief.] — 
Nostal'gic, -jtk, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Nostril. See under Nose. 

Nostrum, nos'trum, n. A quack or patent medicine. 
[L., ours, our own, fr. nos, we.] 

Not, not, adv. A word that expresses negation, denial, 
or refusal. [Same as naught, q. v.] 

Notable, Notary, etc. See under Note. 

Notch, noch, n. A nick ; indentation ; a hollow cut 
in anything ; a deep, close pass or defile. — v. t. 
[notched (nockt), notching.] To cut in small 
hollows ; to place in a notch. [ME. and Sw. dial. 
nokke, OD. nocke ; same as 7iick ; perh. s. rt. D. nok, 
a ]>in,_peg.] 

Note, not, n. A mark or token; visible sign; symbol; 
a sign to call attention, to point out something to 
notice, etc. ; a memorandum ; minute ; a brief re- 
mark; annotation; comment, esp. at the side or foot 
of a page; a short letter; billet; a diplomatic paper; 
a paper acknowledging a debt, and promising pay- 
ment; observation; notice; reputation; distinction. 
pi. A writing to be spoken from, being a synopsis 
or full text of what is to be said. (31us.) A character 
to indicate the length of a tone; a musical sound; a 
tone. — v. t. To notice with care , observe, remark, 
heed; to record in writing; to denote, stand for, des- 
ignate. ' [F.; L. nota, for gnota, a mark, sign, note, 
not us, gnotus, thing known: see Know.] — Not'ed, a. 
Well known by reputation or report ; eminent ; re- 
markable ; famous. — Not'edly, adv. — - Not'edness, 
n. — Not'er , n. One who takes notice ; an annotater. 

— Note'worthy, -wer-thY, a. Worthy of notice. — 
Note'-book, n. A book in which memorandums are 
written ; one in which notes of hand are registered. 

— -pa'per, n. Writing paper of a size not exceed- 
ing, when folded in the quire, 5 by 8 inches. — Not'- 
able, a. Noticeable; evident: worthy of notice; re- 
markable ; noted or distinguished. — n. A person, 
or thing, of note or distinction. [F.; L. notabilis, fr. 
notare, -atum, to mark, fr. no ta. J — Not'abil'ity, n 
Quality of being notable ; a remarkable person or 
thing. — Not'ably, adr. — No'tary, -ta-r l, n. A pub- 
lic officer who attests deeds and other writings, cer- 
tifies copies of documents, receives affidavits, pro- 
tests bills of exchange, etc., — generally called a 
notary public. [OF. notaire, L. notarius.] — Nota'rial, 
-rT-al, a. Pert, to, done or taken by, a notary. — 
Nota'tion, n. Act, practice, or method, of record- 
ings anything by marks, figures, or characters; esp., 
in arithmetic and algebra, the expressing of num- 
bers and quantities by figures or signs ; the system 
of signs and characters so employed. — No'tice, -tis, 
n. Act of noting, remarking, or observing ; cogni- 
zance ; intelligence ; knowledge given or received ; 
intimation ; warning ; a writing containing formal, 
customary information ; a critical review or re- 
marks ; respectful treatment ; attention; heed; ad- 
vice; news. — v. t. [noticed (-tist), noticing.] To 
take note of, pay attention to ; to take public note 
of, remark upon, make observations on ; to treat 
with attention and civilities. [F. ; L. notitia, a being 
known, knowledge, f r. notus.] — No'ticeable, a. Ca- 
pable of being observed ; worthy of observation ; 
likely to attract observation.— Nc'tifica'tion, n. Act 
of notifying, giving notice, or making known ; notice 
given in words, writing, or signs; the writing which 
communicates information; an advertisement, cita- 
tion, etc. — No'tify, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To 
make known, declare, publish ; to give notice to. 
[F. notifier, L. notificare, fr. notus and facere, to 
make.] — No'tion, n. Mental apprehension of what- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



NOTHING 



381 



NUMBER 



ever may be known or imagined; idea; conception; 
judgment; opinion; belief: a small article; trifling 
thing, — chiefly in pi. [F. ; L. notio.] — No'tional, a. 
Consisting of, or conveying, notions or ideas ; exist- 
ing in idea only ; visionary ; imaginary ; given to fool- 
ish or visionary expectations ; whimsical; fanciful. 

— No'tionally, adv. — No'tionist, n. One who holds 
to an ungrounded opinion. — Noto'rious, -rT-us, a. 
Generally known and talked of by the public; usu- 
ally, known to disadvantage ; conspicuous. [L. no- 
torius, f r. notor, a witness.] — Noto'riously, adv. In 
a notorious manner; publicly; openly.— Notorious- 
ness, n. State of being notorious, or open or known 
beyond denial. -Notoriety, -e-tT, n. Notoriousness. 
[OF. notoriete", L. notorietas.] 

Nothing, etc. See under No. 

Notwithstanding, not-with-standlng, prep. Without 
opposition, prevention, or obstruction from; in spite 
of; despite. — adv. or conj. This not obstructing or 
preventing ; nevertheless ; however. [ME. nought 
withstanding = naught withstanding; cf. L,. non ob- 
stante.] 

Nought, nawt, n. Same as Naught. 

Noun, nown, n. {Gram.) A word used as the desig- 
nation of a creature or thing, etc.; a name; a sub- 
stantive. [OF.; L. nornen = E. name, q. v.] 

Nourish, ner'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To 
feed and cause to grow; to furnish with nutriment; 
to supply the means of support and increase to; to 
encourage; to comfort; to educate, instruct; to nur- 
ture, cherish, feed, provide, supply. — v. i. To pro- 
mote growth. [ME. nonsen, OF. norir (F. nourrir), 
L. nutrire, -tritum, to nurse, nourish; perh. s. rt. Skr. 
snu, to distill.] — Nourlshable, a. — Nour'isher, n. — 
Nourishment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
nutrition ; that which nourishes, repairs waste, or 
promotes growth ; food ; sustenance. — Nurse, ners, 
n. One who takes care of a child or the sick; esp., 
one who suckles an infant not her own; one who, or 
that which, brings up, rears, causes to grow, trains, 
etc. — v. t. [nursed (nerst), nursing.] To nour- 
ish, cherish, foster ; to nourish at the breast, suc- 
kle ; to tend (a sick person) ; to bring up, raise, 
by care, from a weak or invalid condition. [ME. 
nurice, norice, OF. norrice, L. nutrix, fr. nutrire.] — 
Wet nurse. A woman who suckles an infant not her 
own. — Nurs^er, n. — Nurs'ery, -er-T, n. Act of 
nursing; the apartment, in a house, appropriated to 
the care of children; a plantation of young trees; 
place where anything is fostered and growth pro- 
moted; that which forms and educates. — Nursery- 
man 7 , 71. ; pi. -men. One who lias charge of a nurs- 
ery. — Nurs'ling, n. One who, or that which, is 
nursed; an infant. — Nurt'ure, ner'chur, n. Act of 
nourishing or nursing; education: training; disci- 
pline; instruction; that which nourishes; food; diet. 

— v.t. [nurtured (-churd), -Turing.] To feed; to 
bring or train up; to nourish, cherish, tend. [ME. 
norture, OF. noritare, It. and L. nutritura, n., prop, 
fem. of fut. p. of L. nutrire.] — Nu'triment, -trt- 
nient, n. That which nourishes; food; aliment; that 
which promotes enlargement or improvement. [L. 
nutrimentum.] — Nu'trunenfal, a. Having the qual- 
ities of food; alimental. — Nu'trient, -trl-ent, n. A 
substance which, etc.— Nutri'tion, -trisb/un, n. Act 
or process of promoting the growth or repairing the 
waste of animal or vegetable life; nutriment. — Nu- 
tritious, -trish / 'us, a. Nourishing. [L. nutricius, 
-tins.] — Nu'tritive, -trY-tiv, a. Nutrimental. — Nu'- 
tritiveness, n. 

Novel, nov'el, a. Of recent origin or introduction ; of a 
kind not before known; unusual; strange; new. — n. 
A fictitious narrative, intended to exhibit the opera- 
tion of the passions, esp. of love. {Law.) A new or 
supplemental constitution. [OF. : L. novellus, dim. of 
novus = E. new, q. v.] — Novelette', -et', n. A small 
novel. [F.] — NoVelist, n. A writer of novels.— 
Nov'elty, -el-ti, n. Quality of being novel ; new- 
ness; a new or strange thing. [ME. noveltee, OF. 
noveliteit, L. novellitas.] — Novice, -is, n. One new 
in any business : a beginner ; one newly received 
into the church. {Eccl.) One who has entered 
a convent, nunnery, etc., but has not taken the 
vow. [F. ; L. novieius, -tins.] — Novi'tiate, -vigh'T-at, 
n. State or condition of being, etc.; time of proba- 
tion in a religious house before taking the vows; a 
probationer, novice; place where novices live or are 
trained. [F. novitiat.] 

November, Novenary, Novennial, etc. See under 
Nones. 

Novercal, no-ver'kal, a. Pert., or suitable to, or in 



the manner of a step-mother. [L. novercalis, fr. no- 
verca, sl step-mother.] 

Novice, Novitiate. See under Novel. 

Now, now, adv. At the present time: at this moment; 
in present circumstances;, things being as they are. 
[AS., D., Ic. Dan., Sw., OHG., Goth., and Skr. nu, 
G. and Gr. nun, L. nunc; s. rt. new, novel.] — JS'ow 
and then. At one time and another, indefinitely; 
occasionally; at intervals. — Now r adays, -a-daz, adv. 
In this age; at the present period. 

Noway, Nowhere, Nowise. See under No. 

Noxious, nok'shus, a. Productive of injury or evil 
consequences; corrupting to morals; noisome; per- 
nicious; baneful; unwholesome: hurtful. [L. nox- 
ius, fr. noxa, harm, fr. nocere, to harm, hurt, fr. nex, 
destruction; s. rt. necrology, q. v. 1 — Noxiously, 
adv. — Noxiousness, n. 

Noyau, no'yo, n. A cordial flavored with the kernel 
of the bitter almond or peach, etc. [F., prop, the 
stone or nut of a fruit, fr. L. nucalis, like a nut, fr. 
mix, nut: see Nucleus.] 

Nozzle. See under Nose. 

Nubia, nu'bT-a, n. A network of wool worn as a head- 
dress by ladies; a cloud. [Prob. fr. L. nubes, a cloud: 
see Nuptial.] 

Nucleus, nu'kle-us, n. ; E. pi. -cleuses, L. pi. -clei. 
A kernel ; a central mass or point about which 
matter is gathered. — both literally and figuratively. 
(Astron.) The body or head of a' comet. [L., dim. 
of mix, nvcis, a nut: same as newel; not 8. rt. E. nut.] 
— Nu'cleate, -kle-at, v. t. To gather, as about a nu- 
cleus or center. [L. nucleare, -atum.] — Nucle'iform, 
-kleO-f6rm, a. Formed like a kernel. [L. forma, 
form J 

Nude, nud,«. Bare; naked; uncovered. (Law.) With- 
out consideration. [L. nudus, Skr. nagna, naked, q. 
v.] — Nuda'tion, n. Act of stripping, or making bare, 
or naked. [L. nudatio, fr. nudare, to make naked, 
fr. nudus.] — Nu'dity, -dt-tT, n. Qualitv or condi- 
tion of being nude; nakedness; that which is naked: 
undraped or unclothed portion. 

Nudge, nuj, v. t. [nudged (nujd), nudging.] To 
touch gently, as with the elbow, in order to call at- 
tention or convey intimation. — n. A significant 
push. [S. rt. knock, knuckle, nod; Dan. knuge, to 
press.] 

Nugatory, nu'ga-to-rY, a. Trifling ; vain ; futile ; in- 
significant ; inoperative ; ineffectual. [L. nugatori- 
us, fr. nugari, to trifle, nugse, jests, trifles.] 

Nugget, nug'get, n. A lump; mass. esp. of a precious 
metal. [Formerly niggot, prob. for ningot = an ingot : 
see Ingot.] 

Nuisance, nu'sans, n. That which annoys or gives 
trouble and vexation. (Law.) Something that pro- 
duces inconvenience and damage. [F., fr. nuisant, 
hurtful, prop. p. pr. of nuire, L. nocere, to hurt : see 
Noxious.] 

Null, nul, a. Of no legal or binding force or validity ; 
invalid ; void ; nugatory ; of no significance. [L. 
nulbis, not any, none, fr. we, not, and ullus, any.] — 
Nullifica'tion, n. Act of nullifying; a rendering void 
and of no effect, or of no legal effect; esp. a refusal, 
by a State, to permit the enforcement within its bor- 
ders of a IT. S. law. — Nullify, -IY-f i, v. t. [-fied 
(-lid), -fying.] To make void, render invalid, .de- 
prive of legal force or efficacy, abolish, abrogate, re- 
voke, annul, repeal. [L.facere, to make.] — Nul'li- 
fier, n. One who makes void; one who maintains the 
right to nullify a contract by one of the parties; one 
who advocates nullification. — Nul'lity, -lt-tt, n. 
Condition or quality of being null or void; nothing- 
ness; anything void' or of no efficacy. 

Numb, num. a. Enfeebled in, or destitute of, the 
power of sensation and motion; torpid; paralyzed; 
chill; motionless, — v. t. [numbed (numd), numb- 
ing.] To make torpid, deprive of the power of sen- 
sation or motion, benumb. [ME. nome, for nomen, 
prop. p. p. of nimen, AS. niman, to take: see Nimble; 
AS. nunien, Ic. nurninn, numb.] — Numb'ness, r?. — 
Num'skull. n. A thick-headed fellow; dolt; dunce. 

Number, num'ber, n. A single unit, considered as 
part of a series, or i> or more of such units; a collec- 
tion of many individuals; a multitude; numerous- 
ness; quantity regarded as made up by an aggregate 
of separate things; that which is regulated by count, 
as divisions of time or number of syllables ; poetry, 
verse. (Gram.) The distinction of objects, as one, 
or more than one, expressed by a difference of the 
form of a word, — singular or plural. (Math.) Nu- 
merical value. See Phrenology.— v. t. [numbered 
(-berd), -Bering.] To reckon, ascertain the units of; 



sun. cQbe, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or hik, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



NUMBLES 



382 



to give or assign the number of; to reckon as one of 
a collection or multitude, enumerate, calculate, tell; 
to amount to, consist of. [ME. and F. nombre, L. 
numerus, a number, numerare, -atum, to number, Gr. 
nemetn, to distribute : see Nomad.] — Numbers, n. 
The 4th book of the Pentateuch — containing the 
enumeration of the Hebrews. — Num'berer, n. — 
Num'berless, a. Not admitting of being counted ; 
innumerable. — Nu'merable, -mer-a-bl, a. — Nu'- 
meral, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, number ; ex- 
pressing or representing number, — n. A figure or 
character used to express a number. (Gram.) A 
word expressing number. [L. numeralis, pert, to a 
number.] — Nu'merally, adv. According to num- 
ber; in number. — Nu'merary, -mer-a-rT, a. Be- 
longing to a certain number. — Nu'merate, v. t. 
(Arith.) To divide off and read according to the 
rules of numeration. — Numeration, n. Act or art 
of numbering. (Arith.) Act or art of reading or 
writing numbers, esp. as expressed by the Arabic 
method. [Two systems of numeration are now in 
usej the English and the French: in the Eng. the 
billion is a million of millions, a trillion a million of 
billions, and each denomination is a million times 
the one preceding; in the F. (which is used in the 
U. S.), the billion is a thousand millions, and each 
denomination is a thousand times the preceding.] 
[F. ; L. numeration — Nu'mera'tor, n. One who num- 
bers. (Arith.) The term in a fraction which indi- 
cates the number of fractional units that are taken; 
in a vulgar fraction the number above the line; in 
decimal fractions, the number next following the 
decimal point, the denominator not being written- . 
see Fraction. [L.] — Numer'ic, -ical, -mer'ik-al, a. I 
Belonging to, or denoting, number; expressed by 
numbers ; the same in number ; hence, identical. — 
Numerically, adv. — Nu'merous, -mer-us, a. Being 
many; consisting of a great number of individuals; 
consisting of poetic numbers; rhythmical; musical. 

IF. numereux, L. numerosus.] — Nu'merously, adv.— 
ru'merousness, n. 

Numbles. Same as Nombles. 

Numismatic, nu-miz-mafik, -ical, a. Pert, to coins 
or medals. — Numismat , ics, n. Seience of coins and 
medals. [L. numisma. -matis, current coin, Gr. no- 
misma, a custom, also coin, fr. nomizein, to practice, 
adopt, use as coin, fr. nomos, usage: see Nomad.] — 
Numis'matoFogy, -tol'o-jl, n. Science of coins and 
medals, in their relation to history : numismatics. 
[Gr. logos, discourse.] — Numis / matoKogist, -o-jist, n. 
One versed in numismatology. — Num'mary, -ma-rl, 
-mular, -mulary, -mu-la-r 1, a. Pert, to coin or money ; 
pecuniary. [L. nummularius, fr. nummulus, dim. of 
numnvus, a com.] 

Numskull. See under Numb. 

Nun, nun, n. A woman devoted to a religious life, 
who lives in a cloister or nunnery under a vow of 
perpetual chastity and seclusion from the world; a 
kind of small pigeon. [ME. and F. nonne, AS. and 
LL. nunna, orig. a term of address to elderly relig- 
ious women, Gr. nanne, an aunt, Skr. nana, a chil- 
dren's word for mother; L. nonnus, a father, later a 
monk.] — Nun'nery, -n§r-I, n. A cloister or house in 
which nuns reside. 

NuBchion, nun'shun, n. A portion of food taken at 
or after noon, usually between meals; a luncheon. 
[ME. nonechenche, drink given to workmen, f r. none, 
noon (q. v.), and schenche, a distribution of drink, 
fr. schenchen, AS. scencan, Ic. skenkja. D. and G. 
schenben, to pour out drink.] 

Nuncio, nun'snl-o, n. A messenger; an embassador 
jcrom the pope to an emperor or king. [It.; L. nun- 
tins for noventius, a bringer of (nova) news: see New 
and Announce.] 

Nuncupate, nun'ku-pat, v. t. To dedicate by declara- 
tion; to inscribe; to declare orally (a will, etc.) [L. 
nuncupare,-patum, fr. nomine capere, to call by name, 
fr. nomen, name, and capere, to take.] — Nuncupa- 
tive, nun-ku'- or nun'ku-pa'tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. 
Publicly or solemnly declaratory; nominal; existing 



Nut. 




only in name; oral; not written. [F. nuncupatif, LL. 
nu?>cupativus.~i 

Nundinal, nun'dl-nal, -nary, -na-rl, a. Pert, to a fair, 
or market-day. [L. nunJinse, market-day, prop. 9th 
day, fr. novem, 9, and dies, day: see Nones.] 

Nunnery. See under Nun. 

Nuptial, nup'shal, a. Pert, to marriage ; done at a 
wedding ; constituting marriage. — n. Marriage ; 
wedding, — now always in pi. [F. ; L. nuptialis, 
pert, to a marriage, nuptias, a wedding, nupta, a bride, 
fr. nubere, nuptum, to marry, lit. to cover with a veil; 
s. rt. nubes, a cloud.] 

Nurse, Nursery, Nurture, etc. See under Nourish. 

Nut, nut, n. I ruit consisting of a hard shell inclosing 
a kernel; a small block containing a fe- 
male screw, used for retaining or tight- 
ening a bolt, etc.: see Bolt.— v. i. To 
father nuts. [ME. note, nutu, AS. hnutu, 
c. hnot; not s. rt. L. nux, nut.] — Nut-- 
brown, a. Brown as a nut long kept and 

dried. crack'er, n. An instrument for cracking 

nuts. (Ornith.) A bird, of the crow family, but with 
habits of the woodpecker: it feeds on nuts, insects, 
etc. — gall, n. An excrescence of the oak: see Gall. 
hook, n. A pole with a hook at the end, for gath- 
ering nuts. — shell, n. The shell in which the ker- 
nel of a nut is inclosed; a thing of little compass, or 
of little value. — To be or lie in a nutshell. To admit 
of very brief or simple determination or statement. 
— tree, n. A tree that bears 
nuts. — Nufmeg, n. The ker- 
nel of the fruit of a tree, a na- 
tive of the Molucca islands, 
but cultivated in the E. In- 
dies: it is aromatic, and is used 
in cookery. [ME. notemuge, 
nv.tmegge, fr. note and OF. 
muge, L. muscus, musk, q. v.; 
LL. muscata, a nutmeg.] Nutmeg. 

Nutant, nu'tant, a. Nodding ; having the top bent 
downward. [L. nutans, p. pr. of nutare, -tatum, Gr. 
neuein, to nod.] — Nutation, n. (Astron.) A vibra- 
tory motion of the earth's axis, by which its incli- 
nation to the plane of the ecliptic is constantly va- 
rying by a small amount. 

Nutria, nu'trl-a, n. (Com.) The fur of the coypu, a 
rodent quadruped resembling the beaver, found in 
Brazil, etc. [Sp. nutria, lutria, an otter; L. lutra, 
b/tra.] 

Nutrient, Nutriment. Nutrition, etc. See under Nour- 
ish. 

Nux vomica, nuks-vom'I-ka, n. A deadly poison, used 
in medicine, from which strichnine is made ; the seed 
of a tree of the E. Indies, yielding strychnine and 
nux vomica. [NL., f r. nux, a nut, and vomicus, fr. 
vomere, to vomit.] 

Nuzzle. See under Nose 

Nylghau, niKgaw, n. A large, short- 
horned antelope, found in N. India 
the males are of a slaty blue. [Hind. 
& Per. nilgaWj prop, 
blue cow, ir. ml, blue, 
and gaw, bull, b u 1- 
lock, cow; s. rt. cow.] 

Nymph, nimf, n. 
(Myth. ) A goddess of 
the mountains, for- 
ests, meadows, or wa- 
ters. A lovely young 
girl ; a maiden. [F. 
nymphe, L. n//mpha, 
fr. Gr. nnmphe, a 
bride, lit. one veiled 
(cf. Nuptial) ; s. rt. Nylghau. 

Gr. nephos, a cloud : see Nebular.] — Nymph, 
Nympb/a, -a, n. An insect in the pupa state; achrys- 
alis. - Nympb/al, Nymphe'an, a. Pert, to, appro- 
priate to, or inhabited by, nymphs. — Nympn'oma'- 
nia, -ma'nl-a, n. Morbid and uncontrollable sexual 
desire in women. [Gr. mania, madness.] 




O. 



0,o, the 15th letter in the Eng. alphabet, has several j heard In moon and foot; see key-line at the foot of 
different sounds, as heard in odd, tone, or, other, I the pages. — In Irish family names, O is equivalent 
do, wolf, actor; when doubled, it has the 2 sounds | to grandson, and denotes progeny, or is a character 

am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, t§rm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



383 



OBLIQUE 



of dignity. — Among: the ancients, O marked triple 
time, — H being considered the most perfect of num- 
bers, and the circle, of figures. 
0, inter j. An exclamation used in calling or directly 
addressing a person or personified object, also as ex- 

Eressive of pain, grief, surprise, desire, etc. [D., 
•an., Sw., G., Goth., L., and Gr. o.] 
Oaf, of, n. A changeling; a foolish child left by fair- 
ies in the place of another; a dolt; blockhead. [Same 
as ProvE. awf, for avjf, AS. as//, elf, q. v.] — Oaf- 
ish, a. Like an oaf ; stupid; dull; doltish. 
Oak, ok, n. A valuable tree of many species; its wood. 
[AS. ac, D. and Ic. eik.] — Oak'en, -n, a. Made, or 
consisting, of oak. [AS. acen.] — Oak'y, -T, a. Like 
oak ; hard ; firm ; strong. — Oakling, n. A young 
oak. — Oak'-ap'ple, -pi, n. A kind of spongy ex- 
crescence on oak leaves or tender branches, etc. — 
-leath/er. n. A kind of fungus growing on old oaks. 
Oakum, ok'um, n. Old ropes untwisted and pulled 
into loose hemp, used for caulking seams of ships, 
stopping leaks, etc. [AS. acumba, tow, lit. that which 
is combed away, f r. ccrnban, to comb, catnb, a comb.] 
Oar, or, n. An instrument for rowing boats. — v. i. & 
t. [oared (ord), oaiuno.] To row. ("AS. and Ic. 
ar, Dan. aare, an oar, Skr. aritra, a rudder, paddle, 
Gr. eressein, to row; s. rt. row, rudder.] — Oars'man, 
n. ; pi. -mex. One who rows. 
Oasis, o'a- or o-a'sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. A fertile 
place in a sandy or barren desert. [L. and Gr. ; 
Coptic ouahe, fr. ouih, to dwell.] 
Oast, ost, n. A kiln to dry hops or malt. [AS. and 
OD. ast ; s. rt. AS. ad, a funeral pile, MHG. eit, a 
fire, oven, Gr. aithos, burning heat, E. ether.) 
Oat, ot, n. ; chiefly in p!. A grassy plant, and its seed. 
[AS. ata; perh. s. rt. Russ. 
ladro, a kernel, ball, Gr. oidos, 
a swelling.] — Oat'en, -n, a. 
Consisting of oat straw ; made 
of oat-meal. — Oaf-cake, n. A 
cake made of the meal of oats. 
— meal, n. Meal made of oats. 
Oath, oth, n. A solemn affirma- 
tion, with an appeal to God for 
its truth; a blasphemous use of 
the name of the divine Being, 
or anything divine or sacred. 
[AS. adh, Olr. oeth.] ? ' > 

Obdurate, ob'du-rat, a. Ren- Oats, 

dered hard ; harsh ; rugged ; rough ; hardened in 
feelings, esp. against moral influences; stubborn Iv 
and unfeelingly wicked; firm; unbending; unyield- 
ing ; impenitent ; callous. [L. obduratus, p. p. of 
obdurare, to harden, fr. db (signifying, as prefix, 

towards, at, upon, before, over, about, against, near; 

perh. s. rt. Gr. epi, Skr. apt, thereto, moreover, Lith- 

uan. ape, near, about), and durare, to harden, fr. 

durus, hard: see Dure.]— Ob'durately, adv. — Ob'- 

durateness, -racy, -ra-sf, n. Inflexible persistence 

in sin; stubbornness. 
Obeah, o'be-a, O'bi, -bf, n. A species of witchcraft 

practiced among the W. Indian negroes. 
Obedience. Obeisance, etc. See under Obey. 
Obelisk, ob'e-lisk, n. A 4-sided pillar, tapering as it 

rises, and cut off at the top in 

the form of a flat pyramid. 

{Print.) A mark [thus, \], 

called also a dagger, used as 

a reference to notes at the 

bottom of a page, as a note of 

censure, or to indicate that 

an expression is obsolete. 

[OF. obelisque, L. obeliscus, 

Gr. obeliskos, dim. of obelos, a 

spit; s. rt. obolus.] 
Obese, o-bSs', a. Excessively 

corpulent j fat ; fleshy. [L. 

obesus, eaten away, lean, that 

has eaten itself fat, stout, fr. 

ob and edere, esum, to eat.] — 

Obese'ness, -bea'ity, -beVl-ti , 

n. State of being, etc. 
Obey, o-ba', v. t. [obeyed (-bad), -beying.] To yield 

submission to, comply with the orders of, submit to 

the government of ; to yield to the impulse, power, 

or operation of. [OF. obeir, L. obedire, OL. oboedire, 

fr. ob and aiidire, to hear, listen to.] — Obey'er, n. — 

Obe'dient, -be'dY-ent, a. Subject in will or act to 

authority ; willing to obey ; dutiful ; respectful ; 

subservient ; submissive ; obsequious. I^F.] — 

Obe'diently, adv. — Obe'dience, -ens, n. State of 

being, etc. [OF.] — Obei'sance, -ba'sans, n. A 





Obelisk. 



token of obedience or respect ; a bow ; courtesy 
[OF.] — Obei'sant, a. Showing willingness to obey; 
reverent; submissive. [F. obtissant, p. pr. of obeir.] 

Obfuscate, ob-fus'kat, v. t. To darken; obscure, be- 
wilder, confuse. [L. obtuscare, -catum, fr. ob and 
fuscare, to make dark, Ir.fuscua, dark.] — ObfUBca'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Obi. Same as Obeah. 

Obit, o'bit or ob'it, n. Death : decease ; funeral so- 
lemnities; anniversary of a person's death; an anni- 
versary service for the soul of the deceased on the 
day of his death. [OF.; L. dbitus, fr. obire, to go to 
meet (mortem), to die, fr. ob and ire, to go.] — Obit'- 
ual, -u-al, a. Pert, to obits, or days when funeral so- 
lemnities are celebrated.— Obit'uary, -u-a-rT, a. Re- 
lating to the decease of a person. — n. A biograph- 
ical notice of one lately deceased. 

Object, ob'jekt, /?. That with which the mind is oc- 
cupied in the act of knowing; any visible ortangible 
thing; that which is sought or labored for or aimed 
at; end; aim; motive; final cause. (Gram.) That 
toward which an activity is considered to be directed. 
[Fr. the verb.] — Object', v. t. To set before; bring 
into opposition; to present or offer in opposition, as 
a criminal charge, or as a reason adverse to some- 
thing supposed to be wrong. — v. i. To make oppo- 
sition in words or argument. [OF. objecter, L. ob- 
jicere, -jectum, fr. ob and jacere, to throw.] — Ob'- 
ject-les'son, n. A lesson in which object-teaching 
is employed. — teaching, n. A method of instruc- 
tion in which each new word or idea is accompanied 
by an object illustrating what it signifies, — em- 
ployed esp. in the kindergarten. — Objec'tion, n. 
Act of objecting ; that presented in opposition ; ad- 
verse reason or argument ; exception ; doubt; scru- 
ple. — Objec'tionable, a. Justly liable to objections. 

— Objective, -iv, a. Pert, to an object. (Metaph.) 
Pert, to, contained in, or being in the nature or posi- 
tion of, the object; outward ; external ; extrinsic, — 
opp. to subjective. (Gram.) Pert, to, or designating, 
the case which follows a transitive verb or a prepo- 
sition. — ;/. (Gram.) The objective case; the object- 
glass of a microscope. (Mil.) The objective point. 

— Objective point. (Mil.) A point to which the op- 
erations of an army are directed. — Objectively, 
adv. In an objective manner; in the state of an ob- 
ject. — Object' iveness, ??. — Objectivity, -tiv'T-tl, n. 
State of being, etc. — Objectless, a. Having no ob- 
ject; purposeless. — Object'or, n. One who objects. 

Objuration, ob-ju-ra'shun, n. A binding by oath. [L. 
objiirare, -atitm, to bind by oath, fr. ob and jurare, 
to swear, fr. jus, right.] 

Objurgate, ob'jer-gat, v. t. To chide ; reprove; repre- 
hend. [L. objwgare', -gatmn, fr. ob and jurgare, to 
quarrel, scold.] — Objurga'tion. n. Act of objurga- 
ting; reproof; reprehension; chiding. (F.l — Objur'- 
gatory, -ga -to-rl, a. Designed to chide; culpatory. 

Oblate, ob-lat', a. (Geom.) Flattened or depressed 
at the poles. [L. oblatus, p. p. of offerre, to bring 
forward, offer, fr. ob and /erre, latum, to bear, bring.] 

— Obla'tion, n. Anything offered in worship or 
sacred service; an offering ; sacrifice. [F. ; L. obla- 
tio, fr. offerre.) _ 

Obligate, ob'lY-gat, v. t. To bring under obligation ; 
to Dind (one's self) to any act of duty, etc., by a 
pledge. [L. obligare, -gatum, to bind together, fr. 
ob and ligare, to bind.] — Obliga'tion, n. Act of 
obligating or binding ; that which obligates ; the 
binding power of a promise, oath, or contract, or of 
law, civil, political, or moral, independent of a prom- 
ise ; any act by which a person becomes bound to 
do something to or for another, or to forbear some- 
thing; state of being indebted for an act of favor or 
kindness. (Law.) A bond with a condition an- 
nexed. [F. ; L. obligatio.]— Obligatory, -ll-ga-to- 
rY, a. Binding in law or conscience; imposing duty. 
[L. obligatorius.] — Ob'liga'to, -le-ga/to, a. (Mm.) 
Required ; necessary, — applied to voices or instru- 
ments indispensable to the just performance of a 
musical composition. [It., bound.] —Oblige'', o-bllj', 
v. t. [obliged (-blijd'), obliging.] To constrain 
by physical, moral, or legal force; to bind by some 
favor rendered; to do a favor to, gratify, accommo- 
date. [F. obliger, fr. L. obligare.] — ObOigee', -lY-je', 
n. The person to whom another is bound. — Obli- 
gor', -gor', n. The person who binds himself, or 
gives his bond to another. — Obli'ger, n. One who 
obliges. — Obli'ging, a. Having the disposition to 
oblige or do favors; complaisant; courteous; kind. 



I Oblique 



Obli'gingly, adv. 

ob-lek' or ob-lik', a. Not erect or perpendicu- 



1, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



OBLITERATE 



384 



OBTAIN 



lar; slanting; inclined ; not straight forward ; indi- 
rect ; underhand ; not direct in descent ; collateral. 
— v. i. [obliqued (ob-lekf or ob-likf) ; obliqu- 
ing.] To deviate from a perpendicular line. (3Iil.) 
To move forward, either to the right or left, by 
stepping side wise. [F. ; L. obliquus, fr. ob and li- 
quis, oblique, bent; s. rt. Russ. lidca, a bend, luke, a 
bow.]— Oblique case. {Gram.) Any case except 
the nominative. — Obliquely, adv. — Oblique'ness, 
n. — Obliq'uity, -lik'wI-tT, n. Condition of being 
oblique; deviation from a right line, or from moral 
rectitude; irregulajity. [F. obliquity.] 
Obliterate, ob-lit'er-at, v. t. To erase or blot out ; ef- 
face; to destroy by time or other means. [L. oblit- 
erate, -atum, fr. ob and litera, letter, q. v.] — Oblit'- 
era'tion, n. Act of effacing; extinction. 
Oblivion, ob-liv'T-un, n. Act of forgetting, or state 
of being forgotten ; forgetfulness ; an amnesty, or 
general pardon of crimes and offenses. [F. ; L. ob- 
!ivio,fr. oblivisci, to forget; pern. s. rt. livescere 2 to 
become livid, q. v.] — Oblivious, -T-us, a. Causing 
forgetfulness : forgetful. — Obliviously, adv. — Ob- 
liviousness, n. 
Oblong, oblong, a. Having greater length than 
breadth. — rt. A rectangular or other figure which 
is longer than it is broad. [F. ; L. oblongus, fr. 06 
and longus, long.] — OVlongish, a. Somewhat ob- 
long. 
Obloquy, oblo-kwY, n. Censorious speech; reproach- 
fullanguage ; odium; censure ; contumely ; calum- 
ny ; detraction. [L. obloquium, fr. obloqui, to speak 
against.] 
Obnoxious, ob-nok'shus, a. Liable to censure; repre- 
hensible ; blameworthy ; offensive ; hateful ; ex- 
posed ; subject ; answerable. [L. obnoxius fr. ob 
and noxius, hurtful.] — Obnoxiously, adv. — Ob- 
noxiousness, n. 
Oboe, o'bo-e, a. A portable wind instrument of music 
sounded by means of a reed ; a hautboy. [It. obo&, 
F. hautbois. See Hautboy.] 
Obole, ob'ol, n. The weight of 12 grains ; or, accord- 
ing to some, of 10 grains. [F.] — Ob'olus, n. (An- 
tiq.) A small silver coin of Athens, the l-6th of a 
drachma, about 3 cents in value; an ancient weight, 
the l-€th of a drachm. (3f>/th.) The coin paid by 
spirits to Charon for ferriage over the Styx. [L. ; 
Gr. obolos ; s. rt. obelisk.] 
Obovate, ob-o'vat, a. (Bot.) Inversely ovate ; ovate 
with the narrow end downward. [L.ofr 
and ovatus, egg-shaped, fr. ovum, egg.] 
Obscene, ob-sen', a. Expressing or pre- 
senting to the mind or view some- 
thing which delicacy, purity, and de- 
cency forbid to be expressed or ex- 
posed ; immodest ; unchaste ; lewd ; 
foul ; offensive ; disgusting ; inauspi- 
cious;ill-omened. [L. obscenus,-scosnus, 
perh. f r. scaenvs, left-handed, unlucky.] 

— Obscenely, adv. — Obscene' ness. 
Obscenity, -sen'T-tY,?i. Quality of be- 
ing, etc.; ribaldry; impurity; lewdness. 

Obscure, ob-skur'*', a. Covered over; Obovate Leaf, 
shaded ; darkened; imperfectly illuminated; living 
in darkness; hidden; not much known or observed; 
remote from observation; humble, not easily under- 
stood ; not clear, full, or distinct ; dim ; abstruse ; 
difficult ; mysterious ; imperfect ; defective. — v. t. 
[OBSCURED (-skurdO, -souring.] To render ob- 
scure, darken, make less intelligible, legible, visible, 
glorious, beautiful, or illustrious. [F. obscur, L. 
obscurus, s. rt. Skr. s/cu, to cover, E. sky.] — Obscu- 
ration, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ob- 
scurely, adv. — Obscure'ness, Obsculity, -rf-tl, n. 

— Obscur'antism, -izm, n. System or principle of 
opposing the progress of knowledge among the 
people ; ignorantism. — Obscur'antist, a. Pert, to, 
etc. — n. One who, etc. 

Obsecrate, ob'se-krat, v. 1. To beseech, entreat, sup- 
plicate. [L. obsecrare, -cratitm, fr. ob and sacrare, 
to declare sacred, fr. sacer, sacred.] — Obsecra'tion, 
n. Act of imploring. (Ehet.) A figure of speech in 
which the orator implores the assistance of God or 
man. 

Obsequy, ob'se-kwT, n. ; pi. -quies, -kwiz. A funeral 
solemnity, — chiefly in pi. [OF. obseqves, L. obse- 
quies, funeral rites, lit. followings, fr. ob and seqid, 
to follow, also to comply with.] — Obse'quious, 
-kwl-us,' a. Servilely or meanly condescending ; 
compliant to excess. [OF. obsequieuj:, L. ohsequio- 
sus, fr. obsequium, compliance.] — Obse'quiously, 
adv. — Obsequiousness, n. 




Observe, ob-zerv / ', v. t. [-served (-zervd r ), -serv- 
ing.] To pay attention to, notice with care, regard 
with religious care, celebrate; to utter as a remark, 
say in a casual way ; to comply with, obey. — v. i. 
To take notice, attend; to make a remark, comment. 
[OF. observer, "L. dbservare, fr. ob and servare. to 
keep, heed.] — Observer, n. — Observing, a. Giv- 
ing particular attention; attentive to what passes. — 
Observ'able, a. — Observ'ably, adv. — Observ'ance, 
-ans, n. Act of observing or noticing with atten- 
tion ; tokens or marks of fidelity ; that which is to 
be observed or attended to ; rule of practice ; per- 
formance of religious ceremonies, or formal service. 
— Observant, a. Taking notice; attentively view- 
ing or noticing ; adhering in practice ; carefully at- 
tentive : mindful ; obedient ; submissive. [F.J — 
Observation, n. Act or power of taking notice; 
act of seeing, or of fixing the mind upon, anything; 
that which is noticed ; a remark ; performance of 
what is prescribed ; act of recognizing and noting 
some fact or occurrence in nature. — Ob'serva'tor, 
n. One who observes ; a remarket-. — Observ'atory, 
-to-rT, n. A place from which a view may be ob- 
tained ; esp. a place for making observations on the 
heavenly bodies; a building fitted with instruments 
for making systematic observations of any particu- 
lar class of natural phenomena. 
Obsession, ob-sesh-'un, n. Act of besieging, or state 
of being besieged. [L. obsessio, fr. obsidere, -sessum, 
fr. ob and sedere, to sit.] — Obsidlonal, -t-o-nal, a. 
Pert, to a siege. [L. obsidionalis, f r. obsidio, a siege, fr. 
obsidere. - ] — Obsidional crown. A crown bestowed 
upon a general who raised the siege of a beleaguered 
place. 
Obsidian, ob-sid'T-an, n. (Min.) A kind of glass pro- 
duced by volcanos. [Fr. one Obsidius, who discov- 
ered it in Ethiopia.] 
Obsolete, ob'so-let, a. No longer used; antiquated. 
(Nat. Hist.) Not very distinct ; obscure. [L. obso- 
lere, -letum, to grow old, decay, perh. fr. solere, to 
be wont.] — Ob'solete'ness, n. — Obsolescent, -les'- 
sent, a. Going out of use ; passing into desuetude. 
[L. obsolescens, p. pr. of obsolescere, ' to fall into dis- 
use, inceptive of obsolere.] — Obsoles'cence.-sens.w. 
State of becoming obsolete. 
Obstacle, ob'sta-kl, n. Anything that hinders prog- 
ress ; obstruction ; impediment ; hindrance ; diffi- 
culty. [F. ; L. obstaeulum, f r. obstare, to stand before 
or against, to withstand, fr. ob and stare, to stand.] 
Obstetric, ob-stetlik, -rical, a. Pert, to midwifery, 
or the delivery of women in childbed. [L. obstetri- 
cius, fr. obstetrix, -rids, a midwife, fr. obstare, to 
stand before.] — Obstetrician, -trish'an, n. One 
skilled in obstetrics. — Obstefrics, n. Science of 
midwifery; art of assisting women in parturition. 
Obstinate, ob'stt-nat, a. Pertinaciously adhering to 
an opinion or purpose ; not easily subdued or re- 
moved; stubborn ; inflexible; firm; resolute ; opin- 
ionated ; refractory ; perverse. [L. dbstim *m-s. p. p. 
of obstinare, to be resolved on, fr. 06 and rt. 01 des- 
tina, a support, prop : see Destine.] — Ob'stinacy, 
-na-st, n. Unyielding fixedness in opinion or resolu- 
tion ; pertinacity ; persistency; contumacy. — Ob r - 
stinately, adv. 
Obstipation, ob-stl-pa'shun, n. Act of stopping up 
(a passage, etc.). [L. obstipare, to lean to one side, 
f r. obstipus, bent or inclined to one side, fr. ob and 
stipes, a log, stock, or stipare, to crowd together.] 
Obstreperous, ob-strep'Sr-us, a. Attended by, or mak- 
ing a tumultuous noise ; loud ; clamorous. [L. ob- 
streperus, fr. obstrepere, to make a noise at. — Ob- 
strep 'erously, adv. — Obstrep'erousness, n. 
Obstriction, ob-strik'shun, n. State of being con- 
strained or obliged; obligation; bond. TL. obstrin- 
gere, -strictum, to bind to or about, f r. ob and strin- 
gere, to bind tight.] 
Obstruct, ob-strukf, v. t. To block up, stop up or 
close (a way or passage); to hinder from passing; to 
render slow ; to bar, stop, check, clog, choke, im- 
pede, oppose. [L. obstruere, -structum, fr. ob and 
struere,* to pile up.] — Obstructor, n. — Obstruc- 
tion, n. Act of, state of being, or that which, etc. — 
Obstructive, -iv, a. Tending to obstruct ; causing 
impediment. — Ob'struent, -stroo-ent, a. Blocking 
up ; hindering. — n. Anything that obstructs en- 
closes a passage, esp. one of the natural passages in 
the body. [L. obstruens, p. pr. of obstruere.] 
Obtain, ob-tan', v. t. [-tained (-tand'), -taining.] To 
get hold of by effort, gain possession of, acquire : 
to attain, procure, win, earn. — v. i. To have a firm 
footing ; to become prevalent or general, [F. ob- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Tee ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



OBTEST 



385 



OCTAGON 



tenir, L. obtinere, fr. ob and tenere, to hold.]— Ob- 
tainable. «. — Obtain'er, n. 

Obtest, ob-test', v. t. To call to witness ; to beseech, 
supplicate. [OF. obtester, L. obtestari, fr. ob and tes- 
tart, to witness, fr. testis, a witness.] — Obtesta'tion, 
n. Act of supplicating, obtesting, or protesting ; 
earnest declaration. 

Obtrude, ob-trood'', v. t. To thrust in or upon ; to 
offer with unreasonable importunity; to intrude. — 
v. i. To enter without right ; to make an officious or 
importunate offer. [L. obtrudere, fr. ob and trudere, 
to thrust.] — Obtrud'er, n. — Obtru'sion, -zhun, n. 
Act of, etc. — Obtru'sive, -siv, a. Disposed to ob- 
trude; inclined to thrust one's self among others. — 
Obtru'sively, adv. 

Obtund, ob-tund', v. t. To dull, blunt, deaden. [L. 
obtundere, -tusum, fr. ob and tundere, to beat ; s. rt. 
Skr. tud, to strike.] — Obtuse'', -tus', a. Not pointed 
or acute, applied to angles greater than a right an- 
gle ; not having acute sensibility ; dull ; not sharp 
or shrill ; obscure. [OF. obtus, L. ob- a D 
tusus, p. pr. of obtundere.'] — Obtuse''- v i 
an gled, a. Having an obtuse angle : \ 

see Triangle. — Obtusely, adv. In \l 

an obtuse manner; dully. — Obtuse''- B c 

ness, n. — Obtu'sion, -zhun, n. Act of a B C, obtuse 
making obtuse or blunt; state of be- angle; BBC, 
ing dulled or blunted. [L. obtusio.] right angle. 

Obverse, ob-vSrs', a. (Bot?) Having the base narrower 
than the top, as a leaf. — n. The face of a coin 
having the principal image or inscription upon it. 
[L. obversus, p. p. of obvertere, to turn toward.] — 
Obverse'ly, adv. — Obvert', v. t. To turn toward 
or downward. 

Obviate, ob'vl-at, v. t. To meet in the way ; to pre- 
vent by interception ; to clear the way of, remove. 
[L. obviare, -atum, fr. ob and viare, to go, fr. via, 
way.] — Obvia'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

— Ob'vious, -vi-us, a. Open ; exposed; liable; sub- 
ject ; easily discovered, seen, or understood ; plain; 
clear ; apparent. [L. obvius, lying in the way.] — 
Ob'viously, adv. — Ob'viousness, n. 

Obvolute, ob'vo-lut, -lut'ed, a. {Bot.) Arranged so 
as alternately to overlap, as the margins of one leaf 
those of the opposite one. [L. obvolutus, p. p. of ob- 
volvere, to wrap round, cover all over, f r. ob and vol- 
vere, to roll, turn around.] 

Occasion, ok-ka'zhun, n. A falling, happening, or 
coming to pass ; an occurrence, casualty, incident ; 
a favorable opportunity ; accidental cause ; oppor- 
tunity to use; incidental need; requirement. — v. t. 
[occasioned (-zhund), -sioning.] To give occa- 
sion to, cause incidentally. [F. ; L. occasio, -onis, f r. 
occidere, occasum, to fall down, fr. ob and cadere, 
to fall.] — Occassional, a. Pert, to or occurring at 
times, but not regular or systematic; casual; inci- 
dental ; produced by accident ; made on some spe- 
cial event. — Occa'sionally, adv. — Occa'sioner, n. 

— Occa'sive, -siv, a. Pert, to the setting sun ; fall- 
ing ; descending. [L. occasivus, f r. occasus, a going 
down, setting of the heavenly bodies, fr. occidere.'] — 
Oc'cident, -si-dent, n. The western quarter of the 
hemisphere ; the west. [OF. ; L. occidens, p. pr. of 

. occidere.] — Occident's!, a. Situated in, or pert, to, 
the west; western; setting after the sun. 

Occiput, ok'sY-put, n. {Anat.) The part of the skull 
which forms the hind part of the head. — opp. to 
sinciput. [L., fr. ob and caput, capitis, head.]— Oc- 
cipital, -sip'T-tal, a. Pert, to the occiput. 

Occlusion, ok-klu'zhun, n. Act of shutting up; state 
of being shut up ; transient approximation of the 
edges of a natural opening; also, imperforation. [L. 
occlusus, p. p. of occludere, to shut up, fr. ob and 
cludere, claudere, to shut.] 

Occult, ok-kult', a. Hidden from the eye or under- 
standing ; invisible ; secret ; unknown. [F. occulte, 
L. occultus, p. p. of occidere, to cover up, hide, fr. ob 
and (obs.) calere, to hide; s. rt. hell.]— Occult sciences. 
Those imaginary sciences of the middle ages which 
related to the influence of supernatural powers, as 
alchemy, magic, necromancy, and astrology. — Oc- 
culta'tion, n. Act of rendering, or state of being, 
occult. {Astron.) The hiding of a heavenly body 
from sight by the intervention of some other heav- 
enly body. — Occult'ness, n. 

Occupy, ok'ku-pi, v. t. [-pied (-pid), -pyin g.] • To 
take or hold in possession, possess ; to hold, or fill, 
the dimensions of; to cover ; to employ, use; to em- 
ploy, busy, — used reflexively ; to follow as a busi- 
ness. — v. i. To hold possession, be an occupant, 
follow business, negotiate. [F. occuper, L. occtt- 



pare, -pattern, fr. ob and capere, to seize.] — Oc'cu 
pant, a. One who occupies; one who has the actual 
use or possession, or is in possession, of a thing. [F., 
p. pr. of occuper.) — Oc'cupancy, -pan-si, n. Act of 
taking or holding possession.— Occupa'tion. n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. ; that which occupies the 
time and attention ; the principal business of one's 
life; possession ; tenure ; use ; vocation ; calling; of- 
fice ; trade: profession. [F.] — Oc'cupi'er, n. 
Occur, ok-k?r', v. i. [-ccrred (-kerd'), -curring.] 
To be found here and there; to appear; to meet or 
come to the mind. [F. occurrer, L. occurrere, fr. ob 
and currere, to run.] — Occur'rence, n. A coming 
or happening; any incident or accidental event; any 
single event. [OF.] 
Ocean, o'shun, n. The water considered as one vast 
body surrounding the land, — the sea; one of the 
large bodies of water into which the great ocean is 
regarded as divided; an immense expanse. [OF.; L. 
oceanus, Gr. okeanos.] — Ocean'ic, -she-an'ik, a. 
Pert, to, found, or formed In, the ocean. — Oce'ana, 
-se'a-na, Ocean'ia. -T-a, n. A division of the globe 
comprehending the islands in the Pacific, S. of 30° 
N. lat.: it contains Malaisia (the Malav Archipel- 
ago). Australasia, and Polynesia. [F. Oceanic] 
Ocellated, o'sel-la'ted or o-sel'la-ted, a. Resembling 
an eye ; formed with the figures of little eyes. [L. 
ocellatus, fr. ocellus, dim. of oculus, an eye.] 
Ocelot, o'se-lot, n. {Zobl.) A digitigrade'earnivorous 
mammal of the cat kind, found in Mexico. [Mexic. 
ocelotl.] 
Ocher, Ochre, o'ker, n. {Min.) A variety of fine clay 
containing iron : the common colors are yellow and 
red. [OF. ocre, L. and Gr. ochra, fr. Gr. o'chros, pale, 
esp. paleyellow.]- O'cherous, -chreous, -us, O'chery, 
-T, a. Of, containing, or like ocher. 
Ochlocracy, ok-lok'ra-sT, n. A form of government 
in which the multitude or common people rule. 
[Gr. ochlokratia, fr. ochlos, the multitude, and kra- 
tein, to rule, fr. kratos, strength.] — Och'locrat'ic, 
-ical, -lo-krat'lk-al, a. Pert, to or having the form 
or character of an ochlocracy. 
Ocra. See Okra. 

Octagon, ok'ta-gon, n. {Geom.) A plane figure of 8 
sides and 8 angles. [Gr. okto (= L. octo, E. eight, q. 
v.), 8, and gonia, angle; s. rt. knee, q. v.] — Octag'o- 
nal, a. Having 8 sides and 8 angles.— Octahe'dron, 
n. {Geom.) A solid contained by 
8 equal and equilateral triangles. 
[Gr. hedra. seat, base.] — Octahe''- 
dral, a. Having 8 equal faces or 
sides. — Octan'gular, -tan'gu-ler, 
a. Having 8 angles. [L. angulus, 
angle.] — Oc ' tant, -tile, -til, n. Octahedron. 
{Geom.) The l-8th part of a circle. {Astron. & 
Astrol.) The position or aspect of a heavenly body, 
when half way between conjunction, or opposition, 
and quadrature, or distant from another body 45°. 
[L. octans, octantis, fr. octo.] — Oc'tave, a. Consist 
ing of 8. — n. The Sth day after a church festival, 
the festival itself being included: the week immedi- 
ately following a church festival. {Mm.) The 8th 
tone in the scale; the scale itself. The first 8 lines of 
a sonnet; a small cask of wine, — the l-8th of a pipe. 
[L. octavus, eighth, fr jpcto.] — Octa'vo, a. Formed 
of sheets folded so as to make 8 leaves: of. or equal 
to, the size of one of such leaves. — n. A book com- 
posed of sheets folded so as to make 8 leaves; the 
size of a hook thus composed. [L. in octavo, fr. oc- 
tavus.]— Octen^nial, -nT-al, a. Happening every Sth 
year; lasting 8 years. [L. octennis. fr. octo and an- 
nus, year.] — Octillion, -tiKyun, n. By Eng. nu- 
meration, the number produced by involving a mil- 
lion to the 8th power, expressed 'bv a unit with 48 
ciphers annexed; by the common or French method, 
a unit with 27 ciphers annexed. See Notation. [L. 
octo and E. million.] — Octo'ber, n. The 10th month 
of the Julian year, containing 31 days. [L., fr. octo, 
the 8th month of the Roman year.]' — Octodec'imo, 
-des'T-mo, a. Formed of sheets folded so as to make 
18 leaves ; of, or equal to, the size of one of such 
leaves. — n. A book composed of sheets folded so as 
to make 18 leaves ; the size of a book thus composed. 
[L. octodecim, 18 = decern et octo.] — Octogenary, 
ok-toj'e-na-rl or okfo-je-na-rY, a. Of .SO years of 
age. [L. octogenarivs, fr. octogeni, 80 each, fr. octo.] 
— Oc'togena'rian, n. A person .SO years of age. — 
Oc'topod, /(. A rnollusk or insect having S feet or 
legs. [Gr. pons, podos, loot.] — Octo'pus."/;. A cut- 
tlefish, having 8 arms attached to the head. — Octo- 
roon', -roon', n. The offspring of a quadroon and 



cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



OCTROI 



3ttt> 



OFFICE 



a white person. — Oc'tostyle, -stll, n. (Arch.) An 
edifice or portico adorned with 8 columns, or a range 
of 8 columns in front. [Gr. stulos, pillar.] — Octo- 
syl'lable, -sil'la-bl, n. A word of 8 syllables. — Oc'- 
to3yllab'ic, -ical, a. Consisting of 8 syllables.— 
Oc'tuple, -pi, a. Eightfold. [Gr. haplous, one-fold, 
single.] 

Octroi, ok-trw8', n. A society or guild endowed with 
the exclusive privilege of trade; a tax levied at the 
gate of a city on articles of produce brought within 
the walls. [F. octroi, fr. octroyer, to grant, fr. L. 
auctorare, to confirm.] 

Ocular, ok'u-ler, a. Depending on, or perceived by, 
the eye. [L. ocularis, ocularius, fr. oculus, the eye.] 

— Oc'ularly, adv. By the eye, sight, or actual view. 

— Oc'uliform, a. In the form of an eye. [L. forma, 
shape.] — Oc'ulist, n. One skilled in treating dis- 
eases of the eyes. 

Od, 5d or od, n. A force or natural power, supposed 
to produce the phenomena of mesmerism, and to be 
developed by various agencies. [Gr. hodos, a pas- 
sage.] — Od'ic, fid'- or od'ik, a. Of or pert, to, etc. 

— O'dyle, -dil, n. Same as Od. [Gr. hodos and hule, 
matter, material.] 

Odalisque, o'da-lisk', n. A female slave or concubine 
in the harem of the Turkish sultan. [F., fr. Turk. 
odalik, chamber - companion, fr. odah, chamber, 
room.] 

Odd, od, a. [odder, oddest.] Not paired with an- 
other; alone; left over, after a round number has 
been taken; remaining; having no great value; in- 
significant; not divisible by 2 without a remainder; 
not even; different from what is usual or common; 
peculiar; unsuitable or inappropriate; quaint; queer; 
whimsical ; droll ; comical. [Ic. oddi, a triangle 
(whence, an uneven number), Dan. od, a point, Sw. 
udda, odd (= not even), udde, a cape, promontory, 
vdd,& point, prick, MHG. art, an extreme point; s. 
rt. Skr. vas, to cut, perh. Gr. hunnis, L. vomer, a 
plowshare.] — Odd'ity, -Y-tl, n. State of being 
odd; singularity; queerness; that which is odd. — 
Odd'ly, -IT, adv. In an odd or queer manner; un- 
evenly ; strangely.— Odd'ness, n. — Odds, odz, n. 
sing. &. pi. Difference in favor of one and against 
another ; inequality ; advantage ; superiority ; in 
games, points given by a stronger player to a weaker. 

— At odds. In dispute ; at variance. — O. and ends. 
Remnants; fragments; refuse; scraps. — Odd'-feP- 
low, n. A member of a secret society, established 
for jnutual aid and social enjoyment. 

Ode, od, n. A short, dignified poem or song, proper to 
be set to music or sung; a lyric poem. [F., L., and 
Gr., contr. fr. Gr. aoide, a song, aeidein, to sing; s. 
rt. Gr. aedon, a nightingale Skr. vad, to sound, 
speak, E. epode, comedy, melody, parody, psalmody, 
etc.] — Ode'on, n. A kind of theater in Greece, in 
which poets and. musicians contended for public 
prizes; a hall for musical or dramatic performances. 
[Gr. odeion, fr. ode.] 

Odic. See Od. 

Odium, o'dl-um, n. Hatred; dislike; the quality that 
provokes hatred; offensiveness. [L., fr. odi, I hate; 
s. rt. Gr. othein, to thrust, Skr. vadh, to strike, E. an- 
noy.]— O'dious, -dt-us, a. Deserving hatred; caus- 
ing disgust or hate; exposed to hatred; hated; abom- 
inable; loathsome; repulsive; unpopular. [F. odieux, 
L. odiosus.~] — O'diously, adv. — O'diousness, n. 

Odontalgia, o-don-tal'jl-a, n. (Med.) Pain in the 
teeth; toothache. [Gr., fr. odous, odontos, tooth, and 
algos, pain.] — Odontalgic, a. Pert, to, etc.— n. A 
remedy for the toothache. — Odontal'gy, -jY, n. 
Odontalgia. — Odontol'ogy, -tol'o-jT, n. (Anat.) 
That branch of anatomy which treats of the struc- 
ture and development of the teeth. [Gr. logos, dis- 
course.] 

Odor, o'der, n. Any smell, whether fragrant or offen- 
sive; scent. [L.; s. rt. Gr. ozein, to smell, E. olfac- 
tory, osmium, ozone, redolent.] — To be in bad odor. 
To be out of favor, or in bad repute. — O'dorant, a. 
Bearing odors; odoriferous. — Odoriferous, -ifer- 
us, a. Giving scent; fragrant; perfumed; usually, 
sweet of scent. [L. odorifer, fr. odor and ferre, to 
bear.] — O'dorous, -us, a. Having or emitting an 
odor ; esp., having a sweet odor ; fragrant. [L. 
odorus.] 

Odyle. See under Od. 

(Ecumenical, (Esophagus, etc. See Ecumenical, 
Esophagus, etc. 

O'er, or, prep. & adv. Contr. for over. 

Of, ov, prep. From, or out from; proceeding from, as 
the cause, source, means, author, or agent bestow- 



ing; belonging to; pert, or relating to; concerning, 
[AS.; D., Ic, Sw., Dan., and Goth, of, G. andL. ab, 
Gr. apo, Skr. apa, away; s. rt. Gr. aps, back again, 
epi, L. ob, near to, abs, away from, apud. near, at, E. 
after.] — Off, of, a. On the opposite or further side; 
most distant. — adv. From ; a way from, — denoting 
distance ; or, separation, removal ; or, departure, 
abatement, remission, or a leaving ; or, opposite di- 
rection; the opposite side of a question, —prep. Not 
on.— interj. Away ; begone. [Same as of, and orig. 
so spelled.] — From off. Off from ; off. — O. and on. 
At one time applying and engaged, then absent or 
remiss. (Naut.) On different tacks, now toward, 
and now away from, the land. — To come o. To es- 
cape; to take place. — To get o. To alight; to make 
escape. — To go o. To depart, desert ; to be dis- 
charged, as a gun. — To take o. To take away; to 
mimic or personate.— Well o., illo., badly o. Hav- 
ing good or ill success. — Off-hand, a. & adv. With- 
out study or preparation. — Offal, n. Waste meat; 
parts rejected as unfit for use; carrion; putrid meat; 
refuse; rubbish. [Fr. off and fall, orig. the chips 
which fell from cut wood; cf. D. afval, fall, refuse, 
offal, fr. af and vallen, to fall, G. abfall, fr. ab and 
fallen.] — Offing, n. That part of the sea which is 
at a good distance from the shore, or where there is 
deep water, and no need of a pilot. — Off 'scouring, 
n. That which is scoured off ; refuse; rejected mat- 
ter. — Off 'scum, n. Refuse; off scouring; filth.— Off- 
set, n. A sprout or a shoot; a flat surface or terrace 
on a hill-side. (Arch.) A horizontal ledge on the 
face or at the foot of a wall. (Surv.) A short dis- 
tance measured at right angles from a line actually 
run to some point. A sum, account, or value set off 
against another, as an equivalent; anything given 
in exchange or retaliation; a set-off . — Offset, of-sef 
or of set, v. t. [-set, -setting.] To set off, place 
over against, balance. — Offshoot, n. That which 
shoots off or separates from a main stem, channel, 
or the like. — Offspring, n. A child or children; de- 
scendants, however remote, from the stock; issue; 
J;eneration; progeny; posterity. 
end, of-fend', v. t. To displease, make angry; to 
shock, pain, annoy; to draw to evil, or hinder in obe- 
dience. — v. i. To commit a crime ; to sin ; to cause 
dislike or anger; to take offense, be scandalized. [F. 
offendre, L. off'endere, offensum, f r. ob and fendere, to 
thrust, dash.] — Offender, n. - Offense', -fence', n. 
Act of offending, displeasing, or hurting; an open 
violation of law ; that which offends, or excites an- 
ger; state of being offended; umbrage; resentment; 
misdeed; trespass; delinquency; fault; sin; affront; 
insult. [ME. offence, OF. offence, -fense, L. offensa.] 
— Offen'sive, -siv, a. Causing displeasure or some 
degree of anger; giving unpleasant sensations; caus- 
ing evil or injury; used in attack; making the first 
attack. — n. State or posture of one who makes at- 
tack. [F. offensif] — Ofien'sively, adv.— Offen'sive- 
ness, n. 

Offer, offer, v. t. [-feked (-ferd), -fering.] To bring 
to or before, present for acceptance or rejection, 
make a proposal to; to attempt, undertake; to pre- 
sent in prayer or devotion; to bid, as a price, re- 
ward, or wages; to manifest in an offensive way. — 
v. i. To present itself; to declare a willingness; to 
make an attempt. — n. Act of, or thing which, etc. ; 
a proposal. [ME. offren, AS. offrian, L. offerre, to 
offer, f r. ob and ferre, to bring, bear.] — Of ferable, 
a. — Offerer, n. — Offering, n. That which is of- 
fered, esp. in divine service; a sacrifice; oblation. — 
Offertory, -to-rT, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) An anthem 
chanted, or a voluntary played on the organ, during 
the offering and first part of the mass; that part of 
the mass in which the priest prepares the elements 
for consecration. (Ch. of Eng.) The verses of 
Scripture near the beginning of the communion ser- 
vice, read while the alms are collecting. [F. offer- 
toire, L. offertorium, fr. offertor, an offerer.] 

Office, of fis, n. Work to be performed for, or with 
reference to, others; duty; esp., customary duty; a 
special duty, trust, or charge, conferred by author- 
ity and for a public purpose ; that which is per- 
formed, intended, or assigned to be done, by a par- 
ticular thing; place in winch public officers and oth- 
ers transact business; the company or corporation 
whose place of business is their office, pi. Apart- 
ments in which domestics discharge the service of a 
house, as kitchens, pantries, etc. (Eccl.) The ser- 
vice appointed for a particular occasion. (Canon 
Law.) A benefice with no jurisdiction annexed to 
it. [P.; L. officium, contr. fr. opificium, fr. opes. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tOne, 6r ; 



OFFICINAL 



387 



OLrVE 



wealth, help, and facere, to do.] — House of office. A 
privy; a necessary.— Officer, -fY-s6r, n. One who 
holds an office; a magistrate.— v. t. To furnish with 
officers. [F. officier, LL. offiaarius.] — OnVcial, 
-fish'al, a. Pert, to an office or public trust; derived 
from the proper office, officer, or authority.— n. One 
who holds an office; an officer. [F.; L. officialis.] — 
Offl'cially, adv. By, or by virtue of, the proper au- 
thority. — Offi'cialism, -nsh , al-izrn, n. State or char- 
acteristic of being official; official routine; govern- 
ment by officials; officials collectively. — OflVciate, 
-fish'T-at, v. i. To act as an officer in his office; to 
perform the appropriate official duties of another. 
[LL. officiare, -atum.] — Offi'cious, -fish'us, a. Ex- 
cessively forward in kindness; intermeddling in af- 
fairs in which one has no concern ; impertinent ; 
meddlesome. JTF. officieitx, serviceable, L. officiosus, 
obliging.] — Ofivciously, adv. — Ofa'ciousness, n. 

Officinal, of-fis'Y-nal or -ft-si'nal, a. Used in a shop, 
or belonging to it; having a character or composition 
established or approved of by the college of medi- 
cine. [L. officina, a workshop, coutr. fr. opificina, 
fr. opifex, a workman, fr. opus, work, and facere, to 
make or do.] 

Offing, Offscouring, Offset, etc. See under Of. 

Offuscate, etc. See Obfuscate. 

Oft, oft, Often, of n, adv. [oftener, oftenest.] 
Frequently ; many times ; not seldom. [ME. oft, 
later ofte (2 syl.) and often before a vowel; AS., Ic, 
and G. oft; s. rt. Gr. huper = L. super = E. over, q. 
v.: the ME. compar. was offer, superl. qftest.] — 
Oft'enness, n. Frequency.— Offentimes, Off times, 
adv. Frequently; often; many times. 

Ogee, o-je', n. (Arch.) A molding consisting of 2 
members, the one concave, the other convex, — 
sometimes abbr. O. G. or OG. : see Molding. [For 
ogive.] — 0'give, -jiv, n. (Arch.) The Gothic vault, 
with its ribs and cross springers,-etc. [F. augive, 
circlet, round band in architecture, fr. Sp., Pg., and 
It. auge, highest point, fr. Ar. awj, top, vertex.] 

Ogle, o'gl, v. t. [ogled (-gld), ogling.] To view 
with side glances, as in fondness, or to attract notice. 
— n. A side glance or look. [D. oogelen, f req. of 
oogen, to cast sheeps' eyes, fr. ooge = E. eye.] — 
O'gler, n. 

Oglio, oTr-o or ofyo, n. Same as Olio. 

Ogre, o'ger, n. An imaginary monster, who lived on 
human beings. [F., hell, fr. Sp. ogro. It. orco, a 
hobgoblin, demon, fr. L. Orcus, the god of the in- 
fernal regions, hell.] — O'gress, n. A female ogre. 

Oh, o, interj. An exclamation expressing surprise, 
pain, sorrow, anxiety, a wish, etc. [Later spelling 
of O.] 

Ohm, om, n. The standard unit of electrical resis- 
tance ; the resistance of a column of mercury one 
square millimeter in section and 106 centimeters in 
length. [Fr. the Ger. electrician, G. S. Ohm.] 

OU, oil, n. An unctuous liquid expressed or drawn 
from various animal and vegetable substances. — 
p. t. [oiled (oild), oiling.] To smear, rub over, 
or anoint with oil. [ME. and OF. oile, L. oleum, Gr. 
elaion, oil, elaia, an olive tree, olive ; s. rt. olive, 
liquid.'] — Oifer, n. One who deals in oils, for- 
merly, in oils and pickles ; one charged with lubri- 
cating machinery. — Oify,-*, a. [-ier, -iest.] Con- 
sisting of, or containing, oil ; unctuous ; resem- 
bling oil; fatty; greasy; smoothly subservient; com- 
pliant. — Oifiness, n. — Oifcake, n. A mass of com- 
pressed seeds, or other substance, from which oil 
has been extracted. — cloth, n. Cloth oiled or 
painted for covering floors, etc. — cup, n. (Mach.) 
A cup at the 
top of a pas- 
sage called an 
oil-hole, to sup- 
ply a lubrica- 
tor to machin- 




fa s procured 
r om oil.— 
-man, n. One 
who deals in 
oils. — stone, 

n. A kind of ~.. 

whetstone. Oil-cup. 

— well, n. An artesian wellyielding petroleum. — 
O'leag'inous, -aj'T-nus, a. Having the qualities of 
oil; oily; unctuous. [L. oleaginus,iT. oleum.) — O'le- 
ag'inousness, n. — O'lefi'ant, a. (Chem.) Forming 
or producing oil, — said of a gas composed of 4 



equivalents of carbon and 4 of hydrogen. [L. facere, 
to make.] — O'lefine, -fin.n. (Chem.) Oneofaseries 
of hydrocarbons in which there are twice as many 
hydrogen atoms as atom6 of carbon, — so called fr 
their forming oily compounds with bromine and 
chlorine. — Oleograph, -graf, n. (Chem.) The form 
assumed by a drop of oil upon water or other liquid 
with which it does not mix. (Painting.) A picture in 
oils made by a process resembling lithography. [L. 
oleum and Gr. graphein, to draw.] — O'leomar'ga- 
rine, -ga-rin, n. Artificial butter made from animal 
fat; butterine. [L. oleum and F. margarine, a chem- 
ical substance extracted from some vegetable oils 
and fat ol animals.] — O'leom'eter, n. An instru- 
ment to ascertain the weight and purity of oil. [Gr. 
metron. measure.] — O'leas'ter, n. A shrub resem- 
bling the olive. [L., fr. olea, olive tree.] 

Ointment, oinfment, n. That which serves to anoint; 
an unguent. [OF. oignement, fr. ongier, L. ungere, 
to anoint, q. v.] 

Oker. See Ociier. 

Okra, o'kra, O'kro, n. An annual plant, whose green 
pods are used in the W. Indies, etc., for soups or 
pickles ; gumbo. 

Old, old, a. Not young ; advanced far in years or 
life; not new or fresh ; not recently made or pro- 
duced ; formerly existing ; preexisting or preced- 
ing ; indefinitely continued in life ; long practiced ; 
skilled ; experienced ; long cultivated ; worn out ; 
decayed; antiquated; bad; mean, — used as a term 
of reproach ; old-fashioned ; as of old ; very gay ; 
jolly. [AS. eald, G. alt, Goth, altheis, old, L. adul- 
tus = E. adult.] — Of old. Long ago; from ancient 
times, — O. bachelor. An unmarried man some- 
what advanced in years. — O. maid. An unmar- 
ried female. — O. Catholic. The name of a party in 
the Rom. Cath. Ch., which in 1870 denied the oecu- 
menical character of the Vatican Council, and re- 
jected its decrees as contrary to ancient Catholic 
faith. — 0. school. A school or party belonging to a 
former time, or having the character, manner, or 
opinions appropriate to a former time. — O. style.. 
The mode of reckoning time before 1752, according 
to the Julian calendar or year of 365 l-4th days. — O. 
world. The world in past ages ; the known world 
before the discovery of Amer. — Old'en, -n, a. Old; 
ancient. — Oldish, a. Somewhat old. — Old'nesB, 
n. — Old'-fasb/ioned, a. Formed according to obso- 
lete fashion or custom. 

Oleander, o-le-an'der, n. An evergreen shrub, having 
clusters of fragrant red or white flowers. [OF. ole- 
andre, Sp. and Pg. eloendro, LL. lorandrum, perh. 
corrup. fr. L. rhododendron, q. v.; perh. fr. L. laurus, 
laurel, and Gr. dendron, tree.] 

Oleaster, Oleaginous, Oleomargarine, etc. See under 
Oil. 

Olfactive, ol-fak'tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. Pert, to, or hav- 
ing the sense of, smelling. — Olfac'tory, n. An organ 
of smelling ; the sense of smell. [L. olfacere, olfac- 
tum, fr. olere, to smell, and facere, to make.] 

Olibanum, o-lib'a-num, n. An inspissated sap, having 
a bitterish and aromatic taste: it burns for a long 
time, with an agreeable odor, and a steady, clear 
light. [LL., fr. Gr. libanos, Heb. lebonah, Ar. luban, 
frankincense.] 

Oligarchy, oKT-gark'Y, n. Government in which the 
supreme power is in the hands of a few persons. 
[F. oligarchic, LL. and Gr. oligarchia. fr. Gr. otigos, 
few, and archein, to rule.] — Oligarch, n. One of 
those who constitute an oligarchy. — Ol'igarcb/al, 
-ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Olio, o'lT-o or oKyo, n. A dish of stewed meat ; a 
mixture ; medley. (Mus.) A collection of various 
pieces. [Sp. olla, a round earthen pot, a dish of 
stewed meat ; olla podrida, a 
dish of different sorts of meat 
boiled together, lit. a rotten 
pot, fr. L. olla, a pot, dish.] — 
Ollapodrida, ol / la-po-dre / 'da, n. 
A mixture of all kinds of meat 
chopped fine, and stewed with 
vegetables ; any incongruous 
mixture or miscellaneous col- 
lection. 

Olive, oKiv, n. (Bot.) A tree cul- 
tivated in Asia and S. Europe, 
for its fruit ; the fruit from 
which olive oil is expressed. 
The color of the olive, a color 
composed of violet and green. 
[F.; L. oliva, Gr. elaia, an olive- 




Olive Tree. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fo~6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



OLYMPIAD 



388 



OOZE 



tree : see Oil.] — Oliva'ceous, -shus, a. Of the color 
of the olive; olive-green. 

Olympiad, o-lim'pT-ad, n. A period of 4 years, reck- 
oned from one celebration of the Olympic games to 
another, — the 1st being 776 B. c. [Fr. Mt. Olympus, 
in Macedonia, the fabled seat of the gods.] — Olym''- 
pian, -pt-an, -pic, a. Pert, to Olympus ; also to the 
town of Olympia, and to the games there celebrated. 

Omber, -bre, om'ber, n. A game at cards, usually 
played by 3 persons. [F. ombre, Sp. hombre, fr. Sp. 
hombre, L. homo, man.] 

Ombrometer, om-brom / 'e-ter, n. An instrument to 
measure the quantity of rain that falls ; a rain-gauge. 
[Gr. ombros, rain, and metron, measure.] 

Omega, o'meg-a or o-meg'a, n. The last letter of the 
Greek alphabet (O, o>), as Alpha, A, is the first. 
[Gr. o mega, great, or long, O.J 

Omelet, om'e-let or om'let, n. A kind of fritter made 
chiefly of eggs. [F. omelette, OF. alemette, alemelle, 
lit. a thin plate, for la lemelle, fr. L. lamella, dim. of 
lamina, q. v. ; not f r. F. ozufs melds, mixed eggs.] 

Omen, o'men, n. Sign or indication of some future 
event ; a prognostic ; presage ; augury. — v. t. 
[omened (-mend), omening.] To indicate as likely 
to occur, augur; to predict, foretell. [L. omen, 
ominis, OL. osmen ; perh. f r. os, the mouth, perh. f r. 
auscultare, to hear, awro's,the ear ; s. rt. abominate.] 

— Ominous, -T-nus, a. Pert, to, or containing, an 
omen ; foreshowing good, auspicious ; foreboding 
evil, inauspicious. [L. ominosus.] — Ominously, 
adv. — Omlnousness, n. 

Omentum, o-menlum, n. (Anat.) The caul; a fatty 
membranaceous covering of a portion of the bowels, 
attached to the stomach. [L.] 

Omer, o'mgr, n. A Hebrew measure, the l-10th of an 
ephah. [See Homer.] 

Ominous, etc. See under Omen. 

Omit, o-mif, v, t. To let fall, leave out, drop ; to 
pass by, neglect. [L. omittere, omissum, fr. ob and 
mittere, to let go.] — Omifter, n.— Omis'sion, -mish'- 
un, n. Act of leaving out ; neglect or failure to do 
something required by propriety or duty; that omit- 
ted. [F. ; L. omissio.] — Omis'sible, a. Capable of 
being, etc. 

Omnibus, om'nT-bus, n. A large four-wheeled car- 
riage, to carry many people. [L. dative plural, 
for all, fr. omnis, all.] — Omnibus bill. In Amer. 
legislation, a bill which provides for several miscel- 
laneous enactments or appropriations. — Omnifali- 
ous, -rl-us, a. Of all varieties, forms, or kinds. [L. 
omnifarius, fr. omnis.] — Omnif erous, -er-us, a. 
All-bearing ; producing all kinds. [L. omnifer ; 
ferre, to bear.] — Omnif ic, a. All-creating. [L. 
facere, to make.] — Om'niform, a. Having every 
form or shape. [L. forma, form.] — Omnig'enous, 
-nij'e-nus, a. Consisting of all kinds. [L. genus, 
kind.] — Omniparity, -par'Y-ti, n. General equal- 
ity. [L. paritas, equality, parity, q. v.] — Omnip'a- 
rous, -a-rus, a. Producing all things ; omniparient. 

— Omnip'otent, a. Possessing unlimited power; all- 
powerful; having unlimited power of a particular 
kind. [F.; L. omnipotens; potens, powerful, potent.] 

— Omnip'otence, -tency, a. — Ooinipres'ent, a. 
Present in all places at the same time ; ubiquitous. 
[L. prsesens, present.] — Omnipres^ence, n. Ubiq- 
uity. —Omnis''cient, -nish'ent, a. Having univer- 
sal knowledge, or knowledge of all things; all-know- 
ing ; all-searching ; all-seeing. [L. sciens, p. pr. of 
scire, to know.] — Omnis'cience, -msh'ens, n. Qual- 
ity of being, etc. — Omniv'orous, -o-rus, a. All- 
devouring; eating everything indiscriminately. [L. 
vorare, to eat greedily.] — Om'nium, -nt-um, n. 
(Finance.) In Eng., the value taken as an average 
of the different stocks in which a loan to govern- 
ment is funded. [L., of all, gen. pi. of omnis.] — 
Om'nium-gatb/erum, -gatii'Sr-um, n. A miscella- 
neous collection of things or persons; a medley. [A 
macaronic compound ; gatherum, fr. E. gather.] 

Omphalic, om-fallk, a. Pert, to the navel. [Gr. om- 
phalos, navel.] 

On, on, prep. At, or in contact with, the surface or 
upper part of a thing, and supported by it ; toward 
and to the upper surface of ; upon ; by means of ; 
with ; in addition to ; besides ; at or near, — indica- 
ting relative position; in dependence or reliance up- 
on ; at or in the time of ; toward; for ; at the peril 
of, or for the safety of; by virtue of; with the pledge 
of; to the account of; in consequence of, or follow- 
ing ; in reference or relation to. — adv. Forward; 
in progression ; onward; forward, in succession ; in 
continuance ; without interruption ; adhering ; at- 



tached to the body. [AS. ; D. aan, Dan. and G. an, 
Sw. a (prep.), an (adv.), Goth, and Gr. ana; s. rt. 
in.] — On'' to, - too, prep. On the top of ; upon ; on. 

— On'ward, a. Advanced or advancing; increased; 
improved. — adv. Toward the point Defore or in 
front ; forward ; progressively ; in advance. — On'- 
wards, adv. Same as Onwaed. — On'set, n. A 
violent attack, esp. the assault of an army or body 
of troops upon an enemy, fort, etc. ; charge ; storm- 
ing ; onslaught. — On'slanght, -slawt, n. Attack ; 
aggression ; assault. [AS. sleaht, a stroke, blow, fr. 
stean, to strike; s. rt. slaughter.] 

Onanism, o'nan-izm, n. Self -pollution; masturbation. 
[Fr. Onan (Gen. xxxix. 9).] 

Once. See under One. 

On ait, awN-de'. Lit., they say; it is said. — n. A 
rumor; flying report. [F.] 

One, wun, a. Being but a single unit, or entire being 
or thing, and no more; single; individual; denoting 
a person conceived or spoken of indefinitely, — used 
as an indefinite pronoun or adjective (having, as a 
pronoun, a plural, ones) ; pointing out a contrast, — 
used as a correlative adjective; constituting a whole; 
undivided ; united ; single in kind ; the same ; a 
common. [ME. oon, on (dative oone, one), AS. an, 
D. and Dan. een, Goth, ains, W. un, L. unus, OL. 
and Gr. oinos ; s. rt. a, an, alone, lone, atone, unique, 
unite, union, onion, none, anon, anotlier; not s. rt. Gr. 
heis, hen, one = E. same.] — All one. Just the same. 

— At o. In agreement or concord. — One'ness, n. 
State of being one; singleness in number; individu- 
ality ; unity. — One'-horse, a. Drawn by a single 
horse, —said of a vehicle; second rate; cheap; with 
limited capital; of little account. — sid'ed, a. Hav- 
ing one side only ; limited to one side ; partial ; un- 
just ; unfair. — Once, wuns, adv. At one time ; on 
one occasion; atone former time; formerly; as soon 
as. [ME. ones, oones, onis, AS. anas, orig. gen. of 
an.] — At once. Immediately ;_without delay ; at the 
same time ; as one. — Only, onIT, a. One alone ; 
single ; alone in its class ; t>y itself ; distinguished 
above all others ; preeminent. — adv. In one man- 
ner, or for one purpose alone; solely; singly; merely; 
barely. [ME. oonli, onliche, AS. anlic, fr. an and 
lie, like.] 

Oneirocritic, o-ni'ro-kritlk, -ical, a. Pert, to the in- 
terpretation of dreams. [Gr. oneiros, dream, and 
kritikos, critical.] 

Onerary, Onerons. See under Onus. 

Onion, un'yun, n. A biennial plant; its bulbous root, 
used as an article of food. [F. oignon, L. unio, a 
kind of single onion, also, oneness, unity, fr. unus, 
one, q. v.; same as union.] 

Only. See under One. 

Onomancy, on'o-man'si, n. Divination by the letters 
of a name. [Gr. onoma, a name (q. v.), and man- 
teia, divination.] — Onomas'ticon, -tl-kon, n. A col- 
lection of names and terms ; dictionary ; common- 
place book. [Gr. onomastikos, pert, to names or 
naming.]— On'omat'opoela, -o-pe'ya, n. (Gram. 
& Rhet.) The theory that words are formed to re- 
semble the sound made by the thing signified. The 
use of a word whose sound corresponds to the sound 
of the thing signified. [Gr. onomatopoiia; poiein, to 
make.] — On'omat'opoetlc, -o-po-etlk, a. Formed 
to resemble the sound of the thing signified. 

Onset, Onto, Onward, etc. See under On. 

Ontology, on-tol'o-jT, n. That part of the science of 
metaphysics which treats of the nature and essential 
properties and relations of all beings, as such. [Gr. 
onta (neut. pi. of on, ontos, being, p. pr. of einai, to 
be), existing things, and logos, discourse.] — Onto- 
loglc, -ical, -lojlk-al, a. Pert, to the science of be- 
ing in general. 

Onus, o'nus, n. The burden. [L. onus, oneris ; perh. 
s. rt. Skr. anas, a cart; s. rt. exonerate.] — Onus pro- 
bandi. The burden of proof. [L.] — On'erous, on'- 
er-us, a. Burdensome ; oppressive. [F. onereux, f r. 
L. onus.] — On'erary, -gr-a-ri, a. Designed for car- 
rying burdens. 

Onyx, o'niks, n. A stone (chalcedony, etc.") consisting 
of parallel layers of different shades or color, and 
used for making cameos. [L. and Gr., a claw, a 
finger-nail, a veined gem, fr. its resembling the fin- 
ger-nail in color; s. rt. Skr. nakha = E. nail, q. v.] 

Oolite, Oology, etc See under Ovum. 

Oolong, oolong, n. A variety of black tea possessing 
the flavor of green tea. [Chinese, green dragon.] 

Ooze, ooz, v. i. [oozed (oozd), oozing.] To flow 
gently, percolate. — v. t. To cause to flow forth 
gently, cause to percolate ; to drop, shed, distill. — 



am, fame, far, pass or onera. fare ; Snd. eve, term ; tn. Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



OPACITY 



389 



OFPOSE 



n. Soft mud or slime; soft flow; spring; the liquor 
of a tan-vat. [ME. wose, AS. wase, ooze, AS. wos, 
juice, Ic. vas, wetness ; perh. s. rt. Ic. ur, drizzle, 
AS. wxr, sea, Skr. vari, water.] — Ooz'y, -Y, a. 
Miry; containing soft mud: resembling ooze. 

Opacity, Opake. See under Opaque. 

Opal, o'pal, n. A mineral consisting of silex in what 
is called the soluble state, and usually a small quan- 
tity of water : the precious opal presents a peculiar 
play of colors, and is esteemed as a gem. [F. opdle, 
L. opalus, Gr. opallios, perh. fr. Skr. upala, a stone.] 
— Opalesce', -pal-es', v. i. [-esced (-est'), -escing.J 
To give forth a play of colors, like the opal. — Opal- 
escence, -es'sens, n. A reflection of a milky or 
pearly light from the interior of a mineral. — Opal- 
escent, a. Reflecting a pearly light from the in- 
terior. — O'paline, -in, a. Pert, to or like opal. — 
O'palize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To convert 
into opal, or a substance like opal. 

Opaque, o-pak', a. Impervious to the rays of light ; 
not transparent; dark; obscure. [F.; L. opacus.] — 
Opaque'neas, Opac'ity, -pas'I-tY, n. Quality of be- 
ing, etc. [F. opacite".} 

Ope, op, Open, o'pn, a. Free of access ; not shut up; 
not closed ; free to be used, visited, read, etc. ; not 
private ; public ; not drawn together or contracted; 
expanded; without reserve; not concealed or secret; 
exposed to view ; candid; ingenuous ; sincere ; art- 
less; not frozen up ; not cold or frosty ; not settled 
or adjusted; not balanced or closed ; not blinded or 
obscured; not deaf ; not unwilling to hear; listen- 
ing; free to be discussed; easily enunciated; spoken 
without closing the mouth. — n. Open country or 
space.— v. t. [opened (0'pnd), opening.] To make 
open, render free of access, unclose, unlock, remove 
any fastening from; to bring to view, exhibit, inter- 
pret, explain, disclose; reflexively, to speak without 
reserve; to enter upon, begin, commence. — v. i. To 
unclose, be parted; to begin to appear; to commence, 
begin. [AS. and D. (ad].), fr. AS. up, D. op, up.] — 
Open vowel or sound. A vowel or sound pronounced 
with a larger aperture of the lips or cavity of the 
mouth, as compared with others called close voivels 
or sounds. — O'pener, n. — O'pening, n. A place 
which is open; breach; aperture; beginning; com- 
mencement. — O'penly, adv. In an open manner ; 
publicly ; without secrecy ; without reserve or dis- 
guise; plainly. — O'penness, n. — 0'pen-eyed, -id, a. 
Watchful; vigilant. — handed, a. Generous; mu- 
nificent. — heart'ed, a. Candid ; frank; generous. — 
-mouthed, a. Having the mouth open ; gaping ; 
greedy; clamorous. 

Opera, op'Sr-a, n. A musical drama consisting of 
airs, choruses, recitations, etc. ; the score of a musi- 
cal drama; house where operas are exhibited. [It., 
performance, L., work, opus, labor, toil, Skr. apas, 
work. fr. ap, to obtain; s. rt. cooperate, inure, ma- 
nure, office, perh. apt, inept, option.'] — Operat'ic, 
-ical, a. Pert., or appropriate to 
the opera. — Op'era-glass, n. A 
short telescope of low power, 
usually with a tube and glasses 
for each eye, for use in theaters, 
etc. : a loj-gnette. — Op'era- , 
bouffe'. -boot'', n. A comic op- $ 
era. [F. ; bouffe. It. buffa. joke, | 
jest.] — Op'erate, v. i. To ex- | 
ert power or strength, physical 
or mechanical ; to produce an 
appropriate physical effect ; to Opera-glass, 
exert moral influence. (Med.) To take appropriate 
effect on the human system (Surg.) To perform 
some manual act upon a human body, usually with 
instruments. — v. t. To produce as an effect ; to 
cause, occasion ; to put into or to continue in opera- 
tion ; to work. [L. operari, operatus, fr. opus.] — 
Opera'tion, n. Act or process of operating; agency; 
exertion of power, physical, mechanical, or moral ; 
method of working ; effect brought about by a def- 
inite plan. (Math.) Some transformation to lie made 
upon quantities, indicated by rules or symbols. 
(Surg.) Any methodical action of the hand, or of 
the hand with instruments, on the human body. [F.; 
L. operatio.] — Operative, -a-tiv, a. Having power 
of acting ; exerting force ; efficient in work ; effica- 
cious. — n. A laboring man ; artisan ; workman in 
manufactories. [F. operatif.] — Op'era'tor, n. One 
who, or that which, operates. (Surg.) One who per- 
forms some act upon the human body. [L.] — Op'- 
erose\ -os', a. Wrought with labor ; laborious ; te- 
dious ; wearisome. [L. operosus.] — Op'erose'ness. 





n.— Operam'eter, n. An instrument or machine for 
measuring work done. [L. opus and Gr. metron, 
measure.] 
Ophidian, o-fid'T-an.n. An animal of the snake family. 
[Gr. ophidian, dim. of ophis, serpent.] — 
O'phiol'ogy, -fl-oKo-jT, n. That part 
of natural history which treats of ser- 
pents. [Gr. ophis and logos, discourse.] 

— O'phioKogist, -jist, n. One versed in, 
etc. — Ophicleide, of 'T-klid, n. A large 
brass wind instrument of the trumpet 
kind. [F. ; f r. Gr. ophis and kleis, klei- 
dos, a key.] — O'phioman'cy, -fT-o- 
man'sT, n. Art of divining or predict- 
ing events by serpents. [Gr. manteia, 
divination.] 

Ophthalmia, etc. See under Optic. 

Opiate. See under Opium. 

Opinion, o-pin / 'yun, n. A mental convic- 
tion of the truth of some statement n 
founded on probable evidence ; judg- upnicieicie. 
ment of persons or their qualities ; esp., favorable 
judgment, good esteem. (Laiv.) The formal de- 
cision of a judge, umpire, counselor, etc. [F. ; L. 
opinio, -ionis, fr. opinari, -natus, to suppose ; s. rt. 
Skr. op, to attain, get, E. optative, q. v.] — Opin'- 
iona'ted, a. Stiff or obstinate in opinion. — Opin'- 
ionative, -tiv, a. Unduly attached to one's own 
opinions ; fond of preconceived notions. — Opin'- 
ionatively, adv. Stubbornly. — Opin'ionativeness, 
n. — Opin'ionist, n. One unduly attached to his 
own opinions.— Opine', o-pIn',i'.t. [opined (-pindQ. 
opining.] To think, suppose. [F. opiner, fr. L. 
opinari.] — Opin'iative, -ya-tiv, a. Very stiff in ad- 
herence to one's opinion; founded on mere opinion; 
fancied. 

Opium, o'pi-um, n. The inspissated juice of the 
white poppy, — a narcotic drug. [L. ; Gr. opion, dim 
of opos, juice, sap.] — O'piate, -pi-at, re. Any medi- 
cine that contains opium, and induces sleep or re- 
pose ; a narcotic ; that which induces rest or inac 
tion. — a. Inducing sleep; causing rest or inaction 
soporific; lulling; quieting. [F.; LL. opiatus, pro- 
vided with opium.] 

Opodeldoc, o-po-del'dok, n. A saponaceous campho- 
rated liniment. [An unmeaning word coined by 
Paracelsus.] 

Opossum, o-pos'sum, n. An Amer. marsupial quadru- 
ped. [Orig. opassom, in the 
language of the Indians of 
Virginia.] 

Opponent, op-po'nent, a. In- 
clined to oppose ; adverse ; 
antagonistic ; situated in 
front ; opposite. — n. One 
who opposes, esp., in a dis- 
putation or controversy. 
(Academic Usage.) One 
who attacks some thesis or 
proposition, disting. from 
the respondent, or defendant, Opossum, 

who maintains it. Adversary; antagonist; opposer 
[L. opponens, p. pr. of opponere, to set or place against 
oppose.] — Oppo'nency, -sT, n. Proposition of objec 
tions to a thesis. 

Opportune, op-por-tun'', a. Present at a proper time 
recurring at a suitable occasion; timely; seasonable 
convenient ; fit ; well-timed; proper. [F. opportun 
perh. fr. L. opportunus, lit. at or before the port 
fr. 06 and portus, port, harbor ; perh. fr. L. oportet 
it behooves.] — Opportune'ly, adv. — Opportune' 
ness, n. — Opportunity, -nt-tT, n. Fit or conven 
ient time; occasion; convenience; occurrence. [ME 
and F. opportunity, L. opportunitas.] 

Oppose, op-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To 
set opposite ; to put in opposition, with a view to 
counterbalance, hinder, defeat, or prevent effect; to 
resist ; to compete with, strive against ; to resist 
effectually, combat, withstand, deny, obstruct. — 
v. i. To act adversely ; to make objection or oppo- 
sition in controversy. [F. opposer, fr. L. ob and F. 
poser, L. ponere, pos'ittim, to place.] — Oppos'er, n. 

— Op'posite, -zit, a. Standing or situated in front; 
facing; contrasted with; hostile; adverse; mutually 
antagonistic; inconsistent. — n. One who opposes; 
that which is contrary. [F.] — Op'positely, adv. 
In a situation to face each other; adversely. — Op- 
posi'tion, -zish'un, n. State of being opposed ; re- 
pugnance ; contrariety ; act of opposing : attempt 
to check, restrain, or defeat; resistance; that which 
opposes ; an obstacle ; the collective body of oppo- 






sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. 



OPPRESS 



390 ORAL 



sers; the party that opposes the existing administra- 
tion. (Astron.) The situation of 2 heavenly bodies 
180° apart. [F.] — Oppositionist, n. One who be- 
longs to an opposing party. — Opposltive, -I-tiv, 
a. Capable of being put in opposition. 

Oppress, op-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- 
ing.] To press down ; to treat severely, cruelly, or 
unjustly ; to sit or lie heavy upon. [F. oppresser, 
LL. oppressare, L. opprimere, -pressum, fr. ob and 
premere, to press.] — Oppression, -presh'un, n. Act 
of, state of being, or that which, etc.; sense of heavi- 
ness, weight, or obstruction in the body or mind; 
hardship; cruelty; burden. [F.] — Oppressive, -iv, 
a. Unreasonably burdensome ; unjustly severe ; 
proceeding from a design to oppress ; overwhelm- 
ing ; cruel ; unjust ; tyrannical ; overpowering. — 
Oppressively, adv. — Oppressiveness, n. — Op- 
pressor, n. One who, etc. [L.] 

Opprobrium, op-pro' brt-um, n. Reproach mingled 
with contempt or disdain. [L., fr. ob and probrum, 
infamy.] — Opprobrious, -brl-us, a. Reproachful 
and contemptuous ; scurrilous ; blasted with in- 
famy ; rendered hateful. [L. opprobriosus.] — Op- 
pro'briously, adv. — Oppro'briousness, n. 

Oppugn, op-pun', v. t. [-pugged (-pund r ), -pugin- 
ing.] To fight against, whether m attack, resist- 
ance, or simple opposition. [F. oppugner, L. op- 
pugnare, fr. ob and pvgnare, to fight; pugna, a fight, 
fr. pugnus = E. fist, q. v.] — Oppugn'er, n. — Oppug'- 
nancy, -pug'nan-st, n. Act of oppugning ; resist- 
ance. 

Optative, op'ta-tiv, a. Expressing desire or wish. — n. 
(Gram.) A mode of the verb expressing desire. [F. 
optatif, L. optativus, fr. optare, -tatwn, to wish; s. rt. 
L. apisci, Skr. ap, to obtain, E. adopt, apt, adept, 
inept, opinion, opulent.'] — Op'tion, -shun, n. Power 
of choosing; right of choice ; exercise of the power 
of choice; election ; preference ; power of wishing ; 
wish. (Stock Exchange.) Liberty of selling or of 
buying stock at a certain price, and at a given future 
time; time allowed to either buyer or seller for the 
delivery of stock. [F. ; L. optio, fr. optare.]— Op- 
tional, a. Left to one's wish; depending on choice; 
involving an option, or power of choice.— Op'timate, 
-tt-mat, n. A nobleman ; a chief man in a state 
or city. [L. optimas, optimatis, pi. optimates, the 
adherence of the best men, the aristocrats, grandees, 
fr. optimus, best, orig. choice, f r. optio.] — Op'tima- 
cy, -ma-si, n. The body of nobles ; the nobility. — 
Op'time, -tT-me, n. One of those who stand in the 
2d rank of honors, in the University of Cambridge, 
Eng. — Op'timism, -mizm, n. The doctrine that 
everything in nature is ordered for the best. — Op'- 
timist, n. One who holds, etc. 

Optic, op'tik, n. An organ of sight; an eye.— Op'tic, 
-tical, a. Pert, to vision or to the organ of sight, or 
to the science of optics. [F. optigue, Gr. optikos, 
pert, to sight, fr. rt. of Gr. opsomai,! shall see, opter, 
a witness, one who sees, ophthalmos (for optalmos), 
L. ocvlits, Russ. oko = E. eye, q. v. ; s. rt. autopsy, 
catoptric, synopsis, etc.] —Optic nerves. The 2d pair 
of nerves which proceed directly from the brain, 
and are the nerves of sight : see Eye. — Op'tics, n. 
Science of the nature and properties of light, and 
the phenomena of vision. — Opti'cian, -tisn/an, n. 
One who makes or sells optical glasses and instru- 
ments. — Ophthal'mia, of-thal'mT-a, Opb/thalmy, 
•ml, n. (Med.) An inflammation of the membranes 
or coats of the eye, or of the eyeball. [Gr., fr. oph- 
thalmos.] — Ophthalmic, a. Pert, to the eye. 

Optimate, Option, etc. See under Optative. 

Opulent, op' u-lent, a. Having a large 
estate; wealthy; rich; affluent. [F.; 
L. opulentus, fr. opes, Gr. aphnos, 
Skr. apnas, wealth; s. rt. optative, 
q. v.] — Op'ulently, adv.— Op'u- 
lence.w. Wealth; riches; affluence. 

Or, 6r, conj. A connective that marks 
an alternative : it corresponds to 
either, and in poetry is sometimes 
used for either : it is often used to 
express an alternative of terms, 
definitions, or explanations of the 
same thing in different words. 
[Short for ME. other, owther, auth- 
er, not E. other, but = either, q. v.] 

Or, 6r, n. (Her.) The yellow or 
gold color represented on an es- 
cutcheon by small dots. [F. ; L. r»^ a ««,»».« 
aurum, gol(L]-Or Iflamb, -namme, Onflamme . 
Sr'T-flam, n. The ancient royal standard of France, 





Oriel. 



— a red silk flag, cut at the edge into flame-shaped 
strips, and borne on a gilded lance. [F. orifiambe. 
LL. auriflamma, lit. golden flame, L. flamma, flame.' 

— O'riel, -rT-el, n. (Arch.) A large bay or recesi 
window, as in a hall, chapel, 
etc. [OF. oriol, lA^.oriolum, 
a recess, gallery, corridor, — 
orig. gilded or decorated 
with gold, fr. L. aureolum, 
golden.] — O'riole, -rT-ol, n. 
A singing bird allied to the 
thrushes, having a golden 
or yellow plumage mixed 
with black. [OF. oriol, L. 
aureolus, lit. golden.] — Or/- 
molu' - , -mo-loo', n. A kind 
of brass, made to resemble' 
gold by using less zinc and 
more copper than in ordi- 
nary brass. [F. or moulu; 
moulu, p. p. of moudre, to 
grind, pound.] — O'roide, 
-roid, n. An alloy, resem- 
bling gold. [F. or and Gr. 
eidos, form.] — Or'piment, -pY-ment, n. Trisulphido 
of arsenic, occurring in crystals of a lemon-yellow 
color, and used in dyeing. [F.; L. auripigmentwm, 
lit. gold paint, fr. aurum and pigmentum, pigment, 
q. v.] — Or'ris, Sr'ris, n. A kind of gold or silver 
lace; a pattern worked in gold or silver lace. [ME. 
or/rays, gold fringe, fr. F. or and /raise, pert, to 
Friesland, fringe, ruff : see Frieze.T 

Oral, o'ral, a. Pert, to, or uttered by, the mouth ; 
spoken, not written. [L. os, oris, the mouth ; s. rt. 
L. orare, to speak, pray, Skr. asya, anana, the 
mouth, E. adore, inexorable.] — O'rally, adv. By 
mouth.— Or'acle, 8r'a-kl, n. The answer of a pagan 
god to an inquiry respecting some affair of import- 
ance; the deity supposed to give the answer, also 
the place where it was given ; revelations delivered 
by God to prophets ; the entire sacred Scriptures ; 
one who communicates a divine command ; an angel; 
prophet ; any person reputed uncommonly wise ; a 
wise sentence or decision of great authority. [F. ; 
L. oraculum, fr. orare.] — Orac'ular, a. Pert, to an 
oracle; uttering oracles ; like, or of the nature of, an 
oracle; positive; authoritative; obscure; ambiguous. 

— Orac'ularly, adv. — Ora'tion, n. An elaborate 
discourse, treating an important subject in a dig- 
nified manner, — applied chiefly to discourses on 
special occasions, and to academical declamations ; 
harangue; address; speech. [F.;L. oratio, fr. ora- 
re.] — Or'ator, 8r'a-ter, n. A public speaker ; one 
who delivers an oration ; esp. one distinguished for 
his eloquence. (Law.) One who prays for relief; a pe- 
titioner; a plaintiff or complainant in a bill in chan- 
cery. [L.] — Orato'rial, -rT-al, a. Pert, to an orator 
or to oratory. — Oratorical, -tur'ik-al, a. Pert, to, or 
becoming, an orator: rhetorical; eloquent; flowery; 
florid. — Orator'ically, adv. In a rhetorical man- 
ner. — Orato'rio, -to'rY-o, n. (Mus.) A sacred com- 
position consisting of airs, recitatives, duets, trios, 
choruses, etc., the subject of which is generally 
taken from the Scriptures; an oratory. [It.,ir. L.ora- 
torium, a place of prayer, neut. of oratorius, pert, to 
prayer.] — Or'atory, -to-rl, n. The art of an orator; 
art of effective public speaking; a chapel for private 
devotions. [ME. and F. oratoire.] — Orison, -T-zun, 
n. A prayer or supplication. [OF.] — Orifice, -T-fis, 
w. The mouth of a tube, pipe, etc. ; an aperture, 
opening. [OF. ; L. orificium, fr. os and facere, to 
make.] — O'rotund', -ro-tund', n. A mode of into- 
nation directly from the larynx, particularly full, 
clear, and ringing in tone. — a. Ringing and mu- 
sical. [L. os and rotundus, round, smooth.] — OB'ci- 
tato, -sT-tat, v. i. To gape with sleepiness, yawn. 
[L. oscitare, -tatum, fr. os and citare, intens. of ciere, 
to put in motion.] — Os'citant, a. Yawning; sleepy; 
drowsy. — Os'citancy, -tan-sY, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. — Os'culate, -ku-lat, v. t. and i. To kiss. 
(Geom.) To touch, as one curve another, or as 2 
curves when both have a common curvature at the 
point of contact. [L. osculari, -latus, fr. osculum, a 
little or pretty mouth, a kiss, dim. of os.] — Oscula'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. (Geom.) Contact of curves. — 
Os'culant, a. Adhering closely. (Classification.) 
Intermediate in character, or on the border between 
two groups. — Os'culatory, -to-rt, a. Pert, to kiss- 
ing. (Geom.) Capable of oscultation.— n. A picture 
of Christ or the Virgin, to be kissed by priest or 
people. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; !5dd, tone, 6r ; 



ORANG-OUTANG 



391 



ORE 




Orange, or'enj, n. A tree of many varieties, and its 

round yellow fruit. — a. Of the 

color of' an orange: see Light. [F.; 

OF. orenge, for narenge, Sp. na- 

ranja, Per. naranj, narang, an 

orange, nar,_ a pomegranate.] — 

Or'angeade'', -ad r , n. A drink made 

of orange-juice, corresponding to 

lemonade.— Or'angery, -an-jer-T, n. 

A plantation or nursery of orange 

trees. _ 

Orang-outang, o-rang'oo-tang', n. A 

large monkey, closely resembling urange. 

man. [Malayan orang utan, man of the woods, fr. 

orang, man, and utan, a 

forest, wild, savage.] 
Oration, Orator, etc. See 

Oral. 
Orb, Srb, n. A body of a 

round form ; one of the 

celestial spheres; the eye; 

a circle; orbit; a revolving 

circular body ; wheel; 

globe ; ball ; sphere. [F. 

orbe, L. oi-bis ] — Orbed, 

3rbd, Orbic'ular, a. Re- 
sembling, or having the 

form of, an orb; spherical; 

circular; globular. [L. or- 
bicularis, ir.orbicdus, dim. _ 

of or b is.] — Orbic'ularly, 4 

adv. Spherically.— Orbic'- ~ 

ulate, a. In the'form of an 

orb. — Orb'it, n. (Astron.) 

The path described by a 

heavenly body in its peri- 
odical revolution. (Anat.) 

The cavity in which the n t 

eve is situated : see Skel- Orang-outang. 

ETOK. (Ornith.) The skin which surrounds the 

eye of a bird. [L. orbita, a track made by a wheel, 

course, circuit, fr. orbis.] — Orb'ital, a. Pert, to an 

nrbit. 
Ore, 6rk, n. The grampus, q. v. [L. orca, Gr. orux. | 




Orchard, Sr'cherd, n. An inclosure or assemblage of 
fruit trees. [AS. orceard, ortgeard, lit. wort-yard; 
wyrt, plant, geard, yard.] — Or'cnardist, n. One 
who cultivates orchards. 

Orchestra, or'kes- or 6r-kes r tra, Or'ehester, -tre, -kes- 
ter, ». The space in a theater between stage and 
audience ; a band of instrumental musicians. [L. 
and Gr. orchestra, fr. Gr. orchaisthai, to dance, — 
orig. the space where the chorus danced.] — Orches- 
tral, a. Pert, to, suitable for, or performed in, an 
orchestra. 

Orchil, rjr'kil, -chilla. -killa, n. Same as Aechil. 

Orchis, Sr'kis, Or'chid, -kid, n. A perennial terres- 
trial or epiphytal plant of unnumbered species, 
many of w n i c h bear /gj 
flowers of great beauty, .^' 
and singular in form : £*£ 
it is found all over the 
world. [L. and Gr., lit. 
a testicle, fr. the shape 
of the roots.] 

Ordain, etc. See under 
Order. 

Ordeal, dr'de-al 
ancient form of trial, 
by lot, fire, water, etc., 
to determine guilt or in- 
nocence ; severe trial ; 
accurate scrutinv. 
[Prop. 2 syllables; ME. 
ordal, AS. ordal, ordel, 
D. oordeel, lit. a dealing 
out, fr. AS. prefix or- 
(= D. oor-, OS. and G. ur-, Goth, us-), out, out of, 
and AS. dsel, a portion, share : see Deal.] 

Order, Sr'der, n. Regular arrangement; any method- 
ical or established succession ; a sound or proper 
condition ; normal state ; customary mode of pro- i 
ced-'-'; regular government; general tranquillity; j 
a re^ — ation; standing rule; a particular injunction; i 
command; mandate; necessary measures or care; 
a commission to make purchases or supply goods; 
a direction, in writing, to pay money; a number of 
things or persons arranged in a fixed or suitable ! 
place, or relative |* -ition ; esp., a rank or class in ; 
society; a privileged or dignified grade; a class of i 
men so closelv linked together that they form a sep- 




Orchis. 



arate class in the community. (Episc. Ch.) The 
rank of deacon, priest, or bishop, — often used in 
pi. (Arch.) One of the 5 principal methods recog- 
nized by the ancients for ornamenting the columns 
of an edifice (Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and 
Composite : see Capital). (Zobl.) One of the well- 
marked divisions of a class, including families and 
genera. (Bot.) A group of allied individuals, more 
comprehensive than a genus. (Rhet.) The placing of 
words and members in a sentence so as to contribute 
to force, beauty, and clearness of expression. — v. t. 
[ordered (-derd), -derixg.] To put in order, re- 
duce to methodical arrangement, systematize, ad- 
just ; to manage, conduct, regulate; to command, 
direct, bid. — v. i. To give command or direction. 
[ME. and F. ordre, OF. ordene, ordine, L. ordo, 
ordinis, order, arrangement: perh. s. rt. L. oriri, to 
arise, originate : see O RIGHT; s. rt. disorder, inordi- 
nate, subordinate, etc.] — Or'derer, n. — Or'dering, 
n. Disposition ; distribution ; management. — 0r~- 
derless, a. Without order or regularity; disorderly; 
out of rule. — Or^derly, -der-ll, a. Conformed to 
order ; methodical : regular ; observant of order, 
method, or rule; quiet; peaceable; well-regulated; 
systematic; regular; methodical; being on duty. — 
adv. According to due order: regularly. — n. (Mil.) 
A non-commissioned officer who attends a superior 
officer for the purpose of bearing orders or render- 
ing service.— Ordain'', -dan', v. t. [-daixed (-dand'), 
-daixixg.] To set in order, regulate, establish; to 
appoint, decree, enact ; to set apart for an office, 
esp., to invest with ministerial or sacerdotal func- 
tions. [ME. ordeynen, OF. ordener, L. ordinare, 
-atum, fr. ordo.] — Ordain'able, a. Capable, or wor- 
thy to be ordained or appointed. — Ordaiu'er, n. — 
Or / dina r tion, n. Act of ordaining; esp., the act of 
setting apart to an office in the Christian ministry; 
state of being ordained or appointed; tendency. — 
Or'dinal. -dl-nal, a. Indicating the established order 
or succession, —n. A number noting order; a book 
containing the service prescribed in the Eng. church, 
for the ordination of deacons, etc. [L. ordinalis.) — 
Or'dinance, -dT-nans, n. An ordaining or establish- 
ing by authority; appointment; a rule established 
bv authority; a statute; law; edict: decree; rescript. 
(Eccl.) An established rite or ceremony. DIE. and 
OF. ordenance, LL. ordinantia, fr. L. ordinare.] — 
Ordinance, n. Heavy weapons of warfare, — can- 
non, mortars, and howitzers ; artillery. [F., orig. 
applied to the regulated bore or caliber of the gun.] 

— Or'donnance, -don-nans, n. (Fine Arts.) The 
disposition of the parts either in regard to the whole 
piece or to the several parts. [F., a later form of 
OF. ordenance.] — Or'dinary. -dl-na-rt, a. Accord- 
ing to established order ; methodical ; regular ; of 
common rank ; usual ; of little merit ; plain ; not 
handsome, —n. (Civil Law.) An officer who has 
original jurisdiction in his own right, and not by 
deputation. (Eng. Law.) One who has immediate 
jurisdiction in matters ecclesiastical; an ecclesias- 
tical judge. (Am. Law.) A judicial officer, having 
generally the powers of a judge of probate or surro- 
gate. A dining-room where there is a fixed price for 
the meal; meal furnished at such a dining-room. 
(Xaval.) The establishment of the shipping not in 
actual service, but laid up under the charge of of- 
ficers. (Her.) A portion of the escutcheon com- 
prised between straight or other lines. [F. ordinaire 
(a. and n.), L. ordinarius, regular, also an overseer, 
fr. ordo.] — Or'dinarily. adv. According to estab- 
lished rules; commonly; usually; on the average. — 
Or'ttinaryship, n. Office of an ordinary. — Or'nary, 
-na-rT, a. Worthless : vicious ; irreclaimably bad. 
[Prob. corrup. of ordinary, — a local Amer. vulgar- 
ism.] — Or'dinate, -dT-nat, a. Regular; methodical. 

— n.( Geom.) The distance of any point in a curve 
measured on a line called the axis of ordinates, or 
on a line parallel to it, from another line called the 
axis of abscissas, on which the corresponding ab- 
scissa of the point is measured. [L. ordinatus, p. p. 
of ordinare.] 

Ordure, ord'iir, n. Dung ; excrements : feces. [F., 
fr. OF. ord, It. ordo, nasty, orrido, L. horridus, hor- 
rid, q. v.] 

Ore, or, n. The compound of a metal and some other 
substance (as oxygen, sulphur, or arsenic), by which 
its properties are disguised or lost. [AS. or. ore, G. 
and Sw. ader, Dan. aare, a vein (= blood-vessel, 
also metallic streak in a rock) ; perh. s. rt. AS. ar, 
Ic. eir, OHG. er, Goth, ais, L. ses, brass, Skr. ayas, 
iron.] 



sun, cube, full; moon, ^ot ; co w - oil; finger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get 



OREAD 



392 



ORRER* 



Oread, o're-ad, n. A mountain nymph. [Gr. oreias, 
-ados, fr. oros, mountain.] 

Organ, Sr'gan, n. An instrument by which an action 
is performed, or object accomplished; part of a liv- 
ing being, capable of a special function, essential to 
the life or well-being of the whole, as the lungs, the 
heart, etc. ; a medium of communication between 
one person or body, and another. (Mus.) An in- 
strument containing pipes filled with wind from a 
bellows, and played upon by means of keys. [F. 
organe, L. organum, Gr. organon, an implement ; 
s. rt. Gr. ergon, work, E. orgies.'] — Or/ganist, n. 
One who plays on an organ. — Organ'ic, -ical, a. 
Pert, to an organ or its structure ; consisting of, 
containing, or produced by the organs; instrumental. 
{Language.) Inflectional ; changing the roots of 
words to indicate change of relation. — Organic law 
or laws. A law or system of laws fundamental to 
the organization of a state, association, etc.; a con- 
stitution. — Organ Ically, adv. In an organic man- 
ner; with organical structure or disposition of parts; 
by means of organs. — Or'ganism, n. A structure 
composed of or acting by means of organs; an organ- 
ized being. — Or'ganize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] 
To furnish with organs ; to arrange or constitute in 
parts, each having a special function, act, office, or 
relation.— Or'ganiz'able, a.— Or'ganiza'tion, n. Act 
of organizing ; state of being organized ; the rela- 
tions included in such a state or condition ; that which 
is organized; an organism. — Organography, -og' r - 
ra-fY. n. {Nat. Hist.) A description of the organs of 
plants or animals. [Gr. graphein, to describe.] — Or'- 
ganoPogy, n. Science or account of organs and 
their uses. {Physiol.) That branch which treats, 
in particular, of the different organs of animals. 
[Gr. logos, discourse.] 

Organdie, -dy, 6r'gan-dY, n. A light and transparent 
muslin or cotton fabric. [F. organdi.] 

Organzine, dr'gan-zen', n. Silk of very fine texture, 
twisted like a rope with different strands, to in- 
crease its strength. [F. organsin.] 

Orgasm, Sr'gazm, n. Excitement and turgescence of 
an organ, esp. of the organs of generation. [Gr. or- 
gasmos, fr. organ, to sw_ell, esp. with lust.] 

Orgeat, dr'zhat or or'zha, n. A flavoring liquor, ex- 
tracted from barley and sweet almonds. [F., fr. 
orge, barley.] 

Orgy, 6r'ji,"w. ; pi. -gies, -jiz, — usually in the pi. 
Tne ceremonies observed by the Greeks and Romans 
in the worship of Bacchus ; drunken revelry ; noc- 
turnal carousals. [F. orgies, L. and Gr. orgia (all 
pi.), fr. Gr. orgion, a sacred act ; s. rt. Gr. ergon, 
work : see Organ.] 

Oriel. See under Or, n. 

Orient, o'rt-ent, a. Rising, as the sun ; eastern ; ori- 
ental; bright; shining; of superior quality; perfect. 
— n. The eastern horizon ; the East ; the countries 
of Asia. [F. ; L. orienSj -entis, the rising sun, the 
east, prop. p. pr. of oriri, to rise: see Origin.] — 
Orient'' al, a. Pert, to the east; proceeding from, 
or situated in, the orient. — n. A native or inhab- 
itant of some eastern part of the world. [F.] — 
Orienfalism, -izm, n. Any system or doctrine, mode 
of thought or expression, peculiar to orientals.— 
Orient'alist, n. An inhabitant of the east ; an ori- 
ental ; one versed in the eastern languages and lit- 
erature. — Orient'ate, -at, v. t. To place or turn 
toward the east ; to cause to assume an easterly 
direction, or to veer toward the east.— v. i. To move 
or turn toward the east. — O'rienta'tion, n. Pro- 
cess of determining the points of the compass, or 
the east point, in taking bearings ; tendency of a 
revolving body, when suspended in a certain way, 
to bring the axis of rotation into parallelism with 
the earth's axis ; an aspect or fronting to the east. 

Orifice. See under Oral. 

Oriftamb, -flamme. See under Or, n. 

Origin, Cr'i-jin, n. First existence or beginning of 
anything; that from which anything primarily pro- 
ceeds ; commencement ; rise ; source ; derivation ; 
cause; foundation. [F. origine, L. origo, originis, fr. 
oriri, to arise, begin, Skr. ri, to rise, Gr. ornumi, I 
stir up.] — Original, -rij / 'Y-nal, n. Origin ; source ; 
that which precedes all others of its class ; arche- 
type; an original work of art, manuscript, text, etc.; 
tne precise language employed by a writer; a person 
of marked peculiarity. {Nat. Hist.) The stock of 
a series of living forms, in which a variety is con- 
sidered to have originated ; one who has new and 
striking ideas. — a. Pert, to the origin or being ; 
preceding all others ; first in order ; not translated ; 



employed by the author ; having power to suggest 
new thoughts or combinations of thought ; betore 
unused or unknown; new. — Original sin. (Theol.) 
The first sin of Adam, namely, his eating the for- 
bidden fruit (see Gen. iii.); either the imputation of 
Adam's sin to his posterity, or a natural corruption 
and tendency to sin inherited from him. — Orig'- 
inaFity, -Y-tY, n. Quality or state of being, etc. — 
Orig'inally, adv. Primarily ; from the beginning ; 
at first; by the first author; at the time of formation. 
— Orig'inate, -nat, v. t. To give an origin or begin- 
ning to; to bring into existence. — v. i. To have 
origin; to begin to exist or act. — Orig'ina'tion. n. 
Act of, etc.; mode of production. — Orig'ina'tor, 
-ter, n. 

Oriole. See under Or, k. 

Orion, o-ri'un, n. {Astron.) A large and bright con- 
stellation, crossed by the equinoctial line. [Orig. a 
celebrated hunter in Greek mythology, after whom 
this constellation was named.] 

Orison. See under Oral. 

Orleans, 5r1e-anz, n, A worsted and cotton cloth used 
for dresses; in Eng., a variety of plum. [Fr. the city 
of Orleans, France.] 

Orlop, dr'lop, n. (Naut.) The lower deck of a ship 
of the line; or that, in all vessels, on which the ca- 
bles are stowed. [D. overloop, upper deck, lit. a 
running over, fr. overlopen, to run over; s. rt. leap.] 

Ormolu. See under Or, n. 

Ornament, Sr'na-ment, n. That which embellishes; 
decoration. — v. t. To make beautiful or furnish 
with embellishments; to adorn, deck, beautify. [F. 
ornement, L. ornamentum, fr. ornare, -natum, to 
adorn; s. rt. Skr. varna, color, beauty, fr. vri, to 
cover.] — Ornamenfal, a. Serving to ornament. — 
Or'namenta'tion, n. Act or art of ornamenting, or 
state of being ornamented; that which ornaments.— 
Or'nate, -nat, a. Adorned; decorated; beautiful.— 
Or'nately, adv. — Or'nateness, n. 

Ornary. See under Order. 

Ornithology, Sr-nY-thoPo-jY, n. Science of the form, 
structure, and habits of birds. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, 
a bird (fr. ornumi: see Origin; s. rt. AS. earn, Goth. 
ara, G. aar, an eagle), and logos, discourse.] — Or'- 
nitholog'ic, -log'ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to, etc.— 
OrnithoFogist, n. One skilled in, etc.— Ornitb/ich- 
nite, -ik-nit, n. {Paleon.) The foot-mark of a bird, 
occurring in strata of stone. [Gr. ichnos, track/ 
r'n i t h o- 
rhynch ' us, 
-tho-rink''- 
us, w. An 
Austra 1 i a n 
mammal of ; 
the shape 
and size of 
the otter, 
with a beak 
like a duck's 
and paws 

webbed and Ormthorhynchus. 

formed for swimming; duck-billed platypus. [Gr. 
rhungchos, snout.] 

Orography, o-rog'ra-fY, n. An account of mountains. 
[Gr. ores, mountain, and graphein, to describe.] — 




Orographic, -ical, -grafik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 
— OroFogy, -o-jY, n. Science or description of moun- 
tains. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — Orologlcal, -loj'ik- 
al, a. Pert, to, etc. 



Oroide. See under Or, n. 

Orotund. See under Oral. 

Orphan, Sr'fan, n. A child bereaved of both father 
and mother; also, a child who has but one parent 
living.— a. Bereaved of parents. [L. orphanus, Gr. 
orphanos, also orphos, destitute.] — Or'phanage, -ej, 
n. State of being an orphan; an asylum for orphans. 

— Or'phaned, -fand, a. Bereft of parents or friends. 

— Or'pnanism, -izm, n. State of Deing an orphan. 
Orphean, 6r-fe'an or 6r'fe-an, a. Pert, to Orpheus, a 

poet who is represented as having had the power of 
moving inanimate bodies by the music of nis lyre. 

— Or'phic, -fik, a. Pert, to Orpheus. 
Orpiment. See under Or, n. 
Orrery, Qr're-rY, n. A piece of, 

apparatus to illustrate the rel- 
ative size, positions, orbits, 
etc., of the bodies of the solar 
system. [In compliment to 
tne Earl of Orrery, for whom 
one of the first machines was 
made.] 




Orrery. 



am, fame, far. 



or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Yn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r | 



ORRIS 



393 



OTIC 



Orris, Or'ris, n. A European species of iris, whose 
root has an agreeable odor, resembling violets. [Olt. 
irios; s. rt. L. iris, q. v.] 

Orris, n. Gold lace. See under Ok, n. 

Orthodox, Cr'tho-doks, a. Sound in the Christian 
faith, — opp. to heretical ; according with the doc- 
trines of Scripture. [F. orthodox, Gr. orthodoxos, 
fr. orthos, upright, true, and doxa, opinion.] — Or'- 
thodox'y, -T, n. Soundness of faith; belief in the 
doctrines taught in the Scriptures; consonance to 
genuine Scriptural doctrines.— Orthodromics, Or r - 
thodronpy, -T, n. Art of sailing in a direct course, 
or on the arc of a great circle. [Gr. dramein, to run.] 

— Or'thoepy, -tho-e-pY, n. Art of uttering words 
with propriety ; correct pronunciation of words. 
[Gr. epos, word.] — Orthoep'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

— Orthoep'ically, adv.— Or'thoepist, n. One skilled 
in orthoepy. — Orthog'onal, a. Fu-ht-angled; rec- 
tangular; at right angles. [Gr. gonia, angle.] — Or- 
thog'raphy, -ra-fY, n. Art of writing words with the 
proper letters, according to common usage; spelling; 
the part of grammar which treats of this subject. 
(Georn.) Delineation of an object by lines and an- 
gles corresponding to those of the object; an eleva- 
tion, showing all the parts in their proper propor- 
tions. [Gr. qraphein, to write.] — Orthog'rapher, n. 
One versed in, etc. — Orthograpb/ic, -ical. a. Pert, 
to orthography. (Geom.) Pert, to right lines or 
angles. — Ort'hograpb/ically, adv. — Orthopaedy, 
-e-uY, n. {Med.) Art or practice of curing deform- 
ities of the feet. [L. pes, pedis, foot.] — Orthop'ter- 
OUfl. -tgr-us, a. (Entom.) Having wing-covers of a 
uniform texture throughout, that generally overlap 
at the top when shut, under which are the true 
wings, which fold longitudinally, like a fan. [Gr. 
pteron, wing.] 

Ortive, dr'tiv, a. Of, or relating to, the time or act of 
rising, as of a star; eastern. [L. ortivus, fr. oriri, or- 
tus, to rise: see Origin.] 

Ortolan, Or'to-lan, n. A European singing bird, about 
the size of the lark, esteemed delicious food. [F. 
hortolan, L. hortulanus, fr. hortulus, dim. of hortus, 
garden, because it frequents gardens.] 

Oryx, o'riks, n. A variety of S. African antelope; the 
gemsbok; the Egyptian antelope of N. Africa and S. 
Asia. 

Osage-orange, o'saj-or^enj, n. An ornamental tree, 
resembling the mulberry, having an orange-like 
fruit, and used as a hedge plant. [Orig. found in 
the country of the Osage Indians.] 

Oscan, os'kan, n. One of an ancient Italian people, 
generally called the Samnites ; their language, re- 
sembling the Latin. [L. Osci, Opsci.] 

Oscillate, os'sil-lat, v. i. To move backward and for- 
ward, vibrate, swing, sway. [L. oscillare, -latum, fr. 
oscillum, a swing, perh. same word as oscillum, a 
puppet, dim. of osadum, dim. of os : see Osculate, 
under Oral.]— Osci'lla'tion, n. Vibration. — Os''- 
cillatory, -to-rt, a. Moving like a pendulum. 

Oscitate, Osculate, etc. See under Oral. 

Osier, o'zher, n. A species of willow, or the twig of 
the willow, used in making baskets. [F.; Walloon 
ivoisir, Gr. oisos; s. rt. withe, q. v.] 

Osmanli, oz'man-lY, n. ; pi. -lis, -liz. A Turkish offi- 
cial, — so called fr. Osman, who founded the Otto- 
man empire in Asia; less properly, a native Turk, 
sloi 



l, oz'ml-um, n. A gray-colored, brittle metal, 
found with platinum, whose oxide has a disagree- 
able smell. [Gr. osme, for odme, a smell; s. rt. Gr. 
ozein, to smell, L. odor, q. v.] 

Osnaburg, oz'na-berg, n. A coarse linen, imported 
orig. fr. Osnaburg, m Germany. 

Ospray, -prey. See under Osseous. 

Osseous, os'se-us or oslfus, a. Composed of, or re- 
sembling, bone; bony. [L. osseus. fr. os, ossis, Gr. 
osteon, Skr. asthi, a bone.] — Os'sicle, os'sY-kl, n. A 
small bone. [L. ossiculum, dim. of os.] — Ossiferous, 
-Sr-us, a. Containing or yielding bone. [L. os and 
jferre, to bear.]— Ossific, a. Having power to ossify 
or change carneous and membranous substances to 
bone. [L. facere, to make.] — Os / sifica / 'tion, n. 
Change, process of changing, or state of being 
changed into a bony substance. — Os'sifrage, -fraj, 
n. The osprey, q. v. [L. ossifraga, ossifragus, fr. om- 
fragus, bone-breaking, fr. os and f r anger e,fr actum, 
to break.] — Os'pray, -prey, -pra . n. A long- winged 
eagle, living on fish, which it takes by darting upon 
them when near the surface of the water. [Corrupt, 
of ossifrage.} — Os'selet, -se-let, n. A hard substance 
growing on the inside of a horse's knee, among the 
small bones. [F., lit. a little bone, d'im. of os, L. os. 



ossis, bone.] — Os'sify, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] 
To form into bone ; to change from a soft animal 
substance into bone. — v. i. To become bone or 
bony. [L. facere, to make.] — Os'teal, -te-al, o. Pert, 
to bone. [Gr. osteon.]— Os'teogen'esis, n. Forma- 
tion or growth of bone. — Osteogeny, -oj'e-nt, n. 
Formation or growth of bone. [Gr. genein, to bring 
forth.] — OsteoPogy, -oKo-jt, n. That part of anat- 
omy which treats of the nature, arrangement, and 
uses of the bones. [Gr. logos, discourse.]— OsteoP- 
oger, n. One who describes the bones of animals.— 
OsteoPogist, n. One versed in osteology. — Os'teo- 
tome, -te-o-tom, n. (Surg.) Strong nippers used for 
dividing bone. 

Ostent, os'tent or os-tenf, n. Appearance; air; man- 
ner; show; manifestation; token; a portent. [L. os- 
tentus, fr. ostcndere, -tensum, to show, fr. ob and ten- 
dere, to stretch.] — Ostensible, -sX-bl, a. Shown, 
declared, or avowed; manifest; apparent. — Osten / '- 
sibly, adv. — Osten'sive, -siv, a. Showing; exhibit- 
ing. — Osten'sion, -shun, n. (Eccl.) The showing 
of the sacrament for adoration. — Os'tenta'tion, n. 
Act of making an ambitious display ; pretentious 
parade; pomp; vaunting; boasting. [F.; L. ostenta- 
tio, f r. ostentare, intens. of ostcndere.] — Os'tenta'- 
tious, -shus, o. Fond of excessive or offensive dis- 
play; pretentious; boastful; showy; gaudy.— Os'ten- 
ta'tiously, adv. 

Osteocope, Osteology, etc. See under Osseous. 

Osteopathy, os'te-op'a-thY, n. A system of medical 
treatment based upon the theory that diseases are 
chiefly due to mechanical interference with bodily 
functions and may be remedied by manipulation. 
[Gr. osteon, bone + pathein, to suffer.] — Os'teopath. 
A physician who practices osteopathy. 

Ostler. Same as Hostler. 

Ostracean, os-tra'shan, n. One of a family of bivalve 
shell-fish, of which the oyster is the type. [NL. os- 
tracea, L. ostrea, Gr. ostreon, oyster; s. rt. Gr. ostra- 
kon, a tile (see Ostracise), and osteon, a bone (see 
Osseous).]— Os'trea-, -tre-a-, or Os'treicuPture, -tre- 
Y-kuPchur, n. Artificial cultivation or breeding of 
oysters. ' ' 

Ostracize, os'tra-slz, v. t. [-cized (-slzd), -cizing.] 
To exile by ostracism, banish from societv. put un- 
der ban. [Gr. ostrakizein, to banish by tablets used 
for voting, fr. ostrakon, a tile, potsherd, orig. a shell: 
see Ostracean.]- Os'tracism,-sizm,rc. (Gr. Antiq.) 
Banishment, by the people of Athens, of a person 
whose influence gave umbrage to them, repulsion; 
separation. 

Ostrich, os'trich, n. A bird of Africa and Arabia, 
nearly 10 feet high, 
having a long neck, 
stout, long legs, with' 
only 2 toes, and short 
wings, with long, 
soft plumes in the 
place of feathers: it 
is remarkable for its 
speed, and for swal- 
lowing bits of metal 
or stone to aid in di- 

festion. [OF. ostrusce, 
p. avestruz, L. avis 
struthio ; avis, a bird, 
stntthio fr. Gr. strou- 
thion, ostrich, fr. 
strouthos, bird.] 

Ostrogoth, os'tro-goth, 
n. One of the eastern 
Goths, disting. fr. the 
Visigoths, or western 
Goths. 

Otacoustic, Otalgia, etc. 
See under Otic. , Ostrich. 

Other, uth/er, pron. & 
a. Different from that which has been specified; 
additional; second of two; not this, but the contrary; 
opposite. [AS. odher, for andher, D. and G. ander, 
Goth, anthar, L. alter, for outer, Skr. antara, also 
anya, other, — a compar. form, meaning more than 
that, hence second; not same word as ME. other = 
E. either: see Or, conj.]— The other day. At a cer- 
tain time past, not distant, but indefinite; not long 
ago; a few days since.— Every o. day. Every sec- 
ond day; each'alternate day. — Otb/erwise, adv. In 
a different manner; in different respects. 

Otic, o'tik, «. Pert, to, of, or for the ear; auricular. 
[F. oiiqve, Gr. otikos, fr. ous, otos, L. auris = E. ear, 
q. v.]— Ot'acous'tic, -kows'- or -koos'tik, a. Assist- 




sun, cube, full ; moon, f<36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boJfboN, chair, get. 



OTIOSE 



394 



OUTLANDISH 



ing the sense of hearing. [Gr. ous and akoustikos, 
acoustic, q. v.]— Otal'gia, -tal'jY-a, Otal'gy, -tal'jY, 
n. (Med.) Pain in theear. [Gr. algos, pain.] — Oto- 
scope, o'to- or ot'o-skop, n. An instrument for ex- 
amining the condition of the ear. [Gr. skopein, to 
see.] 

Otiose, 0'shY-os', a. Being at ease; unemployed; in- 
dolent. [L. otiosus, fr. otium, ease.] 

Ottar, of tar, n. A highly fragrant oil obtained from 
the petals of some flowers, esp. of the rose,— written 
also attar, otto. [Ar. itr, perfume, atira, he smelt 
sweet.] 

"Otter, ot'ter, n. A carnivorous aquatic animal of sev- 
eral species, feeding on fish. [AS. otor, D. and G. 
otter, fr. Gr. hudra, a water-snake, hydra, q. v.] 

Ottoman, ot'to-man, a. Pert, to, or derived from, the 
empire of Turkey. [F., fr. Othoman or Osman, a 
sultan who assumed the government of Turkey in 
.1299, a. d.] — Of toman, n. ; pi. -mans. A Turk; a 
stuffed seat without a back, orig. used in Turkey. 
[F. ottomane.] 

Ouch, owch, n. A bezel, or socket, in which a precious 
stone or seal is set; a carcanet or ornament of gold. 
[Prop, nouch, ME. and OF. nouche, OHG. nusca, 
buckle, clasp.] 

Ought, awt, n. See Aught. 

Ought, awt, v. imperfect. Is fit; behooveth; is proper 
or necessary; should, — used impersonally. [Preterit 
of owe, q. v.] 

Ounce, owns, n. A weight = l-12th lb. troy, and l-16th 
lb. avoirdupois. [ME. and OF. unce, L. uncia, an 
ounce, also an inch ; s. rt. Gr. ongkos, bulk, weight, 
E. inch.'] 

Ounce, owns, n. A carnivorous animal, of N. India 
and Persia, resembling the leopard, but having a 
thicker fur, irregular faint spots, and a longer tail. 
[F. once, Sp. onza. It. lonza also onza, prob. fr. Per. 
yuz, panther, pard, lynx.] 

Our, owr, possessive pronoun. Pert., or belonging, to 
us. [When the noun is not expressed, ours (not 
owr) is used.] [AS. ure, gen. pi. of 1st pers. pronoun, 
coutr. fr. usere, unsara, of us: see Us.] — Ours, owrz, 
possessive of We. — Ourself, pron. ; pi. -selves, 
-selvz'. We; us,— used by way of emphasis, and 
chiefly in pi.; myself ; also, we, us, — used recipro- 
cally, chiefly in the regal or formal style, and gen- 
erally in singular. 

Ouranography, oo-ra-nog'ra-ft, n. Same as TTranog- 

EAPHY. _ 

Ourology, oo-roKo-.iT, Ouros'copy, -ros'ko-pt, n. Ex- 
amination of urine, to determine with respect to 
disease. [Gr, ouron, urine, and legein, to say ; 
skopein, to look carefully.] 

Ousel, Ouzel, oo'zl, n. A bird of several species, of the 
thrush family. [AS. osle, 
for ansele or amsele, 
OHG. amsala.~] 

Oust, owst, v. t. To take 
away, remove ; to eject, 
turn out. [OF. oster, 
Proven, hostar, perh. fr. 
L. obs. haustare, fr. hau- 
rire, to draw water ; cf . 
E. exhaust.] — Oust'er, 
n. A putting out of 
possession ; disposses- 
sion; ejection; disseizin. 

Out, owt, adv. Without ; 
on the outside; not Water-ousel, 

within; on the exterior, or beyond the limits of any 
inclosed place or given line, — opp. to in or within ; 
— used in special senses ; as, abroad, not at home ; 
in a state of disclosure or discovery ; not in con- 
cealment or secrecy ; in a state of extinction or des- 
titution, in want or debt, with deficiency or loss ; 
not in office or employment ; in public, on display, 
etc. ; to the end, completely ; in an open or free 
manner, audibly or perceptibly, vividly or forci- 
bly ; not in the hands of the owner ; in error or 
mistake, in a wrong position or opinion ; in a puz- 
zle, at a loss; uncovered, with clothes torn ; away, 
off, — used as an exclamation ; at the end of a game 
or of some definite part of it. — n. One who, or that 
which, is without ; esp. one out of office ; a place or 
space outside of, or around ; an angle projecting 
outward ; an open space. (Print.) An omission in 
setting up copy. [AS. ute, utan, ut, Ic, Sw., and 
Goth, ut, Dan. and Skr. ud; s. rt. Gr. husteros(= 
hudteros) = E. outer, utter.] — Out and out. Com- 
pletely ; without reservation. — O. of. From, — a 
phrase indicating origin, derivation, etc. — O. of 




one's head. Delirious. — O. of one's time. Having 
finished one's apprenticeship; no longer a minor.— 
O. of print. Not in market, or to be purchased, the 
copies printed having been all disposed of. — O. oj 
season. Not in the proper season ; at an improper 
time. — O. of sorts. Out of order; unwell; cross: see 
Soet. — O. of temper. In bad temper; irritated; an- 
gry.— O. of trim. Not properly prepared. — O. of 
tune. Harsh; discordant; ruffled; irritated. — O. upon 
you, o. upon it. Away with you, away with it,— ex- 
pressions of dislike or contempt. — Out'er, a. On 
the outside; further or more remote; external. [AS. 
utor, uttor, compar. of ut ; same as E. utter.] — Out- 
ermost, a. On the extreme external part; remotest 
from the midst. [Same as uttermost.] — Out' ward, a. 
Forming the superficial part; external; exterior; ex- 
trinsic; adventitious; tending to the exterior part; 
visible; apparent; carnal; corporeal. — Out'ward, 
-wards, adv. To the outer parts ; from a port or 
country ; to some foreign region. — Out'wardly, 
adv. Externally. — Out' ward-bound, a. Bound in 
an outward direction, or to foreign parts. — Outact', 
v. t. To do beyond ; exceed in acting. 

— Outbal'ance, v.t. To outweigh, exceed in weight 
or effect. — Outbid', v. t. To go beyond in the offer 
of a price. — Out'bound, a. Destined or proceeding 
from a country or harbor to a distant country or 
port. — Out'break, n. A bursting forth; eruption; 
violent manifestation. — Out'breaking, n. Act of, or 
that which, etc. — Out' burst, n. A breaking or 
bursting out. 

— Out 'cast, n. One cast out or expelled; an exile ; 
a degraded person ; a vagabond. — Out'come, n. 
That which comes out of, or follows from, some- 
thing else; issue; result; consequence. — Out'crop, 
n. ( Geol.) The coming out of a stratum to the sur- 
face of the ground; that part of an inclined stratum 
which appears at the surface. — v. i. To come out 
to the surface of the ground,— said of strata.— 
Out'cross, n. The process or result of breeding be- 
tween animals, or of cross-fertilization between 
plants not of near kin. — Out'cry, n. A vehement 
or loud cry ; cry of distress ; noisy opposition or de- 
testation; clamor; noise ; vociferation ; sale at pub- 
lic auction. 

— Outdare', v. t. To dare or venture beyond ; sur- 
pass in daring. — Outdo', v. t. [imp. -did ; p. p. 
-done ; -doing.] To excel ; to surpass. — Out- 
door', a. Being without the house. — Outdoors', 
adv. Abroad ; out of the house ; out of doors. 

— Outface', v. t. To face or look out of countenance ; 
to brave. — Out'fit, n. A fitting out or equipment, 
as of a ship or person for a voyage; an allowance for 
the payment of expenses connected with any special 
service or duty. 

— Outgen'eral, v. t. To exceed in generalship ; to 
gain advantage over by superior military skill.— 

Outgo', V. t. [imp. -WENT ; p. p. -GONE ; -GOING.] 

To go beyond, go faster than ; to surpass, excel; to 
circumvent, overreach. — Out'go, n. Outlay ; ex- 
penditure, — opposite of income. — Out'goer, n. One 
who goes out or departs. — Out'going, n. Act or 
state of going out : outgo ; outlay ; closing portion ; 
limit ; end, — hence, the complete thing. — Out- 
grow', V. t. [-GEEVV ; p. p. -GROWN ; -GROWING.] 

To surpass in growth ; to become too large to make 
use of, or too old or infirm to exhibit. — Out'growth, 
n. Growth to excess ; that which has grown out or 
proceeded from anything ; result. — Out'guard, n. 
(Mil.) A guard at a distance from the main body 
of an army ; anything for defense placed at a dis- 
tance from the thing to be defended. 

— Outland'ish, a. Not according with usage = 
strange ; rude ; barbarous ; clownish. — Outlast', 
v. t. To last longer than ; exceed in duration. — 
Out'law, n. A person excluded from the benefit of 
the law, or deprived of its protection. — v. t. To de- 
prive of the benefit and protection of law ; to pro- 
scribe. — Out 'lawry, -rt, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. — Out'lay, n. A laying out or expending ; 
that which is laid out; expenditure. — Out'let, n. 
Place or the means by which anything is let out ; 
passage outward ; an exit. — Out'lier, n. One who 
does not reside in the place with which his office or 
duty connects him. (Geol.) A part of a rock or 
stratum lying without, or beyond the main body. — 
Out'line, n. The line which marks the outside of a 
figure ; contour ; a sketch ; delineation of a figure 
without shading ; a preliminary or general indica- 
tion of a plan, system, course of thought, etc. — v. t. 
To draw the exterior line of ; to draw in outline, 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tgrm ) tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



OUTMARCH 



395 



OVERFEED 



sketch, delineate. — Outlive', v . t. To live beyond, 
survive. — Outlook, n. Act of looking out ; watch; 
place from which, one looks out ; a watch-tower ; 
view obtained by one looking out ; prospect ; sight. 

— Out'lying, a. Lying or being at a distance from 
the main body or design; remote; on the exterior or 
frontier. 

— Outmarch', v. t. To march faster than ; to leave 
behind. — Outmeas'ure, v. t. To exceed in measure 
or extent. 

— Outnum'ber, v. t. To exceed in number. 

— Out' port, n. A harbor or port at some distance 
from the chief town or seat of trade. — Out'post, n. 
{Mil.) A post or station without the limits of a 
camp, or at a distance from the main body of an 
army; the troops at such a station. — Outpour'', v. t. 
To pour out; to send forth in a stream; to effuse. — 
Out'put, n. (Iron and Coal trade.) The quantity 
of metal yearly produced by the furnaces, or of coal 
from the pits. — Outrank', v. t. To take precedence 
of, or be superior to, in rank; to rank. 

— Outreach', v. t. To reach or extend beyond.— 
Outride', v. t. To ride faster than. — v. i. To travel 
about on horseback, or in a vehicle. — Out'rider, n. 
A servant on horseback who attends a carriage. — 
Out'rigger, n. (Naut.) Any projecting spar or tim- 
ber for extending ropes, sails, etc. ; a projection at 
the side of a boat, to sustain a row-lock ; a racing 
boat, thus equipped. — Out'right, adv. Immedi- 
ately ; without delay ; at once ; instantly ; com- 
pletely; utterly. — Outrun', v. t. [-ran; p.p. -run; 
-running.] To exceed in running ; to exceed in 
degree, quality, etc. ; to surpass. 

— Outsail', v. t. To sail faster than. — Outsell', v. 
t. To exceed in amount of sales, or in the prices of 
things sold ; to bring, or be sold for, a higher price. 

— Out'set, n. First entrance on any business ; be- 
ginning. — Outshine', v. t. To excel in luster or ex- 
cellence. — Out'side, n. The external part of a thing; 
that which is suptrlieial; exterior; externality; part 
or place which lies beyond an inclosure ; furthest 
limit, as to number, quantity, extent, etc. ; the ut- 
most; one who, or that which, is without, — a. On 
the outside ; exterior ; external ; pert, to, or denot- 
ing, the extreme or furthest limit, as to extent, qual- 
ity, etc. — as, the outside price. — Out'sid'er, n. One 
not belonging to the concern, party, etc., spoken of. 

— Out'skirt, n. Border; outpost; suburb. — Out- 
spok'en, a. Speaking freely or openly ; candid ; 
frank. — Outspok'enuess, n . — Outspread' , v. t. To 
extend, spread. — Outstand', v. i. To project out- 
ward from the main body : to stand or remain be- 
yond the proper time; to be unpaid, as a debt, etc. 

— Outstare', v. t. To face down, browbeat. — Out- 
stretch', v. t. To stretch or spread out, expand. — 
Outstrip', v. t. To outrun, advance beyond, leave 
behind. 

— Outtalk', v. t. To overpower by talking, exceed 
in talking. 

— Outval'ue, v. t. To exceed in price or value. — 
Outvie', v. t. To exceed, surpass. — Outvote', v. t. 
To exceed in the number of votes given, defeat by 
plurality of suffrages. 

— Outwalk', v. t~ To walk faster than, leave be- 
hind in walking. — Out'wall, n. The exterior wall 
of a building or fortress. — Outwear', v. t. [imp. 
-wore ; p. p. -worn ; -wearing.] To last longer 
than, surpass or exceed in duration. — Outweigh', v. 
t. To exceed in weight, value, influence, or impor- 
tance. — Outwit', v. t. To surpass in design or strata- 
gem, overreach, frustrate by superior ingenuity. — 
Outwork', v. t. [imp. outworked or octwrought; 
p. p. -wrought; -working.] To surpass in work or 
labor. — Out'work, n. (Fort.) A part of a fortress 
without the principal wall, within or beyond the 
principal ditch. 

— Out '-build'ing, -house, n. A structure separated 
from, or subordinate to, the main house. — Her'od, 
-hgr'ud, v. t. To excel in resemblance to Herod ; 
to surpass in atrocity, violence, or cruelty. — of- 
door', a. Outdoor ; out of the house ; in the open 
air. — of-doors', adv. Outdoors. — of-the-way', a. 
Different from the ordinary way or fashion ; un- 
common ; singular ; inaccessible: inconvenient. 

Outrage, owt'raj, v. t. [-raged (-rajd), -raging.] To 
treat with violence and wrong; to injure by rough 
treatment of any kind, abuse ; to commit a rape 
upon. — n. Injurious violence offered to persons or 
things ; gross injury ; affront ; insult ; abuse. [OF., 
fr. oltre, outre, L. ultra, beyond; not fr. out or rage.'] 

— Outra'geous, -jus, a. Involving or performing an 



outrage; exceeding the limits of reason or of decen. 
cy ; violent ; furious ; exorbitant ; excessive ; atro- 
cious ; enormous. [OF. outrageux, oltrageux.] — 
Outrageously, adv. — Outra'geousness, n. 

Outre\ oo'tra', a. Being out of the common course or 
limits; extravagant; fantastic; bizarre. [F., p. p. of 
outrer, to exaggerate, fr. outre, L. ultra, beyond: see 
Outrage.] 

Ouzel. Same as Ousel. 

Oval. Ovary, etc. See under Ovum. 

Ovation, o-va'shun, n. (Bom. Antiq.) A lesser tri- 
umph allowed to a communder for a victory; an ex. 
traordinarv and spontaneous expression of popular 
homage. [F.; L. ovatio, fr. ovate, to exult, triumph, 
Gr. auein, to shout; s. rt. Skr. va, to blow, E. wind.] 

Oven, uv'n, n. An arched place, for baking, heating, 
or drying any substance; any structure, which may 
be heated for baking or like uses; esp. a chamber in 
a stove. [AS. and G. ofen, D. oven, Gr. ipnos.] 

Over, o'ver, prep. Across; from side to side,— imply- 
ing a moving either above the thing, or on the sur- 
face of it; above, in position; above, denoting supe- 
riority in excellence, dignity, or value; above in au- 
thority; upon the surface or whole surface; through 
the whole extent; in a state of watchfulness with 
respect to; during the whole time; above the top of; 
covering. — adv. From side to side ; on the opposite 
side ; from one to another by passing ; from one 
country to another, by passing; above the top; more 
than the quantity assigned; throughout; from be- 
ginning to end; completely. — a. Upper; covering, 

— chiefly in composition. — n. In cricket, a change 
of ends in bowling and of the position of fielders. 
[Over is much used in composition, with the signifi. 
cation of spreading, so as to come from above, as in 
overcast, overflow ; or above, as to overhang ; or turn, 
ing, so as to reverse the surface or sides, as in over< 
turn; or, more generally, beyond a limit, implying 
excess or superiority, as in overact, overcome.] [AS. 
ofer, D. and Dan. over, Goth, ufar, Gr. huper, L, 
super, Skr. upari, over, above; s. rt. Skr. upa, near, 
on, under, Gr. hupo, L. sub, Goth, uf, under, E. up, 
G. auf, upon.]— Over against. Opposite; in front 

— O. and above. Beyond what is supposed or lim- 
ited; besides. — O. and over. Repeatedly; once and 
again. — To give o. To cease from; to consider as in 
a hopeless state.— O'verabound', -a-bownd', v. i. To 
abound more than enough. — Overact', v. t. To acl 
or perform to excess. — v. i. To act more than is 
necessary. — O'veralls, n. pi. A kind of loose trow- 
sers worn over others to protect them from being 
soiled. — Overarch', v. t. To cover with an arch. — 
v.i. To hang over like an arch. —Overawe', v. t. 
To restrain by awe, fear, or superior influence. 

— O'verbal'ance, v. t. To exceed in weight, value, 
or importance.— O'verbal'ance, n. Excess of weight 
or value. — Overbear', v. t. To bear down, repress, 
subdue, overwhelm, suppress. — Overbear'ing. p. a. 
Haughty and dogmatical; tending to repress by in- 
solence or effrontery. — Overbid', v. i. [imp. -bade; 
p.p. -bid or -bidden; -bidding.] To Did or offer 
more than an equivalent. — O'verboard', adv. Over 
the side of a ship; hence, out of a ship or from on 
board. — Overbuild', v. t. and i. To build in excess 
of the demand. — Overbur'den, v. t. To load with 
too great weight. 

— Overcast', v. t. To cover with gloom, cloud, 
darken; to rate too high; to sew by running the 
thread over a rough edge, sew over and over. — 
Overcharge', v. t. To load with too heavy a charge 
or weight: to burden, oppress, cloy; to make too 
great a charge of, or against, as on an account. 
(Mil.) To fill with too much powder and ball, as a 
gun. — O'vercharge', n. An excessive load, burden, 
or charge. — Overcloud', v. t. To cover or over- 
spread with clouds. .becloud. — O'vercoat, n. A coat 
worn over the other clothing; great-coat; top-coat.— 
Overcome', v. t. To get the better of, subdue, van- 
quish, defeat, beat, surmount. — v.i. To gain the 
superiority.— Overcost'ly, a. Very or unduly cost- 
ly; extravagantly expensive. 

— Overdo', v. t. To do or perform too much; to op- 
press by too much action or labor, harass, fatigue; 
to boil, hake, or roast too much. — v. i. To labor too 
hard, do too much. — O'verdose', n. Too great a 
dose. — Overdraw', v. t. To draw upon for a sum 
beyond one's credit in the books (of a bank, etc.); to 
exaggerate. — Overdrive', v. t. and i. To drive too 
hard or beyond strength. — Overdue', a. Due and 
more than due; past the time of payment. 

— Overfeed', v. t. To feed to excess. — Overflow', 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



OVERGROW 



396 



OVERT 



v. t. To flow over, spread over, as water, inundate; 
to overwhelm, cover, as with numbers. — v. i. To 
run over, swell and run over the brim or banks; to 
be abundant, abound. — O'verflow'. n. An inunda- 
tion; also, superabundance.— Overflowing, n. Ex- 
uoerance ; copiousness. — Overfreight', v. t. To 
load too heavily, fill with too great quantity or num- 
bers. 

— Overgrow', v. t. To cover with growth or her- 
bage; to grow beyond, rise above, — v. i. To grow 
beyond the fit or natural size. 

— Overhang'', v. t. To impend or hang over; to jut 
or project over. — v. i. To jut over. — Overhaul'', v. 
t. To turn over and examine ; to examine thorough- 
ly with a view to repairs. (Naut.) To gain upon in 
a chase, overtake. — Overhead', adv. Aloft ; above; 
in the zenith or ceiling; in the story or upon the 
floor above. — Overhear', v. t. To hear more than 
was intended or proper, hear by accident. 

— Overis'sue, n. An issuing to excess; an issuing 
(of notes, etc.) beyond the capital stock, or beyond 
the public wants. 

— Overjoy', v. t. To make excessively joyful. 

— Overla'bor, v. t. To harass with toil; to execute 
with too much care.— Overlade', v. t. [imp. -laded; 
p. p. -laden ; -lading.] To load with too great a 
cargo or other burden. — O'verland', a. Made or 
performed upon or across the land. — Overlap', v. t. 
or i. To extend so as to lie or rest upon; to lap over. 

— Overlay', v. t. To lay over, spread over, cover 
completely; as, to occupy fully; or, to conceal with 
a superficial covering; or, to smother with a close 
covering or by lying upon; or, to stretch above and 
across, so as to unite the two sides of. — Overleap', 
v. t. To leap over, pass from side to side by leaping. 

— O'verleath'er, n. The leather which forms the 
upper part of a shoe ; upper-leather. — Overlie', v. t. 
[imp. -lay; p. p. -lain; -lying.] To lie over or upon 
something.— Overload', v. t. To load with too heavy 
a burden or cargo. — Overlook', v. t. To look over 
or beyond as from an elevated position; as, to view 
from a high place ; or, to afford an elevated prospect 
of; or, to inspect, review, go over and survey the 
whole; or, to look beyond, so that what is near by is 
not perceived, pass by; or, to refrain willingly from 
noticing, excuse, pardon ; or, to look over the shoul- 
der of. 

— Overmas'ter, v. t. To overpower, subdue, gov- 
ern. — Overmatch', v. t. To be too powerful for, 
conquer, suppress by superior force.— O'vermatch', 
n. One superior in power; one able to overcome. — 
Overmeas'ure, v. t. To measure or estimate too 
largely. — O'vermeas'ure, n. Excess of measure ; 
something that exceeds the measure proposed; sur- 
plus. — Overmuch', adv. In too great a degree. — n. 
More than sufficient. 

— O'vernight', n. The night following yesterday, 
or the previous evening. — adv. _ During the night 
previous; yesterday night; last night. 

— Overpass', v. t. To pass over, neglect, disregard; 
to go over, cross; to omit. — Overpay', v. t. To pay 
too much or more than is due; to reward beyond the 
price or merit. — O'verplus, n. That which remains 
after a supply; surplus, [over and L. plus, more.] — 
Overply', v. t. To ply to excess, exert with too 
much vigor.— Overpoise', v. t. To exceed in weight, 
out-weigh. — O'verpoise', n. Preponderant weight. 

— Overpow'er, v. t. To affect with a power or force 
that cannot be withstood; to vanquish by force, de- 
feat, crush, overwhelm, subdue. 

— Overrake', v. t. (Naut.) To break in upon, as a 
ship, — said of the waves when they break in upon 
a ship at anchor, with her head to the sea. — Over- 
rate', v. t. To rate at too much, estimate at a value 
beyond the truth. — Overreach', v. t. To reach be- 
vond in any direction, extend beyond; to get the 
better of by cunning or sagacity ; to cheat.— v. i. To 
strike the toe of the hind foot against the heel or 
shoe of the fore foot,— said of horses.— Overreach'- 
er, n. — Override', v. t. [imp. -rode ; p.p. -ridden, 
-rode, -rid; p.pr. & vb. n. overriding.] To ride 
beyond the strength of the horse ; to ride too far, or 
beyond, outride; to trample down, and hence to set 
aside or annul. — Overrule', v. t. To influence or 
control by predominant power; to control in such a 
way as to bring to pass events not contemplated by 
the human agent. (Law.) To supersede, reject, an- 
nul, or rule against. — Overrul'ing, p. a. Exerting 
superior and controlling power; prevailing; predom- 
inant; governing. — Overrun', v. t. [imp. -ran;^.^. 
-run; -running.] To run or spread over in a pro- 



lific manner, or in excess; to grow all over; to over 
come by an invasion; to subdue, oppress. (Print./ 
To change the arrangement of (types) and carry 
those of one line or page into another, either in cor- 
rection, or in the contraction or extension of columns 
or lines ; to extend beyond the previous length of 
(a line, etc.) by the insertion of new matter. — v. i. 
To become excessive- or superabundant, overflow. 
(Print.) To extend beyond its due length. 

— Oversee', v. t. [imp. -saw; p. p. -seen; -seeing.] 
To inspect so as to direct and control; to superin- 
tend, overlook. — Overseer', n. A superintendent; 
supervisor. — Oversell', v. t. To sell for a higher 
price than, go to a higher rate. (Stock Exchange.) 
To sell beyond one's ability to deliver. — Oversold 
market. A market in which stocks have been sold 
" short " to such an extent that it is difficult to pro- 
cure them for delivery. — Overset', v. t. To turn 
upon the side, or to turn bottom upward; to subvert, 
overthrow.— O'verset 7 , n. An upsetting; ruin; over- 
turn. —Oversew', -so', v. t. To sew over and over, 
overcast. — Overshade', v. t. To cover with shade, 
render dark or gloomy. — Overshad'ow, v. t. To 
throw a shadow or shade over; to shelter, protect. — 
O'vershoe, n. A shoe of India-rubber, or other 
water-proof material, worn over another shoe to pro- 
tect it from moisture. — Overshoot', v. t. To shoot 
beyond, as a mark; to pass swiftly over. — Overshot 
wheel. A wheel whose circumference is covered 
with buckets, and which is turned by water which 
flows upon the top of it, filling the buckets and act- 
ing by its weight only. See Water-wheel.— O'ver- 
sight, n. Watchful care; an overlooking; omission; 
a being overlooked; escape; neglect; mistake; error. 

— Oversleep', v. t. To sleep beyond or by. — Over- 
spread', v. t. To spread over, cover over; to scatter 
over.— Overstate', v. t. To state in too strong terms; 
to exaggerate.— Overstay', v. t. [-stayed or -staid, 
-staying.] To stay longer than, stay beyond the 
limits of. — Overstep', v. t. To step over or beyond, 
exceed. — Overstrain', v. i. To strain to excess, 
make too violent efforts. 

— Overtake', v. t. [imp. -took; p. p. -taken; -tak- 
ing.] To come up with, catch; to come upon, take 
by surprise.— Overtask', v. t. To impose too heavy 
a task or injunction on. — Overthrow', v. t. [imp. 
-threw ; p. p. -thrown; -throwing.] To throw 
over, turn upside down; to ruin, defeat utterly, de- 
molish, prostrate, subvert, beat, rout.— O'verthrow', 
n. Act of, or stare of being, etc.; ruin: defeat; dis- 
comfiture; downfall. — O'vertone, n. (Mus.) In a 
body or instrument producing musical sounds, one 
of the tones emitted (due to higher orders of vibra- 
tion) over and above its fundamental tone : such 
tones are also called harmonics. — Overtop', v. t. To 
rise above the top of; to go beyond, transcend, sur- 
pass, excel; to make of less importance by superior 
excellence ; to obscure.— Overtrade', v. i. To trade 
beyond capital, or to purchase goods beyond one's 
means of payment, or beyond the wants of the com- 
munity.— Overturn', v. t. To turn or throw from a 
basis or foundation; to subvert, ruin, destroy; to 
overpower, conquer. — O'verturn', n. State of be- 
ing overturned or subverted; overthrow; prostra- 
tion; revolution; ruin. 

— Overval'ue, v. t. To value excessively. 

— Overween', v. i. To be too high, favorable, or 
flattering, in one's estimate or judgment; to be arro- 
gant in one's thoughts or claims.— Overween'ingly, 
adv. — Overweigh', -wa', v. t. To exceed in weight, 
outweigh, preponderate, outbalance. — O'verweight', 
n. Weight over and above what is required; pre- 
ponderance.— Overwhelm', v. t. To overspread or 
crush beneath something that covers orencompasses 
the whole; to immerse and bear down, crush, sub- 
merge, drown, subdue. — Overwhelm'ingly, adv. — 
Overwork', v. i. and t. [imp. and p. p. -worked or 
-wrought; overworking.] To work beyond the 
strength; to tire. — O'verwork', n. Work done be- 
yond the amount stipulated, or beyond usual hours; 
excessive or exhausting labor. 

Overt, o'vert, a. Open to view; public ; apparent. 
(Law.) Not covert, manifest. [OF. overt, later on- 
vert, p. p. of ovrir, ouvrir, Proven, obrir, Olt. oprire. 
It. aprire, L. aperire, to open, — perh. confused 
with L. operire, to cover; both perh. s. rt. L. par are, 
to prepare : see Parade.] — Overfly, adv. Publicly, 
openly. — O'verture, -ver-chur, n. Something of- 
fered for consideration; a proposal; offer; a topic or 
resolution, formally proposed for consideration by a 
proper person or committee. (Mvs.) A composition. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, te"rm ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



OVICULAR 



39? 



OYER 



for a full instrumental band, introductory to an ora- 1 

torio, opera, or ballet. [OF.] 
Ovicular. Ovoid, etc. See under Ovum. 
Ovine, o'vln. a. Pert, to sheep: consisting of sheep. 

[L. ovinus, fr. ovis, sheep.] — Ovina'tion, n. {Med.) 

Inoculation of the human subject with the virus of 

ovine small-pox. 
Ovum, o'vum, n. ; pi. O'va, -va. (Anat.) The egg of 

a human female or any viviparous animal. [L.; Gr. 

oon, an egg: s. rt. L. avis, a bird, E. egg, q. v.] — 

O'val, a. Having the shape or figure of an 

egg; resembling the longitudinal section of 

an egg; oblong and curvilinear, with both 

ends of about the same breadth; elliptical. 

— n. A body or figure in the shape of an 

egg, or of an ellipse. [F.; fr. L. ovum.] — 

O'vate, -vat. O'vated, a. Shaped like an 

egg, with the lower extremities broadest.— Oval. 

Ova/rious. -rl-us, a. Consisting of eggs.— Ovalium 

n. ; pi. -ria, -rY-a. Same as Ovakt.— O'vary, -va-rT. 

it. (Bot.) That part of the 

pistil which contains the 

ovules, and in the course of 

development becomes the 

fruit. (Anat.) The organ of 

a female animal in which 

eggs are formed. [LL. ova- 

ria.] — Ovic'iilar, a. Pert. 

to an egg. — O'viduct, n. 

(Anat.) A passage for the 
gg from the ovary to the 

womb, or to an external out- 




Ovary. (Bot.) 



let. [L. ductus, duct.] — O'viform, a. Having the 
form or figure of an egg. [L. forma, shape.] — 
O'void, -void, Ovoid'al, a. Oviform. [Gr. eidos, 
shape.] — O'volo, -vo-lo, n. (Arch.) A round mold- 
ing, the quarterof a circle: see Molding. [It.] — 
Ovip'arous, -a-rus, a. Producing eggs, from which 
young are hatched after separation from the parent, 
— opp. to viviparous. [L. oviparus ; parere, to bring 
forth, produce.] — Oviposit, -pozlt, v. i. To lay or 
deposit eggs. —said esp. of insects, — v. t. To de- 
posit or lay. as an egg. [L. ponere, positum, to place, 
lay.] — O'viposi'tion, -po-zish'un, n. The laying of 
eggs, esp. by insects. — Ovipositor, n. (Entom.) 
The organ by which eggs are deposited. — O'visac, 
n. The cavity in an ovary which contains the egg 
or ovum. [L. saccus, a sack.] — Ovol'ogy, -vol'o-jY, 
n. That branch of natural history which treats of 
the origin and functions of eggs; oology. [Gr. logon, 
discourse. j — Q'vovivip / 'arous, -vT-vip'a-rus, a. Vi- 
viparous, but developing the young in eggs which 
are hatched before exclusion from the body. [L. 
viviparus. that brings forth its young alive.] — 
O'vule, -vul, n. (Bot.) A rudimentarv seed. [Dim. 
of L. ovum.}— Ool'ogy, o-ol'o-jY, n. Science of the 
coloring, size, shape, number, etc., of eggs. [Gr. 
oon, egg, and logos, discourse.] — O'olite, -lit, n. 
(Geol.) A variety of limestone consisting of round 
grains of the size of the eggs of fish. [F. oolithe, fr. 
Gr. oon and lithos, stone.] — O'olitlc, a. Pert, to, 
composed of, or like, oolite. 

Owe, o, v. t. [owed (od), owing.] To be indebted to; 
to be obliged or bound to pay ; to be obliged to ascribe 
to; to be obliged for. — v. i. To be due to; to be the 
consequence or result of. [A regular verb, used 
with the auxiliary have, had, but not with be ; ME. 
awen, owen, to possess, to be obliged to do, to be in 
debt, AS. agaa, OHG. eigan, Goth, aigan, Skr. ic, to 
possess ; past tense, in AS. ahte, Goth, aihta, ME. 
ahte, aughte, oughte (2 
syl.), E. ought, q. v.] — 
Owing, z>. a. Required 
by moral obligation to 
be paid; due; ascriba- 
bleto, as the cause; im- 
putable, as to an agent. 

Owl, owl, n. A nocturnal 
carnivorous bird, of 
short, stout form, large 
head and eyes, and ut- 
tering a howling or 
hooting cry. — v. i. 
[owled (owld), OWL- 
ING.] To carry on a 
contraband or unlaw- 
ful trade,— fr. its being 
practiced chiefly in the 
night. [Onomat.; AS. 
vie, D. uil, G. eule, *„„ ~. 

OHG. uivela, L. ulula, Barn ° v> 




Skr. uluka, an owl : s. rt. Gr. hulan, ololuzein, L. 
ululare, G. heulen, OF. A«Zfer=E. to howl, q. v.] — 
Owl'et, n. A little or young owl; an owl. — Owlish. 
a. Resembling an owl; appearing wise or solemn. 
Own, on, a. Belonging to, or exclusively to ; pecul- 
iar, — usually following a possessive pronoun, to 
emphasize the idea of ownership. — v. t. [owned 
(ond), owning.] To hold as property, have a legal 
or rightful title to. [ME. awen, owen, AS. agai, 
belonging to, peculiar, orig. p. p. of agan, to owe, 
q. v. : ME. ahnian, ohnien, A3, agnian, to own, fr. 
agen.] — Own'er, n. One who owns ; a rightful pro- 
prietor. — Own'ership, n. Proprietorship; just or 
legal title. 
Own, on, v. t. To acknowledge the possession of ; to 
avow as one's own, confess, admit, recognize. [Prop. 
oun; ME. unnen (1st and 3d pers. sing, present tense 
an, on), AS. unnan, Ic. and Sw. unna, MHG. gunnen, 
to grant, allow, admit.] 
Ox, oks, n.; pi. Oxen, oks'n. The male of the bovine 
genus of quadrupeds, esp. when castrated and fully 
grown. [AS. oxa, pi. oxan, Ic. oxi, uxi, pi. oxn, yxn, 
Skr. ukshan, ox, bull.] — Ox'eye, -i, n. (Bot.) The 
oxeye daisy. (Omith.) The greater titmouse.— Ox'- 
heart, -hart, n. A large, heart-shaped cherry. — Ox'- 
lip, n. A plant, — the great cowslip. [Prop, oxslip ; 
AS. oxanstyppe, fr. oxa and slyppa, slop, dung: see 
Cowslip.] — Ox'-bow, n. Part of an ox-yoke, con- 
sisting of a curved piece of wood to encircle an ox's 
neck; anything so shaped, as a bend of a river. — 
-fly, n. A fly hatched under the skin of cattle. — 
-foot, n. A term applied to the hind foot of a horse 
when the horn cleaves in the middle of the fore 
part, from the coronet to the shoe. — stall, n. A stall 
or stand for oxen. 
Oxalis, oks'a-lis, n. Wood-sorrel, a genus of plants 
having an acid taste. [L. and Gr., sorrel, also a 
sour wine, fr. Gr. oxus, sharp, keen, acid; s. rt. acid, 
ax.] — Oxalic, a. Pert, to, contained in, or ob- 
tained from, sorrel. — Oxide, -id, n. (Chem.) A 
compound of oxygen and a base destitute of acid 
and salifying properties. [Fr. Gr. oxus and perh. 
eidos, form.] — Oxidate, v. t. To convert (metals 
and other substances) into an oxide by combination 
with oxygen. — Oxidalion, n. Operation or process 
of, etc.— Oxidize, -Tz, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] 
To convert into an oxide, oxidate. — Oxldize'ment, 
n. Oxidation. — Ox'ygen, -T-jen, n. (Chem.) A 
gaseous element, possessing strong chemical affini- 
ties: its combination with bodies, when rapid, pro- 
duces combustion, and in slower form, oxidation: 
it serves to support life, and forms about 22 per cent, 
of the atmosphere : by composition with hydrogen, 
it forms water. Bleaching powder,— a manufactur- 
ing term. [Gr. oxus and genein, to produce, — lit. 
generator of acids, so called because orig. supposed 
to be an essential part of every acid.] — Ox'ygenate, 
v. t. To unite or cause to combine with oxygen. — 
Ox'ygenalion, n. Act, operation, or process, of 
combining with oxygen. — Ox'ygenize, v. t. [-ized 
(-Tzd), -izing.] To* convert into an oxide; oxygen- 
ate. — Oxyg'enous, -ij'e-nus, a. Pert, to, or obtained 
from, oxygen. — Ox'yhy'drogen, -l-hi'dro-jen, a. 
Of, or pert, to, a mixture or combination of oxygen 
and hvdrogen. — Oxyhylrogen blowpipe. (Chem.) 
A kind of blowpipe, in which oxygen and hydrogen, 
gases are burned together, to produce an intense 
heat. — Ox'ymel, -mel, n. A mixture of vinegar and 
honey. [Gr. oxumeli ; meli, honey.] — Oxymolon, n. 
(Rhet.) A figure in which an epithet of a quite con- 
trary signification is added to a word, — as, cruel 
kindness. [Gr., fr. oxumoros, pointedly foolish; mo- 
ros, foolish.] — Ox'ymuliate, -rT-at, n. (Chem.) A 
chloride,— a term formerly applied to the chlorides, 
on the supposition that they were compounds of a 
supposed acid, called oxymuriatic acid, and a base.— 
Ox'yo'py, -t-o'pi, n. (Med.) Excessive acuteness 
of tne sense of sight, owing to increased sensibil- 
ity of the retina. [Gr. opsis, sight.] — Ox'ysalt, n. 
( Chem.) A compound of an acid containing oxygen 
and a salifiable base. — Ox'ytone, -T-ton, a. Having 
an acute sound. — n. An acute sound. (Gr. Gram?) 
A word having the acute accent on the last syllable. 
[Gr. oxutonos; tonos, tone.] 
Oyer, o'yer, n. (Law.) The hearing, as of a deed, 
bond, etc. [NormF. oyer, hearing ; F. ouir, L. 
audire, to hear.] — Oyer and Ter'miner. A court 
constituted by a commission to hear and determine 
criminal causes. — O'yez, o'yes, interj. Hear-, at- 
tend, — a term used by criers of courts to secure si- 
lence and attract attention before making a procla- 



BiLn, cube, full ; moon, fo~ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, set, 



OYSTER 



398 



PADDLE 



raation: it is thrice repeated. [Norm F., 2d pers. pi. 
imperative of oyer.] 
Oyster, ois'ter, n. A bivalve mollusk, usually found 
on gravel or sand, or adhering to rocks or other 
fixed substances in shallow salt water, or in the 
mouths of rivers: the common species is extensively 
used for food. [ME. and OF. oistre, L. ostrea, Gr. 
oUreon, fr. its shell ; osteon, a bone, shell; s. rt. L. 
os, bone : see Ostracean.] — Oys'ter-plant, n. A 
plant, whose root, when cooked, somewhat resem- 
bles the oyster in taste ; salsify. 



zon, n. Oxygen in an active or highly elec- 
tro-negative state. [Gr. ozon, smelling, p. pr. of 
ozein, to smell, because its presence is supposed to 
be sometimes attended by a peculiar smell ; s. rt. 
L. and E. odor.] — Oze'na, -na, n. {Med.) A fetid 
ulcer in the nostril. TGr. ozaina.] — Czoce'rite, 
-se'rit, n. Mineral wax, — a substance having a 
bituminous odor, found in connection with rock 
salt and coal : it has been made into candles. [Gr. 
keros, wax. J 



P. 



P, pe, the 16th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is formed 
by closely compressing the lips, and separating them 
suddenly with an explosive emission of breath, as 
in part, pap. 

Pabulum, pab'u-l.um, n. Means of nutriment ; food ; 
fuel. [L„ fr. pascere, pavi, to pasture, to feed: see 
Pastor.] — Pab'ular, a. Pert, to, or affording, food. 

Paca, pa'ka, n. A small, rodent mammal of S. Amer., 
nearly allied to the guinea nig. [Pg. & Braz.] 

Pacation, Pace. See under Pacify. 

Pace, pas, n. A step; esp., the (space included between 
the two feet in walking, usually estimated at 2.5, but 
sometimes at 3.3 feet; manner of walking; gait; de- 
gree of celerity in walking; a mode of stepping 
among horses, in which the legs on the same_side 
are lifted together; amble. —v. i. [paced (pasd), 
pacing.] To go, walk; to go at a pace, walk slowly; 
to move by lifting the legs on the same side together, 
as a horse ; to amble. — v. t. To walk over with 
measured steps; to measure by steps or puces. [ME. 
and F. pas, L. passus, a step, lit. a stretc.i, ir. pan- 
dere, possum, to stretch, fr. patere, to be open, spread 
out: ' ee Patent.] — Pa'cer, n. 

Pacha, Pachalic. See Pasha. 

Pachiu, pii-che'zi. Par'chesi, n. A game, orig. of 
India, resembling backgammon. [Hind, pachisi, 
fr. pachis, 25, the highest throw in the game.] 

Pachyderm, pak'Y-derm, n. A non-ruminant hoofed 
animal, (listing, for the thickness of its skin, as the 
elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tapir, horse, 
hog, etc. [Gr. pachus, thick, firm (s. rt. Gr. pegnu- 
nai, L. pangere, to fasten, E. pact, q. v.), and derma, 
a hide, f r. derein, to flay ; s. rt. E. tear.] — Pachy- 
derm'atous, -a-tus, a. Pert, to a pachyderm; thick- 
skinned. 

facify, pas'Y-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To ap- 
pease (wrath, passion, or appetite): to restore peace 
to, tranquilize, calm, still, quiet, soothe, allay, com- 
pose. [F. pacifier, L. pacificarc, -cari, fr. pax, pa- 
ds, peace (q. v.), and facere, factum, to make.] — 
Pac'ifi'er, n. — Pacific, -ical, a. Suited to make or 
restore peace ; attended or characterized by peace ; 
mild; conciliatory; tranquil; peaceable. [F. paci- 
fique, L. pacificvs.] — Pacification, pa-sif r \- or pas'- 
Y-fY-ka'shun, n. Act of pacifying ; reduction to a 
peaceful state; reconcilement. [F. ; L. pacificatio.] 
— Pacificator, pa-sif r \- or pas'Y-fY-ka'ter, n. One 
who, or that which, pacifies ; a peace-maker, etc. 
[L.] — Pacificatory, -Y-ka-to-rY, a. Tending to make 
peace; conciliatory. — Paca'tion, n. Act of appeas- 
ing. [L. pacatio, fr. pacare, to appease, f r. pax.] — 
Pa'ce, -se, adv. By leave of ; not to give offense 
to. [L.] 

Pack, pak, re. A bundle or bale ; esp., a bundle made 
up to be carried on the back; a burdensome load; a 
number or quantity of connected or similar things, 
as, a set of playing cards; or, a number of hounds 
or dogs, hunting or kept together; or, a number of 
persons united in a bad design or practice ; a large 
area of floating pieces of ice driven together. — v. t. 
[packed (pakt), packing.] To make up into a bun- 
dle or bale ; to assemble and compact together ; to 
fill or load, make full, stow away within ; to put to- 
gether (cards) in such a manner as to secure the 
game unfairly ; to bring together fraudulently for 
some unjust end ; to send oft, dispatch ; to envelop 
in numerous coverings, esp. when surrounded with 
a wet sheet. (Mech.) To render impervious to air, 
water, or steam, by filling or surrounding with suit- 
able materials. — v. i. To form things into bundles; 




to admit of stowage or compression into a smaller 
space, or so as to form a compact mass ; to unite in 
bad measures, join in collusion ; to depart in haste. 
[ME. and Dan. pakke, OD. and G. pack, bundle, 
prob. fr. OCelt. pak, Ga. pac, a pack, mob ; prob. 
s. rt. L. pangere, to fasten, Skr. pac, to bind; not s. 
rt. E. bag.] — Pack'er, n. One whose business is to 
pack things.— 
Pack'-horse, n. 
A horse to car- 
ry burdens.— 
-man, n.; pi. 
-men. One who 
bears a pack ; 
a peddler.— 
-sad'dle, n. A 
saddle on 
which packs 
or burdens are 

borne. staff. 

n. A staff on 
which a trav- 
eler occasion- 
al i s y p^acT— Pack-saddle, 
-thread, n. Strong thread or twine used in tying 
up parcels.— Pack'age, n. Act or style of packing; a 
bundle; pack or packet; bale; a charge for packing 
goods. — Pack'et, n. A small pack or package ; a 
vessel employed in conveying dispatches, passen- 
gers, or goods on fixed days of sailing. — v. t. To 
make up into a packet or bundle; to send in a packet 
or dispatch-vessel, — v. i. To ply with a packet or 
dispatch-vessel. [OF. pacquet, paquet, fr. LG. pakk 
= E. pack.] — Pack'et-boat, -ship, n. A vessel that 
sails regularly for the conveyance of dispatches, let- 
ters, passengers, etc. 

Packwax. See Paxwax. 

Pact, pakt, Pac'tion.w. An agreement; league; com- 
pact; covenant. [F. paction, L. pactum, pactio, fr. 
pacisci, pactus, OLi.pacere, to agree, stipulate; s. rt. 
Skr. pac , to bind, E. fadge, compact, impact, etc., 
fang, fee, pack, peace, pacify, pagan, pale, pay, 
peasant, peculiar, pecuniary.] — Pac'tional, a. By 
way of agreement. — Pactftious, -tisfc/us, a. Set- 
tled by agreement or stipulation. 

Pad, pad, n. Afoot-path; road; an easy-paced horse; 
a highwayman; foot-pad. — v. t. To travel; tread; 
tramp; to tread or beat smooth or level, — v. i. To 
travel slowly or leisurely; to rob on foot; to beat a 
way smooth and level. [D. and LG. =E. path, q. v.] 

Pad, pad, n. Anything flattened or laid flat; a package 
of blotting paper; a soft saddle, cushion, or bolster 
stuffed with straw, hair, or other 6of t substance ; a 
measure for fish. — v. t. To stuff with padding. 
(Calico Printing.) To imbue equally with a mor- 
dant. [ME. padde, stuffed saddle, bundle; same as 
pod, q. v.] — Pad'ding, n. Act or process of making 
a pad; impregnation of cloth with a mordant; mate- 
rial for stuffing a saddle, garment, etc.; literary mat- 
ter of inferior value used to fill a book, newspaper, 
etc. 

Paddle, pad'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To toy 
with hands or fingers; to beat water with the hands 
or feet; to propel a boat with a paddle, — v. t. To 

Eropel by an oar or paddle, — n. A short oar with a 
road blade; the blade or the broad part of an oar 
or weapon ; a short, broad blade resembling that of 
an oar; one of the broad boards at the circumference 
of a water-wheel ; a small gate in sluices or lock- 



&m, fame, fax, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term : in. Ice : Odd. t5ne. or ; 



PADDOCK 



399 



PALANKEEN 




Padlock. 



gates; a paddle-shaped foot, as of the sea-turtle, etc. 
[For pattle, ireq. of pat, q. v.; also OF. patouiller, to 
dabble with the feet in water, fr. patte, foot, G. pat- 
schen, to tap, dabble, walk awkwardly, LG. plad- 
dern, to paddle.] — Pad'dle-board, n. One of the 
floats on the circumference of a steamer's paddle- 
wheel. — wheel, n. A water-wheel used in propel- 
ling steamboats. 

Paddock, pad'dok, n. A large toad or frog. [ME. 
paddok, fr. ME., Dan., and D. padde, Ic. and Sw. 
paddatocA, frog, Skr. spargaspanda, frog, fr. spand, 
a throb, jerk, j — Pad'dock-stool, n. A mushroom ; 
toadstool. 

Paddock, pad'dok, n. A small inclosure under pas- 
ture, adjoining a stable. [Corrup. of ME. parrok, 
AS. pearroc = E. park, q. v. J 

Paddy, pad'dt, n. An Irishman, — in joke or con- 
tempt. [Corrup. f r. St. Patrick, the tutelar saint of 
Ireland.] 

Paddy, pad'dT, n. In India, rice in the husk. [Malay 
padi, f r. Skr. bhakta, food, rice, orig. p. p. of bhaj, to 
divide, take.] 

Padlock, pad'lok, n. A movable lock having a semi- 
circular link jointed at one 
end so that it c a n be 
opened, the other end be- 
ing fastened by the bolt— 
v. t. [padlocked (-lokt), 
-locking.] To fasten 
with a padlock; to stop, 
6hut, confine. [Prob. fr. 
ProvE. pad, ped, a bag, 
pannier (see Peddler), 
and E. lock, — as suitable 
for locking baskets, ham- 
pers, etc.] 

Paduaaoi, pad'u-a-soi' or 
pad'u-soi, n. A particular 
kind of silk stuff. [Fr. 
Padua, in Italy, and Fr. 
soie, silk.] 

Paean, pe'an, n. A song of 
rejoicing, among the an- 
cients, in honor of Apollo; a loud and joyous song; 
song of triumph. [L., Gr. Paian, the physician of 
the gods, a name for Apollo, also a hymn in his hon- 
or; perh. s. rt. Skr. pan, to praise.] 

Paeony. See Peony. 

Pagan, pa'gan, n. One who worships false gods; one 
who is not Christian, Mohammedan, nor Jew ; a hea- 
then; idolater.— a. Pert, to the worship or worship- 
ers of false gods ; heathen; heathenish. [ME.paie?;, 
fiayen, L. paganus, lit. a rustic, one living in a vil- 
age (the name given to idolaters in the early Chris- 
tian church, because villagers, being most remote 
from instruction, remained long unconverted : cf . 
heathen, fr. heath), fr. pagus, a district, prob. f r. pan- 
gere, to fix, set (limits) ; s. rt. painim, peasant.] — 
Pa'ganism, -izm, n. Worship of false gods; heathen- 
ism. — Pa'ganize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To 
render pagan or heathenish. — v. i. To behave like 
pagans. 

Page, paj, n. A youth or attendant on a nobleman or 
wealthy person; a boy that waits on the members of 
a legislative body; a contrivance to hold up the skirt 
of a lady's dress. [F. and Sp. : LL. pagius, prob. 
same as pagensis, a peasant, rustic, serf, fr. L. pagus, 
a village : see Pagan.] 

Page, paj, n. One side of a leaf of a book or manu- 
script.— v.t. [paged (pajd), paging.] To mark or 
number the pages of. [F. ; L. pagina, orig. a leaf, ] 
leaves being made of strips of papyrus fastened to- i 
gether, fi.pangere, to fasten; s. rt. pact.] — Pag'inal, I 
paj'T-nal, a. Consisting of pages. — Pagination, n. \ 
Act of paging a book; figures, or other signs, used to ' 
indicate the number of the pages. — Pa'ging, n. The 
marking of the pages of a book. 

Pageant, paj'ant or pa'jant, n. Something showy, 
w ithout stability or duration : a spectacle for the 
entertainment of a distinguished personage, or of 
the public ; an exhibition ; display ; pomp : finery. 
[ME. pagent, pagen, pagyn, orig. the stage orscaffold 
on which mystery plays were acted, hence the play 
itself, fr. LL. pagina, a page (q. v.) of a book, also a 
thing fastened together, platform, stage ; s. rt. Gr. 
pegwa, platform, stage, fr. pegnunai, to fix.] — Pag'- 
eantry, -rT, n. Pompous spectacle ; show. 
Pagoda, pa-go'da, n. A temple in the E. Indies and 
China, in which idols are worshiped ; a gold or silver 
coin, formerly current in Hindostan, varying in 
value fr. about $1.75 to $2.18. [Pg., corrup. fr. Per. 




but-kadah, idol-temple, 
perh. influenced by Pg. pa- 
gas, pagan.] 

Pail, pal, n. An open vessel 
of wood, tin, etc., with a 
bail, for water, milk, or other 
liquids. [OF. pael, fr. L. pa- 
tella, small pan, dim. of pa- 
tera, patina, Gr. pat an e, 
dish; s. rt. pan.] — Pail'ful, 
n. ; pi. - fuls. The quantity 
that a pail will hold. 

Pain, pan, n. Punishment suf- 
fered or denounced: an un- 
easy sensation or ache in an- 
imal bodies, of any degree; 
bodily distress; suffering; pi. Pagoda, 

the throes or distress of travp^l or childbirth; uneasi- 
ness of mind; mental distress— v. t. [pained (pand), 
paining.] To afflict with uneasvsensations ; to render 
uneasy in mind, disquiet, afflict, grieve, torment, 
torture. [ME. and F. peine, L. poena, pain, punish- 
ment, Gr. poine, penalty; s. rt. penal, penance, punish, 
pine.] — Pain'ful, -iul, a. Full of pain; occasioning 
uneasiness or distress; requiring labor or toil: diffi- 
cult; distressing; grievou< : arduous. — Pain'fully, 
adv. — Pain'fulness, n. — Pain'less, a. Free from 
pain; relieved from pain or trouble.— Pains, n. Care; 
trouble. — Pains'taker, n. One who takes pains; a 
laborious person. — Pains 'taking, a. Carefully la- 
borious; sparing no pains. — n. Careful and "con- 
scientious exertion; labor. 

Painim, Paynim, pa'nim, n. A pagan; infidel. [ME. 
paijnim, a misuse of the word, which means pagan- 
ism, OF. paienisrne, LL. paganismus, the land of pa- 
gans : _see Pagan.] 

Paint, pant, n. A substance used in painting ; pig- 
ment; coloring matter for the face. — v. t. To apply 
Eaint to, color: to represent by means of colors or 
ues; to describe vividly, delineate, image, depict, 
portray, describe. — v.t. To practice the art of paint- 
ing; to color one's face with intent to beautify it. 
[OF. peint, paint, p. p. of peindre, paindre,~Li. pin- 
gere, pictum, to paint, Skr. pinj, to dye, color, pig, to 
adorn, Gr. poikilos, variegated: s. rt. picture, depict, 
pigment, pint, orjjiment.] — Paint'er, n. — Painting, 
n. Act or employment of laying on colors: art of 
representing natural objects on a plane surface, by 
means of colors ; also, vivid description in words ; 
thing painted ; a picture. 

Painter, pant'er, n. (Kant.) A rope at the bow of a 
boat, used to fasten it to anything. [ME. panter, 
OF. pantiere, a noose for catching birds, L. panther, 
a hunting net, panthera, an entire capture. Gr. pan- 
theros, catching all, fr. pan, neut. of pas, all, and 
ther, beast.] 

Pair, par, n. Two things of a kind, similar in form, 
applied to the same purpose, and suited to each 
other or used together; a thing in 2 parts, as scissors, 
forceps, etc.; man and wife; a couple: brace; set. — 
v. i. [paired (pard), pairing.] To join in pairs, 
mate, couple; to suit; fit, as a counterpart.— v. t. To 
unite in couples, form a pair of. [ME. peire, any 
number of like tnings, F. paire, a pair.patV, like, 
fr. L. par, paris, alike ; s. rt. par, peer, umpire.] 

Pajamas, pa-ja'maz, n. pi. Orig., in India, loose 
drawers or trousers ; also, a suit consisting of draw- 
ers and a loose upper garment for wear in the dress- 
ing room and during sleep. [Hind, pa-jama, lit., 
leg clothing.] 

Palace, pal'es, n. A magnificent house of an emperor, 
king, etc. [ME. and F. palais, L. palatium, fr. 
Palatium, one of the 7 hills of Rome, on which Au- 
gustus resided, prob. fr. Pales, the goddess who pro- 
tected flocks; s. rt. Skr. pala, protector, pa, to cher- 
ish, L,. pater = E. father.] — Pala'tial, pa-la'shal, a. 
Pert, to a palace ; magnificent. — Pal'atine. -tin, a. 
Pert, to a palace, or to a high officer of a palace.— 
n. A count palatine. [F. palatin, orig. pert, to a 
palace, a title given officers employed about the 
king's palace, L. palatinus, pert, to the emperor's 
palace.] — Count palatine. A count possessing royal 
jurisdiction. — County p. A county in which the 
proprietor possessed royal rights and jurisdiction. 
— Palat'inate, -T-nat, n. The province or seign- 
iory of a palatine. [F. palatinat.] — Pal'adin, -a-din, 
n. A distinguished champion ; an eminent knight. 
[F., a knight of the round table, It. paladino, a val- 
iant warrior, fr. ~L. palatinus.] 

Palaestra. See Palestra. 

Palankeen, -quin, pal'an-ken', n. A covered carriage 



sun, cube, full ; moon, 16"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PALATE 



400 



PALM 




used in the East, 
borne on the 
shoulders of men. 
[F. palanquin, 
Hind, ana Per. 
palang, bedstead, 
Skr. paryanka, a 
couch.] 

Palate, pal'at, n. 
(Anat.) The roof 
of the mouth : its 
fixed portion is 
called the hard Palanquin. 

palate, and the membranous, muscular curtain con- 
tinuous with its posterior margin, the soft palate. 
The seat or power of taste; relish; taste; mental rel- 
ish; intellectual taste. [OF. palat, L. palatum.] — 
PaPatable, -a-ta-bl, a. Agreeable to the palate or 
taste ; savory. — Paratal, a. Pert, to, or uttered by 
the aid of, the palate. — n. A letter pronounced by 
the aid of the palate. — PaPatine, -tin, Palatlc, a. 
Pert, to the palate. 

Palatial, Palatine. See under Palace. 

Palaver, pa-la'ver, n. Idle talk ; flattery ; a confer- 
ence or deliberation. — v. t. or v. i. [palavered 
(-vgrd), p. pr. & vb. n. palavering.] To hold a 
palaver; to use idle, deceitful talk ; to flatter. [Pg. 
palavra; s. rt. parole, parable, q. v.] — Pala'verer, n. 

fale, pal, a. Not ruddy or fresh of color; dusky 
white; of a faint luster; whitish; wan; pallid; dim. 

— v. i. [paled (paid), paling.] To turn pale, lose 
luster. — v. t. To make pale. [OF. ; L. pallidas ; s. 
rt. Gr. polios, Skr. paliia, gray, E. fallow, q. v.] — 
PaPy, pal'i, a. Pale. — Palish, a. Somewhat pale. 

— Palely, adv. — Pale'ness, n. — PaPlid, pallid, a. 
Pale ; wan. — PaPlidness, n. — Pallor, n. Paleness ; 
pallidness. [L., fr. pallere, to be pale.] 

Pale, pal, n. A pointed stake driven into the ground 
and fastened to a rail at the top; a picket; an inclos- 
ing boundary; limit; fence; space inclosed ; inclos- 
ure ; limited territory. {Her.) One of the greater 
ordinaries, being a broad, perpendicular stripe in an 
escutcheon, equally distant from the 2 edges, and 
occupying l-3d of it. — v. t. To inclose with pales 
or stakes ; to encompass. [F. pal, palis, L. palus, 
fr. pangere, to fasten: see Pact ; s. rt. impale, pole.] 

— Paling, n. Pales in general; a fence formed with 

Es ; an inclosure. — Pal'isade', pal / T-sad / ', n. 
•t.) A strong stake, whose lower end is set 
ly in the ground, the other sharpened ; a fence 
formed of such stakes. — v. t. To surround, inclose, 
or fortify with, etc. [F. palissade, a palisade, palis- 
ser, to palisade.] 

Paleaceous, pa-le-a'shus, a. Chaffy ; resembling or 
consisting of chaff. [L. palea, chaff : see Pallet, 
a bed.] 

Palearctic, pa-le-ark'tik, a. Pert, to a region of the 
eastern hemisphere (including all Europe to the 
Azores, Iceland, and all temperate Asia) whose 
fauna form a distinct class. [Gr. palaios, ancient 
(fr. palai, long ago), and E. arctic, q. v.] — Paleog'- 
raphy, -ogla-fY, n. An ancient manner of writing; 
art or science of deciphering ancient documents. 
[Gr. graphein, to write.] — Pa'leographlc, -ical, 
-graf Ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, paleography. — Pale- 
oKogv, n. A treatise on antiquities ; archaeology. 
[Gr. logos, discourse.] — PaleoPogist, -jist, n. One 
versed in, etc. — Pa'leontoPogy, n. Science of the 
ancient life of the earth, or of fossil remains of such 
life. [Gr. palaios, onta, existing things, and logos.] 

Palestra, paAes'tra, n. (AntiqJ A wrestling ; place 
of wrestling. [L. palsestra, Gr. palaistra, a wrest- 
ling-school, palaiein, to wrestle, pale, wrestling ; s. 
rt. Gr. pattern, to swing, spairein, to quiver, E. spar.] 

— Pales'trian, -trl-an, -trie, -trical, a. Pert, to 
wrestling. 

Palette, par et, n. {Paint.) A thin, oval tablet, with 
a thumb-hole at one end for 
holding it, on which a painter 
mixes nis pigments; a broad, 
thin knife, for mixing pigments, 
medicines, etc. [F.; It. paletta, 
orig. a surgeon's flat blade for 
spreading plasters, etc., then a 
battledore, dim. of It. and L, 




pala, a spade; 8. rt. peel] — PaP 



Palette. 



let, n. (Paint.) A"palette. A wooden instrument 
used by potters, crucible-makers, gilders, etc. A 
lever connected with the pendulum of a clock, or 
the balance of a watch, which receives the immedi- 
ate impulse of the scape-wheel, or balance-wheel : 



see Escapement. (Mus.) A valve between the 
wind-chest of an organ and the mouth of a pipe. 

Palfrey, pawPfrt, n. A saddle-horse ; a small horse 
suitable for ladies. [OF. palefrei, f r. LL. paravere- 
dus, a post-horse, fr. Gr. para, beside, and LateL. 
veredus, courier's horse, perh. fr. L. vehere, to draw: 
see Vehicle; s. rt. G.pferd, B.paard, a horse.] 

Pali, pale, n. The sacred language of the Buddhists 
of Burmah, Siam, Ceylon, etc., — a dialect of San- 
skrit. 

Palilogy, pa-liKo-jT, n. (Rhet.) Repetition of a word 
or part of a sentence for greater energy. [Gr. palin, 
again, and logos, speech.] — Palimpsest, -imp-sest, 
n. A parchment, paper, etc., which has been written 
upon twice, the first writing having been erased. 
[Gr. palimpseston ; psestos, scraped, fr. psaein, to 
scrape, rub.]— Palindrome, -drom,w. A word, verse, 
or sentence, that is the same when read backward 
or forward, — as, madam. [Gr. dromos, a running, 
dramein, to run.] — Palinode, -It-nod, n. A song re- 
peated a second time ; a satirical song retracting a 
former one; a recantation. [Gr. ode, a song.] 

Paling, Palisade, etc. See under Pale, n. 

Palisn. See under Pale, a. 

Pall, n. A detent. Same as Pawl. 

Pall, pawl, n. A cloak ; mantle ; a consecrated scarf- 
like vestment composed of white wool, and embroid- 
ered with crosses; a large, black cloth thrown over a 
coffin at a funeral. (Eccl.) A piece of stiffened 
linen, to cover the chalice.— v. t. To cloak; to cover 
or invest. [AS. psell, purple cloth, L. palla, a man- 
tle, curtain, pallium, a coverlet, pall, toga, perh. fr. 
pannus, cloth.]— PalP-bear'er, n. One who attends 
the coffin at a funeral.— PaPliate, pallt-at, v. t. To 
cover with excuse, soften by favorable representa- 
tions, cloak, hide, extenuate; to reduce in violence, 
lessen, abate, mitigate. [L. palliatus, cloaked, cov- 
ered.]— PaTlia lion, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; extenuating circumstances; concealment of the 
worst features of an offense ; mitigation or abate- 
ment (of disease, etc.). — Palliative, a. Serving to 
extenuate; relieving (pain or disease). — n. That 
which, etc. 

Pall, pawl, v. i. [palled (pawld), palling.] To be- 
come vapid; to lose strength, life, spirit, or taste ; 
to become insipid. — v. t. To make vapid or insipid; 
to make spiritless, dispirit, depress; to satiate, cloy. 
[W. pallu, to fail, cease ; s. rt. Corn, palch, weak, 
sickly, Gr. sphallesthai, to stagger, fall, fail, Skr. 
sphal, to tremble, L. fallere = ~E.fail, also E.fall.~] 

Palladium, pal-la'dT-u'm, n. (Antiq.) A statue of the 
goddess Pallas, on the preservation of which de- 
pended the safety of Troy ; something that affords 
defense and safety. (Chem.) A metal discovered 
in 1803 by Wollaston, of a steel-gray color and fibrous 
structure. [L.; Gr. Palladion, the statue of Pallas, 
Athene or Minerva.] 

Pallet, n. A tool, valve, etc. See under Palette. 

Pallet, pallet, n. A small or rude bed. [F. paillet, a 
heap of straw, bed-straw, dim. of pailte, L. palea, 
Skr. palala, straw.] 

Palliate, Palliation, etc. See under Pall, n. 

Pallid, Pallor, etc. See under Pale, a. 

Pallmall, pel-meK, n. An old game in which a wooden 
ball was driven with a mallet through an iron arch; 
the mallet used; place where the game was played. 
[OF. pale-maille. It. palla-maglio, fr. palla (OHG. 
palla, MHG. balle), a ball, and maglio (F. mail, E. 
mall), fr. L. malleus, a hammer, mallet, maul.] 

Palm, pam, n. The inner part of the hand ; a lineal 
measure equal either to the breadth of the hand (4, 
sometimes 3, inches) or to its length from the wrist 
to the ends of the fingers (8J inches); the broad, tri- 
angular part of an anchor at the end of the arms; 
the broad part of an antler ; an instrument used 
by sail-makers to force a needle through canvas. 
(Bot.) A perennial endogenous tree of several dif- 
ferent genera, usually with an unbranching cylin- 
drical trunk, having a terminal bud; a leaf of the 
palm, anciently worn as a symbol of victory or re- 
joicing ; a token of success or triumph. — v. t. 
[palmed (pamd), palming.] To conceal in the palm 
of the hand; to impose by fraud. [ME. and F. paume, 
L. palma, Gr. patame, AS. folm (whence fumble, q. 
v.), the palm of the hand; AS. palm, L. palma, the 

E aim-tree, — whose leaves resemble the outspread 
and.] — FaPmar, -mary, paKma-rl, a. Belonging to 
the palm of the hand; having the breadth of a palm. 
[L. palmaris.] — PaPmate, -mated, a. Hand-shaped; 
having a membrane between the toes, so that the 
feet make a hand-like impression, — as in web- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, te"rm ; Tn, Ice ; Sdd, 



PALP 401 



PANACEA 




footed birds. [L. palma- 
tus.] -Pal'miped, -m T-ped, 
a. Having the toes con- 
nected by a membrane ; 
web-footed, as a water- 
fowl. — n. A swimming 
bird. [L. palmipes, broad- 
footed, f r. palma and pes, 
pedis, a foot.] —Pal' mis- 
tar, n. Onewho pretends to 
tell fortunes by the palm 
of the hand.— Pal'mis- 
try, -mis-trY, n. Art of tell- 
ing fortunes by the lines 
in the palm of the hand. Palmate Leaf. 

— Pal'ma Chris'ti, pal'ma-kris'ti, Palm'crist, pam'- 
krist, n. (Bot.) The castor-oil plant, — so called fr. 
its hand-shaped leaves. [L., palm of Christ.] — 
Pal'mary, Palm'y, pam'Y, a. Worthy of the palm; 
preeminent; superior; palmy; chief. — Palm'er, 
pam'Sr, n. One who palms or cheats ; one who vis- 
ited the Holy Land and its sacred places, and bore 
a branch of palm in token thereof ; an incessant 
pilgrim. — Palm'er-worm, n. A kind of hairy worm, 

— loosely applied to various hairy caterpillars which 
wander like a palmer, and devour leaves and herb- 
age.— Palmet 'to. pal-, n. A species of dwarf palm 
growing in the W. Indies and .11. 
Southern U. S. ; a kind of palm ^wWUI/// 
called also the cabbage-tree. x 
[Dim. fr. L. palma.'] — Palmif'- 
erous, -er-us, a. Bearing palms. 
[L.ferre, to bear.] — Palm'-Sun 7 - 
day, n. (Eccl) The Sunday 
next before Easter, — so called in 
commemoration of Christ's tri- 
umphal entry into Jerusalem, 
palm branches being strewn in 
the way. 

Palp, palp, n. (Entom.) A jointed, 
sensiferous organ, attached in 
pairs to some part of the head 
in many insects, etc. ; a feeler. 
[L. palpare, -pari, to feel, han- Palmetto, 
die ; s. rt. Skr. sphal, sphar, to quiver, tremble.] 

— Pal'pable, a. Perceptible by the touch ; capable 
of being felt ; plain; obvious. [F. ; L. palpabilis.] 

— Pal'pableness, -billty, n. — Pal'pably, adv. — 
Palpa'tion, n. Act of touching or f eeling. — Pal- 
pebral, a. Pert, to the eyebrow. [L. palpebralis, 
fr. palpebra, an eyelid.] — Pal'pebrous, -brus, a. 
Having large eyebrows. — Pal'pitate, -pT-tat, v. i. 
To beat rapidly and excitedly, as the heart ; to 
throb ; pulsate violently ; flutter. [L. palpitare, 
•tatum, f req. of palpare.'] — Palpita'tion, n. A beat- 
ing of the heart j esp., a violent, irregular, and un- 
natural beating. [F.] 

Palsgrave, pawlz'grav, n. A count or earl who has 
the superintendence of the king's palace ; a count 
palatine. [D. paltsgraaf, G. pfalzgraf, fr. pfalz 
(L. palatium), palace, q. v., and graf, a count.] — 
Pals'gravine', -ven', n. Consort or widow of a pals- 
grave. 

Palsy, pawKzY, n. (Med.) A weakening, suspension, 
or destruction of functions, of sensation, and of vol- 
untary motion; paralysis, — v. t. [palsied (-zid), 
-SYLNG.] To destroy a function of , paralvze. [ME. 




£a 



alesy, parlesy, F. parabjsie : see Paralysis.] - 
al'sical, -zik-al, a. 



Affected with palsy ; para- 
lytic. 

Palter, pawller, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -terixg.] To 
act in an insincere or false manner ; trifle ; haggle. 
[Orig. to deal in old rags, ProvE. paltry, rubbish, 
refuse, trash, ProvG. palter, Sw. pultor, rags ; peril, 
s. rt. G. spalten, to split.]— Pai'terer, n. Onewho 
palters, fails, or falls short.— PaKtry, -trY, a. [-trier; 
-triest.] Destitute of worth ; characterized by 
meanness ; contemptible ; pitiful ; mean ; vile. 
[ProvG. palterig. paltry, fr. palter, rags, LowG. 
paltrig, ragged. Lithuan. spatoi, trash.] — Pal'trily, 
adv. — PaKtriness, n. 

Paludal, pa-lu'dal, a. Pert, to marshes; marshy. [L. 
palus, paludis, a marsh, fr. Gr. pelos, mud, and 
hndor, water ; s. rt. L. unda = E. water.] 

Paly. See under Pale, a. 

Pampano, pam'pa-no, n. A food fish found along the 
Atlantic coast from New York to Brazil. [Sp.] 

Pampa3, pam'paz, n. pi. Vast plains in southern 
Buenos Avres, in S. Amer. [Peruv. pampa, a field, 
plain.] — Pam'pas-grass, n. A hardy grass cover- 
ing the S. Amer. pampas, one species of which yields 



sugar, and another is used as an ornamental plant 
in the U. S. 

Pamper, pam'pgr, v. t. [-i>ered (-pSrd), -pering.] 
To ieed to the full ; gratify inordinately ; glut. 
fME. pamp, LG. pampeu, slampampen, to live luxu- 
riously, fr. pampe, ProvG. pappe, thick pap, broth, 
Bavarian pampfen, to stuff one's self; s. rt. pop.] 

Pamphlet, paniliet, n. A small book consisting of a 
sheet, or a few sheets, of paper, stitched together, 
but not bound. [ME. pamjlet (F. pamphlet being 
taken fr. the E.), perh. fr. Sp. papeljo, pamphlet, 
pupeleta, written memorandum, bulletin, news- 
letter, papelon, placard, all fr. panel, discourse, trea- 
tise ; pern. fr. Pamphila, a female historian of the 
1st century who wrote numerous epitomes.] — Pam- 
phleteer', -er', n. A writer of pamphlets ; a scrib- 
bler. 

Pan, pan, n. A shallow, open dish or vessel ; the part 
of a flint-lock which holds the priming ; the skull ; 
brain-pan ; cranium ; the hard stratum of earth 
that lies below the soil, and holds the water. — v. t. 



and *. To show, as gold in a miner's pan ; to de- 
velop, turn out — with out. [AS. panne, D. pan, Ic, 
Sw., Ir., and LL. panna, Lithuan. pana, L. patina, 




Pan. 

Extreme or sudden, im- 



apan; s. rt. pail, q. v.] — Pan'cake, n. A thin 
cake fried in a pan or baked on a griddle. — Pan'- 
tile, n. A tile with a curved or hollow surface. 
Pan, pan, n. (Myth.) The Arcadian god of shep- 
herds, guardian of 
bees, and patron of 
fishing and fowling s 
he is usually repre- 
sented as half man 
and half goat. [S. rt. 
Russ. pan', a lord, 
Skr. pa, to cherish.] 

— Pande'an, a. Pert, 
to Pan. — P andean 
pipes. A syrinx ; an 
ancient wind instru- 
ment made of reeds 
joined side by side, 
said to have been in- 
vented by Pan. — 
Pandore, pan'dor or 
pan-dor'', n. A ban- 
dore, q. v. — Panic, 
n. A sudden fright, 
esp. one without real 
or sufficient cause. — 

aginary, and causeless, — said of fright. [Gr. pan- 
ikon, neut. of panifcos, pert, to Pan, who was sup- 
posed to inspire fear.] 

Panacea, pan-a-se'a, n. A remedy for all diseases. 
[L. ; Gr. panakeia, lit. all-healing, fr. Gr. pan (neut. 
of pas), all, and akeisthai, to heal, fr. akos, a cure.] 

— Pan'creas, pan'- or pan'kre-as, n. (Anat.) A 
gland in the abdomen, beneath the stomach, which 
pours its secretion into the alimentary canal during 
digestion ; the sweetbread. [L. and Gr. ; Gr. pan 
and kreas, L. caro, flesh.] — Pancreatic, -at'ik, a. 
Pert, to, etc. — Pan'dect, n. A treatise containing 
the whole of any science, pi. The digested code 
of Roman civil law of Justinian. [Gr. pandektes, 
all-receiving ; dechesthai, to receive.] —Pandemic, 
a. Incident to a whole people ; epidemic. [Gr. 
demos, people.] — Pandemo'nium, -mo'nY-um, n. 
The great hall of demons or evil spirits ; hell. [Gr. 
daimon, demon.] — Panegyric, -e-jYr'ik, n. An 
oration in praise of some person or achievement ; 
encomium ; eulogy. — Panegyric, -ical, a. Con- 
taining eulogy ; encomiastic. [Gr. panegurikos, lit- 
fit for a full assembly, fr. pan and aguris, agorae, 
gathering, crowd, ageirein, to assemble.]— Panegyr'- 
xst, n. A eulogist ; encomiast. — Pan'egyrize, -e-it- 
rlz, v.t. r-RiZED (-rizd), -rizing.] To praise highly. 

— v. i. To bestow' praises. — Pan'oply, -o-plY, n. 
Armament ; a full suit of defensive armor. [Gr. 
panoplia, the full armor of a (Gr.) hoplites, or heavy- 
armed soldier ; hoplia, arms, armor, pi. of hoplon, 
tool ; s. rt. Gr. hepomai, L. sequor, I follow.] — Pano- 
ra'ma, -ra'ma, n. A complete view in every direc- 
tion ; a picture exhibited by being unrolled and 
made to pass continuously" before the spectator. 
[Gr. horama, a view, horan, to see.] — Panoramic, 
-ical, a. Pert, to or like, etc. ; comprehensive. — 
Pan'theism, -the-izm, n. Doctrine that nature, or 
the universe conceived of as a whole, is God. [See 
Theist.] — Pan'theist, n. One who holds to pan- 
theism.— Pantheistic, -ical, a. Pert, to, founded 
in, or leading to, pantheism.— Pantheon, pan-the'- 



sum, cube, full ; moon. fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bowboN, chair, get. 



PANADA 



402 



PAPER 




rantograph. 
L. pantomimus, 



or pan'the-un, n. A temple dedicated to all the 

tods ; a work treating of all the divinities worshiped 
y a people ; the whole body of divinities wor- 
shiped. [L. ; Gr. pantheion (hieron), a (temple) 
consecrated to all the gods ; theios, divine, tkeos, 
god.]— Pan'tograph, -to-graf, n. An instrument 
for copying on the same, or on a 
reduced or enlarged, scale. [Gr. 
graphein, to write.] — Panto- 
graph'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or 
performed by, etc. — Pantog'ra- 
phy, -ra-fl, n. General descrip- 
tion ; entire view of an object. — 
Pantol'ogy, -o-jY, n. A work of 
universal information . [Gr . 
logos, discourse.] — Pan'tomime. 
-mlm, n. One who acts his part 
by gesticulation only, without 
speaking ; a theatrical entertain- 
ment given in dumb show. [F. _ 
Gr. pantomimos, lit. all-imitating ; mirnos, an imi- 
tator : see Mimic.] — Pantomimic, -ical, -mim'ik- 
al, a. Pert, to the pantomime; representing charac- 
ters and actions by dumb show. — Pasig'raphy, pa- 
sig'ra-f 1, n. A system of writing to be understood 
and used by all nations. [Gr.pasi, for all, dat. pi. 
of pas, and graphein, to write.] 

Canada, pa-na'da, -na'do, -nade", -nad', n. Bread 
boiled in water and sweetened. [Sp. and Pg. pa- 
nada, F. panade, fr. L. panis, bread, Skr. pa, to 
nourish; s. rt. company, appanage, paternal, father.} 
— Pan'ic, Pan'ic-grass, Pan'nicle, -nf-kl, n. A 
plant of the genus Panicum; oatmeal. [L. pani- 
cum, ir.panis.] — Pan'nier, -yer, n. Orig., a bread- 
basket ; a wicker basket for carrying fruit, etc., on 
a horse; a frame-work to expand the skirts of ladies' 
dresses. (Arch.) A corbel, q. v. [ME. and F. 
panier, L. panarium, bread-basket, fr. panis.] — 
Pan' try, -tri.w. A closet for keeping bread, provis- 
ions, etc. [OF. paneterie, place where bread is kept, 
LL. panetaria, place where it is made, paneta, one 
who makes bread.] — Pantler, n. The household 
officer in charge of the pantry. 

Panama, pan-a-mii, / ', n. A hat made of the undevel- 
oped leaf of a dwarf screw-palm of S. Amer. 

Pancreas, Pandect, Pandemonium, etc. See under 
Panacea. 

Pander, pan'dSr, n. A male bawd ; a pimp ; pro- 
curer; one who ministers to the evil passions of an- 
other. — V. t. [PANDEKED (,-derd), -DERING.] To 

procure the gratification of the lust of . — v.i. To 
act as agent for the lusts, or minister to the evil de- 
signs of others. [Fr. Pandarus, a leader in the Tro- 
jan war, who procured for Troilus the love of Chry- 
sei's.] 

Pandore. Same as Bandore. 

Pandour, -door, pan'door, n. A Hungarian foot-sol- 
dier in the Austrian service. [Fr. Pandur, a village 
in Hungary, where they were orig. recruited.] 

Pane, pan, n. A distinct patch, piece, or compart- 
ment ; esp., a square plate of glass ; a square piece 
of cloth in a garment for ornament. [F. pan, L. pan- 
nus, a cloth, rag, patch, pieoe ; s. rt. L. panus, the 
thread wound on a bobbin, Gr. penos, the woof, E. 
vane, paum.] — Pan'el, pan'el, n. (Arch.) A com- 
partment, usually with raised margins, as in wains- 
cotings, doors, etc. (Masonry.) One of the faces 
of a hewn stone. (Painting.) A thin board on 
which a picture is painted. (Law.) A schedule, con- 
taining the names of persons summoned as jurors 
by the sheriff; the whole jury. — v. t. [paneled 
(-eld), -eling.] To form with panels. [F. ; LL. 
panellus, a panel (in architecture), dim. of L. pan- 
nus.} — Pan'el house, n. A house of ill-fame, fur- 
nished with sliding panels or other secret entrances, 
in which victims are robbed.- ~ 
(Bot.) A form of inflorescence, 
in which the cluster is much 
and irregularly branched, in a 
branched raceme, as in oats. [L. 
panicula, dim. of panics, thread 
on the bobbin.] 

Panegyric, etc. See under Pana- 
cea, i 

Pang, pang, n. A momentary and 
violent pain ; a throe ; agony ; 
anguish ; distress. [Same as 
prong (q. v.), f r. W. procio, to 
thrust, stab, perh. influenced by 
ProvF. poigne, a grip, F. poing, L. pugnus, the fist, 
OF. poinct, a stitch in the side; s. rt. poignant.] 




Panicle. 



Panic, n. A fright. See under Pan, the god. 

Pa^dc-grass, Pannicle, Pannier, etc. See under Pa- 
nada. 

Pannade, pan-nad', n. The curvet of a horse. [OF. 
fr. pannader, to prance or curvet, as a horse.] 

Panoply, Panorama, etc. See under Panacea. 

Pansy, pan'zl, n. A plant and flower ; the garden 
violet, heart's-ease. [F. pense'e, thought, pansy, fr. 
penser, to think, L. pensare, to examme : see Pen- 
sive.] 

Pant, pant, v. i. To breathe quickly or in a labored 
manner ; to gasp ; to be overpowered with eager- 
ness, desire, or longing ; to palpitate, or throb, as 
the heart, in terror, etc. — v. t. To breathe forth 
quickly or in a labored manner; to gasp out.— n. 
A quick breathing; gasp; violent palpitation of the 
heart. [F. panteler, OF. pantiser, to pant, pantois, 
short-winded ; or perh. fr. E. pat ; cf . pit-a-pat.) 

Pantagraph. See Pantograph, under Panacea. 

Pantaloon, pan'ta-loon', n. A ridiculous character 
in Italian comedy, and a buffoon in pantomimes ; 
one of the long, loose coverings for the legs worn by 
males, reaching from waist to heel,— in pi.; trousers. 
[F. pantalon, a nickname for an Italian, esp. for a 
Venetian, also trousers, It. pantalone, a masked 
character in Italian comedy, who wore breeches 
and stockings all of one piece, fr. Pantaleone, a saint 
of Venice, and a frequent baptismal name, fr. Gr. 
Pantaleon, all lion, a Gr. personal name.] — Pan'ta- 
let', n. One of a pair of loose drawers worn below 
the knee by children and women, — chiefly in pi. 

Pantheism, Pantheon, etc. See under Panacea. 

Panther, pan'ther, n. A fierce, dark-colored leopard 
of Asia and Africa ; the Amer. tiger, a feline mam- 
mal of several species, including the catamount, 
cougar, jaguar, etc. [OF. panthere, L. and Gr. pan- 
ther.] 

Pantile. See under Pan, a dish. 

Pantler, Pantry. See under Panada. 

Pantofle, pan-too'fl, n. A slipper. f G. pantoffel, HG. 
bandtafel = a tafel (wooden sole), with a band 
(leather string), to put the foot through.] 

Pantograph, Pantomime, etc. See under Panacea. 

Panym. See Painim. 

Pap, pap, n. A nipple of the breast ; teat ; soft food 
for infants, made with bread softened with water 
or milk; nourishment, —v. t. To feed with soft 
food. [Onomat, fr. a child's cry of pa-pa; ME. 
and Sw. dial, pappe, OSw. papp, Lithuan. papas, 
the breast ; D. papAx. pappe, Sp. papa, It. and L. 
pappa, pap (food), Dan. patte, suck.] — Papes'cent, 
-sent, a. Containing, or like, pap. 

Papa, pa-pa', n. Father, — a word used by children. 
[F. and L. ; Gr. pappas; whence L. pappas, a tutor: 
see Pap; prob. s. rt. Skr. pa, to nourish, L. and Gr. 
pater = E. father, also E. fodder, feed, foster, and 
pope, q. v.] — Pa'pal, a. Pert, relating to, or pro- 
ceeding from the pope of Rome ; popish. [F.; LL. 
papalis, fr. L. papa, spiritual father, bishop : see 
Pope.] — Pa'palize, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To 
make papal. — v. i. To conform to popery. — Pa'- 
pacy, -sT, n. Office and dignity of the pope ; papal 
authority or jurisdiction ; popedom ; the popes col- 
lectively. [LL. papatia.] — Pa'pist, n. An adher- 
ent of the pope ; a Roman Catholic. — Papistic, 
-ical, a. Pert, to, etc. ; popish. — Pa'pistry, -rt, n. 
The doctrines and ceremonies of the church of 
Rome; popery. 

Papaverous, pa-paVgr-us, a. Resembling the poppy. 
[D. papavereus, f r. papaver, poppy.] 

Papaw, pa-paw', n. A tropical tree and its fruit ; a 
tree growing in the western and southern U. S., and 
producing a sweet, edible fruit ; the fruit itself. 
[Malay, papaya.] 

Paper, pa'per, n. A thin, flexible substance, made of 
rag pulp, vegetable fiber, etc., in sheets for writing 
or printing on, to be used in wrapping, etc. ; a sheet or 
piece of such substance; a printed or written instru- 
ment; a writing; a newspaper; journal; notes or bills 
of exchange ; bank-notes, etc. ; hangings printed or 
stamped for the walls of rooms. — v. t. [papered 
(-perd), -peringJ To cover with paper; to fold or in- 
close in paper. [L. papyrus, paper: see below.]— Pa r - 
per-hang'ings, n. pi. Paper ornamented with figures 
for covering walls of rooms. — Btain'er, n. One 
who stains, colors, or stamps paper for hangings. 
— Papier-mache\ pap'ya-ma/sna, n. A hard sub- 
stance made of a pulp from rags or paper mixed 
with size or glue, and cast in a mold. TF. ; lit., 
chewed or mashed paper.] — Papy'rus, n. ;pl. - R I. A 
species of reed or flag from which the ancients made a 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tBrm ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



PAPESCENT 



403 



PARALLEL 



material for writing upon; a 
manuscript written on rolls 
of papyrus. [L.; Gr. papu- 



for printing lac-simile im- 
pressions from manuscripts, 
[Gr. graphein, to write.] 

Papescent. See under Pap. 

Papilionaceous, pa-pil'yo-na''- 
shus, a. Resembling the 
butterfly. (Bot.) Having a 
winged corolla, somewhat re- 
sembling a butterfly, as in the 
blossoms of the bean and pea. Papyrus 

[L. papUio, a butterfly: see " 

Pavilion.] 

Papilla, pa-pil'la, n. ; pi. -l.e, -le. (Anat.) One of 
the minute elevations of the surface of the skin, 
tongue, etc., containing terminations of sensory 




nerves, etc. [L., dim. of papula, a pustule; s. rt. Gr. 
pomphos, a blister, bubble, E. pimple, q. v.] — Pap'- 
Ulary, -il-la-rY, Pap'illose, -il-los, Papillous, pap'il- 

rt,. rvo_r\il^l,ia Pan'nlnTla .n.lni n Mdrt tr\ fir rp. 



or pa-piKlus, Pap'ulous, -u-lus. a. Tert. to, or re- 
sembling, the nipple or the papillae ; covered with 
papillaa ; pimpled ; warty. 

Papillote, pap'il-lot, n. One of the small pieces of 
paper on which ladies roll up their hair. [F., perh. 
rr. papier, paper ; perh. fr. papiUon, a butterfly, fr. 
their shape : see Papilionaceous.] 

Papist, Papistry, etc. See under Papa. 

Papoose, Pappoose, pap'poos, n. Name of the N. 
Amer. Indians for a child. 

Pappose, pap-pos', Pap'pous, -pus, a. Downy, as the 
seeds of dandelions, thistles, etc. [X. pappus, a woolly 
seed, fr. Gr. pappos, a grandfather, gray-haired 
man.] 

Papyrus, Papyrograph. See under Paper. 

Par, par, n. btate of equality ; value expressed on 
the face or in the words of" "a certificate of value or 
other commercial paper ; equality of condition or 
circumstances. [L., equal; perh. s. rt. L. parare, to 
prepare ; s. rt. apparel, nonpareil.] —On a par. On a 
level ; in the same condition, circumstances, posi- 
tion, rank, etc. ; equal. — Parity, par'I-tl, n. Con- 
dition of being equal or equivalent ; equality: close 
correspondence; analogy. [F. parite", L. paritas.] 

Parable, par'a-bl, n. A fable or allegorical relation of 
something real in life or nature, from which a moral 
is drawn for instruction. [ME., OF., and Gr. para- 
bole, L. parabola, fr. Gr. paraballein, to throw be- 
side, set Deside, compare, f r. para (s. rt. E. for- in 
forbear, q. v., Skr. para, away, from, forth, towards, 
param, beyond, pare, thereupon, further, paratas, 
further, L. per, through), beside, and ballein, to 
throw ; s. rt. Skr. gal, to fall away, E. parley, pa- 
role, palaver.}— ParaVola, -o-la, n. ; pi. 
-las, -laz. (Geom.) A curve, one of the 
conic sections, formed by the intersec- 
tion of the surface of a cone with a 
plane parallel to one of its sides : any 
point in the curve is equally distant 
from a fixed point, called the focus, and 
a fixed straight line, called the direc- 
trix; any curve having an infinite Parabola, 
branch, without having a rectilineal asymptote. [L., 
— so called because its axis is parallel to the side of 
the cone.] — Parabolic, -ical, a. Expressed by par- 
able or allegorical representation. {Geom.) Having 
the form or nature of a parabola: generated by the 
revolution of a parabola. — ParaboKically, adv. Bv 
way of parable ; in the form of a parabola. — Paf- 
abol'iform, a. Resembling a parabola in form. [L. 
forma, form, shape.] — Parab'olist, n. A narrator 
of parables. — Paraboloid, -loid, n. {Geom.) The 
solid generated by the rotation of a parabola about 
its axis. [Gr. eidos, form.] 

Paracentric, par-a-sen'trik. -trical, a. Deviating from 
circularity ; changing the distance from a center. 
[Gr. para and kentron. point, center.] 

Parachronism, pa-rak'ro-nizm, n. An 
error in chronology, by which the date 
of an event is made later than it was 
in reality. [Gr. chronos, time.] 

Parachute, par'a-shoot, n. A contriv- 
ance in the form of an umbrella, to 
prevent the too rapid motion of any- 
thing dropped from a height. [F., for 
par' a chute, guarding against a fall, _ 
fr. parer (L. parare), to dress, also to Parachute 




keep off, guard, d (L. ad), to, against, and chute, 
a fall, fr. L. cadere, to fall.] 

Paraclete, par'a-klet, n. One called to aid or support; 
the Consoler, Comforter, or Intercessor, — applied to 
the Holy Spirit. [Gr. parakletos, fr. parakalein, to 
call to one^s aid; kalein, to call.] 
\ Parade, pa-rad r , n. Pompous exhibition; assembly of 
troops for inspection, etc.; military display; ground 
where such display is held; a spectacle; ostentation; 
show. — v. t. To show off, make a spectacle of ; to 
array or marshal in military order. — v. i. To go 
about for show, or in military procession ; to assem- 
ble in military order. [F., a show, also a halt on 
horseback, Sp. paraila, a halt, stop, parar, to halt, 
L. parare, to prepare: see Pare.] 

Paradigm, par'a-dim, n. (Gram.) An example of a 
verb, noun, etc., conjugated, declined, compared, 
etc., in all its different forms of inflection. [F. para- 
digme, L. jparadigma, Gr. paradeigma, fr. para and 
deiknunai, to point out, lit. show by the side of.] 

Paradise, par'a-dis, n. (Script.) The garden of Eden. 
A place of bliss; heaven. [F. paradis, L. paradisus, 
Gr. paradeisos, OPer. paradaesas, a park, garden, 
Skr. paradeca, foreign country, fr. para, distant, 
and deca, country, die, region.] — Par' adisi'acal, a. 
Pert, to Eden or paradise, or to a place of felicity. 

Paradox, par'a-doks, n. A sentiment or proposition 
seemingly absurd or contradictory, yet true in fact. 
[Gr. para and doxa, notion, opinion, fr. dokein, to 
seem.] — Paradoxical, a. Having the nature of a 
paradox ; inclined to tenets contrary to received 
opinions. — Paradoxically, adv. 

Paraffin a, par'af-fin, n. (Chem.) A white, translu- 
cent substance, obtained from distillation of tar, pe- 
troleum, etc., resembling spermaceti, and used for 
making candles, etc. [F., lit. having small affinity, 
fr. L,. varum, too little, and affinis, akin, — fr. its 
remarkable resistance to chemical action.] 

Paragoge, par-a-go'je, n. (Gram.) The addition of a 
letter or a syllable to the end of a word, as, with- 
outen for without. [L. and Gr. : Gr. agein = L. agere, 
to lead, drive.] — Paragoglc, -ical, -goj'ik-al, a. 
Pert, to, or constituting a paragoge. 

Paragon, par'a-gon, n. A model or pattern by way 
of distinction, implying superior excellence or per- 
fection. [Sp.; fr. para con, in comparison with.] 

Paragraph, par'a-graf, n. The character [%\, used as 
a reference, or to mark a division ; any portion or 
section of a writing or chapter which relates to a 
particular point, noted by the mark [H, or, more 
usually, by indentation of the first line; a short pas- 
sage ; notice or brief remark, as in a newspaper. 
[Gr. paragraphos, lit. (a mark) written beside ; 
graphein, to write.] — Paragraphic, -ical, a. Con- 
sisting of paragraphs, or short divisions with breaks. 

Paraleipsis, par-a-llp'sis, n. (Rhet.) A pretended or 
apparent omission. [Gr. ; leipein, to leave.] 

Parallax, par'al-laks, n. (Astron.) The difference 
between the position of a body as seen from some 
point on the earth's surface, and its position as seen 
from some other conventional point, as the earth's 
center or the sun. [Gr. parallaxis, alternation, 
change, fr. parallassan, to make things alternate ; 
allassein, to change, alter, fr. alios = L. alius, other.] 
— ParaUac'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to the parallax of a 
heavenly body. 

Parallel, par'al-lel, a. (Geom.) Extended in the same 
direction, and in all parts ____^________^_ 

equally distant; having the 

same direction or tendencv: _ ^_^__— =_^ 
continuing a resemblance _ ,, , r . 

through manv particulars ; Parallel Lines, 

equidistant ; like : similar. — n. A line which, 
throughout its whole extent, is equidistant from an- 
other line; one of tne circles upon a globe, parallel 
to the equator, and marking the latitude; conformity 
continued through many particulars or in all essen- 
tial points; resemblance*; a comparison made; coun- 
terpart. (Mil.) A wide trench, affording besieging 
troops a covered communication between their va- 
rious batteries and approaches. (Print.) A sign of 
reference [thus || ], used to direct attention to notes 
in the margin or at the foot of a page. — v. t. [par- 
alleled (-leld), -leling.] To cause to be parallel ; 
to be equal to, resemble in all essential points. [Gr. 
parallelos, f r. para and allelon, of one another, a re- 
duplication of alios, other: see Parallax.] — Par- 
allel motion. (Steam Eng.) A contrivance for con- 
necting the piston and pump-rods with the working- 
beam, so as to convert the circular motion of the 
beam into the rectilinear motion of the rods, and 



8irri. cube, full : moon. 



cow. oil ; linger or ink. then. boNbox. chair, get 



PARALOGISM 



404 



PARENT 



preserve the parallelism of the rods with the axes of of length = nearly 4 Eng. miles. TGr. parasanaes. 



^^ 



J 



their cylinders. See Steam-engine. — P. ruler. 
A n instrument 
for drawing par- 
allel lines, con- 
sisting of movable 
parts,whose edges 
are always paral- 

BmT-ff^ Parallel Kuler. 

State of being parallel ; comparison ; resemblance. 
{Hebrew Poetry.) The expression, in 2 poetic lines, 
of the same sentiment, with slight modifications.— 

Parallelogram, n. (Geom.) A . _ 

right-lined quadrilateral figure, / 

whose opposite sides are parallel, 

and consequently equal. [Gr. 

varallelogrammon, lit. bounded 

by parallel lines ; gramma, a Parallelogram. 

stroke, line, fr. graphein, to write.] — Parallel'o- 

gram'mic, -mical, a. Having the properties of, etc. 

— Parallelepiped, -pi'ped, -pip'edon, -pip'e-don, 

n. {Geom.) A regular solid, the faces 

of which are 6 parallelograms, the 

opposite ones being parallel, and 

equal to each other. [Gr. parallele- 

pipedon; epipedon, a plane surface, 

fr. epi, upon, and pedon, the ground; p arallelopiped. 

s. rt. Gr. pons = E. foot.) 

Paralogism, pa-raKo-jizm, -ogy, -o-jY, n. (Logic.) A 
reasoning false in point of form, that is, contrary to 
logical rules or formula; a conclusion unwarranted 
by the premises ; fallacy, — opp. to syllogism. [Gr. 
paralogismos ; logizesthai, to reason, fr. logos, dis- 
course, reason : see Logic] 

Paralysis, pa-raKY-sis, n. (Med.) Loss of voluntary 
motion, with or without loss of sensation, in any 
part of the body; palsy. [L. ; F. paralysie, Gr.pa- 
ralusis, fir. paraluein, to loose from the side, relax ; 
luein, to loosen.] — Paralyt'ic, -ical, -lit'ik-al, a. Af- 
fected with, or inclined to paralysis. [F. paraly- 
tique.] — Paralyt'ic, n. A person affected with 
palsy. — Paralyze, par'a-liz, v. t. [-lyzed (-lizd), 
-lyzing.] To affect with paralysis or palsy ; to palsy. 
[F. paralyser.] 

Paramount, par'a-rnownt, a. Superior to all others; 
of highest rank, dignity, or value ; principal ; pre- 
eminent; chief. — n. The highest in rank or order; 
the chief. [OF. paramont, above, fr. par (L.per), 
through, exceedingly, and amont, upward, above : 
see Amount.] 

Paramour, par'a-moor, n. A lover of either sex ; a 
wooer or a mistress, — formerly in a good sense, 
now only in a bad one ; a kept mistress ; concubine. 
[F. par amour, by or with love.] 

Parapet, par'a-pet, n. A wall, rampart, or elevation of 
earth for covering soldiers from an attack from the 
front; a breast-work; a breast-wall, on the edge of a 
bridge, roof, etc. See Casemate, Castle. [F. ; It. 
parapetto, fr. parare, to ward off, guard, fr. L. pa- 
rare, to prepare, provide, and It. petto, L. pectus, 
the breast.] 

Paraph, par'af, n. The flourish under one's signa- 
ture, formerly used to provide against forgery. 
[Contr. fr. paragraph.] 

Paraphernalia, par'a-fer-nalY-a, n. pi. Articles which 
a wife brings with her at her marriage ; goods of a 
wife beyond her dowry ; appendages"; ornaments ; 
trappings. [L. and Gr. par apherna, a bride's prop- 
erty over and above her dower ; Gr. pherne, dower, 
fr. pherein = E. bear.] — Paraphernal, a. Pert, to, 
or consisting in, et^ 

Paraphrase, par'a-fraz, n. A re-statement of a text, 
or passage, expressing the meaning of the original 
in another form; a free translation into the same or 
another language, — v t. [paraphrased (-frazd), 
-phrasing.] To explain, interpret, or translate 
with latitude. — v. i. To interpret or explain am- 
ply. [OF. ; L. and Gr. paraphrasis, fr. Gr. para- 
phrazein, to speak in addition, amplifv ; phrazein, 
to speak.] — Par'aphrast, -f rast, n. One who para- 
phrases. — Paraphrastic, -ical, a. Explaining or 
translating in words more clear and ample than 
those of the author; not verbal or literal ; diffuse. — 
ParaphrasficaUy, adv. 

Paraplegia, par-a-ple'jY-a, Par'aple'gy, -a-ple'iY, n. 
(Med.) Palsy of the upper or lower half of the "body 
on both sides. [Ionic Gr. paraplegia, fr. paraples- 
sein. to strike beside, near, at the side.] 

Paraquet, Paraquito. See under Parrot. 

Parasang, par'a-sang, n. (Antiq.) A Persian measure 



Per. Jarsang.] 

Paraselene, par'a-se-le'ne, n. ; pi. -n^e, -ne. (Astron.) 
A mock moon; a luminous ring or circle encompass- 
ing the moon. [Gr. selene, moon.] 
I Parasite, par'a-slt, n. A trencher friend; hanger on; 
dependent companion and flatterer ; toady. (Bot.) 
A plant that grows and lives on another. (Zo'ol.\ 
An animal which lives on or in some other animal, 
as lice, etc. [F. ; L. parasitus, Gr. parasitos ; sitos, 
food, bread.] — Parasit'ic, -ical, -sYfik-al, a. Of 
the nature of a parasite, fawning; wheedling; living 
on or deriving nourishment from, some other living 
thing.— Par'asitism, -izm, n. The state, condition, 
manners, or behavior of a parasite. 

Parasol, par'a-sol, n. A small umbrella to defend the 
face from the sun's rays. [F., Sp., and Pg. ; Pg. 
parar, to parry (q. v.), and sol, the sun.] — Par'- 
asolette'', -et', n. A small sunshade. 

Parboil, par'boil, v. t. [-boiled (-boild), -boiling.] 
To boil in part, cook partially by boiling. [OF. 
l^arbouillir, LL. parbullire, L. perbullire, to cook 
thoroughly — the meaning having changed.] 

Parbuckle, piir'buk-1, n. (Naut.) A purchase formed 
of a single rope around any weighty body, as a spar 
or cask, by which it is lowered or hoisted. — v. t. 
[parbuckled (-Id), -ling.] To hoist or lower by 
means of a parbuckle. [F.par, by, through, and 

E. buckle.] 

Parcae, piir'se, n.pl. (Myth.) The Fates, q. v. [L.] 
Parcel, par'sel or par'sl, n. Any mass or quantity; a 
collection; lot; a bundle; package; packet. (Law.) 
A part ; portion ; piece. — a. and adv. Part or half ; 
in part.— v. t. [parceled (-seld), -celing.] To 
divide and distribute by parts or portions. [ME. and 

F. parcelle, It. particella, L. particida, a particle, 
q. v.] 

Parcener, par r se-ne"r, n. (Law.) A co-heir; 1 of 2 or 
more persons, to whom an estate of inheritance de- 
scends jointly, and by whom it is held as one estate. 
[See Partner, under Part.]— Par'cenary, -se-na-rY, 
n. Joint occupation of an inheritable estate which 
descends from the ancestor to 2 or more persons; co- 
heirship. 

Parch, parch, v. t. [parched (parcht), parching.] 
To burn the surface of, scorch; to shrivel with heat. 

— v. i. To be scorched or superficially burnt. [ME. 

farchen; perh. s. rt. Ir. and OGa. barg, red-hot, 
kr. bhrajj, to fry, q. v.] 

Parchesi. see Pachisi. 

Parchment, parch'ment, n. The skin of a sheep or 
goat prepared for writing on. [ME. and F. parche- 
min, L. pergamena, Gr. pergamene, orig. pert, to 
Pergamus, or Pergamum, in Mysia, where it was 
invented by Eumenes.] 

Pard, pard, n. The leopard ; in poetry, any spotted 
beast. [L. pardus, panther, Gr. pardos, leopard, 
panther, or ounce, Per. pars, panther, pard; s. rt. 
leopard, camelopard.] 

Pardon, par'dn, v. t. [-doned (-dnd), -doning.] To 
refrain from exacting as a penalty; to suffer to pass 
without punishment, discharge from liability to pen- 
alty; to absolve, excuse, acquit, forgive.— n. Remis- 
sion of penalty; release of an offense, or of the expo- 
sure of the offender to suffer a penalty; forgiveness; 
remission. [F. (n.); pardonner, to pardon, LL. per- 
donare, fr. L. per, through, thoroughly, and donare, 
to give.] — Par'donable, a. Admitting of pardon : 
venial; excusable. — Par'donableness, n. —Par 'don- 
ably, adv. — Par r doner, n. 

Pare, par, v. t. [pared (pard), paring.] To cut or 
shave off, as the superficial substance or extremities 
of a thing ; to diminish by little and little. [F. purer, 
to deck, trim, L. parare, to prepare; perh. s. rt. 
fare, or else s. rt. full ; s. rt. compare, repair, sep- 
arate, emperor, apparatus, sever, etc.] — Parser, n. 

— Parking, n. Thing pared off; the rind; the cutting 
off the surface of grass land, for tillage. 

Paregoric, par'e-gor'ik, a. Mitigating; assuaging pain. 

— n. (Med.) A medicine that mitigates pain; an 
anodyne; camphorated tincture of opium. [Gr. par- 
egorikos, addressing, encouraging, soothing, fr. para, 
beside, and agoreuein, to speak in an (agora) assem- 
bly.] 

Parent, par'ent, n. A father or mother; that which 
produces ; cause ; source ; origin ; creator. [F. ; L. 
parens, -entis, for pariens, fr. parere, to bring forth; 
s. rt. Skr. pri, to fill, bring over, protect.] — Par- 
entage, -ej, n. Descent from parents or ancestors; 
parents or ancestors considered in their character or 
social position ; extraction; birth. [F.] — Parent 'al, 



£m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 8dd. tone. 6r ; 



PARENTHESIS 



405 PARRY 



a. Pert, to, or becoming, parents; tender; affection- 
ate. [L. parentalis.] — Parent'ally, adv. 
Parenthesis, pa-ren'the-sis, n. ; pi. -SES, -sez. A word 
or sentence inserted, by way of comment or expla- 
nation, within another sentence, — usuallv inclosed 
within curved lines, but sometimes within dashes. 
{Print.) The sign of a parenthesis, thus ( ). [Gr., 
fr. para, beside, en, in, thesis, a placing.] — Paren- 
thetic, -ical, a. Pert, to, expressed in, using, or 
containing, parentheses. — Parenthetically, adv. 
Parget, par'jet, a. {Arch.) Plaster for lining chim- 
ney flues or covering the walls of rooms. — v. t. 
To plaster (walls, etc.). [Prob. fr. LL. spargitare, 
freq. fr. L. sparqere, to sprinkle : see Sparse.] 
Parhelion, par-he'll-un or -hel'yun, ?;. ; pi. -helia, 
-he'lt-a or -heKya. A mock sun or meteor, appear- 
ing in the form of a bright light near the sun. [L. ; 
Gr. parelion, fr. para, beside, and helios, the sun.] 
Pariah, pa/- or pa'rl-a, n. One belonging to the low- 
est class in parts of India; an outcast; one contemned 
by society. [Tamil paraiyan, one of the lowest 
caste, a menial who beats the {parai) village drum.] 
Parian, pa'rl-an, n. An inhabitant of Paros, an island 
in the ^Egean Sea ; a fine porcelain clay, used for 
making statuettes, etc.,— so called fr. its resemblance 
to Parian marble. 
Parietal, pa-ri'e-tal, a. Pert, to a wall, to buildings, 
or the care of them. {Anat.) Pert, to the walls of a 
cavity or the bones which form the sides and upper 
part of the skull: see Skeleton. [L. parietalis, fr. 
paries, parietis. a wall, prob. fr. par- {= Gr. peri, 
Skr. pari, round about) and rt. of ire, to go.] 
Paring. See under Pare. 
Paris green. See under Green. 

Parish, par'ish, n. The precinct or territorial juris- 
diction of a secular priest or ecclesiastical society, 
or the precinct, whose inhabitants belong to the 
same church; in the U. S., any religious or ecclesi- 
astical society ; in Louisiana, a territorial division 
corresponding to counties in some states, and to 
townships in others. — a. Of, or relating to, a par- 
ish ; employed in the ecclesiastical concerns of a 
parish; maintained by the parish. [ME. parische, 
F. paroisse, L. parcecia, Gr. paroikia, fr. paroikos, 
neighboring, f r. para and oikos, a house.] — Parisb/- 
ioner, -un-er, n. One who belongs to, or is connected 
■with, a parish.— Paro'chial, -kt-al, a. Pert, to a par- 
ish. [L. parochiaKs, fr. parochia, same as paroecia.] 
Parity. See under Par. 

Park, park, n. A large tract of ground kept for the pres- 
ervation of game, for walking, riding, ornament, or 
recreation. {Mil.) The space occupied by the ani- 
mals, wagons, pontoons, and materials of all kinds, 
when brought together ; a group of cannon or of 
wagons. — v. t. [parked (parkt), parking.] To in- 
close in a park: to bring together in a park, or com- 
pact body. [AS. pear roc = E. paddock; W., Armor., 
Sw., and Dan. park, F. pare, Sp. parque. ] — Park'er, 
n. The keeper of a park. 
Parley, par'tt, v. i. [-leyed (-lid), leying.] To con- 
fer with another on some point of mutual concern, 
esp. with an enemy. — n. Mutual discourse ; a con- 
ference between antagonists. [F. parler, speech, 
talk, also to speak, LL. parabolare, to discourse, 
l"n-abola, talk, in L., a parable, q. v.] — Parlance, 
-lans, n. Conversation; discourse; phrase; form of 
speech. [F., fr. parlant, p. pr. of parler] — Parlia- 
ment, -lt-ment, n. The legislative assembly of the 3 
estates of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
Ireland, viz., the lords spiritual, lords temporal, and 
the commons; the legislature in some of the British 
dependencies; the supreme council in Sweden; one 
of the judicial courts of France, before the Revolu- 
tion. [ME. and F. parlement, LL. parlamentum, 
parliamentum.]— Par'liamenta'rian, -a'rt-an, n. An 
adherent of the parliament in the time of Charles I. 
— Parliamentary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to, enacted or done 
by, parliament: according to the established usages 
of legislative bodies. — Par'lor, -ler, n. A room in a 
house which the family usually occupy for society 
and conversation; a reception-room for visitors, etc. 
[F. jmrloir, fr. parler.'] — Parol'. -role / ', pa-roK, n. 
{Law.) Oral declaration; word of mouth. Word of 
honor; plighted faith; esp. {Mil.) a promise to fulfill 
certain stated obligations ; a countersign given to 
those who inspect or direct the guards, — a. Oral ; 
not written. [Written parol in the legal sense, pa- 
role, in the others.] [F. parole, Sp. palabra, Pg. 
palavra, fr. LL. and L. parabola ; s. rt. palaver.] 
Parochial. See under Parish. 
Parody, par'o-di, n. A kind of poetical composition, 



in which what is written on cne subject is altered 
and applied to another by way of burlesque. — v. t. 
[parodied (-did), -dying.] To alter and apply to a 
purpose different from that of the original: to bur- 
lesque in verse. [L. and Gr. parodia, h: Gr. / ara 
and ode, ode, q. v.J — Par'odist, n. A writer oi par- 
odies. — Parod'ical, a. Copying after the manner 
of a parody. 
Parol, Parole. See under Parley. 



Paronomasia, par / o-no-ma / 'zhl- 



{Rhet.) A play 



upon words ; punning. TGr. fr. para and onoma 
E. 7iame.~] — Par'onomas'tic, -tical, a. Pert. to. or 
consisting in, a play upon words. — Paron'ymous, 
-I-inus, a. Having the same derivation ; allied gram- 
matically; also having a similar sound, but differ- 
ently written, and of different meaning, as hair and 
hare. — Paron'ymy, -T-mT, n. Quality of being, etc. 
— Par'onym, -o-nim, n. A paronymous word. 

Paroquet. See under Parrot. 

Parotid, pa-rot'id, n. {Anat.) One of the salivary 
glands situated near the ear. — a. Pert, to, etc. 
[Gr. parotis, fr. para and ous, otos, the ear.] 

Paroxysm, par'oks-izm, n. {Med.) The fit, attack, 
or exacerbation of a disease that has decided remis- 
sions or intermissions. Any sudden and violent ac- 
tion; convulsion; fit. [F. paroxisme,L. par-owsmus, 
Gr. paroxusmos ; oxunein, to sharpen, provoke, fr. 
ox-us, sharp.] — Paroxys'mal, -iz-mal, a. Marked by, 
pert, to, or caused by, etc. 

Paroxytone. par-oks'l-ton, a. {Gr. Gram.) Having 
the acute accent on the penultimate svllable.— n. 
A word which, etc. [Gr. paroxutonos : see Oxytone, 
under Oxide.] 

Parquet, par-ka' or -k6K, -quette', -kef, n. A body of 
seats on the floor of a theater nearest the orchestra; 
also the whole lower floor of a theater, behind the 
orchestra ; parquetry. [F., dim. of pare, an inclo- 
sure, park, q. v.] — Par'quetry, -ket-rl, n. A species 




Parquetry, 
of joinery, consisting of inlaid work, generally of 
different colors, used esp. for floors. [F. parqueterie, 
fr. parquet.] 

Parr, par, n. A small fish, common where salmon 
breed, — supposed to be young salmon. 

Parrakeet. See under Parrot. 

Parricide, par'rY-sid, n. One who murders his father 
or mother; murder of any one to whom reverence 
is due. fF.; L. parricida. a murderer of a parent, 
parricidium, murder of a father (cf . fratricide, mat- 
ricide), fr. pater = E. father, and cseda, a slayer, fr. 
csedere, to "kill.] — Parricid'al, a. Pert, to, or com- 
mitting, parricide. 

Parrot, par'rut, n. A climbing bird, of many species, 
often of brilliant color, hav- 
ing a fleshy tongue, and a 
short, hooked bill, toothed 
above : it is found in trop- 
ical regions, esp. of S. Amer., 
and can be taught to repeat 
words. [F. perrot, perroquet, 
Sp. peri co, perichito, Olt. 
parochetto, Pg. periquito, all 
meaning parrot, and all dim. 
of Peter, L. Petrus, fr. Gr. 
lietros, a stone.]— Par'aquef, 
-oket', -kef, Par'rakeet', 
-kef, Par'aqui'to, -ke'to, n. 
A small bird, allied to the 
macaw, but having the 
cheeks wholly feathered. 

Parry, par'rt, v. t. [-ried 
(-rid), -rying.] To ward off, 
prevent ; to avoid, shift off, 
evade.— v. i. To ward off, 
evade, or turn aside something. [F. pare" {= It. para* 
ta), a defense, guard, prop. p. p. of parer, to deck, 
trim, also to ward, defend, L. parare, to prepare, 
deck ; s. rt. parachute, pare, parapet, rampart.] 




Parrot. 



E^in, cube, full : moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PARSE 



406 



PARTRIDGE 



Parse, pars, v. t. [parsed (parst), pausing.] (Gram.-) 
To analyze and describe grammatically (a sentence). 
[Fr. old school phrase, (X.) " guie pars orationisf", 
" what part of speech ? " : see Part.] 

Parsee, par'se or par-Be', n. One of the Indian ad- 
herents of the Zoroastrian or ancient Persian re- 
ligion ; a fire-worshiper ; Gueber. [Per. parsi, a 
Persian, fr. Pars, Persia.] — Parseeism, par'se- or 
par-selzm, n. The religion and customs of the 
Parsees. 

Parsimony, par'st-mo-nY, n. Closeness in expending 
money; excessive economy ; frugality; illiberality. 
[P. parsimonie, L. parsimonia, parcimonia, fr. par- 
ous, sparing, parcere, to spare ; s. rt. Gr. sparnos, 
scarce, E. spare.] — Parsimo'iiious, -nY-us, a. Ex- 
hibiting parsimony; frugal to excess; avaricious; 
niggardly ; miserly ; penurious. — Parsimo'niously, 
adv. — Parsimo / 'niousness, n. 

Parsley, parslY, n. A plant, whose leaves are used in 
cookery, and its root as an aperient medicine. [ME. 
and F. persil, LL. petrosiUum, Gr. petroselinon, 
rock-parsley, fr. petros, a rock, and selinon, parsley; 
s. rt. celery.'] 

Parsnip, pars'nip, n. A plant, of which one species, 
the common parsnip, has a white, spindle-shaped 
root, of aromatic flavor, used for food; the root itself 



[Formerly parsnep and pasneppe, corrupt, fr. OF. 
pastenaque, L. pastinaca, lit. thi 
tinare, to dig up.] 



ling dug up, fr. pas- 



Parson, par'sn, n. The priest of a parish or ecclesias- 
tical society; a clergyman. [ME. persone; same as 
person.] — Par'sonage, -sn-ej, n. The house and 
glebe belonging to a parish, and appropriated for 
the use of the minister of a church. 

Part, part, n. One of the portions, equal or unequal, 
into which anything is divided, or regarded as di- 
vided; something less than a whole; an equal con- 
stituent portion; an organic or essential element ; 
organ ; pi. constituents of character or capacity, 
taken collectively; qualities; faculties; talents; quar- 
ters; regions; districts; sing, share; lot; concern; in- 
terest; side; party; action; allotted duty; appropri- 
ated office; character appropriated to one in a play, 
etc. (Mus.) One of the different melodies of a 
harmonic composition, which, heard in union, com- 
pose its harmony. — v.t. To divide, separate into 
pieces; to distribute, share, allot; to disunite, sun- 
der; to stand between (combatants), — v. i. To be 
broken or divided into pieces; to go asunder, take 
leave; to become removed or detached, separate, 
leave. [F. ; L. pars, partis ; s. rt. pare, apart, com- 
partment, depart, impart, parcel, portion.] — In good 
part. Favorably; in a friendly manner. — In ill p. 
Unfavorably; with displeasure. — In p. Partly.— 
P. and parcel. An essential portion. — P. of speech. 
(Gram.) A sort or class of words of a particular 
character, as the noun, the verb, etc. — Partner, n.~ 
Parting, n. Act of dividing; a division or separa- 
tion ; thing divided. — Partly, adv. In part; in 
some measure or degree. — Partake', -tak', v. i. 
[imp. -took; p. p. -taken; -taking.] To take a part, 
portion, or share in common with others; to partici- 
pate; to have something of the properties, nature, or 
office; to be admitted, — v. t. To have a part in; to 
share. [Orig. part take (2 words) = take part.] — 
Partafer, n. One who, etc.; a participator, — fol- 
lowed by of or in. — Parlial, -shal, a. Affecting a 
part only; not total or entire; biased to one party; 
not indifferent ; inclined to favor unreasonably; 
strongly inclined; fond. [F.; L. partialis, ir.pars.] 
— Par'tially, -shal-lY, adv. In part; not totally; 
with undue bias of mind to one party or side. — 
Partiality, -shY-al'Y-tY, n. Quality of being par- 
tial; special fondness. [F. partiaftVe'.] — Partible, 
-Y-bl, a. Admitting of being parted or separated ; 
divisible; separable. [L. partibilis.] — Participate, 
-tis'Y-pat, v. i. To have a share in common with 
others ; to take a part, partake, share. [L. partici- 
pare, -patum, fr. pars and capere, to take.] — Partic'- 
ipalion, n. Act or state of sharing with others ; 
act or state of receiving, having, or taking part of 
or in something. [F.] — Participant, a. Sharing; 
having a share or part. — n. One who, etc. — Par- 
tic Ipa'tive, -tiv, a. Capable of participating.— 
Particlpa'tor, -ter, «. One who, etc. — Parlici- 
ple, -tY-sY-pl, n. ( Gram.) A word having the nature 
of an adjective, derived from a verb, and so called 
because it partakes of the properties of an adjective 
and of a verb. [F. participe, L. participium, f r. par- 
ticeps, sharing, I r. pars and capere.] — Participial, 
ip'Y-al 



-sip' 



, a. Having the nature and use of, or formed 



from, a participle. — Participlalize, v. t. [-ized 
(-Izd), -izing.] To put in the form of a participle. 
— Participlally, adv. In the sense or manner of a 
participle. — Par'ticle, -tY-kl, n. A minute part or 
portion of matter ; an atom ; jot ; any very small 
portion orpart. (Gram.) A word that is never in- 
flected. [F. particule, L. particula, dim. of pars.] — 
Particular, -tik'u-lar, a. Relating to a part or por- 
tion of anything, or to a single person or thing ; 
clearly distinguishable from others of its kind ; 
possessing some eminent quality; worthy of special 
regard; special; separate; individual; entering into 
details ; minute ; exact ; specific ; precise ; circum- 
stantial ; hard to suit ; precise ; difficult. (Law.) 
Containing a part only; holding a particular estate. 
(Logic & Metaph.) Forming a part of a genus ; rela- 
tively limited in extension. — n. A single point, or 
circumstance ; a distinct or minute part ; detail ; 
specialty. [F. particulier, L. particularis, concern- 
ing a, (particula) part.] — In particular. Specially; 
peculiarly; distinctly. — Particularity, -laKY-tY, n. 
Quality of being particular ; distinctiveness ; spe- 
ciality; minuteness in detail; that which is particu- 
lar, as, individual characteristic, peculiarity ; or, 
special circumstance, minute detail; or, something 
of special or private concern or interest. [F. particu- 
larite'.] — Particularize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] 
To mention in particulars, enumerate in detail. — v. 
i. To be attentive to particulars.— Particularly, 
adv. — PartiCularist, n. One devoted to the inter- 
ests of his own home, district, etc., to the exclusion 
of those of the country in general. — Parlisan', -tY- 
zaC, n. An adherent to a party or faction. {Mil.) 
The commander of a corps of light troops designed 
to surprise the enemy, and carry on a desultory 
warfare; a member of such a corps. — a. Adherent 
to a party or faction. (Mil.) Engaged in irregular 
warfare on outposts. [F.; It. partigiano, a partner, 
parteggiare, to share, take part with, fr. L. partiri, 
to part, divide.] — Par'tisan'ship, n. State of being 
a partisan ; adherence to a party. — Partilion, 
-tish'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; division; 
separation ; that which divides or separates ; esp., 
an interior wall dividing one part or apartment of a 
house, etc., from another. — v. t. [partitioned 
(-und), -ioning.] To divide into shares; to divide 
into distinct parts by walls. [F.; L. part.itio, a shar- 
ing, f r. partiri.] — Parlitive, -tY-tiv, a. ( Gram.) 
Denoting a part or portion of anything; dividing; 
distributive.— n. A word expressing partition, or 
denoting a part ; a distributive. [F. partitif.] — 
Parlitively, adv. — Part'ner, n. A partaker ; as- 
sociate ; joint owner. (Law.) An associate in any 
business or occupation; a member of a partnership. 
One who dances with another; a husband or wife; 
consort. [ME. partener, a mistake of copyists or 
printers for parcener (q. v.), OF. parsonnier, a part- 
ner, LL. partionarius, mutual, common, fr. L. par- 
titio.] — Partnership, n.. State of being a partner; 
participation with another; association of persons 
for the prosecuting of any business; a firm or house; 
company; society; combination. — PaCty, -tY, n. A 
number of persons, united by some tie, as disting. 
fr., or opp. to, others; as, a number of persons united 
in opinion, and aiming to influence the general ac- 
tion; a faction; or, an assembly, esp., a social assem- 
bly; or, a part of a larger company sent together on 
some duty, esp., (Mil.) a small number of troops dis- 
patched upon some special service ; one who takes a 
part with others; a participator; one who takes part 
in a lawsuit, as plaintiff or defendant; a single per- 
son, as distinct from or opposed to another; a per- 
son ; individual. [ME. and F. partie, f r. L. partiri, 
to divide.] — Parly-col'ored, a. Colored, part by 
part, with different tints ; variegated. — -ju'ry, n. 
(Law.) A jury consisting of half natives and half 
foreigners. 

Parterre, par-tar r , n. An ornamental arrangement 
of beds or plots in a flower-garden. TF., fr. par 
terre = L. per terram, along the ground: see Ter- 
race.] 

Partisan, Partner, etc. See under Part. 

Partisan, -zan, parlY-zan', n. A kind of halberd; 
truncheon; staff. [F. pertuisane, OF. pourtisiane, It. 
partegiana, LL. partesana, prob. fr. OHG. parta, a 
Dattle-ax; s. rt. halberd, q. v.] 

Partridge, parlrii, n. A grouse-like bird, of several 
species, having the feet bare : it is of gray color, mot- 
tled with brown, and is found in Europe, Asia, and 
N. Africa: no bird of this genus is found in Amer., 
but the name is applied to the Amer. quail and the 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Yn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



PARTURIENT 



407 



PASTE 



ruffed grouse. [ME. pertriche, F. perdrix, L. and 
Gr. perdix; s. rt. petard.] 
Parturient, par-tu'rl-ent, a. Bringing forth, or about 
to bring forth young. [L. parturiens, p. pr. of par- 
turire, to desire to bring forth, fr. parere, partitm, 



to bring forth: see Parent.] — Parturi'tion, -rish' 
un, n. Act of bringing forth, or being delivered o 
young; delivery. [F. : L. parturitio.] — Par'turifa' 



cient, -shent, a. (Med.) Causing to bring forth ; 
promoting or aiding parturition. — n. A medicine 
which, etc. [L. facere, to make.] 

Party, etc. See under Part. 

Parvenu, parv'noo 7 , n. An upstart; one newly risen 
into notice. [F., prop. p. p. of parvenu; L.pervenire, 
to arrive, f r. per, through, and venire = E. come.] 

Paschal, pas'kal, a. Pert, to the passover, or to Eas- 
ter. [F.; L. paschalis, fr. AS., L., and Gr. pascha, 
the passover. Heb. pesach, a passing over, jpasacA, 
he passed over.] — Pasque'-flow'er. pask'flow'er, n. 
A plant of the genus Anemone, having large purple 
flowers, and flowering about Easter. [OF. pasque, 
Easter, and E. flower/] 

Pasha, Pacha, pa-shaw' or pa'sha, Pashaw', n. A 
Turkish viceroy, governor, or commander ; a ba- 
shaw. [Per. bashaw, for padshah, fr. pad, protecting, 
guarding, and sfudi, king: see Chess.] — Pasha'lic, 
n. The jurisdiction of a pasha. 

Pasigraphy. See under Panacea. 

Pasque-flower. See under Paschal. 

Pasquin, pas'kwin, n. A mutilated statue dug up at 
Rome, near the shop of a cobbler so named, who 
was remarkable for his gibes: on this statue were 
pasted satiric papers; hence, a lampoon. — Pasquin- 
ade', -kwin-ad'', n. A lampoon or satirical writing. 
— v. t. or i. To satirize, [r . ; It. joasquinata, a lam- 
poon, libel.] 

Pass, pas, v. i. [passed (past), passing.] To go, 
move, be transferred from one point, state, or con- 
dition to another; to undergo transition; to circu- 
late; to be current, gain reception; to have current 
value or reputation, be regarded; to go by, move 
athwart one, cross one's path, one's observation, 
etc.; to elapse, be spent; to happen, take place; to 
disappear, vanish, depart from life, die; to be rati- 
fied or accepted; to receive legislative or executive 
sanction, be enacted ; to bear inspection, do well 
enough, answer; to go unheeded or neglected, pro- 
ceed without hindrance; to go beyond bounds, sur- 
pass, be in excess; to make a lunge or pass, as in 
fencing; to thrust. — v. t. In simple, proper, tran- 
sitive senses: to go by, bevond, over, through, etc.; 
or, to spend, live through; hence, to undergo, suffer; 
or, to omit, make no note of, disregard; or, to tran- 
scend, surpass, excel, exceed ; or, to be carried 
through (a body having power to accept or reject), 
be accepted or ratified by, receive the legislative or 
official sanction of; in causative senses, to cause to 
move or go, send, transfer or transmit, deliver, make 
over; or, to utter, pronounce, make orally; or, to ac- 
complish, achieve ; or, to carry on with success 
through an ordeal, examination, or action; esp., to 
give legal or official sanction to, ratify, enact; or, to 
give currency to; or, to cause to obtain entrance, ad- 
mission, or conveyance; to pay regard to, take no- 
tice of, care. — n." A passage:*way: esp., a narrow 
and difficult way; a document entitling one to pass, 
or to go and come; a passport; ticket of free transit 
or free admission. (Fencing.) A thrust; push. A 
movement of the hand over or along anything; state 



of things; condition; conjuncture. [F. passer, LL. 
passare, to pass, fr. L. passas, a pace (q. v.), 
pandere, possum, to stretch.] — To pass on or upon. 



step, fr. 



To determine: to give judgment or sentence. — Pass 
er, n. One who passes: a passenger. — Pass'-book, 
n. A book that passes between a trader and cus- 
tomer, recording purchases on credit. — key, n. A 
key enabling one to pass into a house, etc.; esp. one 
fitting several locks. — word, n. (Mil.) A word to 
be given before one is allowed to pass a sentry, etc.; 
watch-word. — Pass'able. a. Capable of being 
passed, traveled, navigated, etc. ; such as may be suf- 
fered to nass; current; tolerable; admissible; medio- 
cre. — Pass'ably, adv. In a passable manner; tolera- 
bly.— Pass'less, a. Havinz no pass or passase. — Pas- 
sage', -sad', Passa'do, -sa'do. n. (Fencing?) A push 
or thrust. [F. passage, Sp. pasado.) — Pas'sage, -sej, 
n. Act of passing; motion from point to point; ago- 
ing by. over, or through; esp. a journey, as by water, 
carriage, etc.; travel; or, fare; or, d'ecease", death; 
way or course through or by which one passes; road; 
a room giving access to other apartments; a hall; 




event; anything which has happened; incident; sep- 
arate part or portion of something continuous; esp., 

part of a book or text: extract;^ 

act of carrying through all the 
regular forms necebsaiy to give 
validity; enactment ; a pass or 
encounter. [F.; LL. passaticum, 
fr. passare.] -Pas'sant, a. (Her.) 
Walking, — applied to an ani- 
mal on a shield, which appears 
to walk leisurely. [F.] — Pas'- 
senger, -sen-jer, /). A passer or 
passer-by : a traveler, esp. by 
some established conveyance, i „ nuut „t 
[ME. and F. passer.] -Pass'- ^ lon P 0880111 - 
ing, adv. Exceedingly; surpassingly. — Pass'ing- 
bell, n. The bell that rings at the hour of death to 
obtain pravers for the passing soul, or after death, 
or while the bod}- is being carried to the grave. — 
Past, p. a. Xot present or future; gone by; ended; 
accomplished, —n. That which is, etc., esp. time. 

— adv. By.— prep. Further than; beyond the 
reach or influence of ; beyond in time or position ; 
after. — Pass'over, n. A feast of the Jews, com- 
memorating the time when God, smiting the first- 
born of the Egyptians, passed over the houses of the 
Israelites : the sacrifice offered at the feast of the 
passover. — Pass'port, n. A document carried by 
neutral merchant vessels in time of war to certify 
their nationality, and protect them from belliger- 
ents; a document given by the competent officer of 
a state, permitting one the'rein named to pass from 
place to place: a safe-conduct; a license for import- 
ing or exporting contraband goods or movables 
without paying the usual duties ; that which en- 
ables one to pass with safety, certainty, or general 
acceptance. [F. passeport, fr. passer, to pass, and 
parte, L. porta, a gate.] — Pas'' time, n. That which 
makes time pass agreeably ; entertainment ; amuse- 
ment; diversion; sport; play. [Pass and time; cf. F. 
passetemps.] — Passe-partout, pas'-par'too', n. That 
"by which one can pass anywhere ; a master-key ; 
latch-key ; a light picture-frame of cardboard, etc., 
serving for several pictures. [F., fr. passer, to pass, 
and partout, everywhere.] — Pas'sim, adv. Here 
and there; everywhere. [L.] 

Passerine, pas'ser-in, a. Pert, to sparrows, or to the 
order of birds to which sparrows belong. [L. pas- 
serinus, fr. passer, a sparrow.] 

Passible, etc. See under Passiox. 

Passim. Passing, etc. See under Pass. 

Passion, pash'un, n. A suffering or enduring; the 
suffering or crucifixion and death of the Savior; ca- 
pacity for emotion; strong feeling prompting to ac- 
tion; anger: wrath: love; fondness; eager desire ; 
controlling inclination; the object of love, fondness, 
ardent inclination, etc. [F.; L. passio, -onis, fr. pati, 
passus, Gr. pathexn, to suffer; s. rt. patient, pathos, 
compassion, etc.] — Pas'sionate, -at, a. Easily moved 
to anger; showing passion: moved to strong feeling, 
love, desire, etc. — Pas'sionately, adv. — Pas'sion- 
ateness, n. — Pas'sionless, a. Void of passion: of a 
calm temper. — Pas'sion - flow'er, n. A twining 
plant of many species, and its flower, — fr. a fan- 
cied resemblance of parts of the flower to the in- 
struments of our Savior's crucifixirn. — Snn'day, n. 
(Feci.) The 5th Sunday in Lent, or the 2d before 

Easter. tide, n. The last fortnight of Lent. — 

-week, n. The week immediately preceding Easter, 

— in which our Savior's passion took place. (R. 
Cath. Ch.) The last week but one in Lent, or the 
2d week before Easter, —the succeeding week being 
styled Holy week.— Pas'sible, pas'sV-bl, a. Suscep- 
tible of feeling or suffering, or of impressions from 
external agents. [L. passihilis, f r. pati.] — Passibil'- 
ity, n. Quality of being, etc. - Pas'sive, -siv, a. 
Not active, but acted upon; receiving impressions or 
influences; incapable of the appropriate excitement 
or emotion ; inert ; quiescent ; enduring ; patient. 
[F. passif, L. possivus, fr. pati, passus.] — Passive 
obedience. Doctrine that it is the duty of the sub- 
ject to submit, in all cases, to the existing govern- 
ment. — P. verb. (Gram.) A verb which expresses 
the suffering or the effect of an action of some 
agent. — Pas'sively, adv. — Pas'siveness, n, 

Password, Past, etc. See under Pass. 

Paste, past, n. A soft composition, as of flour mois- 
tened with water or milk; dough prepared for pie- 
crust, etc.; a fine kind of glass, used in imitating 
precious stones; an adhesive cement, made of flour, 
etc. ; an elastic confection. — v. t. To unite, cement, 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. 



PASTEL 



408 



PATERNAL 



or fasten, with paste. [OF.; Sp., It., and LL. pasta, 
paste, Gr. paste, a mess of food, prop. fern, of 
pastos, besprinkled, fr. passein, to strew, esp. to 
sprinkle salt.] — Paste'board, n. A stiff board made 
of sheets of paper pasted together. — Past'y, past'T, 
a. Like paste. — n. A meat-pie made with paste. 
[OF. paste, F. pate:} — Pat'ty, pat'ti'. n. A little 
pie. — Pas'try, pas'tri, n. Articles of food made 
chiefly of paste, as pies, tarts, cake, etc. 

Pastel, pas'tel, n. A colored crayon ; a plant afford- 
ing a blue dye; the coloring matter obtained from 
it. — Pas'til, -til, Pastille', -tel', n. (Pharmacy.) A 
small cone made of aromatic substances to be burned 
for cleansing and scenting the air of a room; an aro- 
matic or medicated lozenge. [F. pastel, a crayon, 
pastille, pastil, It. pastello, L. pastulus, little roll or 
loaf, dim. of pastus, food, prop. p. p. of pascere, to 
feed; s. rt. pastor ; not s. rt. paste.] 

Pastern. See under Pastor. 

Pasteurism, pas-ter'izm.w. A method of treatment, 
devised by Pasteur, a French scientist, for prevent- 
ing certain diseases, as hydrophobia, by successive 
inoculations with an attenuated virus of gradually 
increasing strength.— Pasteur'iza'tion, pas-teVi-za'- 
ehun, n. A process devised by Pasteur for prevent- 
ing or checking fermentation in fluids, by exposure 
to a temperature of 14(P F., thus killing the con- 
tained germs. — Pasteurize, v. t. To subject to pas- 
teurization, to treat by pasteurism. 

Pastime. See under Pass. 

Pastor, pas'ter, n. A shepherd; a minister of the gos- 
pel having charge of a church and congregation. 
[L., a shepherd, lit. feeder, fr. pascere, pastum, to 
feed; s. rt. food, pabulum, pastel, etc] —Pas'' toral, a. 
Pert, to shepherds, to the care of souls, or to the 
pastor of a church, — n. A poem describing the life 
and manners of shepherds; an idyl; a bucolic. — 
Pastorale, pas'to-ra'la, n. (Mus.) A composition 
in a rural style ; a kind of dance. [F. pastoral, It. 
pastorale, L. pastoralis.] — Pas'torally, adv.— Pas'- 
torate, -at, -ship, n. Office or rank of pastor. — 
Past 'ore, pas'chur, n. Grass for the food of cattle; 

f round covered with grass, to be eaten on the spot 
\ cattle, horses, etc.— v. t. [PASTURED (-churd), 
-Turing.] To feed ongrowing grass, or to supply 

f;rass for food. — v. i. To take food by eating grass 
rom the ground; to graze. [OF.: L. pastura, a feed- 
ing, prop. fern, of fut. p. oipasci, to browze, fr. pas- 
cere, to feed.] — Past'urage, -chur-ej, n. The busi- 
ness of feeding or grazing cattle;' land appropriated 
to grazing; grass for feed. — Pas'tern, -tern, n. The 
part of a norse's leg between the fetlock joint and 
the hoof: see Horse. [OF. pasturon, the joint round 
which is tied the (OF. pasture) cord which fastens a 
horse when at pasture ; cf . It. pasturale, the pastern, 
fr. pastura, pasture ; s. rt. pester.] 

Pastry, Pasty, etc. See under Paste. 

Pat, pat, a. Exactly suitable as to time, place, or pur- 
pose; fit; convenient. — adv. Precisely at the proper 
time; seasonably; fitly. [Same as pat, a tap, influ- 
enced by D. pas, G. pass, fit, suitable.] 

Pat, pat, n. A tap; a light, quick blow with the fin- 
gers or hand. — v. t. To strike gently, tap. [AS. 
plsettan, to strike, Sw. dial, pjatta, Bavar. patzen, to 
pat.] — Pat'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
strike as falling drops of water or hail. — v. t. To 
cause to strike in drops; to spatter, sprinkle; tore- 
peat (prayers, etc.) in a muttering manner. — n. A 
quick succession of small sounds. [Freq. of pat.] 

Patch, pach, n. A piece of cloth sewed on a garment 
to repair it; anything resembling such a piece of 
cloth; a small piece of silk used to cover a defect on 
the face, or to heighten beauty; a small piece of 
ground; a plot. — v. t. [patched (pacht), patch- 
ing.] To mend by sewing on a piece; to mend with 
pieces, repair clumsily; to adorn (the face) with a 
patch; to put together of ill-assorted parts; to com- 



pose in a hasty, irregular, or botching way. [ME. 
pacche, pakke, fr. OLG. plakke, plakk, a spot, piece 
torn away, piece put on, a piece of land, plakken, to 



patch, OD. plaqge, rags. J — Patenter, n. 

Pate, pat, n. The head ; top of the head. [OF., a 
plate, band of iron, G. platte, a plate, bald pate, 
head, LL. platta, the clerical tonsure.] 

Patent, pa'tent or pafent, a. Open; expanded; evi- 
dent; manifest; apparent. (Bot.) Spreading. Open 
to public perusal, — said of a document conferring 
some right or privilege, as, letters patent ; appropri- 
ated by letters patent; restrained from general use. 
— Patient, n. A letter patent, or letters patent; a 
writing securing to a person, for a term of years, 




Patera. 



the exclusive right to an invention.— ?', t. To secure 
the exclusive right of to a person. [OF. ; L. patens, 
-entts, p. pr. of patere, to lie open; s. rt. Gr. petannii- 
nai, to spread out, unfold; s. rt. pace, pass, pan, pet- 
al, fathom, expanse.] — Patentee', -e', n. One to 
whom a grant is made or a privilege secured by pa- 
tent. — Patefac'tion, n. Act of laying open or man- 
ifesting; open declaration. [L. patefactio, fr. patere 
and facere, to make.] — 
Pat'en, n. The plate on 
which the consecrated 
bread in the Eucharist is | 
placed. [OF. patene, LL. 
patena, paten, L. patena, 
patina, .shallow bowl, pan, 
q. v., fr. patere, Gr. pat- 
ane, a flat dish, ir.petan- 
nunai.] — Pat'era, -er-a, 
n. ; pi. -rje, -re. An an- 
cient saucer-like vessel of 
earthenware or metal. 
(Arch.) A circular dish-ornament, worked in relief 
on friezes, etc. [L.] — Patel'la, pa-tel'la, n.; pi. -l.e, 
-le, E. pi. -las, -laz. (Anat.) The knee-pan : sec 
Skeleton. [L., dim. of patina, patena.] 
Paternal, pa-ter'nal, a. Pert, to a father; fatherly; 
showing the disposition of a father; derived from a 
father; hereditary. [F. paternel, ~LL.. piaternalis, L. 
pa ternus, fatherly, fr. pater, father; s. rt. Gr. pater 
= E. father, Skr.»a, to protect, E. food.] — Pater'- 
nity, -nT-tT, n. The relation of a father to his off- 
spring; fatherhood; origination or authorship. [F. 
paternite', L. patemitas.] — Pa'ter nos'ter, n. The 
Lord's Prayer. [L., Our Father.] — Pa'triarch, -trY- 
ark, n. The father and ruler of a family, — applied 
to heads of families in ancient, esp. in Biblical, his- 
tory. (Eastern Churches.) A dignitary superior 
to the order of archbishops. [ME. and OF. patri- 
archs, L. and Gr. patriarches, father or chief of a 
race, fr. Gr. patria, race, lineage (fr. pater), and 
arche, rule, archein, to rule.] — Patriarch'al, -ic, a. 
Belonging, relating to, or possessed by,_patriarchs: 
subject to a patriarch.— Patriarchate, -at, n. Office, 
dignity, or jurisdiction of a patriarch; residence of 
a patriarch. — Pa'triarchship, n. Office of a patri- 
arch. — Pa'triarch'y, -T, n. Jurisdiction of a patri- 
arch. — Patri'cian, -trish-'an, a. Pert, or appropri- 
ate to a person of high birth; senatorial; noble, —n. 
A person of high birth or old family. [L. imtricius, 
noble, also a descendant of the patres, senators, or 
fathers of the state.] — Patris'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to 
the ancient fathers of the Christian church. [F. pa- 
tristique, fr. L. pater.] — Pat'ricide, -rt-sid, n. The 
murder or murderer of a father; parricide. [See 
Parricide.] — Pat'rimony, -rY-mo-nl, n. A right or 
estate inherited from one's ancestors; a church es- 
tate or revenue. [F. patrimoine, L. patrimonium, fr. 
pater.] — Patrimo'nial, a. Pert, to a patrimony; in- 
herited from ancestors. — Patrimo'nially, adv. By 
inheritance. — Patronymic, -nim'ik, n. A name 
derived from an ancestor; a modification of the 
father's name borne by the son. [OF. patronymique, 
Gr. patronumikos, pert, to a father's name, patronu- 
mia, a name taken from the father, fr. pater and 
onoma — E. wame.]— Pat'ronymlc, -ical, a. — Pa'- 
tliot, -trt-ot, n. One who loves his country, and 
zealously supports it and its interests. — a. Devoted 
to the welfare of one's country ; patriotic. [OF. pa- 
triate, & patriot, one's countryman, LL. patriota, a 
native, Gr. patriotes, a fellow-countryman, ir.patri- 
os, belonging to one's fathers, hereditary, fr. pater.] 
— Patriotic, a. Full of patriotism; actuated by love 
of one's country.— Patriotism, -izm, n. Quality 
of being patriotic; loveof country.— Patois, pat- w5', 
n. An uncultivated idiom ; a provincial form of 
speech. [F., older form patrois, rustic speech, fr. 
LL. patriensis, one indigenous to a country, a na- 
tive, fr. L. patria, one's native country.] — Pa 'tron, 
-trun, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A master who had freed 
his slave, and retained some rights over him after 
his emancipation; also, a man of distinction under 
whose protection another placed himself. One who 
countenances, supports, or protects ; an advocate ; 
defender. (Canon or Common Law.) One who has 
the gift and disposition of a benefice. [F.; L. pat- 
ronus, fr. pater.] — Pa'troness, -es, n. A female pa- 
tron. — Pa'tronless, a. Destitute of, etc. — Fat'- 
ronage, p&t'run-ej, n. Special countenance or sup- 
port; guardianship, as of a samt. (Canon Law.) 
Right "of presentation to a church or ecclesiastical 
benefice ; advowson. — Pat'ronal, a. Doing the of- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; in, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 



PATH 



409 



PAWN 



fice of a patron; protecting; favoring. — Pafronize, 
v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To act as |>atron tow- 
ard, support, favor; to assume the air of a superior 
and protector toward. — Pat/roniz'er, n. One who 
patronizes.— Patroon 1 ', pa-troon', n. One of the first 
proprietors of certain lands with manorial privileges 
and the right of entail, under the old Dutch govern- 
ments of N. York and N. Jersey. [D., a patron.] — 
Paftern, n. An original or model proposed for im- 
itation; archetype; exemplar; a specimen: sample; 
instance ; a quantity of cloth sufficient for a gar- 
ment ; figure or style of ornamental execution. 
{Founding.) A full-sized model around which a 
mold of sand is made, to receive the melted metal.— 
v. t. [patterned (-ternd), -teening.] To make in 
imitation of some model; to copy; to serve as an ex- 
ample to be followed. [ME. patron, a pattern, F. 
patron, a patron, protector, also pattern, sample.] — 
To pattern after. To imitate, follow. 

Path, path, «.",- pi. Paths, pathz. A way, course, or 
track, on which anything moves, or has moved; 
road; route; passage; esp., a narrow way beaten by 
the foot; course of action, conduct, or procedure. 
[AS. psedh, palh, D. pad, Gr. jjatos, Skr. patha, a 
path, way. fr. Skr. path, panth, to go, Gr. patein, to 
tread; s. rt. L. pons, a bridge, orig. a way, E. pad 
(q. v.), a path.] — Pathless, a. Destitute of paths; 
untrodden. —Path "way, n. A path, esp. a narrow 
footway; course or mode of action. 

Pathos, pa'thos, n. That which excites emotions and 
passions, esp. tender emotions ; pathetic quality. 
[Gr., suffering, deep feeling, fr. pathein, to suffer ; 
s. rt. Gr. pothos, a yearning, penthos, grief, jionos, 
work, ponein, to work, suffer, E. span, spin, patient.) 
— Pathet'ic, a. Affecting the tender emotions, as 

E'.ty or grief; moving, touching. [OF. pathetique, 
. pathetic us , Gr. pathetikos, fr. pathetos, subject to 
suffering.] — Pathetically, adv. — Pathog'nomy, 
-no-mY, n. Science of the signs by which human 
passions are indicated. [Gr. gnome, means of 
knowing, judgment, fr. gnonai, to know.] — Pa- 
thognomonic, a. {Med.) Characteristic of a dis- 
ease. — Pathol'ogy. -o-jt, n. {Med.) That part of 
the science of medicine which treats of the nature, 
causes, and symptoms of diseases. [F. pathologie; 
Gr. logos, discourse.] — Pathologist, n. One versed 
in, etc. —Path -- olog'ic, -ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to 
pathology or to disease. 

Patient, pa'shent, a. Suffering with meekness and 
submission ; calmly submissive ; persevering ; ex- 
pectant with calmness, or without discontent; not 
hasty. — w. A person or thing that receives impres- 
sions from external agents; a diseased person under 
medical treatment. [OF. ; L. patiens, -entis, p. pr. 
of pati, to suffer; s. rt. Gr. pathein: see Pathos, 
E. passion.~\ — Pa'tiently, adv. In a patient man- 
ner; with calmness; without undue haste or eager- 
ness. — Pa'tience, -shens, n. Quality of being pa- 
tient ; suffering of afflictions, pain, provocation, 
etc., with unruffled temper; act or quality of wait- 
ing long for justice or expected good without 
discontent; perseverance; resignation. [F. ; L. pa- 
tientia.] — Pat'ible, pat'Y-bl. a. Sufferable; endur- 
able; tolerable. [L. patibilis, fr. jiati.] 

Patin. See Paten, under Patent. 

Patois, Patriarch, Patrician, Patriot, etc. See under 
Paternal. 

Patrol, pa-trol r , n. {Mil.) A marching round of a 
guard in the night, to secure the safety of a place. 
Persons who go the rounds for observation. — v. i. 
[patrolled (-trold'). -ling.] To go the rounds in 
a camp or garrison; to march about and observe 
what passes, as a guard. — v. t. To pass round, as 
a sentry. [OF. patrouille, a night-watch, lit. a pad- 
dling or tramping about, fr. patrouiller, to paddle 
in the water, fr. pate, paw, foot; s. rt.;>a<, a tap.] — 
Paften, n. A clog or wooden sole, mounted on an 
iron ring, to raise the feet above the wet. {Arch.) 
The base or foot of a column. — v. i. To walk on 
pattens. [F. patin, f r. OF. pate.] 

Patron, Patronymic, Patroon, Pattern, etc. See un- 
der Paternal. 

Patter. See under Pat, a tap. 

Patty, etc. See under Paste. 

Paucity, paw'sY-tY, n. Fewness; smallness of num- 
ber or of quantity; scarcity. [Y.pauciU, L. pau- 
citas,fr.paucus^few, little; s. rt. Gr. pauros, small, 
pauein, to stop, E. pauper, pause.'] 

Paugie, paw'ge, n. Same as Porgy. 

Pauline, paw'lin, a. Pert, to, derived from, or like 
St. Paul or his writings. 



Paunch, pawnch or panch, n. The belly and its con. 
tents; abdomen: first and largest stomach of a rumi- 
nant quadruped. [OF. panche, L. pantex, panticis.] 

Pauper, paw'per, n. A poor person; esp., one so in- 
digent as to depend on charity ior maintenance ; 
one supported by public provision. [L. ; s. rt. 
paucity, poor.] — Pau'perism, -izm, n. State of 
Deing a pauper, or destitute of the means of sui>- 
port; penury; want; need. — Pau'perize, v. t. [-ized 
(-izd), -izing.] To reduce to pauperism. 

Pause, pawz, n. A temporary stop or rest; cessation; 
suspense; hesitation; a mark of cessation or inter- 
mission of the voice; a point. {Mus.) A character, 
thus [/TV], placed over a note or rest, to indicate 
that the tone or the silence is to be prolonged be- 
yond the regular time; a hold. — v. i. [paused 
(pawzd), pausing.] To make a short stop, cease for 
a time; to be intermitted, stay, wait, delay, hesitate, 
demur. [F. ; LateL. pausa, Gr. pausis, fr. pauein, to 
make to cease; s. rt. paucity, q. v., pose, few.] 

Pave, pav, v. t. [paved (pavd), paving.] To cover 
with a pavement of stone, brick, etc. : to prepare the 
way for, facilitate the introduction oi. [OF. paver, 
LL. pavare, fr. pavire, to bent, strike, also to ram, 
tread down, Gr. paiein, to beat.] — Pav'er, pav'er, 
-ier, -ior, -ySr, n. One who lays a pavement.— Pav'- 
ing, Pave'ment, n. A floor or covering of solid ma- 
terial, laid so as to make a hard and convenient road 
or footway. [F. ; L. pavimenmm.] 

Pavilion, pa-viKyun, n. A temporary movable habi- 




Pavilion. 
tation; a tent; canopy. {Arch.) A turret, project- 
ing apartment, or isolated ornamented building, esp. 
one with a tent-shaped roof. {Mil.) A tent raised 
on posts. — v. t. [pavilioned (-yund), -ioning.] 
To furnish or cover with tents or pavilions. [F. 
pavilion, pavilion, tent — because spread out like 
the wings of a butterfly, fr. L. papilio, butterfly, 
tent, lit.'a flutterer; s. rt. palpitate, q. v.] 

Pavonine. See under Peacock. 

Paw, paw, n. The foot of beasts of prey having claws; 
the hand, —in contempt, — v. i. [pawed (pawd), 
pawing.] To scrape with the fore foot. —v. t. To 
handle with the paws ; to handle awkwardly or 
coarsely; to scrape with the fore foot. [ME. paive, 
W.pawen, Corn, paw; s. rt. OF. poe, LG. pote, D. 
poot, paw, foot.] 

Pawl, pawl, n. {Mech.) A short, movable bar, to 
check the backward revolution of a wheel, wind- 
lass, etc. ; a catch, click, detent, or rachet. [W., a 
pole, stake, bar; s. rt. L. palus = E. pale, pole.] 

Pawn, pawn, re. Goods, chattels, or money deposited 
as security for payment of money borrowed ; a 
pledge for the fulfillment of a promise.— v. t. 
[pawned (pawnd), pawning.] To deposit in 
pledge, or as security for the payment of money 
borrowed; to pledge ior the fulfillment of a prom- 
ise; to stake, wager. [F. pan, a pane, piece, piece 
of clothing, hence pawn, gage, paner, to seize, to 
take pledges, fr. L. pannus, cloth, piece; s. rt. D. 
pand, G. pfand, a pledge, AS. pening = E. penny, 
also E. pane. q. v.] —Pawnee', -e', n. One to whom 
a pawn is delivered as security. — Pawn'er, Pawn- 
or', -61'. re. One who pawns or deposits a pledge. 
— Pawn'bro'ker, n. One who lends money on 
pledge, or the deposit of goods. 

Pawn, pawn, n. A common man, or piece of the 
lowest rank, in chess. [OF. paon, a pawn, peon, 
foot-soldier, Sp. peon, a foot-soldier, also a pawn, 
It. pedone, a footman, pedona, a pawn, fr. LL. pedo, 
pedonis, a foot-soldier, fr. L. pes, pedis = E. foot.] 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, then, boNbON, chair, get. 



PAWPAW 



410 



PECAN 



A small plate of gold. 




Pawpaw. See Papaw. 

Pax, paks, n. {R. Cath. Ch.) 
silver, etc., with the image 
of Christ on the cross on it, 
formerly kissed by the peo- 
ple, after the service, the 
ceremony being considered 
as the kiss of peace. [L., 
peace.] 

Paxwax, paks'waks, Paxy- 
waxy, paks'I-waks'Y, n. A 
strong, stiff cartilage run- 
ning along the neck of a 
large quadruped to the 
middle of the hack, as in 
an ox or horse. [Orig. fax- 
wax, lit. hair-growth; ME. 
fax, AS. feax, fex, hair; 
and ME. wax, growth; cf. 
G. haarwactis, the same.] 

Pay, pa, v. t. [paid (pad), 
paying.] To discharge rdx - 

one's obligations to; make due return to, compen- 
sate, requite; to retort or revenge upon; to punish; 
to discharge (a debt or obligation) by giving or doing 
that which is due; to render duly. — v. i. To rec- 
ompense, make payment or requital; to be remuner- 
ative or profitable. — n. An equivalent given for 
money due, goods purchased, or services performed; 
compensation ; recompense ; payment ; hire. [OF. 
paier, LL. pacare, to pay, satisfy, L. pacare, to ap- 
pease, to pacify (q. v.), fr. pax, peace.] — Payee', -e', 
n. The person named in a bill or note, to whom, 
or to whose order, the amount is promised or directed 
to be paid. — Pay'er, n. One who pays; the person 
on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, and who is di- 
rected to pay the money to the holder. — Pay'ment, 
n. Act of paying ; thing paid : reward ; requital; 
sometimes, deserved chastisement. [OF. paiement.~\ 
— Pay'able, a. Capable of being paid; suitable to 
be paid; justly due. — Pay'-day, n. The day on 
which wages or money is stipulated to be paid; a 
day of reckoning or retribution. — -mas'ter, n. An 
officer whose duty it is to pay wages, as in an army 
or navy, and who is intrusted with money for this 
purpose. — roll, n. A list of persons entitled to 
payment, with the sums due to them. 

Pay, pa, v. t. (Naut.) To cover (the bottom of a ves- 
sel, a seam, mast, vard, etc.), with a water-proof com- 
position of tar, tallow, resin, etc. [Prob. f r. Sp. pega, 
a varnish of pitch, pegar, to join together, cement, 
empegar, L. picare, to pitch, fr. pix, pitch.] 

Paynim. Same as Painim. 

Pea, pe, n. ; pi. Peas, pez (used when a definite num- 
ber is referred to), or Pease, pez (used when an in- 
definite quantity or bulk is spoken of). A legu- 
minous plant and its fruit, of many varieties, culti- 
vated for food. [ME. pese, pi. pesen, and peses, AS. 
pisa, fr. L. pisum, Gr. pisos, a pea; s. rt. L. pinsere, 
Skr. pish, to pound.] — Pea'nut, n. A leguminous 
plant, which ripens its seed under ground; also its 
seed-vessel and seed; the earth-nut; ground-nut. — 
Peas'cod, n. The legume or pericarp of the pea. 
—Pease, pez , n. pi. Peas collectively, or used as food. 

Peace, pes, n. A state of quiet or tranquillity; calm; 
repose; freedom from war; exemption from, or 
cessation of hostilities ; absence of civil disturb- 
ance ; public tranquillity ; quietness of mind or 
conscience ; a state of reconciliation ; harmony ; 
concord. [ME. and OF. pais, L. pax, pacis ; s. rt. 
OLi.jpacere, to bind, come to an agreement, L. pa- 
cisci, to make a bargain, E. appease, pay, pacify.'] 
— Peace'able, a. Free from war, tumult, commo- 
tion, or quarrel ; disposed to peace ; not quarrel- 
some ; undisturbed by anxiety or excitement ; tran- 
quil ; quiet; serene; mild; still. —Peace'' ableness, 
n. — Peace'ably, adv. — Peace'ful, -f ul, a. Possess- 
ing peace ; not disturbed by war or commotion ; pa- 
cific ; mild. — Peacefully, adv.— Peace'fulness, n. 
• ^Peace'-mak'er, n. One who makes peace by rec- 
onciling parties at variance. — offering, n. An of- 
fering to procure peace or to express thanks. of- 

ficer, n. A civil officer whose duty it is to preserve 
the public peace. 

Peach, pech, n. A tree and its fruit, of many vari- 
eties, growing in warm or temperate climates. [OF. 
pesche, L. Persicum (malum), a Persian apple, i. e., 
peach.] 

Peach, pech, v.. t. To impeach; to accuse of crime; 
inform against. — v. i. To turn informer; to betray 
one's accomplice. [See Impeach.] 




Peacock. 



Peacock, pe'kok, n. The male of a gallinaceous fowl. 
about the size of the tur- 
key, having long rump 
feathers, capable of being 
erected, and each marked 
with a black spot, around _ 
which brilliant metallic ~"-i 
colors are arranged. [ME. 
pecok, pacok, f r. AS. pawe, 
(L. pavo, Gr. taos, Per. and 
Ar. tawus), a peafowl, and 
cock.'] — Pea'fowl, n. The 

Seacock or peahen.— Pea'- 
en, n. The female of, etc. 
— Pea'chick, n. The 
young of, etc. — Pa v'- 
bnine, -nin, a. Pert, to, or 
like the tail of, the pea- 
cock. [L. pavoninus, fr. 
pavo.] 

Pea-jacket, pe'jak'et, n. A thick woolen jacket worn 
by seamen, etc. [D. pij, pije, LG. pije, a woolen 
jacketj 

Peak, pek, n. A point ; the end of anything that 
terminates in a point ; the sharp top of a hill or 
mountain. (Naut.) The upper, outer corner of a 
sail extended by a gaff or yard; extremity of the 
yard or gaff. — v. t. [peaked (pekt), peaking.] 
(Naut.) To raise to a position perpendicular or 
nearly so. [Ir. peac, any sharp pointed thing, Ga. 
beic, a point, nib; s^ rt. beak, pike, peck, pick.] — 
Peaked, pek'ed or pekt, a. Pointed; sharp. 

Peal, pel, n. A loud sound, or a succession of loud 
sounds,as of bells, thunder, cannon, etc.. ; a set of bells 
tuned to each other; the changes rung upon a set of 
bells. — v. i. [pealed (peld), pealing.] To utter 
loud and solemn sounds. [Abbr. of appeal, q. v.] 

Pean. See P^ean. 

Pea-nut. See under Pea. 

Pear, par, n. A tree of many varieties and its fruit. 
[AS. pera, F. poire, L. pirum.]— Per'ry, pSr'rY, n. 
A liquor made from pears, as cider is from apples. 
[F. poire", f r. poire.] 

Pearl, perl, n. A white, hard, smooth, lustrous sub- 
stance, usually roundish, found inside the shells of 
several species of mollusks, esp. of the pearl oyster; 
also, nacre or mother of pearl, esp. when made into 
buttons, etc. ; something very precious; a jewel; 
something round and clear, as a drop of water or 
dew. (Print.) A printing type, in size between 
agate and diamond (this book is printed in Pearl 
type). [ME. and F. perle, It., Sp., Pg., Provenc., 
and OHG. perla, LL. perida, a pearl ; perh. fr. L. 
pirula, a little pear, dim. of L. pirum ; perh. fr. L. 
pilula, a little ball, pill.] — Pearl'y, -Y, a. Contain- 
ing, abounding with, or resembling, pearls or nacre; 
clear; pure; iridescent. — PearKash, n. A carbonate 
of potassa, obtained by calcining potashes, — named 
from its pearly color. — Pearl'-oys'ter, n. A shell 
fish of the Indian seas, etc., which yields pearls. — 
-white, n. A white powder made from nitrate of 
bismuth, and used as a cosmetic. 

Pearmain, par'man, n. A variety of apple. 

Peasant, pez'ant, n. One whose business is rural la- 
bor; esp., one of the lowest class of tillers of the soil 
in European countries; countryman ; rustic ; hind. 
[OF. paisant, fr. po'is, country ; L. pagus, village : 
see Pagan.] — Peas'antry, -rt, n. The body of peas- 
ants; rustics. 

Peas-cod, Pease. See under Pea. 

Peat, pet, n. A substance resembling turf, consisting 
of vegetable matter in various stages of decomposi- 
tion, often dried and used for fuel. [Pron. beat, fr. 
AS. betan, to better, repair, make up a fire, fr. bot, ad- 
vantage.] — Peafy, -X, a. Composed of, or like, etc. 
— Peat '-bog, n. A bog containing peat; peat-moss. 
moss, n. The vegetables which, when decom- 
posed, become peat; a fen producing peat. 

Peba, pe'ba, n. A kind of ^*BS^mia* 
armadillo of S. Amer. 

Pebble, peb'bl, n. A small, 
roundish stone ; a stone 
rounded by the action of 
water; transparent and 
colorless rock-crystal. [AS. 
papol-stan, pebble - stone ; 
perh. s. rt. L. papula, a p ■ 

pustule, Gr. pomphos, bub- reDa. 

ble — fr. its roundness.]— Peb'bly, -blT, 
o bounding with pebbles. 

Pecan, pe-kan' or pe-kawn r , Peca'na, -ka/na, n. A 




Ful] vi or 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



FECARY 



411 



PEER 




Peccary. 




species of N. Amer. hickory, and its fruit. [F. pa- 
cane, Sp. pacana.] 

Pecary. See Peccary. 

Peccant, pek'kant, a. Sinning; criminal; morbid; cor- 
rupt; not healthy. [F.; L. peccans, -cantis, p. pr. of 
peccare, -catum, to sin.] — Pec'cancy, -kan-sY, n. 

Suality of being, etc. ; offense. — Pec'cable, a. Lia- 
e to sin or transgress the divine law. — Pec'cabil'- 
ity, n. Liability, etc. — Pec'cadillo, n. A slight 
trespass or offense ; a petty crime or fault. [Sp., 
dim. of pecado, L. peccatum, a sin.] 

Peccary, pek'ka-rY, n. A pachyderm about the size 
and shape of a small , » a 

hog, but naving a white 
ring around the neck : 
they are found fr. Ar- 
kansas to Brazil. [S. 
Amer. name.] 

Peck, pek, n. The l-4th 
of a bushel; a dry meas- 
ure of 8 quarts ; a great 
deal, as, to be in a peofc 
of troubles. [Ir. peac, 
Ga. peic, a peck (meas- 
ure), prob. fr. E. peck and pick.] 

Peck, pek, v. t. [pecked (pekt), pecking.] To strike 
with the beak; to delve or dig with anything pointed, 
as with a pick-ax ; to pick up with the beak ; to 
strike with small and repeated blows. —v. i. To 
make strokes with a beak, or something like a beak. 
[Same aspick, q. v.] — Peck'er, n. 

Pectinal, pek'tT-nal, a. Pert, to, or resembling, a 
comb. — n. A fish whose bones re- 
semble the teeth of a comb. [L. pec- JJki, 
ten, pectinis, a comb, fr. pecUre, Gr. W/| 
pektein, to comb.] — Pedinate, -na'- \,J 
ted, a. {Nat. Hist.) Resembling the 
teeth of a comb. 

Pectoral, peklo-ral, a. Pert, to the 
breast ; relating to diseases of the 
chest. — n. A breastplate ; esp., a 
sacerdotal vestment worn by the 
Jewish high priest. {Ichth.) A pec- 
toral fin: see Fin. A medicine PHtT f 
adapted to cure or relieve complaints reLlm ™ e ■ L ' eal - 
of the breast and lungs. [F. ; L. pectoralis, fr. pec- 
tus, pectoris, the breast ; perh. s. rt. Skr. paksha, 
flank, side.] 

Peculate, pek'u-lat, v. i. To steal public moneys com- 
mitted to one's care; to embezzle. [L. peculari, -la- 
tus, fr. peculium, private property ; s. rt. L. pecunia, 
property, q. v., below.] — Pecula'tion, n. Act or prac- 
tice of peculating : embezzlement. — Pec'ula'tor, 
n. One who, etc. — Peculiar, pe-kuKyar, a. Pert, 
solely or especially to, or characteristic of, one per- 
son or thing; not general; appropriate; particular; 
individual; special; especial; unusual; strange. — 
n. Exclusive property. {Eng. Canon Law.) A par- 
ticular parish or church having jurisdiction within 
itself, and exemption from that of the bishop's court. 
[F. peculier, L. peculiaris, one's own, fr. peculium.] 
— Peculiarity, -yar'T-ti, n. Quality of being pe- 
culiar; appropriateness; individuality; that which is 
peculiar; particularity. — Pecullarize, v. t. [-ized 
(-Izd), -izing.] To appropriate, make peculiar.— 
Peculiarly, adv. In a peculiar manner; particu- 
larly; unusually; especially. — Pecuniary, -kun'!:- 
a-rt or -kun'ya-rY, a. Relating to money, or to 
wealth or property; consisting of money. [F. pecu- 
niaire, L. pecuniaris, fr. pecunia, property, fr. pecua, 
Skr. pagu, cattle, hence property, fr. S*kr. pac, to 
fasten: see Fee.] 

Pedagogue, ped'a-gog, n. A teacher of children ; 
schoolmaster ; one who by teaching has become 
formal, positive, or pedantic in his habits; a pedant. 
[F. ; L. psedagogus, Gr. paidagogos, orig. a slave at 
Athens, who led a boy to school, hence a tutor, fr. 
pais, paidos, a boy, and agogos, leading, fr. agein, 
to lead.] — Pedagogic, -ical, -gojlk-al, a. Suiting 
or belonging to a teacher of children.— Pedagogics. 
n. Art or science of teaching. — Ped'agogism, -gog- 
izm, n. Business, character, and manners of a ped- 
agogue. — Ped'ant, n. One who makes a display of 
learning; a pretender to superior knowledge. [F.; 
It. pedante, a pedagogue.] — Pedantic, -ical, a. 
Suiting or resembling a pedant ; ostentatious of 
learning.— Pedantically, adv. — Ped'antry, -rt, n. 
Vain ostentation of knowledge. 

Pedal, pe'dal, a. Pert, to a foot. — Pedal, ped'al, n. 
(Mus.) A lever, acted on by the foot, as in the 
piano-forte to raise a damper, or in the organ to 



open and close certain 
the pes, pedis, 



certain p 
= E.fo 
ase or too 



ipes. [L. pedalis, pert, to 
vot, f . v.] — Ped'ostal, n. 

oot 




(Arch.) The base 
of a column, statue, vase, 
etc. [Sp., fr. It. piedes- 
tallo, fr. piede (L. pes), 
foot, and stallo = G. and 
E. stall.] — Pedes'trian, 
-deslrT-an, a. Going, or 
performed on foot. — n. 
One who walks or jour- 
neys on foot. [L. j'edes- 
ter, ir.jies.]— Pedes'trian- 
ism, -izm, n. Act or 
practice of a pedestrian ; 
walking. — Pedeslrian- 
ize, v. i. [-ized (-Izd), 
-izing.] To practice Pedestal, 

walking. — Pedicel, -T-sel, n. (Bot.) The stalk 
that supports one flower only, when there are sev- 
eral on a peduncle. [F. pedicelle, OF. pedictde, L. 
pedicuhis, pediclus, aim. of pes.] — Pedun'cle, 
-dunkl, n. {Bot.) The stem that supports the 
flower and fruit of a plant. [L. pedunculvs.] — Pe- 
dun'cular, a. Pert, to, or growing from, etc.— Pe- 
dom'eter, n. An instrument for indicating the 
number of steps taken in walking, and consequent- 
ly the ground passed over. [L. pes and Gr. metron, 
measure.] 

Pedant, etc. See under Pedagogue. 

Peddle, ped'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To go 
from place to place and retail goods ; to hawk : to 
be busy about trifles, —v. t. To retail by carrying 
around from customer to customer ; to hawk. 
[ProvE. ped, a basket or pannier for carrying things 
to market, pedder, one who carries, etc.] — Ped'dler, 
-lar, -ler, n. A hawker ; traveling trader. — Ped'- 
dlery, -dler-T, n. The trade of, or goods sold by, a 
peddler. 

Pedestal, Pedestrian, Pedicel, etc. See under Pedal. 

Pedigree, ped'i-gre, n. Line of ancestors; descent; 
lineage; genealogy; register of aline of ancestors. 
[Perh. F. pied de gres, tree of degrees.] 

Pediment, pedl-ment, n. {Arch.) The triangular or 
arched ornamental facing 
over a portico, door, win- 
dows, etc. [Perh. for peda- 
rnent , L. pedamentum, a 
stake, prop. fr. pedare, to 
prop, fr. pes, foot: see Pedal, 
Foot.] 

Pedlar, Pedler. See under Ped- 
dle. 

Pedobaptism, pe-do-baplizm, 
n. The baptism of infants 
or of children. [Gr. pais, 
boy, and baptismos, baptism.] 
— Pedobap'tist, n. One who 
holds to infant baptism. 

Pedometer, Peduncle. See under Pedal. 




Pediment. 



Peek, pek, v. i. To peep; to look slyly, or through a 

crevice, or with eyes half closed. [Same as peep.] 
Peel, pel, v. t. [peeled (peld), peeling.] To strip 



off the skin, bark, or rind of; to flay, decorticate; to 
strip by drawing or tearing off (the skin of an ani- 
mal, bark of a tree, etc.). — v. i. To come off, as the 
skin, bark, or rind. — n. The skin or rind of any- 
thing. [F. peler, It. pelare, to peel, skin, fr. L. pel- 
lis, skin (see Pell), also L. pilare, to deprive of hair, 
fr. pilus, hair.] — Peel'er, n. 

Peel, pel, v. t. To plunder, pillaare. [F. piller, to rob: 
see Pillage.] — PeeKer, n. A plunderer. 

Peel, pel, n. A wooden shovel with long handle, used 
by bakers; an instrument used by printers, etc., in 
hanging up wet sheets. [F. pelle, L. pala, a spade.] 

Peen, pen, n. The pointed or wedge-shaped end of a 
hammer-head, opposite to its face, used in working 
metal, stone, etc. 

Peep, pep, v. i. [peeped (pept), peeping.] To cry, 
as a chicken hatching or newly hatched; to chirp; 
to begin to appear ; to look slyly, through a crev- 
ice, or with the eyes half closed. — n. The cry 
of a chick; chirp; first outlook or appearance; sly 
look. [Onomat.; ME. pipen, OF. pi per, L. pipare. 



Gr. pipizein, to chirp; 



piper hors, to peep out, 



pry.] — Peep'er, n. A chicken just breaking the 
shell; a young bird; one who looks out slyly; a spy; 
the eye. 
Peer, per, n. One of the same rank, quality, endow- 
ments, etc.; an equal; match ; mate ; a comrade ; 
companion; associate; a nobleman. [ME. pere, OF. 



sfiix, cube, fuli ; moon, ffiot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get 



PEER 



412 



PENDANT 



per, pere, Sp. par, a peer, L. par, equal: see Pae, 
Pair.] — Peerless, -es, n. The consort of a peer; a 
noble lady.— Peer'age, n. Rank or dignity of, etc. ; 
the body of peers. — Peerless, a. Having no equal; 
matchless; superlative. — Peer'lessly, adv. — Peer'- 
lessness, n. 



Peer, per, v. i. [peered (nerd), peering.] To look 
narrowly, curiously, or sharply; to peep, pry. [ME. 
and LG. piren, to look closely, LG. plueren, to draw 
the eyelids together in order to look closely, Sw. 
plira, Dan. plire, to blink.] 

Peevish, pe'vish, a. Habitually fretful; easily vexed 
or fretted ; expressing discontent and fretfulness; 
querulous; petulant; cross; testy; captious ; discon- 
tented. [Perh. onomat., fr. the noise of fretful 
children; cf. Lowland Scot, peu, to make a plain- 
tive noise, Dan. dial, piseve, to whimper, F.piauler, 
to howl like a whelp, E.peep.'] — Pee'vishly, adv.— 
Pee'vishness, n. 

Peg, peg, n. A wooden nail or pin. — v. t. [pegged 
(pegd), -GING.] To fasten with pegs; to confine, re- 
strict, restrain, or limit. [Dan. pig, a pike, spike, 
W. pig, a point, peak; s. rt. pike?] 

Pehlevi, pa-la've, n. The literary language of west- 
ern Persia from the 3d to the 7th century. 

Pekoe, pe'ko or pek'o, n. A kind of black tea. [Chin. 
pih-haou, F. pe-kao, pe"-ko^\ 

Pelagian, pe-la'jl-an, n. (JEccl. Hist.) A follower of 
Pelagius, a monk of the 4th cent, who denied the 
received doctrines in respect to original sin, free 
will, grace, and the merit of good works. — Pela'- 
giani3m, -izm, v. The doctrines of Pelagius. 

Pelerine, peKe-ren, n. A lady's long cape, with ends 
coming down before. [F., f r. pe'lerm, a pilgrim, q. v.] 

Pelf, pelf, n. Money; riches; wealth, — esp. something 
il'i gotten or worthless. [OF. pelfre, booty, pelfrer, 
to pilfer, q. v.] 

Pelican, peKT-kan, n. A large web-footed water-fowl, 
having an enormous bill, 
to which is attached a 
pouch for holding fish ; 
a chemical glass vessel, 
or alembic, with a tubu- 
lated head, from which 
2 crooked beaks pass out, 
and enter again at the 
belly of the cucurbit. [F. ; 
Gr. pelekan, orig. the 
wood-pecker, also a large- 
billed water-fowl, fr. pel- 
ekan, to hew with an ax, 
fr. pelekus, Skr. paragu, 
ax, hatchet.] 

Pell, pel, n. A skin or hide; 
a roll of parchment. 
[ME. and OF. pel, L,. --" 1 - 
lis, a skin = E.. fell,q : 



s. rt. peel, surplice.'] — 

Pelisse', pe-les', n. A 

robe or habit worn by 




Amer. White Pelican. 



ladies. [F.; L. ptlUceus, -cea, made of skins, fr.pel- 
lis.} — Pellicle, -ll-kl, n. A thin skin, film, or crust. 
[L. pellicula, dim. of pellis.] — Pelt, n. The skin of 
a beast with the hair on; an undressed hide. [Perh. 
'- MHG. pelliz, D. pelz, fr. 



abbr. f r. peltry ; perh. fr. 
L. pellis.] — Pelt'-mong'e: 



in pelts or raw hides. — Pelfry, -rt, n. Skins with 

the fur on them: furs ; a worthless or refuse object. 

[OF. pelleterie, the trade of a pelletier (skinner), f r. 

pel.] 
Pellet, pellet, n. A little ball. [OF. pelote, dim. fr. 

L. pita, Gr. palla, a ball, Gr. pallein, to throw, L. 

peltere, to drive ; s. rt. pulsate, platoon?] 
Pell-mell, pel-meK, adv. In utter confusion ; with 

disorderly mixture. [F. pUe-mele, f r. pelle, a peal 

(q. v.), shovel, and meler, to mix, as when different 

kinds of grain are mixed with a shovel.] 
Pellucid, pel-lu'sid, a. Admitting the passage of light; 

translucent : clear. [F. pellucide, L. peUucidus, fr. 

pellucere,perlucere,to shine through, fr. per, through, 

and lucere, to shine, fr. lux, light.] — Pellucid'ity, 

Pellu'cidness, n. Quality of being 

pellucid; transparency. 
Pelt, n. A skin. See under Pell. 
Pelt, pelt, v. t. To strike with missiles 

(stones, etc.) ; to use as missiles. — 

n. A blow or stroke from something 

thrown. [L. pultare, to strike, knock, 

tx.pellere, to drive; not fr. pellet, but 

Peltate, pel'tat, Pel'tr.ted, a. (Bot.) Peltate Leaf. 




Shaped like a shield, — said of a leaf or other organ 
having the stalk inserted at or near the center. [L. 
pelta, Gr. pelte, a shield.] 

Peltry. See under Pell. 

Pelvis, peKvis, n. (Anat.) The bowl-shaped, bony 
structure at the lower extremity of the body, in- 
closing the lower part of the abdominal cavity. [L., 
a basin ; s. rt. Gr. pelis, a bowl, cup, perh. L. plenus 
= E.full.] — Pel' vie, a. Pert, to the pelvis. 

Pemmican, pem'ml-kan, n. Meat cut in thin slices, 
divested of fat, and dried in the sun; or dried, 
pounded, mixed with melted fat and dried fruit, 
and compressed into bags. [N. Am. Indian word.] 

Pen, pen, n. A small inclosure for beasts or fowls ; 
fold ; sty ; coop. — v. t. [penned (pend) or pent; 
penning.] To confine in a small inclosure or nar» 
row place. [AS. pennan; LG. pennen, to bolt a door- 
fr. penn, a peg, pin, q. v.] — Pent, p. p. or a. Shut 
up ; closely confined. 

Pen, pen, n. An instrument used for writing with ink; 
a writer. — v. t. [penned (pend), penning.] To 
write ; to compose and commit to paper. [ME. and 
OF. penne, fr. L.penna, orig. a feather, later a pen : 
see Feather ; s. rt. pin, pinnate, pinnacle, pinion.] 
— Pen'case, n. A case or holder for a pen. — Pen'- 
craft, n. Penmanship ; chirography ; art of com- 
position; authorship. — Pen'knife, -nif , n. A pocket 
knife, — orig. a knife for making quill pens. — Pen'- 
man, n. One who uses the pen ; one who writes a 
good hand; an author. — Pen'manship, n. Use of 
the pen in writing ; art of writing ; manner of writ- 
ing ; chirography. — Pen'nate, -nat, -nated, a. 
Winged ; plume-shaped. [L. pennatus.] 
nant, n. (Naut.) A small flag ; 
banner ; a long, narrow piece 
of bunting carried at the mast- __ 
head ; a rope or strap to which ^=-. 
a purchase is hooked. [Same 
as pennon.] — Pen'non, n. A 
wing; pinion; a pennant (flag). 
[OF. ; It. pennone, fr. L. penna.] 

Penal, pe'nal, a. Pert, to pun- 
ishment ; enacting or threaten- 
ing, incurring, or inflicting, 
Dunishment. [OF.; Jj.pcenalis, 
fr. poena, Gr.poine, punishment, 
penalty ; s. rt. punish, perh. 
pure.]— Pen'alty, pen'al-tY, n. Pennant. 

Penal retribution ; punishment for offense ; for- 
feiture ; fine. [OF. penaliie".] — Pen'ance, -ans, n. 
Suffering imposed or submitted to as a punishment 
for faults, or as an expression of penitence. {Rom. 
Cath. Clu) A sacrament, associated with absolu- 
tion. [OF. ; L. poenitentia, penitence, q. v., below.] 

— Pen'itent, -T-tent, a. Repentant ; contrite ; sin- 
cerely affected by a sense of guilt, and resolving on 
amendment of life. — n. One who repents of sin ; 
one under church censure, but admitted to pen- 
ance; one under the direction of a confessor. [OF. ; 
L. pcenitens, p. pr. of poenitere, to cause to repent, 
fr. paenire —punire, to punish (q. v.), fr. pozna.] — 
Pen'itence, -tens, n. Condition of being, etc. ; con- 
trition ; compunction; remorse.— Pen'itently, adv. 

— Peniten'tial, -shal, a. Pert, to, proceeding from, 
or expressing penitence. — Peniten'tiary, -sha-rt, a. 
Relating to penance, or to the rules and measures 
of penance, —n. One who prescribes the rules and 
measures of penance ; one who does penance ; a 
house of correction in which offenders are confined 
for punishment and reformation, and compelled to 
labor ; state prison. 

Penates, pe-na A tez,?t.^. (Rom. Antiq.) The house- 
hold gods of the ancient Latins. [L. v s. rt. penitus, 
inward, interior : see Penetrate.] 
>nce. See Penny. 

Penchant, poN'shaN', n. Inclination ; decided taste ; 
liking. [F., fr. pencher, to incline, L. pendere, to 
hang down.] 

Pencil, pen'sil, n. A small brush used by painters ; 
an instrument used for writing and drawing ; esp. 
a strip of graphite, etc., in a small cylinder oi wood 
or metal, or a slender piece of slate; the art, capaci- 
ty, or instrument of painting, drawing, or describ- 
ing. (Opt.) An aggregate or collection of rays of 
light, —v. t. [penciled (-sild), -ciling.] To paint 
or draw; to mark with a pencil. [OF. pincel,~L. 
penecillus, a small tail, also a painter's brush, dim. 
of peniculus, dim. of penis, a tail.] 

Pendant, pend'ant, n. A hanging appendage, esp. of 
an ornamental character ; an appendix or addi- 
tion ; nn earring. (Arch.) A hanging ornament on 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. 



term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, dr j 



PENETRATE 



413 



PENULT 




roofs, ceilings, etc., much used in 
Gothic architecture. A picture or 
print which hangs as a companion 
of another ; a pennant, q. v. [F., 
prop. p. pr. of pendre, L. penderc, 
to hang ; s.rt.'L. pendgre, pension, 
to weigh, Skr. sjjund, to tremble, 
vibrate, E. append, compendious, 
expend, perpendicular, stipend, 
pension, propensity, poise, avoirdu- 
pois, etc.] — Pend'ent, a. Sus- 
pended ; depending; pendulous; 
hanging; jutting over; projecting; 
overhanging. [L. pendens, p. pr. Pendant, 

of penderc. J — Pend'ing, p. a. Remaining unde- 
cided ; in suspense. — prep. During the pendency 
or continuance of; during. — Pend'ency, -en-si, ;;. 
State of being undecided or not terminated.— Pend'- 
ulous, -u-lus, a. Supported from above ; pendent 
loosely; hanging; swinging. [L.pendulus.] — Pend'- 
ulousness. n. — Pend'ulum, n. A body so suspended 
from a fixed point as to swing freely to and fro by 
the alternate action of gravity and momentum as in 
a clock. [L., neut. of pendulus.] — Fen'sile, -sil, a. 
Hanging ; pendent. [OF. pensil, L. pensilis.] — 
Pen'sileness. n. 

Penetrate, pen'e-trat, v. t. To enter into, make way 
into the interior of, pierce ; to touch with feeling, 
make sensible, affect ; to arrive at the inner con- 
tents or meaning of, comprehend. — v.i. To pass, 
make way, affect the intellect or feelings. [L. 
penetrare, -tratum, fr. penes, with, penitus, within 
(s. rt. E.penus, stored food, Lithuan. penas, fodder, 
E. food, pastor, q. v.), and rt. of Skr. tri, to cross, L. 
trans, across, intra, within, extra, without.] — Pene- 
tra'tion, n. Act of penetrating ; physical or men- 
tal entrance into the interior of anything; acute- 
ness ; sharp discernment; sagacity: discrimination. 
— Pen'etra'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to penetrate ; 
piercing. —Pen' etra'tiveness, n. — Penetrant, a. 
Having power to, etc.; sharp; subtile. — Pene- 
trance, -trans, -etrancy, -si, n. Quality of being, 
etc. — Penetrable, a. Capable of being penetrated; 
susceptible of moral or intellectual impression. — 
Penetrability, n. — Penetralia, -ll-a, n. pi. The 
recesses of a temple, palace, etc. : hidden things ; 
secrets. [E.] 

Penguin, pen'gwin, n. A web-footed marine bird, of 
the south tem- 
perate and frigid 
regions, unahle 
to fly, but an ex- 
pert swimmer 
and diver. [Perh. 
S. Amer. name; 
perh. fr. ProvE. 
pinwing, the pin- 
ion or outer joint 
of a fowl's wing; 
to pinion a bird 
is to remove this 
outer joint, or 
pluck out its 
quills : F. pin- 
goidn is fr. ES] 

Peninsula, pen-in'- 
su-la or -shoo-la. Penguin. 

n. A portion of land nearlv surrounded bv water, 
and connected with the larger body of land by an 
isthmus. [L., f r. psene, almost, and insula, island : 
see I>:si"lar.] — Penin'sular, a. In the form or 
state of, or pert, to, a peninsula. 

Penis, pe'nis, n. The male organ of generation 
see Pencil.] 

Penitent, Penitentiary, etc. See under Pejlal. 

Penman, Pennant, Pennate, Pennon, etc. see under 

PEN. 

Penny, pen'nl, n. ; pi. Pennies, -niz, or Pe>*ce, pens. 
[Pennies denotes the number of coins ; pence, the 
amount in value.] The l-12th of an E. shilling = 2 
cents ; a small sum ; money in general, in certain 
phrases. — a. Containing 1,000 m so many pounds 
weight, — said of nails, as, tenpenny nails, of which 
1,000 weigh 10 pounds. [ME. peni, pi. penies, also 
pens. AS. pening, D., Dan., and Sw. penning, G. 
pfennig, a penny ; D. pond, OHG. pfant, a pledge : 
see Pawn.] — Pen'ny-a-lin'er. n. One who writes 
for a newspaper, etc.. at so much a line ; a writer 
for pay. — Pen'nyweight, -wat, n. A troy weight 
containing 24 grains, or the 20th part of an ounce, — 
anciently the weight of a silver penny. — Pen'ny- 




[L. 



wise', a. Saving small sums at the hazard of larger. 
— Pen'nyworth, pen'nl-werth or pen'nerth, n. As 
much as is bought for a penny : a go ;d bargain ; 
small quantity; bit.— Pen'niless, a. Moneyless; 
destitute of money. 

Pennyroyal, pen'nl-roi-al, n. An aromatic herb grow- 
ing in Europe ; a N. Amer. plant resembling it. [L. 
puleium regium ; pidex, a flea, q. v. ; regium, royal : 
cf. E.fleabune.] 

Pension, pen^shun, n. A stated allowance to a per- 



son in consideration of past services ; esn., a yearly 
stipend paid by a government to retired public of- 
ficers, disabled soldiers, needy authors, etc. — v.*. 



[pensioned (-shund), -sioxixg.] To grant a pension 
to. [F. ; L. pensio, a payment, fr. pendgre, pensum, 
to weigh, to pay: see Pexda>t.] — Pen'sionary, 
-a-rl, a. Maintained by, or receiving, a pension ; 
consisting of a pension. — n. One who receives a 
pension for past services; one of the chief municipal 
magistrates of the towns in Holland and Zealand. — 
Pensioner, n. One who receives an annual allow- 
ance for services ; a dependent ; a student of the 2d 
rank, in the universities of Cambridge (Eng.), and 
Dublin, who is not dependent on the foundation 
for support. — Pen'sive, -siv, a. Thoughtful, sober, 
or sad ; expressing thoughtfulness with sadness. 
[ME. and F.pensif, fr. L. pensaro, to weisrh, ponder, 
consider, intens. of penderc] - Pen'sively, adv. — 
Pen'siveness, n. 

Penstock, pen'stok, n. A close trough or tube of 
planks for conducting water, as to a water-wheel ; 
the barrel of a wooden pump. 

Pent. See under Pen, an inclosure. 

Pentad, pen'tad, n. (Chem.) An atom, the equiva- 
lence of which is, or which can be combined with, 
or exchanged for, 5 hydrogen atoms. [Gr. pentas, 
-tados, a body of 5, fr. pente = E. five, q. v.] — 
Pen'tacap'sular, -su-lar, a. (Bot.) Having 5 cap- 
sules. [Gr. pente and L. capsula, box.] — Pen'ta- 
chord, -kord, n. An instrument of music with 5 
strings ; an order or system of 5 sounds. [Gr. 
chorde, string, chord, q. v"] — Pen'tagon, n. ( Geom.) 
A plane figure having 5 angle: 





giine, female.] — Pentahe'drdn, n.~ A Pentagon, 
solid figure havine 5 equal sides. [Gr. hedra, seat, 
base.] — Pentahe'dral, a. Hav- 
ingoequal sides.— Pentameter, 
n. (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse 
of 5 feet, of which the first two 
may be either dactyls or spon- 
dees, the third is always a spon- 
dee, and the last two anapests. 
[Gr. rnetron, measure, meter.] 
— Pentan'gular, -an'gu-lar, a. 
Having .5 angles. — Penfap- 
tote, -ap-tot, n. (Gram.) A -, . 
noun having 5 cases. [Gr.jpto- Pentagynous. 
tos, fallen, declined, fr. piptein, to fall.]— Pen 'ta« 
stich, -stik, n. A composition consisting of 5 verses. 
[Gr. stichos, line, verse.] — Pen'tastyle. -stll, n. 
(Arch.) An edifice with 5 columns in front. [Gr. 
stidos, pillar.] — Pen'tateuch, -ta-tuk, n. The first 5 
books of the Old Testament. [Gr. t^ucho*. tool, im- 
plement, book ; s. rt. text.] — Pentateuch'' al, a. 
Pert, to the Pentateuch. — Pen'tecost, -te-kost, n. 
A festival of the Jews, on the 50th day after the 
Passover, in commemoration of the gift 'of the law 
on the 50th day after the departure from Egypt ; 
Whitsuntide, a festival in commemoration of the 
descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles. (Acts, ii.) 
[Gr. Pentekoste, fern, of pentekostos, fiftieth, fr. 
pente and -Tcostos, fr. -konta, dekonta, tenth, fr. deka 
= E. ten.] — Pentecosfal, a. Pert, to Pentecost, or 
Whitsuntide ; pert, to or resembling the time when 
the Holy Spirit was poured out upon the Apostles. 

Pentagraph. Same as Pantograph : see under 
Panacea. 

Penthouse, penfhows, n. A shed standing aslope 
from the main wall or building ; a lean-to. [ME. 
pentis, OF. aperitif, appentis, a penthouse, L-. ap- 
pendicium — E. appendage ; s. rt. pendant.] — Pent'- 
rocf. n. A roof with a slope on one side only. [F. 
pr-nte, inclination, slope, and E. roof.] 

Pontile. Same as Pantile : see under Pan, a dish. 

Penult, pe'nult or pe-nulf, n. (Gram. &. Pros.) 
The last syllable but one of a word. [Abbr. fr. L. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



PENUMBRA 



414 



PERENNIAL 



penultima; psene, almost, and ultima, last.] — Pe* 
nult'ima^ -T-ma, n. Same as Penult. — Penul'ti- 
mate, -mat, a. Last but one : next before the last. 
The last syllable but one of a word ; penult. 



hadow 




Penumbra, pe-nuin 
cast, in an 
eclipse, where 
the light is 
partly, but not 
wholly, cut off 
by the inter- 

Jpa^f tK Penumbra, 

point of a pic- S > sun ; M ' moon ; CHB > CI>I > Penumbra, 
ture where the shade blends with the light. [L. 
psene and umbra, shade.] 

Penury, pen'u-ri, n. Absence of means or resources; 
want; indigence; poverty. [F. penurie, h.penuria; 
s. it. Gr. peina, hunger, penia, need, spania, want.] 
— Penu'rious, -rt-us, a. Showing penury or scarci- 
ty ; excessively saving in the use of monej r ; par- 
smionious; avaricious; miserly; niggardly; sordid. 
— Penu'riously, adv. — Penu'riousness, n. 

Peon, pe'on, n. In India, a native constable ; in 
Sp. Amer., a debtor held by his creditor in a form of 
qualified servitude, to work out a debt ; a serf, f F. 
pion, a foot-soldier in India, Sp. peon, a foot-soldier, 
a pawn in chess : see Pawn, in chess.] 

Peony, pe'o-nY, n. A plant having beautiful, showy 
flowers. [OF. pione, L. pseonia, medicinal, fern, of 
pseonius, pert, to Paeon, god of healing.] 

People, pe'pl, n. The body of persons who compose 
a community, tribe, nation, or race, — a collective 
noun, generally construed with a pi. verb, and only 
occasionally used in the pi. in the sense of nations 
or races ; persons generally ; folks ; the mass of a 
community as distinguished from a special class, as 
the noble or clerical ; the populace ; vulgar. — v. t. 
[peopled (-pld), -pling.] To stock with inhabi- 
tants ; to populate. [ME. peple, poeple, OF. pueple, 
L. populus ; s. rt. L. plebes, people, plenus, full, E. 
folk, populace : see Plenary.] 

Pepper, pep'per, n. A plant of several genera and nu- 
merous species, and its fruit, having a strong, aro- 
matic smell, and a hot, pungent taste; the ground 
or powdered fruit, used as a spice or condiment. — 
v. t. [peppered (-p5rd), -peeing.] _ To sprinkle 
with pepper ; to pelt with shot. [AS. pipor, L. piper, 
Gr. peperi, Skr. pippala, Per. pulpul.] — Pep'pery, 
-pSr-T, a. Relating to, or having the qualities of, 
pepper; hot; pungent; irritable. — Pep'permint, 
n. An aromatic and pungent plant ; also, a liquor 
distilled from the plant. — Pep'per-box, n. A small 
box, for sprinkling pepper on food. — corn, n. The 
berry or fruit of the pepper plant ; something of 
insignificant value. — grass, n. A kind of cress, 
sometimes cultivated for the table. — sauce, n. A 
condiment for the table made by steeping small red 
peppers in vinegar. 

Pepperidge, pep'ner-ij, n. The tupelo, or black gum, 
a tree with very tough wood. 

Pepsin, pep'sin/ra. A substance secreted by the stom- 
ach of animals, and present in the gastric juice. 
[3?. pepsine, f r. Gr. peptein, to cook ; s. rt. Skr. pach, 
L. coquere = E. cook.] — Pep'tic, a. Relating to or 
promoting digestion.— Pop'tone, -ton, n. (Physiol.) 
The substance into which the albuminous elements 
of the food are transformed by the action of the 
gastric juice ; albuminose. 

Peradventure, pSr-ad-ven'chur, adv. By chance ; 
perhaps; it may be. [ME. peraventure, F.par 
aventure ; par = L. per, through (s. rt. Gr. para, 
by the side of, Skr. para, away, from, forth, param, 
beyond, Fj. from), and F. aventure^ adventure.] 

Perambulate, per-am'bu-lat, v. t. To walk through 
or over ; to go round or about. [L. perambulare, 
-latum, fr. per, through, and ambulare, to walk.] — 
Peram / bula / 'tion, n. Act of perambulating, or of 
passing or walking through or over ; an annual sur- 
vey of boundaries. — Peram'bula'tor, n. One who, 
etc. ; an instrument for measuring distances ; a 
child's carriage, pushed from behind. 

Percale, par-kaK, n. A fine, closely woven cotton 
fabric, used for ladies' summer dresses. [F.] 

Perceive, per-sev', v. t. [-ceived (-sevdO, -ceiving.] 
To obtain knowledge of through the senses; to take 
intellectual cognizance of, see to be true, discern, 
see, feel, know, understand. [OF. percerer, L. per- 
cipere, -ceptum, f r. per (see Peradventure), through, 
thoroughly, and capere, to take, receive.] — Per- 
ceiv'er, n. — Perceiv'able, a. Capable of being per- 




ceived. — Perceiv'ably, adv. — Perception, -sep'- 

shun,n. Act of perceiving; cognizance by the senses 
or intellect; cognition. (Psychology.) The faculty 
of perceiving; act of apprehending material objects 
or qualities through the senses. [F.; L. perception 
— Percep'tive, -tiv, a. Having the faculty of per- 
ceiving; used in perception. — Percep'tible, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. — Percep'tibly, adv. — Percept 
tibil'ity, n. State or quality of being, etc.— Percip- 
ient, -sip'I-ent, a. Having the faculty of percep- 
tion; perceiving. [L. percipiens, p. pr. of per cipere.] 

— Percip'ience, n. Quality or act of, etc. 
Percentage, per-sent'ej, n. (Com.) The allowance, 

duty, rate of interest, or commission on a hundred. 
[Fr. per cent, ~L,.per centum: see Cent.] 

Perch, perch, n. A fish of several species, inhabiting 
both fresh and salt 
water, and having sharp 
long fins. [ME. and F. 
perche, L. perca, Gr. 
perke, fr. its color, Gr. 
perkos, Skr. pricni, 
spotted, dark; s. rt. L. 
spargere, to scatter, E. 
sprinkle.] Perch. 

Perch, perch, n. A pole; 
long staff; rod; a measure of length = 5£ yards or 
lrod; any raised object upon which a bird lights 
or rests; a roost. — v. i. [perched (percht), perch- 
ing.] To light or settle on a fixed body, as a bird. 

— v. t. To place on a fixed object or perch. [ME. 
and F. perche, L. pertica, a bar, measuring-rod.] — 
Perch'er, n. One of an order of birds which perch 
or light on trees, etc. 

Perchance, per-chans', adv. By chance; perhaps ; 
peradventure. [ME. per cas = F.par cas; F. cos, 
chance, case, q. v.: cf. Peradventure.] 

Perchoron, per'she-ron, n. One of a breed of horses 
originating in the district of Perche in Normandy. 

Percipient, etc. See under Perceive. 

Percolate, per'ko-lat, v. t. To cause to pass through 
small interstices, as a liquid; to filter, — v. i. To 
pass through interstices, filter. [~L.j>ercolare, -latum, 
fr. per and colare, to strain: see Colander.] — Per- 
colation, n. Act of percolating, or filtering ; fil- 
trating; straining. — Per 'cola'tor, n. A filtering ma- 
chine. 

Percussion, per-kush-'un, n. Act of striking one body 
against another; forcible collision, esp. such as gives 
a sound or report; the effect of violent collision; vi- 
bratory shock. (Med.) Act of determining the con- 
dition of an internal organ by the sound given when 
the external surface is gently knocked upon. [L. 
percussio, f r. percutere, -cussum, to strike, fr. per and 
quatere, to shake.] - 
Percussion c a p. A | 
small copper cap or 
cup, containing ful- 
minating powder, 
and used in a per- 
cussion-lock to ex- 
plode gunpowder. — 

P. -lock. A lock of a Pe rPUS sion-lock 

gun in which gun- L ercussion-iocK. 

powder is exploded by fire obtained from the per- 
cussion of fulminating powder. — Percus'sive, -siv, 
a. Striking against. — Percu'tient, -shent, n. That 
which strikes, or has power to strike. [L. percutiens, 
p. pr. of percutere.] 

Perdition, pSr-dish'un, n. Entire loss; utter destruc- 
tion; ruin; future misery or eternal death. [F.; L. 
perditio, iv.perdere, -ditum, to ruin, lose, ir.per and 
s. rt. dare, to give.] — Perdu, Perdue, per-du' or 
per'du, a. Lost to view ; in concealment ; aban- 
doned; employed on desperate purposes. [F. per- 
du, fr. perdue, lost, p. p. oiperdre, L. perdere.] 

Peregrinate, per'e-grT-nat, v. i. To travel from place 
to place; to live in a foreign country. [L. peregri- 
nari, -natus, fr. percgrinus, foreign: see Pilgrim.] — 
Per'egrina'tion, n. Act of, etc. [F.; ~L. peregrina- 
tio.] — Per'egrina'tor, n. 

Peremptory, per'emp-to-ri, a. Precluding debate or 
expostulation; decisive; absolute; positive in opin- 
ion or judgment; arbitrary; dogmatical. [F. peremp~ 
toire, peremptory, f r. L. peremptorius, lit. destruc- 
tive, hence decisive, fr. per -emptor, a destroyer, fr. 
perimere, -emptum, to take away entirely, destroy, 
fr. per and emere, to take, buy.] — Per'emptorily, 
adv. — Per'emptorinesa, n. 

Perennial, per-en'nt-al, a. Lasting through the year; 
continuing without stop or intermission; perpetual; 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, te"rm ; Tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



PERFECT 



415 



PERIPHERY 



never-failing; constant; enduring. (Bot.) Contin- 
uing rrtore than 2 years. — n. A plant winch lives or 
continues more than 2 years. [L. perennis, fr. per 
and annus, year.] — Peren'nially, adv.— Peren'nity, 
-nT-tT, n. Quality of being perennial; lasting con- 
tinuance. 
Perfect, pSrlekt, a. Carried through; completed ; 
tilled up; esp., not defective; having all that is req- 
uisite to its nature and kind; complete in moral ex- 
cellences. (Bot.) Having both stamens and pistils. 

— Perfect, pgr'fekt or per-fekf, v. t. To finish or 
complete, so as to leave nothing wanting. [ME. and 
OF. parfit, L. perfectus, p. p. of perficere, to per- 
form, finish, fr. per and facere, to make, do.] — Per- 
fected perl'ekt- or per-fekfer, n. One who makes 
perfect. —Perfectible, a. Capable of becoming or 
of being made perfect. — Perfect'ibillty, n. Qual- 
ity of being, etc.— Perfection, n. State of being 
perfect or complete, so that nothing requisite is 
wanting : a quality, endowment, or acquirement, 
completely excellent, or of great worth. — Perfec- 
tionist, n. One who believes that some persons act- 
ually attain to moral perfection in the present life. 

— Perfective, -iv, a. Calculated or tending to per- 
fect. ( Gram.) Expressing completed or momenta- 
ry action, — said of some forms of the verb. — Per- 
fectly, adv. — Per'fectness, n. — Perffcient, -fish'- 
ent, a. One who performs a work; esp., one who en- 
dows a charity. [L. perjiciens, p. pr. of perficere.] 

Perfidy, perl'I-dY, n. Breach of faith ; act of vio- 
lating a promise, vow, or allegiance ; faithlessness; 
treachery. [F. perfidie, L. perfidia, fr. perfidus, 
faithless, fr. per and fidws, faithful.] —Perfidious, 
-l-us, a. Guilty of, or involving, perfidy ; false to 
trust or confidence; proceeding from treachery, or 
consisting in breach of faith; guilty of violating 
allegiance; faithless; disloyal; traitorous. — Perfid- 
iously, adv. — Perfid1ousne3S, n. 

Perfoliate, per-foli-at, a. {Dot.) Sur- 
rounding the stem at the base. [L. per 
and folium, !eaf.]_ 

Perforate, perl'o-rat, v. t. To bore 
through, pierce, penetrate; to make a 
hole or holes tfn-ough. [L. perforare, 
-atum, fr. per and forare, to bore.] — 
Perforation, n. Act of perforating ; 
a hole passing through or into the in- 
terior of anything.— Perforative, -tiv, 
a. Having power to perforate. — Per' 
fora'tor, -ter, n. An instrument that 

Perforce, per-fors', adv. By force; vie- Perfoliate Leaf - 
lently ; of necessity ; absolutely. [ME. parforce, F. 
par force ; cf. Peradventure.] 

Perform, per-f6rm1 v. t. [-formed (-fSmid'), -form- 
ing.] To carry through, bring to completion, ac- 
complish, do, transact; to execute, discharge, —v. i. 
To acquit one's self in any work; esp. to go through 
with or act a public part, as in a drama, pantomime, 
etc.; to play on a musical instrument. [ME. par- 
fournen, OF. parfournir, fr. par (= L. per) and 
foumir, to furnish, q. v.] — Perform 'able, a. Prac- 
ticable. — Perform'ance, -ans, n. Act of, condition 
of being, or thing which, etc. ; esp., an act of an 
elaborate or public character; an exhibition; achieve- 
ment; exploit; feat. — Perform^er, n. 

Perfume, perlum or pgr-fam', n. The odor emitted 
from sweet-smelling substances; fragrance; a sub- 
stance that emits an agreeable scent. — v.t. [per- 
fumed (-fumd r ), -fuming.] To fill or impregnate 
with a grateful odor; to scent. [F. parfumer, fr. 
par (L. per) and funier, L. fumare, to smoke, fr. 
fumus, smoke, fume, q. v.] — Perfum^er, n. One who 
perfumes, or sells perfumes. — Perfum / ery, -er-T, n. 
Perfumes in general. 

Perfunctory, per-f ugklo-rt, a. Done without interest 
or zeal, and merely to get rid of a duty; indifferent; 
careless ; negligent. [L. perfunctorius, fr. perfunc- 
tus, p. p. of perfungi, to tli-charge, fr. per and fungi, 
to perform.]^ — Perfunclorily, -to-rT-lT, adv. 

Perfuse, per-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To 
sprinkle, pour, or spread over or through. [L. per- 
fundere, -fusum, fr. per and fundere, to pour.] — 
Perfu'slon, -zhun, n. Act of, etc. — Perfu'sive, -siv, 
o. Sprinkling; adapted to spread or sprinkle. 

Perhaps, per-haps', adv. By chance; it may be; per- 
adventure; possibly. [L. per and E. hap, q. v.; cf. 
Peradvejttdee.] 

Peri, pe'rt, n. ; pi. -Ris, -riz. (Per. Myth.) A being of 
the female sex, descendant of fallen angels, ex- 
cluded from paradise till their penance is accom- 




plished. [Per. pari, a fairy, par, a wing, feather, 
q. v.] 

Perianth, pCr'Y-anth, n. (Bot.) That calyx which 
envelops only a single flower, and is immediately 
contiguous to it; the leaves of the flower generally, 
esp. when the calyx and corolla are not readily dis- 
tinguished. [Gr. peri, around, about (see Perad- 
venture), and anthos, flower.] 

Pericardium, pcr'i-kar'dT-um, ». (Anat.) The men- 
branous sac which incloses the heart. [LateL. ; 
Gr. perikardion, lr. peri and kardia = E. heart.] — 
Pericardiac, -dial, -dian, -die, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Pericarp, p^r'T-kaip, n. 
(Bot.) The seed vessel of 
a plant; that portion of a 
fruit in which the seed is 
inclosed. [Gr. karpos, 
fruit; s. rt. harvest.] 





Pericarps. 

a, 4, drupe of peach; c, nut, filbert; d. str:>i'ii>; o; pine; 
e, f, capsule of poppy; g, capsule of Aristolochia. 

Pericranium, per-I-kra'nl-um, n. (Anat.) The fibrous 
membrane that immediately invests the skull. [Late 
L.; Gr. kranion, skull.] 

Perigee, perl-je, -ge'um, n. (Astron.) That point in 
the orbit of the moon which is nearest to the earth. 
[Gr. ge, earth.] 

Perigraph, per' i-graf, n. A careless or inaccurate de- 
lineation of anything. [Gr. graphe, a writing.] 

Perihelion, per-i-heKyun or -hell-on, -helium, -ll-um, 
n. (Astron.) That point in the orbit of a planet or 
comet nearest to the sun. [Gr. helios. the sun.] 

Peril, peril, n. Instant or impending danger ; ex- 
posure to injury, loss, or destruction ; jeopardy ; 
risk; hazard. — v. t. [periled C-ild), -iling.] To 
expose to danger; to hazard, risk, jeopard. [F. ; 
L. periculum, periclum, fr. obs. periri, peritus, to 
try, attempt ; s. rt. Gr. peran. to pass through, 
Goth, faran, to travel, E. fare.] ~ Perilous, -us, a. 
Full of, attended with, or involving peril; hazard- 
ous. — Perilously, adv. — Perllousness, n. 

Perimeter, pe-riiu'e-ter, n. (Geom.) The outer boun- 
dary of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides. 
[Gr. peri and metron, measure.] 

Period, pell-ud, n. A portion of time as determined 
by some recurring phenomenon, as by the revolu- 
tion of one of the heavenly bodies ; a stated and 
recurring interval of time; a cycle; an interval of 
time, specified or left indefinite; a certain series of 
years, months, days, etc.; termination of a revolu- 
tion, cycle, series of events, single event, or act. 
(Rhet.) A complete sentence, from one full stop to 
another ; clause. (Print.) The point that marks 
the end of a complete sentence; a full stop [thus • ]. 
[F. periode, L. periodus, a complete sentence, Gr. 
penodas, a going round, circuit, a well-rounded sen- 
tence, fr. peri and hodos, a way.] — Periodic, -ical, 
-odlk-al, a. Performed in a circuit, or in a series 
of successive circuits; happening by revolution, at 
a stated time; returning regularly, after a certain 
period of time. (Rhet.) Pert, to or constituting a 
period. — n. A publication which appears at stated 
or regular intervals. — Periodically, adv. At stated 
periods. — Pe'riodiclty, -o-dis'I-tY, n. State or 
quality of being periodical; tendency to return or 
change at regular intervals. 

Periosteum, per-Y-osle-um, n. (Anat.) A fibrous mem- 
brane investing a bone. [Gr. osteon, a bone.] 

Peripatetic, perl-pa-tetlk, a. Pert, to the system of 
philosophy of Aristotle, who gave his instructions 
while walking in the Lyceum at Athens.— n. An 
adherent of the philosophy of Aristotle: one obliged 
to walk, or unable to ride. [Gr. patein, to walk, fr. 
patos = E. path.] — Per'ipatetlcism, -sizm, n. Phil- 
osophical system of Aristotle. 

Periphery, pe-rifer-i , n. The circumference of a cir- 
cle, ellipse, or other regular curvilinear figure. TGr. 
plierein, to carry.] — Peripheric, -ical, -fgrlk-al, a. 
Pert, to, or constituting, a periphery ; external ; 
around the outside of an organ. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f dot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tben, boNboN, chair, get. 



FERIPHRASE 



416 



PERPLEX 



Paraphrase. per'I-fraz, n. (Bhet.) The use of more 
words than are necessary to express the idea; cir- 
cumlocution.— V. t. [PEEIPHEASED (-frazd), -PHRAS- 
ING.] To express by circumlocution. [L. and Gr. 
periphrasis; Gr. phrasis, a speech, phrase.] — Pe- 
riph'rasis. -rif la-sis, n. Same as Peeiphrase.— 
Periphras'tic, -tical, -T-fraslik-al, a. Expressing 
or expressed in more words than are necessary; cir- 
cumlocutory. 

Peripneumony. pgr-ip-nu'mo-ni, n. {Med.) An in- 
flammation of the lungs ; pneumonia. [Gr. ptieu- 
mon, a lung.] 

Peripteral, pe-rip'tSr-al, a. Having a range of col- 
umns all around. [Gr. pteron, feather, wing, row 
of columns.] — Periplerous, -tgr-us, a. Feathered 
on all sides. 

Periscope, per't-skop. n. A general view. [Gr. skopein, 
to look, view.] — Periscop'ic, -skOplk, a. Viewed 
on all sides, — applied to a kind of spectacles having 
concavo-convex glasses which increase the distinct- 
ness of ol-jects when viewed obliquely. 

Perish, perish, v. i. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To be 
destroyed, pass away, go to destruction, come to 
nothing, be ruined or lost ; to die, decease ; to 
wither, waste, decay gradually, as a limb. [F. perir, 
L. perire, to go or run through, perish, fr. per, 
through, and ire, Skr. i, to go.] — Perishable, a. 
Liable to perish; subject to decay and destruction. 

— Perlshableness, n. 

Perisperm. per'T-sperm, n. (Bot.) The albumen of 
a seed. [Gr. peri and sperma, seed.] 

Perispheric. per-1-sferlk, -ical, a. Having the form 
of a ball; globular. [Gr. sphaira, sphere.] 

Peristaltic, per-TC-stallik, a. (Anat.) Contracting in 
successive circles, — applied to the vermicular mo- 
tion of the alimentary canal, and similar struc- 
tures. [Gr.peristaUein, to surround, wrap up.] 

Peristyle, perl-stil, n. (Arch.) A range of columns 
round a building or square, or a 
building encompassed with a 
row of columns on the outside. 
[Gr. atulos, column.] 

Peritoneum, per'I-to-ne'um, n. 
(Anat.) A thin, smooth, serous, 
membrane, investing the whole 
internal surface of the abdo- 
men, and the viscera contained 
in it. [L. ; Gr. peritoneion ; tei- 
nein, to stretch round or over.] 

— Per'itoni'tis, n. (Pathol.) In- 
flammation of, etc. 

Peritropal, pe-rifro-pal, a. Ro- 
tatory; circuitous. (Bot.) Having the axis of the 
seed perpendicular to the axis of the pericarp to 
which it is attached. [Gr. trepein, to turn.] 

Periwig, per'I-wig, n. A small wig; peruke; scratch. 

— v. t. [periwigged (-wigd), -GING.1 To dress 
with a peri wig, or with false hair. [ME. peiim'gge, 
perwicke, OD. peruyk, F. perruque, a peruque, 
q. v.] 

Periwinkle, per'Y-winkl, n. (Zoo!.) A gasteropo- 
dous molhisk, having a turbinated 
shell. [Corrup. (owing to the name 
of the plant, following) of AS. 
pinewincta, a winkle eaten with a 
inn, q. v.; wincle, a snail, shell-fish, 
fr.. its convoluted shell; s. rt. winch, T 
q. v.]-(Bot.) A flowering plant. Periwinkle. 
[AS. peruincse, L. pervinca; s. rt. L. vincire, viere, 
to bind, vitis, a vine, q. v.] 

Perjure, per'jur, v. t. [-jured (-jurd), -juring.] To 
swear before a court of justice to what one knows 
to be untrue, or does not know to be true; to make 
a false oath to. forswear. [F. parjurer, L. perju- 
rare, fr. per and jurare, to swear.] — Perlured, 




Peristyle. 



r'ju 

fals 



jurd, a. Guilty of perjury; having sworn falsely; 
being sworn falsely. — Per'jurer, n. — Per'jury, -rt, 
n. False swearing; act or crime of willfully mak- 
ing a false oath in a judicial proceeding. [L-per- 
jurium.~] 

Perk. perk. a. Pert ; uppish ; smart ; trim ; vain. — 
?». i. [perked (perkt), perking.] To hold up the 
head with affected smartness. — v. t. To dress up; 
make trim; prank. [W. perc, compact, trim, percu, 
to trim, percus, pert, smart, pert, q. v.] 

Permanent, per'ma-nent, a. Continuing in the same 
state, or without any change that destroys form or 
character; lasting; durable; fixed. [F.; L. perma- 
nens, p. pr. of jjerma7iere, to stay or remain to the 
end, to last, fr. per and manere, to remain.] — Per- 
manently, adv. — Per'manence, -nens, -nency, -nen- 



sT, n. Condition or quality of being, etc.; duration; 
fixedness. 
Permeate, per'me - at, v. t, To pass through the 
pores or interstices of, — applied esp. to fluids. [L. 
permeare, -atum, fr. per and meare, to go, to pass.} 

— Permea'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Permeable, a. 
Admitting of being permeated, or passed through; 
penetrable. — Permeability, n. 

Permiscible, per-mis'sl-bl, a. Capable of being 
mixed. [L. per and niiscere, to mix.] 

Permit, per-mif, v. t. To resign, give in charge, re- 
fer; to grant express liberty to do; to put up with, 
tolerate, suffer; to grant leave to, allow. — v. i. To 
grant permission, give leave. — Permit, perlnit or 
per-mif', n. Warrant; leave; permission; written 
permission from the proper authority, to export or 
transport goods, or to land goods or persons. [L. 
permittere, -)7iissum, to let through, permit, fr.^jer 
and mittere, to let go, send.] — Permit'tance, -tans, 
n. Act of permitting; permission.— Permit'ter, n. 

— Permis'sion, -mish-'un, n. Act of permitting; 
formal consent; leave; liberty; license. — Permis''- 
sible, «. Proper to be, etc. — Permis'sive, -siv, a. 
Granting liberty; allowing; suffered without hin- 
drance. — Permis'sively, adv. 

Permutation, per-mu-ta'shun, n. Successive change 
or variation of arrangement; mutual transference; 
interchange. (Math.) Arrangement of any deter- 
minate number of things, in allpossible orders. [F. ; 
jL. permutatio, fr. per and mutare, to change.] 

Pernicious, per-nish'us, a. Having the quality of 
destroying or injuring; destructive; noxious; mis- 
chievous. [F. pernicieux, L. perniciosus, fr. perni- 
cies, destruction, fr. per and nex, necis, a violent 
death.]— Perniciously, adv. — Perni'ciousness, n. 

Peroration, pSr-o-ra'shun, n. (Jthet.) The concluding 
part of an oration or discourse. [F.; L. peroroiio, 
fr. perorare, to speak from beginning to end, fr. 
per and orare, to speak.] 

Peroxide, per-oksld, n. (Chem.) That oxide of a 
given base which contains the greatest quantity of 
oxygen. [Prefix per and oxide.] 

Perpender, per-pend'er, n. A large stone reaching 
through a wall so as to appear on both sides of it, 
and therefore having both ends smooth or wrought. 
[F. parpain, pierre parpaigne, ir.j>ar, through, and 
pan, the side of a wall.] 

Perpendicular, per-pen-dik'u-ler, a. 
right; at right angles to the plane 
of the horizon. (Geom.) At right 
angles to a given line or surface. 

— w. A line at right angles to the 

filane of the horizon; a vertical 
ine or direction. (Geom.) Aline 
ot plane falling at right angles 
on another line or surface. [F.; *_ 
L. perpendieidoris, f r. perpendic- , _ a .. , 
uhni, a plummet, iv. per and a 1/^oX.i ' 
pendgre, to weigh: see Pendant.] b c ' Ho » zontal - 

— Perpendicularity, -lar'T-tT, n. State of being 
perpendicular. — Perpendicularly, -ler-li, adv. 

Perpetrate, per'pe-trat, v. t. To execute, in a bad 
sense; to commit; be guilty of. [L. perpetrare, f r. 
per and patrare, to perform; s. rt. Li.potis, able, 
potens, powerful, Skr. pat, to be powerful, E. po- 
tent.] — Perpetration, n. Act of perpetrating, or 
of committing a crime; an evil action. — Perpe- 
trator, -ter, n. 

Perpetual, per-pefu-al, a. Continuing indefinitely 
or infinitely ; unending ; constant ; perennial ; in- 
cessant; unceasing. [ME. and F '. perpetuel, 1j. per- 
petualis, fr. peipetuare, -atum, to perpetuate, per* 
petuus, continuous, perpes, lasting, fr. per and s. rt. 
Gr. patos, a path, pate.in, to tread : see Path.T-- 
Perpefually, adv. — Perpet'uate, -u-at, v. t. To 
make perpetual ; to preserve from extinction or 
oblivion : to eternize. — Perpet / ua' r tion, n. Act of, 
etc. — Perpetuity, n. State or quality of being, 
etc. ; endless duration ; a thing without an end; 
quality or condition of an estate by which it be- 
comes inalienable, either perpetually or for a very 
long period; the estate so perpetuated. [F. perpe- 
ttdt6, L. perpetuitas.~\ 

Perplex, per-pleks', v. t. [-plexed (-pleksf), -PLEX- 
isn.] To make intricate; to make complicated and 
difficult to be understood or unraveled; to tease with 
suspense, anxiety, or ambiguity; to embarrass, puz- 
zle, bewilder, distract, vex. (T. ; L. perjilexus, in- 
tricate, entangled, fr. per and plexus, p. p. of piec- 
tere, to braid, plait, q. v.] — Perplex , 'edly, adv. In 
a perplexed manner. — Perplexity, n. State of be- 



Exactly up- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, Or ; 



PERQUISITE 



417 



ing perplexed; intricacy; embarrassment. [F. per- 
plexity, L. perplexitas.] 

Perquisite, p~er / kwY-zit, n. An incidental gain in an 
office or employment, beyond ordinary salary or 
wages for services rendered. [L. perquisitum, prop, 
neut. of perquisitus, p. p. of perquirere, to ask for 
dilligentiy, fr. per and quserere, to seek.] — Perqui- 
sition, -zish'un, n. An accurate inquiry or search. 

Perry. See under Pear. 

Persecute, per'se-kut, v. t. To pursue in a manner to 
injure, vex, or afflict ; to harass ; esp. to harass or 
punish for adherence to a particular creed or mode 
of worship. [F. persecuter, L,. persegui, -secutus, fr. 
per and sequi, to follow, pursue.] — Persecution, n. 
Act of, or state of_being, etc. — Per'secu^tor, n. 

Persevere, peVse-ver', v. i. [-vered (-verd r ), -ver- 
ing.] To persist in any business or enterprise un- 
dertaken ; not to abandon what is undertaken ; to 
continue. [F. perseverer, L. perseverare, fr. perse- 
verus, very strict, fr. per and severus, strict.] — 
Per'sever'ance, -ans, n. Act of, etc. ; persistence ; 
steadfastness; constancy; steadiness. [OF.; perse- 
verantia.] — Per'sever'ingryv adv. 

Persiflage, pSr'se-flazh/, n. Frivolous or bantering 
talk, or style of treating a subject. [F., fr. persv- 
fler, to quiz, fr. L. per and sibilare, F. siffler, to 
whistle, niss.] 

Persimmon, pgr-sim'mun, n. A tree and its fruit, 
found from New York southward. [Indian name.] 

Persist, per-sist', v. i. To continue fixed in a course of 
conduct against opposing motives ; to persevere, 
continue steadily and firmly. [F. persister, L. per- 
sistere, fr. per and sistere, to stand or be fixed.] — 
PersistSnt, -ive, -iv, a. Inclined to persist or hold 
firm; tenacious; fixed; immovable. —Persistence, 
-ens, -ency, -en-sY, n. State of being, etc. (Phi/sics.) 
Continuance of an effect after the cause which first 
gave rise to it is removed. 

Person, per'sn, n. A character represented in dia- 
logue, fiction, or on the stage ; part or character 
which any one sustains ; outward appearance ; ex- 
pression ; a living soul ; moral agent ; esp. a living 
human being, a man, woman, or child ; among 
Trinitarians, one of the 3 subjects or agents consti- 
tuting the godhead; any human being; one; a man. 
(Gram.) One of the 3 relations which a noun or 
pronoun may hold to the verb of which either is the 
subject, and pert, to both noun and verb. [F. per- 
sonne, a person, creature, L. persona, a mask, person- 
age, part, a person, fr. personare, -atum, to sound 
through, fr. per and sonare, to sound; s. rt. parson.] 

— Artificial person. (Law.) A corporation or body 
politic— In p. By one's self; with bodily presence. 

— Psr'sonable, a. Having a well- formed body or 
person: graceful. (Law.) Enabled to maintain pleas 
in court. — Per'sonage, -sun-ej, n. Character as- 
sumed or represented; an individual or person, esp. 
one distinguished by rank, social position, or reputa- 
tion ; exterior appearance, stature, an imposing air, 
etc. ; or an individual attracting attention by such 
characteristics. [OF. personnage.] — PerSonal, a. 
Pert, to a person ; as, belonging to men or women 
and not to things; or, relating to individuals, pe- 
culiar to private concerns ; or, pert, to the bodily 
appearance, done without the intervention of an- 
other ; or, applying to the character and conduct of 
individuals in a disparaging manner ; or, (Law.) 
pert, to movable or chattel property, as disting. f r. 
real estate; or, (Gram.) denoting the person. [OF. 

f'.rsonnel, L. personalis.] — Personality, -al'i-tt, n. 
hat which constitutes, or pertains to, a person ; 
something said or written which refers, esp. in a 
disparaging way, to the conduct of some person. — 
Personally, adv. In a personal or direct manner; 
with respect to an individual; individually. — Per'- 
Bonate, -at, v. t. To assume the characterof , coun- 
terfeit, feign ; to disguise, mask. — Persona'tion, n. 
Act of, etc. — Per'sona'tor, n. — Person'ify, v. t. 
[-fied (-fid), -fying.] To represent, regard, or treat 
as a person; to imitate, mimic, resemble. [L. per- 
sona and facer e, to make.] — Person / ifica'tion, n. 
Act of personifying. (Rhet.) A figure, in which 
an inanimate being is represented as animated, or 
endowed with personality; prosopopoeia. — Person- 
nel, par'so-neK, n. The body of persons employed 
in some public service, as the army or navy, etc. 
[F.: see Personal, above.] 
Perspective, per-spek'tiv, a. Pert, to the art, or in 
accordance with the laws, of perspective, —n. A 
view; vista ; art of representing on a plane surface 
objects as they appear, relatively, to the eye in na- 



PERTAIN 

ture. [F.; L. perspectiva, prop. fern, of perspective, 
relating to inspection, fr. perspicere, -spectum, to see 
through, see clearly, fr. per and specere, to see, spy, 
q. v.] — Aerial perspective. Art of giving due dim- 
inution to the light, shade, and colors of objects, ac< 
cording to their distances, etc. — Isometrical p. See 
Isometric, under Isagon.— Linear p. Application 




Linear Perspective. 



of geometric principles to the delineation of the lines 
of a picture. — PerspeCtively, adv. According to 
the rules of perspective. — Perspec'tograph, -to- 
graf , n. An instrument for transferring to a picture 
the points and outlines of original ohjects. [Gr. 
graphein, to write, draw.]— Perspica'ciou3, -spi-ka''- 
shus, rt. Quick-sighted ; sharp of sight ; of acute 
discernment ; keen. [L. perspicax, -cock, fr. per- 
spicere.] — Perspicacity, -kas'T-tT, n. State of be- 
ing, etc. [F. perspicacity, L. perspicocitas.] — Per- 
spic'uaus, -spik'u-us, rt. Clear to the understand- 
ing ; capable of being clearly understood : not ob- 
scure or ambiguous ; plain ; distinct ; definite. [L. 
perspicuvs, fr. perspicere. ] — Perspic'uously, adv. — 
Perspic'uousness, Perspicuity, n. The state of be- 
ing perspicuous ; plainness ; freedom from obscu- 
rity. [F. perspiexdti.] 
Perspire, per-spir', v. i. [-spired (-spird')^ -spiring.] 
To evacuate the fluids of the body tnrough the 

Eores of the skin ; to sweat ; to be excreted insensi- 
ly through the excretories of the skin. — v. t. To 
emit or evacuate insensibly through the excretories 
of the skin ; to sweat. [L. perspirare, to breathe 
through or everywhere, fr. per and spirare, to 
breathe.] — Perspir 'able, a. Capable of being per- 
spired. — Perspir'ability, n.— Perspira'tion, n. Act 
of perspiring; that which is perspired: sweat— Per- 
spir'ative, -tiv, a. Performing the act of perspira- 
tion. — Perspir'atory, -a-to-rt, a. Pert, to, or caus- 
ing, perspiration. 
Persuade, per-swad', v. t. To influence by argument, 
advice, entreaty, or expostulation ; to convince by 
argument or reasons, induce, prevail on, allure, en- 
tice. [F. persuader, L. persuadere, -svasum, fr. per 
and suadere, to advise, persuade.] — Persuad'er, n. 

— Persuad'able, a. — Persua'sible, -swa'si-bl. a. Ca- 
pable of being persuaded. [F.] — Persna'sibil'ity, n. 

— Persuasion, -zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; a creed or belief ; a sect adhering to a creed. 
[F.] — Fersua'sive, -siv, a. Tending to persuade: 
having the power of persuading. — ?;. An incite- 
ment ; an exhortation. [F. persuasif.] — Persua'- 
sively, adv. — Persuasiveness, n. — PersuaSory, -so- 
rt, a. Having power or tendency to persuade ; 
persuasive. 

Pert, pert, a. Indecorously free or presuming ; for- 
ward ; saucy; bold; impudent. — n. An assuming 
or saucy person. [Partly fr. F. apert, L. apertus, 
open : see Malapert, under Maladministration; 
partly same as perk, q. v.] — Pertly, adv. — Perf- 
ness, n. 

Pertain, per-tan/, v. i. [-tained (-tand r ), -taining.] 
To be the property, right, or duty of: to belong; to 
have relation to, relate." [OF. parterv'r, L. pertinere, 
fr. per and tenere, to hold, keep.] — ?er'tinent, -tT- 
nent, a. Related to the subject or matter in hand; 
adapted to the end proposed; apposite ; relevant: 
fit: proper. [F.; L. pertinens, p. pr. of pertinere.] — 
Per'tinently, adv.— Per'tinence, -nency. -U-nen-sT. 
n. State of being, etc. ; suitableness.— Periina'cious, 
-na'shus, a. Holding or adhering to any opinion, 
purpose, or design, with obstinacy; resolute; firm: 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fottt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PERTURB 



418 



PETREL 



inflexible; determined; steady. [L. pertinax,-nacis, 
fr. per and tenax, tenacious, f r. tenere.] — Perti- 
na'ciously, adv. — Pertina'ciousness, Pertinacity, 
-nas r T-tT, n. State or quality of being pertinacious; 
obstinacy. [F. pertinacity. ] 

Perturb, pSr-terb', v. t. To disturb, agitate, disquiet; 
to disorder, confuse. [F. perturber, L. perturbare, 
fr. per and turbare, to disturb, fr. turba, a crowd: 
see Turbid.]— Perturba'tion, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. (Astron.) An irregularity in the motion 
of a heavenly body through its orbit. [F. ; L. per- 
turbatio.] 

Pertusion, per-tu r zhun, n. Act of punching or pier- 
cing, with a pointed instrument. [L. pertundere, 
-tusum, to beat or thrust through, bore through, fr. 
per and tundere, to beat.] 

Peruke, pSr'ook, n. An artificial cap of hair ; a peri- 
wig, q. v. [F. perruke, It. parruca, Sp. peluca, peri- 
wig, wig, It. pelo, L. pilus, hair.] 

Peruse, pe-rooz', v. t. [-rused (-roozd'), -rusing.] To 
read, or to read with attention; to observe, consider. 
[Prob. fr. per- and use, meaning to use up, go 
through.] — Peru'sal, n. Act of, etc. — Perus'er, n. 

Pervade, per-vad r , v. t. To pass through, as an aper- 
ture, pore, or interstice ; to permeate ; to be com- 
pletely diffused in; to be in all parts. [L. pervadere, 
fr. per and vadere, to go, walk; s. rt. wade.~\ — Per- 
va'sion, -zhun, n. Act of pervading. — Perva'sive, 
-siv, a. Tending, or able, to pervade.— Pervert', per- 
vert', v. t. To turn from truth, propriety, or from its 
proper purpose ; to misinterpret through evil mo- 
tives or bias ; to turn from the right, corrupt, con- 
vert, proselyte. — PeCvert, n. One who has turned 
from a right way to that which is wrong. [F. per- 
vertir, L. pervertere, fr. per and vertere, versum, to 
turn: see Verse.] — Pervert'er, n. — Pervertible, 
a. Capable of being perverted.— Perverse'', -vgrs', a. 
Turned aside ; distorted from the right ; obstinate 
in the wrong; disposed to cross and vex ; froward; 
untoward; stubborn ; untractable ; cross ; peevish ; 
vexatious. [F. pervers, L. perversus.] — Perversely, 
adv. — Perverse'ness, n. — Perver'sion, n. Act of 
perverting ; change to something worse ; diversion 
from the true and proper intent or purpose. — Per- 
ver'sity, -sT-tt, w. State of being perverse.— Perver''- 
sive, -siv, a. Tending to pervert or corrupt. 

Pervious, per'vT-us, a. Capable of being penetrated 
by another bod v or substance; permeable; penetra- 
ble ; capable of being penetrated by the mental sight. 
[L. pervius, fr. per and via, a way.]— Per'vious- 
ness, n. 

Pesky, pesk'T, a. Great ; mischievous ; troublesome; 
annoying. [Prob. corrupt, of pestilent.] 

Pessary, pes'sa-rT, n. An instrument made of wood, 
caoutchouc, etc., and introduced into the vagina to 
support a displaced uterus. [F. pessaire, L. pessa- 
riumJ] 

Pessimist, pes'sY-mist, n. One who complains of every- 
thing as being for the worst, — opp. to optimist. [L. 
pessimus, worst.] — Pessimistic, a. Gloomy; croak- 
ing. — Pes'simism, -mizm, n. Opinion or doctrine, 
etc. 

Pe3t, pest, n. A fatal epidemic disease; plague; pes- 
tilence ; a troublesome, noxious, mischievous, or de- 
structive person or thing. [F. peste, L. pestis, the 
plague, perh. f r. perdere, to destroy.] — Pest'-house, 
n. A hospital for persons infected with malignant 
contagious disease. — Pestiferous, -er-us, a.. Pest- 
bearing ; pestilential ; infectious ; contagious ; mis- 
chievous ; destructive ; vexatious. [L. pestiferus, 
fr. pestis and J err e, to bear.] — Pestiferously, adv. 
Pes'tilence, -tl-lens, n. That which is pestilent; the 
disease known as the plague ; any deadly epidemic 
contagious or infectious disease ; that which breeds 
disturbance or vice. [F. ; L. pestilential — Pes'ti- 
lent, a. Pestilential ; noxious ; contaminating ; in- 
fectious ; troublesome. [F. ; L. pestilens.] — Pesti- 
lential, -shal, a. Producing or tending to produce 
the pest, plague, or other infectious disease; noxious; 
seriously troublesome.— Pestilen'tially, Pes'tilent- 
ly, adv. 

Pester, pes'ter, v. t. [-tered f-terd), -tering.] To 
harass with little vexations; to crowd together in an 
annoying way; to trouble, annoy, tease, vex, encum- 
ber. [Abbrev. fr. impester ; OF. empestrer, to entangle 
the feet or legs, to embarrass, fr. pasturon, pastern, 
fr. LL. pastorium, a clog preventing horses from 
wandering in the pastures: see Pastern, under 
Pastob.] — Pes'terer, n. 

Pestle, pes'!, n. An instrument for pounding and 
breaking substances, in a mortar. — v. t. [pestled 




(pesld), pestling.] To pound, break, or pulverize- 
with, or as with, a pestle. [ME. and OF. pestel. L,. 
pistillum, fr. pinsere, pistum, Gr. ptissein, Skr. pish, 
to pound; s. rt. pistil, piston.] 
Pet, pet, n. A slight fit of peevishness; any little ani- 
mal foudled and. indulged; one treated with constant 
gentle attention. — v. t. To treat as a pet, fondle, 
indulge. [Prob. same as pout, and onomat., repre- 
senting the sound made to express impatience; cf. 
NormF. pet.' Ic. putt.' It. petto! = E. pish.' pshaw.' 

— hence, to indulge a child in its pets, and a spoiled 
or petted child, animal, etc. ; prob. Ir. peat, Ga. 
peata, a pet, tame animal, are f r. the E.] — Peftisn, 
a. Evincing, pert, to, or addicted to, pets; fretful; 
peevish; captious; cross. — Pet'tishly, adv. — Pet'- 
tishness, n. 

Petal, pefal or pe'tal, n. (Bot.) One of the leaves of 
the corolla, or the colored 
leaves of a flower. [Gr. 
petalon, a leaf, prop. neut. 
of petalos, spread out, 
flat; s. rt. L. patere, to 
lie open, be spread out.] 

— Pet'alous, -al-us, a. 
Having petals, — opp. to 
apetalous. — Pet'alism, Petals, 
-izm, n. A custom in an- 
cient Syracuse of writing on a leaf the name of a 
person whom it was proposed to banish. — Pefaloid, 
-al-oid, a. Of the form of a petal. [Gr. eidos, shape.] 

Petard, pe-tard', n. (Mil.) A receptacle filled with 
powder, formerly used to break gates, barricades, 
etc., by explosion. [F., fr. peter, pedere, Gr. perdein, 
Skr. pard, to break wind ; s. rt. partridge.'] 

Petecchial, pe-tek'kT-al, or Pete'chial, a. (Med.) 
Having, or accompanied by, livid spots ; spotted. 
[NL. petechials, fr. L. petigo, a scab, eruption.] 

Peterpence, pe'ter-pens, n. An annual tax, paid to the 
Pope. 

Petiole, pet'T-ol, n. (Bot.) The foot-stalk of a lefc., 
connecting the leaf with 
the plant. [F.; L. petiolus, 
for pediolus, dim. of pes, pe- 
dis, a. foot.]— Pet 'iolar, -la- 
ry, -T-o-la-rY, a. Pertaining 
to, proceeding from, grow- 
ing or supported on, a peti- 
ole. — Petlolate, -lat, a. 
(Bot.) Having a petiole. 

Petit, Petite, Petit-maitre. See 
under Petty. 

Petition, pe-tish'un, n. A 
prayer ; supplication ; re- 
quest ; entreaty, esp. of a 
formal kind. — v. t. [peti- 
tioned (-und),-iONiNG.] To a ' ^ ell0le - 
make a request to, solicit; esp., to supplicate for some 
favor or right. [F.; L. petitio, fr. petere, petitum, to 
attack, ask, orig. to fall on; s. rt. feather, pen, q. v.] 

— Petitioner, n. — Petitionary, -a-rT, a. Coming 
with, or containing a petition. 

Petreau, pe-tre'an, a. Pert, to rock or stone. [L. pe- 
treeus, fr. L. and Gr. petra, a rock, Gr. petros, stone.] 

— Pe'trous, -trus, a. Like stone; stony; hard.— Pe- 
tres'cence, -tres'sens, n. Process of changing into 
stone. — Petres'eent, -sent, a. Converting into 
stone, or into stony hardness. — Pefrify, -rt-fi, v. t. 
[-fied (-fid), -fying.] To convert to stone or stony 
substance; to make callous or obdurate. — v. i. To 
become stone, or of a stony hardness. [L. facere, to 
make.] — Pet'rifaCtion, n. Conversion of any or- 
ganic matter into stone; an organized body rendered 
hard by depositions of stony matcer in its cavities; a 
body incrusted with stony matter. — Pet'rifaCtive, 
-tiv, a. Having power to convert vegetable or ani- 
mal substances into stone; pert, to petrifaction.— 
Petrific, pe-trifik, a. Having power to convert 
into stone. — Pefrifica'tion, n. Petrifaction; obdu- 
racy.— PetrCleum, -tro'le-um, n. Rock oil, an in- 
flammable bituminous liquid exuding frorn the 
earth. [L. oleum, oil, q. 
v.] — Pet'roleuC, -ler', n. 
One who fires buildings 
by petroleum; an incendi- 
ary. [F.] — Pet'roleuse', 
-lez', n. A woman who, 
etc. [F.] 

Petrel, pet'rel, n. A long- 
winged, web-footed sea- 
fowl: the stormy petrel is 
called also Mother Carey's .Petrel. 





ms^ 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Xn, Ice ; Cdd, tone, or ; 



FETRONEL 



419 



PHENOMENON 



chicken. [F.,dim. of Peter, in allusion to his walking 
on the sea, which the bird appears to do; cf . G.Peters- 
vogel, a petrel, lit. Peterfowl.] 

Petronel, pet'ro-nel, re. A large, horseman's pistol ; 
a small cannon. [OF. pdtrinal, fr. petrine, L. pectus, 
-toris, the breast, because it was placed against the 
breast to fire.] 

Petticoat, Pettifog, etc. See under Petty. 

Pettish, etc. See under Pet. 

Petto, pefto, re. The breast. [It.; L. pectus, the 
breast.] — In petto. In secrecy; in reserve. 

Petty, pet'tt, a. [-tier, -tiest.] Small; little; infe- 
rior; trifling; trivial; unimportant; frivolous. [ME. 
and F. petit, W. pitw, Wallachian j/iti, small, little, 
OF. pite, a small coin, Vf.pig, a point.] — Pet'tily, 
adv. In a petty or contemptible manner; frivolously. 

— Pet'tiness, n. — Pet'it, pefT, F. pron. pte, a. 
Small; little; mean; petty. [Same as petty.'] — Petit 
jury. A jury of 12 men, impaneled to try causes at 
the bar of a court, — (listing, fr. the grand jury.— P. 
larceny. The stealing of goods of a certain specified 
small value or under. —Petite', pe-tet', u. Small 
in size; little; dainty. [F., fern, of petit.] — Petit- 
maitre, pet'e-ma'tr, n. A spruce fellow who dan- 
gles about ladies ; a fop; coxcomb. [F., lit. little 
master.] — Pefticoat, -tY-kot, a. A woman's under- 
skirt. [£. coat.] — Pet'tifog, v. t. To do small busi- 
ness as a lawyer. [ProvE. fog, to hunt servilely, 
flatter for gain.] — Pet'tifog'ger, re.— Pet'tifog'gery, 
-ger-T, n. Practice or arts of, etc. ; disreputable 
tricks; quibbles. — Peftitoes, -toz, re. pi. The toes 
or feet of a pig. . 

Petulant, pet'u-lant, a. Inclined to complain; cap- 
tious; caviling; irritable; peevish; cross; fretful. [L. 
petulans, -lantis, ir.petere, to attack, seek: see Peti- 
tion.]— Pefulantly, adv. — Pet'ulance, -lans, -lan- 
cy, -lan-sT, n. State of being petulant; freakish pas- 
sion; pettishness. [F. petulance.] 

Petunia, pe-tu'nl-a, re. A S. Amer. plant allied to the 
tobacco family, many cultivated varieties of which 
furnish a profusion of beautiful flowers. [Brazil. 
petun, tobacco.] 

Pew, pu, re. An inclosed seat in a church. [OF. pui, 
hill, high place, fr. L. podium, elevated place, bal- 
cony.] 

Pewet.pe'wet.Pe'witjre. The 
lapwing or green plover. 
[Onomat., fr. its cry; D.pie 
wit, kiewit, G. kibitz.] 

i?ewter, pu'ter, re. An alloy 
consisting chiefly of tin and 
lead; a class of utensils 
made of pewter. [OF. pew 
tre, Sp. peltre, It. petro: 
prop, same as spelter, q. v.] jtcwu. 

— Pew'terer, re. One who works in pewter. 
Pfenning, fen'ning, re. A German copper coin 

about l-4th cent. [G. pfennig : see Penny.] 

Phaeton, fa'e-ton, re. (Myth.) The son of Phcebus, 
who attempted to guio> the chariot of the sun. An 
open carriage like a chaise, on 4 wheels. [F., name 
of the carriage; F., L., and Gr. Pha'ethon, son of 
Phoebus or Helios, in Gr., prop, radiant, p. pr. of 
phaethein, phaein, to shine: see Phantasm.] 

Phalanx, fa'lanks or fal'anks, re. {Gr. Antiq.) A 
battalion or body of soldiers formed m ranks and 
files close and deep, so as to offer very firm resist- 
ance to a foe. Any body of troops formed in close 
array; any firm combination of people ; a compact 
society organized on the plan of the socialist Charles 
Fourier, and having a common dwelling. [L. and 
Gr.] — Phalan'ges, -jez, re. pi. (Anat.) The small 
bones forming the fingers and toes : see Skeleton. 
[L., pi. of phalanx.] — Phalanstery, -steVY, re. The 
common dwelling of a Fourierite phalanx ; an asso- 
ciation organized on the plan of Fourier. [Gr. ste- 
reos, firm, solid.] 

Phalarope, faKa-rop, re. One of a genus of wading 
birds, found chiefly in northern localities. [Gr. 
phalaros, having a patch of white, and pous, foot.] 

Phantasm, fan'tazm, n. A creation of the fancy ; an 
imaginary existence which seems to be real; an op- 
tical illus'ion ; a dream. [L. and Gr. phantasma, fr. 
Gr. phantazein, to display, in passive to appear, 
phainein, to show, phaein, to shine, j/ltaos, light ; s. 
rt. Skr. bha, to shine, Ij. focus, hearth, E. fancy, hier- 
ophant, sycophant, diaphonous, phenomenon, phase, 
emphasis, photograph, phosphorvs, etc.] — Phantas'- 
mago'ria, -taz'ma-go , 'rT-a, n. An exhibition of shad- 
ows thrown upon a flat surface, as by a magic lan- 
tern; illusive images. [Gr. agora, assembly.]— Phan- 




tasmagoric, -gSr'ik, a. Of, or pert, to, etc.— Phan- 
tae'magory, -go-ri, n. Phantasmagoria ; a magic 
lantern. — Phan'tom, n. An apparition ; specter ; 
ghost; airy spirit. [Same as phantasm; ME.fantome, 
OF. fantosme, jdiantosme, a ghost, spirit, whence 
fantasy and fancy, q. v.] — Phan'tasy, -ta-sl, re. 
Fancy. — Phantas'ti'-, a. Fantastic. 

Pharisee, far'i-se, re. ce of a sect among the Jews 
ostentatiously observant of rites and ceremonies. 
[L. phariseus, " -.phairisaios, lit. one who separates 
himself, Heb. parash, to separate.] — Pharisa'ic, 
-I-sa^ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or like, the Pharisees ; 
making a show of religion without the spirit oi it ; 
hypocritical. — Pharisa > icalness, n. — Phar'isaism, 
-izm, re. The notions, doctrines, and conduct of, etc. ; 
hypocrisy in religion. 

Pharmacy, f ar'ma-sl, re. Arc or practice of preparing, 
compounding, and dispensing medicines. [OF. "' 



made, pharmacie, Gr. pharmakeia, ir. phaitna, 



:A07i, 
a drug, perh. fr. pherein, to bring (help).] — Pharma- 
ceutic, -tical, -su'tik-al, a. Pert, to the >wledge 
or art of, etc. [Gr. pharmakettein, to administer 
drugs.] — Pharmaceu' tics. n. Science of preparing 
medicines. — Pharmaceutist, Phar'macist, n. One 
skilled in pharmacy ; a druggist. [Gr. pharmakeus.] 
— PharmacoKogy, -kol'o-jl, re. Science of drugs, or 
art of preparing medicines ; a treatise on the art. 
[Gr. logos, discourse.] — Pharmacologist, re. One 
skilled in, etc. — Phar'macopce'ia, -pe'ya, n. A 
book giving authoritative formulas for the prepara- 
tion of the various standard medicines ; a dispensa- 
tory. [Gr. poiein, to make.] — Pharmacop/olist, re. 
One who sells medicines; an apothecary. [Gr. poiein, 
to sell.] 

Pharos, f a'ros, re. A lighthouse for the direction o* sea- 
men ; a watchtower : beacon. [Name of the ) md 
in the bay of Alexandria, where Ptolemy Philudel- 
phus built a famous lighthouse.] — Pharol'ory, -o-ji, 
re. Science of lighthouses. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 

Pharynx, far'inks, re. (Anat.) The cavity into which 
the nose and mouth open, and which is continuous 
below with the esophagus. [LateL. and Gr. ; s. rt. 
Gr. pharanx, a chasm, cleft, paraein, to plow, L. 
forare = F. to bore.] — Pharyngeal, fa-rin'je-al or 
f ar-in-je'al, a. Belonging to, or connected with, the 
pharynx. — Pharyngot'omy, far-in-gofo-ml, re. 
(Surg.) Operation of cutting into the pharynx, to 
remove anything that obstructs the passage. [Gr. 
temnein, to cut.] 

Phase, faz, re. ; pi. Phases, fa'zez, Pha'sis, n. ; pi 
-SES, -sez. That which is exhibited to the eye ; ap- 
pearance which anything manifests, esp. any one 
among varying appearances of the same object. See 
Moon. [LateL. and Gr. phasis, fr. Gr. phaem, to 
shine: see Phantasm.] . . .. ,_. •, 

Pheasant, fez'ant, n. A gallinaceous Asiatic bird, 
found wild in Europe, 
whose flesh is valued as 
food. [L.phasiana, lit. 
the bird of the Phasis, 
a river of Colchis.] 

Phenakistoscope, fen-a- 
kis't o-skop, re. An 
optical toy, consisting 
of a revolving disk on 
which are figures that 
seem to be in actual 
motion. [Gr. phena- 
kismos, deceit, and 
skopein, to see.] 

Phenix, fe'niks, re. (Gr. 
3Iyth.) A bird fabled 
to exist single for 500 




Pheasant. 



years, and to rise again from its own ashes, — the 
emblem of immortality. [Gr. vhoinix, the phenix, 
also Phenician, also purple-red, — perh. the bird 



was named fr. the > color, and that invented by the 
Phenicians.] 

Phenol, fe'nol, re. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon pro- 
duced in the distillation of coal-tar or from the 
vapor of benzoic acid, — used as a disinfectant and 
antiseptic, and as the base of dyes ; carbolic acid. 
[Gr. phainein, to bring to light (see Phantasm), and 
hide, wood.] — Phe'nyl, -nil, n. The radical of which 
phenol is a hydrate : it contains G carbon atoms and 
5 of hydrogen. 

Phenomenon, fe-nom'e-non, re. ; pi. -na, -na. An ap- 
pearance ; whatever, in matter or spirit, is apparent 
to, or is apprehended by, observation, as disting. fr. 
its ground, substance, or unknown constitution ; a 
remarkable or unusual appearance. [Gr. phainome- 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PHIAL 



420 



PHOSPHORUS 



non, prop. neut. of pass. part, of phainein, to show : 
see Phantasm.] — Phenomenal, a. Pert, to a phe- 
nomenon ; very extraordinary ; of rare excellence. 

Phial, fi'al, n. A glass bottle, esp. of small size, for 
liquids; a vial. [Same as vial; OF. viole, fiole, 
phiole, fr. L. phiala, a vial, q. v.] 

Philander, fi-lan'der, v. i. [-deeed (-derd), -dering.] 
To make love, flirt, coquette. [Gr. philandros, fond 
of men, fr. philos, loving, friendly, fond of, and 
aner, andros, a man.] — Philanthropy, -thro-pi, n. 
Love of mankind ; benevolence toward the whole 
human family ; universal good will. [Gr. philan- 
thropia, fr. philos and anthropos, man, mankind.] — 
PhiFanthrcp'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or exhibiting, 
philanthropy; benevolent; kind. — Philanthropist, 
n. One who evinces, etc. — Philat/ely, f I-lat'e-li, 
n. Collection of postage stamps. [Gr. ateleia, ex- 
emption from tax.] — Philatelist, n. A collector, 
etc. — PhiFharmon'ic, a. Loving music. [Gr. har- 
monia, harmony.] — Philhel'lenist, n. A friend of 
Greece ; one who supported the Greeks in their 
revolutionary struggle with the Turks. [Gr. Hellen, 
a Greek.] — PhiPhellen'ic, a. Loving Greece. — 
PhilolOgy, f T-lol'o-ji. n. The study of language, 
esp. in a philosophical manner ; linguistic science. 
[Gr. philologia, love of talking ; logos, discourse.] — 
PhilolOger, -o-jer, -ogist, n. One versed in, etc.— 
Philolog'ic, -loj'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Philol'- 
ogize, -iiz, v. %. To offer criticisms. — PhiKomath, 
n. A lover of learning ; a scholar. [Gr. mathe, 
learning.] — Philom / athy, fY-lom'a-thTf, n. Love of 
learning. — Phil'ope'na, -na, n. A small present or 
forfeit of one friend to another, arising out of their 
partaking together of a double-kerneled almond. [In 
HG. vietliebchen, LG. viellinbken, much loved, pron. 
somewhat like phi-lip-ken, whence pluloj>ena may be 
a corruption, but formed as if fr. Gr. philos and L. 
poena, penaltv.] — Phi'loprogen'itiveness, -jen'Y- 
tiv-nes, n. (Phren.) The love of offspring or of 
young children. See Pheenology. [L. progenies, 
progeny, q. v.] — Philosophy, -o-fT, n. Knowledge 
• of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, 
causes and reasons, powers and laws ; a particular 
philosophical system or theory; collection of the gen- 
eral laws or principles under which the subordinate 
phenomena of any subject are comprehended. [ME. 
and F. philosophie, L. and Gr. philosophia ; Gr. so- 
phos. wise, skillful, sophia, skill.] — Philosopher, -o- 
fer, n. One versed in, or devoted to, philosopny ; one 
who philosophizes. — Philosopher's stone. A stone 
or preparation which the alchemists sought as the 
instrument of converting the baser metals into gold. 
— Phil'osoph'ic. -ical, a. Pert, to, proceeding from, 
skilled in, or evincing, philosophy ; rational ; wise; 
temperate. — Phil'osoph'ically, adv. — PhilosO- 
phism, -o-fizm, n. Love of fallacious arguments or 
false reasoning. — Philos Ophist, n. A lover of 
sophistry. — Philosophize, v. i. [-phized (-fizd), 
-PHiziNG.] To reason like a philosopher : to search 
into the reason and nature of things. — PhiFotech'- 
nic, -tekOik. -nical, a. Having an attachment to 
the arts. [Gr. techne, art.] — Phil'ter, n. A potion 
or charm intended to excite love. — v. t. [phil- 
teeed (_-terd), -tering.] To impregnate with a 
love potion; to charm to love. [F. philtre, L. philr 
trum, Gr. philtron.] 
Philippic, fil-ip-'pik, n. An oration of Demosthenes 

Xmst Philip, king of Macedon ; any declamation 
undingin acrimonious invective. [Philip, fr. Gr. 
vhilippos, a lover of horses ; hippos = L. eqvus, a 
horse.] 

Philistine, fY-lis'tin, n. (Geog.) An inhabitant of 
ancient Palestine. One who cannot appreciate, and 
therefore despises, culture, art, refinement, or re- 
ligion. [L. Philistinus, Heb. Plishthi, fr. palash, to 
wander about.] 

Philomel, filO-mel, -mela, -la, n. The nightingale. 
[Fr. Philomela, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, 
fabled to have been changed into a nightingale.] 

Philopena, Philosophy, Philter, etc. See under Phi- 
lander. 

Phiz, fiz, n. The face or visage. [Contr. of physiog- 
riomy.] 

Phlebotomy, fie-botO-mi, n. (Surg.) Act or practice 
of opening a vein for letting blood ; blood-letting. 
[F. phlebotomie, L. and Gr. phlebotomia, fr. Gr. 
phleps, phlebos, a vein (fr. pheein, to gush, overflow; 
s. rt. L. flare = E. blow), and temnein, to cut.] — 
PhlebotOmist, n. One who, etc. — Phlebotomize, 
v. i. [-mized (-mlzd), -MiziNG.l To let blood (from 
a vein). — Phleme, flem, n. A lancet, fleam, q. v. 



Phlegm, flem, n. One of the 4 humors (blood, choler 
phlegm, and gall) which the ancients supposed to 
determine the temperament. (Physiol.) The tena- 
cious mucus of the respiratory and digestive pas- 
sages. Dullness ; coldness ; sluggishness ; indiffer- 
ence. [F. phlegme, L. and Gr. phlegma, a flame, 
inflammation, phlegm, fr. Gr. phlegein, to burn; s 
rt. L. flagrare, to burn, flamma = E. flame. 1— Phleg- 
mat'ic, fleg-mat'ik, a. Abounding in, or genera- 
ting, phlegm; cold; dull; heavy. — Phlegmat ? icallv, 
arfw.-Phleg'mon, n (Med.) Circumscribed in- 
flammation of the cellular tissue, such as precedes 
an abscess. [L. and Gr. }Megmone.~\ — Phlegmon- 
ous, -mon-us, a. Having the nature or properties 
°X a P hl egmon. — Phlogiston, flo-jis'ton, n. £0. 
t/iei".) ihe supposed principle of inflammability, 
or the matter of fire m composition with other 
bodies ; caloric. [Gr. phlogistos, burnt, fr. phlo- 
gizem, to set on hre, fr. p)hlegein^\ — Phlogis'tic, 
(Lhem.) Partaking of phlogiston. (Med.) In- 



a. (Chem.) Partaking of phlogii 

flammatorv. — Phlogo'sis, n. (Pathol.)' External 

or erysipelatous inflammation of the body. 



erysipelatous inflammation of the body. [Gr., 
burning heat.] — Phlox, floks, n. A genus of Amer. 
flowering plants, having red, white, or purple flow- 
ers. [Gr., flame, — f r. its color.] 

Phleme. See under Phlebotomy. 

Phoenix. Same as Phentx. 

Phonetic, fo-net'ik, Phon'ic, fon'ik, a. Pert, to tha 
voice, or its use; representing sounds. [Gx.phoneU 
tkos, pert, to speaking, fr. phonein, to produce a 
sound, phone, a sound; s. rt. Gr. phemi, I speak, E. 
ban, anthem.] — ThoneVics, n. Doctrine or science 
of sounds, esp. those of the human voice; phonol- 
ogy ; art of combining musical sounds. — Phon'- 
etist, n. One versed in phonology. — Pho'nocamp'- 
tic, a. Having the power to inflect sound, or 
turn it from its direction, and thus alter it. [Gr. 
phone and kamptikos, flexible.]— Pho 'nograph, -graf, 
n. A distinct symbol to represent a sound, and 
always one and the same sound, in w iting. (Phys- 
ics.) An instrument for the mechanical registra- 
tion and reproduction of audible sounds. [Gr. 
graphein, to write.] — PhoOogram, n. (Phonogra- 
pjhy.) A written letter or mark indicating a par- 
ticular sound or modification of sound. The rec- 
ord made by a phonograph (instrument). — Pho- 
nog'rapher, -nog'ra-fgr, n. One skilled in phonog- 
raphy, or in using the phonograph (instrument). — 
Pho'nograph'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or based upon, 

"Be fit to live, that you may be fit to die." 

Phonographic Characters. 

phonography. — Phonog'raphy, -f T, n. A descrip- 
tion of the laws of the human voice, or of sounds, 
uttered by the organs of speech; a representation 
of sounds by distinctive characters ; a system of 
short-hand; art of constructing or using the phono- 
graph. — PhonolOgy, -o-ji, n. A treatise on sounds; 
science or doctrine of the elementary sounds ut- 
tered by the human voice in speech ; phonetics. 
[Gr. logos, discourse.] — Pho'nolog'ic, -ical, a. Pert. 
to phonology. — PhonolOgist, -oger, n. One versed 
in phonology ; a phonetist. — PhoOotype, -tip, n. A 
type or character used in phonotypy. [Gr. tujios, 
type, character.] — Pho'notyp'ic, -ical, -tTCp^ik-al. n. 
Of, or pert, to, phonotypy or a phonotype. — Pho- 
not'ypy, -not'T-pl, n. Art of representing sounds 
by distinct characters or types; style of printing in 
accordance with this art. — Phonot / ypist, n. One 
versed in, etc. 
Phosphorus, fos r for-us, n. The morning star; Phos- 
phor, q. v., below. (Chem.) An elementary non- 
metallic, luminous, poisonous substance, very com- 
bustible, semi-transparent, resembling fine wax. 
[L.; Gr. phosjihoros, light-bringing, fr. phos, photos 
(= phaos: see Phantasm), light, and pherein, to 
bring.] — Phos-'phuret, -fu-ret, -phide, -i'Tfd, ». 
(Chem.) A combination of phosphorus with an- 
other substance. — Phos'phuret'ed, a. Combined 
with phosphorus. — Phos'phate, -fat, n. A salt 
formed by a combination of phos-phoric acid with a 
salifiable base.— Phos'phite, -fit, n. A salt formed 
by combination of phosphorous acid with a salifi- 
able base. — Phos'phorate, v. t. To combine or im- 
pregnate with phosphorus. —Phos'phoresce', -es', 
i;. t. [-esceb (-est''), -escing.] To shine, as pb.03 



im. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; fend, eve, tSrm s Tn : Tee ; Sdd, tone, 6r s 



PHRASE 



421 



PHYSIC 



phorus, by exhibiting: a faint light without sensible 
neat. — Phos'phores'cence, -es'sens, n. State of be- 
ing, etc. — Phos'phores'cent, a. Shining with a 
faint light.— Phosphoric, -ical, -forlk-al, a. Pert, 
to, or obtained from, phosphorus. — Phos'phorous, 
-for- us, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, phosphorus 

— said of a certain acid formed bv combination of 
phosphorus with oxygen. — Phbs'phor, -fer, n. 
(Astron.) The planet Venus, when appearing as 
the morning star ; Lucifer. — Photo-engraving, 
fo'to-en-gravlng, n. Process of obtaining, from a 
photographic image, an etched or engraved plate 
for printing ; a print from such a plate. [Fr. photo- 
graph + engraving.] — Photogenic, -jenlc, a. Pro- 
ducing light ; suited for producing photographic 
pictures ; actinic. — Pho'tograph, -to-graf , n. A pic- 
ture produced or printed on chemically prepared 
paper, by the action of sunlight. — v. t. To take 
such a picture. [Gr. graphein, to write.]— Photog'- 
rapher, -ra-fer, n. One who practices photography. 

— Photographic, -ical, -graflk-al, a. Pert, to, or 
obtained by, photography.— Photoglaphy, -ra-f I, n . 
Art of, etc. — Photochlomy, -tok'ro-mT, n. Art or 
process of reproducing colors by photography. [Gr. 
chroma, color.] — Photol'ogy, -tol'o-jT, n. Doctrine 
or science of light, explaining its nature and phe- 
nomena. [Gr. Togos, discourse.] — Photometer, n. 
An instrument for measuring the relative intensities 
of light. [Gr. metron, measure.] — Photom'etry, 
-e-trl, n. Science of the measurement of the inten- 
sity of light. — Pho'to-eledric, a. Acting by the 
operation of both light and electricity, — said of ap- 
paratus for taking photographs by electric light. — 
Pho'to-lith^ograph, ?i„ A picture printed from a 
lithographic stone which has been prepared by 
photographic process, —v. t. To produce, etc. — 
Phologen, -jen, a. (Chem.) A light hydrocarbon I 
oil, obtained by the distillation of coal, shale, peat, 
etc., and burned in lamps. 

Phrase, fraz, n. A brief expression, or part of a sen- 
tence; a short, pithy expression; esp. one which is 
often employed; manner or style in which one ex- 
presses himself; diction. — v. t. [phrased (frazd), 
phrasing.] To express in words, or in peculiar 
words. [F-; L. and Gr. phrasis, fr. Gr. phrazein, to 
speak.] — Phraseol'ogy, -ze-oKo-jT, n. Manner of 
expression; peculiar words used in a sentence; dic- 
tion; style; a collection of phrases in a language. 
[Gr. logos, speech, discourse.]— Phra'seologlc, -ical, 
-ze-o-lojlk-al, a. Capable of being phrased, pert, 
to phraseology. 

Phrenic, frenlk, «. Pert, to the diaphragm. — 




Phrenology. 



1. Amativeness ; 2, Philopro- j 
geBitiveness ; 3, Concentra- | 
tiveness; 3 a, Inhabitiveness; 
4, Adhesiveness ; 5, Combat- 
iveness ; 6, Destructiveness ; 
6 a. Alimentiveness; 7, Secre- 
tiveness ; 8, Acquisitiveness; 
9, Constructiveaess; 10, Self- 
esteem ; 11, Love of appro- 
bation; 12, Cautiousness; 
13, Benevolence ; 14, Venera- 



tion ; 15, Finnnaes; 16, Con- 
scientiousness; 17, Hope; 18, 
Wonder ; 19, Ideality ; 19 a, 
(Not determined) ; 20, Wit; 
21, Imitation; 22, Individual- 
ity ; 23, Form ; 24, Size ; 25, 
Weight; 26, Color; 27, Local- 
ity ; 28, Number; 29, Order; 
30, Eventuality; 31, Time; 32, 
Tune; 33, Language; 34, Com- 
parison ; 35, Causality. 




Phylacteries 



Phrenlcs, n. Science of the mind; metaphysics. 
[Gr. phn it, phrenos, the mind, also the diaphragm, 

— where the ancients believed the mind to be situ- 
ated; perh. s. rt. Gr. s/>len = E. spleen.] — Phrenetic, 
fre-netlk, a. Frantic, q. v., under FRENZY. — 
Phren'sy, -zi, n. Same as Frenzy. — Phrenilis. n. 
(J/ec/.) Inflammation of the brain, or of the me- 
ninges of the brain, attended with acute fever and 
delirium. Madness ; frenzy, q. v. [Gr.] — Phre- 
noKogy, -nol'o-jl, a. Science of the special func- 
tions of the parts of the brain ; theory that the 
mental faculties are shown on the surface of the 
head or skull; craniology. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — 
Phrenologist, n. A believer in, or one versed in, 
etc. — Phrenologlc. -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Phrygian. frij'I-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Fhrygia, in 
Asia Minor, — applied to a sprightly kind of music 
among the ancients, also to a li-lu stone. 

Phthisis, thi'sis, a. (Med.) Pulmonary consumption 

— formerly applied, also, to many wasting diseases. 
[L. and Gr., fr. Gr. phthkin, to decay, wane, dwin- 
dle; s. rt. Skr. kski, to destroy, kshitu, decayed.] — 
Phthisic, tizlk, n. Same as phthisis, — popularly, 
but erroneously, applied to any difficulty of breath- 
ing, esp. to chronic dyspnoea, fr. the notion that 
these affections are much the same as phthisis. [Fr. 
L.jjhthisicus, Gr. phthisikos, consumptive. ]— Phthis'- 
ical, Phthislcky, -ik-l, a. Having, or pert, to, etc.; 
breathing hard. 

Phycology, fi-koKo-jl, a. The study of algse or sea- 
weeds. [Gr. phukos, sea-weed, f ucus, and logos, dis- 
course.] 

Phylactery, fi-lak'ter-T, n. Any charm or spell worn 
as a preservative from danger 
or disease. (Jewish Antiq.) A 
slip of parchment on which 
were written certain passages 
of the Pentateuch; worn Dy 
devout persons on the fore- 
head and left arm while at > 
prayer. [Gr. phulakterion, a 
preservative, amulet, fr. phu- 
lactei\ phulax, a watchman, phulassein, to guard.] 

Phyllon, fillon, n. (Bot.) One of the leaves forming 
the calyx or external envelope of a flower. [Gr. 
phullon, L. folium, a leaf; s. it. foliage.] — Phylloid, 
-loid,a. Like a leaf. [Gr. eidos, shape.] — Phylloph r - 
agous. -lofa-gus, a. Subsisting on leaves; leaf-eat- 
ing. [Gr. phagein, to eat.] — Phyllox'era, -loks'e ra, 
n. A hemipterous insect, allied to the aphis or 
plant-louse, very destructive to grape-vines; the dis- 
eased condition of the vine thus caused. [Gr. phul- 
lon and xeros, dry.] 

Physeter, fi-seler, n. The sperm whale; apparatus 
for utilizing atmospheric pressure in filtering. [L. 
and Gr., fr. Gr. phusan, to blow.] 

Physic, fizlk, n. Theory or practice of medicine; a 
specific internal application for the cure or relief of 
sickness; a purge; cathartic— v. t. [physicked (-ikt), 
-icking.] To treat with physic; to purge; to cure. 

— Physics, n. Science of nature or of natural ob- 
jects; esp. science of the general properties of bodies, 
and causes that modify" those properties ; natural 
philosophy. [OF. phisike, phisique, medicines, also 
natural science, L. physica, natural science, Gr.phu- 
sikos, physical, natural, fr. phusis, nature, essence of 
a thing, phuein, to produce, grow: s. rt. Skr. bhu^= 
E. to be, q. v.] — Physique'', fe'zek', n. The natural 
constitution, or physical structure, of a person. [F.] 

— Physical, a. Pert, to nature, as including all 
created existences; relating to natural or material 
things, as opp. to things mental, moral, spiritual or 
imaginary ; pert, to physics, or the science of na- 
ture, or to unorganized matter ; cognizable by the 
senses ; corporeal ; external. — Physically, adv. — 
Physi'cian, -zish'an, n. One who is skilled in physic 
or the art of healing: a doctor of medicine. [OF. 
physicien.] — Physicist, -T-sist, n. One versed in the 
science of physics. — Physiog'nomy, -Y-og / 'no-mT, n. 
Art or science of discerning the character of the 
mind from the features of the face ; the face or 
countenance, with respect to the temper of the 
mind : particular cast, or expression of counte- 
nance. (Bot.) The general appearance of a plant, 
irrespective of its botanical characters. [OF. phison- 
omie, It. attd Sp. fsonomia, L. and Gr. physiognomo- 
nia, fr. Gr. pJmsiognomon, skilled in reading features, 
lit. judging of nature, fr. phusis and gnomon, an in- 
terpreter: see Gnomon.] — Physiognomic, -ical, a. 
Pert, to physiognomy. — Physiognomies, n. Same 
as Physiognomy. — Physiog'nomist. n. One skilled 



sun, cube, full ; moon. fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chaii-, get. 



PHYTIVOROUS 



422 



PIE 



in physiognomy. — Physiol'ogy, -Y-ol'o-jT, n. Sci- 
ence of the organs and their Junctions in animals 
and plants. [F. physiologie, L. and Gr. physiologia, 
an inquiry into the nature of things; Gr. logos, dis- 
eourse.] — Phys'iolog'ic-ical.-o-loj'ik-al, a. Pert, to 
physiology, or the science of the properties and 
functions of living beings. — PhysioKogist, -o-jist, 
-oger, -o-jer, n. One versed in, or who treats of, 
physiology. 
Phytivorous, fi-tiv'o-rus, a. Feeding on plants or 
herbage. [Gr. phuton, a piant (fr. phuein, to grow: 
see Physic), and L. vorare, to devour.] — Phytog'"- 
raphy, -tog'ra-fi, n. Science of describing plants 
systematically; a description of plants. [Gr. graphein, 
to write.] — Phytol'ogy, -tol'o-jl, n. A treatise on 
plants, or the science of plants; botany. [Gr. logos, 
discourse.] — Phytoph'agous, -tof 'a-gus, a. Eating, 
or subsisting on, plants. [Gr. phagein, to eat.] — 
Phytot'omy, -tot'o-mi, n. The dissection of plants. 
[Gr. temnein, to cut.] 
Pi, pi, n. {Print.) A mass of type confusedly mixed, 
or unsorted. — v. t. [pied (pid), pieing.] To drop 
or break down (a line, page, etc.) so that the type 
shall be confusedly mixed. [Abbr. of pica, q. v., 
under Pie, a bird.] 
Piacular, pi-ak'u-lar, -ulous, -u-lus, a. Expiatory ; 
having power to atone; criminal; atrociously bad. 
[L. piacularis, fr. piaculum, a propitiatory sacrifice, 
that which requires expiation, a crime, fr. piare, to 
expiate, f r. pins, pious.] 
Pia Mater, pi'a-ma'ter, n. {Anat.) The vascular mem- 
brane immediately investing the brain. [L., tender 
mother.] 
Piano, pe-a'no, a. {Mus.) Soft,— a direction to the 
performer. [It., fr. L. planus, even, hence smooth, 
sof t.] — Pia'no, P.-for'te, -for'ta, n. {Mus.) A mu- 
sical instrument, consisting of a series of wires of 
graduated length, thickness, and tension, struck by 
ammers moved by keys. [It. ; forte, ~L.fortis, strong.] 
— PPanis'simo, -se-mo, a. {Mus.) Very soft, — a di- 
rection to execute a passage in the softest manner. 
[It., superl. of piano.] — Pia'nist, n. A performer 
on the piano-forte. 
Piaster, pl-as'ter, n. A coin of different values in dif- 
ferent countries,— worth about 80 cents in Italy. [It. 
piastra; s. rt. It. piastro, a thin plate of metal, a 
plaster, q. v.] 
Piazza, pl-az'za, n. {Arch.) A kind of portico. A 
square open space surrounded by buildings. [It., 
place, square, market-place: see Place.] 
Pibroch, pe'brok, n. A wild, irregular species of mu- 
sic, peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland. [Ga. pi- 
obaireachd, pipe-music, fr. piobair, a piper, piob, a 
pipe, q. v.] — Pib'-corn, n. A wind instrument or 
pipe, with a horn at each end, used in Wales. [W. 
pib, pipe, and corn, horn.] 
Pica. See under Pie, a bird. 

Picador, pe'ka-dor', n. A horseman armed with a 
lance, who opens a bull-fight. [Sp., fr. pica = E. 
pike.] 
Picaroon, pik-a-roon', n. One -who pickeers ; esp. a 
plunderer of wrecks; a pirate. [Sp. picaron, fr. pi- 
caro, roguish, knavish, F. picorer, to go marauding, 
orig. to "steal cattle, fr. L. pectus, pecoris, cattle.] — 
Picaresque', -resk', a. Pert, to a style of novel for- 
merly popular, esp. in Spain, which recounted _the 
deeds of robbers, pirates, etc. [F.] — Pickeer', -er', 
v. t. and i. [-eered (-erd'), -eering.] To pillage, pi- 
rate; to skirmish. 
Picayune, pik-a-yoon', n. A small coin = 6 1-4 cents. 

[Carib word.] 
Piccalilli, pik'ka-lil'lY, n. An E. Indian pickle of va- 
rious vegetables with pungent spices. 
Piccolo, pik'ko-lo, n. {Mus.) A small flute, whose 
pitch is an octave higher than that of the ordinary 
flute; a small upright piano-forte. [It., small.] 
Pick, pik, v. t. [picked (pikt), picking.] To peck at, 
like birds with their bills; to strike at with anything 
pointed; to open, as a lock; to separate, as wool, cot- 
ton, hair, oakum, etc.; to pull away, gather, esp. 
with the fingers, as fruit from a tree, corn from a 
stalk, etc. ; to pluck; to cleanse, by removing (with a 
pointed instrument or the fingers) that which is ob- 
jectionable; to take away by a quick, unexpected 
movement, take up suddenly; to choose, select, cull; 
to seek or desire; to collect, bring together. — v. i. 
To eat slowly or by morsels, nibble; to do anything 
nicely; to steal, pilfer. — n. A sharp-pointed tool; 
esp. (Mining & Mech.), a tool with a wooden handle 
and a heavy curved iron head tapering to a point 
at each end, used for loosening and breaking up 



6~ 



hard earth, ground, stones, etc. Choice; right of se- 
lection. [ME. and G. picken, AS. pycan, to pick, 
peck, Ir. piocaim, Ga. pioc, to pick, pluck, nibble; 
s. rt. peak, pitch, peck, pike.] — To pick out. To 
select ; to ornament or relieve with stripes of a 
different color. — To p. up. To improve slowly in 
health; to gather here and there. — Pick'er, n. One 
who, etc. {Mech.) A machine for picking fibrous 
materials to pieces. — Pick'ing, n. Act of pluck- 
ing, selecting, etc.; that which is left to be picked 
or gleaned; act of pilfering; thing stolen. — Pick'- 
ax, -axe, n. A pick with a point at one end, 
a transverse edge or blade at 
the other, and a handle insert- 
ed at the middle; a pick. [ME. 
pikois, jnkeys, OF. piqucns, fr. 
piquer, to pick, pic, a pick, 
pickax; not fr. ax.] — Pick'- 
lock, n. An instrument for 
opening locks when there is 
no" key ; a person who picks 
locks. — Pickpocket, n. One Pickax, 

who steals from another's pocket. — Pick'et, n. A 
stake sharpened, used in fortification and encamp- 
ments ; a narrow board pointed, used in fences. 
{Mil.) A guard posted in front of an army, to give 
notice of the approach of an enemy. — v. t. To 
fortify, inclose, or fence with pickets; to fasten to a 

Sicket. [F. piquet, picquet, a little pickax, also a peg 
riven into the ground to fasten horses, hence a cav- 
alry outpost, dim. of pic: see Pickax, above.] — 
Pick'et-guard, n. {Mil.) A guard of horse and foot 
always in readiness in case of alarm. 

Pickaninny, pik'a-nin-nl, n. A small child; esp. a ne- 
gro or mulatto infant. [Prob. fr. Sp. picaae nino, 
little child.] 

Pickeer. See under Picaroon. 

Pickerel, pik'er-el, n. A fresh-water fish of several 
species of the pike family. [Dim. of pike.] 

Pickle, pik'l, n. A solution of salt and water, in 
which fish and meat may be preserved or corned; 
brine ; vinegar, sometimes spiced, in which vege- 
tables, fish, etc., may be preserved ; any article of 
food preserved in vinegar ; a troublesome child. — 
v. t. [pickled (pik'ld), -ling.] To preserve or 
season in pickle ; to imbue highly with anything 
bad ; to prepare (an imitation) and sell as genuine ; 
to subject (pins and needles) to the action of certain 
chemicals. [D. and LG. pekel, pickle, brine ; perh. 
s. rt. pick, things to be pickled being previously 
picked over.] — To be in a pickle. To be in a dis- 
agreeable position. — To put a rod in p. To get 
ready a punishment. 

Picklock, Pickpocket. See under Pick. 

Picnic, pik'nik, n. Orig. an entertainment at which 
each person contributed some article for the gen- 
eral table; an excursion of pleasure into the country; 
the party itself. — v. i. To go on a picnic. [Pern, 
fr. pick, to nibble, and rt. of knickknack : nicknack 
was formerly used as picnic is now : F. piquenwue 
and Sw. picknick are recent words and from the E.] 

Pict, pikt, n. One of the ancient inhabitants of N. E. 
Scotland, probably a Celtic race and akin to the 
Welsh. [AS. Pihtas, prob. notfr. L..pictns, painted.] 
— Pict'ish, a. Pert, to, or resembling, the Picts. 

Picture, pik'chur, n. That which is painted ; a like- 
ness drawn iri colors; any graphic representation ; 
art or form of representation Dy painting; that which, 
by its likeness, hrings vividly to mind some other 
thing. — v. t. [pictured (-churd), -turing.] To 
draw or paint a resemblance of '; to represent; to re- 
call distinctly or vividly. [L. pictura, the art of 
painting, also a picture, fr. pingere x pictum, to 
paint.]— Pict'ural, a. Pert, to, consisting of, or 
shown in, pictures. — Picturesque', -esk', a. Fitted 
to form a pleasing picture ; expressing that kind of 
beauty which is agreeable in a picture, natural or 
artificial. [It. pittoresco.] — Picto'rial, -to'rt-al, a. 
Pert, to, illustrated by, or forming, pictures. [L. 
pictorius, fr. pictor, a painter.] — Picto'rially, adv. 

Picul, pik'ul, n. In China, a weight of 133* pounds. 
[Jav. and Malay, pikul, fr. pikul, to carry on the 
back, a man's burden.] 
Piddle, pid'dl, v. i. To deal in trifles, spend time in 
trifling objects ; to eat or drink squeamishly, or 
without relish ; to make water, — a childish word. 
[LG. pitteln, poetteln, to touch or handle gently, eat 
without appetite, work by small touches, Sw. pittto, 
to pick lightly, continue to pick.]— Pid'dler, n. 
Pidgeon, Pidjin. See Pigeon English. 
Pie, pi, n. A crust of paste baked with fruit, meat, 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 5r ; 



PIE 



423 



PILFER 




Magpie. 



etc., in it or under it. JTrob. fr. ir. and Ga. pighe, 
a pie ; prob. s. rt. Ga..ptge, a jar, pot : see Piggin.J 
Pie, pi, Pi'ca, -ka, n. A magpie; the old Rom. Cath. 
service-book ; 
pi, disordered 
type. [ME. 
pie, pye, F. 
pie, L. pica, 
W. pi, )doq, 
a magpie; 
prob. s. rt. L. 
picus, a wood- 
pecker, Skr. 
pika, the In- 
dian cuckoo, 
G. specht, a 
woodpecker, 
Gr. spiza, a 
1inch, spiz- 
ein,~L.pipire, 

to chirp, F. and E. pigeon. The service-book was 
printed in heavy black-letter type on white paper, 
resembling the colors of the magpie, hence the name 
of the type now called pica.'] — Pi'ca, n. (Print.) 
Akind of type of 2 sizes, smallpica and .pica, in size 
between English and long primer. 

This line is in pica. 
This line is in sm.all pica. 

— Pied, pid, a. Variegated with spots of different 
colors; spotted. — Pied'ness, n. State of being parti- 
colored. — Pie'bald, a. Of various colors ; diversi- 
fied in color. [Fr. pie and bald (q. v.), orig. balled, 
streaked.] 

Piece, pes, n. A fragment of anything separated 
from the whole ; a part ; share ; portion of any- 
thing conceived of as apart from other portions ; an 
individual article ; single effort ; definite perform- 
ance ; a literary or artistic composition ; a musket, 
gun, or cannon; a coin. — v. t. [pieced (pest), 
piecing.] To enlarge or mend by the addition of a 
piece ; to patch ; to unite, join. — v. i. To unite by 
a coalescence of parts; to be compacted as parts into 
a whole. [OF.; Sp. pieza, It. pezza, a piece, LL.pe- 
tium, also pedica, piece of land : peril, s. rt. L. pes, 
pedis, Gr. peza, a foot ; or else W. peth, Armor, pez, 
a piece.] — Of a j'iece. Of the same sort, as if taken 
from the same whole : like. — Pie'cer, n. One who 
pieces ; a patchev. — Piece'-goods, n. pi. Dry goods 
usually sold by the piece, as long cloths, etc. — 
-work, n. Work done by the measure of quantity, 
or paid for according to its amount. — Piece'meal, 
-mel, adv. In pieces; in fragments; by little and lit- 
tle.— a. Made of parts or pieces: single; separate. 
[-meal AS. msel, a portion: see Meal, a repast.] 

Pied, etc. See under Pie, a bird. 

Pier, per, n. (Arch.) A mass of stone-work support- 
ing an arch, bridge, etc.; part of the wall of a house 
between windows or doors ; a structure to break the 
force of the waves ; a projecting wharf or landing- 
place. [OF. piere, L. and'Gr. petra, rock, stone.] — 
Pier'-glass, n. A mirror hanging between windows. 
— ta'ble, n. A table standing, etc. 

Pierce, pers, v. t. [pierced (perst), piercing.] To 
thrust into or transfix with a pointed instrument; to 
force a way into; totouch(the affections); to dive in- 
to (a secret or purpose); to bore, penetrate, perforate, 
reach. — v. i. To enter, as a pointed instrument ; to 
dive or penetrate (into a secret, etc.). [ME. percen, 
F. percer, perh. contr. fr. pertuisier, L. pertundere, 
-tusum, to beat, bore through, fr. per, through, and 
tundere, to beat : see Contuse.] — Pierce'' able, a. — 
— Pier'cer, n. 

Pierian, pi-e'rY-an, a. Pert, to the Muses. [Fr. Mount 
Pierus, in Thessaly, sacred to the Muses.] 

Piet, pi'et, -ot, n. Same as Pie, magpie. 

Piety, Pietist,etc. See under Pious. 

Pig, pig, n. The young of swine; a hog; an oblong 
mass of metal, as first extracted from the ore. — v. t. 
or i. [pigged (pigd), pigging.] To bring forth pigs; 
to lie together like pigs. [AS. pecg, D. big, bigge, pig, 
LG. bigge, pig, also child, Dan. pige, Ic. pika, a girl.] 

— Pig'gish, a. Like pigs; filthy; greedy; obstinate. 

— Pig'gery, -ger-t, Pig'-sty, n. A place where swine 
are kept.— Pig'' -iron, n. Iron in pigs, or oblong bars, 
as it comes from the smelting furnace.— Pig'tail, n. 
The tail of a pig; the hair so tied at the back of the 
head as to resemble a pig's tail, a cue; a twisted roll 
of tobacco. 



Pigeon, pij'un, n. A gallinaceous bird, of several 
species, as the stock-dove, ring-dove, turtle-dove, 
and the migratory or wild pigeon of America. [F., 
a dove,fr. L. pip to, -outs, a young bird, lit. achirper, 
fr. pipire, to chirp: see Pie, bird.] — Pig'eonry, -un- 
rT, n. A place for keeping pigeons ; a dovecote. — 
Pig'eon-hole, n. A division of a case for papers. — 
-liv'ered, -§rd, a. Mild in temper ; soft ; timid. 

Pigeon-, Pidgeon-, or Pidjin-English, pij'un-in'glish. 
The barbarous and childish dialect used between 
English or Americans and Chinamen,— consisting 
of English words as pronounced by the Chinese, 
with an infusion of Chinese, Portuguese, and other 
words. [Pigeon, in this dialect = E. business; busi- 
ness English.] 

Piggin, pig'gin, n. A small wooden pail or half-cask 
with an erect stave handle, used as a dipper, etc. 
[Ga. pigean, pige, dim. of pigeadh, an earthen jar, 
pitcher, or pot; Ir. j/igiu, W. piccyn.] 

Pigment, pig'ment, n. A substance used by painters, 
dyers, etc., to impart colors to bodies; paint. [L.pig- 
mentum, ir.pingere, to paint, q. v.] 

Pigmy. See Pygmy. 

Pignoration, pig-no-ra/shun, n. Act of pledging or 
pawning. (Ciril Lav:.) The taking of cattle doing 
damage, by way of pledge, till satisfaction is made. 
[LL. pignoratio, fr. pignorare, L. pignerare, to 
'_ ]— Pig'norative, -tiv, a. Pledging ; pawning, 
plk, n. (Mil.) A long wooden staff, with a flat, 
pointed steel head; spear. 
(Iclith.) A voracious fresh- 
water fish, living in deep ' 

water, so named fr. shape ; ^^= 
a turnpike road. [ME. 
pike, pyke, spear, pic, Pike, 

spike, pike, fish, Ir. pice, spear, fork, Ga. pic, spear, 
pickax, W. pig, point, pike, beak; s. rt. peak, peck, 
pick,],itch, pique, picket, piquet, beak, spiike, jdckerel ; 
cf. gar, ged.] — Pike'man, n. ; / 1, -men. A soldier 
armed with a pike. — Pike'staff, n. The shaft of a 
pike; a staff having a sharp metal spike at the bot- 
tom, to guard against slipping. 

Pilaster, pT-las'ter, n. (Arch.) A square column, 
usually set within a wall, and projecting 
only l-4th or l-5th of its diameter. [1. 
pAlastre, It. pilastro, fr. It. and L. pua, 
pillar; s. rt. pile.] 

Pilchard, piKchaid, n. A fish resembling 
the herring, but thicker and rounder. [Ir. 
pilseir.] 

Pile, pil, n. A roundish or elevated mass 
or collection of things; a heap: a mass 
regularly formed by rows or layers ; a 
large building, or mass of buildings. 
(Elec.) A vertical series of alternate disks 
of 2 dissimilar metals, with disks of cloth 
or paper between them moistened with 



pledge 
Pike, plk 




Pilaster. 



acid water, for producing a current of electricity. — 
v. t. [piled (pild), piling.] To lay or throw into 
a pile or heap; to fill above the brim or top; to heap, 
accumulate, amass. [F., a ball, pile, heap, L. plla, 
Gr. ]ialla, a ball.] — Pu'er, n. One who forms a pile 
or heap. — Piles, pilz, n. pi. (Med.) Small erectile 
tumors of the vascular, mucous, or cellular tissues 
of the rectum; hemorrhoids.— Pill, n. Medicine, etc ; , 
in the form of a little ball; anything nauseous. [F. 
pilule, L. pihda, dim. of pila.] — Pil'ule. -ul, n. A 
homeopathic pill. — Pil'ulous, -u-lus, a. Of the size 
of a pill; insignificant. 

Pile, pil, n. A piece of timber, pointed and driven 
into the earth, to support a building, bridge, etc. 
[AS. pil, a stake, L. %Ma, a pillar, pier, pilum, a jav- 
elin ; s. rt. pillar, pilaster.] — _ 
Pile'-driv'er, -en'gine, n. A ma- 
chine for driving clown piles. 

Pile, pil, n. The fiber of wool, 
cotton, etc.; nap. [L.?<z7ws, hair; 
s. rt. depilatory, pcridce^ plush, 
periwig, ivig.] — Pilose 1 ', -los', a. 
Hairy. (Bot.) Covered with 
long, distinct hairs. — Fi'lous, 
-lus, a. Abounding with, or con- 
sisting of, hair. — Pilos'ity, -los'- 
Y-tT, n. Hairiness. 

Pilfer, pil'fer, v. i. [-fered (-ferd), 
-fering.] To steal in small 
quantities; practice petty theft. 
—v. t. Tojjain bv petty theft; 
filch. [OF. pelfrer, to pilfer, 
pelfe, booty, Pjeli\_q. v.; prob. s. 



rt. pillage.] — Pil'ferer, 




Pile-driver. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, ch lir, get. 



PILGRIM 



424 



PINE 




Pillory. 



Pilgrim, pil'grim, n. A wanderer; traveler; esp. one 
who travels to a distance from his own country to 
visit a holy place. [OF.peZerm.lt. peregrino,pelle- 
grino, L. peregrinvs, foreign, also a stranger, for- 
eigner, pereger, a traveler, f r. per, through, and ager, 
a land, country: s. rt. acre, peregrination.'] |— Pil'- 
grimage, -ei, n. The journey of a pilgrim; a journey 
to a shrine or other sacred place. 

Pill, Pilule, etc. See under Pile, a mass. 

Pill, pil, v. t. [pilled (pild), pilling.] To rob, plun- 
der, pillage. j_F. piller, L. pilare, to plunder, rav- 
age; prob. not same as L. pilare, to deprive of hair: 
see Peel, to strip.] — Pillage, -lei, n. Act of plun- 
dering: that taken from another by force, esp. from 
enemies in war; rapine; spoil; depredation. — v.t. 
[pillaged (-lejd), -laging.J To strip of money or 
goods by viole'nce; to plunder, spoil. [F., plunder 
(M.).] — PiKlager, n. 

Pillar, pil'lar. n. A pier or column for a monument or 
ornament, or to support an arch, roof, statue, etc. ; 
thing resembling such a pillar in appearance, stabil- 
ity, strength, etc.: foundation; prop; support. [OF. 
piler, Sp. and Pg. pilar, LL. pilare, a pillar, fr. L. 
pile, a pier, pile (q. v.), support of a building, etc.] 

Pillion, pil'yun, n. The pad or cushion attached to 
the hinder part of a saddle, as a second seat. [Ir. 
pilliun, a pack-saddle, fr. pill, peall, a skin, couch, 
pillow; s. rt. L. pellis = E.fell, a skin.] 

Pillory, pil'lo-rf, n. A frame of wood erected on a post, 
with holes, through which the 
head and hands of a criminal 
were formerly put, to expose 
him to public view. — v. t. [pil- 
loried (-rid), -rying.] To pun- 
ish with, or set in, the pillory. 
[OF. pilori, perh. corrupt, of 
Proven?, espitlori, fr. LL. ex- 
spectacvlurn, a scaffold on which 
captives were exposed to the 
(expectatio) gaze of the popu- 
lace ; s. rt. expect, spectacle.'] 

Pillow, pil'lo, n. A cushion to 
support the head. (Naut.) The 
block on which the inner end 
of a bowsprit is supported. (2Iech.) A piece of metal 
or wood used to support some part of a machine to 
equalize the pressure; a bearing, or journal-box. A 
kind of plain, coarse fustian.— v. t. [pillowed (-lod), 
-lowing.] To rest or lay for support. [ME. pilwe, 
AS. pyle, MHG. phulwe, fr. ~L.pulvinus, pillow, bol- 
ster.] — Pil'low-bier, -ber, n. The movable case or 
sack drawn over a pillow; pil- 
low-case. [LG. kuere, pillow- 
case, prob. fr. OHG. burian, 
to erect.] — -block, n. (Mech.) 
A block, or standard, for sup- 
porting the end of a shaft. — 
-case, n. A covering for a pil- 
low ° * Pillow-block. 

Pilose, Pilous, etc. See under Pile, fiber. 

Pilot, pilot, n. One who steers ships, esp. where nav- 
igation is dangerous; a guide; the cow-catcher of a 
locomotive. — v. t. To direct the course of (a ship); 
to guide through dangers or difficulties. [OF., a pi- 
lot, piloter, to take soundings, fr. D. peil-loot, a sound- 
ing-lead, piloot or lootsman, a pilot, fr. peilen, to 
sound the depth of water, also to gauge the contents 
of a cask, etc. (contr. fr. pegelen, fr. pegel, peil, the 
mark on liquid measures showing the contents; s. rt. 
peg), and loot, lead.] — Pilotage, -ej, n. The pay, 
also the guidance, of a pilot. — Pi'lot-bread, n. Hard 
bread or ship biscuit. — cloth, n. A coarse, stout 
kind of cloth, for overcoats. — fish, n. A fish of the 
mackerel family, which often accompanies ships, 
and has been supposed to act as pilot to the sharks, 
which do likewise. 

Pimenta, pi-men'ta, -to, n. The dried berry of a W. 
Indian tree, having an aromatic flavor, and valued 
as a spice; allspice; the tree which produces allspice. 
[Pg. pimenta, allspice, fr. L. pigmentum, a pigment 
(<!• v -)> juice of plants.] 

Pimp, pimp, n. One who provides gratifications for 
the lust of others; a procurer; pander. — v.i. [pimped 
(pimt), pimping.] To procure lewd women for the 
gratification of others ; to pander. [F. pimpe'e, a 
spruce fellow, pp. of pimper, to render elegant, f r. 
piper, to pipe (q. v.), deceive, cheat, gull.] 

Pimpernel, pim'per-nel, n. A plant of which one spe- 
cies has small flowers, usually scarlet, which close 
at the approach Of bad weather. [OF. pimpernelle, 
piiupineue, prob. corrupt, of LL. bipinnella, for bi- 




pinnula, two-winged, dim. fr. bipennis, f r. bis, twice, 
•and penna, feather, q. v.] 

Pimple, pim'pl, n. (Med.) A small pointed elevation 
of the cuticle with inflamed base, differing from a 
pustule in not containing a fluid, nor tending to 
suppuration. [AS. pipjel, prob. corrupt, of L. papula., 
pimple; s. rt. (jx.pomphos, a bubble, blister, Lithuah. 
pampti, to swell, Skr. piplu, freckle, mole, perh. W. 
pivmp, a bump.] — Pinrpled, -pld, a. Having pim- 
ples on the skin; full of pimples. 

Pin, pin, n. A pointed instrument of wood, metal, 
etc.; a peg; bolt; esp., a small, pointed piece of wire 
with a head, used for fastening clothes, etc.; a thing 
of trifling value ; that which resembles a pin in form 
or use. —v.t. [pinned (pind), -ning.1 To fasten 
(with a pin) ; to inclose, pen. [ME., Ir., Ga., and 
Svr.jrinne, D.pin, OD.penne, a pin, peg, AS. pinn, a 
pen, style for writing, all fr. L. pinna, iorpenna, a 
feather (q. v.), pen, fin ,_ pinnacle, LateL. penna, a 
probe.] — Pin' afore', -a-for', n. An apron for a child 
to cover the front part of the body; a tier. — Pin'- 
cushion, -kush-un, n. A small cushion in which to 
stick pins, to keep them. — Pin-hole, n. A puncture 
made by a pin; a very small aperture. — Pin'ner, n. 
One who pins or fastens; a pounder of cattle; pound- 
keeper; a maker of pins; the lappet of a 
head-dress, which flies loose. — Pin ,r - 
case, n. A case for holding pins. — 
-featb/er, n. A small or short, partly 
grown feather ; esp. one of those not 
easily removed in picking a fowl. — 
-foot'ed, a. Having the toes bordered 
by a membrane. — mon'ey, n. A wife's 
allowance for her personal expenses. — 
-worm, n. A thread-like intestinal worm. 
— Pin'nacle, -na-kl, n. A blender turret 
elevated above a roof, buttress, etc.; a 
high, spiring point. [ME. and F. pinocle, 
L. pinnaciuum, dim. of pinna.] — Pin r - 
nate, -nat, -nated, a. (Bot.) Shaped like 
a feather. Furnished with fins. [L. pin- 
natus, feathered, fr. pinna.]— Pinnatind, 
pin-nat'T-fid or pin'na-ti-fid', a. (Bot.) , 
Divided in a pinnate manner, with the f 
divisions not reaching to the midrib. [L. 
pinnatus and findere, fidi, to split.]— m 
Pinnatiped, pin-nafl-ped or pin'na-ti- || 
ped', a. Having the toes bordered by 
membranes. [L. pinnatus and pes, pe- Pinnacle. 
dis, foot.]— Pin'tle, -tl, n. (Artil.) A 
long iron bolt to prevent the recoil of a cannon. 
A pin to hold a wheel in place; a pivot pin, as of a 
hinge; an iron plate with dowel pins. (Naut.) A 
hook on which a rudder is hung to its post. [Dim. 
of pin.] 

Pinch, pinch, v. t. [pinched (pincht), pinching.] To 
press hard or squeeze as between the ends of the fin- 
gers, or any hard bodies; to oppress with want; to 
distress. — ?;, i. To act with pressing force; to bear 
hard; to spare, be covetous. — 
n. A close compression with 
the ends of the fingers; that 
taken between the ends of the ' 
fingers; distress; oppression 
difficulty. [F. pincer, Olt. pic- 
ciare, pizzare, Sp. pizcar, to t 
pinch, It. pinzo, a sting, goad, 
Sp. pizco, a pinch, nip; s. rt. j, carp enter's pinchers 
W. Pld, a sharp point] — 2 sUoem*Ws pinchers', 
Pincb/er, n.— Pmcb/ers, Pin'- r 

cers. -sers, n. pi. An instrument for drawing nails, 
griping things to be held fast, etc. [ME. pynsors, F. 
pincesT] 

Pinchbeck, pinch'bek, n. An alloy of copper and zinc, 
resembling gold. — a. Made of pinchbeck ; sham ; 
imitation ; not genuine. [Invented by Christoph. 
Pinchbeck, in 18th century.] 

Pindaric, pin-dar'ik, n. An irregular ode in imitation 
of those of Pindar, the Greek lyric poet. — Pindar'- 
ic, -ical, a. After the style and manner of Pindar. 

Pine, pin, n. A genus of trees of many species, some 
of which furnish valuable timber; the wood of the 
pine tree ; a pine-apple. [AS. pin, L. pimis, fr. pix, 
pitch, Gr. pitus, a pine, pissa, pitta, pitch, q. v.] — 
Pineal, pi-ne'al or pin'e-al, a. Pert, to, or resembling 
in form, a pine-cone or pine-apple. [L. pinea, the 
cone of a pine.] — Pineal gland. (Anat.) A small 
conical mass of gray, nervous matter, attached to 
the floor of the 3d ventricle of the brain, in front of 
the cerebellum.— Pine'-apple, n. A tropical plant 
and its fruit, which resembles in shape the cone of 





am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; Snd, eve, term$ Tn, Tee ; 5dd, tone, 6rj 



PINE 



425 



FISOLITE 



the pine tree. — mar-' ten, n. A kind of 
marten found in northern forests. — Pin'- 
ery, -er-T, n. A place where pine-apples 
are raised; a pine forest or grove. 

Pine, pin, v. i. [piked (pind), pining.] To 
languish, lose flesh, grow lean; to languish 
with desire ; to droop, flag, wither, decay. 
— v. t. To wear out, make to languish; to 
grieve for, bemoan in silence. [AS. pinan, 
to torment, f r. pin, L. poena, pain, q. v.] 

Pinfold, pin'fold, n. A place in which beasts Fin «- 
are confined; a pound. [ME. pond /aid, a PP le - 
G. jj/and stall, a place where stray beasts are held in 
paw'n for payment of damages, G. p/and, D. jiand, 
a pawn, pledge.] 

Pin-footed, Pinhole, etc. See under Pin. 

Pinion, pin'yun, n. A feather; quill; a wing; the joint 
of a bird's wing most remote from the body; a fetter 
or band for the arm; a smaller wheel with leaves or 
teeth working into the teeth of a larger wheel or 
rack; a toothed arbor, — v. t. [pinioned (-yund), 
-ioning.] To bind or confine the wings of; to crip- 
ple by cutting off the outermost joint of the wing; 
to restrain by binding the arms to the body; to con-, 
fine, shackle. [F. pignon, a pinnacle, gable end, in n 
OF., a pennon on a lance, Sp. piiion, a pinion, wing, 
etc., fr. L. pinna, penna, feather, wing: sec Pin.] 

Pink, pink, v. t. [pinked (pinkt), pinking.] To 
pierce, stab, prick; to pierce with small holes, work 
in eyelet-holes; to cut or work in small scollops or 
angles. — w. An eye; a small eye. [Same &spick, 
/■eck; Ga. and Ir. pise, W.pigo, to prick, sting; s. rt. 
AS. pyngan, to pierce, F. piquer, L. pungere, to 
prick, Gr. pikros, hitter, E. pungent, pinch.'] — Pink-- 
eye, n. A little eye. [D. pimpoogen, pink (little) 
eyes, also, to shut the eyes, ooge, eye, pinken, to 
wink, i. e., to narrow the eyes, or bring them to a 
point.] 

Pink, pink, n. A garden plant and its flower; the com- 
mon color of the flower, — being a combination of 
pure red with white; that which is supremely excel- 
lent. — v. t. To dye of a pink color. [F. pince, a 
pink (flower), prob. fr. its pinked, or peaked edges: 
see preceding word.] — Pink'-eye, n. An acute pink- 
ish inflammation of the eyes. 

Pink, pink, n. A kind of boat or ship, with a very 
narrow stern. [D., a fishing-boat, corrupt, of OD. 
esjiincke, Sw. esping, Ic. espinger, a long boat, prob. 
orig. made of (OD. espe, Ic. espi) aspen wood.] — 
Pink'sterned, -sternd, a. Having a narrow stern. 

Pinnace, pin'nes, n. A small vessel, usually schooner- 
rigged ; a boat, usually rowed with 8 oars. [F. pi- 
nasse, a pinnace, also the pitch-tree, fr. L. pinus, 
pine (q. v.) — orig. made of pine wood: cf. Pink, a 
boat.] 

Pinnacle, Pinnate, Pintle, etc. See under Pin. 

Pint, pint, n. Half a quart, or 4 gills; in med., 12 
ounces. [ME. and F. pinte, a pint, Sp. pinta, a pint, 
orig. a spot, — the quantity of a pint having been 
inarked by a spot on a vessel of larger capacity; Sp. 
pinta = Li.picta, painted: see Paint.] 

Pioneer, pi-o-ner', v. t. [-neered (-nerd''), -neering.] 
To go before and prepare a way for. — n. {Mil.) 
One who marches with or before an army, to repair 
the road or clear it of obstructions, etc. One who 
goes before to prepare the way for another; a back- 
woodsman; first settler. [F. pionnier, OF. peonier, 
ir.peon, a foot-soldier: see Pawn, chess-man.] 

Piony. Same as Peony. 

Pious, pi'us, a. Having affectionate or filial reverence 
for a parent or superior; having reverence and love 
toward the Supreme Being ; dictated by religious 
feeling; practiced under the pretense of religion: 
godlv; devout ; righteous. [F. pieux, OF. and L. 
phtsT] — Pi'ously, adv. — Pi'ety, -e-tl, n. Affection- 
ate reverence of parents, orfriends, or country; obe- 
dient love of the will of God and zealous devotion 
to his service; religion; sanctity. [F. piete',~L.pietas ; 
s. rt. pity.} — Pi'etist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a 
Class of religious reformers in Germany who sougnt 
to restore piety to the Protestant churches; one who 
makes an ostentatious display of piety. — Pietisfic, 
-ical, a. Pert, to the Pietists; sentimentally, hyrjo- 
critically, or affectedly religious. — Pi'etism, -izm, 
??. The religion of the Pietists; obtrusive or osten- 
tatious piety. 

Pip, pip, n. A disease of fowls, in which a horny pel- 
licle grows on the tip of the tongue. [ME. pippe (2 
eyl.), OY.pepie, pip, fr. li.pituito, phlegm, rheum, 
the pip, fr. spvtus, p. p. of spuere, to spew, q. v.] 

Pip, pip, n. The seed of an apple, orange, etc. [F. 



pepin, Sp. pepita, a seed, kernel, pip; a. rt. Sp. pepi- 
no, a cucumber, L.pepo, Gr. pepon, melon.] — Pip'- 
pin, n. A kind of tart apple, — prob. orig. one raised 
ir. the pip or seed. 

Pip, pip, n. A spot on cards. [Perh. f r. OF. picque, 
pique, a diamond (in cards); perh. fr. the pips (seeds, 
spots seen) in a transversely cut apple.] 

Pip, pip, v. i. To cry or chirp, as a chicken. [See 
Peep.] 

Pipe, pip, n. A wind instrument of music, consisting 
of a tube of wood or metal; any long tube or hollow 
body; a tube of clay, etc., with a bowl at one end, 
used in smoking tobacco, etc. ; in Eng., a roll in the 
exchequer, fr. its resemblance to a pipe; the excheq- 
uer itself ; a cask usually containing 12G gallons, 
used for wine; or the quantity which it contains. — 
v. i. [piped (pipt), piping.] To play on a pipe, 
fife, flute, etc.; to have a shrill sound; whistle.— 
v. t. To perform by playing on a wind instrument, 
to utter m a high or sharp tone. [Onomat.; AS. 
pipe, Dan. pibe, G. p/ei/e, Ir. and W. pib, a pipe, 
tube, W. pipian, to pipe, pibo, to squirt, L. pipire, 
Gr. pipizein, to chirp, all fr. pi-pi, the cry of a 

Soung bird; s. rt. peep, pibroch, fi/e.] — Pip'er, n. 
ne who plays on a pipe or flute ; esp. one who 
plays on the bagpipe. — Pip'ing. p. a. Giving 
forth a weak, shrill sound like the voice of the 
sick; feeble; simmering; boiling. — n. A kind of 
cord trimming or fluting for ladies' dresses. {Bot.) 
A piece cut off to be planted; a cutting. — Pipe''- 
clay, n. A species of white clay, used in making, 
tobacco pipes and various kinds of earthen ware; 
official military routine, — used as red-tape is of 
formalism in civil affairs, f r. the use of pipe-clay in 
cleansing soldiers' equipments. — Pip'kin, n. A 
small earthen boiler. [Dim. of pipe.} 

Pippin. See under Pip, a seed. 

Pique, pek, n. A feeling of annoyance or resentment 
awakened by a social slight or injury; irritation; 
grudge ; spite. — v. t. [piqued (pekt), piquing.] 
To excite the sensibilities of, excite to anger; to 
excite to action by causing resentment orjealousy; 
to pride or value, — used reflexively. [OF., a pike, 
pikeman, also a debate, quarrel, grudge, F. piquer, 
to prick, sting : see Pickax and Picket, under 
Pick.] — Piquant, pe'kant or pik'ant, a. Stimu- 
lating to the tongue; sharp; tart; pungent; severe. 
[F., p. pr. of piquer.]— Pi'quantly, adv. — Piquan- 
cy, -kan-si, n. State or quality of being, etc. — 
Pique^, -ka', n. A figured cotton fabric used for 
women's and children's dress goods. [F., p. p. of 
piquer.] — Piquet', -kef, n. A game at cards played 
"between 2 persons, with only 82 cards. [F. : see 
Picket.] 

Pirate, pi'ret, n. A robber on the high seas; free- 
booter; an armed vessel which sails without a legal 
commission, to plunder other vessels indiscrimi- 
nately' on the high seas; one who publishes the writ- 
ings of other men without permission . — v . t. To re- 
produce books or writings by theft, or without right 
or permission. [F. ; L. pirata, Gr. peirates, fr. pei- 
ran, to attempt, attack; s. rt. Gr. peirein, to pierce, 
E. experience, /are.]— Pi'racy, -ra-sY, «. Act or crime 
of a pirate; robbery. {Law.) The act, practice, or 
crime of robbing on the high seas. Infringement 
of the law of copyright by publishing the writing? 
of other men without permission. — Piratical, a. 
Pert, to a pirate ; acquired by, or practicing, piracy. 

— Piratically, adv. 

Pirogue, pY-rog', n. A canoe formed out of the trunk 
of a tree; a narrow ferry-boat carrying 2 masts and 
aleeboard. [F.; Sp. piragua, fr. Caribbean name.] 

Pirouette, pir'oo-ef, n. A whirling about on the toes 
in dancing. — v. i. To turn about on the toes, as in 
dancing. [F., orig. a turn made by a horse without 
changing his ground, dim. of ProvF. piroue, a little 
wheel or whirligig, a child's toy; prob. onomat.: cf. 
ME. pirle, prille, a whirligig, also E. birr, purr, 
whirr, etc.] 

Pisces, pis'sez, n. pi. {Astron.) The Fishes, the 12th 
sign of the zodiac. [L., pi. of piscis = E. fsh, q. v.] 

— Pis'cary, -ka-rf, n. {Law.) Right or privilege of 
fishing in another man's waters. [L. piscarius, re- 
lating to fishes or fishing, fr. piscis.] — Pis'catory, 
-to-rt, -to'rial, -to'rY-al, a. Relating to fishes or to 
fishing. — Pis'cicult'ure, -sT-kul'chur, n. Artificial 
preservation, propagation, and nurture of fish. [L. 
piscis and cultura, culture.] 

Pish, pish, interj. Pshaw, — an exclamation of con- 
tempt. — v.i. To express contempt. 
Pisolite, pi'so-lit, n. A calcareous stone, made up of 



sun. cube, full; moon, f 6t>t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chnir. ?et. 



PISS 



426 



PLAGE 



globular concretions of about the size of a pea. 
[Gv.pison, pea, and lithos, stone.] 

Piss, pis, v. i. [pissed (pist), -sing.] To discharge 
urine. [F. pisser, ME., D., and G. pissen, prob. fr. 
the sound.] — Pis'mire, -mlr, n. The ant or emmet. 
[Named fr. the urinous smell of an ant-hill; D. 
mier, Gr. murmex, an ant: see Myriad.] 

Pissasphalt, pis'sas-falt, n. Earth-pitch ; a soft in- 
flammable bitumen of the consistence of tar, black, 
and of a strong smell. [Gr. pissa, pitch, and asphal- 
tos, asphalt.] 

Pistachio, pis-ta'sho, n. A small tree of W. Asia and 
S. Europe ; its nut, containing a kernel of a pale 
greenish color, of a taste resembling that of the 
almond. [Sp.; L. pistachium, Gr. pistakion, the nut 
of the tree pistake, Per. pista, pistachio- nut.] 

Pistareen, pis'ta-ren', n. A silver coin worth 17 or 18 
cents. 

Pistil, pislil, n. The seed-bearing organ of a flower, 
including ovary, style, and stigma; a carpel; 
a collection of carpels united Dy their inner 
suture, or a compound pistil. [L. imtillum, 
a small pestle (q. v.), which it resembles 
in shape.] — Pis'ton, -tun, n. A cylinder of 
metal or other substance, fitting the cavity of 
a pump or barrel, and working alternately 
up and down or backward and forward in 
it. See Forcing-pump, Steam-engine. [F.; 
It. pistone, a piston, lit. a pounder, pestle, fr. pigtu 
It. pestare, La.teL.pista.re, to pound.] 

Pistol, pis'ccl, n. A small fire-arm, to be fired from 
one hand. — v.t. [pistoled (-told), -toling.] To 
shoot with a pistol. [F. pistole. It. pistola, fr. Olt. 
Pistola, L. Pistoria, now Pistoja, a town in Italy, 
where they were first made.] — Pis'tolet, n. A small 
pistol. — Pistole', -toK, n. A Spanish gold coin 
worth about $3.60. [Orig. a F. nickname for the Sp. 
crown piece, because it was reduced in size and 
value below that of France.] 

Piston. See under Pistil. 

Pit, pit, n. A large, deep hole in the ground; a well; 
an abyss; esp., the bottomless pit; hell; the grave; 
an indenture in the flesh, as the hollow under the 
arm, hollow of the stomach, or the indentation left 
on the flesh by a pustule of the small-pox; the low- 
est place in a theater where spectators assemble; 
Earquet; an area into which cocks, dogs, etc., are 
rought to fight. — v. t. To indent; to mark with 
little hollows, as by variolous pustules; to set in an- 
tagonism to; to provoke to combat, as cocks in a 
pit. [AS. pyt, L. puteus, a pit, well; pern. s. rt. L. 
putus, punvs, pure (water).] — Pif-coal, n. Mineral 
coal; coal dug from the earth. — Pitfall, n. A pit 
slightly covered, to catch wild beasts, etc.; a snare; 
trap. — Pit'man, n.; )>l. -men. One who works in a 
Dit, esp. in sawing timber; the connecting rod in a 
saw-mill. — Pit'saw, n. A large saw worked ver- 
tically by 2 men, one of whom stands in a pit. 

Pitapat, adv. In a flutter; with palpitation. [Onomat. 
redupl. of pat, a light blow.] 

Pitch, pich, n. A thick, black, sticky substance ob- 
tained by boiling down tar; turpentine, — improp. 
so called. — v.t. [pitched (picht), pitching.] To 
cover over or smear with pitch; to darken as if by 
smearing with pitch; to obscure. [AS. pic, L. pix, 

. picis, Gr. pissa, pitch; s. rt. pine (tree), q. v.] — 
Pitch'y, -T, a. Of the nature of, or like, pitch ; 
black; dark; dismal. — Pitchlness, n. —Pitch-pine, 
n. One of several species of pine, abounding in 
resinous matter. 

Pitch, pich, n. A point or peak; degree of elevation 
or depression. (Musi) Degree of elevation of the 
voice, of an instrument, etc. Degree ; rate ; posi- 
tion ; point where a declivity begins ; the declivity 
itself; descent; slope. (Mech.) The distance from 
center to center of any 2 adjacent teeth of gearing, 
measured on the pitch-line ; 'distance measured on a 
line parallel to the axis, between 2 adjacent threads 
or convolutions of a screw; distance between the 
centers of holes, as of rivet-holes in boiler plates. — 
v. t. To throw, hurl, toss; to fix firmly, plant, set 
in array. (Mus.) To fix or set the tone of. — v. i. 
To light, settle: to fall headlong; to fall, fix choice; 
to encamp. (Naut.) To rise and fall, as the head 
and stern of a ship. [Same as pick; W. picellu, to 
throw a (picell) javelin or (pic) pike.] — Pitch line, 
or p. circle. A circle concentric with the circum- 
ference of a toothed wheel, and cutting its teeth 
at such a distance from their points as to touch 
the corresponding circle of the gear working with 
it. — P. of a roof. (Arch.) The inclination or 





slope of the sides. — P. of a saw. 

The slope of the face of the teeth. — 

Pitched battle. A battle in which the 

hostile forces have taken up a firm 

position, — disting. fr. a skirmish. — 

Pitch'er, n. One who, etc. ; esp., in 

games of ball, who pitches the ball 

for the batsman to strike at. — Pitch'- 

fork, n. A farming implement used 

in pitching hay, sheaves of grain, etc., 

into wagons, etc. — Pitch'-farth'ing, 

n. A play in which coins are pitched 

into a hole. — pipe, n. (Mus.) An ABB, R 

instrument for regulating the pitch pitch; a cb, 

of the key or leading tone of a tune. Grecian pitch ; 

Pitcher, pich'er, n. A vessel with a -^Jif ' Go }%Z> 
spout for pouring out liquid ; a ewer. *,f„„' W w ' 
(Bot.) A cuplike appendage of the Ellzal)ethar " 
leaves of certain plants. [ME. and OF. picher, 
pitcher, fr. LL. picarium, bicarium, 
goblet, beaker, Gr. bikos, an earthen 
wine-vessel; s. rt. beaker.] 

Piteous, etc. See under Pity. 

Pith, pith, n. The soft, spongy sub- 
stance in the center of many plants 
and trees. (Anat.) The spinal cord; 
marrow. V ital or essential part ; 
vigor ; strength ; importance. [AS. TO . 
pidha, LG. peddik.f- Pith'y, -t. Pitcher. (Bot.-) 
a. [-ier ; -iest.] Consisting of, containing, or 
abounding with, pith; energetic; condensed, forci- 
ble, and appropriate in expression. — Pithily, adv. 

— Pithiness, n. — Pithless, a. Destitute of pith; 
wanting strength; wanting cogency or concentrated 
force. 

Pitman, Pitsaw. See under Pit. 

Pittance, piftans, n. An allowance of food, bestowed 
in charity; a small allowance; very small quantity; 
trifle. [F. pitance, LL. pitancia, food, Sp. pitanza, 
a soldier's rations, daily pay.] 

Pituitary, pl-tu'T-ta-rt, a. (Anat.) Secreting phlegm 
or mucus. [L. pituita, phlegm, mucus: see Pip, dis- 
ease of fowls.] — Pitultous, -T-tus, a. Consisting of, 
or resembling mucus; showing the effects of mucus. 

Pity, pit'i, n. The feeling or suffering of one person, 
excited by the distresses of another; cause of grief ; 
thing to be regretted ; a call for pity ; compassion ; 
mercy ; commiseration. — v. t. [pitied (-id), pity- 
ing.] To feel pain or grief for; have sympathy for; 
commiserate; compassionate. — v.i. To be compas- 
sionate ; exercise pity. [ME. and OF. piie, L. pietas, 
-tatis, piety, q. v., under Pious.] — Pit' eous, -e-us, a. 
Fitted to excite pity; evincing pity; paltry; mean; 
pitiful; affecting; doleful; wretched; miserable.— 
Pit'eously, adv.— Pifeousness, n.— Pitiable. -I-a-bl, 
a. Deserving pity ; worthy of compassion ; affecting ; 
lamentable ; rueful. — Pitlableness, n. — Pitiful, 
-l-ful, a. Full of pity; compassionate ; miserable ; 
moving compassion; deserving pity for littleness or 
meanness; contemptible; despicable; paltry. — Pif- 
ifully, adv. — Pitlfulness, n. — Pitiless, a. Desti- 
tute of pity; hard-hearted; cruel; merciless; exciting 
no pity. — Pitilessly, adv. — Pitllessness, n. 

Pivot, piv'ut, n. A fixed point, shaft, or pin on which 
any body turns, oscillates, or revolves; a turning 
point ; that on which important results depend. 
(Mil.) The one on whom the different wheelings are 
made in the various evolutions of the drill. [F., fr. 
It. piva, LL. pipa, a pipe, q. v.] 

Pix. Same as Pyx. 

Placable, etc. See under Placate. 

Placard, pla-kard', n. A bill, advertisement, etc., 
posted in a public place; poster, — v. t. To post (a 
writing, libel, etc.) in a public place; to notify pub- 
licly. [F., fr. plaquer, to parget, or roughcast (a 
wall), to stick or paste on, plaque, a plate of metal, 
D. plak, a ferule, slice, plakken, to paste, glue, plas- 
ter; s. rt. flat; prob. not s. rt. place, plate, Gi.plax, a 
flat surface.] — Plaque, plak, n. A decorated plate, 
saucer, etc., to be hung on a wall for ornament, —v. 
t. To decorate walls with plaques. [F.] — Plack'et, 
n. The opening or slit left in a petticoat or skirt for 
convenience in putting it on; a woman's pocket. 

Placate, pla'kat, v. t. To appease or pacify; concili- 
ate. [L. placare, -catvm, fr. placere, to please, q. v.] 

— Pla'cable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Pla'cable- 
ness, -cabillty, n. — Placid, plasld, a. Pleased; 
contented: serene; tranquil; quiet; unruffled; undis. 
turbed. [F. placide, L. placidvs, fr. placere.]— Pl«r* 
idly, adv.— Placldness, -idlty, n. 

Place, plas, n. A broad way in a city ; open space j 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, f&re ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; odd, tone, 6r ; 



PLACENTA 



427 



PLANET 



area; any portion of space regarded as distinct from 
all other space, as related to any other portion, or as 
appropriated to some definite object or use ; rank ; 
degree; grade; esp., social rank or position; official 
station or post; a position occupied and held as a 
residence, as, a stately dwelling, a mansion; or, a 
collection of dwellings, a village, town, or city; or, 
a country, the seat of a nation; or, a fortified town 
or post; possibility of existence or action; opportu- 
nity; definite portion of a written or printed docu- 
ment; vacated or relinquished space; room; stead. 

— v.t. [placed (plast), placing.] To assign a place 
to, fix, settle; to put in a particular rank or office; to 
surround with particular circumstances; to put out 
at interest, invest. [F. ; L. platea, Gr. plateia, a 
broad way, street, open space, courtyard, fr. platus, 
flat, wide, Skr. prithus, large, prath, to spread out; 
s. rt. plant, plaster, plastic, plaice, plane-tree.} — To 
take place. To come to pass, occur. — Place'man, 
n. ; pi. -men. One who has an office under a govern- 
ment. — Pla'cer, -ser, n. One who places or sets. — 
Placer', -thar' (by Mexicans and Californians pla- 
sar'), n. A gravelly place where gold is found, esp. 
by the side of a river, or in the bed of a mountain 
torrent. [Sp.]— Pla'za, pla r za, n. A public square 
in a city. [Sp.] 

Placenta, pla-sen'ta, n. ; pi. -tie, -te. (Anat.) The 
soft, spongy disk which connects the mother with 
the fetus in the womb; afterbirth. (Bot.) The part 
of a plant or fruit to which the seeds are attached. 
[L., orig. a cake, Gr. plakous, a flat cake, fr. plax, a 
flat surface: see Plain.] — Placen'tal, a. Pert, to, 
or having, etc. — n. A mammal having, etc. 

Placid, etc. See under Placate. 

Placket. See under Placard. 

Plagal. pla'gal, a. (Mus.) Having the principal tones 
lying between the fifth of the kev and its octave or 
twelfth, — said of certain melodies or tunes. [Gr. 
plar/ios, oblique, slanting.] 

Plagiary, pla'jT-a-rY, n. A thief in literature : one who 
purloins another's writings, and offers them to the 
public as his own. — a. Practicing literary theft. 
[F. plagiaire, a kidnapper, also book-stealer, L. pla- 
giarius, a man-stealer, fir. plagium, kidnapping, pla- 
giare, to kidnap, fr. plaga, a net ; s. rt. plait.] — 
Pla'giarism, -a-rizm, n. Act or practice of plagia- 
rizing ; literary matter stolen. — Pla'giarist, n. A 
plagiary. — Pla'giarize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izixg.] 
To steal or purloin from the writings of another. — 
v. i. To be guilty of literary theft. 

Plague, plag, n. Any afflictive evil or calamity: that 
which troubles or vexes. (Med.) An acute," malig- 
nant, febrile disease, that often prevails in the East, 
and has at times raged in cities of Europe. Anv pes- 
tilence.— v. t. [plagued (plagd), plaguing.] To 
vex, tease, trouble; to afflict with disease, calamity, 
or natural evil; to torment, afflict, annoy, tantalize, 
perplex. [L. plaga, Gr. plege, a blow; s. rt. L. plan- 
gere, Gr. plessein, to strike, E. plaint.'] — Plagu'er. n. 

— Plagu'y, a. Vexatious; troublesome; tormenting. 

— Plagully, adv. 

Plaice, plas, n. A very broad flat-fish, spotted, and 
larger than the flounder. 
[OF. plats, L. platessa, fr. 
its flatness: see Place.] 

Plaid, plad, n. A striped or 
variegated cloth, worn as an 
over-garment by the Scot- 
tish Highlanders.— a. Hav- 
ing a pattern like a Scotch 
plaid; marked with bars or Piaice. 

stripes at right angles to one another. [Ga. and Ir. 
plaide, a blanket, contr. fr. peallaul, a sheepskin, 
peall, a skin, hide; s. rt. L. pellvs = E.fell, a skin.] 

Plain, plan, a. Without elevations or depressions ; 
open ; clear ; unencumbered ; not intricate or diffi- 
cult; simple; natural, as, void of extraneous beauty 
or ornament, homely ; or, not highly cultivated, 
unsophisticated, common; or, void of affectation or 
disguise : or, free from costliness, not rich ; or, not 
ornamented with colors or figures ; or, not much 
varied by modulations, —adv. In a plain manner. 

— n. Level land; usually, an open field with an 
even surface, or one little varied hy inequalities ; a 
field of battle. — r. f. [plained (pland), plaining.] 
To level, make plain or even. [Same as plan and 

flane; F. ; L. planus, plain, flat, G. plax, aflat sur- 
ace ; s. rt. placenta, piano.] — Plainly, adv. — 
Plain'ness. n.— Plain'-deal'er, n. One who speaks 
out his views with great plainness. — deal'ing, a. 
Dealing with frankness ; honest ; open. — n. A 




speaking with sincerity. — heart'ed, a. Having a 
sincere heart ; communicating without art, reserve, 
or hypocrisy. — spok'en, a. Speaking with plain, 
unreserved sincerity. 

Plain, plan, v. t. and l. To complain, lament, bewaiL 
[F. plaindre, L. plangere, jAanctum, to strike, beat 
(the breast) in lamentation.] — Plaint, plant, n. Au- 
dible expression of sorrow ; lamentation ; com- 
plaint; a sad or «erious song. [ME. and OF. pleinte, 
LiL.plancta,fi. L. planet us, lamentation.]— Plainf- 
iff, n. (Laiv.) The person who commences a suit 
to obtain remedy for injurv to his rights, — opp. to 
defendant. [F. plaintiff] — 'Plaintive, -iv, o. Con- 
taining a plaint, or expression of sorrow; indicating 
grief ; serious ; sad. [Prop. fern, of F. plaintif.] — 
Plaintively, adv. — Plaintlveness, n. 

Plait, plat, Plat, plat, n. A fold ; a doubling, as of 
cloth ; a braid, as of hair or straw. — v. t. To fold ; 
double in narrow folds ; to form by interlaying, 
braid, plat ; to entangle, involve. [ME. plaiten, 
pleten, to plait, plait, OF. ploit, pleit, plet, a fold. F. 
plier, ployer, L. plicare, to fold : see Ply.J 

Plan, plan, n. A draught or form ; prop., the repre- 
sentation of anything drawn on a plane, esp. of a 
horizontal section of anything ; a method of action 
or procedure expressed or described in language ; 
scheme; plot; device.—?;, t. [planned (pland), 
-ning.] To form a draught or representation ; to 
sketch, model ; to devise, contrive. [F. plan, also 
plain, flat, plain, q. v.] — Plan'ner, n. 

Plane, plan, a. "Without elevations or depressions ; 
even ; level ; flat ; pert, to, lying in, or constituting 
a plane. — n. (Geom.) A surface, real or imaginary, 
in which, if any 2 points are taken, the straight line 
which joins them lies wholly in that surface. (Join* 
ery.) A tool for smoothing wooden surfaces, form- 
ing moldings, etc. — v. t. [planed (pland), plan- 
ing.] To make smooth, free from inequalities of 
surface. [F., a plane surface, fern, of plan, flat ; F. 
plane, LL. plana, a carpenter's plane, F. planer, L. 
planare, to plane ; same as plan and plain, q. v.]~ 
Plan'er, n. {Print.') A wooden block for making 
the surface of type even. — Planner, Plan'ing-ma- 
cbine / , n. A machine-tool for planing metals or 
■wood. — Pla'no-con'cave, a. Flat on one side, and 
concave on the other. — conical, a. Plane on one 
side, and conical on the other. — con'vex, a. Plane 
on one side, and convex on the other : see Lens. — 
Plan'ifolious, planl-fo'tt-us, a. (Bot.) Flat-leaved. 
[L. planus and folium, leaf. — Planim /, etry, pla- 
nim'e-tri, n. Mensuration of plane surfaces. TGr. 
metron, measure.] — Plan'mefric, -rical, a. Pert 
to, etc. — Plan'ipet'alous, -a-lus, a. (Bot V) Having 
flat petals. — Planisphere, -T-sfer, n. The repre- 
sentation of the circles of the sphere upon a plane ; 
esp. a plane representation of the celestial sphere, 
with adjustable circles, etc., to show the position 
of the heavens, time of rising and setting of stars, 
etc., for any hour. [See Sphere.] — Planch, v. t. 
[planched (plancht), planching.] To cover with 
planks or boards ; to plank. [F. planche, L. planca, 
a plank, board, Gr. plax, plakos, a flat stone.] — 
Planching, n. The laying of floors in a building ; 
a floor of boards or planks. — Planch'et, n. A flat 
piece of metal ; esp. a disk of metal ready to be 
stamped as a coin. [F. planchette, dim. of planche.] 

— Planchette', plaN-shef, n. A small board ; a 
circumferentor : a small tablet, mounted on wheels 
and carrying a pencil, which, when the instrument 
is moved by the hand resting on it, traces characters 
supposed to have significance. —Plank, plank, n. A 
broad piece of sawed timber, thicker than a board ; 
a support, as for floating in a stream; a statement of 
a principle or purpose (in a political, etc. .platform). 

— v.t. [planked (plankt), planking.] To cover or 
lay with planks ; to lay down upon, or as upon, a 
plank; to produce, as "a wager or cash. [Same as 
Planch, ahove.]^ Planish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), 
-ishino.] To render (a metal surface) smooth and 
level by light blows with a smooth-faced hammer. 
[F. planer-, to plane.] 

Plane, plan. Plane '-tree, Plat'an. -ane, plafan,*!. A 
large-leaved tree of the genus Platanus : the orien- 
tal plane-tree is a native of Asia : the occidental of 
X. Amer., where it is called also the button-wood 
or button-ball. [F. plane, L. platanus, Gr. platanos, 
fr. platus, broad, — i. e. its leaves: see Place.] 

Planet, plan'et, n. (Astron.) A celestial bodv which 
revolves about the sun in an orbit of a moderate 
degree of eccentricity. [ME. and OF. pJanete, L. 
pldneta, Gr. planetes.'lit. a wanderer, fr. planasthai, 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



FLANIFOLIOUS 



428 



PLAY 



to wander.] — Planetalium, -rt-um, n. An astro- 
nomical machine which represents the motions and 
orbits of the planets ; an orrery. — Plan'etary, -a-rl, 
a. Pert, to, produced by, or consisting of, planets. 
(Astrol.) Under the dominion or influence of a 
planet. — Plan'et-strick'en, -struck, a. Affected by 
the influence of planets; blasted. — wheel, n. (Mach.) 
A wheel revolving around, or within, the circumfer- 
ence of another wheel, by which it is driven. See 
Sun and Planet Wheels, under Sun. 

Planifolious, Planish, Plank, etc. See under Plane, a. 

Plant, plant, n. A vegetable; an organic bodv, desti 
tute of sense and spontaneous motion, andliaving, 
when complete, a root, stem, and leaves; the fixtures 
and tools necessary to carry on any trade or mechan- 
ical business.— v. i. To put (seeds, young trees, etc.) 
in the ground for growth; to furnish with plants; to 
engender; to settle, establish, introduce; to set and 
direct, or point.— v. t. To perform the act of plant- 
ing. [AS. plante, L. planta, prop, a spreading sucker 
or shoot, also (in L.) the flat sole of the foot, plan- 
tare, -tatum, to plant; s. rt. Gr. platus, spreading, 
broad: see Place,] — Plantation, n. Act of plant- 
ing ; place planted, esp. with trees or shrubs ; in 
South. U. S. and W. Indies a farm or large estate; a 
colony. [L. plantatio, fr. plantar -e.] — Planfer, n. 
One who plants, sets, introduces, or establishes; one 
who assists in colonizing 
in a new territory; one 
who owns a plantation. 

— Plantlcle, -Y-kl, n. A 
young plant, or plant in 
embryo. [Dim. of pi ant.] 

— Plant'ule, -til, n. The 
embryo of a pi ant.— 
Plant'-louse, n.; pi. 
-lice. An insect that 
infests plants and feeds 
on their ju»ices. — Plant'- 
ain, -in, n. A wild her- 
baceous plant of many 
species. — Plant'ain, P.- 
tree, n. An endogenous 
tropical tree, with a soft 
stem, whose fruit is a 
substitute for bread. 
[F.; L. plantago, fr. 
planta, — fr. its broad, 
spreading leaf, - called Plantain, 
in ME. waybread, cor- 
rupt, of AS. wegbrsede, G. wegebreit, lit. way-broad.] 

— Plantigrade, -Y-grad, n. An animal that walks on 
the sole of the foot, as the bear. — a. Walking on 
the sole of the foot. [L. planta, sole of the foot, and 
gradi, to walk.] 

Plash, plash, n. A puddle; a dash of water; splash.— 
r. i. [plashed (plasht), plashing.] To dabble in 
water, splash. [OD. plascli, a plash (of water), plas- 
scken, G. platscken,to splash, dabble; s. rt. AS. plset- 
tan, to slap, E. plague, pat, plod.] — Plash'y, -T, a. 
Watery; abounding with puddles. 

Plash, plash. Pleach, plech, v. t. [pleached (plecht), 
pleaching.] To lop off (branches of trees); to bind, 
or cut, and intertwine (branches), —n. The branch 
of a tree partly cut or lopped and bound to other 
branches. [ME. plechen, OF. plessier, to bow, fold, 
or plait young branches together, so as to thicken a 
hedge, etc., fr. LL. plessa, a thicket, fr. Li.plectere, 
plexum, to weave: see Ply.] 

Plasm, plazm, n. A mold or matrix in which anything 
is cast or formed to a particular shape. [Gr. plasma, 
fr. plassein, to form, mold; s. rt. Gr. platus, broad, 
E. place, emplastic] 

Plaster, plas'ter, n. A composition of lime, water, and 
sand, for coating walls, etc.; calcined gypsum (plas- 
ter of Paris), used as a fertilizer and for making or- 
naments, moldings, etc. {Med.") An unctuous, me- 
dicinal, or adhesive substance, spread on cloth or 
leather, used to produce a medicinal effect, exclude 
air, or bind parts together. — v. t. [plastered (-terd), 
-tering.] To cover (walls, etc.) with plaster; to cov- 
er (wounds, etc.) with a plaster; to smooth over, con- 
ceal the defects or irregularities of. [ME. and OF. 
piastre, later F. plaistre (whence the E. spelling/>?ats- 
ter), L. emplastrum, Gr. emplastron, a plaster, prop, 
neut. of emplastos, daubed on or over, fr. emplassein, 
to daub on, fr. en, in, and plassein.] —Plaster of Paris. 
Calcined gypsum, or sulphate of lime. — Plas'terer, 
n. — Plas 'tering, n. The plaster-work of a building; 
a covering of plaster. — Plas'tic, a. Having power 
to form a mass of matter; capable of being molded 




or modeled; pert, or appropriate to, or characteristic 
of, molding or modeling; produced by, or appearing 
as if produced by, molding or modeling. [Gr. plas- 
ti/cos.] — Plasticity, -tis'T-tt, n. State or quality of 
being plastic. [F. plasticite".] — Plas'tron, n. A 
piece of leather stuffed,— used by fencers to defend 
the body. [F.; It. piastrone, a breastplate, dim. of- 
piastro, a plaster: see Piaster.] 

Plat, to fold. Same as Plait. 

Plat, plat, n. A small piece of ground (usually flat) ; 
a plot. [Same &splot (q. v.), but influenced by the 
spelling of ME. and F. plat, flat: see Plate.] 

Platan, -ane. See Plane-tree. 

Plate, plat, n. A piece of metal flattened; metallic 
armor composed of broad pieces; dishes wrought in 
gold or silver; metallic ware overlaid with gold, sil- 
ver, or other metal; a shallow vessel, to hold food at 
table. {Arch.) The timber which supports the ends 
of the rafters. A piece of metal on which anything 
is engraved; an impression from an engraved piece 
of metal ; a page of stereotype or electrotype for 
printing from. — v. t. To overlay with gold, silver, 
or other metal ; to arm with plate or metal for de- 
fense ; to adorn with plate ; to beat into thin, flat 
pieces. [OF., prop. fem. of plat, flat, LL. plata, a 
lamina, plate of metal, Sp. plata, plate, silver ware, 
Gr. platus, broad : see Place.] — Plate'ful, n. ; pi. 
-fuls, -fulz. Enough to fill a plate. — Plating, n. 
Act or operation of covering baser metal with a coat- 
ing of silver, etc.; a thin coating of metal. — Plate'- 
glass, n. A fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, for 
mirrors, large windows, etc. — Plat'ter, plat'ter, n. 
A large shallow dish, for food at table. [OF. platel, 
dim. of plat, a dish.] — Plateau, pla-to', n. A broad, 
level, somewhat elevated area of land. [F., later 
form of platel.'] — Plat'en, n. (Print.) The flat part 
of a press, by which the impression is made : see 
Printing-press. — Platln, n. (Mach.) The mova- 
ble flat table of a machine-tool. — Platlorm, n. A 
frame -work, forming a conspicuous or elevated 
standing- place; a declaration of principles to which 
any body of men declare their adhesion. [F. plate- 



standing-place; a declaration of principles to which 
any body of men declare their adhesion. [F. plate- 
forme, f r. plat (fem. plate) and/oraie, form.] — Plati* 
na, plaft- or pla-te'-na, Platinum, platt- or pla-te'- 



num, n. ( Chem.) A very ductile metal of the color 
of silver, but less bright", — the least expansible of 
the metals. [Sp. platina, f r. plata, silver.] — Plat'- 
itude, -Y-tud, n. Flatness ; dullness ; insipidity ; a 
weak or empty remark. [F.] 

Platonic, pla-tonlk, -ical, a. Pert, to Plato, the Greek 
philosopher, or to his philosophy, school, or opin- 
ions. — Platonic love. A pure, spiritual affection 
subsisting between the sexes, unmixed with carnal 
desires. — Pla'tonism, -to-nizm, n. Doctrines of 
Plato and his followers; an elevated rational and 
ethical conception of the laws and forces of the uni- 
verse. — Pla'tonist, n. A follower of Plato. — Pla'- 
tonize, v. i. [-nized (-nizd), -nizing.] To adopt 
the opinions of, etc. — v. t. To explain on, or ac- 
commodate to, the principles of, etc. 

Platoon, pla-toon', n. (Mil.) A subdivision of a com- 
pany of soldiers, consisting of 2 files. [F. peloton, fr. 
pelote, a ball; s. rt. pellet, q. v.] 

Platter. See under Plate. 

Platypus, plat'Y-pus, n. Same as Ornithorhynchus, 
q. v. [Gr. platus, broad, and jyous, foot.] 

Plaudit, plaw'dit, n. A mark or expression of ap- 
plause; acclamation; encomium; approbation. [L. 
plaudite, do ye praise, a demand of applause Dy 
players when they left the stage, fr. plaudere, pilau- 
sum, to applaud, praise.] — Plau'ditory, -o-rY, a. Ap- 
plauding. — Plau'sible. -zi-bl, a. Fitted to gain fa- 
vor or approbation; superficially pleasing; apparent- 
ly right; using specious arguments or discourse. [L. 
plausibilis, in. plaudere.] — Plau'sibleness, -sibillty, 
n. — Plau'sibly, adv. — Plau'sive, -siv, a. Applaud- 
ing; manifesting praise. 

Play, pla, v. i. [played (plad), playing.] To engage 
in sport or lively recreation : to frolic : to act with 
levity, trifle; to contend in a game ; to gamble ; to 
perform on an instrument of music ; to move with 
alternate dilatation and contraction ; to operate ; to 
move irregularly, wanton ; to act a part upon the 
stage, act in any particular character. — v. t. To 
put in action or motion; to perform music upon: to 
bring into sportive or wanton action; to act or per- 
form by representing a character ; to perform in 
contest for amusement or for a prize, —n. Any ex- 
ercise or series of actions intended for pleasure, 
amusement, or diversion ; game ; act of contending 
for victory, for amusement, or for a prize, as at dice 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, term ; Yn, Tee ; 8dd, tone, 6r 



PLAZA 



429 



PLIGHT 



cards, or other games ; gaming ; practice in any 
contest: action; use; employment; a dramatic com- 
position ; representation of a comedy or tragedy ; 
performance on an instrument of music ; movement, 
regular or irregular : room for motion ; free and 
easy action; liberty of acting, room for enlargement 
or display ; scope." [AS. plega. a same, sport, also a 
fight, battle, pern. fr. ~L.plagu, a blow: see Plague.] 
— Play of colors. An appearance of several pris- 
matic colors in rapid succession on turning an ob- 
ject. —To be played out. To be exhausted. — Play r - 
er, n. One who plays, as, a dramatic actor; a mimic; 
one who performs on an instrument of music : a 
gamester. — Play'fellow, n. A companion in sports; 



the other ; to drink the health of. [OF. plege, a 
surety, pledge, plevir, to warrant, assure ^prob. s. rt. 
L. prsebere, to offer, render, give up, ME. plegge, a 
hostage.] — Pledgee', n. One to whom anything is 
pledged. — Pledg'er, n. One who pledges. 

Pledget, plej'et, /«. (Surg.) A compress, or small, flat 
tent of lint, laid over a wound. [Prob. fr. plug.] 

Pleiad, ple'yad, n. One of the Pleiades. — Ple'iades. 
-yn-dbz.7). jil. (Myth.) The 7 daughters of Atlas and 
1'leione, changed into stars. (Astron.) A group of 
7 small stars in the neck of the constellation Taurus. 
[L. ; Gr. Pleiades, fr. plein, to sail, — the rising of 
these stars indicating the period of safe navigation.] 

Pleiocene, etc. See Pliocene, etc.. under Plenary. 



a playmate.— Play'ful. -ful, a. Sportive: indulging Plenary. ple'na-rY, a. Full : entire : complete. [LL 



sportive fancy. — Play'fulness, n . — Play'niate 
n. A playfellow. — Play'thing, n. Anything that 
serves to amuse; a tov. — Play'wright. -rit, n. A 
maker of plays.— Play'-bill, n. A printed advertise- 
ment of a plav, with the parts assigned to the actors. 
— day, n. Adaysiven to Dlay or diversion. — house, 
n. A house for the exhibition of dramatic composi- 
tions ; theater. 

Plaza. See under Place. 

Pleach. Same as Plash, to lop branches. 

*lea, pie, n. (Law.) An allegation of fact in a cause, 
— d:stiii2r. fr. a demurrer; more usually, the defend- 
ant - answer to the plaintiff's declaration and de- 
ma:. 1. A cause in court; a lawsuit: an excuse: apol- 
ogy; urgent prayer or entreaty. [ME. pie, plee, OF. 
}>'■>., plat, plait, plaid, fr. TAj. placitum, a judgment, 
decision, public assembly, L. placitum, an opinion, 
prop. neut. of p. p. of placere, to please ; s. rt. L. 
placare, to placate, q. v., and prob. promts, a wooer, 
precari, to prav, E. placid, complacent, displease.] — 
Plead, pled, v.t. [pleaded (plead (pled) or pled 
improp. used), pleading.] To argue in support of 
a claim, or in defense against the claim of another; 
to attempt to persuade by argument or entreaty. 
(Law.) To present an answer to an indictment or 
to the declaration of a plaintiff ; to make an allegation 
of fact in a cause ; to carry on a suit or plea. — v. t. 
To allege or adduce in proof, support, or vindica- 
tion ; to offer in excuse ; to discuss, defend, and at- 
tempt to maintain by arguments offered to a tribu- 
nal, etc.: to argue; to allege and offer in a legal plea I 
or defense, or for repelling a demand in law. [ME. 
pleden, OF. plaider, to make a (plaid) plea.] — | 
Plead'er, n. One who pleads ; esp. a lawyer who I 
makes a plea in a court of justice. —Please, plez, | 
v. i. [pleased (plezd), pleasing.] To excite 
agreeable sensations or emotions in ; to gratify. — I 
v. i. To be pleased; to like, choose, prefer, comply. | 
[OF. plesir, plaisir, L. placere.] — Pleas'er, n. — j 
Pleas'ing, a. Giving pleasure or satisfaction; grati- 
fying; pleasurable; acceptable. — Pleas'ant, plez''- 
ant, a. Fitted to please : grateful to the mind or 
senses; cheerful: gay; lively; gratifying. [OT.])les- 
ant, p. pr. of plesir.'] — Pleas'antly, adv. — Pleas r - 
antness, n. — Pleas 'antry, -rl, n. Gayety ; merri- 
ment ; gentle raillery ; a sprightly saying ; lively 
talk. — Pleas'ure, plezh'er, n. Gratification of the 
senses or of the mind ; aereeable sensations or emo- t 
tions; frivolous or dissipating enjoyment ; what the ] 
will dictates or prefers: that which pleases; a favor. I 

— v. t. [pleasured (-erd), -using.] To give or i 
afford pleasure to ; to please, gratify. [F. plaisir. 
pleasure, prop, infin. of OF. plaisir, to please, q. v.] 

— Pleas'urable, a. Pleasing; giving pleasure ; af- 
fording gratification. — Pleas'urably, adv. — Pleas'- 
ure-ground, n. Ground laid out in an ornamental , 
manner, and appropriated to amusement. 

Pleat. Same as Plait. 

Plebeian, ple-be'yan, a. Pert, to, or consisting of. the 
common people : vulgar.— n. One of the lower ranks 
of men. [OF. plebeien, L. jdebeius, fr. plebs. plebis, j 
the common people, orig. a crowd, multitude : s. rt. 
~L. plerique, very many, plenus = E. fvU : see Ple- 
nap.y.] —Plebiscite, pla-bis-sef, n. A vote by uni- [ 
versal suffrage. [F. ; L. plebiscitum, an ordinance 
of the people, fr. plebs and scitum, a decree.] — Pie- j 
be'ianism, -van-izm, n. Conduct of plebeians. 

Pled. See Plead. 



plenarius, entire, fr. L. plenus, Gr. pleos, full, L. 
pleo, Gr. pimplerni, I fill ; s. rt. E. full, complete, im- 
plement, replenish, supply, plebeian, plural, plethora, 
people, police: see Full.]— Plenary indulgence. (Pom. 
Cath. Church) An entire remission of penalties due 
to all sins. — P. inspiration. Inspiration in which 
there is no mixture whatever of error. — Ple'narily, 
adv. — Ple'nariness, ?;.— Plenip'otent, a. Possess- 
ing full power. [L. plenus and jiotens, potent.] — 
Plenip'otence, -tens, -otency, -sT, n. State of being, 
etc. — Plenipotentiary, -shT-a-rT. n. One having 
full power to transact any business ; esp. an em- 
bassador at a foreign court furnished with lull pow- 
er. — a. Containing full power. — Ple'nist, n. One 
who maintains that all space is full of matter. — 
Plen'itude, -tud, n. State of being full or complete: 
fullness; abundance; redundancy of blood and hu- 
mors ; repletion. [F. ; L. plenitudo, fr. plenus.] — 
Plen'ty, -tT, n. Full or adequate supply ; enough 
and to spare: copiousness ; exuberance. — a. Plen- 
tiful ; abundant. [ME. and OF. plente, ~L.plenitas, 
fullness.] — Plen'teous, -te-us, a. Containins plen- 
ty : sufficient for every purpose ; having plenty ; 
well provided for ; rich* ; fruitful. — Plen'teously, 
adv. — Plen'teousness, n. — Plentiful, -ti-ful. a. 
Containing plenty; yielding abundant crops; afford- 
ing ample supply. — Plen'tifully, adv. — Plen'tiful- 
ness, n. — Ple'onasm, -o-nazm, n. The use of more 
words, to express ideas, than are necessary. [Gr. 
pleonasmos, f r. pleonazein, to abound, lit. to tie more, 
fr. pleon, neut. of pleion, more, compar. of pleos, 
full. J — Pleonas'tic, -tical, a. Pert, to, or partaking 
of, pleonasm; redundant.— Pli'ocene, Plei'ocene, 
pli^o-sen, a. (Geol.) Pert, to the strata more recent 
than the miocene or 2d tertiary. [Gr. pleion and 
kainos, recent, new.] — Pli-, Plei'stocene, pli'sto- 
sen, a. (Geol.) Pert, to the most recent tertiary 
deposits. [Gr. pleistos, most, superl. of pleos and 
kainos.] 
Plesiosaurus, ple'sT-o-saw'rus, n. (Paleon.) A genus 




Plesiosaurus. 
of large extinct marine reptiles, havinar the neck 
very long, and the bodv and tail short. TGr. plesios, 
near, and sauros, lizard.] 

Plethora, pleth'o-ra, n. Over-fullness j esp., fullness 
or excess of blood ; repletion ; state of being over- 
full in any respect. [L. ; Gr. plethore, fullness, fr. 
plethos, a "throng, crowd; s. rt. plenary, q. v.] — 
Plethoric, ple-thor / 'ik or pleth'o-rik, a. Evincing 
plethora either in a physical or a metaphorical sense. 

Pleura, plu'ra, n. (Anat.) The serous membrane 
covering the inside of the thorax and investing the 
lungs. [Gr., a rib, the side, the pleura.] — Pleu'risy, 
-rl-sY, n. (Med.) An inflammation of the pleura, 
accompanied with fever, pain, difficult respiration, 
and coush. [F. pleuresie, Gr. ptotrites, ir. 2)leura.] 
— Pleurit'ic. -ical. a. Pert, to, or diseased with, 
pleurisy. — Pleu'ro-pneumo'iiia, -nu-mo'nl-a, n. A 
contagious inflammatory disease of the pleura and 
lungs, esp. dangerous to herds of cattle. [Gr.pneu- 
mon, a lung: see Pneumatic] 



Pledge, plej, n. Something deposited as security for Plexus, Pliable, Plicate, Pliers, etc. See under Ply 



a debt or engagement ; a pawn : gage : anythin_ 
given or considered as a security for the perform- 
ance of an act : the wishing of he'alth to another. — 
v. t. [pledged (plejd), pledging.] To deposit in 
pawn, leave as security ; to engage for by promise 
or declaration ; to invite (another person) to drink, 
by drinking of the cup first, and then handing it to 



light, pllt, v. t. To expose to danger or risk : to 
pledge, give as security for the performance of some 
act. — n. That which'serves to plight or pledge: se- 
curity; gage; exposed condition; state. [AS. pliht, 
plio, "risk, "danger, OD. plieht, Dan. and Sw. pligt, 
G. pflicht. duty, obligation, AS. plion, to risk, im- 
peril, OHG. plegan, to engage, promise ; also OF. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot : cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PLINTH 



430 



PLUS 



plaid, plait, L. placitum, law proceeding, engage 
ment, fr. phxcitare, to negotiate, agree with.] - 
Plight'er, 




Plover. 



Plinth, plinth, n. A projecting, vertically faced mem- 
ber forming the lowest division of the base of a 
column, pedestal, or wall. [Gr. plinthos, a brick or 
tile, also a plinth; s. rt. flint.] 

Pliocene, Plistocene. See under Plenary. 

Plod, plod, v. i. To travel, with steady, laborious dili- 

fence; to toil, drudge; esp., to study heavily. — v. t. 
'o tread, with a heavy, laboring step. [ME., Ir., 
and Ga. plod, a pool, puddle, — i. e. to tramp through 
the wet, proceed painfully; prob. s. rt. plash.] — 
Plod'der, n. 

Plot, plot, n. A small extent of ground. (Surv.) A 
draught of a field, piece of land, etc., drawn to a 
scale. — v. t. To make a plan of, delineate. [AS., a 
patch of ground ; s. rt. patch, q. v.] 

Plot, plot, n. Any scheme, stratagem, or plan of a 
complicated nature ; conspiracy ; cabal ; combina- 
tion; plan or intrigue of a play, novel, poem, etc. 
— v. i. To form a scheme of mischief against an- 
other or against government, conspire; to contrive 
a plan. — v. t. To plan, devise, contrive. [Abbr. of 
E. and F. complot, a conspiracy, prob. fr. L. compli- 
care, complicities, to complicate.] — Plot'ter, n. One 
who plots or contrives : a conspirator. 

Plough. See Plow. 

Plover, pluv'er, n. A bird of several species frequent- 
ing the banks of rivers and 
the sea-shore. [OF. plovier, 
fr. L. pluvia, rain — the bird 
being most seen in rainy 
weather : see Pluvial.] 

Plow Plough, plow, n. An im- 
plement for turning up the 
Boil ; agriculture ; tillage ; a 
joiner's instrument f orgroov- 
mg ; a knife or machine for 
cutting or trimming paper, 
used by bookbinders and pa- 
per-makers. — v. t. [plowed 
or ploughed (plowd), plowing or ploughing.] To 
trench and turn up with a plow; to run through in 
sailing; to turn up and devastate; to cut or trim 
(paper, etc.) with a knife or press, — v. i. To labor 
with a plow; to advance by plowing, or in spite of 
obstacles. [ME. plouh, plou, plow, Ic. ploge, a plow, 
AS. ploh, plow-land, perh. fr. Ga. ploc, a block of 
wood, stump — the first rude form of a plow: see 
Block.] — Plow'-, Plough'able, a. Arable. — Plow'-, 
Plougb/boy, n. A boy that guides a team in plow- 
ing; a rustic boy. — Plow'-, Plough'er, n. One who 
plows land; a cultivator. — Plow'-, Plough'man, n. ; 
pi. -men. One who plows ; a husbandman ; rustic; 
countryman. — Plow'-, Plough'share, n. The part 
of a plow which cuts the ground at the bottom of 
the furrow. [Fr. shear.] 

Pluck, pluk, v. t. [plucked (plukt), plucking.] To 
pull with sudden force or effort, or to pull off, out, 
or from, with a twitch; to strip by plucking, —n. 
The heart, liver, and lungs of an animal; spirit; in- 
domitableness; courage. [ME. and D. plu/cken, AS. 
pluccian, to pluck ; not s. rt. It. piluccare, to pick 
grapes: *he n. fr. the plucking out of these parts fr. 
the animal when killed.] — Pluck'er, n.— Pluck'y, 
-1, a. [-ier; -iest.] Having resolute and enduring 
courage ; spirited. 

Plug, plug, n. Anything used to stop a hole; a stop- 
ple; a flat, oblong cake of pressed tobacco, — v. t. 
[plugged (plugd), -ging.] To stop with a plug, 
make tight by stopping a hole. [D.; OD. nlugge, a 
plug, peg, pluggen, to plug, prob. fr. Ir. ploc, pluc, 
plug, stopper, bung, Ga. and W. ploc, club, block; 
s. rt. block; bludgeon.] 

Plum, plum, n. The fruit of a tree of the genus Pru- 
nus ; the tree itself, usually called plum tree ; a rai- 
sin; in .ring., a handsome fortune or property; the 
sum of £100,000 sterling. [AS. plume, L. pr'unum ; 
same as prune, q. v.] 

Plumage. See under Plume. 

Plumb, plum, n. A weight of lead, etc., attached to a 
line, to indicate a vertical direction, as in building, 
etc.; a plummet. — a. Perpendicular; standing ac- 
cording to a plumb-line. — adv. Perpendicularly. — 
v. t. [plumbed (plumd), plumbing.] To adjust by 
a plumb-line ; to examine by tests. [F. plomb, lead, 
also a plummet, L. plumbum, lead; prob. s. rt. Gr. 
■molubdos, OHG. pit, G. blei, lead.] — Plumba'go, 
-ba'go, n. A form of carbon, popularly called black 
lead; graphite, q. v. [L.] — Plumbag'inous, -baj '- 




T-nus, a. Resembling, consisting of, or containing, 
plumbago. — Plum'bean, -be-an, -beous, -be-us, a. 
Consisting of or resembling lead; lead-colored; dull; 
heavy; stupid. [L. j^Mmbews.] — Plumb'er, plumper, 
n. One who works in lead, esp. one who adjusts 
pipes, etc., in buildings. — Plunib'ery, -er-f , n. Busi- 
ness of a plumber; place where plumbing is carried 
on. — Plumb'ing, n. Art of casting and working in 
lead ; business of arranging pipes for conducting 
water, etc. ; pipes and other apparatus for convey- 
ing water, etc., iu a building. — Plumb'-line, n. A 
Elummet ; a line perpendicular to the plane of the 
orizon. — Plum'met, n. A weight attached to a 
line, for sounding the depth of water, or for deter- 
mining a perpendicular, or, with a square, a horizon- 
tal line; any weight. [F. plombet, dim. of plomb.] 

Plume, plum, n. Ihe feather of a bird; esp. a large 
or handsome feather; a large feather or collection 
of feathers worn as an ornament; a token of honor, 
prowess, stateliness, etc. — v. t. [plumed (plumd), 
pluming.] To pick and adjust the plumes or 
feathers of ; to strip of feathers ; to pride, value, 
boast. [F. ; L. pluma; s. rt. flow, float.] — Plu'mage, 
-mej, n. The collection of feathers covering a 
bird. [F.] — Plum'y, -T, a. Covered or adorned 
with plumes. — Plumig'erous, -mij'er-us, a. Hav- 
ing feathers. [L. plumiger, fr. pluma and gerere, 
to bear.] — Plu'miped, -ml-ped, a. (Ornith.) Having 
feet covered with feathers, —n. A bird that has 
feathers on its feet. [L. jdumijies, -pedis; pes, foot.] 
— Plumose', -mos', Plu'mous, -mus, a. 
Having, or resembling, plumes. (Bot.) 
Having hairs, or any parts or appen- 
dages arranged along an axis. [L. 
plumosus.] 

Plummet. See under Plumb. 

Plump, plump, a. Swelled with fat or i 
flesh to the full size ; fleshy ; fat; 
sleek ; f ull ; round ; complete ; un- 
reserved ; unqualified; blunt, — v. t. 

[PLUMPED (plumt), PLUMPING.] To 

extend to fullness, swell, fatten. — v. 
i. To grow large to fullness, be swelled. 
[ME. and OD. plomp, rude, clownish, ProvE. »Zi'm, 
to swell, also plump, full, Sw., Dan., and G. plump, 
clumsy, coarse.] — Plump'er, n. Something carried 
in the mouth to dilate the cheeks; a thing intended 
to swell out something else; a vote given to one can- 
didate only, when more are to be elected; in Eng., 
a full, unqualified lie. — Plump'ly, -It, adv. Fully; 
roundly ; without reserve. — Plump'ness, n. — 
Plump'y, -T, a. Somewhat plump; fat; jolly. 

Plump, plump, v. i. To fall suddenly or at once. — v. 
t. To cause to drop heavily. — adv. At once, or 
with a sudden, heavy fall ; suddenly. [Perh. onomat., 
fr. the sound of a stone, etc., falling in water, and 
same as plump, fat, full; cf. Ga. pluh, plum, G. plump, 
the noise of a stone falling into water, also (in G.) 
heavy, thick, clumsy, Swiss bluntschen, to plump into 
water, blunts/-/) ig, thick, plump; or else same as plumb 
(q. v.), with the idea of falling, like lead, directly 
down : cf. It. piombare, to fall like lead, — if so, s. rt. 
plunge.] 

Plunder, plun'der, v. t. [-deeed (-dgrd), -deeing.] 
To take the goods of by force; to take by pillage 
or open force, despoil, sack, strip, rob. — n. That 
which is taken from an enemy; pillage; prey; spoil; 
in South and West. U. S., personal property and 
effects; baggage; luggage. [D. plunder en, G. pluen- 
dern, to plunder, pillage, in ProvG., to remove with 
one's baggage, G. j/lun/ler, trumpery, trash, baggage, 
luG.plunden, rags.] — Plun'derer, n. 

Plunge, plunj, v. t. [l'lungkd (plunjd), plunging.] 
To immerse in a fluid ; to drive into flesh, earth, wa- 
ter, etc. — v. i. To thrust or drive one's self into 
water, or a fluid; to dive, rush in; to fall or rush (into 
distress or a state in which the person or thing is 
surrounded or overwhelmed) ; to pitch or throw 
one's self headlong, as ahorse, —n. Act of thrust- 
ing into water or any penetrable substance; act of 
pitching or throwing one's self headlong, like an un- 
ruly horse. [ME. ploungen, F. plonger,Pica.r& plon- 
quer, to plunge, dive; perh. onomat.; perh. F. plon- 
ger is freq. of /ilomber, to cover with lead, sound 
water with a plummet, fr. plomb, lead, s. rt. plumb, 
q. v.: and see Plump, to fall suddenly.] — Plun 'ger, 
n. One who or that which plunges; a diver; a long, 
solid cylinder, used as a forcer in pumps. 

Plus, plus, n. {Math.) A character [marked thus, +J 
used as a sign of addition. —a. lull; ample; posi- 
tive. [L. plm, orig. pious, Gr. pleion, more, compar. 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r : 



PLUSH 



431 



POIGNANT 



otpleos, full: see Plenary. J — Plu'ral, a. Contain- 
ing more than one. [OF. plurul, L. pluralis.] — Plu- 
ralism, n. (Eccl.) In Eng., the holding of more than 
one ecclesiastical living at a time. — Plu'ralist, n. A 
clerk or clergyman who holds, etc.— Plurality, -t-tl, 
n. State of being plural, or consisting of more than 
one; a greater number; the number (as of votes) by 
which the largest aggregate exceeds the next in 
size ; a state of being or having a greater number. 
[F. plurality, L. pluralitas.] — Plurality of votes. 
The excess of votes cast for one individual over 
those cast for any one of several competing can- 
didates. — Plu'ralize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] 
To make plural by using the termination of the 
plural number. — Plulally, adv. In a sense imply- 
ing more than one. — Plu'perfect, -per-fekt, a. 
More than perfect, — said of that tense of a verb 
which denotes that an action took place previous to 
another past action. [Corrup. of L. plusquamperfec- 
tum, name of the tense, fr. plus, more, quam, than, 
and perfection, perfect.] 

Plush, plush, n. A textile fabric with a velvet nap or 
shag on one side. \F.pluche,peluche,iv. ~L.pilus,ha.\r; 
s. rt. peruke.] 

Plutocracy, plu-tok'ra-st, n. A form of government 
in which the wealthy classes have supreme power; a 
controlling class of rich men. [F. plutocratie, Gr. 
ploutokratia, fr. ploutos, wealth, and kratein, to 
rule.] — Plu'tocrat, plulo-krat, n. One whose 
wealth gives him power or influence ; one of the plu- 
tocracy. — Plu'tocratlc, a. Pert, to, consisting in, 
or partaking of, etc. 

Plutonian, plu-to'nY-an, -tonic, -tonlk, a. Pert, to 
Pluto, hence, to the interior of the earth ; pert, to 
the system of the Plutonists; igneous. [L. Pluto. 
god of Hell.] — Plu'tonist, n. One who adopts the 
theory of the formation of the world in its present 
state from igneous fusion. 

Pluvial, plu'vt-al, a. Abounding in rain; rainy. [F.; 
L. pluvialis, ir.pluvia, rain, pluere, to rain; s. rt. flow, 
plover.] — Plu'vious, -vl-us, a. Abounding in rain; 
rainy; pluvial. [L. pluviosus, pluvius.] — Plu'viam'- 
eter, -om'eter, -vT-om^e-ter, n. A rain-gauge, an in- 
strument for ascertaining the quantity of rain that 
falls at any place, in a given time. [Gr. metron, 
measure.] 

Ply, pli, v. t. [plied (plid), plying.] To fold or cover 
over; to put to or on with force and repetition; to 
urge, solicit importunately; to employ with dili- 
gence, keep busy; to practice or perform diligently; 
to press, strain, force, — v.i. To work steadily; to 

fo with diligence or pertinacity; to busy one's self, 
e steadily employed. (Navt.) To endeavor to 
make way'against the wind. To make regular trips. 
— n. A fold; plait; a bent; turn; direction; bias. [F. 
plier, to fold, plait, bend, turn, L. plicare, -catum, to 
fold, Gr. /ilekein, to weave, G-flechten, to braid, plait, 
twist (whence, prob., G.flachs = E.flax, q. v.); s. rt. 
apply, accomplice, complicate, explicit, perplex, de- 
ploy, display, employ, simple, double, triple, multiply, 
plagiary, plait, plot, etc.]— Pli'able, a. Capable 
of being plied, turned, or bent; easy to be bent; 
readily yielding to moral influence, arguments, per- 
suasion, or discipline: supple; limber. — Pli 'able- 
ness, -ability, n. — Pli'ant, a. 
Capable of plying or bending; 
easily bent; easily influenced to 
good or evil ; easy to be per- 
suaded; trnctab'e: "docile; obse- 
quious.— Pli'antness, -ancy, -sT, 
n. State of beim; pliant. — Pli'- 
cate,-kat,-cated,o. (Bot.) Plait- 
ed; folded like a fan. [h.pli 



^is, p. p. of plicare.] — Plex'us, 



Physiol.) Any net-work of 

:1s, nerves, or fibers. [L., p. 

of plectere, to twine, braid, 



vessels, nerves, or fibers. fL., p 
p. of plectere, to twine, braid 
freq. of plicare.] — Plex'iform 




Plicate Leaf. 



-T-fSrm, a. In the form of net- 
work; complicated. [L. plexus and forma, form.] — 
Pli'ers, n. pi. A kind of pincers, by which any small 
object may be seized and bent. 
Pneumatic, nu-matlk, -ical, a. Con- 
sisting of, or resembling, air; pert. 
to air, or to elastic fluids or their 
properties ; moved or played by 
means of air ; adapted to, or used 
for, experiments with gases; fitted Pliers. 

to contain air. — Pneumatics, n. 
Science of the mechanical properties of air and other 
elastic fluids. [Gr. pneumatikos, pert, to wind, breath, 



or air, fr. pnevmn, -matos, wind, pneein, to blow.] — 
Pneumatol'ogy, -ina-tol'o-jT, n. Doctrine of, or trea- 
tise on, air and other elastic fluids. (Philos. & Theol.) 
Doctrine of, or treatise on, spiritual existences. — 
Pneumatom'eter, n. A gasometer to measuie the 
quantity of air taken into the lungs, and given out, 
at each inspiration and expiration. [Gr. metron, 
measure.] — Pneumo / 'nia, -mo'nt-a, n. {Med.) In- 
flammation of the lungs, with fever, difficult breath- 
ing, etc. [Gr., fr. pneumon, pleumon, a lung, fr. )me- 
ein ; s. rt. pulmonary.] — Pneumonic, a. Pert, to the 
lungs. — n. A medicine for affections of the lungs. 
Poach, poch. v. t. [poached (pocht), poaching.] To 
cook (eggs) by breaking them into a vessel of boiling 
water; to cook (egi:s) with butter after breaking in 
a vessel. [F. pocher, perh. fr. poche, a pouch, q. v. 

— the yolk of a well poached egg retaining its round- 
ed form.] 

Poach, poch, v. t. To rob of game; to plunder, —v. i. 
To steal or pocket game, or to carry it away privately, 
as in a bag. [F. jjocher, to incroach upon another's 
property, NormF. }>oquer, to carry in the pocket, fr. 
poche, pocket : see Pouch.] — Poach'er, n. 

Pock, pok, n. (Med.) A pustule raised on the surface 
of the body in an eruptive disease, as the small-pox. 
[AS. poc, D. pok, Ir. pucoid, a pustule, pucadh, a 
swelling.] — Pock'-mark, n. Mark or scar made by 
the small-pox.— Pock'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Full of 
pocks; infected with the small-pox ; vile ; rascally ; 
contemptible. — Pox', n. (Med.) Any one of the 
4 diseases, small-pox, chicken-pox, the vaccine dis- 
ease, and the venereal disease or syphilis, — the last 
being signified when no qualifying word is used. — 
v. t. [poxed (pokst), poxing.] To infect with 
syphilis. [For pocks, pi. of pock.] 

Pocket, pok'et, n. Any small bag, esp. one inserted 
in a garment ; a large bag tor holding various arti- 
cles. (Min.) A small cavity in a rock, containing 
gold, etc. — v. t. To put, or conceal, in a pocket; to 
take clandestinely. fNLE.poket, dim. of Norm. poque, 
OD. poke, a bag/poke, q. v.]— To pocket an insult or 
affront. To receive it without resenting it— Pock'et- 
book, n. A small book, or case, for carrying papers, 
money, etc., in the pocket. — glass, n. ' A portable 
looking-glass. — knife, n. A kniie with blades which 
fold into the handle so as to be carried in the pocket. 

Poco, po'ko, adv. (Mus.) A little, — used in phrases 
indicating the time or movement ; as, poco largo, 
rather slow ; poco a poco, little by little, gradually. 
[It.] — Poco-cu'rantism, -ku-rantlzm, n. State of 
having little care or interest; indifference. [It. poco 
and curante, caring, fr. curare, to care.] 

Pod, pod, n. A capsule of a plant, esp. a legume; a de- 
hiscent fruit. [Da.n.'pude, cushion, Ga. put, 
a large buoy made of an inflated sheep-skin, 
perh. confused with cod ; s. rt. pudding.] 

Podagric, po-daglik, -rical, a. Pert, to, or 
afflicted with the gout. [Gr. podagra, gout, |^j 
fr. pous, podos, a foot, q. v., and agra, 
catching.]— Pod'ophil ' line, -fill in, n. (Mea.jmK 
A cathartic principle obtained from the root v r 
of the may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum). 
[Gr. pous and phullon, leaf.] 

Poe, po'e, n. Food prepared from the pound- 
ed baked roots of the taro plant, used in 
Hawaii and other islands of the Pacific. 

Poem, po'em, n. A metrical composition ; a 
composition in verse, — opp. to prose. [F. po- Pod- 
erne, L. poema, Gr. poiema, a piece of workmanship, 
composition, poem, fr. poiein, to make.] — Po'esy, 
-e-8i, n. Art or skill of composing poems ; poetry ; 
metrical composition. [F. poesie, Gr. poiesis, poetic 
faculty.] — Po'et, n. The author of a poem; one 
skilled in making poetry ; an imaginative thinker 
or writer. [ME. and F. poete, L. poeta, Gr. poietes.] 

— Poet laureate. In Eng., a court poet, employed to 
compose poems for special occasions: see Laureate. 

— Po'etess, n. A female poet. — Po'etas'ter, n. A 
writer of bad poetry. [OF. poetastre. an ignorant 
poet.] — Poetic, -ical, a. Pert., suitable to, ex- 
pressed in, or possessing the peculiar beauties of. 
poetry.— Poetically, adv.— PoetlcB, n. Doctrine of 
poetry. — Po'etize, v. i. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To 
write as a poet, compose verse. — Po'etry, -rf, n. 
Modes of expressing thought and feeling which are 
suitable to the imagination when excited or eleva- 
ted; metrical composition; verse; imaginative com- 
position, whether in prose or verse. [OF. poeterk.] 

Poh, po, interj. Pish ! pshaw ! — an exclamation ex- 
pressing contempt or disgust. 
Poignant, etc. See under Point. 



a, cube, full ; moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get. 



POINT 



432 



POLE 



Point, point, n. That which pricks or pierces; esp., the 
sharp end of a piercing instrument; a sort of needle 
used by engravers, etchers, lace-workers, etc. ; the 
mark made by the end of a sharp, piercing instru- 
ment; an indefinitely small space; mere spot; a small 
promontory, or cape; a moment; inetant; the verge: 
whatever serves to mark progress, or to indicate 
transition; degree ; condition ; rank ; a salient trait 
of character; characteristic; a distinct position, the- 
sis, or passage, in argument or discourse ; the pith 
or gist of an expression or discussion ; a lively turn 
of thought. (Geom.) That which has not length, 
breadth, nor thickness. A character used to mark 
divisions of a sentence, etc. ; anything aimed at or in- 
tended; object; end; a small affair; trifling concern; 
punctilio. (J/ms.) A dot or mark to designate cer- 
tain tones or time; a dot at the right hand of a note, 
to raise its value, or prolong its time, by one half. 
(Anc. Costume.) A tagged lace, used to tie together 
certain parts of the dress. (Want.) A flat, tapering 
piece of braided cordage, used in reefing sails, pi. 
(Railroads.) In Eng., the switch of a railway track. 

— v. t. To give a point to, sharpen; to direct toward 
an object, aim; to direct attention toward; to mark 
(a sentence, etc.) with marks of punctuation; to 
punctuate; to indicate the point, aim, or purpose of; 
to indicate or discover (game) by a fixed look. (Ma- 
sonry.) To fill the joints of with mortar, and smooth 
them with the point of a trowel, — v.i. To direct the 
finger for designating an object; to indicate the pres- 
ence of game by a fixed and steady look; to show dis- 
tinctly by any means; to fill the joints or crevices of a 
wall with mortar. [F. ; L. punctum, orig. neut. of p. p. 
of pungere, punctum, to prick ; s. rt. compunction, 
tsjjunge, pounce, punch, puncheon.]— Poinfed, p. a. 
Sharp ; having a sharp point ; characterized by dis- 
tinctness of meaning and pithiness of expression ; 
keen ; severe ; epigrammatic ; direct. — Poinfedly, 
adv. — Pointless, a. Having no point ; wanting 
keenness ; blunt ; obtuse ; dull ; stupid. — Point 'or, 
n. Anything 
that points, 

— as, the 
hand of a 
time-piece; a 
variety of 
dog, trained 
to stop, and, 
with his 
nose, point 

t?S e o??2 e - Pointer Dog. 

men ; (Astron.) one of the 2 stars in the Great Bear, 
the line between which points nearly to the North 
Star. — Point-blank'', n. (Mik) The point to which 
a projectile is supposed to move directly, without a 
curve. — a. Aimed directly toward the mark; plain; 
express. — adv. In a point-blank manner. Direct- 
ly. [F. point blanc, the white spot in the center of 
archers' targets.]— Poign'ant, poin'ant, a. Stim- 
ulating to the organs of taste ; acutely painful ; pier- 
cing ; irritating ; sharp ; keen ; satirical ; bitter. [F. 
poignant, p. pr. of poindre, Yj. pungere, to prick, sting.] 

— Poign 'antly, adv. — Poign'ancy, -sY, n. State of 
being, etc. — Pun'gent, -jent 3. Pricking; piercing, 

— as, sharp, acrid, biting — ;aid with reference to 
taste; stimulating, pricKing, — said of smell; sharp- 
ly painful, acute, — said 01 pains, sensations, etc. ; 
exquisitely painful to the feelings, severe, — said of 
discourse. [L. pungens, p. pr, of pungere; same as 
poignant.] — Pun /, gently, adv. — Punirency, -sT, n. 

State of being, etc.— Puncfure, punk'chur, n. Act 
of perforating with a pointed instrument ; a small 
hole made by a point. — v. t. [punctured (-churd), 
-URING.] To pierce with a small, pointed instru- 
ment, prick. [L. punctura, a prick, orig. fern, of fut. 
part, of pungere.] — Pundate, -tat, -tated, a. Point- 
ed; ending in a point or points. (Bot.) Having dots 
scattered over the surface. — Punctlial, punk'chu- 
al, a. Observant of nice points; punctilious; esp. ad- 
hering to the time of an appointment; prompt; occur- 
ring, made, or returning, at the appointed time ; 
exact; precise; strict; accurate. [F. ponctuel, fr. L. 
punctum.] — Punctually, adv.— Punctuality, -l-tf , 
n. Quality or state of being, etc. — Punctilio, -tiP*- 
yo, n. A nice point of exactness in conduct, cere- 
mony, or proceeding. [Sp. puntillo, dim. of punto = 
L. punctum.]— Punctilious, -til'yus, a. Attentive 
to punctilio ; exact in forms of ceremony. — Punc- 
tiliously, adv. — Punctiliousness, n. — Punc'to, n. 
Nice point of form or ceremony ; the point in fen- 




cing. [It. punto, L. punctum.] — Puncfuate, punk'- 
chu-at, v. t. To separate into sentences, clauses, etc., 
by points, which mark the proper pauses. [F. punc- 
tuer, to distinguish by points, LL. punctuare, to de- 
termine, define.] — Punctua'tion, n. (Gram.) Act 
or art of punctuating or pointing a writing or dis- 
course. [F.] — Punctlrist, -u-ist, n. One who un- 
derstands the art of punctuation. 
Poise, poiz, n. Weight ; gravity ; the mass of metal 
used in weighing with steelyards ; equipoise ; bal- 
ance; equilibrium.— v. t. [poised (poizd), poising.] 
To make of equal weight; to hold or place in equilib- 
rium ; to load with weight for balancing ; to weigh. 
[OF. peiser, poiser, to weigh, fr. peis,pois, a weight, 
L. pensare, to weigh, pensum, portion weighed out, 



in LL., a weight, prop. neut. of pensus, p. p. of pen- 
dire, to weigh; s. rt. pendant, q. v. ; not fr. L. \ 
a weight.] 



, pondus, 



Poison, poi'zn, n. Any substance noxious to life or 
health; that which taints or destroys moral purity 
or health ; venom ; bane ; ruin ; malignity. — v. t. 
[poisoned (-znd), -soning.] To infect with poison; 
to attack, injure, or kill, by poison ; to taint or cor- 
rupt the character, principles, or happiness of. [F., 
f r. L. potio, a drink, esp. a poisonous draught, f r. 

fotare, Skr. pa, to drink ; s. rt. potion, q. v., under 
'ot.] — Poi'soner, n. — Poi'sonous, -zn-us, a. Hav- 
ing the qualities of poison ; corrupting ; impairing 
soundness or purity. 

Poke, pok, n. A pocket ; small bag ; a long, wide 
sleeve, formerly worn; a projecting bonnet, former- 
ly worn. [Ir. poc, Ga. poca, OD. poke, bag, sack ; 
s. rt. AS. pung, Ic.pungr, a pouch, E. pocket, pouch, 
pucker, perh. L. bucca, the inflated cheek.] 

Poke, pok, v. t. [poked (pokt), poking.] To thrust 
against, push against with anything long or pointed; 
to feel for with a long instrument; to search or feel 
for in the dark, in a hole, or in a heap of things; to 
stir (a fire, etc.) — v. i. To grope, as in the dark ; 
to dawdle, be slow at one's work. — To poke fun. To 
make fun, joke, jest. — To p. at. To thrust the 
horns at. — n. Act of poking; a thrust; a lazy or 
stupid person ; a yoke with a projecting pole, to 
prevent unruly beasts from leaping or breaking 
through fences. [ME. poken, Ga. puc, to push, Ir, 
poc, a blow, kick, OD. poke, a dagger ; s. rt. L. 
pungere, to prick (see Point), E. pucker.] — Pok'er, 
n. One who pokes ; that used in poking, esp. an 
iron bar, for stirring a coal fire. — Pok'y, -ey, -T, a. 
Slow ; dull ; stupid. 

Poke, pok, P. '-weed, n. A poisonous N. Amer. plant, 
bearing dark-purple, juicy berries. 

Poker, pok'gr, n. A game of cards. 

Poker, pok'Sr, n. Any frightful object, esp. one 
dimly seen in the dark ; a bugbear. [Dan. pokker, 
the devil, Icel. pokr, a bugbear, hobgoblin.] 

Polacca, po-lak'ka, -lacre, -Ta'kgr, n. (Naut.) A ves- 
sel with 3 masts, used in the Mediterranean. [It., 
prop, a Polish vessel.] 

Polar, Polarize, etc. See under Pole, extremity of an 
axis. 

Polarchy. See Polyarchy. 

Pole, pol, n. A native or inhabitant of Poland. — PoK- 
ish, a. Pert, to, etc. — Po'lonaise', -lo-naz', n. The 
Polish language ; a kind of Polish robe worn by 
ladies ; a kind of dance ; a polacca. [F.] 

Pole, pol, n. A long, slender piece of wood; stem of a 
small tree ; a measure of length of 5 i-2 yards, or a 
.__ . measure of 30 1-4 square yards; a rod; perch. 
v. t. [poled (pold), poling.] To furnish with 
poles for support ; to bear or convey on poles j to 
push forward by the use of poles. [AS. pal, MHG, 
pfal, fr. L. palus, a stake, pale, q. v.] — Under bare 
poles. (Naut.) Having all the sails furled. — Pole'- 
ax, -axe, n. A sort of ax or 
hatchet fixed to a pole or; 
handle. [ 

Pole, pol, n. One of the ex-\ 
tremities of an axis, on' 
which a sphere revolves 
esp., one of the extremities 
of the earth's axis ; a point 
on the surface of a sphere 
equally distant from every 
part of the circumference of 
a great circle. (Physics.) 
A point of maximum inten- 
sity of a force which has 2 
such points, or which has 
polarity. The heavens, the sky. [ME. and F. pol, 
L. jiolus, Gr. polos, pole, pivot, hinge, fr. peltein, to 




Pole-axes. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



POLECAT 



433 



POLYACOUSTIC 




be in motion : s. rt. Gr. kellein, to urge on, E. celer- 
ity.]— Pole'-star, n. (Astron.) A star at or near to 
the pole of the heavens. That which serves as a 
guide or director. — Polar, a. Pert, to, surround- 
ing, or proceeding from one of the poles of the earth, 
or the poles of artificial globes; situated near one of 
the poles; pert, to the magnetic pole. (Geoui.) Pert, 
to, reckoned from, or having a common radiating 
point. — Polar bear. A species of arctic bear hav- 
ing fur of a silvery white tinged with vellow.— 
Polarity, -lar'i-tY, n. (Physics.) Tliat quality or 
condition of a body in virtue of which it exhibits 
opposite or contrasted properties or powers, in oppo- 
site or contrasted parts or directions. — Po'larize, 
v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izixg.] To communicate polar- 
ity to. — Polariza'tion, n. Act of, state of being, 
or of having, etc. — Polarlscope, -lar'l-skop, n. 
(Ojit.) An instrument for polarizing light and 
analvzing its properties. [Gr. skopein, to view.] 

Polecat, pol'kat, n. A carnivorous European mam- 
mal, allied to 
the weasel, 
which ejects a 
fetid liquid 
when irritated 
or alarmed ; the 
fitchew or fitch- 
et. il>IE. polcat, 
ptrli. a cat liv- 
ing in a burrow, 
fr. Ir. and Ga. 
poll, a hole, pit; Polecat, 

perh. fr. F. poule, a hen, as it feeds on poultry; perh. 
fr. F. pulent, L. pvrulentus, stinking.] 

Polemic, po-lemlk, n. A controversialist ; disputant. 

— Polemic, -ical, a. Pert, to, engaged in, or involv- 
ing controversy ; controversial ; given to contro- 
versy ; disputatious. — Polemics, n. Controversy, 
esp. on religious subjects. [Gr. polemikos, warlike, 
polemos, war : s. rt. Zend par, to fight ; perh. s. rt. 
Gr. pelekus, Skr. paracu, an ax.] — Pol'emarch, pol'e- 
miirk, n. (Gr. Antiq.) An Athenian magistrate 
who had under his care all strangers in the city. 
[Gr. polemos and archos, leader, fr. archein, to lead.] 

Police, po-les', n. The administration of the laws 
and regulations of a city, town, etc. ; internal regu- 
lation and government of a state; the body of civil 
officers, organized lor the preservation of order, and 
enforcement of the laws. — v. t. [policed (-lest'), 
-licing.] To apply police regulations to, keep in 
order, make (a camp, etc.) clean. [F. ; L. potitia, 
Gr. /loliteia, citizenship, polity, condition of a state, 
fr. polites, a citizen, polis, a city, orig. a crowd, 
throng, hence a community, Skr. puri, a town ; s. 
rt. plenary, full, folk.] — Pdlice'man, n. ; pi. -men. 
One of the ordinary police force. —Policy, pSKT-si, 
n. The settled method by which the government 
and affairs of a nation are administered; method by 
which any institution is administered; line of con- 
duct on special questions; worldly wisdom; dexteri- 
tvof management; cunning; stratagem; prudencein 
the management of public and private affairs; wis- 
dom. [ME. and OF. policie, older form of police.) — 
Polity, -T-tT, n. The form or constitution of civil 
government of a state or nation; principle on which 
a nation or any institution is organized. [L. politia.] 

— Politic, a. Political; pert, to or promoting a pol- 
icy, esp. a national policy; well devised; sagacious in 
promoting a policy; devoted to a scheme or system 
rather than to a principle; wary; artful; cunning. 
[L. polilicus, Gr. politiJcos.] — Politics, n. Science, 
art, or course of government ; political affairs and 
contests; management of a political partv; in a bad 
sense, political trickery.— Political, a. Pert, to pub- 
lic policy or politics; esp., pert, to a state, disting. fr. 
a city or municipality ; derived from office or con- 
nection with government; public— Politically, adv. 

— Politlcaster, n. A petty politician.— Politician, 
-tish'ap, n. One versed in the science of govern- 
ment ; one devoted to politics; one devoted to the 
advancement of a political party. 

Policy, poKT-st, n. A warrant fof money in the public 
funds. (Law ) The writing orinstrument in which 
a contract of insurance is embodied. [F. police, Sp. 
poliza, a written order to receive a sum of money, 
Lateli. politicum, corrupt, of polypticum, a register, 
roll of dues, Gr. poluptuchon, a piece of writing folded 
into many leaves, a register, fr. polus, much, and 
ptux, ptuchos,a leaf .] — Policy-shop, n. An office 
for gambling in connection with lotteries. 

Polish, polish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To 



make smooth and glossy, usually by friction ; to re- 
fine ; wear off the rusticity or coarseness of . — v. i. 
To become smooth, receive a gloss. —//. A smooth, 
glossy surface, produced by friction ; refinement ; 
elegance of manners. [F.polir, L. polire, -litum, to 
I polish; s. rt. linere, to smear.] Pollshable, a.— 
i Pol'isher, n. — Polite', -lit', a. Elegant in man- 
ners; refined in behavior; well-bred ; complaisant ; 
! urbane; courtly; elegant; genteel. — Polite'iy, adv. 
! — Polite'ness, n. 

Politic, Polity, etc. See under Police. 

Polka. pSl'ka, n. A Bohemian dance, performed by 2 
persons in common time. [Bohem. jmlka, half, 
from the half step prevalent in it.] — Polk, v. i. 
[polked (polkt). polking.] To dance the polka. 

Poll, pol, n. The head, or back part of the head; a 
register of heads, that is, of persons; the entry of 
the names of electors who vote for civil officers; an 
election of civil officers; place where an election is 
held. — v. t. [polled (pold), polling.] To remove 
the poll or head of; to clip, lop, shear, cut closely; 
to strip off, bring to naught; to enter (polls or per- 
sons) in a register, esp. for purposes of taxation; to 
enroll; to pay as one's personal tax; to deposit, as 
a vote; to bring to the polls; to elicit or call forth, 
as a number of votes or voters. (Law.) To cut or 
shave smooth or even. [ME. and OD. vol, OD. and 
LG. polle, the head, pate, Dan. puld, OSw. kull, 
crown of the head, kulla, to poll or shave off the 
hair, Ic. kollr, top, shaven crown; perh. s. rt. Ir. 
coll, head or neck, W. col, peak, summit, L. corona, 
crown, Gr. kara, head, kar, hair of the head.] — To 
poll a jury. To question each juror individually 
as to his concurrence in a verdict rendered. — Poll'- 
tax, n. A tax levied by the head or poll; capitation 
tax. — Poll'er, n. One who polls or lops trees, who 
registers voters, or who enters his name as a voter. 
— Pollard, pollard, n. A tree having its top cut 
off, that it may throw out branches; the chub fish; 
a stag that has cast his antlers; a mixture of bran 
and meal. 

Poll, pol, n. A name for a parrot. [Fr. Polly, proper 
name.] 

Poll, pol, n. A student at Cambridge Univ., En?., 
who does not try for honors, but for a degree 
merely. [Gr. hoipolloi, the many, the rabble.] 

Pollen, pollen, n. (Bot.) The fecundating dust or 
powder of the anthers of flowers. [L.; Gr. pale, 
fine sifted meal, fr. pallein, to shake.] 

Polliwig, pollT-wig, -wog, n. A tadpole. [Perh. cor- 
rupt, of periwig.] 

Pollock, pollok, -lack, n. An edible fish of the Atlan- 
tic coasts, disting. from 
the whiting by having a 
projecting under jaw. 
[Ga. pollay, Ir. jmllog 

apooh]' - Ga - aDd iT - P °^' P °^ck. 

Pollute, pol-lut', v. t. To make foul or unclean; to de- 
file morally, impair, profane ; to render legally or 
ceremonially unclean; to riolate by illegal sexual 
commerce, debauch, dishonor, ravish. [£. polluere, 
-lutum, f r. luere, to wash— i. e., to wash over, as 'when 
a river pollutes its banks with (L. lutum) mud.] — 
Polhit'er, n. — Pollu'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc.; defilement; contamination; taint; corrup- 
tion; violation. (Jewish Antiq.) Legal or ceremonial 
uncleanness. 
Polo, polo, n. A game of ball, resembling hockey, 

orig. played by persons on horseback. 
Polonaise. See under Pole, native of Poland. 
Poltroon, pol-truon', n. An arrant coward; a wretch 
without spirit or courage ; craven; dastard. [T.pol- 
tron, a poltroon, It. poltro, knave, coward, also Bed, 
couch, fr. Gr. polster = E. bolster, cushion.] — Poi- 
troon'ery, -gr-T, n. Cowardice; want of spirit. [F. 

I poltronie.] 

| Polyacoustic, poFl-a-kooslik, a. Tending to multiply 
or magnify sound. [Gr. polus, much (s. rt. Skr. 
jmru, much, Gr. pleos = E. full, q 

i Plenary), and akoustikos, acous- 

; tic, q. v.] — Polyan'dry, -drY, n. 

I The possession by a woman of 
more husbands than one at the same 
time. — Polyan'drian, -drl-an, 
-drous, -drus, a. (Bot.) Pert, to 
a class of monoclinous or hermaph- 
rodite plants, having many sta- 
mens, or more than 20. — Poiyan / '- 
thus, n. (Bot.) A species of prim- 
rose, whose flower-stalks produce 




Polyandrous. 



son, cube, full ; moon. fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. 



POLYACOUSTIO 



434 



FONTAG-E 



flowers in clusters; a species of narcissus. [Gr. 
anthos, flower.] — Pol'yarcb/y, -ark/I, n. A govern- 
ment by many persons, of whatever order or class. 
[Gr. arche, rule.] — Polyg'amy, po-lig'a-mt, n. 
A plurality of wives or husbands at the same time; 
usually, the condition of a man having more than 
one wife. [Gr. gamos, marriage.] — Polyg'amous, 
-a-mus, a. Of, or pert, to, polygamy; having a 
plurality of wives. — Polyg'amist, n. One who 
practices polygamy, or maintains its lawfulness. — 
Pol'ygarchy, -gark'Y, n. Polyarchy. — Pol'ygen'- 
esis, -jen'e-sis, n. Variety of origin; doctrine that 
the human race sprung from more than one orig- 
inal pair, — opp. to monogenesis. [Gr. genesis, genos, 
race, origin.] — Pol'yglot, a. Containing, or pert, 
to, several languages. — n. One acquainted with 
several languages; a book containing the same sub- 
ject-matter in several languages; esp. the Scriptures 
in several languages; the text of one of the versions 
in a proper polyglot, printed by itself. [Gr. glotta, 
tongue, language.] — Polygon, w. (Geom.) A plane 
figure of many angles, and con- 
sequently of many sides; a 
plane figure of more than 4 
sides. {Gr. gonia, corner, 

— l, a. . . >- ^^ 

l'y- / \ yT^V 
A figure consisting of ( \ ( \ 

es. [Gr. gramme, line, \ / \ / 

f r. graphein, to draw.] — Pol'y- \ f S^ 



Q 



Polygons 
•Polygraph'ic, 



gle.] — Polyg'onal, -lig'o-nal, a. 
Having many angles. — Pol' 
gram, n. A figure con 
many lines. [Gr. gramme, line, 
fr. graphein, to draw.] — Poly- 
graph, -graf, n. An instrument 
for multiplying copies of a 
writing with ease and expedition.' 
-ical, a. Pert, to, or employed in, polygraphy; done 
with a polygraph. — Polyg'raphy, -lig'ra-f T, n. Art 
of writing in various ciphers, and of deciphering 
the same.— Polyhe'dron, n. (Geom.) A body or 
solid contained by many sides or planes. (Opt?) A 
polyscope, or multiplying glass. — Polyne'droos, 
-drus,-he'dral, -hed'rical, a. Having many sides, as 
a solid body. — Poiym'athy, -lim'a-tht, n. Knowl- 
edge of many arts and sciences. [Gr. mathein, 
manthanein, to learn.] — PoFyno'mial, -mt-al, n. 
(Alg.) An expression composed of 2 or more terms, 
connected by the sign plus or minus. — a. Contain- 
ing many names or terms. [Gr. onoraa = L. nomen, 
name, term.] — Pol'yora'ma, -T-o-ra'ma, n. A view 
of many objects. [Gr. orama, a view, oran, to see.] 

— Pol'yp, -ip, n. An aquatic animal of the radiate 
type, having, in general, a cylin- 
drical body, at one extremity of 
which there is a mouth, sur- 
rounded by one or more series 
of arms or tentacles: it is capa- 
ble of multiplying by buds and 
artificial sections as well as by 
ova: it forms coral by the secre- 
tion of calcareous matter. [L. 
polypus, Gr. polupous, lit. many- 
footed; Gr.pous = E.foot, q. v.] 

— Pol'ypus, -T-pus, n.; E. pi. 
-puses; L. pi. -pi. Something that has many feet 
or roots. (Zo'61.) A polyp. (Med.) A tumor with 
a narrow base, somewhat resembling a pear. [L.] 

— Pol'ypouB, -Tt-pus, a. Of the nature of, etc.— 
Pol'ypnon'ic, -fon'ik, a. Having, or consisting of, 
many voices or sounds. (Mus.) Consisting of, or 
pert, to, counterpoint. [Gr. phone, sound.] — Po- 
lyph'onism, -lif'o-nizm, n. Multiplicity of sounds, 
as in the reverberations of an echo. (Mus.) Com- 
position in parts. — Polypb/onous, -o-nus, a. Same 
as Polyphonic — Pol'yseope, -Y-skop, n. (Opt.) A 
glass which makes a single object appear as many. 
[Gr. skojjein.to view.] — Pol'ysperm'ouB, -sperm'us, 
a. (Bot.) Containing many seeds. 
[Gr. sperma, seed.] — Pol'ystyle, 
-1-stil, n. (Arch.) An edifice or 
court surrounded by several rows 
of columns. [Gr. stulos, column.] 

— Pol'ysyPlable, -sil'la-bl, n. A 
word of many, that is, more than 
3, syllables. [Gr. sullabe, syllable.] 

— PoFysyllab'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, 
or consisting of, many syllables. — 
PoFytech'nic, -tek'nik, a. Com- 
prehending many arts, — applied 
esp. to schools in which many branches of art or 
science are taught. [Gr. techne, art.] — PoFythal'- 
amous. -thal'a-mus, a. Many-chambered, - applied 
to cephalopoda having multilocular shells. [Gr. 
thalamos, chamber.] — Pol'ythe'ism, -Tf-the'izm, n. 




Polyps. 




Belief in or doctrine of a plurality of gods. [Gr. 
theos, a god.] — Pol'ythe'ist, One who believes, etc 

— PoPytheist'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to polytheism; hold- 
ing a belief in a plurality of gods. — Polyt 'onions, 
-lit'o-mus, a. ( Bot.) Having the limb of a leaf dis- 
tinctly subdivided into many subordinate parts, 
but not jointed to the petiole. [Gr. tome, a cutting.] 

— Poiyzo'a, n. pi. Compound mollusks, chiefly 
marine, living, and found fossil in all formations. 
[Gr. zoa, animals.] 

Pomace, pum'es, n. The substance of apples, etc., 
crushed by grinding. [LL. pomacium, f r. L. pomum, 
an apple.] — Poma'ceous, po-ma'shus, a._ Consisting 
of apples ; like pomace. — Pomade', -mad', Poma'- 
tum, n. Perfumed ointment; esp. unguent for the 
hair. [F. pommade, fr. pomme = L. pomum, because 
orig. made fr. apples.] — Pomif'erous, -mif'er-us, a. 
(Bot.) Apple-bearing,— applied to plants which bear 
the larger fruits, such as melons, pumpkins, cucum- 
bers, etc. \_~L.ferre, to bear.] — Pomol'ogy, -mol'o-jt, 
n. Art or science of fruits, or of raising fruits. [Gr. 
logos, discourse.] — Po'molog'ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — 
Pomol'ogist, n. One versed in, etc. — Pomecit'ron, 
pum-sifrun, n. A citron apple. — Pomegran'ate, 
-gran'et, n. A tree and its fruit, which is as large as 
an orange, having a hard rind filled with a mass of 
" grains," each resembling a skinless grape and in- 
closing a seed; an ornament resembling a pomegran- 
ate, on the robe and ephod of the Jewish high priest. 
[OF. pome grenate; pome =L. pomum; grenate fr. L. 
granatus, filled with grains, fr. granum, seed, grain, 
q. v.] — Pome'roy, -roi, -roy'al, n. A sort of apple, 
known also as the royal apple. [OF.; roy = F. roi, 
king; royal, royal.] — Pome'-wat'er, n. A sweet, 
juicy apple. — Pom'mel, n. A knob or ball; as, the 
knob on the hilt of a sword; the protuberant part of 
a saddle-bow.— v. t. [pommeled (-meld), -meling.] 
To beat, as with a pommel, that is, with something 
thick or bulky. [ME. and OF. pomel, the knob on a 
sword hilt, dim. of OF.joome.] 

Pomp, pomp, n. A procession disting. by ostentation 
of grandeur and splendor; show of magnificence; 
parade; splendor; state; magnificence; pride. [ME., 
F., and Gr. pompe, L. j'Ompa, fr. Gr. pempem, to 
send.] — Pomp'ous, -us, a. Displaying pomp; osten- 
tatious ; boastful. — Pomp'ously, adv. — Pomp'ous- 
ness, Pompos'ity, -pos'Y-tY, n. 

Poncho, pon'cho, n. A blanket-like cloak worn by 
Span. Americans, with a slit in the middle for the 
head to pass through. [Sp.] 

Pond, pond, n. A body of fresh water, less extended 
than a lake. [Same as pound, an inclosure for cattle; 
prob. orig. a pool caused by damming water; Ir. pont, 
a pond, also a pound ; perh. s. rt. F. bonde, Swiss 
punt, oonten, G. spund, a bung.] 

Ponder, pon'der, v. t. [-deked (-derd), -dering.] To 
weigh in the mind, view with deliberation; to con- 
sider, muse, examine. — v. i. To think, deliberate, 
muse, — usually followed by on. [L. ponderare, to 
weigh, fr. pon'dus, a weight; s. rt. pound, a weight, 
pendant, q. v.] — Pon'derer, n. — Pon'derable, a. 
Capable of being weighed. — Pon'derance, -ans, n. 
Weight; gravity. — Pon'derous, -dgr-us, a. Very 
heavy; weighty; important; momentous; forcible; 
strongly impulsive. [F. pondereux, L. ponderosus.] 

— Pon'derously, adv. — Ponderos'ity, -os't-tT, n. 
State of being, etc. ; weight ; gravity ; heaviness. 
[F. ponderosity, L. ponderositas.'] 

Pongee, pon-je', n. An inferior kind of India silk. 

Poniard, pon'yard, n. A small dagger. — v. t. To 
pierce with a poniard, stab. [F. poignard, f r. poing, 
L. pugnus, the fist.] 

Pontac, pon'tak, n. A kind of claret wine. [Fr. Pon- 
tac, a town in the S. of France.] 

Pontage, pon'tej, n. (O. Eng. Law.) A tax paid for 
repairing bridges. [LL. pontagium, f r. L. pons, pon- 
tis, a bridge, orig. a way, path; s. rt. Skr. path, panth, 
]-Pon'tiff,w. A high 
[ege, in ancient Rome; 
tTewish Antiq.) the chief priest; (Rom. Cath. Church) 
the pope. [F. pontif, L. pontifex, -tificis, fr. pons and 
facere, to make, lit. bridge-maker.] — Pontif' ic, a. 
Relating to, or consisting of, priests; pert, to the pope. 
— Pontif'ical, a. Belonging to a high priest or to the 
pope ; popish. [F. ; L. pontificalis.'] — n. A book con- 
taining the offices, or formulas, used in various ec- 
clesiastical rites, pi. The dress and ornaments of a 
priest, bishop, or the pope. — Pontif' ically, adv. — 
Pontificate, -ik-at, n. State or dignity of a high 
priest or of the pope; the reign of a pope. [F. pontif- 
icat, L. pontijicatus.] — Pontoon', -ton', -toon', n. A 



to go, patfia = E. path, q. v.] — Pon' 
priest, esp. of the sacred colle 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



PONY 



435 



PORE 




Ponton-bridge, 
side view of ponton ; o, end view of 
ponton, with joists, flooring, and timbers 
fastened upon flooring to keep it in place; 
c, plan of pontons ; d, plan of flooring 
joist3 ; /, plan of flooring boards, with 
timbers" thereon, near sides of floor, to 
keep it in place. 



flat-bottomed boat, 
light frame- work , or 
float, used in form- 
ing a bridge quick- 
ly for the passage 
of troops. (jS'aut.) 
A low, flat vessel, 
furnished with 
cranes, cap- 
stans,etc.,used 
i n careening 
ships; a lighter. 
[F. ponton. It. 
pontone, fr. L. 
))ons.] 

Pony, po'nY, n. ; 
jil. -NIKS, -niz. 
A small horse ; 
in college 
slang, a trans- 
lation of a clas- 
sic author ; in 
Eng. slang, the 
sum of £25. 
[Ga. ponaidh ; 
perh. s. rt. Gr. 
polos, L. pullus = E. foal, q. v., also pool, the stake 
at cards.] 

Foodie, poo'dl, n. A small dog covered with long, 
silky hair. [D. poedel-hond, water-dog, poodle, fr. 
poedele, to paddle in water.] 

Pool, pool, n. A small and rather deep collection of 
fresh water supplied by a spring, or occurring in 
the course of a stream; a puddle. [AS. ]>ol, Ir. and 
Ga. poll, hole, pit, mire, fr. pool, a pool, L. 2'Cilus, a 
marsh, pool, Gr. jielos, mud.] — Poorer, n. 

Pool, pool, n. The receptacle for the stakes in certain 
games; the stakes themselves; a kind of billiards; 
a commercial or gambling venture in which sev- 
eral persons have a joint interest. — v. t. or i. To 
contribute, with others, to a common venture. [F. 
poule, a hen, also a pool in a game, — the stakes be- 
ing considered eggs, LL. pulla, a hen, fern, of L. 
pullus, a young animal; s. rt. L. puer, a boy, Skr. 
putra,_a son, E. pony, foal, q. v.] 

Poop, poop, n. A deck raised above the after part of 
the spar deck, reaching forward to the mizzen mast; 
the highest or after part of a ship's deck or hull: see 
Ship.— v. t. (Want.) To strike upon the stern of, as 
a heavy sea; to strike in the stern, as one vessel that 
runs her stem against another's stern ; to drive in 
the stern of. [F. j>oupe, L. puppis, the hinder part 
of a ship.] — Pooped, poopt, a. Having a poop. 

Poor, poor, a. Destitute of property; needv; indigent; 
destitute of qualities which are desirable or might 
be expected, — as, wanting in fat, plumpness, or 
fleshiness; lean; emaciated; meager; or, wanting in 
strength or vigor; or, of little value or worth, not 
good, inferior; or, destitute of fertility, barren, ster- 
ile; or, destitute of strength, beauty, or fitness; or, 
very insufficient for an end or occasion, valueless, 
paltry; worthy of pity or sympathy. [ME. and OF. 
poure,povre, L. pauper, Tit. providing little ; pau- 
s. rt. L. paucus, Gr. pauros = E. few ; -per s. rt. 
L. parare, to provide, prepare, Gr.' porein, to fur- 
nish, Skr. pri, to fill, satisfy, E. full, plenary; same 
as pauper.] — Poorly, adv. In a poor manner or 
condition; with little or no success; meanly; without 
spirit; without excellence <>r dignity. — a. Somewhat 
ill; indisposed. — Poor'ness, n. — Poor'house, m. A 
public establishment for the supoort of the poor; 
alms-house; work-house. — spirited, a. Of a mean 
spirit; cowardly. — spir'itedness, n. — Pov'erty, -er- 
tt, n. Want of convenient means of subsistence ; 
indigence; need: pauperism; deficiency of resources; 
lack of sentiment or words. [OF. poverte, later 
povrete", f r. porre ; L. paupertas, f r. pauper. .] 

Pop, pop, n. A small, quick sound or report; a bever- 
age which issues with a slight explosion, from the 
bottle containing it. — v. i. [popped (popt), -ping.] 
To make a pop, or sharp, quick sound ; to enter, or 
issue forth, with a sudden motion ; to move from 
place to place suddenly. — v.t. To push or thrust 
suddenly; bring suddenly to notice; to cause to ex- 
pand and burst suddenly with heat, as corn. — adv. 
With sudden entrance; suddenly. [Onomat. ; ME. 
poupen, to make a loud sound, powpe, pop-gun.] — 
Pop'-gun, n. A child's gun, or tube and rammer, for 
shooting pellets bvthe expansion of compressed air. 

Pope, pop, n. The bishop of Rome, the head of the 
Rom. Cath. church. [AS., L., and Gr. papa, father: 



see Papa: F. pape, pope, whence;>apaZ, papist, etc.] 
— Pope'dom, -dum, n. The place, office, or dignity 
of the pope : jurisdiction of the pope. [AS. pape- 
dom.] — Pop'ery, -er-T, n. The religion, doctrines, 
andpractices of the Rom. Cath. church. — Popish, 
a. Pert, to, or taught by, the pope or the Rom. 
Cath. church or its adherents, — used offensively. — 
Pop'ishly, adv. — Pope'-joan', -jon', n. A game of 
cards. — Pope's'-eye, n. The gland surrounded with 
fat in the middle of the thigh. — head,?!. Along- 
handled brush for cleaning ceilings, etc. — nose, n. 
The sharp point of a twist of bread. 

Popinjay, pop'in-ja, n. A parrot; a mark like a par- 
rot, put on a pole to be shot at; a gay, trifling young 
man; fop; coxcomb. [OF. papegai, Sp. papagayo. 
It. papagallo, parrot, fr. Bavarian pappel, a parret 
(lit. a babbler, pappeln, to chatter, babble), and It. 
ga/lo = L. galltis, a cock, modified by F. gai, a jay.] 

Poplar, pop'ler, n. A genus of trees of several spe- 
cies, all of rapid growth, with soft wood. [OF. po/j- 
lier, peuple, L. j.opulus, — perh. fr. its quivering 
leaves, and s. rt. L. palpitare, to tremble, Gr. pal- 
lein, to shake, vibrate.] 

Poplin, poplin, n. A textile fabric of silk and worsted. 
IF. popeline, perh. fr. popin, neat, trim, and s. rt. 
LL. popula, a gav girl, It. pupinu = E. /,upj,et.] 

Popliteal, pop-hfe-al, -lit/ic, a. Pert, to the ham, 
or to the posterior part of the knee-joint. [L. poplet, 
poplitis, the ham.] 

Poppy, pop'pY, n. A flowering plant of many spe- 
cies, from one of 
which (the white 
poppy) opium is col- 
lected. [AS. popig, 
L. papaver, perh. fr. 
jjapula, a swelling, 
pustule.] — Pop'py, 
P. -head, n. {Arch.) \ 
An elevated ornament 
used on bench-ends, 
desks, etc., in the 
middle ages. 

Populace, pop'u-les, n. 
The common people ; 
vulgar; multitude; 
all persons not distin- 
guished by rank, edu- 
cation, office, or pro- 
fession ; mob ; com- 
monalty. [F. ; It. 
popolazzo, fr. popolo 

=L. populus, the peo- ■„„ 

ple,q.v.]-Pop'ular, Poppy. 

a. Pert, or suitable to common people ; easy to be 
comprehended; familiar ; enjoying the favor of the 
people ; pleasing to people in general ; prevailing 
among the people. [F. populaire, L. popularis.] — 
Pop'ularly, adv. So as to please the populace ; ac- 
cording to the conceptions of the common people. — 
Popularity, -lar'T-tY, n. Quality or state of being 
popular. — Popularize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.j 
To makecommon.or suitable to the mind; to spread 
among the people. — Pop'ulate, -lat, v. t. To fur- 
nish with inhabitants ; to people. — v. i. To breed 
people ; propagate". [LL. popidare, -latum .] — Popu- 
lation, n. Act or operation of peopling; multiplica- 
tion of inhabitants ; the whole number of people in 
a country, or portion of a country. [LateL. pojm- 
latio.] — Pop'ulous, -u-lus, a. Containing many in- 
habitants in proportion to the extent of the country. 
[F. populeux, L. 2->opulosus.] — Pop'ulously, adv.— 
Pop'ulousness, n. 

Porcelain, pGrs'lan, n. A fine, translucent kind of 
earthen ware. [F. ; It. porcellana, porcelain, orig. 
the name of a univalve shell ("Venus' shell) having 
a fine polish like porcelain and shaped like a little 
pig, It. porcello, dim. of porco, L. porcus, a hog : see 

POKK.] 

Porch. See under Port, a gate. 

Porcine^ Porcupine. See under Pork. 

Pore, por, n. (Anat.) A minute orifice in a body or 
membrane, esp. in the skin of an animal or plant; 
an interstice between the constituent particles or 
molecules of a body. [F.; L. porus, a pore, Gr.po- 
ros, a ford, passage, pore; s. rt./are, q. v.] — •Por'ouB, 
-us, a. Full of pores; spongy: permeable by liquids. 
— Poros'ity.-ros'T-tT, n. Quality or state of being, etc. 

Pore, por, v. i. [pored (pord), poring.] To look 
with stead}', continued attention or application on 
or over. [Sw. dial. ) ora, to work slowly, LG. pur- 
ren, to poke about, D. porren, to poke, instigate 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



PORGEE 



436 



FORTLAND 



perh. fr. Gn.purr, to push, urge.] — Por'er, n. One 
who pores or studies diligently. 

Porgee, -gy, p6r r jT, n. A salt-water food fish, [Abbr. 
fr. mishcuppauog, pi. of mishcup, or the Indian name 
of the fish, fr. mishe-kuppi, large, thick-scaled.] 

Forism, po'rizm, n. (Geom.) A proposition having 
for its object to find the condition that will render 
certain problems indeterminate or capable of innu- 
merable solutions. [Gr. porisma, something de- 
duced from a previous demonstration, ix . porizeia, 
to provide, supply.] 

Pork, pork, n. The flesh of swine, fresh or salted, 
used for food. [F. pore, L. porevs, W. porch, Ir. 
ore, AS. fearh, a pig, whence E. farrow, q. v.] — 
Pork 'or, n. A hog. — Por'cine, por'sin, a. Pert, to 
swine. [L. porcinus, fr. porcus.] — Por'cupine, -ku- 
pin, n. A rodent quadruped furnished with spines, 




Porcupine, 
prickles, or quills capable of being erected at pleas- 
ure: when attacked, he rolls his body into a round 
form, presenting the prickles in every direction to 
the enemy. [ME. porkepyn, OF. pore espin, lit. pig 
with spines ; pore = L. porcus; espin fr. L. spina, a 
thorn, spine, q. v.] — Por'poise, p6r'pus, n. A ceta- 
ceous mammal about 6 feet in length, which preys 
on fish, and seeks food 'not only by swimming, but 
by rooting like a hog in the sand and mud: the flesh 
resembles that of the hog. [OF. porpeis, lit. pig-fish, 
f r. pore and pels, L. piscis = E. fish.] 

Porosity, Porous. See under Pore, an orifice. 

Porphyry, p6r'fl-rl, n. (31in.) A rock consisting of 
a compact base, usually feldspathic, through which 
c^stals of feldspar, etc., are disseminated. [L. pqr- 
phyrites, fr. Gr. )>orphura, the purple-fish: see Pur- 
ple.] — Porphyrinic, a. Pert, to, like, or consisting 
of. porphyry. 

Porpoise. See under Pork. 

Porridge, por'rij, n. A kind of food made by boiling 
vegetables in water, with or without meat ; or by 
boiling meal or flour in water, or in milk and water, 
to the consistency of thin paste. [ME. porree, 
puree, F. pxirie, orig. pot-herbs, also pottage, It. 
jiorrata, pottage, fr. porro, L. porrus, a leek.] — 
Por'ringer, -rin'jer, n. A small and shallow metal- 
He vessel in which porridge or other liquids are 
warmed. [Formerly pottanger, a dish for pottage.] 

Port, port, n. A place where ships may ride secure 
from storms; a harbor; haven; a place situated on a 
harbor or navigable water, where vessels may dis- 
charge or receive cargoes, passengers, etc. ; a dark, 
astringent Portuguese wine. [AS.; L. portus, a har- 
bor; s. rt. L. porta, a gate, E. port (a. v.), a gate: the 
wine is abbr. fr. Oporto wine, and Ojior to = Pg. o 
porto,_ihe port.] 

Port, port, n. Manner in which one bears himself ; 
mien; carriage; deportment; behavior. — v.t. {Mil.) 
To hold (a musket, etc.) in a slanting direction up- 
ward across the body. [F., demeanor, fr. porter, L. 
portare, to carry; s. rt. Skr. pri, to bring over, E. 
fare, comport, import, sport, etc., also port, a har- 
"bor, and a gate.]— Port'' able, a. Capable of being 
carried; conveyed without difficulty. — Porfable- 
ness, -abil'ity, n. — Port'age, -ej, n. Act of carrying; 
price of carriage; a tract of land over which mer- 
chandise, etc., is carried between 2 bodies of navi- 
fable water. [F.] — Por'ter, n. One who carries 
urdens for hire ; a malt liquor, — so called f r. its 
popularity among the porters of London. — Por'- 
terage, -ej, n. Business of a porter; money paid for 
the carriage of burdens. — Port'ly, -It, a. Having a 
dignified port or mien; bulky; corpulent. — Port'- 
liness, n. — Port'-cray'on, -kra'un, n. A metallic 
clasped handle 
to hold a cray- 
on in drawing. 

\F. porte-cray- Port-cravon 

o».T— Port- 




man'teau, -to, n. ; pi. -teaus, -toz. A traveling bag. 
[F. porte-manteau ; manteau, a cloak.] — Porte-mon- 
naie"\ -mun-na', n. A pocket-book. [F.: monnaie, 
money.] — Port-fo'lio, -f o'll-o or -foKyo, n. A port, 
able case for loose papers, — orig. one large enough 
to contain folio sheets ; a collection of prints, de- 
signs, etc.; office and functions of a minister of state, 
[i . portefeuille : see Folio, under Foliaceous.] 

Port, port, n. A gate ; door ; passage-way. (N^aut.) 
An opening in a ship's side, through which to dis- 
charge cannon ; the lid closing such an opening. 
( Mech.) A passage leading to a steam-way : see 
Steam-engine. [AS. and F. porte, L. porta, a port, 
gate; s. rt. Gr. poros, a ford, way, E. fare, also port, 
a harbor, and demeanor.] — Por'ter, n. One in 
charge of a door or gate; doorkeeper. [OF. portier, 
L. piortarius.1 — Por'tress, n. A female porter.— 
Porf-hole, n. The embrasure of a ship of war. — 
Por'tal, n. A small door or gate; any passage-way. 
(Arch.) The arch over a door or gate ; frame-work 
of the^ gate. [OF. ; L. portale, porch, vestibule.] — 
Por'tiere', -te-ar', n. A curtain hanging across a 
doorway, or used as a screen. [F.] — Portcullis, a. 
(Fort.) A frame-work o f 
timbers, each pointed with 
iron, hung over a gateway, 
to be let down to exclude an 
enemy : see Castle. [OF. 
porte cole'ice, F. porte cou- 
lisse or coulisse; OF. cole'ice, 
gliding, sliding, fr. L.colare, 
-latum, to flow, orig. to strain Z^. 
through a ^i eve.] — Porte, 
port, n. The government of 
the Turkish empire, official- 
ly called the Sublime Porte, 
from the gate of the sultan's 
palace, where justice was 
administered. [F., trans, of 
JSabt Ali, lit. high gate, name Portcullis, 

of the principal government 

office; Ar. bob, gate, ally, high.] — Porch, porch, n. 
(Arch.) A vestibule at the entrance of a temple, 
etc.; a covered entrance way. [ME. and F, porche, 
L. porticus, gallery, arcade, porch.] — Por'tico, -tl- 
ko, n. ; pi. -coes, -koz. 
(Arch.) A covered 
space, or porch in- 
closed by columns, at 
the entrance of a build- 
ing. [Same as porch : 
It. portico, L. porticus.) 

Port, port, n. The lar- 
board or left side of a 
ship. — v. t. To turn 
or put (the helm) to the 
left side. 

Portend, pdr-tend', v. t. 
To indicate as in the 
future; to foreshow, 
forebode, augur, pre- 
sage, threaten. [L. por- 
tendere, -tentum, f r. OL. 
port, towards, and ten- 
dere, to stretch forth.] — Portent', n. That which 
foretokens; esp., that which portends evil; an omen 
of ill. [F. portente, L. portentum, a sign, token.] — 
Portent'ous, -us, a. Serving to portend; containing 
portents ; foreshadowing ill ; ominous. — Portent- 
ously, adv. 

Portal, Porte, Porter (a doorkeeper), Portico, etc. See 
under Port, a gate. 

Porter, Porterage, Port-folio, etc. See under Port, 
demeanor. 

Portion, por'shun, n. A part of anything separated 
from it; a part, though not actually divided, but 
considered by itself; part assigned; allotment; part 
of an estate given to a child or heir, or descending 
to him by law ; a wife's fortune ; share ; parcel ; 
quantity; dividend. — v. t. [portioned (-sliund), 
-tioning.] To separate into portions or shares, di- 
vide, parcel ; to furnish or supply with a portion, 
endow. [F.; L. portio, -onis, a share; s. rt. L. pars 
= E. part, q. v.] — Por'tioner, n. One who divides 
or apportions. — Por'tionless, a. Having no portion. 

Portland, port'land, a. Of or pert, to the island of 
Portland, in Dorsetshire, Eng. — P. cement', -se- 
menf. A kind of cement, like Portland stone in 
color, used in facing up brick and rough stone build- 
ings to imitate hewn stone, — made from limestone 
mixed with the muddy deposits of rivers which run 




Portico. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; rn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



PORTLY 



43; 



POST 



over clay and chalk, this mixture being dried and 
calcined. — P. stone. A shelly freestone of a dull- 
white color, fr. Portland. — P. vase. A celebrated 
ancient urn found in the 
tomb of the Roman Em- 
peror Alexander Severus, 
and deposited by the Duke 
of Portland in the British 
Museum. 
Portly, Portmanteau, etc. 
See under Port, demean- 




Portray, por-tra', v. t. 

[-TRAYED (-trad'). -TRAY- 

i.ng.] To paint or draw 
the likeness of; to describe 
in words. [OF. povrtraire, 
LL. protrakere, to paint, 
depict, in L., to bring for- 
ward, expose, reveal, fr. 
pro, forward, and trahere, 
to draw : see Trace.] — Portland Vase. 

Portray'al, a. Act of por- 
traying.— Portray'er, ».— Portrait, -trSt, n. That 
which is portrayed: the drawn or painted likeness 
of a face or person; any exact likeness of a living 
being. [OF. pourtraict, orig. p. p. of pourtraire?] 
— Por'traiture. -tra-chur, n. A portrait; that copied 
from some example or model; the drawing of por- 
traits._ [OF. pourtraicture.] 

Pose, poz, n. An attitude formally assumed for the 
sake of effect. — v. t. [posed (pozd), posixg.] To 
place in an attitude for the sake of effect. — v. 1. To 
assume a pose, strike an attitude, carry one's self 
affectedly. [F., an attitude, posture, in 0*F., a pause, 
stop, F. poser, to place, set, put, fr. LL. pausare, to 
cease, cause to rest, fr. L. pausa, Gr. pausis = E. 
jmuse, q. v. ; not fr. L. ponere, to place, set; s. rt. 
compose, depose, oppose, etc.; not s. rt. position.] 

Pose, poz, v. t. To "bring to a stand, puzzle; to ques- 
tion with a view to puzzling; to embarrass by ques- 
tioning or scrutiny. [ME. apposen, corrupt, of F. 
opposer, to oppose (in disputation in the schools) ; 
s. rt. oppose, puzzle?] — Poster, n. One who puzzles 
by asking difficult questions; a question, statement, 
etc., which puzzles or silences. 

Position, po-zish'un, n. The manner in which, or 
spot where, a person or thing is placed; place where 
one plants himself: ground taken in an argument, 
etc.: a proposition to be defended or reasoned out; 
a thesis; relative place or standing in society; social 
rank. (Gram.) The state of a vowel placed before 
2 consonants, or before a double consonant. (Arith.) 
A method of solving a problem by one or two sup- 
positions. [F. ; "L.positio, -qnis, fr. ponere, positum, 
to place, put, perh. for posinere, fr. sinere, siturn, to 
let, allow: see Site.] — Post'ure, pos'chur, n. (Fine 
Arts.) The situation of a figure with regard to the 
eye. and of the several principal members with 
regard to each other. State or condition, whether 
of external circumstances, or of internal feeling 
and will; attitude, position of the body or its mem- 
bers. —r-.r. To place in a particular attitude. [F.; 
L. ]>ositura, position, prop. fern, of fut. n. of po- 
Tiere.] — Post'ure-mas'ter, n. One who teaches or 
practices artificial postures of the body. — Posi- 
tive, poz'T-tiv, a. Having a real position, exist- 
ence, or energy; actual; not dependent on changing 
circumstances or relations ; absolute ; definitely 
laid down ; explicitly stated ; not admitting o'f 
doubt, condition, qualification, or discretion ; in- 
disputable; decisive; prescribed by express enact- 
ment or institution; fully assured; confident; dog- 
matic or even overbearing. (Photog.) Correspond- 
ing in lights and shades to those of the original 
from which taken, — opp. to negative. — n. Reality; 
that which settles by absolute or arbitrary appoint- 
ment. (Gram.) The simple form of an adjective, 
expressing absolute quality, from which the de- 
grees of comparison are derived. (Photog.) A pic- 
ture printed from a negative, corresponding in its 
lights and shades with the original, instead of 
being reversed. [ME. and F. positif, L. positivus, 
settled, esp. by agreement, fr. ponere.'] — Positive- 
ly, adv. In a positive form or manner; absolutely; 
inherently; certainly; really. — Pos'itivene3s, ~n. 
Reality of existence"; actualness ; undoubting as- 
surance ; peremptoriness. — PoB'itivism, -tiv-izm, 
n. A system of philosophy, originated bv Auguste 
Comte, which excludes every thing but the natural 
phenomena or properties of' knowable things, to- 



gether with their invariable relations of co-exist- 
ence and succession, as occurring in time and space; 
Comptism, q. v. 

Posology, po-sol'o-jY, n. (Med.) Science or doctrine 
of d'>»es. [Gr. posos, how much, and logos, dis- 
course.] 

Possess, pos-ses' or poz-zes', v. t. [-sessed f-sest' or 
-zest'), -SING.] To occupy in person, hold in one's 
own keeping; to have the legal title to, have a just 
right to ; to assume the control of, be the master 
of; to obtain possession of; to enter into and in- 
fluence, — said of evil spirits, passions, etc.; to ac- 
quaint, inform; to have, hold, control, own. [L. 
possidere, possession, to possess; prob. s. rt. h.jiotiri, 
to become master, have command, 2>osse (contr. fr 
potesse, for potis esse), to be able, jiotis, powerful, 
also a lord, Skr. pati, a master, lord, husband, 
Lithuan. 2JCitis, husband, Russ. gospode, the Lord, 
E. father, host.] — Posses'sion, -sesh'un or -zesh'- 
un, n. Act of possessing. (Law.) Actual seizin 
or occupancy ; ownership, whether rightful or 
wrongful. That which one owns or controls; state 
of being possessed, as by an evil spirit. (Inter- 
national Law.) A country held by no other title 
than mere conquest. [F. ; L. j>ossessio.] — Possess'- 
ive, -siv, a. Pert, to possession ; having or ex- 
pressing possession or some relation of one thing to 
another. — Possess'or, -er.w. One who, etc. [L.] 
— Possess'ory, -so-rl, a. Relating to a possessor, or 
to that which is possessed ; having possession. — 
Posse Comitatus, pos'se-kom'T-ta'tus. (Law.) The 
power of the county, or the citizens who may be 
summoned to assist an officer in suppressing a riot, 
etc. [L. p>osse and LL. comitatus, a county.] — 
Pos'se, n. Same as preceding ; also a crowd of 

Eeople; a rabble. — Pos'sible, -sT-bl, a. Liable to 
appen or come to pass ; capable of existing or 
of being done; barely able to be or to come to pass, 
but highly improbable ; practicable ; likely. [F.; 
L. possibilis, f r. potis.] — Possibil'ity, -T-tT, n. Power 
of being or existing; state of being possible ; that 
which is possible. [F. possibility, L. 2J0ssibilitus.] — 
Pos'sibly, -bli, adv. By any power, moral or phys- 
ical, really existing; without involving impossibil- 
ity or absurdity; perhaps; peradventure; perchance. 

— Po'tent, a. Physically strong; having great au- 
thority, control, or dominion; powerful; mightv; 
puissant; able; efficacious; cogent; influential. [L. 
potens, p. pr. of posse.] — Po'tency, -ten-si, n. State 
of being potent; strength; might; energy. [L. po- 
tentia.] — Poten'tial, -shal, a. Existing in possibil- 
ity, not in act. [F. potential, L. potentialis.] — Po- 
tential mode. (Gram.) That form of the verb used 
to express the power, possibility, liberty, or neces- 
sity of an action or of being. — Po'tentate, -ten-tat, 
n. One who is potent ; a prince ; sovereign : em- 
peror, king, or monarch. [F. potentat, LL. poten- 
tate.]— Puissant, pu'is- or pu-is'sant, a. Power- 
ful ; strong ; mighty ; forcible. [F. puissant, It. 
possente, fr. barbarous L. possens, for potens.] — 
Puissance, -sans, n. Power; strength; might. [F.] 

— Puissantly, adv. — Pow'er, n. Ability to act, re- 
garded as latent or inherent; faculty of performing; 
strength, force, or energy in action; capacity of un- 
dergoing or suffering; susceptibility; exercise of a 
faculty or of any kind of control; influence; com- 
mand; an individual, institution, or government, 
which exercises control ; military or naval force ; 
army or navy. (JIath.) The product arising from 
the multiplication of a number into itself. Qlech.) 
A mechanical agent; that by means of which force 
is applied, or mechanical advantage is gained. 
(Optics.) The degree to which a lens, mirror, or 
any optical instrument, magnifies. (Law.) An au- 
thority enabling a person to dispose of an interest 
vested either in himself or another person. [ME. 
and OF. po'er, also OF. pooir, povoir, Sp. poder, It. 
potere, power. It. and LL. potere = L. posse, to be 
able.]— Pow'erful, -ful, a. Mighty; strong; potent; 
intense. — Pow'erfully, adv. — Pow'erless, n. Des- 
titute of, etc. : weak ; impotent. — Pow'er-loom, n. 
A loom worked by water, steam, etc. — press, n. A 
printing press worked by some mechanical power. 

Posset, pos'set, n. Milk curdled by the infusion of 
wine, etc., formerly used as a beverage. — v. t. To 
curdle, turn. [W. posel, Ir. pusoid, curdled milk.] 

Possible, etc. See under Possess. 

Post, post, n. A timber or other solid substance, set 
upright, esp. as a support to something else; a pil- 
lar; place at which anything is stayed or fixed : a 
station; esp. a military station; an office or position 



sun. cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bONboN, chair, get. 



POST-COMMUNION 



438 



POT 



of service, trust, or emolument; a messenger who 
goes from station to station; one who regularly car- 
ries letters from one place to another; letter-carrier; 
express; postman ; an established conveyance for 
letters ; the mail ; carriage by which the mail is 
transported ; a sort of writing paper. — v. i. To 
travel with post-horses, or with speed. — adv. With 
post-horses; with great rapidity. — v.t. To attach 
to a sign-post or other place; to advertise, esp. to 
advertise opprobriously; to assign to a station, set, 
place ; to cause to go by the post; to put in the 
mail ; to acquaint with what has occurred ; to in- 
form. (Book-keeping.) To carry (an account) from 
the journal to the ledger. [AS.; L. postis, postus, a 
pillar, door-post, orig. thing firmly fixed, contr. of 
positus, p. p. of ponere, to place : see Position ; 
also F. poste, a post, carrier, messenger, Sp. jiosta, 
post, sentinel, post-house, post-horse, It. and LL. 
posta. a station, site, fr. L. postus.] — Post 'age, -ej, 
n. Tne established price for conveyance of a letter 
or other mailable matter by post. — Postage-stamp. 
An adhesive government stamp representing a cer- 
tain sum, for affixing to articles sent by mail to pay 
the postal charge. — Post'al, a. Belonging to the 
post-office or mail service. — Postal, P. -card, Post- 
card. A card on which messages may be written 
for transmission through the mails, at a lower rate 
of postage than a sealed letter. — Post'er, n. One 
who posts; a courier; a large bill posted for advertis- 
ing. — Post'boy, -rider, n. One who rides as post; a 
courier. — Post' man, n. A post or courier; a letter- 
carrier. — Post'mark, n. The dated mark, or stamp, 
of a post-office on a letter.— v. t. [-marked (-markt), 
-marking.] To mark with, etc. — Post'master, n. 
One who supplies post-horses; one in charge of a 
post-office. — Postmaster General. The chief officer 
of the post-office department.— PostiKion, pos-til'- 
yun, re. One who guides post-horses, or horses in 
any carriage, riding on one of them. [F. postilion, 
It. postighone, fr. posta.] — Post '-cap'tain, n. A 
captain in the British navy, — so called unofficially 
in distinc. fr. a commander, who is called captain 
by courtesy. — coach, -chaise, n. A carriage (usu- 
ally 4- wheeled) for traveling with post-horses ; 
stage-coach. — haste'', n. Speed in traveling, like 
that of a courier. — adv. With expedition. — horse, 
n. A horse for conveying travelers rapidly from 

one station to another, for hire. house, n. A 

house for the convenience of the post, where re- 
lays of horses can be procured ; a post-office. — 
-note, n. A note, payable to order, for transmission 
to a distant place by post. — office, n. A govern- 
mental office, where letters, etc., are received and 
distributed.— P.-o.-order. An order for money made 
payable by a postmaster on a particular post-office. 

— -paid, a. Having the postage paid. town, n. 

A town having a post-office. 

post-communion, post'kom-mun'yun, n. (Eccl.) The 
concluding portion of the communion service. [L. 
post, after, behind (s. rt. Skr. pacchat, behind), and 
E. communion.] 

Post-date, post'dat, v. t. To date after the real time. 

Post-diluvian, post>di-lu'vT-an, a. Being or happen- 
ing posterior to the flood in Noah's days. — n. One 
who lived after the flood. 

Post-entry, post'en'trt, n. A subsequent entry, at 
the custom-house, of goods which had been omitted 
by mistake. (Book-keeping.) An additional or sub- 
sequent entry. 

Poster. See under Post. 

Posterior, pos-te'rT-er, a. Later, or subsequent, in 
time; later in the order of proceeding or moving; 
behind in position. [L., compar. of posterns, com- 
ing after, fr. post, after : see Post-communion.] — 
Poste'rior'ity, -Sr'T-tY, n. State of being later or 
subsequent. — Poste'riors, -rY-erz, n. pi. The hinder 
parts of an animal's body. — Posterity, -tgr'Y-tT, 
n. The race that proceeds from a progenitor; off- 
spring to the furthest generation; succeeding gen- 
erations,— opp. to ancestry. [F. posterity, L. pos- 
teritas.] — Pos'tern, pos'tSrn, n. Orig. a back door 
or gate; a private entrance; any small door or gate. 
[ME. and OF. posteme, L. postenda, little back- 
door, dim. fr. posterns.}— Post'humous, pSst'u-mus, 
a. Born after the death of the father, or taken 
from the dead body of the mother; published after 
the death of the author; continuing after one's de- 
cease. [Prop, postumous ; Sp. and It. postumo, L. 
postumus, the last, last born, late-born, superl. fr. 
post ; not f r. L. post and humus, the ground, though 
that notion has caused the Eng. spelling, also F. 



posthume, Pg. posthumo.'] — Post'humously, adv. 
After one's decease. 

Post-existence, post'egz-ist'ens, w. Subsequent or 
future existence. 

Postfix, post'fiks, n. (Oram.) A letter, syllable, or 
word, added to the end of another word; suffix.— 
Postfix', v. t. [-fixed (-fiksf), -fixing.] (Oram.) 
To add (a letter, syllable, or word) to the end ot 
another or principal word. 

Post-haste, Postilion, etc. See under Post. 

Posthumous, et^ See under Posterior. 

Postmeridian, post'me-rid'T-an, a. Being or belong- 
ing to the afternoon, — usually contracted P. M. [f . 
post-meridianus, fr. post and meridianus, belonging 
to midday.] 

Post-mortem, post'mdr'tem, a. After death. [L., 
after death.] — Post-mortem examination. (Med.) An 
examination of a, body made alter death; autopsy. 



Post-note, post' not, n. (Com.) A note issued by a 
bank, payable at some future specified time. See 
also under Post. 



Post-obit, post'o'bit, n. (Law.) A bond, in which 
the obligor, in consideration of having received a 
certain sum of money, binds himself to pay a larger 
sum, on unusual interest, upon the death of some 
specified individual from whom he has expecta- 
tions. [L. post and obitus, death.] 

Post-office, Post-paid, etc. See underPosT. 

Postpone, post-pon', v. t. [-poned (-pond'), -poning.] 
To defer to a future or later time; to set below some- 
thing else in value or importance; to adjourn, delay, 
retard, hinder. [L. post ponere, fr. post and ponere, 
to place, put.] — Postpone'ment, n. Act of, etc. ; 
temporary delay of business. — Postpon'er, n. 

Postscript, post'skript, n. A paragraph added to a 
letter after it is concluded and signed by the writer; 
an addition made to a book or composition after it 
had been supposed to be finished. [L. post and 
scriptum, written,_p. p. of scribere, to write.] 

Postulate, pSst'u-lat, n. A position or supposition 
assumed without proof. (Geom.) The enunciation 
of a self-evident problem. — v. t. To beg or assume 
without proof; to take without positive consent. [L. 
postulatum, a thing demanded, also thing granted, 
neut. of p. p. of jiostulare, to demand, prob. fr. 
poscere, Skr. praach, to ask, L. precari, to pray.] — 
Post'ulant, n, One who makes a request or de- 
mand ; a candidate. — Postula'tion, n. Act of 
postulating; gratuitous assumption. —Post 'ulatory, 
-u-la-to-rt, a. Assuming or assumed without proof. 

Posture, etc. See under Position. 

Posy, po'z i, n. A poetical sentence, or a sententious 
maxim ; motto ; legend; inscription ; esp., a motto 
or v.rse sent with a bunch of flowers ; hence, a 
nosegay; bouquet; a single flower. [Contr. of poesy, 
q. v., under Poem.] 

Pot, pot, n. A deep metallic or earthen vessel, — esp. 
one used for cooking or for plants; a mug; quantity 
contained in a pot. — v. t. [potted; potting.] To 
place or inclose in pots; as, to preserve seasoned; to 
set out or cover in pots. [F. and D., fr. W. pot, Ir. 
pota, poladh, a pot, potaim, Ga. pott, to drink; s. rt. 



X. potare, Skr. pa, to drink, Gr. potos, a drinking, 
Lithuan. pota, a drinking bout.] - 



To 



to pot. 



To be destroyed, ruined, wasted, etc. [Perh. fr. the 
melting down of old metal in a pot; perh. fr. Sw. 
dial, far te putten! go to hell ! putt, pit, abyss, hell, 
at pyttes, to the devil.] — Po'table, a. Fit to be 
drunk; drinkable. [F. ; L. potabilis, fr. potare, to 
drink.] — Po'tableness, n. — Pota'tion, n. Act of 
drinking; a drinking bout; a draught. [L. potatio, 
fr. potare.] — Poteen', -ten', n. Irish whisky. [Ir. 
potaim.] — Po'tion, -shun, n. A draught; dose; liq- 
uid medicine. [F. ; L. potio, f r.. potare ; same as 
poison, a. v.] — Pot'ash, n. (Chem.) A powerful 
alkali, the protoxide of potassium; potassa, — orig. 
obtained f r. the ashes of vegetable substances burned 
in pots. [Cf. D. potasch, G. pottasche, whence L. 
potassa.] — Potas'sa, -sa, n. Pure potash, or pro- 
toxide of potassium. [L.] — Potas'sium. -st-um, n. 
A soft bluish-white, lustrous metal, having a strong 
affinity for oxygen, with which it forms potassa: it 
is lighter than water. [L.] — Pot'tage, -tej, n. A 
kind of porridge of lentils and other vegetables ; 

Eorridge of oatmeal, etc. ; meat and vegetables 
oiled soft. [F. potage.] — Pot'ter,n. A maker of 
earthen vessels. [Ir. potoir.] — Potter's field. A pub- 
lic burying-place, esp. in a city, for the poor. [Matt, 
xxvii. 7.] — Pot'tery, -ter-T, w. Vessels or ware made 
by potters; earthenware; place for manufacturing 
it.— Pot'tle, -tl, n. A liquid measure of 4 pints; a pot 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tgrm ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd. tone. 6r ; 



POTATO 



439 



PRACTICE 



or tankard; a vessel or basket for fruit. [OF., dim. 
of pot.]— Pot'sherd, n. A fragment of a broken 

Eot. — Pofbel'lied, -lid, o. Having a prominent 
eiiy. — hang'er, -hook, n. A book on which pots 
are hung over the fire ; a letter or character shaped 
like a pot-hook. — herb, n. Any herb cooked for 
food. — house, n. An ale-house. — luck, ». What 

may chance to be provided for dinner. variant, 

a. Made boastful by drink. 

Potato, po-ta'to, n. ; pi. -toes, -toz. A plant of many 
species ; one of its tubers, used for food, and in 
various farinaceous preparations. [Sp. patata, ba- 
tata, Hayti batata.] — Sweet potato. A running or 
climbing plant, allied to the morning-glory, whose 
edible farinaceous tubers have a sweetish taste. — 
P. bug. The Colorado beetle, q. v. 

Potent, Potentate, Potential, etc. See under Possess. 

Fother, poth'er, a. Bustle; confusion; tumult; flut- 
ter. [ME. pudler, noise, bustle, pudheren, potter, 
to poke about, be busv ineffectually, puten, to put, 
push, D. peuteren, to' fumble, W. pwtio, to push, 
poke; s. rt. put, poke; not s. rt. bother.] — Pot'ter, 
v. i. To occupy one's self in a trifling or inefficient 
manner. 

Potichomania, po'ti-ko-ma'ni'-a, n. Art of decorating 
the inside of transparent vessels with colored de- 
signs, to imitate painted earthenware. [F. poticho- 
manie, fr. potiche, a porcelain vase, and manie, 
mania.] 

Potion, Pottage, Potter, Pottle, etc See under Pot. 

Potter, v. i. See under Pother. 

Pouch, powch, n. A small bag ; usually, a leather 
bag; thing shaped like or used as a pouch, — as, a 
protuberant bellv; or, the bag or sack of the pelican, 
etc.; crop of a bird: or, {Med.) a cyst or sac con- 
taining watery fluid ; or, a membranous sac in 
which the young of marsupials are carried. — v. t. 
[pouched (powcht), pouching.] To pocket, save; 
to swallow, — said of fowls. [ME. and OF. pouche, 
same as F.poche, pocket, poke, q. v.] 

Pouchong, poo-shong', n. A kind of black tea. 

Poudretta, poo-dret', n. A fertilizing manure made 
from the contents of privies, dried and mixed with 
charcoal, gypsum, etc. [F., dim. of poudre, dust, 
powder, q. v.] 

Poult, polt, n. A young chicken, partridge, etc. [F. 
poulet, dim. of pottle, LL. pulla, a hen, fem. of 
pullus, a young animal ; s. rt. foal.] — Poulfry, -rl, 
n. Domestic fowls, turkeys, ducks, and geese, raised 
for the table, or for their eggs, feathers, etc. — Pul r - 
let, puKlet, n. A young hen. — Poult'erer, n. One 
who deals in poultry. 

Poultice, poKtis, n. A soft composition of mollifying 
or medicinal materials, to be applied to sores, boils, 
and the like, s> cataplasm.— v. t. [poulticed (-tist), 
-ticing.] To cover or dress wit^ a poultice. [F. 
pulte, L. pidtes, pi. of puis, thick pap, Gr. poltos, 
porridge.] 

Pounce, powns, n. A fine powder to prevent ink from 
spreading on paper; a colored powdered substance 
used by embroiderers in making designs on paper. 
— v.t. [pounced (pownst), pouncing.] To sprin- 
kle or rub with pounce. [Same as pumice, q. v. ; F. 
ponce, pounce, poncer, to pounce.] — Poun'cet-box, 
-set-boks, n. A small box with perforations in the 
top, to hold perfume for smelling. 

Pounce, powns, n. The claw or talon of a bird of 
prey. — v. t. [pounced (pownst), pouncing.] To 
pierce with a sharp instrument, perforate, punch. — 
v. i. To fall suddenly on and seize with the claws. 
[Same as punch ; F. poincon, Lli.punctio, a punch, 
Sp. puncha, thorn, sharp point, L. pungere, punc- 
tum, to prick : see Point.] 

Pound, pownd, n. A certain weight; 16 ounces avoir- 
dupois, or 12 Troy ; 20 shillings sterling = about 
$4.84. [AS. pund, L. pondo, a pound, pundus, a 
weight ; s. rt. pendere, to weigh : see Pendant.] — 
Pound'er, n. A thing named from a certain num- 
ber of pounds. — Pound'age, -ej, n. In Eng., a sub- 
sidy of 12 pence in the pound, formerly granted to 
the crown on all goods exported or imported, and, 
if by aliens, more. (Law.) The sum allowed to a 
sheriff or other officer upon the amount made by 
virtue of an execution, — estimated in Eng., and 
formerly in the U. S., at so much on the pound. 

Pound, pownd, n. An inclosure in which cattle or 
other beasts are confined when taken in trespassing, 
or going at large in violation of law. — v. t. To con- 
fine in a pound, impound. [AS. pund, a pound ; 
s. rt. pond, q. v.] 

pownd, v. t. To beat or strike repeatedly with 




Pouter Pigeon. 



a heavy instrument; to pulverize by beating. [ME. 
poutien, to bruise, AS. puniaa, to pound.] — Pound'er, 
n. One who pounds ; an instrument to pound with. 

Pour, por, v. t. [poured (pord), pouring.] To cause 
to flow, as a liquid, in a stream, either out of a ves- 
sel or into it; to send forth in a profuse manner, 
emit; to give vent to, as strong feeling; to utter. — 
v. i. To issue forth in a stream, or continued suc- 
cession of parts; to move impetuously, like a swift- 
running stream; to flow. [W. bwrw, to throw, strike, 
rain, Ga. jmrr, to push, drive, urge; perh. same as 
pore, to look steadily.] — Pour'er, n. 

Pourparler, poor-par'la, n. A request for a conference. 
IF., in order to speak.] — Pourpar'les, -laz, n. pi. Dip- 
lomatic conferences preliminary to a treaty. 

Pout, powt, n. (Icht/t.) A sea-fish, of the cod kind, 
which has the power of inflating a membrane which 
covers the eyes and parts 
of the head; an Amer. fish 
called also catfish, horned- 
pout, or bullhead. A spe- 
cies of bird; a fit of sullen- 
ness. — v. i. To thrust out 
the lips, as in displeasure; 
to look sullen ; to swell 
out, protru de. [Prob. 
same a s p e t, q. v.] — 
Pout'er, n. One who 
pouts ; a variety of the 
domestic pigeon, with an _^. 
inflated breast. 

Poverty. See under Poor. 

Powder, pow'der, n. A dry ' 
substance in minute par- 
ticles; dust; esp. an ex- 
plosive composition of 
saltpeter, sulphur, and 
charcoal, mixed and granulated; gunpowder; a per. 
fumed dust, as pulverized starch, for dressing the 
hair, whitening the skin, etc. — ?'. t. [powdered 
(-derd), -dering.] To reduce to fine particles, pul- 
verize; to sprinkle with, or as with, powder. — v. L 
To separate into minute particles. [ME. and F. 
poudre, OF. puldre, powder, fr. L. pulvis, dust; s. rt. 
L. and E. pollen, q. v.] — Pow'dery, -der-T, a. Easily 
crumbling to pieces; friable; sprinkled with pow- 
der; dusty ; resembling powder. — Pow'der-box, n. 
A box in which powder is kept, —-flask, -horn, n. 
A flask or horn in which gunpowder is carried by 
sportsmen. — mill, n. A mill in which gunpowder 
is made. 

Power, Powerful, etc. See under Possess. 

Powwow, pow'wow, n. A priest, or conjurer, among 
the N. Amer. Indians ; conjuration for the cure of 
diseases and other purposes, attended with great 
noise and confu- 
sion; a noisy as- 
sembly, or frolic. 

Pox. See under 
Pock. 

Poyou, poi'od, n. A 
S. Amer. armadil- 
lo. 

Praam, pr'am, n. A 
flat-boat or lighter 
used in N. Eu- 
rope. (Mil.) A 
flat-bottomed ves- 
sel carrying guns; 
a battery to cover Jroyou. 

the landing of troops. [D.] 

Practice, prak'tis, n. Frequently repeated or custom, 
ary actions ; customary use, habit ; performance, 
disting. fr. theory; exercise of a profession, or th» 
limits within which a profession is practiced; skill, 
ful management: art; stratagem; artifice; a rule in 
arithmetic, by which the operations of the genera; 
rules are abridged in iise. (Law.) The established 
or prescribed form, manner, and order of conduct 
ing suitB. — v. t. [practiced (-tist), -ticing.] To 
do or perform frequently or habitually; to carry on 
in practice or repeated action ; to apply (a theory) tq 
real life; to exercise (a profession, trade, art, etc.^j 
to commit, perpetrate. — v. i. To perform certain 
acts customarily; to learn by practice; to try arti 
fices or stratagems; to exercise an employment oi 
profession, esp. that of medicine or of law.'[F. prac- 
tique, L. practica, practice, experience, Gr prakti 
kos, practical, fit for business, fr. praktos, tr< be done, 
prassein, to do, accomplish; s. rt. fare.] — Practice^ 
-tl-ser, n. One who practices ; one who exercisei 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



FR2EMUNIRE 



440 



PREACH 



a profession; a practitioner. — Practilioner, -tish'- 
un-6r, n. One engaged in the actual exercise of 
any art or profession, esp. in law or medicine.— 
Practicable, -tt-ka-bl, a. Capable of being prac- 
ticed, performed, or done ; possible to be accom- 
plished; admitting of use, or of being passed or trav- 
eled; possible; feasible. — Practicability, -biKt-tT, 
n. Quality or state of being, etc. — Pradicably, adv. 

— Praclical, -tt-kal, a. Pert, to practice; capable 
of being turned to use; evincing practice or skill; 
ready to apply knowledge to some useful end; de- 
rived from practice. — Practical joke. A trick or 
joke which annoys or injures some one in person, 
feelings, or property; a joke the fun of which con- 
sists in something that is done. — Practically, adv. 
In relation to practice; by means of practice or use; 
by experiment; in practice or use. — Practicalness, 
n.— Pragmatic, prag-matlk, -ical, a. Pert, to busi- 
ness ; material ; over-forward in acting ; officious ; 
meddling; meddlesome; impertinent. — n. One ac- 
tive or skilled in business; a solemn ordinance or 
decree issued by the head of a state. [F. pragma- 
tique, L. pragmaticus, Gr. pragmatikos, skilled in 
business, f r. pragma, -matos, a deed, thing done, f r. 
prassein.~] — Pragmatically, adv. — Pragmatlcal- 
ness, n. — Pragmatism, -tizm, n. Pragmaticalness; 
a method of historical narration, discriminating 
causes and results.— Praxis, n. Use; practice; esp. 
exercise or discipline for a specific purpose ; an ex- 
ample or formjo teach practice. [Gr., f r. prassein.] 

— Pratique, -ek, n. {Com.) The communication 
between a ship and the port at which she arrives; 
license to hold intercourse and trade with the in- 
habitants of a place, after having performed quar- 
antine, or upon a certificate that the ship did not 
come from an infected place. [F.] 

Praemunire, prem'u-ni're, n. {Eng.Law.) The offense 
of introducing foreign authority into England; writ 

f rounded on, also penalty prescribed' for, that of- 
ense. [F. pre'mumr, to forearm, L. prsemonere, to 
forewarn, cite, f r. prse, pre, before, beforehand (s. rt. 
per-, para-, pro-, pur-), and monere, to warn.] 

Fraenomen, pre-no'men, n. ; pi. -Nomina, -nom't-na. 
{Rom. Antiq.) The first name of a person, by which 
individuals of the same family were distinguished, 
answering to our Christian name. [L., f r. prse and 
nomen, name.] 

Praetor. See Pretor. 

Pragmatic, etc. See under Practice. 

Prairie, pra're, n. An extensive tract of land, level 
or rolling, destitute of trees, and covered with 
coarse grass. [F., fr. LL. prataria, meadow-land, L. 
pratum, a meadow; perh. s. rt. Gr. platus, broad, Skr. 
prithu, large, prath, to spread, extend.] — Prailie- 
chick'en, -hen, n. A species of grouse, found on the 
prairies and plains of 
the Western IT. S.— 
-dog, n. A small rodent 
animal, a species of 
marmot, found on the 
prairies, etc., having a 
sharp bark, like that of 
a small dog. — squir'- 
rel, n. A ground squir- 
rel, of the prairies.— 
-wolf, n. The small 
gregarious wolf of the 
prairies; coyote. 

Praise, praz, n. Com- 
mendation for worth ; 
approval of merit; joy- 
ful tribute of gratitude __ 
or homage rendered to ^ 
the Divine Being ; the ^~ 
object, ground, or rea- 
son of praise ; enco- 
mium , eulogy ; pane- i-raine-aog. 
gyric; applause ; acclaim.— v. t. [praised (prSzd), 
praising.] To express approbation of ; to extol in 
words or song ; to do honor to, laud, glorify, mag- 
nify, extol. [Same as price, q. v. ; ME. and OF. 
preis, price, value, merit, L. pretium, value ; ME. 
preisen, OF. preiser, to praise; s. rt. price, prize, pre- 
cious, appraise, appreciate, etc.] — Prais'er, n. — 
Praise'' worthy, -wer-thY, a. Worthy of applause ; 
commendable. 

?rakrit, pra/krit, n. A group of Aryan languages 
(including Pali, Hindi, Bengali, etc.). distinct from 
the written Sanskrit of the Vedas and from the mod- 
ern Sanskritic languages of India. [Skr. prakriti, 
original.] 





Prawn. 

To address earnest 



Prance, prans, v. i. [pranced (pranst), prancing.] 
To spring or bound, as a horse ; to ride with bound- 
ing movements ; to strut about in a showy manner. 
[Same as prank.'] — Prank, prank, v. t. [pranked 
(prankt), pranking.] To adorn in a showy man- 
ner ; to dress or adjust ostentatiously. — n. A gay 
or sportive action ; a playfully mischievous act ; 
gambol ; frolic ; freak ; sport. [Same as prink and 
prick, LowlScot. preek, to be spruce, OD. pronck, 
show, ostentation, proncken, to display one's dress, 
strut, brag, LG., G., Dan., and Sw. pi-unk, show, dis- 
play.]— Prankish, a. Full of pranks. 

Prase, praz, n. {Min.) A variety of quartz, of a leek- 
green color. [Gr. prason, a leek.] 

Prate, prat, v, i. To talk much and without weight, 
or to little purpose ; to be loquacious. — v. t. To 
utter foolishly, speak without meaning. — n. Tri- 
fling talk. [Dan. ; OD. and LG. praten, to prate, 
Sw. and Dan. prat, D. and LG. praat, tattle; perh. 
onomat.] — Prat'er, n. — Praftle, v. i. [-tled 
(-tld), -tling.] To talk much and idly, or lightly 
and artlessly, like a child. — n. Trifling or childish 
tattle; prate. [Freq. of prate.] — Prat'tler, n. 

Pravity, prav'Y-tY, n. Deterioration; corruption ; de- 
pravity ; esp. moral corruption ; moral perversion. 
[L. pravitas, ir.pravus, crooked, perverse.} 

Pratique, Praxis. See under Practice. 

Prawn, prawn, n. A small, edible crustacean, allied to 
the shrimp. [ME. prane, 
perh. fr. Sp., Olt., and L. 
perna, a kind of shell-fish, 
fr. Gr. perna, a ham.] 

Pray, pra, v. i. [prayed 
(prad), praying.] To ask 
with earnestness or zeal 
(for something desirable) ; 
esp. to address the Su- 
preme Being with adora- 
tion, confession, supplica- 
tion, and thanksgiving; to 
supplicate, beg, petition. — v. t. 

request to, entreat; to ask earnestly for, request, be- 
seech. [OF. preier, L. precari, to pray, f r. prex, pre- 
cis, a prayer; s. rt. Skr. pracch, G.fragen, to ask.] — 
Pray 'or, n. One who prays; a supplicant. —Prayer, 
prar, n. Act of praying or of asking a favor; an 
earnest memorial ; esp. the act of addressing sup- 
plication to God ; form of words used in praying •, 
an expressed petition; entreaty; suit; request. [ME. 
and OF. preiere, It. pregaria, L. precaria, a prayer, 
prop. fern, of precarius, obtained by prayer or as a 
favor, uncertain, precarious.] — Prayer'-book, n. A 
book containing prayers or forms of devotion. — 
Prayerful, -ful, a. Given to prayer ; devotional.— 
Prayerfully, ddi\— Prayerless, a. Not usingprayer; 
habitually neglecting the duty of prayer to God. — 
Preca'rious, -ka'rt-us, a. Depending on the will or 
pleasure of another; held by courtesy, or by a doubt- 
ful tenure ; exposed to constant risk ; uncertain ; 
dubious ; equivocal. [See Prayer, above.] — Pre. 
callously, adv. — Preca'riousness, n. — Prec'ative, 
prek'a-tiv, -tory, -a-to-ri, a. Suppliant; beseeching. 
[L. precatirus, precatorius, fr. precari.] — Pre'cant, 
n. One who prays. [L. precans, precantis, p. pr. of 
precari.] 

Preach, prech, v. i. [preached (precht), preaching.] 
To pronounce a public discourse on a religious sub- 
ject, deliver a sermon, give earnest advice on moral 
Or religious grounds. — v. t. To proclaim in a ser- 
mon, inculcate in public discourse, deliver or pro- 
nounce. [OF. precher, L. prsodicare,-catum, to cry 
in public, proclaim, fr. prse and dicare, to make 
known, dicere, to say.] — Preacb/er, n. One who 
preaches, or inculcates anything with earnestness. 
— Preacb/ing, n. Act of, etc. ; a public religious 
discourse. — Preacn'ment, n. A discourse or ser- 
mon, — used depreciatingly. — Predicate, -Y-kat, 
v. t. To assert to belong to something ; to affirm, 
declare, assert, — followed by of; improp. used as 
meaning to found, base,— followed by on or upon.— 
n. {Logic.) The thing or quality affirmed of the 
subject ; in grammar, the word or words in a propo- 
sition expressing that which is affirmed of the sub- 
ject. [L. predicatus, p. p. of predicare.] — Predica'- 
tion, n. Act of predicating, or of affirming one 
thing of another; assertion. — Predlcatory, -Y-ka» 
to-ri, a. Affirmative; positive. — Predlcable, -Y-ka^ 
bl, a. Capable of being affirmed of something. — n. 
A general attribute or notion as atfirniable of many 
individuals; a general abstract notion. {Logic.) One 
of the 5 most general relations of attributes in- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; End, eve, term ; Yn. ice ; 8dd, tone, or ; 






PRE-AD AMITE 



441 



PREDATORY 



volved in logical arrangements (genus, species, dif- 
ference, property, and accident). — Pred'icabillty, 
-biKl-tt, n. Quality of being predicable.— Predic'a- 
ment, pre-dikS-ment, n. Class or kind described 
by any definite marks ; condition ; esp. an unfor- 
tunate or trying position or condition; state; plight. 
[LL. predicamentum.] — Predict", -dikf, v. t. To tell 
beforehand, foretell, prophesy, prognosticate, fore- 
show, bode. [L. /irsedicere, -dictum, fr. prse and di- 
cere.] — Predication, n. Act of foretelling; thing 
foretold ; a previous declaration of a future event ; 
prophecy; augury; divination; soothsaying; vatici- 
nation. — Predictive, -iv, a. Foretelling ; prophet- 
ic. — Predict'or, -er, n. A foreteller. 

Pre-adamite, pre-ad'am-it, a. Existing before the 
creation -of Adam. 

Preadmonish, pre-ad-monlsh, v. t. [-ished (-isht), 
-ishing.] To admonish previously. — Pread'moni'- 
tion. -mo-nisb/un, n. Previous warning. 

Preamble, pre'am-bl, n. An introductory portion ; a 
preface; introductory part of a statute. [F. nream- 
bule, L. jji-eambulus, fr. prseambulare, to walk before, 
ambulare, to walk.] 

Prebend, preb'end. n. The maintenance granted to a 

firebendary out of the estate of a cathedral or col- 
egiate church with which he is connected. [OF. 
prebende, L. prsebenda, a payment to a public person 
from a private source, fern, of fut. p. p. of prsehere, 
to hold forth, allow, fr. prse and habere, to have, 
hold.] — Prebend'al, a. Pert, to a prebend.— Preb'- 
endary, -a-rt, n. A salaried clergyman attached to a 
collegiate or cathedral church. 

Precarious, Precative. etc. See under Pray. 

Precaution, pre-kaw'shun, n. Previous caution or 
care ; a measure taken beforehand to ward off evil 
or secure good or success. — v. t. [precautioxed 
(-shund), -tioxing.] To warn or advise beforehand 
for preventing mischief or securing good. [OF.; L. 
prsecautio, fr. prse and cautio, caution, q. v.] — Pre- 
cautions!, -ary, -a-rl, a. Preventive of mischief. 

Precede, pre-sed', v. t. To go before in place, time, 
rank, or importance. [OF. preceder, L. prsecedere, 
fr. prse and cedere. to go.] — Precedence, -sed'ens, 
-ency, -en-sY, n. Act or state of being precedent; pri- 
ority in position, rank, or time; state of going or be- 
ing before in rank, dignity, etc. [OF. precedence.] — 
Precedent, -sed'ent, a. Going before ; anterior; 
preceding; antecedent. [OF.] — Precedent, pres'- 
e-dent, n. Something done or said that may serve as 
an example to authorize a subsequent act of the like 
kind; a preceding circumstance or condition; prog- 
nostic. — Prec'edented, a. Having a precedent. — 
PTeces'sion. -sesh'un, v. Act of going before, or for- 
ward. — Precession of the equinoxes. (Astron.) The 
slow, backward motion of the equinoctial points 
along the ecliptic. — Preces'sional, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Precentor, pre-senler, n. The leader of the choir in a 
cathedral. [L., ir.prse and canere, to sing, cantor, a 
singer.] 

Precept, pre'sept, n. Any commandment or order in- 
tended as an authoritative rule of action; esp., a 
command respecting moral conduct ; injunction ; 
mandate; law; principle; maxim. (Law.) A spe- 
cies of writ or process. [OF. precepte, L. prseceptum, 
prop. neut. of p. p. of preecipere, to take beforehand, 
give rules; capere, to take.] — Preceplive, -tiv, a. 
Giving precepts; directing in moral conduct; didac- 
tic— Precep'tor. -ter. n. A teacher; instructor; head 
of a school. [L.] — Precepto'rial, -to'rf-al, a. Pert, 
to a preceptor. — Precep'tory, a. Giving precepts; 
preceptive. — n. An establishment of the Knights 
Templars, subordinate to the temple or principal 
house of the order at London. — Preceplress, n. A 
female teacher. 

Precession, etc. See under Precede. 

Precinct, pre'sinkt, n. The limit, or exterior line en- 
compassing a place; boundary; confine; a minor ter- 
ritorial or jurisdictional division; esp., a parish or 
prescribed territory attached to a church, and taxed 
for its support. [L. prsecinctus, fr. prsecingere, to 
gird about, encompass, fr. prse and cingere, to gird, 
surround.] 

Precious, presh'us, a. Of great price: costly; of great 
value or worth ; very valuable ; highlv'esteemed; 
worthless, contemptible.— used ironically. [OF. pre- 
cios, L. pretiosus. f r. pretium, price, q. v. ; s. rt. praise, 
prize, price.'] — Pre'ciously, adv. v aluably ; to a 
great price : contemptibly. — Pre'ciousness, n. 

Precipice, pres'T-pis, n. A very steep, perpendicular, 
or overhanging bank or cliff; an abrupt declivity. 
[OF. ; L. prsecipithun, fr. prseceps, headlong, fr. 



I prse and caput, capitis, the head.] — Precipitate 
-sip'T-tat, v. t. To throw headlong, cast down front 
I a steep height ; to urge or press with eagerness or 
| violence, hasten; to throw down or to the Dottom of 
a vessel. — v. i. To fall headlong, hasten without 
preparation; fall to the bottom of a vessel, as sedi- 
ment. — u. Falling, flowing, or rushing, with steep 
descent ; rashly hasty ; lacking due deliberation ; 
hurried; rapid; terminating speedily in death; 
rash; headstrong; violent. — n. (Chem.) A substance 
which, having heen dissolved, is again separated 
from its solvent and thrown to the bottom of the 
vessel when another substance is added to the solu- 
tion. [L. prsecipitare, -tatum, fr. prseceps.] — Pre- 
cipitately, adv. Headlong: hastily. — Precip'ita'- 
tion, 7i. Act of, or state of being, etc.: a falling, 
flowing, or rushing down with violence and rapid- 
ity ; great hurry ; rash, tumultuous haste ; act of 
throwing to the* bottom of a vessel any substance 
held in solution. [OF.] — Preciplta'tor, n. One who, 
etc. — Precipltable, -T-ta-bl, a. Capable of being 
precipitated or cast to the bottom, as a substance in 
solution. — Precipitance, -r-tans, -itancy, -T-tan-sT, 
71. Quality of being precipitant or precipitate; head- 
long hurry; precipitation. — Precipitant, a. Fall- 
ing or rushing headlong: urged with violent haste; 
unexpectedly brought on or hastened. — n. (Chem.) 
A liquor which, when poured on a solution, separates 
what is dissolved, and makes it fall to the bottom. — 
Precipltantly, adv. With great haste. — Precipi- 
tous, -Y-tus, a. Very steep; headlong; rapidly de- 
scending; hasty; rash; quick; sudden; precipitate. 
[OF. precipiteux.] — Precipitously, adv. — Precipl- 



Precise, pre-sis', a. Not loose, vague, uncertain, or 
equivocal, either in thought or expression; exces- 
sively nice; punctilious in conduct or ceremony; ac- 
curate; exact; definite; punctilious; formal; finical. 
[OF. p7-ecis, fern, precise, L. p7-secisus, brief, concise, 
p. p. of prsecidere, to cut off in front, cut off, fr. prse 
and csedere, to cut.] — Precisely, adv. In a precise 
manner ; exactly ; accurately ; with excess of for- 
mality. — Precise'' ness, n. — Precisian, -sizh'an, n. 
A person rigidly or ceremoniously exact in the ob- 
servance of rules; formalist.— Precisianism, -sizh' r - 
an-izm, n. Absurdly excessive exactness. — Precis'- 
ion, -sizb'un, n. Quality of being precise; exact 
limitation; exactness; accuracy. — Pre'cis. pra'se, 
n. An -abridged statement; an abstract. [F.] 

Preclude, pre-klud / J v. t. To shut out by anticipative 
action, shut off, hinder. [L. prsecludere. f r. pi-se and 
claud ere, cludere, to shut.]— Preclusion, -klu'zhun, 
n. Act of. or state of being, etc.; a shutting out. — 
Preclusive, -siv, a. Shutting out; precluding, or 
tending to preclude. — Preclu'sively, adv. 

Precocious, pre-ko'shus, a. Ripe before the natural 
time ; having the faculties developed more than is 
usual at a given age; too forward; premature. [F. 
pricoce, L. prsecox, -cocis, and prsecoqmis, fr.prseco- 
quere, to ripen beforehand, fr. prse and coquere, to 
cook.] — Precociously, adv. — Preco'ciousness, Pre- 
cocity, -kos'I-tl, n. Quality or state of being, etc.; 
premature development. 

Precogitate, pre-koj'T-tat, v. t. To consider or con- 
trive beforehand. [L. prsecogita7-e, -tatum ; cogitare, 
to think.] 

Precognition, pre-kog-nish'un.n. Previous cognition; 
antecedent knowledge or examination. [L. prsecog- 
nitio, fr. prse and cognoscere, to know.] 

Preconceive, pre / kon-sev r , v. t. [-ceived (-sevd')> 
-Ceivixg.] To conceive previously, form a previous 
notion or idea of . — Preconcert', -set', n. A pre- 
vious conceit or conception ; an opinion or notion 
previously formed. — Preconcep'tion, -sep'shun, n. 
Act of, etc.; conception or opinion previously 
formed. 

Preconcert, pre'kon-sert'', v. t. To concert before- 
hand, settle by previous agreement. — Preconcert, 
n. A previous agreement. 

Precontract, pre-conlrakt, n. A contract previous 
to another. 

Precursor, pre-ker'ser, n. One who, or that which, 
precedes an event, and indicates its approach; fore- 
runner; harbinger; omen; sign. [L. prsecursor, fr. 
prse and currere, to run.l — Procursive, -siv, -sory, 
-so-rt, a. Preceding and leading to, or introductory; 
forerunning. 
I Predatory, pred'a-to-rt, a. Characterized by plun- 
I dering ; practicing rapine; hungry; ravenous, [li. 
prsedatorius, ir.prseaa, prey, q. v.] — Preda'ceoilB, 
I -da'shus, a. Living by prey ; predatory. 



1, cube, full j moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, riien, boNboN, chair, get. 



PREDECESSOR 



442 



PRELUDE 



Predecessor, pred-e-ses'sSr, n. One who precedes or 
has preceded another in some position, office, etc. ; 
one whom another follows or comes after. [L. pre- 
decessor, fr. prse and decessor, one who retires from 
an office, f r. decedere, -cessum, to depart, fr. de, from, 
and cedere, to go.] 

Predestine, pre-des'tin, v. t. [-tined (-tind), -tining.] 
To decree beforehand, foreordain. [L. prsedestinare, 
-natum, fr. prse and destinare, to destine, q. v.] — 
Predes'tinate, -ti-nat, a. Predestinated ; foreor- 
dained; fated, — v. t. To appoint or ordain before- 
hand by an unchangeable purpose, predetermine, 
decree, foredoom. — Predes'tina'tion, n. Act of, 
etc. (Theol.) The purpose of God from eternity- 
respecting all events. [OF.] — Predeslina'tor, -ter, 
n. One who, etc.; a predestinarian. — Predes'tina''- 
rian, -nali-an, n. One who believes in the doctrine 
of predestination. — a. Pert, to predestination. 

Predetermine, pre'de-ter'min, v. t. [-mined (-mind), 
-mining.] To determine beforehand; to doojn by 
previous decree. — Pre'deter'minate, -mi-nat, a. 
Determined beforehand. — Pre 'deter 'mina'tion, n. 
Act of, etc. ; purpose formed beforehand. 

Predial, pre'dt-al, a. Consisting of, or attached to, 
land or farms; growing or issuing from land. [L. 
prsediam.a, farm, estate.] 

Predicate, Predicament, Predict. See under Peeach. 

Predilection, pre'di-lek'shun, n. A prepossession of 
mind in favor of something ; partiality. [L. prse 
and diligere, dilectum, to love.] 

Predispose, pre'dis-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd r ), -pos- 
ing.] To incline beforehand ; to fit or adapt pre- 
viously. -Pre'dispo'nent, a. Disposing beforehand; 
predisposing. — Pre'disposf tion, -zish/un, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. ; previous inclination or 
propensity ; previous fitness or adaptation to any 
change, impression, or purpose. 

Predominate, pre-donfl-nat. v. i. To surpass in 
strength, influence, or authority ; to have control- 
ling influence, prevail, rule. [L. prse and dominari, 
-natus, to rule.] — Predonvlna'tion, n. Act of pre- 
dominating; predominance.— Predominance, -inan- 
cy, -T-nan-sT, n. Condition or quality of being pre- 
dominant; prevalence; ascendency.— Predominant, 
a. Prevalent over others; superior in strength, influ- 
ence, or authority; ruling; controlling; overruling. 

— Predominantly, adv. 

Preeminent, pre-em'i-nent, a. Eminent above others; 
superior in excellence; surpassing others in evil or 
bad qualities. [F.] — Preeminently, adv.— Preenf - 
inence, -nens, n. State or quality of being, etc. 

Preemption, pre-emp'shun, n. Act or right of pur- 
chasing before others ; as the right of a settler on 
lands of the U. S. to purchase in preference to oth- 
ers, when the land is sold. [L. prse and emere, emp- 
tum, to_buy.] 

Preen, pren, n. A forked instrument used by clothiers 
in dressing cloth. — v. t. [preened (prend), preen- 
ing.] To dress with, or as with, a preen; to keep in 
order (the feathers) — said of birds. [Scot., a pin; 
AS. preon, D. priem, a bodkin, or perh. s. rt. prune, 
q. v.] 

Preengage, pre'en-gaj', v. t. [-gaged (-gajdO, -ga- 
ging.] To engage by previous contract or influence. 

— Pre'engage'ment, n. Prior engagement. 
Preexist, pre'egz-isf, v. t. To exist beforehand, or 

before something else. — Pre'e'xisfent, a. Existing 
beforehand. — Pr ./exisfence, -ens, n. Existence 
previous to something else ; existence of the soul 
before its union with the body, or before the body 
is formed. 
Preface, pref es, n. Something spoken or written as 
introductory to a discourse, book, or essay; pream- 
ble; proem; prelude; prologue. — v. t. [prefaced 
(-est), -acing.] To introduce by preliminary re- 
marks. [OF. ; L. prsefatio, f r. prsefari, to speak or 
say beforehand, fr. prse and fori, fatus, to speak.] 

— Prefacer, n. The writer of a preface. — Prefa- 
tory, -a-to-rt, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, a pref- 
ace; introductory to a book, essay, or discourse. 

Prefect, prel ekt, n. A Roman officer who was over 
a particular command, charge, or department ; in 
France, a superintendent of a department, having 
direction of its police establishment, etc. [OF. ; L. 
prsefectus, fr. prssficere, to set over, fr. prse and fa- 
cere, to make.] — Prelectship, -fecture, -fek-chur, n. 
Office of a chief magistrate, commander, or viceroy; 
jurisdiction of a prefect. [F. prefecture.] 

Prefer, pre-fer^, v. t. [-ferred (-ferd r ), -feering.] 
To set forth, offer, present, address; to advance (to 
an office or dignity); to raise, exalt; to set above 



something else in estimation, choice, or liking; to 
incline more toward; to choose. [OF. preferer, L. 
prseferre, fr. prse and ferre, to bear or carry; 8. rt. 
bear.] — Preferred stock. Stock which takes a div- 
idend before other capital stock. — Preferable, -er- 
a-bl, a. Worthy to be preferred before something 
else; more desirable. [OF.] — Pref erableness, n.— 
Preferably, adv. In preference; by choice.— Pref - 
erence, -er-ens, n. Act of preferring one thing be- 
fore another; predilection; choice; state of being 
preferred ; thing preferred. [OF.] — Pref'eren'tial, 
-en'shal, a. Giving, indicating, or having, a pref- 
erence. — Preferment, -fer'ment, n. Act of pre- 
ferring, or advancing in dignity or office; state of 
being advanced; promotion; exaltation. — Prefer'- 
rer, n. 

Prefigure, pre-fig'ur, v. t. [-ured (-urd), -uring.] 
To announce or suggest by types and similitudes.— 
Prefig'urement, -uralion, n. Act of prefiguring, 
or state of being prefigured; antecedent representa- 
tion by similitude. — Prefig , urative, -tiv, a. Show- 
ing by previous figures, types, or similitudes; pre- 
figuring. 

Prefix, pre-fiks-', v. t. [-fixed (-fiksf), -fixing.] To 
put or fix before, or at the beginning of another 
thing. — Pre'fix, n. A letter, syllable, or word, set 
before a word, or combined or united with it at its 
beginning, to vary its signification. [OF., prefixed, 
limited. L. prsefixus, p. p. of prsefigere, fr. prse and 
figere, to fix.] 

Pregnant, preg'nant, a. Being with young, as a fe- 
male; heavy with important contents; full of con- 
sequence; teeming; big; fruitful; inventive. [OF.; 
L. prsegnans, for prsegenans, f r. prse and genere, to 
beget.] — Preg'nancy, -nan-st, n. Condition of be- 
ing pregnant; quality of being heavy with impor- 
tant contents, significance, etc.; fertility. — Preg'- 
nantly, adv. 

Prehensile, pre-hen'sil, a. Adapted to seize or grasp; 
seizing; grasping. [L. prehensus, prensus, p. p. of 
prehendere, premiere, to lay hold of, fr. prse and 
(obs.) hendere. to seize; a. rt. get, prison^ prize] — 
Prehen'sible, -sT-bl, a. Admitting of being seized. 

— Prehen'sion, -shun, w. A seizing, as with the 
hand or other limb. 

. pre-juf, v. t. [-judged (-jujd')« -judging.] 
b fudge before hearing, condemn beforehand. 
[OF. prejuger, L. prsejiidicare, -catum, f r. prse and 
judicare, to judge, q. v.] —Prejudgement, n. Act of 
prejudging. - Preju'dicate, -dl-kat, v. t. To deter- 
mine beforehand, esp. to disadvantage; to prejudge. 

— v. i. To form a judgment beforehand or without 
due examination. — Preju'dica'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

— Prejlidice, prej'u-dis, n. Prejudgment; an un- 
reasonable predilection or prepossession for or 
against anything; esp., an opinion or leaning ad- 
verse to anything, formed without proper grounds, 
or before suitable knowledge; mischief; damage; in- 
jury. — v. t. [prejudiced (-dist), -dicing.] To 
prepossess with unexamined opinions, or opinions 
formed without due knowledge of facts; to obstruct 
or injure by prejudices; to hurt, damage, impair. 
[OF. ; L. prsejudicium.] — Prej'udf cial, -disb/al, a. 
Tending to obstruct or impair; injurious; hurtful; 
mischievous. 

Prelate, prefet, n. A clergyman of a superior order, 
as an archbishop, bishop, etc. ; a dignitary of the 
church. [OF. prelat, E. prselatus, p. p. of prseferre, 
prselatum, to prefer: see Elate.] — Prefacy, -a-si, 
n. Office or dignity of a prelate; government by 
prelates; the order of prelates taken collectively.— 
Pref ateship, n. Office of a prelate.— Prelatlc, -ical, 
pre-latlk-al, a. Pert, to prelates or prelacy.— Pref - 
atist, n. An advocate for prelacy ; a high churchman. 

Prelection, pre-lek'shun, n. A lecture or discourse 
read in public or to a select company. [L. prselectio, 
f r. prse and legere, to read.] — Prelec'tor, n. A reader 
of discourses; lecturer. 

Preliminary, pre-linfi-na-rY, a. Preceding the main 
discourse or business ; introductory ; preparatory; 
prior; precedent. — n. Something previous or pre- 
paratory; preface; prelude. [L. prse and Kminaris, 
belonging to a threshold, f r. linien, liminis, thresh- 
old, entrance.] 

Prelude, prefud or prelad, n. Something introduc- 
tory; an introductory performance, preceding and 
preparing for the principal matter; esp., a musical 
strain, introducing the theme or chief subject; pre- 
liminary ; forerunner ; harbinger ; preface. — Pre- 
lude', pre-lud', v. t. To introduce with a previous 
performance; to play before; to precede, as introduc- 



am, faare, far, pass or opera, fare j 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone- 6r j 



PREMATURE 



443 



FRESBYTER 



tory. — v. i. To serve as an introduction ; to play an 
introduction. [OF.; LL. prseludium, a prelude, pre- 
amble, L. prseludere, -lusws, to play beforehand, fr. 
prse and fudere, to play.] — Prelu'sive, -siv, -sory, 
-so-rl, a. Previousj introductory; prelusive. 

Premature, pre'ina-tur', a. Mature or ripe before the 
natural time ; happening, arriving, performed, or 
adopted before the proper time; too early; received 
■without due authentication or evidence. — Pre'ma- 
turely, adv. — Pre / mature , ness, -tu'rity, -tu'rl-tt, 
tt. Quality of being, etc; too great haste. 

Premeditate, pre-med'Y-tat, v. t. To meditate, or 
think on and revolve in the mind, beforehand. — v. 
i. To think, consider, or revolve in the mind be- 
forehand; to deliberate.— Premed'ita'tion, n. Act 
of, etc.; previous deliberation; previous contrivance 
or design formed. [F.] 

Premier, etc. See under Prime. 

Premise, pre-miz', v. t. [-mised (-nrizd'), -mising.] 
To set forth beforehand, or as introductory to the 
main subject; to lay down premises, on which rest 
subsequent reasonings.— v. i. To make or state an- 
tecedent propositions. [Fr. the n.] — Prem'ise, -is, 
-i88, n. ;-j)t. -ises, -is-ez. A proposition antecedently 
supposed or proved. {Logic.) Each of the first 2 
propositions of a syllogism, from which the inference 
or conclusion is drawn, pi. (Law.) The land or 
thing demised or granted by deed,— hence applied 
to a building and its adjuncts. [OF. premisse, L. 
prsemissa (sententia), a premise, thing sent or put 
before, ix.prse and mittere, mission, to send: in law 
sense, premises = things mentioned before, afore- 
said, as used in leases.] 

Premium, pre'mi'-um, n. A recompense; reward; a 
prize to he won by competition; something offered 
or given for the loan of money; insurance money 
paid to underwriters; allowance: bonus; anything 
offered as an incentive; bounty. [L. prsemium, lit. a 
taking before, fr.^ras and emere, to take, buy.] 

Premonish, pre-mon'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ish- 
ixg.] To forewarn, admonish beforehand.— Pre'- 
moni / 'tion, -nish'un, n. Previous warning, notice, 
or information; presentiment.— Premonitory, -Y-to- 
rf, a. Giving previous warning or notice. 

Premorse, pre-m6rs r , a. (Bot.) Terminating ab- 
ruptly, as if bitten off, — said of 
roots and leaves. [L. prsemor- 
sus, p. p. of prsemordere, fr. prse 
and mordere, to bite.] 

Premunition, pre'mu-nish'un, n. 
An anticipation of objections. 
[L. prsemunitio, fr. praemunire, 
-nitum, to fortify in front, fr. 
prse and rnunire, to fortify.] 

Prenatal, pre-na'tal, a. Anterior 
to birth. 

Prenomen, pre-no'men, n. Same ^remorse .Leal, 
as Pr.enomex, q. v. — Prenom'inate, -nom'Y-nat, 
v. t. To forename; to nominate or name beforehand. 
[L. prsenominare, -natum, fr. pnenomen.] — Prenom'- 
lna'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Prenotion, pre-no'shun, n. A previous notion or 
thought ; foreknowledge. 

Prentice, pren'tis, n. Contr. fr. Apprentice, q. v. 

Preoccupy, pre-ok'ku-pi, v. t. [-pied (-pid), -pying.] 
To take possession of before another; to prepossess; 
to engage or occupy the attention of beforehand. — 
Preoc'cupancy, -ku-pan-sT, n. Act or right of tak- 
ing possession before another. — Preoc'cupa'tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; prior occupation; an- 
ticipation of objections. 

Preordain, pre'6r-dan', v. t. To ordain or appoint be- 
forehand, predetermine. — Preor'dinance, -dT-nans, 
n. Antecedent decree or determination. — Preor'- 
dina'tion, n. At t of foreordaining; previous deter- 
mination. 

Prepare, pre-par', v. t. [-pared (-pard'), -paring.] 
To fit, adapt, or qualify for a particular purpose; to 
make ready; to procure as suitable, get ready, pro- 
vide, fit, adjust, adapt, equip, form, make. — v. i. 
To make all things ready; to make one's self ready, 
get ready. [OF. preparer, L. prseparars, -atum, fr. 
prse and parare, to ?et ready: see Pare.] — Pre- 
par'edness, n. State of being prepared or in readi- 
ness. — Prepar'er. n. — Prep'ar a'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. ; that which prepares ; prepara- 
tory act or measure ; that which is prepared, made, 
or compounded, for a particular purpose. (Anat. j 
A part of an animal body prepared and preserved 
as a specimen. [OF.] — Prepar'ative, -par'a-tiv, a. 
Tending to prepare or make ready ; preparatory. — 




n. That which has the power of preparing, which 
prepares, or which is done to prepare ; preparation. 
[OF. preparati/.] — Prepar'atively, adv. — Prepar- 
atory, -to-rT, a. Preparing the way for anything by 
previous measures of adaptation; preliminary; ante- 
cedent ; introductory. 

Prepay, pre-pa', v. t. [-paid (-pad'y. -paying.] To 
pay in advance or beforehand. — Prepay'ment, u. 
Payment in advance. 

Prepense, pre-pens', a. Devised, contrived, or planned 
beforehand; premeditated; aforethought. [F. ; fr. 
pre- CL.prse-) and penser, L. pensare, to think : see 
Pensive, under Pension.] 

Prepollent, pre-poKlent, a. Having superior influ- 
ence or power; prevailing. [L. prsepollens, p. pr. of 
pnepollere, to surpass in power, fr. yrse and pollere, 
to be powerful.] — PrepoKlence. -lency, -len-sT, n. 
Quality of being, etc. ; superiority of power. 

Preponderate, pre-pon'dgr-at, v. t. To outweigh, 
have greater weight than; to overpower by stronger 
influence or moral power. — v. i. To "exceed in 
weight ; to incline or descend, as the scale of a bal- 
ance; to exceed in influence or power ; to incline to 
one side. [L. prseponderare, -atum, fr. prse and pon- 
derare, to weigh, fr. pondus, a weight: see Ponder.] 

— Prepon'dera'tion, n. Act or state of prepondera- 
ting, or of inclining to one side. — Preponderance, 
-ancy, -der-an-sY, n. State or quality of being pre- 
ponderant or preponderating; superiority of weight, 
influence, or power. — Preponderant, a. Prepon- 
derating ; outweighing. 

Preposition, prep / o-zish / 'un, n. (Gram.) A particle 
governing, and generally placed before, a substan- 
tive or pronoun, which is put in an oblique case (in 
Eng., in the objective), and expressing its relation 
to some other word. [OF. ; L. prsepositio, fr. prse 
and positio, a placing, position, q. v.] — Prep'osi'- 
tional, -zisb/un-al, a. Pert, to, or having the nature 
or office of, a preposition. — Prepositive, -poz'T- 
tiv, a. Put before ; prefixed, — n. A word, or par- 
ticle, put before another word. 

Prepossess, pre'pos-ses' or -poz-zes r , v. t. [-sessed 
(-zest'), -sessing.] To take previous possession of; 
to preoccupy, as the mind or heart, so as to preclude 
other things; to induce a favorable opinion before- 
hand or at the outset; to bias or prejudice. — Pre'pos- 
sess'ing, a. Tending to invite favor; having power 
to secure favor, esteem, or love.— Pre / posses > sion, n. 
Preoccupation ; prior possession ; preoccupation of 
the mind by an opinion, or impression, already 
formed; bent; bias; inclination. — Pre'possess'or, iu 

Preposterous, pre-pos'ter-us, a. Having that first 
which ought to be last ; contrary to nature or rea- 
son ; utterly and glaringly foolish ; absurd ; irra- 
tional ; foolish ; monstrous. [L. j)rasposterus, hind 
side before, f r. prse and posterns, coming after.] — 
Preposterously, adv. — Prepos'terousness, n. 

Prepuce, pre'pus, n. (Anat.) The loose fold of skin 
which ordinarily covers the glans or head of an un- 
circumcised penis; foreskin. [F.; L. prseputium, fr. 
prse and Gr. posthion, foreskin?] 

Preraphaelite, pre-raf 'a-el-Tt, a. Pert, to, or imitating 
the style of art which ex-isted before the time of 
Raphael. — n. One who practices or advocates, etc. 

— Preraph'aelism, -izm, n. The observance in art of 
close adherence to natural forms and effects, as opp. 
to the style of rendering of particular schools in art. 

Prerequisite, pre-rek'wl-zit, a. Previously required 
or necessary to any proposed effect or end. — ». 
Something that is, etc. 

Prerogative, pre-rog'a-tiv, n. An exclusive or pecul- 
iar privilege ; right. [OF.: L. prmrogativa, prece- 
dence in voting, preference, fr. praerogare, to ask 
before another, fr. prse and rogare, to ask.] 

Presage, pres'ej or pre'saj, n. Something which fore- 
shows a future event ; power to look into the future, 
or the exercise of that power ; prognostic ; omen ; 
presentiment. — Presage'', pre-saj'. v. t. [-saged 
f-sajd'), -saging.] To have a presentiment of ; to 
forebode; to foretell, predict, prophesy. [OF. ; L. 
prsesagium, a presage, prsesagire, to perceive before- 
hand, fr. prse and sagire, to perceive quickly, sagits, 
predicting, sagacious, q. v.] — Presa'ger, n.~ 

Presbyter, prez r bt-ter, n. (Anc. Church.) An eldei 
having authority to instruct and guide in the church; 
a pastor or ruling elder in the Presbyterian 3'aurch. 
(Church of Eng.) One ordained to the second order 
in the ministry, — called also priest. PL., fr. Gr. 
presbuteros. elder, compar. of presb\is~, old : see 
Priest.] — Presbyte'rial, -rT-al, -rian, a. Pert, to a 
presbyter, or to ecclesiastical government by pres- 



stin, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PRESCIENCE 



444 



PRESS 



byters ; consisting of presbyters. — Presbyte'rian, 
sj. One who maintains the validity of ordination 
and government by presbyters, or belongs to a 
ohurch governed by presbyters. — Pre3byte 'nanism, 
-izm, n. That form of church government which 
invests presbyters with all spiritual power, and ad- 
mits no prelates over them. — Pres'bytery, -bl-tgr-T, 
n. A body of elders in the Christian Church. 
(Presb. Ch.) A judicatory consisting of all the pas- 
tors of churches within a certain district, and one 
ruling elder (a layman) from each church. 
Prescience, pre'shl-ens, n. Knowledge of events be- 
fore they take place; foresight. [OF.; L. prsescien- 
tia, fr. prse and scientia, knowledge: see Science.] 

— Pre'seient, -shT-ent, a. Having knowledge, etc. 
Prescribe, pre-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), 

-scribing.] To lay down authoritatively for di- 
rection, appoint, order, dictate, ordain, establish. 
{Med.) To direct as a remedy to be used by or for 
a patient. — v. i. To give law, dictate, give direc- 
tions. (Med.) To write or give medical directions. 
(Law.) To claim by prescription, or on the ground 
of immemorial use. [L. prsescribere, fr. prse and 
scribere, to write.] — Prescrib'er, n. — Pre'script, a. 
Directed; prescribed. — Prescript'ible, a. Depend- 
ing or derived from prescription.— Prescrip'tion, n. 
Act of prescribing or directing, or that which is pre- 
scribed; esp., the direction of remedies for a disease, 
and the manner of using them. (Law.) The claim 
of title to a thing by virtue of immemorial use and 
enjoyment. [OF.] — Prescriptive, -iv, a. Consist- 
ing in, or acquired by, immemorial use and enjoy- 
ment. 
Presence, prez'ens, n. State or condition of being 
present; region in which one is present; approach 
face to face; nearness; neighborhood to one of su- 
perior or exalted rank; the person of a superior; a 
number assembled before a great person ; port ; 
mien; air; personal appearance. [OF.; L. prsesentia, 
fr. prsssens, present, fr. prse and sens, Skr. sant, be- 
ing; s. rt. absent, sooth, q. v.] — Presence of mind. A 
calm, collected state of the mind, with its faculties 
under control, esp. in danger or emergency.— Pres'- 
ent, a. Being at hand, within reach or call, within 
certain limits, etc.; now existing, or in process; now 
in view, or under consideration; immediate; instant; 
favorably attentive; propitious. — n. Present time. 
pi. (Law.) Present letters or instrument; a deed 
of conveyance, a lease, letter of attorney, etc. [OF.; 
L. prsesens.] — Present tense. (Gram.) The tense or 
form of a verb which expresses action or being in 
the present time. — Present', pre-zent', v. t. To put 
or place in the presence of some one, esp. of a supe- 
rior; to give a formal introduction to; to exhibit to 
view or notice, set forth, offer ; to pass or make 
over, esp. in a ceremonious manner; to make a gift 
of, bestow, give, grant, confer; to nominate to an 
ecclesiastical benefice; to lay before a court as an 
object of inquiry; to indict; to point or direct, as a 
weapon. [ME. presenten, OF. presenter, L. prsesen- 
tare, to present, place before, lit. to make present, fr. 
prsesens.] — To present arms. (Mil.) To hold them 
out in token of respect, as if ready to deliver them 
up.— Pres'ent, n. That which is presented or given; 
gift; donation; donative; benefaction. [OF.] — Pre- 
sent'able, a. Capable or admitting of being pre- 
sented; properly prepared to be introduced to an- 
other, or to go into society. — Pres'enta'tion, n. Act 
of presenting, or state of being presented; a setting 
forth; offering; bestowal; exhibition; representa- 
tion. (Eccl. Law.) Act of offering a clergyman to 
the bishop or ordinary for institution in a benefice. 
[OF.] — Present'ative, -a-tiv, a. (Eccl.) Having 
the right of presentation, or offering a clergyman to 
the bishop for institution. Admitting the presenta- 
tion of a clergyman. (Metaph.) Capable of being 
directly known by, or presented to, the mind; intui- 
tive, — applied to objects; capable of apprehending, 

— applied to faculties. — Pres'entee', n. One pre- 
sented to a benefice. [OF. presents, p. p. of present- 
er.'] — Present'er, n. One who presents.— Pres'ent- 
ly, adv. At once; without delay; instantly; soon; 
before long; by and by. — Present'ment, n. Act of 
presenting, or state of being presented; presenta- 
tion; setting forth to view; delineation; representa- 
tion. (Law?) Written notice taken by a grand jury 
of any offense from their own knowledge or obser- 
vation, without any bill of indictment laid before 
them; bill of indictment found by a grand jury. 

Presentient, pre-sen'shent, a. Perceiving beforehand. 
[L. prsssentiens, p. pr. of praesentire, to feel before- 



hand, f r. prse and sentire, to feel, perceive.] — Pjf* 
sent'iment, -senft-ment, n. Previous conception, 
sentiment, or opinion; esp., an antecedent impre* 
sion or conviction of something about to happen; 
anticipation of evil. [OF.] 
Preserve, pre-zerv', v. t. [-served (-z5rvd r ), -serv- 
ing.] To keep from injury or destruction; to save 
from decay by the use of some preservative sub- 
stance, as sugar, salt, etc. ; to maintain or keep 
throughout (appearances) ; to 6ecure, sustain, pro- 
tect, guard, shield.— n. Fruit, etc., seasoned and 
kept by suitable preparation; esp. fruit cooked with 
an equal weight of sugar; a place for the shelter or 
preservation of game, fish, etc. [OF. preserver, L. 
prseservare, fr. prse and servare, to keep: see Serve.] 

— Preserv'er, n. — Preserv'able, a. Capable of be- 
ing preserved. — Pres'erva'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; security. — Preservative, -a-tiv, or. 
Having the power or quality of preserving; tending 
to preserve. — n. That which, etc.; a preventive of 
injury or decay. — Preserv'atory, -a-to-rl, a. Hav- 
ing the power or a tendency to preserve; preserva- 
tive.— n. That which, etc. 

Preside, pre-zid', v. t. To occupy the place of ruler, 
moderator, principal director, etc.; to exercise su- 
perintendence. [OF. presider, L. prsesidere, f r. prse 
and sedere, to sit, q. v.] — Pres'ident, prez'Y-dent, n. 
One elected or appointed to preside; a presiding offi- 
cer; as, the chief officer of a corporation, company, 
ward, society, etc.; the chief executive of the repub- 
lic in certain countries. [OF.] — Pres'idency, -den- 
sY, n. Act or condition of one who presides; super- 
intendence; office of president; term during which a 
president holds his office; jurisdiction of a president 

— Pres'iden'tial, -shal, a. Presiding; pert, to a pres- 
ident. — Presidentship, n. Office and place of pres- 
ident. — Presid'er, n. 

Press, pres, v. t. [pressed (prest), pressing.] To 
urge with force or weight; to squeeze, crush; to 
squeeze in order to extract the juice or contents of; 
to squeeze in or with suitable instruments, in order 
to make smooth; to embrace closely; to urge with 
earnestness or importunity, force, compel; to drive 
with violence, urge on; to inculcate with earnest- 
ness. — v. i. To exert pressure, bear heavily ; to 
move on with urging and crowding forward ; to 
crowd, throng, encroach; 
to urge with vehemence 
or importunity; to ap- 
proach unseasonably or 
importunately.— n. An in- 
strument or machine by 
which anything is pressed 
or squeezed ; placeor build- 
ing containing presses; a 
machine for printing : see<- 
Printing-press ; the arr 
or business of printing 
and publishing; the publi- 
cations issued from the 
press, taken collectively ; 
a case, or closet, for the 
safe keeping of articles ; 
act of pressing or pushing 
forward; urgent demands 
of affairs; urgency; a mul- 
titude of individuals 




throng, 



presser, L. 



Press. 



pressare, freq. fr. premere, pressum, to press; F, 



presse, a press, throng . 
n. — Press'ingly, adv. 
Urgently ; closely.— 
Press'ure, presh'er, n. 
Act of, or condition of 
being, etc.; a constrain- 
ing force or impulse ; se- 
vere affliction, distress, 
difficulties, etc.; urgen- 
cy. (Mech.) The action 
of a force against some 
obstacle or opposing 
force. [OF.] — Press'- 
bed, n. A bed that may 
be raised and inclosed 
in a press or closet. — 
-man, n. (Print.) One 
who manages or attends 
to a press.- Pres'si- 
ros'ter, -sY-ros'ter, n. 
One of a tribe of wading 



s. rt. print.']-- Press'er, 




Pressirostera. 
o, Plover ; b, Lapwing ; 
Dotterel. 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, Or ; 



PRESS 



445 



PREY 



birds, including those which have a compressed or 
flattened beak. [F. pressirostres, fr. L. pressits (p. 
p. of premere), pressed, and rostrwn, beak.] 

Press, ores, v. t. To force (men) into service, esp. the 
naval service. [Corrupt, of presr-money, the earnest- 
money given enlisted men ; ME. pi-est, ready, also 
money advanced, OF. prester, It. prestare, to lend, 
L. prsestare, to stand before, become surety for, give, 
furnish, fr. prse and stare = E. to stand. J — Press'- 
gang, n. A detachment of seamen, under command 
of an officer, empowered to impress men into the 
naval service. man, n. One of a pres6-gang. 

Prestidigitator, etc. See under Presto. 

Prestige, pres-tezh' or pres'tij, n. Weight or influ- 
ence coming from past success, character, or deeds. 
[F., orig. a deceit, juggling trick, L. prsestigium, an 
illusion, trick, fr. prsestinguere, to darken, obscure, 
deceive, fr. prse and stinguere, to extinguish.] 

Presto, pres'to, adv. Quickly; rapidly; immediately; 
in haste; suddenly. [It., quick, quickly, L. prsesto, 
at hand, abl. of prsestus, ready : see Press, to force 
into service.]— Pres'tidig / ita ; 'tion. pres'tT-drj'T-ta'- 
shun, n. Skill in legerdemain. [F.] — Pres'tidig'- 
ita'tor, n. One skilled, etc. [L. prassto and digitus, 
finger.] 

Presume, pre-zum'', v. t. [-sumed (-zumd'), -suming.] 
To take or suppose to be true, or entitled to belief, 
without examination or positive proof ; to take for 
granted. — v. i. To suppose or assume something 
to be, or to be true, on grounds deemed valid, though 
not amounting to proof; to act in a forward or ven- 
turesome manner, take liberties. [OF. presumer, 
L. prsesumere, -sumption, fr. prse and sumere (=sub- 
imere, fr. sub, under, and emere, to take, buy), to take.] 
— Presumable, a. Such as may be presumed, or sup- 
posed to be true. — Preanm / 'ably, adv. — Presum^er, 
n. One who presumes ; also, an arrogant person. — 
Presump'tion, -zump'shun, n. Act of Delieving 
upon probable evidence, or taking for granted ; 
ground for presuming; strong probability; an infer- 
ence or belief based upon probable reasoning in the 
absence of positive evidence; forward, venturesome, 
over-confident, or arrogant opinion or conduct; pre- 
sumptuousness. [OF. presumption.] — Presump / 'tive, 
-tiv, a. Taken by presumption or previous supposi- 
tion; grounded on probable evidence. [OF. pre- 
somptif.] — Presump'tively, adv. — Presumpt'uous, 
-zump'chu-us, a. Full of presumption ; going be- 
yond bounds of due self -appreciation or modesty; 
founded on presumption; proceeding from excess of 
confidence; done with bold design, rash confidence, 
or in violation of known duty; fsolhardy; rash; pre- 
suming; arrogant; insolent. [OF. presomptueux, L. 
prsemmptuosus.] — Presumpt'uousry, adv. — Pre- 
sumpfuousness, n. 

Presuppose, pre'sup-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), 
-posixg.] To suppose as previous, take for granted, 
presume, assume. — Pre'suppos'al, n. Supposal 
previously formed. — Presup'posi'tion, -zish'un, n. 
Act of presupposing ; presumption ; that presup- 
posed ; previous surmise. 

Pretend, pre-tend', v. t. Orig. to practice, plot, in- 
tend; to simulate in words or actions; to represent 
falsely, show hypocritically or for the purpose of de- 
ceiving, feign; to allege a title to ; to counterfeit, as- 
sume, claim.— v. i. To putin a claim, truly or falsely; 
to lay claim, strive after something; to profess, make 
believe. [OF. pretendre, L. prsetendere, -tentum, fr. 
prse and tendere, tentum and tensum, to stretch.] — 
Pretend'edly, adv. By false appearance or represen- 
tation.— Pretend'er, n. One who pretends, simu- 
lates, or feigns; one who lays claim. — Pretense', 
-tence', n. Act of holding out or offering to others 
somethingfalseorfeigned; deceptive reason; pretext; 
simulation; that pretended; false, deceptive, or hyp- 
ocritical show ; act of pretending or laying claim ; 
assumption. [LateL. prsetenzus, p. p. of prsetendere.] 
— Preten'sion, -shun, n. Act of pretending or lay- 
ing claim: claim laid ; right alleged or assumed. — 
Pretentions, -shus, o. Full of pretension; disposed 
to claim more than is one's due. 

Preterhuman, pre-ter-hu'man, a. More than human; 
superhuman. [L. prseter (compar. of prse, before), 
beyond, and E. human, q. v.] 

Preterimperfect. pre'ter-im-per'fekt, a. (Gram.) Not 
absolutely or distinctly past; past imperfect. 

Preterit, -ite, pret'er-it, a. Past, — appl. to the tense 
in grammar which expresses an action or being per- 
fectly past or finished, often that which is just past 
or completed, but without a specification of time, — 
ealled also the perfect tense. [OF. preterit, m., -ite, 



fem., L. prseteritus, p. p. of prssterire, to go or pass 
by, fr. prseter and ire, to go.] — Pre'teri'tion, -ish'- 
un, n. Act of going past: state of being past. (Rket.) 
A figure by which, in pretending to pass over any- 
thing, a summary mention of it is made. [L. prse- 
teritio.] 

Pretermit, pre-tSr-mif, v. t. To pass by, omit, dis- 
regard. [L. prsetermittere, fr. j/i-seter and mittere, to 
send.] 

Preternatural, pre-tgr-nach'ur-al, o. Beyond or dif- 
ferent from what is natural ; out of the regular 
course of things. — Preternat'urally, adv. 

Preterperfect, pre-ter-per'fekt, a. (.Gram.) Express- 
ing action or being absolutely past ; perfect. — Pre- 
terpln'perfect, a. Expressing action or being past 
at or before another past event or time; pluperfect. 

Pretext, pre-teksf or pre'tekst, n. Ostensible motive 
assigned or assumed as a cover for the real motive ; 
pretense; semblance; appearance. [OF. pretexte, L. 
prsetextum, orig. neut. of prsetextus, p. p. of prsetex- 
ere, to weave before, fr. prse and texere, to weave.] 

Pretor, pre r t5r, n. A civil officer among the ancient 
Romans. [L. prsetor, for prseitor, fr. prseire, to go 
before, fr. prse and ire, to go.] — Preto'rial, -rt-al, 
-rian, a. Belonging to a pretor or judge ; judicial ; 
exercised by the pretor. 

Pretty, prit'tT, a. [-tier; -tiest.] Pleasing by deli- 
cacy or grace; of pleasing and attractive form or 
features; having slight or diminutive beauty ; af- 
fectedly nice; foppish; petty; mean; despicable; 
contemptible, —adv. In some degree; tolerably; 
moderately; quite. [ME. prati,pretie, comely, clever, 
AS. prsetig, Ic. prettugr, Norweg. pretten, tricky, 
roguish, AS. pi-set, Ic. prettr, a trick, Ic. and Nor- 
weg. pretta, to play a trick; prob. s. rt. W. praith = 
LL. practica = E. practice, q. v.] — Preftily, tt-lTf, 
adv. In a pretty manner ; pleasingly ; with neat- 
ness and taste. — Pret'tiness, n. Quality of being 
pretty; diminutive beauty; affectation of niceness; 
petty artificial adornment; foppishness; finicalness. 

Pretzel, pret'zel, n. A brittle, salted cake ; a crack- 
nel. [G.] 

Prevail, pre-val', v. i. [-vailed (-vald'), -vailing.] 
To overcome, gain the victory or superiority, suc- 
ceed; to be in force, have effect, power, or influ- 
ence ; to persuade or induce. [OF. prevaloir, L. 
prsevalere, f r. prse and valere. to be strong.] — Pre- 
vail r ing, p. a. Having more influence; superior in 
power, influence, or efficacy ; predominant ; most 
general in reception, existence, or extension; preva- 
lent ; common; efficacious; successful. — Prev'a- 
lence, -a-lens, n. Conditon or quality of being prev- 
alent; superior strength, influence, or efficacy; most 
general reception or practice, existence or extension. 
[OF.] — Prev'alent, a. Gaining advantage or supe- 
riority; most generally received; extensively exist- 
ing; prevailing. [L. j'rsevalens, p. pr. of prsevalere."\ 

— Prevalently, adv. 

Prevaricate, pre-var'T-kat, v. i. To evade telling the 
truth, equivocate, quibble, shuffle. (Civil Law.) 
To collude, as where an informer colludes with the 
defendant. [L. prsevaricari, -catiis, to walk crook- 
edly, to collude, fr. prse and varicare, to straddle.] 

— Prevar'ica'tion, n. Act of shuffling or quibbling 
to evade the truth, or disclosure of truth. (Civu 
Law.) Collusion of an informer with the defendant. 
(Common Law.) The undertaking a thing falsely or 
deceitfully, for the purpose of defeating or destroy- 
ing it. [OF.] — Prevar'ica'tor, n. One who prevar- 
icates; a quibbler. 

Prevent, pre-venf, v. t. Orig. to be beforehand 
with, get the start of; to intercept and stop, thwart, 
hinder, impede, debar, obstruct. [L. prsevenire, 
-ventum, fr. prse and venire, to come.] — Prevent- 
able, a. — Prevent 'er, n. — Prevention, n. Act of, 
etc.; obstruction. [OF.]— Preventive, -iv, a. Tend- 
ing to prevent: hindering the access of. — n. That 
which prevents, or intercepts approach. (Med.) Med- 
icine taken in health, esp. after exposure to conta- 
gion, etc., to prevent an attack of disease.— Proven'* 
lent, -ven'T-ent, a. Going before; preceding; pre- 
ventive. [L. prssveniens, p. pr. of prsevenire.'] 

Previous, pre'vT-us, a. Going before in time: being 
or happening before something else ; antecedent ; 
preceding; anterior; prior; foregoing; former. [L. 
prsevius.ir. prse and via, the way.] — Pre'viously, 
adv. — Pre'viousness, n. 

Prevision, pre-vizh'un, n. Foresight; foreknowledge; 
prescience. 

Prey, pra, n. Anything, as goods, etc., taken by force 
in war; that which is seized by beasts or birds, to be 



sQn, cube, full : moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PRICE 



446 



devoured; anything taken violently or unjustly; 
spoil; booty; plunder. — v. i. [preyed (prad), prey- 
ing.] To take booty, collect spoil, take food by vio- 
lence. [ME. and OF. preie, ~L.prasda, perh. fr. pren- 
dere, prehendere, to seize, fr. pree and hendere, to 
seize; s. rt. get; or perh. s. rt. W. nraidd, flock, herd, 
booty, Ga. and Ir. spreidh, cattle.] — Prey'er, re. One 
who or that which preys. 
Price, pris, n. The amount of money at which a 
thing is valued; that for which something is bought 
or sold, or offered for sale; value; estimation; re- 
ward; recompense.— v. t. [priced (prist), pricing.] 
To set a price on. [ME. and OF. pris, L. pretium; 
s. rt. Lithuan. prekia, price, perku, Gr. pernemi, I 
sell, Gr. prianai, Skr. pan, to buy, E. precious, prize, 
praise.] — Price-current or -list. A statement, pub- 
lished statedly or occasionally, of the prevailing 
prices of merchandise, stocks, specie, bills of ex- 
change, rate of exchange, etc. — Priceless, a. Too 
valuable to admit of being valued; of inestimable 
worth. 
Prick, prik, v. t. [pricked (prikt), pricking.] To 
puncture with a sharp-pointed instrument or sub- 
stance ; to fix by the point, hang or put on by punc- 
turing ; to mark or designate by a puncture ; to 
trace, form, or make, by pricking; to spur, goad, 
incite; to affect with sharp pain: to erect into a 
point; to raise (something pointed), — said esp. of 
the ears of an animal ; — hence, to prick up the 
ears, to listen sharply. — v. i. To be pricked or 
punctured; to suffer or feel penetration by a point 
or sharp pain; to spur onward. — n. That which 
pricks, penetrates, or punctures; a pointed instru- 
ment; sharp, stinging pain; a mark made by a point; 
a puncture. [OD., a prickle; Sw., a prick, point, 
dot, AS. print, Da.n. prik, a dot, W. pric, a stick, Ir. 
pricadh, a goad; s. rt. Skx.pricni, Gr. perknos, spot- 
ted, dotted, E. sprinkle.] — Prick'er, n. One who, 
or that which, pricks; a pointed instrument. — 
Prick' et, n. A buck in his 2d year. — Prick'ing, n. 
Act of piercing with a sharp point ; sensation of 
sharp pain, or of being pricked ; trace left by a 
hare's foot. — Prickle, n. A little prick; a small, 
sharp-pointed projection. — v. t. To pierce with a 
prickle, or with fine, sharp points; to prick slightly. 
[D. prikkel, dim. of OD. prick : see above.] — Prick r - 
Iy, -IT, a. Full of sharp points or prickles; armed 
with prickles. — Prick'liness, n. — Prick'ly-pear, n. 
A species of Cactus, destitute 
of leaves, covered with spines, 
and consisting of flattened 
joints inserted upon each other: 
it produces a purplish, edible 
fruit. 

Pride, prid, re. State or quality 
of being proud; inordinate self- 
esteem; noble self-esteem; ele- 
vation of character ; insolence 
or arrogance of demeanor; that 
of which one is proud ; that Pnckly-pear. 
which excites boasting, — as, decoration, ornament; 
or, show, ostentation, nonor; or, elevation reached. 
— v. t. To indulge in pride, elation, self-gratulation, 
etc.,— used reflexively. [ME. pryde, AS. pryte,pru- 
tung, pride, fr. prut, Ic. prudhr, proud, Dan. prud, 
stately, magnificent.] — Proud, prowd, a. Feeling 
or manifesting pride, in a good or bad sense; esp., 
possessing or showing inordinate self-esteem ; giv- 
ing reason or occasion for pride, self-gratulation, 
or boasting; excited by the animal appetite, — said 
of the female of some animals. — Proud flesh. (Med.) 
A fungous growth or excrescence of flesh in a 
wound or ulcer. — Proudly, adv. 

Prie-dieu, pre-dye', n. A chair or desk at which to 
kneel for prayer. [F., pray God.] 

Prier. See under Pry. 

Priest, prest, n. One who officiates at the altar, or 
performs the rites of sacrifice. (Christian Ch.) A 
presbyter or elder; a minister. (Prot. Epis. Ch.) 
One who belongs to the intermediate order Detween 
bishop and deacon. [ME. preest, AS. preost, contr. 
f r. L. presbyter (q. v.), whence OF. prestre ; all fr. 
Gr. presbus, L. priscus, pristinus, old.] — Priesfess, 
n. A female priest. — Priesfcraft, re. The strata- 
gems and frauds of priests: fraud or imposition in 
religious concerns. — Priest'hood, n. Office or char- 
acter of a priest; priests taken collectively; order 
of priests. — Priestly, a. Pert, to, or becoming, a 
priest or priests; sacerdotal. — Priesfliness, n. Ap- 
pearance and manner of a priest. — Priest'-rid'den, 
a. Managed or governed by priests. 




Prig, prig, re. A pert, conceited, saucy, pragmatica* 
fellow; a thief. — v. i. [prigged (prigd), -ging.] 
To haggle about the price of a commodity. — v. t. 
To filch or steal. [Prob. corrupt, of pragmatical ; 
Scot, prig, to haggle, beat down the price.] — Prig'- 
gish, a. Affected; coxcomical; conceited. 
Prim, prim, a. Formal; precise; affectedly nice.— v. t. 
[primmed (primd), -ming.] To deck with great ni- 
cety. [ME. prym, a neat girl, LowlScot. primp, to as- 
sume prudish airs, deck one's self affectedly, prim- 
zie, demure, perh. fr. OF. prime, prime (q. v.), also 
thin, delicate.] — Primly, adv. — Prim'ness, n. 
Primadonna, pre'ma-don'na, re. The chief female 
singer in an opera. [It., the first lady: see Donna, 
under Domine.] 
Primage, pri'mej. re. (Com.) A charge in addition 
to the freight, belonging usually to the owners 01 
freighters of the vessel. 
Prime, prim, a. Primitive; primary; first in rank, de- 
gree, dignity, or importance ; first in excellence; of 
highest quality ; early ; blooming. — n. The first 
part; beginning or opening, as of the day, year, etc.; 
the dawn; the spring; spring of life ; youth; full 
health, strength, or heauty ; that which is first in 
quality; best portion. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) The first 
canonical hour, succeeding to lauds.— v. t. [primed 
(primd), priming.] To fill the vent with powder, 
etc., for communicating fire, from the percussion 
cap, etc., to the charge; to lay the first color in paint- 
ing upon. [ME. and OF.; L. prima (hora), the first 
hour of the day, fern, of primus for proimus, AS. for- 
ma, Goth., fruma, Skr. pratama, Gr.protos, first : to 
prime a gun is prob. to put it into prime (excellent) 
order.] —Prime meridian. (Astron.) The meridian 
from which longitude is reckoned.— P. minister. The 
responsible head of the ministry in Eng. — P. mover. 
(3Iech.) A natural force applied by man to the pro- 
duction of power; an engine intended to receive and 
modify force and motion as supplied by some nat- 
ural source and apply them to drive other machines. 
— P. number. (Arith.) A number which is divisible 
only by itself or unity, as 5, 7, 11. — P. vertical. 
(Astron.) The vertical circle which passes through 
the E. and W. points of the horizon.— Primmer, prim'- 
er, n. An instrument for priming. — Prime'ness, re. 
State of being first: excellence.— Pri'mal, a. First. 
[LL. primalis.] — Pri'mary, -ma-rt, a. First in or- 
der of time or development; preparatory to some- 
thing higher; first in dignity or importance; origi- 
nal; chief; lowest; primitive; elemental.— re. That 
which stands highest in rank or importance, pi. 
( Ornith.) One of the large feathers on the last joint 
of a bird's wing. [L. primarius.] —Primary meeting. 
In U. S. politics, a preliminary meeting of voters to 
nominate candidates for election, or choose dele- 
gates to a convention ; a caucus. — Pri'marily, -ma- 
rf-lT, adv. In a primary manner; in the first place; 
originally. — Pri'mariness, re. — Pri'mate, -mat, re. 
The chief ecclesinstic in a national church: an arch- 
bishop. [ME. and OF. primat, f r. L. primas, -matis, 
a chief man.] — Pri'mateship, -macy, -ma-st, n. Of- 
fice or dignity of a primate. [OF. primace.] — Pre'- 
mier, -mY-er/a. First; chief; principal. (Her.) Most 
ancient. — Premier, pre'mY-er or prem'yer, re. The 
chief minister of state ; prime minister. [F.] — Primm- 
ing, primming, n. The powder, etc., used to commu- 
nicate fire from the percussion cap, etc., to the charge 
in a firearm, etc. (Paint.) The first color laid on can- 
vas, or on a building, etc. (Steam Eng.) The act of 
carrying over water from the boiler into the cylin- 
der.— Primitive, prtm'T-tiv, a. Pert, to the begin- 
ning or origin, or to early times; characterized by 
simplicity; formal; prim; antique; antiquated; orig- 
inal; primary; radical. — re. An original word; a _word 
not derived from another. [F. pHmitif, fern, -tive, L. 
primitirus.] — Primitively, adv. Originally; at first; 
primarily; according to the original rule or ancient 
practice.— Primltiveness, re.— Primmer, prlm'er, re. 
A small, elementary book for teaching children to 
read. (Print.) A kind of type, of which there are 
2 species; one, called long-primer, in size between 
small pica and bourgeois; the other, called great- 
primer, larger than English, and the largest type 
commonly used in printing books. [Orig. the book 
of prime, or devotions, then an elementary book.] 

The type called long-primer. 

Great-primer type. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r \ 



PRINCE 



447 



PRIVATE 



— Prime' val, prt-me'val, a. Belonging to the first 
ages; pristine; original; primitive. [L. primsevus, fr. 
primus and wvum, age.] — Pri / moge / 'nial, -je'nT-al, 
a. First born, made, or generated; primary; con- 
stituent; elemental. [L. nrtmogenius ; genere, gignere, 
to beget.] — Primogenitor, -T-tSr, n. The first fa- 
ther or forefather. [L. primus and genitor, parent, 
father.] — Pri'mogenlture, -Y-chur. n. Seniority by 
birth among children. (Eng. Law.) The exclusive 
right of inheritance which belongs to the eldest son 
or daughter. [OF.] — Pri / mogen / itureship, n. — 
Primor'dial, -mSr'dY-al, a. First in order; original; 
existing from the beginning; of earliest origin, —n. 
First principle or element; origin. [L. primordialis, 
f r. pnmordiitm, the first beginning; ordiri, to begin.] 
-— Prim'' rose, prTm'roz, n. An earlv flowering Her- 
baceous plant of many species. [F. prime rose, L. 
prima rosa, lit. first rose, as coming early in the 
spring; or a corrupt, of ME. pi uuerole, Sp. and LL. 
primula, a primrose, dim. of L. primus.'] 
Prince, prins, n. A person possessing; highest place 
and authority; a sovereign; monarch; the son of a 
king or emperor, or the issue of a royal family; a 
person of rank next to the sovereign. [F.; L. prin- 
ceps, principis, the first, chief, fr. primus (see Prime) 
and capere, to take.] — Prin'cess, n. A female prince ; 
daughter of a king; consort of a prince. [ME. and 
F. princesse.] — Prince'' dom, -dum, n. The jurisdic- 
tion, sovereignty, rank, or estate, of a prince.— 
Princely, -It, a. Of, or relating to, a prince; regal; 
of highest rank or authority; resembling or becom- 
ing; a prince; of great wealth or magnificence; grand; 
noble; stately. — adv. In a prince-like manner.— 
Prince'liness, n. — Prin / 'ce's-met / al, n. An alloy 
composed of 75 parts of copper and 25 of zinc, in im- 
itation of gold. — Prin'cipal, -st-pal, a. Highest in 
rank, authority, character, or importance; most con- 
siderable ; chief. — n. A chief or head ; presiding 
teacher of a school; one who takes the lead,— as, one 
who possesses or exercises chief authority. {Law.) 
The chief actor in a crime, or an abettor who is pres- 
ent at it, — as disting. fr. an accessory ; a chief obli- 
gor, promisor, or debtor, — disting. fr. a surety; one 
who employs another to act for him,— disting. fr. an 
agent. A thing of chief or prime consequence; a 
capital sum of money, placed out at interest, due as 
a debt, or used as a fund. [F.; L. principalis, fr. 
princeps. ]— Principality, -pal'i-ti, n. Sovereignty; 
supreme power; a prince; one invested with sover- 
eignty; the territory of a prince. [OF. principalite, 
L. proricipaZitas.]— 'Principally, adv. In a principal 
manner; chiefly; mainly; essentially; especially; par- 
ticularly. — Prmcipla, -sip^I-a, n. pi. First princi- 
ples; fundamental beginnings; elements; the contr. 
title of Sir Isaac Newton's great philosophical work. 
[E., pi- of principium, a Deginning, fr. princeps, 
chief.] — Principle, -sl-pl, n. A source, or origin ; 
that from which any thing proceeds; an original fac- 
ulty or endowment of the soul; a fundamental truth 
or tenet ; elementary proposition : a settled rule of 
action; right rule of conduct; maxim; axiom; tenet; 
motive. (Chem.) An original element which char- 
acterizes some substance, and from which it may be 
obtained by analysis. — v. t. [principled (-pld), 
-pling.] To establish or fix in, or impress with, 
tenets. [F. principe, L. principium.'] 
Prink, prink, v. i. [prinked fprmkt), prinking.] To 
dress for show, put on stately airs, strut. — v. t. To 
dress or adjust the hair, etc. [See Prank, under 
Prance.] 
Print, print, v. t. To press or impress, imprint; to 
take an impression of, stamp; to strike off impres- 
sions of, by means of a press; to mark by pressure, 
form an impression upon; to form an imitation of 
letters made by the impression of types. — v. i. To 
use or practice the art of typography ; to publish a 
book. — n. A mark made by impression or by pres- 
sure of one thing on another; impressions of types 
in general, as to form, size, etc.; that produced by 
printing,— as, a stamped likeness of anything, an en- 
graving; or, a printed sheet of news, newspaper; or, 
a fabric figured by printing, calico; that which im- 
presses its form on anything. [ME. printe, prente, 
short for OF. empreinte, a stamp, print, fern, of p. p. 
of empreindre, L. imprimere, to impress, fr. in, upon, 
and premere, pressum, to press: OD. print, a print, 
was proh. fr. E.] — Out of print. No longer for sale 
by the publisher.— Prinfer. n. One who prints, im- 
presses, or stamps ; esp., one employed in printing 
books, newspapers, etc. — Printing,"/!. Act, art, or 
practice of impressing letters, characters, or figures 



on paper, cloth, or 
other material; ty- 
pography.— Print'- 

ing-in*k, n. Ink 
used in printing 

paper. press, n. 

A press for printing 
books, newspapers, 
handbills, etc.— 
Print'-shop, n. A 
shop where prints 
are kept for sale. 
Prior, pri'Sr, a. Pre- 
ceding in the order 
of time; anterior; 
antecedent: pre- 
cedent; preemi- 
nent. — n. (Eccl.) 
The superior of a 
priory ; one next 
in dignity to an ab- 
bot. [L., sooner, 
former, for proior 
or praior, compar, 
correspond, to su 




Columbian Printing-press. 
t, tympan ; /, friaket ; r, rounoe ; 
bar ; bd, bed ; p. platen. 



perl, primus: see Prime; ME. and OF. priour, a pri- 
or.] — Pri'orate, n. Government by a prior. — Pri'- 
oress, n, A female superior of a convent of nuns. 
[OF. prioresse.] — Pri'orship, n. The state or office 
of prior. — Pri'ory, -o-rY, n. A religious house, the 
head of which was a prior or prioress, and which was 
in dignity below an abbey; a convent. — Priority, 
-Sr'T-tT, n. State of being antecedent in time, or of 
preceding something else; precedence; preeminence; 
preference. 

Prisage. See under Prize. 

Prism, prizm, n. (Geom.) A solid whose bases or ends 
are any similar, equal, and parallel plane 
figurt c, and whose sides are parallelograms. 
(.Opt.) A transparent body, with, usually, 
3 rectangular plane faces or sides, and 2 
equal and parallel triangular ends or bases: 



1 



see Light. [L. ana Gr., lit. thingsawed off, 

fr. Gr. prizein, priein, to saw.]— Prismatic, 

-ical, a. Resembling or related to, separated 

or distributed by, or formed by, a prism. — 

Prismatlcally, adv. — Pris'moid, -moid, n. 

A body that approaches to the form of a -p^o™ 

prism. [Gr. eiaos, form.] ±Tism. 

Prison, priz'n, n. A building for the confinement 
or safe custody of criminals, or those accused of 
crime, and others committed by due process of law; 
a jail. — v. t. [prisoned (-nd), -oning.] To shut 
up in a prison, confine, restrain from liberty. [F., 
fr. L. prensio, a seizing, fr. prehendere, to seize: see 
Prehensile.] — Pris'oner, n. One under arrest or 
in custody; a captive. 

Pristine, prislin, a. Belonging to the beginning or 
earliest time; original; first; primitive; former. [F., 
L. pristinus ; pris- s. rt. prior, n^ut.prius : see Prior; 
-tinus for tenus, extending, s. rt. tend.] 

Prithee, prith/e. Corrupt, of I pray thee, — generally 
used without the pronoun. 

Private, pri'vet, a. Belonging to, or concerning, an 
individual person, company, or interest,— personal, 
opp. to public; peculiar to one's self; sequestered 
from company or observation ; not invested with 
public office or employment; not publicly known ; 
not open; secret; secluded; solitary. —n. A com- 
mon Soldier ; one of the lowest rank in an army. 
[L. privatus, prop. p. p. of privare, to bereave, de- 
prive, fr. privvs, single, private.] — Pri'vately, adv. 

— Pri'vateness, n. — Pri'vacy. -va-sT, n. State of 
being in retirement ; a place of seclusion from 
company or observation; retreat; retirement; con- 
cealment of what is said or done: secrecy. — Pri'- 
vateer', -ter', n. An armed private vessel com- 
missioned to cruise against the enemy's commerce. 

— r. i. [privateered (-terd'), -teering.] To 
cruise in a privateer. — Priva'tion, n. Act of depriv- 
ing of rank or office ; degradation in rank: state of 
being deprived of something, esp. of something re- 
quired or desired; destitution: need: condition of 
being absent or wanting; absence. [F.]— Priv'ative, 
priv'a-tiv, a. Causing" privation ; depriving; con- 
sisting in the absence of somethin?; not positive. — 
n. That which derives its character from, or of 
which the essence is, the absence of something. 
(Gram.) A prefix or suffix to a word which changes 
its signification and gives it a contrary sense. [F. 
privatif, L. privativus.] — Priv'y, -T, a. Pert, to 



l, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PRIVET 



448 PROCURE 




some person exclusively ; assigned to private uses ; pri- 
vate; not open or public; secret; clandestine; appro- 
priated to retirement; secretly cognizant.— re. (Law.) 
A partaker; a person having an interest in any ac- 
tion or thing. A necessary house. [OF. prive, fr. L. 
privatus.] — Privy council. The private council of a 
sovereign to advise in the administration of a gov- 
ernment. —P. councillor. A member of, etc. — P. 
purse. The fund at the personal disposal of a sover- 
eign; the officer in charge of it. — P. seal or signet. 
The seal used by or for the king in subordinate 
matters; the officer in charge of it. — Privily, adv. 
Privately; secretly. — Privity, re. Private knowl- 
edge ; joint knowledge with another of a private con- 
cern; a private matter; secret. (Law.) A bond of 
anion between parties, as to some particular trans- 
action.— Privilege, -I-lej, n. A peculiar benefit or 
advantage ; a right or immunity not enjoyed by 
others or by all; preroga- 
tive ; franchise ; claim ; lib- 
erty. — v. t. [PRIVILEGED 
(-lejd), -LEGING.] To 
grant some particular 
right or exemption to; to 
exempt, deliver. [OF.; 
L. privikgium, a law 
against or in favor of an 
individual, f r. privus and 
lex, legis, law.] — Privi- 
leged, -lejd, p. a. Invest- 
ed with a privilege; en- 
joying a peculiar right or 
immunity. 

Privet, priv'et, re. An or- 
namental European 
6hrub, used in hedges in 
the U.S. [ME. primprint, 
prim, primet, pern. fr. 
ProvE. prime, to trim, 
prune.] 

Prize, priz, re. Something 
taken from another ; a " rivet, 
thing seized by force, stratagem, or superior power. 
(Law.) Anything captured by a belligerent using 
the right of war; esp. a captured vessel. Anything 
carried off as the reward of success in a contest, etc.; 
thing offered to be competed for; that won in a lot- 
tery ; anything worth striving for. [F. prise, a 
taking, seizing, orig. fern, of p. p. of prendre, L. 
prendere, to take : see Prehensile.] — Prize'-court, 
n. (Naut.Law.) A court having jurisdiction in cases 
of prizes made on the high seas. — fight'er, re. One 
who fights publicly for a reward; a professed pugil- 
ist. ring, re. The ring or inclosure for a prize- 
fight; system and practice of prize-fighting, — abbr. 
P. R. — Pris'age, priz'ej, re. The share of mer- 
chandise taken as lawful prize at sea, which be- 
longs to the king or admiral. [OF.] 

Prize, priz, v. t. [prized (prlzd), prizing.] To set or 
estimate the value of, rate; to value highly, esteem. 
[F. priser, fr. prix, OF. pris, L. pretium, a price, 

Prize, to raise with a lever. See Pet. 

Pro and Con, pro-and-kon. For and against, pi. 
Things which may be said or urged for or against a 
thing. [L. j ro (L. and Gr- pro, Skr. pra, before 
= E. for, q. v. ; s. rt. prior, prime, pristine, prone, 
private, prow, provost, etc.) and contra, against.] 

Proa, pro'a, n. A long, narrow, sail canoe, with oars 
and outrigger, used in the regions of the trade- 
winds : the head and stern are alike, but the sides 
differently formed. [Malay prau.] 

Probable, Probata, Probe, Probity, etc. See under 
Prove. 

Problem, problem, n. A question proposed for solu- 
tion; a matter difficult of settlement. (Math.) Any- 
thing required to be done. [ME. and OF. probleme, 
L. and Gr. problema, fr. Gr. pro (q. v.) and blema, a 
casting, ballein, to cast.] — Problematic, -ical, a. 
Having the nature of a problem ; questionable ; un- 
certain ; disputable ; doubtful. — Problematically, 
adv. 

Proboscis, pro-bosSis, n. ; pi. -boscides, -bosST-dez. 
An extensible hollow tube projecting from the head 
of certain animals, and capable of absorbing fluids; 
a snout ; trunk : an insect's proboscis is usually a 
horny tube formed by the modified jaws. [ L. ; Gr. 
proboskis, lit. a front-feeder, fr. Gr. pro and ooskein, 
to feed.J 

Proceed', prc-sed', v. i. To move, pass, or go forward 
or onward ; to come forth ; to pass from a stated 



point or topic to another ; to issue or come forth 
as from a source ; to go on in an orderly or reg- 
ulated manner ; to act by method. (Law^) To 
commence and carry on a legal process. [OF. pro- 
ceder, L. procedere, -cessum, fr. wo and cedere, to 
move, go.] — ProSeeds, n. pi. That which comes 
forth or results; yield; issue; product; sum afforded 
by a sale. — ProceedSr, n. One who proceeds. — 
Proceeding, n. Action contemplated as in process 
or with reference to its successive steps; progress or 
movement from one thing to another ; transaction ; 
measure; step.— Proced'ure.-se'jur.re. Actormanner 
of proceeding; progress; management; step taken ; 
act performed; course; conduct. [OF.] — ProcSss, 
pros'es, n. Act of proceeding or moving forward ; 
procedure; progress; advance; series of actions, mo- 
tions, or occurrences; progressive actor transaction; 
normal or regular manner of activity. (Anat.) Any 
protuberance; projecting part of any surface. (Lawl) 
The whole course of proceedings in a cause. [OF. 
proces, L. processus, a progress, orig. p. p. of proce- 
dere.] — Procession, -sesh'un, n. Act of proceed- 
ing ; regular, orderly, or ceremonious progress ; a 
train of individuals advancing in order ; a retinue. 
[F. ; L. i>rocessio.] — Processional, a. Pert, to, or 
consisting in, a procession. — n. A book relating to 
processions of the Rom. Cath. church. — Proce8'« 
sionary, -a-rl, a. Consisting in procession. 

Procidence, pros'*- or proSl-dens, n. A falling down; 
a prolapsus. [L. procidentia, fr. procidere, to fall 
down forward, fr. pro and cadere, to fall.] 

Proclaim, pro-Mam', v. t. [-claimed (-klamd')» 
-claiming.] To make conspicuously known by 
public announcement, give wide publicity to, an- 
nounce, publish, promulgate, declare. [F. proclamer, 
L. proclamare, fr. pro and clamare, to call or cry 
out.] — Proclaim'er, re. — Proc'lama'tion, re. Act of 
publishing abroad ; official or general publication ; 
an official public announcement ; published ordi- 
nance. [F.J 

Proclivity, pro-kliv'I-tl, n. Inclination ; propensity % 
proneness ; tendency ; readiness ; facility. [L.jpro- 
clivitas, fr. proclwis, sloping, inclined, fr. pro and 
clivus, a hill; s. rt. lean.] 

Proconsul, pro-konSul, re. (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman 
officer who discharged the duties of a consul with- 
out being himself consul ; a governor of a province. 
[L. ; pro, for, and consul, q. v.] — Proconsular, -ro- 
tary, -su-la-rT, a. Pert, to, or under the government 
of, etc. — Proconsulate, -sulship, n. Office, or term 
of office of, etc. 

Procrastinate, pro-kras'tT-nat, v. t. To put off till to- 
morrow, or from day to day ; to defer to a future 
time, postpone, delay, retard, prolong. — v. i. To 
delay, be dilatory. [L. procrastinare, ^natum, fr. 
pro and crastinus, of to-morrow, f r. eras, to-morrow. I 
— Procras'tina'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; dilatoriness. [F.J 

— Procras'tina'tor, n. 

Procreate, pro'kre-at, v. t. To beget, generate, en- 
gender. [L. jirocreare, -atum, fr. pro and creare, to 
create.] — Pro'crea'tion, n. Act of, etc. [OF.] — Pro'- 
crea'tive, -tiv, a. Generative; having power to beget 

— Pro'crea'tor, n. One who, etc.; a sire. 
Procrustean, pro-krus'te-an, a. Pert, to or like Pro- 
crustes, a highwayman of Attica, who tied his vic- 
tims on an iron bed, and either stretched out or cut 
off their legs to adapt them to its length ; hence, re- 
ducing by violence to strict conformity to a measure 
or model. 

Proctor, etc. See under Procure. 

Procumbent, pro-kum'bent, a. Lying down or on the 
face ; prone ; prostrate. [L. procumbens, p. pr. of 
procumbere } to fall forward, f r. pro and curnbere, for 
cubare, to lie down.] 

Procure, pro-kur', v. t. To bring into possession ; to 
acquire or provide for one's self or for another ; to 
contrive and effect, bring about, gain, get, obtain, 
win, attract, cause. — v.i. To pimp. [F. procurer, 
li. procarare, fr. pro and curare, to take care, fr. 
cura f care.] — Procure'ment, re. Act of procuring ; 
obtainment; management; agency. — ProcurSr, re. 
One who procures or obtains ; a pimp ; pander. — 
ProcurSss, re. A female procurer. — ProcurSble, 
a. — Proc'ura'tor, prok'u-ra'tSr, re. (Law.) One 
who manages another's affairs ; a proctor. (Rom. 
Antiq.) A governor of a province under the em- 
perors ; also, a certain officer who had the manage- 
ment of the revenue. [OF. and L.] — Proc'uracy, 
-u-ra-sT, re. Office or act of a proctor or procurator ; 
vicarious management. — Proc'ura'tion, re. Act of 
procuring; procurement; management of another's 



far, pass or oper 



end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, fir ; 



PROD 



449 



PROGENY 



affaire; instrument by which a person is empowered 
to transact the affairs of another ; sum of money 
paid to the bishop or archdeacon by incumbents, on 
account of visitations. [F.] — Proc'tor, -ter, n. One 
employed to manage the affairs of another. (Laio.) 
An ofhcrr employed in admiralty and ecclesiastical 
causes. An officer who attends to the morals of 
university or college students, and enforces obedi- 
ence to the regulations. [Abbr. of procurator.} — 
Procto'rial, -to'rl-al, a. Of, or pert, to, a proctor. 
— Proc'torship, n. Office or dignity of, etc.— 
Prox'y, -i,.m. The agency of one who acts as a sub- 
stitute for another ; one deputed to act for another ; 
a writing by which one authorizes another to vote 
in his place. [Corrup. f r. procuracy.}— Prox'yship, 
n. Office or agency of a proxy. 

Prod, prod, v. t. To thrust with a pointed instrument, 
goad, prick. — n. A goad: awl. [ProvE. ; Dan., 
Ga., and Ir. brod, a thorn, prick, goad.] 

Prodigal, prod'T-gal, a. Given to extravagant expen- 
ditures; recklessly profuse; expending to excess, or 
without necessity ; lavish ; free. — n. One who ex- 
pends money extravagantly or without necessity ; 
a spendthrift. [F. ; L. jirodigus, wasteful, prodi- 
gere, to drive forth, squander, tr. prod, older form 
of pro, and agere, to drive.] —Prodigality, n. Ex- 
travagance in expenditure, esp. of money ; profu- 
sion; waste. [F. prodigality.} — Prodigally, adv. 

Prodigy, prod'1-jT, n. Something extraordinary from 
which omens are drawn ; portent ; anything won- 
derful or astonishing, and out of the ordinary course 
of nature ; miracle ; marvel ; monster. [F. prodige, 
L. prodigium, a showing beforehand, portent, prob. 
for prodagium, fr. prod for pro, and (obs.) agium, 
a saying; s. rt. adage. J — Prodigious, -dij'us, a. 
Of the nature of a prodigy; enormous in size, quan- 
tity, extent, etc. ; huge ; monstrous ; portentous ; 
amazing; extraordinary. [F. pro/igieux, L. prodi- 
giosiis.] — Prodigiously, adv. — Prodiglousaess, n. 

Produce, pro-dus r , v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -ducing.] 
To offer to view or notice, exhibit ; to bring forth, 
give birth to, propagate, furnish ; to cause to be or 
to happen ; to manufacture ; to yield or furnish; to 
draw further, lengthen out, prolong. (Geon.) To 
extend, — applied to a line, surface, or solid. [L. 
producere, -ductum, fr. pro and ducere, to lead: s. rt. 
duke, tug.] — Prod'uce, prod'us, n. That produced, 
brought forth, or yielded ; result of labor, esp. of 
agricultural labors : agricultural products. — Pro- 
ducer, n. — Producible, a. Capable of being pro- 
duced. — Produ'cibleness, -cibillty, n. — Prod'uct, 
n. That produced, brought forth, or effected ; fruit, 
whether of growth or labor, either physical or intel- 
lectual. (Math.) The number resulting from the 
multiplication of 2 or more numbers. [L. productus, 
prop. p. p. of producere.} — Produclile, -til, a. 
Capable of being extended or prolonged : extensi- 
ble ; ductile. [L. in-oductilis.] — Production, n. 
Act or process of producing; that produced or made; 
product: fruit of labor: \ lengthening out: prolonga- 
tion. [F.] — ProducUve, -tiv, a. Having the qual- 
ity or power of producing ; yielding or furnishing 
results ; bringing into being ; causing to exist ; effi- 
cient ; producing good crops. —Productiveness, n. 

Proem, pro'em, n. Preface : introduction ; prelude. 
[OF. pro'eme, L. proaimium, Gr. prooimion, an intro- 
duction, prelude, fr. Gr. pro and oimos, a way, path; 
s. rt. itinerate.] — Proe'raial, -elnl-al, a. Introduc- 
tory ; prefatory. 

Profane, pro-fan', a. Not sacred or holy ; relating to 
matters other than sacred ; secular ; temporal ; 
worldly : characterized by impurity ; esp., treating 
sacred things with contempt, disrespect, irrever- 
ence, or undue familiarity; taking the name of God 
in vain ; given to swearing; wicked ; godless ; im- 
pious, —v. t. [profaned (-fand /r ), -faninc] To 
treat with abuse, irreverence, obloquy, or contempt; 
to put to a wrong or unworthy use ; to desecrate, 
pollute, defile, violate, dishonor. [F. ; L. profa- 
nus, without the temple, unholy, fr. pro and fanum, 
temple.] — Profanely, adv. — Profane'ness, n. — 
Profan'er, n. — Profanity, -fan' t-tT, n. Quality or 
character of being profane ; profaneness ; esp., the 
use of profane language ; blasphemy ; that which 
is profane ; profane language. [L. profanitas.] — 
Prof analion, n. Act of violating sacred things, or 
of treating them with contempt or irreverence ; act 
of treating with abuse or disrespect. [F.] 

Profess, pro-fes', v. t. [-fesseu (-f est'), -fessing.] To 
make open declaration of, confess publicly, affirm; to 
make pretense to, put on an appearance of ; to pre- 



tend to knowledge of, proclaim one's self versed in. 

— v. i. To take a profession upon one's self; to con- 
fess. [L. profiterx, -fessus, fr. pro and fatzri, to con- 
fess, own.] — Professedly, adv. By profession ; by 
avowal. — Profes'sion, -fesh'un, n. Act of profess- 
ing ; open declaration ; public avowal ; that which 
one professes; declaration ; claim ; occupation (not 
mechanical, agricultural, etc.), to which one devotes 
himself ; the collective body of persons engaged in 
a calling. [F.] — Professional, a. Pert, to or en- 
gaged in a profession or a calling; professed; being 
by profession; avowed. — Professionally, adv. By 
profession or calling.— Profess'or, n. One who makes 
open profession of nis sentiments or opinions; esp., 
one who make6 a formal profession of religion; a pub- 
lic teacher of any science or branch of learning; esp., 
a college instructor. [JL.] — Profess'orship, n. Office 
of a professor or public teacher. — Professo'rial, 
-rT-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Professo'riat, -rl-at, n. 
The body of professors in a college, etc. 

Proffer, proffer, v. t. [fered (,-ierd), -fering.] To 
offer for acceptance, propose to give, tender, essay. 

— n. An offer made; something proposed for ac- 
ceptance by another. [ME. pro/ren, pro/eren, OF. 
proferer, L. prof er re, to bring forth or forward, to 
offer, ir.pro and feive, to bring.] 

Proficient, pro-fish'ent, a. Well advanced in any 
branch of knowledge or skill; well-skilled; versed. 

— n. One who has made considerable advances in 
any business, art, science, or branch of learning ; 
an expert, adept. [JL. projiciens, p. pr. of proficere, 
to go forward, make progress, fr. pro and facere, to 
malce.]— Profi'cience, -ctency, -fish'en-sl, n. State 
or quality of being, etc. 

Profile, prolil or -tel, n. An outline or contour ; a 
vertical section through a building, figure, machine, 
piece of work, section of country, etc. [Paint. & 
Sculp.') A head or portrait represented_sidewise or in 
a side view. — v. t. [-filed (-fild or -feld), -filing.] 
To draw the outline of, draw in profile. [It. p>-o- 
filo, a border or drawing of a picture, pi ofilare, to 
draw, fr. pro (= L. pro) and filo, thread, line, stroke, 
L. filum, a thread : see File : F. profil is fr. the It.] 

— Pro'filist, 7i. One who takes profiles. 

Profit, profit, n. Acquisition beyond expenditure; 
in commerce, pecuniary gain in any transaction or 
occupation; valuable results; useful consequences; 
benefit; avail; advancement; gain; emolument. — 
v. t. To be of service to, be good to, helf> on, bene- 
fit. — w. i. To gain advantage, make improvement; 
to be of use or advantage, bring good. [F., profit, 
proffer, to profit, L. proficere, -.tectum, to advance : 
see Proficient.] — Profitable, a. Yielding or 
bringing nrofit or gain: lucrative; advantageous; 
serviceable; improving.— Profitableness, n.~ Prof- 
itably, adv. — Prof itless, a. Void of profit, gain, 
or advantage. 

Profligate, profit-gat, a. Abandoned to vice: open- 
ly and shamelessly immoral or vicious ; dissolute ; 
depraved ; wicked. — n. An abandoned man ; a 
vicious person. [L. profligatus, p. p. of profligare* 
to dash to the ground, fr. pro ind fligere, to strike.] 

— Profligately, adv. — Prof ligacy, -lT-ga-sT, n. 
Condition or quality of being profligate ; a very 
vicious course of life ; prodigality ; extravagance ; 
exuberance. 

Profound, pro-fownd', a. Descending; far below the 
surface ; low bending : very low; characterized by 
intensity; deeply felt; intellectually deep; reaching 
to the bottom of a matter : exhibiting or express- 
ing deep humility. — n. The deep; the abyss; the 
sea; ocean. (T. profond, L. jro/undus, fr. pro and 
fundus, the oottoni : s. rt. hotiom, fount l.\ — Pro- 
foundly, adv. — Profoundness, n. — Profun'dity, 
-fun'dY-tY, n. Condition or quality of being pro- 
found; depth of place, of knowledge, of science, 
of feeling, etc. [F. profondite 3 .} 

Profuse, pro-fus', a. Very liberal; giving without 
stint; liberal to excess; lavish; exuberant; pouring 
forth very abundantly: prodigal; extravagant. [L. 
profusus, p. p. of profundere, to pour forth or out, 
fr. pro and fund ere, to pour.] — Profusely, adv.— 
Profuseliess, n. — Profusion, -zhun, n. Act of a 
profuse person; extravagance of expenditure; rich 
abundance; exuberant plenty. [L. profusio.] 

Prog, prog, v. i. To wander about and beg; to steaL 
filch. — n. Victuals sought by begging, or found 
by wandering about; food; one who seeks victuals 
by wandering and begging. [ME. prokken, to beg : 
see Prowl.] 

Progeny, proj'e-ni, n. Descendants of the human 



sun, cube, full; moon, f 6t>* ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, set. 



PROGNATHUS 



450 PROMISE 



kind, or offspring of other animals; offspring. [OF. 
progenie. L. progenies, fr. pro and rt. of genus (q. 
v.), kin.] — Progenitor, pro-jen'T-ter, n. An an- 
cestor in the direct line; forefather. [L.] 

Prognathus, prog-nalhus, -nathlc, a. Having a 
projecting jaw. [Gr. pro and gnathos, jaw.]— Prog'- 
nathism, -na-thizm, n. Projection of the lower jaw. 

Prognosis, prog-no'sis, n. {Med.) Act or art of fore- 
telling the course and event of a disease, by partic- 
ular symptoms. [Gr., fr. pro and gnonai, to know : 
see Gnostic, under Gnomon.] — Prognos' tic, -nos'- 
tik, a. Indicating something future by signs or 
symptoms. — n. A sign by which a future event 
may be known or foretold; a prediction. (3Ied.) 
A symptom indicating the course and event of a 
disease. [OF. prognostique, Gr. prognostikon.] — 
Prognosticate, -tik-at, v. t. To indicate as future, 
foretell from signs or symptoms, foreshow, be- 
token, presage, prophesy.— Prognostica'tion, n. Act 
of, etc. ; a previous sign ; a foretoken. [OF.] — Prog- 
nos'tica'tor, n. 

Program, -gramme, pro'gram, n. A brief outline or 
explanation of the order to be pursued, or subjects 
embraced, in any public exercise. [F. programme, 
L. and Gr. propramma, fr. Gr. prographein, to give 
public notice in writing, fr. pro and graphein, to 
write.] 

Progress, prog'res, n. A moving or going forward, — 
as, in actual space, etc. ; or, in the growth of an 
animal or plant; or, in knowledge; or, in business 
of any kind; or, toward completeness or perfection; 
a journey of state, made by a sovereign through 
his own dominions. [OF. progrez, L. progressus, 
prop. p. p. of progredi, to advance, fr. pro and 
gradi, to walk, go: see Gkade.]— Progress', pro- 
gress v. i. [-gressed (-gresf), -gressing.] To 
make progress, move forward, proceed, advance, 
go on ; to make improvement. — Progression, 
-gresh'un, n. Act of moving forward; motion on- 
ward ; course; passage. {Math.) Continued pro- 
portion, arithmetical, geometrical, or harmonical. 
(Mus.) A regular succession of chords, or move- 
ment of the part.s in harmony. [F.] — Arithmetical 
progression. A progression in which the terms in- 
crease or decrease by equal difference.— Geomet- 
rical p. A progression in which the terms increase 
or decrease by equal ratios. — Harmonical p. A 
progression in which the terms are the reciprocals 
of quantities in arithmetical progression.— Progres'- 
sional, a. Tending to progress; having capacity of 
advancing; relating to progression. — Progressive, 
-iv, a. Moving forward; advancing; evincing prog- 
ress ; improving. — Progressively, adv. — Pro- 
gresslveness, n. — Prog'ressist, a. Striving after 
progress, esp. in political matters. — n. One who, 
etc. [Sp. progresista.] 

Prohibit, pro-hiblt, v. t. To forbid, interdict by au- 
thority ; to hinder, debar, prevent, preclude. [L. 
prohibere, -hibitwm,fr. pro and habere, to have, hold.] 
— Prohiblter, n. — Pro'tabi'tion, -bish'un, n. Act 
of, etc. ; interdict. [F.; L. prohibition — Pro'hibi'- 
tionist, n. One who favors prohibitory duties in 
commerce or prohibition ox the sale of intoxicating 
liquor. — Prohibitive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rf , a. Tending 
to prohibit, forbid, orexclude; implying prohibition. 

Project, pro-jekf, v. t. To throw out, cast forward; 
to scheme, devise; to draw or exhibit (the form of 
anything); to exhibit in a striking way by the aid 
of another object. — v. i. To shoot forward, extend 
beyond something else, jut. [L. projicere, -jectum, 
ix.pro and jacere, to throw.] — Proj'ect, proj'ekt, n. 
That projected or designed, intended or devised; a 

Elan; scheme; an idle scheme ; design not practica- 
le. [OF. ; L. projectus, prop. p. p. of projicere.'] — 
Projeet'ile, -jeklil, a. Impelling forward; given by 
impulse; impelled forward, — n. A body projected 
through the air, as a cannon-ball. pi. (Mech.) Sci- 
ence of the motion, range, etc., of bodies thrown 
above the surface of the earth. — Projection, n. Act 
of, etc. ; a part jutting out, as of a building; scheme; 
representation of something; delineation; plan; esp., 
the representation of any object on a perspective 
plane. [F.]— Projector, n. One who projects; one 
who forms a design, — esp. wild or impracticable 
schemes. — Projecfure, -jek'chur, n. A jutting be- 
yond the line or surface of something else. 
Prolate, prolat, a. Stretched out ; extended ; esp., 
elongated in the direction of aline joining the poles. 
[L. prolatus, p. p. of proferre, to bring forth, ex- 
tend.] 
Prolog, proleg, i\ A fleshy pediform organ, which 



represents a leg in the hinder segments of caterpil. 
lars. [L. pro and E. leg.] 

Prolepsis, pro-lep'sis, n. (Bhet.) A figure by which 
objections are anticipated or prevented. An error 
in chronology, when an event is dated before the 
actual time. fL. and Gr., fr. Gr. pro and lepsis, a 
taking, fr. lamoanein, to seize.] — Proleplic, -tical, 
a. Pert, to prolepsis, or anticipation; previous; an- 
tecedent. (Med.) Anticipating the usual time,— said 
of recurrent paroxysms of disease.— Prolep'tically, 
adv. 

Prole"taire, pro-la-tar', n. One of the common people ; 
a low person ; the commonalty as an influence or 
estate in a country. [F., fr. L. proletarius, a citizen 
too poor to pay taxes, fr. pi-oles, offspring.] — Prol'- 
eta'riat, prbl'e-ta'rf-at, n. The common people. — 
ProFeta'rian, -rT-an, a. Belonging to the common- 
alty ; mean ; vile ; vulgar. — Prolicide, -T-sid, n. 
The crime of destroying one's offspring either in 
the womb or after birth. [L. proles and cssdere, to 
cut down, kill.]— Proliferous, pro-lif 'er-us, a. (Bot.) 
Bearing offspring, — applied to a flower from within 
which another is produced, or a branch from which 
another rises. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Prolific, a. 
Producing young or fruit ; generative ; fruitful ; 
productive; serving to produce; fruitful of results; 
active. [L. facere, to make.] 

Prolix, pro-liks', a. Extending to a great length; in- 
dulging in protracted discourse; long; diffuse; te- 
dious; tiresome: wearisome. [F. prolixe, L. prolixvs, 
prob. fr. pro and elixus, soaked, fr. OL. lixa, water, 
L. liquere, to flow — i. e. extended beyond due 
bounds ; not fr. L. laxus, loose.] — Prolixity, n. 
Quality of being, etc.; great length; minute detail. 
[F. prolixite'.] 

Prolocutor, prol-o-kuler or pro-lok'u-tSr, n. One who 
speaks for another; the speaker or chairman of a 
convocation. [L., fr. proloqui, -locutus, fr. pro and 
loqui, to speak.] 

Prologue, prolog, n. The preface or introduction to 
a discourse or performance ; esp., the poem spoken 
before a dramatic performance begins. [F.; Gr. pro- 
logos, fr. pro and logos, a speech.] 

Prolong, pro-long'', v. t. [-longed (-longd'), -long- 
ing.] To lengthen in time, extend the duration of; 
to put off to a distant time; to extend in space or 
length; to delay, protract, postpone. [F. prolonger, 
L. prolongare, fr. pro and longus, long.] — Prolongat- 
ion, w. Act of, etc.; extension. [F.] — Prolong'er, n. 

Prolusion, pro-lu'zhun, n. A preliminary game, play, 
or literary exercise ; a prelude, trial, essay. [L. pro- 
lusio, fr. proludere, to prelude ; pro and ludere, to 

play-] 

Promenade, prom-e-nad' or -nad', n. A walk for 
amusement or exercise; a place for walking. — v. i. 
To walk for amusement or exercise. [F., f r. prome- 
ner, to take for a walk, L. prominare, to drive for- 
ward, fr. pro and minare, to drive animals ; s. rt. 
minari, to threaten, E. menace.] 

Promethean, pro-melhe-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Pro- 
metheus, fabled to have formed men of clay, and 
given them life by means of fire stolen from heaven; 
having a life-giving quality ; inspiring. 

Prominent, prom'T-nent, a. Standing out beyond the 
line or surface of something; likely to attract atten- 
tion from size or position; eminent; distinguished 
above others ; conspicuous ; chief. [F. ; L. promi- 
nens, p. pr. of prominere, to jut out, fr. pro and mi- 
nere, to project.] — Prominence, -nency, -nen-sT, n. 
State of, or that which, etc. — Prominently, adv. 

Promiscuous, pro-mis'ku-us, a. Consisting of indi- 
viduals united in a body or mass without order; dis- 
tributed or applied without order or discrimination; 
common; indiscriminate; confused. [L. promiscuus, 
fr. pro and miscere, to mix.] — Promis'cuously, adv. 

Promise, promls, n. A declaration by one person to 
another, which binds him who makes it to do or 
forbear a specified act ; a binding declaration of 
something to be done or given for another's benefit; 
ground or basis of hope; bestowal or fulfillment of 
what is promised. — v. t. [promised (-ist), -ising.] 
To engage to do, give, make, or to refrain from do- 
ing, etc. ; to afford reason to expect, assure ; to engage 
to bestow. — v. i. To give assurance by a promise, 
afford hopes or expectations. [F. promesse. It. pro- 
messa, L. promissa, a promise, f r. L. promittere, pro- 
missum, to put forth, promise, fr. pro and mittere, 
to send.] — Prom / isee% -is-e', n. One to whom a 
promise is made. — Promisor, -is-er, n. One who 
promises. — Promisor, -is-6r, n. (Law.) One who 
engages or undertakes; a promiser. — Promissory, 



f pa, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd : t5ne, 6r ; 



PROMONTORY 



451 



PROPHET 



-eo-rt, a. Containing a binding declaration of some- 
thing to be done or forborne.— Promissory note. 
{Law.) A written promise to pay to some person 
named, and at or before a time specified therein, a 
certain sum of money, in consideration of value re- 
ceived. 

Promontory, prom'on-to-rY, n. A high point of land 
or rock projecting into the sea ; a headland. [L. 
promontorivm, fr. pro and mons, rnontis, mountain.] 

Promote, pro-mof, v. t. To contribute to the growth, 
enlargement, or excellence of (anything valuable) ; 
to forward, advance, contribute to the increase or 
power of ; to excite, stir up ; to exalt in station, 
rank, or honor; to elevate, raise, prefer. [L. pro- 
movere, -motum, fr. pro and movere, to move.] —Pro- 
mof er, n. — Promo'tion, n. Act of, or condition of 
being, etc.; advancement; assistance; elevation. [F.] 
— Promo'tive. -tiv, a. Tending to, etc. 

Prompt, prompt, a. Ready and quick to act as occa- 
sion demands; acting with cheerful alacrity; guick- 
lv, readily, or cheerfully performed; expeditious; 
a'lert; brisk; nimble. — v. t. To move or excite to 
action or exertion; to suggest to the mind; esp., to 
assist (a speaker or a learner) when at a loss. [F.; 
L. promptus, p. p. of promere, to take or bring forth, 
fr. pro and emere, to take.] — Prompfer, n. One 
who prompts; esp., one who assists speakers, or act- 
tors in a play, when at a loss.— Promptitude, -T : tQd, 
n. Quality of being prompt; quickness of decision 
and action when occasion demands: cheerful alac- 
ritv. [F.] — Promptly, adv. — Prompt'neas, n. 

Promulgate, pro-muKgat, v. t. To make known by 
open declaration, as laws, decrees, or tidings; to an- 
nounce, publish, declare, proclaim. [L. promulgare, 
-gatum ; perh. for pro vulgare, to put before the vul- 
gas, common people, perh. fr. multi, the many: perh. 
fr. promulcrum, a towrope.] — Pro'tnulga'tion, n. 
Act of, etc.: open declaration. — Pro'' mulga'tor, n. 
One who. etc. — Promulge'', -mulj', v. t. [-mulged 
f-muljd'), -mulgixg.] To promulgate. — PromuF- 
ger. n. 

Prone, pron, a. Bending forward; inclined; flat on 
the face; lying with the face downward; headlong; 
running downward ; sloping, with reference to a 
line or surface; disposed, — usually in an ill sense. 
[F.; L. promts, prob. for provonus, fr. pro; s. rt. Gr. 
prenes, neadlong, Skr. pravana, declining, ready, 
prone.] — Pronely, adv. — Prone'ness, n. State of 
oeing prone; inclination of mind, heart, or temper; 
propension; disposition. 

Prong, prong, n. A sharp-pointed instru- 
ment; the tine of a fork, etc.; a pointed 
projection. [W. procio, to thrust, stab, 
procyr, a poker, Ga. brog, to spur, goad, 
also an awl: s. rt. pang.] — Prongs-horn, 
-buck, h. An antelope of western N. 
Amer., having hol- 
low deciduous horns, 
with a prong near the 
end of each; the only 
known animai hav- 
ing true deciduous 
horns. 

Pronoun, pro'nown, n. 
( Gram.) A w o r d 
used instead of a 
noun or name, to 
prevent the repeti- 
tion of it. [L. pro- 
nomen, fr. pro, for, 
and nomen. a name, noun _ 
-T-nal, a. Belonging to, or partaking of, the nature 
of a pronoun. [L. pronominalis.] 

Pronounce, pro-nowns', v. t. [-xouxced (-nownsf), 
-xou.vcixg.] To utter articulately, speak distinctly; 
to utter formally, officially, or solemnly; to speak 
rhetorically; to declare or affirm. [F. prononcer, L. 
pronunciare, fr. pro and nunciare, to announce.] — 
Pronounce'' able, a. — Pronounced', -nownsf, a. 
Strongly marked ; decided. [F. prononce".] — Pro- 
noun'cer, n. — Pronouncing, p. a. Teaching or in- 
dicating pronunciation. — Pronun / cia , tion, -shl-a'- 
shun, n. Act of, etc.; utterance: mode of uttering 
words or sentences. (Rhet.) Art or manner of ut- 
tering a discourse with propriety and gracefulness. 
[F. pronontiation, L. prommtiatio.] — Pronuifcia- 
tive, -shT-a-tiv, a. Of, or pert, to, pronunciation. — 
Pronun'ciamen'to, -sT-a-men'to. -ciamiento. -notm'- 
the-a/ml-en-to, n. A proclamation; manifesto ; for- 
mal announcement or declaration. [Sp. pronuncia- 




Proof, Proofless, etc. See under Prove. 

Prop, prop, v. t. [propped (propt), propping.] To 
support or prevent from falling by placing some- 
thing under or against; to sustain, support, stay, up- 
hold.— n. That which sustains an incumbent weight; 
that on which anything rests for support ; stay; staff; 
pillar. [Ga., a prop, also to prop, 01). proppe, a stay, 
jnoppen, to stay.] 

Propagate, prop^a-jjat, v. t. To continue or multiply 
by generation or successive reproduction; to cause 
to reproduce itself ; to cause to spread or exte-nd ; 
to spread from person to person, extend the knowl- 
edge of, diffuse, disseminate, promote. — v. i. To 
have young or issue ; to be produced or multiplied 
by generation. [L. propagare, -gatum, orig. to peg 
down, propagate by layers, propago, a layer; s. rt. 
pact.] — Prop'aga'tion, n. Act of propagating; the 
spreading or extension of anything; generation; ex- 
tension; increase. — Prop'aga/tor, n. — Prop'agable, 
a. — Propaganda, -gan'da. n. A societv in Rome, 
charged with the management of the Rom. Cath. 
missions, and entitled Congregatio de Propaganda 
Fide; hence, any organized effort to make prose- 
lytes. — Propagan'dism, -dizm, n. Art or practice 
of propagating tenets or principles. — Propagan- 
dist, n. One who devotes himself to the spread of 
any system of principles. 

Proparoxytone, pro-par-oks'I-ton, n. ( Gr. Gram.) A 
word accented on the antepenult. [Gr. pro and E. 
paroxytone, q. v.] 

Propel, pro-pel', v. t. [-pelled (-peld';, -pellixg.] 
To drive forward, urge or press onward by force. 
[L. propellere, -pulsion, ft. pro and pellere. to drive.] 

— Propeller, n. One who, or that which, propels; 
esp. a contrivance for propelling a steamboat, con- 
sisting of a revolving screw placed in the stern; a 
steamboat thus propelled : see Screw-propeller. 

— Propufsion, -shun, n. Act of, etc.— Propul'sive, 
-siv, a. Tending or having power to propel. 

Propense, pro-pens', a. Inclined; disposed either to 
good or evil; prone. [L. propensus, p. p. of propen- 
dere, fr. pro and pendere, to hang.]— Propense^ness, 
-pen'sion, -pen'sity, -sl-tt, -pend'ency, -en-sf, n. 
State of being propense or inclined: natural inclina- 
tion; disposition; bias; proclivity; proneness. [F. 
propension.] 
Proper, propter, a. Belonging to as one's own; own; 
belonging to the natural or essential constitution of; 
esp., befitting one's nature, property, etc.; adapted 
to the ends of order, comfort, taste, beauty, moral- 
ity, etc.; precise; formal; according to usage; well 
formed; handsome; pert, to one of a species, but not 
common to the whole; not appellative. [ME. and 
F. propre, L. proprius, one's own ; perh. s. rt. L. 
prope, near, E. propinquity.] — Prop'erly. adv. In 
a proper manner; suitably; fitly: in a strict sense; 
strictly. — Prop'erness, n. — Prop'erty, -er-tT, n. 
That which is proper to anything; a peculiar quality 
of anything: an acquired or artificial quality; that 
which is peculiar to any person; that to which a per- 
son has a legal title; thing owned; exclusive right of 
possessing; possession held in one's own right; an 
estate, whether in lands, goods, or money; nearness 
or right; a piece of land with the appurtenant build- 
ings. [ME. and OF. proprete", L. proprietas.] — Pro- 
prietary, -prfe-ta-rt, n. A proprietor or owner; a 
body of proprietors taken collectively.— a. Pert, to 
a proprietor. [OF. proprietaire, L. proprietariits, an 
owner .J — Proprietor, -e-ter, n. One who has the 
legal right or exclusive title to anything, whether in 
possession or not; an owner. — Proprietorship, n. 
State of being proprietor. — Proprietress, n. A fe- 
male proprietor. — Propriety, -e-tl, n. Conformity 
to an acknowledged or correct standard; consonance 
with established principles, rules, or customs: fit- 
ness; decorum; justness; accuracv. [Same as prop- 
erty.] 
Properispomenon. pro / per-Y-spom''e-non, n. {Gr. 
Gram.) A word having the circumflex accent on 
the penult. [Gr.. twisted round before.] 
Prophet, prof r et, n . One who foretells events: a pre- 
dicter ; an interpreter. [ME. and OF. prophete, L. 
propheta, Gr. prophetes, fr. Gr. pro, publicly, before 
all, and phemi, I say, speak: s. rt. fame.] — Proph/- 
etess, n. A female prophet. — Propb/ecy, -e-sl, n. 
; A declaration of something to come : esp., an in- 
! spired foretelling. {Scrip/t.) A book of prophecies; 
! a history; public interpretation of Scripture: preach- 
j ins;. [ME. and OF. prophecie, Gr. propheteia.] — 
, — Propb/esy, -e-si, v. t. [-sied (-sid), -syixg.] To 
foretell, as future : predict. — v. i. To utter predic- 



sfin, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PROPHYLAXIS 



452 



PROSODY 



tions. (Script.) To instruct in religious doctrines, 
preach, exhort. — Propb/esi'er, -si'er, n. — Prophet'- 
ic, -ical, pro-fefik-al, a. Containing, or pert, to, 
prophecy, — used with of before the tiling foretold. 
— Proptfet'ically, adv. — Prophet'icalness, n. 

Prophylaxis, prof-T-laks'is, n. (Med.) Art of pre- 
serving from, or preventing, disease ; observance of 
rules necessary for the preservation of health ; pre- 
servative or preventive treatment. [Gr., f r. prophu- 
lassein, to guard against, f r. pro and phulassein, f r. 
phulax, a guard.] — Propb/ylac'tic, n. A medicine 
which preserves or defends against disease ; a pre- 
ventive.— Propb/ylac'tic, -tical, a. Defending from 
disease. [F. j.roplujlactique.] 

Propinquity, pro-pink'wt-tY, n. Nearness in place, 
time, or relationship; neighborhood; proximity. [L. 
propinquitas, fr. propinquus, near, neighboring, fr. 
prope, near.] 

Propitious, pro-pish'us, a. Favorable ; kind ; ready 
to forgive sins and bestow blessings ; auspicious. 
[ME. and OF. propice, L. propitius, prob. orig. a 
term of augury, fr. pro and petere, to fly.] — Propi- 
tiously, adv.— Propi'tiate, -T-at, v. t. To appease 
and render favorable, make propitious. [L. pro- 
pitiare, -atum.] — Propi'tiable, o. — Propi / tia y 'tion, 
n. Act of propitiating or making propitious ; that 
which, etc. (Theol.) The atonement or atoning sacri- 
fice. [F.] — Propi'tia'tor, n.— Propi'tiatory, -a-to-rt, 
a. Having the power to make propitious ; pert, to, 
or employed in, propitiation; expiatory. — n. (Jew- 
ish Antiq.) The mercy-seat; the lid or cover of the 
ark of the covenant ; the symbol of the propitiated 
Jehovah. 

Propolis, pro'po-lis, n. A resinous substance of a red- 
dish color, used by bees to stop crevices in their 
hives, etc. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. pro andpoZis, a city.] 

Proponent. See under Propound. 

Proportion, pro-por'shun, n. Arrangement of parts ; 
relation of one portion to another, or to the whole, 
with respect to magnitude or quantity ; relation of 
one thing to another in size, quantity, degree, etc. ; 
«qual or just share; lot; symmetrical arrangement, 
■distribution, or adjustment. (Math.) Equality or 
.similarity of ratios, esp. of geometrical ratios ; the 
rule of 3 in arithmetic, in which the 3 given terms, 
together with the 1 sought, are proportional. — v. t. 
^proportioned (-shund), -tioning.] To adjust in 
a suitable proportion ; to form with symmetry or 
suitableness. [F. ; L. proportio, f r. pro and portio, a 
part, portion, q. v.] — In proportion. According as ; 
to the degree that. — Propor'tionable, a. Capable 
of being proportioned or made proportional ; pro- 
portional — Propor'tionableness, n. — Propor'tion- 
ably, adv. — Propor'tional, a. Having a due pro- 
portion or comparative relation ; relating to, or se- 
curing, proportion. (Math.) Having the same, or 
a constant, ratio. — n. (Math.) Any number or 
quantity in a proportion. (Chem.) Same as Equiv- 
alent.— Propor'tional'ity, -al'Y-tl, n. Quality of 
being in proportion.— Proportionally, adv. In 
proportion ; in due degree. — Proportionate, -at, a. 
Adjusted to something else, according to a propor- 
tion; symmetrical; corresponding. — v. t. To make 
proportional ; to proportion. — Proportionately, 
adv. — Propor'tionateness, n. 

Propose, pro-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] 
To offer for consideration, discussion, acceptance, 
or adoption; to purpose, intend. — v. i. To lay 
schemes ; to offer one's self in marriage. [F. pro- 
poser, fr. pro and poser, to place, set, put: see Pose, 
an attitude ; not fr. L. ponere, to place, nor s. rt. E. 
propound, proposition.'] — Propos'er, n. — Propos'al, 
n. That which is proposed for consideration or ac- 
ceptance; offer ; proffer; tender; overture. — Pur '- 
pose, per'pus, n. Object to be reached or accom- 
plished; end or aim to which the view is directed in 
any plan, measure, or exertion; design; end; inten- 
tion.— v.t. [purposed (-pust), -posing.] To deter- 
mine upon (some end or object to be accomplished); 
to intend, design, resolve. — v. i. To design, intend, 
mean. [OF. purposer, a form of proposer, to intend; 
but OF. pourpos, F. propos = L. propositum, thing 
proposed, designed, is fr. L. proponere : see Pro- 
pound, — the F. v. and n. being not s. rt.] — On pur- 
pose. "With previous design; with the mind directed 
to that object. — Pur'posely, adv. By purpose or de- 
sign ; intentionally; with predetermination. 

propound, pro-pownd', v. t. To lay before, offer for 
consideration. (Congregational Churches.) To pro- 
pose or name as a candidate for admission to com- 
munion with a church. [ME. propone, L. proponere, 



-positum, fr. pro and ponere, to put, set.]— Pro- 
pound'er, n. — Proposi'tion, -ziBh'un, n. That 
which is offered for consideration, acceptance, or 
adoption. (Gram. & Logic.) A complete sentence; 
a subject and predicate united by a copula. (Math.) 
A statement in terms either of a truth to be demon- 
strated or of an operation to be performed. [F.; L. 
proposition — Proposi'tional. a. Pert, to, or in the 
nature of, a proposition. — Proponent, n. One who 
makes an offer, or lays down a proposition. [L. pro- 
ponens, p. p. of proponere.] 

Proprietor, Propriety, etc. See under Proper. 

Propugn, pro-pun', v. t. [-pugned (-pund'), -pugn- 
ing.J To contend for, defend, vindicate. [L. pro- 
pugnare, fr. pro and pugnare, to fight : see Pugna- 
cious.] — Propugn'er, n. A defender. 

Propulsion, Propulsive. See under Propel. 

Prorata, pro-ra'ta. In proportion. [L.]— Prorate', 
-rat', v. t. To divide or distribute proportionally ; 
to assess pro rata. — n. A division of rate propor- 
tionably. — Prorafable, a. Capable of being di- 
vided proportionately. 

Prorogue, pro-rog', v. t. [-rogued (-rogd'), -rogu- 
ing.] To protract, prolong, defer, delay; to adjourn 
(a parliament or legislature) to some definite time, 
or esp. till the commencement of the next annual 
session. [F. proroger, L. prorogare, fr. pro and ro. 
gare, to ask.] — Pro'roga'tion, n. Adjournment of a 
parliament, etc., by authority of a sovereign, gov- 
ernor, etc. [F.] 

Proruption, pro-rup'shun, n. Act of bursting forth. 
[L. proruptio, fr. prorumpere, -ruptum, to break 

Prosaic, Prosaism, etc. See under Prose. 

Proscenium, pro-se'nT-um, n. (Anc. Theater.) The 
stage. (Modem Theater.) The part of the stage in 
front of the drop-scene. [L.; Gr. proskenion, fr. pro 
and skene = E. scene.'] 

Proscribe, pro-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), -scrib- 
ing.] To doom to destruction ; to denounce and 
condemn as dangerous and not worthy of reception, 
interdict, prohibit; to outlaw, doom. [L. proscribere, 
-scriptum, f r. pro and scribere, to write.] — Eroscrib'- 
er,n. — Proscription, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; outlawry; banishment; condemnation; denun- 
ciation. [F.] — Proscrip'tive, -tiv, a. Pert, to, or 
consisting in, proscription ; proscribing. 

Prose, proz, n. The natural language of man; lan- 
guage not in verse; a prosy talker. — v. i. [prozed 
(prozd), prozing.] To write prose; to talk in a dull, 
prosy, tedious manner. — a. Pert, to, or composed 
of, prose; possessing or exhibiting unpoetical char- 
acteristics. [F. ; L. prosa, for prorsa (oratio), straight- 
forward (speech), Jem. of prorsus, forward, contr. fr. 
proversus, lit. turned forward, fr. pro and vertere, 
versum, to turn; s. rt. verse ( !).] — Pros'er, n. Orig., 
a writer of prose ; a tedious writer or speaker. — 
Pros'y, -T, a. [-ier, -iest.] Like prose; dull; tedi- 
ous. — Pros'ily, adv. — Pros'iness, n. — Prosa'ic, -ic- 
al, pro-za'ik-al, a. Pert, to, or resembling, prose; 
dull; uninteresting; prosy. [L. prosaicus. \ — Prosa''- 
ically, adv. — Pro'salsm, -izm, n. That which is in 
the form of prose writing. — Pro'saist, n. A writer 
of prose. 

Prosecute, pros'e-kat, v. t. To follow or pursue with 
a view to reach, execute, or accomplish; to seek to 
obtain by legal process. (Law.) To accuse of some 
crime or breach of law, or to pursue for redress 
or punishment, before a legal tribunal. — v. i. To 
carry on a legal prosecution. [L. prosequi, prosecu- 
tus, fr. pro and sequi, to follow.] — Pros'ecut'able, a. 
— Pros'ecu'tion, n. Act or process of prosecuting, 
or of endeavoring to gain or accomplish something. 
(Lav;.) The institution and carrying on of a suit. — 
Pros'ecu'tor, n. One who prosecutes. [L.] 

Proselyte, pros'e-llt, n. A convert to some religion or 
religious sect, or to some particular opinion, system, 
or party, —v. t. To convert to some religion, opin- 
ion, or system. [ME. and OF. proselite, L. prosely- 
tus, Gr. proselutos, lit. one who has come to a place, 
a convert, fr. Gr. proserchesthai, to come to, fr. pros 
(=proti, ir.pro, before; s. rt. Skr. prati, towards, fr. 
pra, before: see Pro), to, towards, and erchesthai, to 
come.] — Pros'elytism, -li-tizm, n. Act of prosely- 
ting; the making of converts. — Pros'elytize, -tlz, v. 
i. To make converts or proselytes. 



Proser, Prosily, etc. See under Prose. 

Pro-slavery, pro-slav'gr-T, a. In favor of slavery. 

Prosody, pros'o-dt, n. That part of grammar which 
treats of the quantity of syllables, of accent, and of 
the laws of versification. [F. prosodie, E. and Gr. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r { 



PROSOPOPCEIA 



453 



PROTRACT 



prosodia, a song sung to an instrument, a tone, ac- 
cent, prosody, fr. Gr. pros (see Proselyte} and 
ode, a song, ode, q. v.] — Proso'dial, pro-so'dl-al, 
-sod'ical, -sod'ik-al, a. Pert, to, or according to the 
rules of, prosody. — Proso'dian, Pros'odist, pr8s'- 
o-dist, n. One who understands prosody. • 

Prosopopoeia, pros'o-po-pe'ya, n. (Khet.) A figure by 
which things are represented as persons, or an ab- 
sent person is introduced as speaking; personifica- 
tion. [Gr. prosopopoiia, fr. prosoj/on, a face, person 
(fr. pros and ops, face, appearance), and poiein, to 
make.] 

Prospect, pros'pekt, n. That whi«h is embraced by 
the eye in vision: view; a picturesque or widely ex- 
tended view; landscape; a position which affords a 
fine view; a lookout; position of the from of a build- 
ing; anticipation; ground for hoping; expectation. 
— v. t. To search or examine for (esp. ore, gold, 
etc.). — v. i. To make a search, seek. [L. prospec- 
tus, a lookout, distant view, prop. p. p. ot prospicere, 
to look forward, fr. pro and specere, spicere, to look: 
see Spy.] — Prospec'tion, pro-spek'shun, n. Act of 
looking forward, or providing for future wants. — 
Prospective, -iv, a. Looking forward in time; act- 
ing with foresight; respecting or relating to the fu- 
ture, f F.] — Prospectively, adv. — Prospec'tus, n. 
Plan of a literary work, containing the general sub- 
ject or design, terms of publication, etc. [L.J 

Prosperous, pros'per-us, a. Tending or permitted to 
succeed in the pursuit of anything desirable; favor- 
ing success; fortunate; flourishing; thriving; auspi- 
cious; lucky. [L. prosperus or prosper, orig. answer- 
ing to hope, fr. pro, according to, and sperare, to 



hope, f r. spes, hope.] — Prosperously, adv. — Pros 
porousness, n. — Pros'per, v. t. [-pered (-perd), -Pek- 
ing.] To favor, render successful. — v. i. To he suc- 
cessful, make gain, flourish, thrive, advance. [OF. 
prosperer, L. prosperare, fr. prosper.] — Prosperity, 
-pEr'I-tT, n. Advance or gain in anything desirable; 
successful progress in any enterprise; success; thrift; 
weal ; welfare ; well-being ; happiness. [ME. and 
OF. prosperity, L. prosperttas.~\ 

Prosthesis, pros'the-sis, n. (Surg.) The addition of 
an artificial part to supply a defect of the body. 
(Gram.) A figure consisting in prefixing one or 
more letters to the beginning of a word. [L. and Gr., 
fr. Gr. pros and tithenai, to put, place.] 

Prostitute, pros'tl-tut, v. t. To offer (a woman) to a 
lewd use : to devote to base or unworthy purposes. — 
a. Openly devoted to lewdness, or to base or infa- 
mous purposes. — n. A woman given to indiscrimi- 
nate lewdness; a strumpet; a base hireling. [L.pros- 
tituere, -titutum, fr. pro and statuere, to put, place.] — 
Prostitution, n. Act or practice of prostituting ; 
common lewdness of a female: act of setting one's 
self to sale, or of devoting to infamous purposes 
what is in one's power. [F.] — Pros'titu'tor, -ter, n. 

Prostrate, pros'trat, a. Lying at length, or with the 
body stretched out; occupying a humble or suppli- 
ant position. — v. t. To lay or fall flat, throw down; 
to cause to sink totally, "reduce. [L. prosternere, 
-stratum, fr. pro and sternere, to stretch out, throw 
down.] — Prostra/tion, n. Act of prostrating, throw- 
ing or falling down, or laying flat: condition of be- 
ing prostrate; great depression. (Med.) Oppression 
of natural strength and vigor. [P.] 

Prostyle, pro'stil, n. (Arcli.) A portico in which the 
columns stand in advance of the building to which 
they belong. [Gr. prostulos, fr. pro and stulos, col- 
umn.] 

Prosy. See under Pp.ose. 

Prosyllogism, pro-sil'lo-iizm, n. (Logic.) A syllogism 
preliminary or logically essential to another syllo- 
gism; the conclusion of such a syllogism. 

Protagonist. See under Pkoteid. 

Protasis, prot'a-sis, n. A proposition: maxim. (Gram.) 
The first or subordinate member ol a sentence, gen- 
erally of a conditional sentence. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. 
l<>oteinein, to stretch forward: teinein, to stretch.] 

Protean, pro'te-an, a. Pert, to Proteus, a sea-god who 
could assume different shapes; readily changing the 
form or appearance. 

Protect, pro-tekf, v. t. To cover or shield from dan- 
ger or injury: to defend, guard, preserve, secure. [L. 
protegere, -tectum, fr. pro and tegere, to cover.] — 
Protection, n. Act of protecting: preservation from 
loss, injury, or annoyance; state of being protected; 
thatwhicli preserves" from injury; a writing that pro- 
tects; defense: guard; shelter; refuge; security; safe- 
ty. [F.] — Protec'tionist, n. One who favors the 



protection of some branch of industry by legal en- 
actments. — Protective, -iv, a. Affording protec- 
tion; sheltering. — Protect'or, n. One who, etc.: * 
guardian, preserver, supporter. [L.] — Protect'oi 
ate, -er-at, n. Government by a protector; authority 
assumed by a superior power over an inferior 01 "a 
dependent one. — Protect'orship, n. Office of a pic* 
tector or regent. — Protect'ress, n. A woman wlir 
protects. [ME. and F. protectrice.~\ — Protege^ n. rn. 
Protegee, pro-ta-zha', n.f. One under the protectior 
of another. [F., p. p. of proUger = L. protegere.] 
Proteid, prole-id, n. (Chem.) One of certain nitrog 
enous, amorphous principles (albumen, gluten 
fibrin, casein, etc.), forming the chief solid constitu 
ents of the blood, muscles, etc., of animals, and oc 
curring in almost every part of vegetables ; an al 
buminoid.— a. Of,or pert, to, etc. [Gr. / J >?oros(superL 
of pro, q. v.), first, and eidos, form.] — Protag'onist 
n. One who fills the leading part in a drama, or in 
any great enterprise, conflict, etc. [Gr. protos and 
agonistes, an actor, fr. agein, to act, agon, contest.] 

— Prothon'otary, -thon'o-ta-rT, n. A chief notary or 
clerk; in some of the U. S., a register or chief clerk 
of a court. (Horn. Cath. Ch.) One of 12 persons 
constituting a college, who receive the last wills of 
cardinals, etc. [L. protonotarius, fr. Gr. protos and 
L. notarius, a scribe, notary.] — Pro'tocot n. Orig- 
inal copy of any writing, as of a treaty ; rough 
draught of an instrument or transaction ; a friend- 
ly diplomatic document designed to effect thepeace- 
ful accomplishment of diplomatic ends. [OF. pro- 
tocole, LL. protocollum, LateGr. protocoUon, lit. first 
glued on, being the first leaf glued to rolls of papy- 
rus and notarial documents, on which the date was 
written, fr. Gr. protos and kolla, glue.]— Pro'tomar'- 
tyr, -mar'ter, n. The first martyr, Stephen ; first 
who suffers, or is sacrificed, in any cause. [LateL.; 
Gr. martur, a martyr, a form of martus, a witness.] 

— Pro'toplasm, -plazm, n. (Physiol.) A homogene- 
ous structureless substance, forming the physical 
basis of life, contractile, and resembling albumen 
in chemical composition; cytoplasm; sarcode; germ- 
inal matter. [Gr. plasma, form, fr. plassein, to 
mold.]— Pro'toplast, n. The thing first formed, ag 
a copy to be imitated; an original.— Pro'totype, -tip, 
n. A model after which anything is copied: pattern; 
exemplar; archetype. [Gr. tupos, type, model.] — 
Protozoan, -zo'an, n. An animal of the lowest 
class, disting. by its simplicity of structure ; the 
protozoans include the sponges, and many so-called 
animalcules. [Gr. zoon, animal.] — Protozolc, a 
Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Protest, pro-test', v. i. To affirm in a public or for- 
mal manner; to make a solemn declaration (usually 
a written one) expressive of opposition ; to assever- 
ate, aver, attest, declare, profess. — v. t. To make a 
solemn declaration or affirmation of. [F. protester, 
L. protestari, f r. pro and testari, to testify, f r. testis, 
a witness.] — Pro'' test, n. A solemn declaration of 
opinion, commonly against some act; a declaration 
that one does not consent to an act; esp. a declara- 
tion in writing of dissent from the proceedings of a 
legislative body. (Law.) A declaration in writing, 
made by a notary public, on behalf of the holder ot 
a bill or note, that acceptance or payment has been 
refused. — Prot'estant, a. Makius a protest; pert, 
to the faith and practice of those who protest against 
the church of Rome. — n. One who, etc. [F.] — 
Prot'estantism, -izm, n. The Protestant religion. — 
Prot'esta'tion, n. Act of making a protest or pub- 
lic avowal ; a solemn declaration, esp. of dissent. 
[F.] — Protest' er, n. 

Prothonotary, Protocol, Protoplasm, etc. See under 
Proteid 

Protract, pro-trakt', v. t. To draw out or lengthen ir, 
time, continue; to put off to a distant time, prolong, 
delay, defer, retard. (Surv.) To lay down with 
scale and protractor. [L. protrahere, -tractum, fr, 
pro and trahere, to draw.] — Protract'er, n. One 
who, etc. — Protracfor. -er, n. 
One who, etc. ; a mathematical 
instrument for laving down and 
measuring angles on paper. 
(Surg.) An instrument used in 
extracting foreign or offensive 
matter from a wound. — Pro- 
trac'tion, n. Act of drawing out or continuing iii 
time. (Surv.) Act of plotting or laying down on 
paper the dimensions of anything, as a field. That 
which is protracted, or plotted on paper.— Protract''- 
ive, -iv, a. Prolonging; continuing; delaying. 




Protractor. 



cube, full ; moon, fo~6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



PROTRUDE 



454 



PROVOST 



Protrude, pro-trood', v. t. To thrust out, as through a 
narrow orifice or from confinement.— v. i. To shoot 
forward, be thrust forward. [L. protrudere, -tru- 
sum, fr. pro and trudere, to thrust.] — Protru'sion, 
-zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Protru^- 
sive, -siv, a. Thrusting or impelling forward. 

Protuberate, pro-tu^ber-at, v. i. To swell or be prom- 
inent beyond the adjacent surface; to bulge out. [L. 
protuberare, -atum, fr. pro and tuber, a hump, swell- 
ing: see Tuber.] — Protu'beralion, n. Act of, or 
condition of, etc. — Protu'berance, -ans, n. Any- 
thing swelled beyond the surrounding surface ; a 
projection. — Protu'berant, a. Swelling. 

Proud, Proudly. See under Pride. 

Prove, proov, v. t. [proved (proovd), proving.] To 
try or ascertain by an experiment, test, or standard; 
to evince, establish, or ascertain (truth, reality, or 
fact) by argument, testimony, etc. ; to ascertain 
the genuineness or validity of ; to argue, verify, 
justify, evince, manifest, demonstrate. — v. i. To 
make trial; to be found by experience or trial; to be 
ascertained by the event subsequent. [OF. prover, 
prouver, ~L.probare, to test, try, orig. to judge of the 

foodness of a thing, fr. probus, good, excellent.] — 
roVen, -n, p. p. Scotch form of proved, p. p._of 
prove- — Prov'able, a. — Prov'er, n. — Proof, proof, 
n. Any effort, process, or operation designed to es- 
tablish or discover a fact or truth ; test ; trial ; that 
degree of evidence which produces belief ; impene- 
trability of physical bodies ; firmness of mind ; sta- 
bility not to be shaken ; act of testing the strength 
of alcoholic spirits; the degree of strength. {Print.) 
A trial impression from a page or form of type, an 
engraved plate, etc., taken for correction.— a. Firm 
or successful in resisting; impenetrable, — much used 
in composition, as^waterproof, fireproof, etc. [ME. 
preef, F. preuve, Pg. and It. prova, LL. proba, a 
proof, fr. L. probare.] — Proofless, a. Wanting suf- 
ficient evidence to induce belief . — Proof -sheet, n. 
{Print.) A trial impression from type, an engraved 
plate, etc.— Probe, prob, n. {Surg.) An instrument 
for examining a wound, ulcer, cavity, etc. — v. t. 
[probed (probd), probing.] To examine (a wound, 
ulcer, etc.) by an instrument thrust into the part; to 
scrutinize: to examine thoroughly into. [L. proba, a 
proof .] — Pro'bate, -bat, n. (Law.) Official proof; 
esp., proof that an instrument purporting to be the 
last will and testament of one deceased, is his law- 
ful act; right or jurisdiction of proving wills, — a. 
Of, or belonging to, a probate or court of probate. 
[L. probatus, p. p. of probare. ] — Proba'tion, n. Any 
proceeding designed to ascertain truth, to determine 
character, qualification, etc. ; examination; trial. 
[F.] — Proba'tional, -tionary, -a-rT, a. Serving for 
trial.— Proba'tioner, n. One undergoing probation; 
a novice. — Pro'bative, -ba-tiv, a. Serving for trial 
or proof; probationary. — Proba'' tor, n. An exam- 
iner; approver. — Pro'batory, -ba-to-rT, a. Pert, to, 
or serving for, trial or proof. —Probity, prSb'i-tl, 
n. Tried virtue or integrity; approved moral excel- 
lence; rectitude; uprightness; sincerity. [F. probite", 



L. probitas, fr. probus, good, proper.] — Prob'able, 
bl, 

; rendering proba 

bare.] — Prob'ably, adv. In a probable manner; in 



-a-bl, a. Having more evidence for than against; 
likely; rendering probable; giving ground for belief , 
but not demonstrating. [P.; L. probabilis, fr. pro- 



likelihood ; likely. — Prob'abilist, -bil-ist, n. One of 
those who maintain that certainty is impossible, and 
that probability alone is to govern our faith and ac- 
tions; one who maintains that a man may do what 
is probably right, or is inculcated by teachers of au- 
thority, although it may not seem right to himself. 

— ProD'abilism, n. Doctrine of the probabilists. — 
Probability, -bifl-tl, n. Quality of being probable; 
anything that has the appearance of truth. {Math.) 
The ratio of the whole number of chances, favor- 
able and unfavorable, to the number of favorable 
chances. [F. probability, L. probabilitas.] 

Provencal. See under Province. 

Provender, prov'en-der, n. Dry food for beasts, as 
corn, hay, and oats; a mixture of meal and cut straw 
or hay. [ME. and F. provende, provender, also a 

firebend, L. preebenda, a payment, ir.prsebere, to af- 
ord, allow: see Prebend.] 
Proverb, prov'erb, n. An old and common saying; 
esp. a sentence briefly and forcibly expressing some 
practical truth; a striking or paradoxical assertion; 
an enigma; maxim; aphorism; apothegm; adage ; 
saw ; a by-word ; an expression of contempt. [F. 
proverbe, L. proverbium, fr. pro and verbum, a word.] 

— Prov'erbs, n. A book of the Old Test., containing 



maxims suitable for the conduct of all classes of men. 

— Proverbial, pro-verb' t-al, a. Mentioned or com- 
prised in a proverb; universally acknowledged or 
spoken of; pert, to, current as. resembling, or suit- 
able to, etc.— Proverblalism, -izm, n. A proverbial 
phrase. — Proverblalist, n. One who speaks prov- 
erbs. — Proverbially, adv. In a proverb; in a pro- 
verbial manner; commonly; universally. 

Provide, pro-vM', v. t. To look out for in advances to 
get, collect, or make ready for future use; to pre- 
pare; to furnish, supply. — v. i. To procure supplies 
or means of defense; to furnish, afford; to stipulate 
previously. [L. providere, -visum, fr. pro and videre, 
to see; s. rt. purvey, prudent.] — Provider, n. — Pro- 
vided, conj. On condition ; by stipulation ; with 
the understanding; if, — followed by that. — Provi- 
dence, n. Act of providing or preparing for future 
use or application; the foresight and care which Goo 
exercises over his creatures; hence, God, regarded as 
exercising forecast, care, and direction, for and op 
his creatures. [F. ; L. providential] — Provident, a 
Foreseeing wants and making provision to supply 
them; forecasting; cautious; prudent; economical- 
[L. providens, p. pr. of providere.]— Providenlial, 
-shal, a. Effected by the providence of God: refer- 
able to divine providence. — Providen'tially, adv. 
In a providential manner. — Providently, adv. I» 
a provident manner; with prudent foresight.— Pro- 
vision, -vizh'un, n. Act of providing or makinf 
previous preparation; that provided or prepared-' 
measures taken beforehand; a stock of food; eat 
ables collected or stored, — often in pi. ; a condition; 
previous agreement; proviso; a temporary arrange 
ment. — v. t. [provisioned (-vizh'und), -ioning.J 
To supply with victuals or food. [F.; L. provisio.\ 

— Provisional, -ionary, -a-ri, a. Provided for pres- 
ent need or for the occasion ; temporary. — Provis'- 
ionally, adv. By way of provision; temporarily. — 
Provrso, -vi'zo, v.; pi. -sos, -zoz. A conditional 
stipulation that affects an agreement, contract, law, 

frant, etc. [Fr. the L. law phrase proviso quod, it 
eing provided that.] — Provfsor, -zSr, n. The pur- 
veyor, steward, or treasurer of a religious house. — 
Provf sory, -zo-rl, a. Containing a proviso or con- 
dition; conditional; making temporary provision; 
temporary. 

Province, provlns, n. A country or region dependent 
on a distant authority; a division of an empire, or 
state, esp. one remote from the capital; a region of 
country; tract; large extent; a region under the 
direction of any special person; a division in any 
department of knowledge or speculation ; one's 
proper or appropriate business, duty, or calling. [F.; 
L. provincia, a territory, conquest.] — Provufcial, 
-shal, a. Pert, or relating to a province; appendant 
to the principal kingdom or state; exhibiting the 
ways or manners of a province; countrified; rude; 
uncouth; having local prejudices; illiberal,— opp. to 
cosmopolitan. — n. One "belonging to a province. 
{Rom. Cath. Ch.) A monastic superior, in charge 
of all the religious houses of the same fraternity in 
a given district.— Provincialism, -izm, n. A pecul 
iar word or manner of speaking in a province or dis- 
trict, remote from the metropolis. — Provin'ciallty, 
-shi-al'Y-tY, n. Peculiarity of language in a prov- 
ince. — Provencal', pro-voN-sal', a. Of or pert, to 
Provence (the first Roman province in Gaul), or to 
its inhabitants or language. — n. The Romance 
tongue used in the Middle Ages, esp. in poetry; the 
Langue d'oc, as disting. fr. the Langue a" 1 oil of 
Northern France, — oc and oil signifying yes in the 
two dialects. 

Provision, Proviso, etc. See under Provide. 

Provoke, pro-vok'', v. I. [-voked (-vokf), -vokIng.] 
To call forth, excite or stimulate to action; to arouse 
to anger or passion, incense, offend, irritate, incite. 
[F. provoquer, L. provocare, -catum, ft. pro and vo~ 
care, to call, f r. vox, voice.] — Prov'ocalion, n. Act 
of provoking; that which provokes or excites anger. 
[F.] — Provocative, pro-vo'ka-tiv, a. Serving or 
tending to provoke, excite, or stimulate. — n. Any- 
thing which, etc.; a stimulant. 

Provost, provlist, n. A person appointed to superin- 
tend or preside over something; chief magistrate of 
a city or town; head of a college. [OF.; L. prwposi* 
tus, a prefect, prop. p. p. of prseponere, to place be» 
f ore, f r. prae, before, and ponere, to place.] — Provost- 
marshal, usually pron. pro-vol {Mil.) An officer 
whose duty it is to attend to the arrest and punish- 
ment of offenders against military discipline.— Prov'- 
ostship, n. Office of a provost. 



Sim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, or ; 



PROW 



455 



PTERODACTYL 




Prow of Ancient Galley. 



Prow, prow, n. The fore 
part of a ship. [F. prone, 
L. and Gr. prora, Jr. Gr. 
proi, in front, ii.pro, q. 

v.] 

Prowess, prow'es, n. Dis- 
tinguished bravery; val- 
or; esp., military bra- 
very ; gallantry. [OF. 
prouesse, f r. prou, F, 
preux, valiant; perh. fr 
h.pro; s. rt. prude.'] 

Prowl, prowl, v. t 
[prowled (prowld) 
prowling.] To rove 
over, through, or about. 

— v. i. To rove or wan- 
der, esp. for prey ; to prey, plunder. [ME. prollen, 
to search about; prob. s. rt. prog.] — ProwKer, n. — 
ProwKingly, adv. 

Proximate, proks'T-mat, a. Next immediately preced- 
ing or following; closest; immediate; direct. [L. 
proximatus, p. p. of proximare, to draw near, fr. 
proximus, the nearest, next, superl. of prope, near; 
s. rt. propinquity.'] — Prox'imately, adv. — Proxim''- 
ity, -im'1-ti, n. State of being next in time, place, 
causation, or influence, etc. [F. proximity, L. prox- 
iniitas.] — Prox'imo, n. A day of the next month. 
[L., on the next.] 

Proxy, etc^ See under Procure. 

Prude, prood, n. A woman of affected or over-sensi- 
tive modesty or reserve. [F. prude, prudish, orig. 
discreet, modest, OF. prode, fern, of prod, prud : see 
Prowess.] — Prud'ery, -er-T, ■». Quality or state of 
being prudish ; affected scrupulousness ; coyness. 
[F. pruderie.] — Prud'ish, a. Like a prude; very for- 
mal, precise, or reserved. 

Prudent, proo'dent, a. Sagacious in adapting means 
to ends; practically wise; careful; dictated or di- 
rected by prudence; cautious; wary; circumspect; 
judicious; frugal; economical; provident. [F.; L. 
prudens, contr. of providens ; same as provident, q. 
v., under Provide.] — Pru'dence, -dens, n. State 
of being prudent; wisdom applied to practice. [F.] 

— Pruden'tial, -shal, a. Proceeding from, dictated 
or prescribed by, or exercising, prudence ; discre- 
tionary ; advisory. — Pruden'tially, adv. In con- 
formity with prudence ; prudently. — Pru'dently, 
adv. 

Prune, proon, v. t. [pruned (proond), pruning.] To 
lop or cut off (the superfluous branches of trees) ; to 
trim; to dress or trim, as a bird its feathers. — v.i. 
To dress, prink. [ME. proinen, perh. fr. OF. provig- 
ner, ProvF. preugner, progner, to plant a stock or 
slip, multiply, fr. OF. provain, It. propaggine, a 
vine-sucker, L. propago. a layer, sucker: see Propa- 
gate, also Preen.] — Prun / er, w. — Prunlng-hook, 
-knife, -shears, n. Implements used in pruning trees, 
etc. 

Prune, proon, n. A dried plum; sometimes, also, a 
fresh plum. [F.; L. prunum, Gr. proxmon, proumnon, 
a plum, prounos, proumnos, a plum-tree.] — PruneK- 
la. -nel'la, -nello, n. A smooth woolen stuff, gen- 
erally black, used for making shoes or garments; a 
kind of lasting. [Dim. of prune; F. prunelle. L. pru- 
nella, a sloe, — the stuff being named fr. its dark 
color.] — Prunelle, -neK, -nel'lo, n. A kind of small 
French plum, stoned, dried, and pressed. — Prunif - 
erous, -nif 'er-us, a. Bearing plums. [L. ferre, to 
bear.] 

Prurient, proo'rY-ent, a. Uneasy with desire; itching; 
inclined to lewd thoughts or sights [L. pruriens, p. 
pr. of pmrire, to itch, orig. to burn; s. rt. freeze, q. 
v.] — Pru'rience, -ency, -rT-en-sT, n. State of being 
prurient; an itching desire or appetite for anything. 

— Prurig'inous, -rij , 1-nus, a. Tending to, or caused 
or affected by, prurigo. — Pruri , go, -ri'go, n. {Med.) 
A papular disease of the skin, of which itching is the 
principal symptom. [L.^fr. prurire.] 

?russian, prush'an or proo'shan, a. Of, or pert, to, 
Prussia. [G. preuszisch.] — n. A native or inhabitant 
of Prussia. [G. Preusze.] — Prussian blue. (Chem.) 
Cyanide of potassium and iron, a salt of a deep blue, 
used as a pigment. — Prus'siate, -sl-at, n. (Chem.) 
One of various compound cyanides. — Prus'sic, a. 
Pert, to Prussian blue.— Prussia acid. An extremely 
powerful and instantly fatal liquid poison, composed 
of hydrogen and cyanogen : hydrocyanic acid : it 
smells and tastes like bitter almonds or peach stones. 

Pry, pri, v. i. [pried (prid), prying.] To inspect 
Closely; to attempt to discover that which is hidden 



or inaccessible. [ME. piren; same as peer.] — Pri'- 
er, n. 

Pry, pri, [pried (prid), prying.], Prize, Prise, v. L 
[prized or prised (prizd), prizing or prising.] To 
raise, or attempt to raise, with a lever. — n. A lever, 
[F. prise, a grip, hold, esp. in wrestling: see Prize, 
thing taken.] 

Psalm, siim, n. A sacred song; esp., one of the hymns 
by David and others, contained in the Bible; or, a 
modern versification of such a hymn. [L. psalmus, 
jisalma, Gr. jjsalmos, a touching, feeling, twitching 
(esp. of the strings of a harp;, hence sound of the 
harp, song; fr. psallein, to twitch, twang, touch; s. rt. 
Skr. sphar, to tremble, throb.] — Psalmist, n. A 
writer of sacred songs, — a title esp. applied to Da- 
vid. — PsaKmody, sal'mo-dl, n. A.ct, practice, or 
art of singing psalms; psalms considered collectively. 
[F. psalmodie, LateL. and Gr. psalmodia ; Gr. ode 
= E. ode, q. v.] — Psal'modist, n. One who, etc. — 
Psalmog'raphy, -mog'ra-fi, n. Act or practice of 
writingnymns, etc. [Gr. graphein, to write.]— PsaK- 
ter, sawKter, n. The Book of Psalms ; esp., the 
Book of Psalms as printed in the Book of CommoD 
Prayer. [OF. psaltier, L. psalterxum, a psalter, also 
a psaltery, q. v., following.] — Psal'tery, -ter-T, n. 
A stringed instrument of music used by the He- 
brews. [ME. sautrie, OF. psalterie, L. psalterium, Gr 
psalterion, a stringed instrument, psalter, a harpe: 
fr. psallein.] 

Pseudaesthesia, su-des-the'zhT-a, n. (Plv/siol.) Falsi 
or imaginary feeling or sense-perception, as in hypo- 
chondriasis, or in an organ that has been removed, 
as an amputated foot. [Gr. pisewJes, false (fr. pseu- 
dos, psuthos, a lie, orig. a whisper, fr. psuthizein, to 
whisper; s. rt. Gr. psuchein, to blow, Skr. phut, the 
onomat. sound of blowing), and aisthesis, sensation; 
s. rt. sssthetic.] — Pseu'do-dip'teral, a. (Arch.) Im- 
perfectly or 
falsely dipter- 
al.— n. A tem- 
ple, etc., in 
which the in- 
ner range of 
columns sur- 
rounding the 
cell is omitted. 
[See Dipter- 
al.]— Pseu'- 

donym, -nim, Pseudo-dipteral. 

n. A fictitious name assumed for the time, as b$ 
an author. [Gr. onoma, name, q. v.] — Pseudon'y- 
mous, -don'T-mus, a. Bearing a fictitious name.— 
Pseu'doscope, -do-skop, n. (Opt.) An instrument 
which exhibits objects with their proper relief re- 
versed. [Gr. skopein, to see.] 

Pshaw, shaw, interj. Pish ! pooh !— an exclamation ex- 
pressive of contempt, disdain, or dislike. [Onomat.] 

Psora, sola, n. (Med.) A cutaneous disease; esp., the 
itch. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. psoein, to rub.] 

Psychic, si'kik, -chical, a. Of, or pert, to, the human 
soul ; relating to the living principle in man. [Gr. 
psuchi/cos, pert, to the psuche, soul, life, orig. breath 
fr. psuchein, to blow: see Pseudaesthesia.] — Psy- 
choKogy, -kol'o-j Y, n. A treatise on the human soul; 
the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers 
and functions of the human soul, so far as they are 
known by consciousness. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — 
Psychologic, -ical, -loi'ik-al, a. Pert, to psychol- 
ogy.— Psychologist. -koKo-jist, n. One versed in 
the nature and properties of the soul, or who writes 
on the " subject. — Psy'choman'cy, -ko-man'sT, n 
Divination by consulting the souls of the dead. [Gr. 
manteia, divination.] 

Ptarmigan, tar'ml-gan, n. A bird of the grouse fam- 
ily, having the 
feet and toes 
feathered, and 
haunting lofty 
heights of 
mountainous 
countries in 
Europe, Asia, 
andAmer. [Ga. 
tarmachan, Ir. 
tarmochan ;i 
perh. s. rt. Ga. 
tarmaich, to 
originate, col- 
lect, dwell, be- 







o ooo o o o 


o 


:• - 


O O O 


oo o 1 




| 


■ oo 


ooo o o o o 





O 


O OO o 




_ '1 




get.] 



Ptarmigan. 



Pterodactyl, t5r-o-dak / 'til, n. (Paleon.) A fossil rep- 



sfin, cube, full ; moon, fciot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



^ 



PTOLEMAIC 



456 



PUISNE 




tile which had the little finger of the hand greatly 

elongated, to bear a membranous wing. [F. ptiro- 

dactyle, fr. Gr. pteron, a wing (s. rt. feather, q. v., 

pen, q. v.), and daktulos, finger, toe.] — Pteropb/- 

orus, te- 

rofo-rus, 

re. (E n- 

tom.) One 

of agenus 

of small 

lepidop- 

t er o u s 

insects 

whose 

wings 

are d i - 

ered rays. [Gr. pherein, to bear.] 

Ptolemaic, tol-e-ma'ik, a. Pert, to Ptolemy, an an- 
cient Greek geographer and astronomer who sup- 
posed the earth to be fixed in the center of the uni- 
verse, with the sun and stars revolving around it. 

Ptomaine, t5'ma-Tn, re. One of a class of animal 
bases or alkaloids formed in the putrefaction of 
albuminous matter, and closely related to the vege- 
table alkaloids ; a cadaveric poison. [Gr. ptoma, a 
dead bodv.] 

Ptyalism, tfa-lizm, n. (Med.) A morbid and copious 
excretion of saliva ; salivation. [Gr. ptualizein, to 
spit much, fr. ptualon, spittle.] 

Puberty, pu'ber-tl, re. The age at which persons are 
capable of begetting or bearing children, being, in 
temperate climates, about 14 years in males and 12 in 
females. [F. puberte", L. pubertas, fr. pvbes, the signs 
of manhood, hair; s. rt. pupus, a hoy, pupa, girl: see 
Pupa.] — Pubes'cent, -bes'sent, a. Arriving at pu- 
berty. (JBot.) Covered with pubescence, as the 
leaves of plants. [L. pubescens, p. pr. of pubescere, 
to reach the age of puberty, to grow hairy or mossy, 
fr. pvbes.] — Pubes'cence, -sens, re. State of a youth 
who has arrived at puberty; state of puberty. (Bot.) 
The soft downy substance on plants. 

Public, pub'lik, a. Pert, to the people ; relating to a 
nation, state, or community; open to the knowledge 
of all; current; general; notorious; open to common 
use. — re. The general body of mankind, or of a na- 
tion, state, or community; the people, indefinitely. 
[F., m.; publique, fem.; L-publicus, OL. poplicus, fr. 
populus, people, q. v.] — m public. In open view ; 
before the people at large. — Publicly, adv. With- 
out concealment ; in the name of the public — Pub- 
licity, -lis'I-tl, re. State of being, etc.; notoriety. 
[F. pubUciti.] — Pub'lican, -lT-kan, n. {Rom. Antiq.) 
A farmer of the taxes and public revenues; collector 
of tribute. The keeper of an inn or public house. 

&. publicanus, a farmer of the revenues, orig. pert, 
the public revenue.] — Pub'lish, v.t. [-lished 
(-lisht), -lishing.] To make public, divulge (a pri- 
vate transaction), promulgate or proclaim (a law or 
edict) ; to make known by posting, or by reading 
in a church; to put forth (a book, etc.); to utter or 
put into circulation. [F. publier, L. pvblicare, -ca- 
tum.] — Pub'lisher, n. One who, etc.; esp. one who 
prints and offers a book, newspaper, etc., for sale. — 
Publishment, re. Act of making publicly known; 
a public notice of intended marriage. — Pub / lica / '- 
tion, re. Act of making known, or of offering a 
writing to the public by sale or by gratuitous distri- 
bution; any pamphlet, book, etc., offered for sale or 
to public notice. [F. ; L. publication — Pub'licist, 
n. A writer on the laws of nature and nations. 

Puce, pus, a. Of a dark brown or brownish-purple 
color. [F., the color, also a flea, i. e. flea-colored, L. 
pulex, -icis, Gr. psulla, a flea ; s. rt. Skr. sphur, to 
move quickly.] — Pu'ceron, -se-ron, re. The aphis, 
vine-fretter, or plant-louse. [F., fr. puce.'] 

Puck, puk, re. A goblin or mischievous sprite; a cele- 
brated fairy. [ME. pouke, Ir. puca, W. pwca, bwg, 
a hobgoblin, Ic. puki, an imp; s. rt. bug, pug-] — 
Puck'-ball, re. A kind of mushroom, full of dust. 

Pucker, puk'Sr, v. t. [-ered (-Srd), -ering.] To 
gather into small folds or wrinkles; to corrugate.— 
re. A fold, wrinkle, or collection of folds; a state of 
perplexity ; confusion ; bother. [Fr. poke, a bag. 

Pudding, pud'drag, re. A kind of food soft or moder- 
ately hard, often a compound of flour, milk, and 
eggs, sweetened, or eaten with sauce; an intestine 
filled with meat; anything resembling pudding. [Ir. 
putog, Ga. putag, a pudding, W. poten, a paunch, 



pudding; s. rt. bag, pod, perh. pout, put, L. botulus, 
sausage, F. boudin, LG. puddewurst, a black pud- 
ding. J — Pud'ding-stone, re. (Min.) A coarse rock, 
composed of silicious or other pebbles, united by a 
cement; conglomerate. 

Puddle, pud'di, re. A small quantity of dirty stand- 
ing water ; a mixture of clay and sand, worked to- 
gether with water, until it is impervious to water. — 
v. t. [puddled (-did), -dling.] To make foul or 
muddy; to make thick or close with clay, sand, and 
water, so as to render impervious to water ; to sub- 
ject (iron) to the process of puddling, to convert it 
from the condition of cast iron to that of wrought 
iron. [ME. podel, for plodel, Ir. and Ga. plodan, 
W. pwdel, a small pool; s. rt. plod, flood, float, Skr. 
pluta, wet.] — Pud'dly, -dll, a. Consisting of, or 
like, puddles; muddy; foul; dirty. — Pud'dling, re. 
Act of, etc. (Metal.) Decarbonization of cast iron; 
process of converting cast iron into wrought or mal- 
leable iron. 

Pudicity, pu-dis'T-ti, re. Modesty; chastity. [L. pu~ 
dicitia, tr.pudere, to be ashamed.] 

Pueblo, poo-ab'lo, re. A village or town in the parts 
of Amer. settled by Spaniards. [Sp., fr. L. populus, 
people, q. v.] 

Puerile, pu'er-il, a. Boyish; trifling; childish. [OF. 
pueril, X. puerillis, f r. puer, a child, boy, lit. one be- 
gotten; s. rt. foal, Skr. pota, the young of any ani- 
mal, putra, a son.] — Pu'erifity, -I-tY, a. Quality 
of being puerile; childishness; that which is puer- 
ile ; esp. an expression which is flat, insipid, or 
childish. [F. pueriliU.] — Puer'peral, -er'per-al, a. 
Pert, to childbirth. [L. puerpera, a lying-in woman, 
f r. puer and parere, to bear.] 

Puff, puf, re. A sudden and single emission of breath 
from the mouth ; any sudden or short blast of wind; 
a whiff; anything light and filled with air, as, a 
dry, fungous ball containing dust ; or, a certain 
kind of light pastry; or, a substance of loose tex- 
ture for sprinkling powder on the hair or skin; an 
exaggerated expression of praise, esp. one in a pub- 
lic journal.— v. i. [puffed (puft), -fing.] To blow 
with short and sudden whiffs; to blow, as an ex- 
pression of scorn or contempt; to breathe quick 
and hard; to swell with air; to breathe in a swell- 
ing or pompous manner; to assume importance. — 
v. t. To drive with a puff; to drive away in scorn 
or contempt; to dilate with air, blow up; to inflate 
with pride, flattery, self -esteem, etc.; to praise with 
exaggeration. [G.; Vf.pwff, a puff, G. puff'en, Dan. 
puffe, to puff, pop; onomat.; s. rt. pooh, pop, Skr. 
trukk, to sound, bark, Lithuan. pukszti, to pant.] — 
Puff-ball, n. A ball-shaped fungus, which when 
ripe is full of dust-like spores. — Puffer, re. One who 
puffs; one who praises with noisy commendation; 
one who bids at an auction to raise the price in the 
interest of the seller. — Puff 'y, -Y, a. Swelled with 
air or any soft matter; inflated; bombastic. — Puff - 
iness, n. — Puffin, re. A marine diving bird, allied 
to the auk, and having a short, 
thick beak like the parrot's. 
[Perh. fr. the shape of the 
beak, perh. of its fat belly : F. 
puffin is f r. E.] 

Pug, pug, re. A monkey; a kind 
of small dog. [Same as puck, 
a. v.] — Pug'-mill, re. A mill 
for grinding or mixing clay, 
consisting of a shaft with pro- 
jecting knives, revolving verti- 
cally in a hollow cylinder con- 
taining the clay. — nose, re. A 
short, thick nose; snub-nose. 

Pugh, poo, inter j. Pshaw 1 pish ! 

a word used in contempt or Puffin, 

sdain. [Onomat.] 

Pugil, pu'jil, re. As much as is taken up between the 
thumb and first 2 fingers. [L. pugillus, -lum, dim. 
of pugnus, Gr. pugme = E. fist, f r. Gr. puknos, close, 
compact; perh. s. rt. pact; s. ft. impugn, repugnant, 
poniard.] — Pu'gilism, -izm, n. The practice of 
boxing or fighting with the fist. [L. pugil, a boxer; 
rt. JL. pugnus.] - 




Pu'gilist, re. A boxer ; prize- 
fighter. — Pugilisl'ic, a. Pert, to boxing or fighting 
with the fist. — Pugna'cious, pug-na'shus, a. Dis- 
posed to fight; quarrelsome. [L. pvgnax, -nacis, f r. 
pugnare, to fight, fr. pugna, a fight, fr. pugnus.] — 
Pugnac'ity, -nas'Y-tY, re. Inclination to fight; quar- 
relsomeness. [L. pugnacitas.] 
Puisne, pu'nY, a. (Law.) Younger or inferior in 
rank, as, & puisne justice. [OF.; same as puny, q. v.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



PUISSANT 



457 



PUNCHY 



whimper, whine. [F. piauler, L.pipilare, fr. pipire, 

■ irp.l 




Conical Pulleys. 



Puissant, Puissance, etc. See under Possess. 

Poke, puk, v. i. [puked (pukt), puking.] To eject 
the contents of the stomach, vomit. — v. t. To eject 
from the stomach, vomit, throw up. — n. A medi- 
cine which excites vomiting. [Prob. orig. spewk, 
same as speiv, q. v.; G. spucken, to spit.] 

Pulchritude, pul'krT-tud, n. That external appear- 
ance which pleases the eye ; comeliness ; grace ; 
loveliness; moral beauty. [L. pulchritudo, ±r. jnd- 
cher, beautiful.] 

Pule, pal, v. i. [puled (pQld), poling.] To cry like 
a chicken ; to cry, as a complaining child; to 

to peep, pip, chi 

Pull, pul, v. t. [pulled (puldl, pulling.] To draw 
or attempt to draw, toward one : to draw apart, 
tear; to gather by drawing toward one, drag, haul, 
pluck, rend; to move by pulling an oar. — v. t. To 
give a pull, tug. — n. Act of pulling or drawing 
with force ; a contest, struggle. [AS. pullian, LG. 
pulen, to pull; prob. 6. rt. Ga. spiol, to snatch, L. 
pellere, for spellere, to drive, Gr. pallet, for soallein, 
to brandish, Skr. sphar, sphur (see Puce), to move 
quicklv, OD. pullen, to drink, E. pulsate, q. v.] — 
To putt, apart. To separate or break by pulling; to 
become separated by Deing pulled. — To p. up. To 
draw the reins, stop, halt. — Pull-tack, n. That 
which keeps back, or restrains from proceeding; a 
draw back. — Pull'er, n. 

Pullet. See under Poult. 

Pulley, puKll, n. ; pi. -leys, -liz. (Mach.) A wheel 
for transmitting power from, or imparting it to, the 
different parts of machinery, or for changing the 
direction of motion, or lifting a weight or gaining 
a mechanical advantage or pur- 
chase by means of a belt, cord, or 
rope : see Mechanical Powers. 
[F.poulie, perh. fr. LG. pulen = E. 
to pull, q. v.] — Cone pulley. A 
conical pulley ; a pulley having 2 
or more faces of different diam- 
eters, placed side by side, to any 
one of which the belt ma3 r be 
shifted, to vary the velocity.— Con- 
ical p. One of a pair of pulleys, 
each in the shape of a truncated 
cone, for varying velocities. — Fast p. One firmly 
attached upon a shaft and revolving with it. — Loose 
p. One loose upon a shaft so as to revolve without 
transmitting motion. 

Pullicat, pul'll-kat, -cate, -kat, n. A kind of silk 
handkerchief. 

Pulmonary, puKmo-na-rt, a. Pert, to, or affecting 
the lungs. [L. puhnonarius, fr. pulmo, -monis, a 
lung; s. rt. Gr. pleumon, pneuinon, a lung: see Pneu- 
monia, under Pneumatic.] — Pulmonic, a. Pert, 
to, or affecting, the lungs. — n. A medicine for dis- 
eases of the lungs; one who has a lung complaint. 

Pulp, pulp, n. A soft, moist, slightly cohering mass 
of animal or vegetable matter; as, marrow; or, the 
soft, succulent part of fruit ; or, the material of 
which paper is made, etc. [F. pidpe, L. pulpa; 
prob. s. rt. L. palpare, to feel : see Palp.] — Pulp / '- 
OU8, -us, a. Consisting of pulp, or resembling it. — 
Pulp'ousness, n. — Pulp'y, -I, a. Like pulp; soft; 
flesh}*; succulent. 

Pulpit," puKpit, n. A place in a church, in which the 
)>re:i cher stands; preaching; a sort of movable desk 
formerly in use. [OF. pidpite, L. pulpitum, a scaf- 
fold, platform, stage for actors.] 

Pulque. puKka, n. A drink slightly intoxicating, ex- 
tracted fr. the maguey, or Agave of Mexico. [Sp.] 

Pulsate, puKsat, v. i. To beat or throb; to beat, as 
the heart. [L. pulsare. -satum, to beat, strike, fr. 
pellere, to beat, strike, drive; prob. s. rt. pull, q. v.; 
s. rt. appeal, peal, compel, expel, impulse, pelt, 
psalm, poplar, baV, etc.] — Pulsatile, -sa-til, a. Ca- 
pable of being struck or beaten. — Pulsa'tion, n. 
Act of beating or throbbing, as of the heart: a beat 
or throb; a beat or stroke by which some medium is 
affjeted. [F.; L. pulsatio.] — PuKsative, -tiv, -tory, 
-to-rY, a. Capable of pulsating; throbbing. — Pulse, 
puis, n. The beating or throbbing of the heart or 
blood-vessels, esp. of the arteries; any measured or 
regular beat: oscillation; vibration; pulsation.— v. i. 
'lo beat, as the arteries; to pulsate. [L. pulsus, prop, 
p. p. of pellere.] 

Pulse, puis, n. Leguminous plants, or their seeds, as 
beans, peas, etc. [ME. and L. puis, Gr.poltos, por- 
ridge; s. rt. poultice.] 

KvSr-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izixg.] To 



Pulverize, pul'vSr-iz, 



reduce to fine powder, as by beating, grinding, etc. 
— v. i. To turn to powder, fall to dust. [F. pulver- 
izer, LateL. pulverizare, L. pulverare, fr. pulvis, 
-veris, dust ; prob. s. rt. L. pellere, to drive : se« 
Pulsate.] — Pul'verable, a. Capable of being pul- 
verized. — Pul'veriza'tion, n. Act of reducing to 
dust or powder. - Pulver'ulence, -ver / 'o6-lens, n. 
State of heing pulverulent; dustiness. — Pulver'a- 
lent, a. Consisting of fine powder; powdery; dusty. 
[L. pulverulentus, fr. pulvis.] 

Puma, pu'mi, n. A large carnivorous feline mammal 
of S. Amer.; the Amer. lion. [Peruvian name.] 

Pumice, puni'is, n. A light, hard, porous substance of 
various colors, frequently ejected from volcanoes. 
[AS. pumicstan, pumice stone, fr. L. pumex, -icis, for 
spumex, fr. spuma, foam: see Spume; s. rt. jiounce, 
powder.] — Puttd'ceous, -mish/us, a. Pert, to, con- 
sisting of, or like pumice. 

Pummace. Same as Pomace. 

Pummel. Same as Pommel. 

Pump, pump, n. A machine for raisin? or transferring 
water or other fluids.— v. t. [pumped 
(pumpt), pumping.] To raise (water, 
etc.) with a pump; to draw out by 
artful interrogatories; to examine by 
artful questions for the purpose of 
eliciting secrets from. — v. i. To 
work a pump, raise water with a 
pump. [F. pompe, G. pumpe, plumpe, 
pump, ProvG. plumpen, to pump, 




also to plump, fall clumsily : see 
Plump.] — Pump-' -brake, ». The arm 
or handle of a pump. — Pump'' er, n. 

Pump, pump, n. A low, thin-soled shoe. 
[F. pompe, pomp, ostentation,— from 
being worn with full dress.] 

Pumpion, pump'yun, Pump , kin, n. A 
running cucurbitaceous plant; itsed- ac' c^Mnier oi 
ible fruit, used, when ripe, for cook- barrel ; P, pia- 
ing and for feeding cattle. [F. pom- ton ; R, piston 
von, fr. L. pepo, -ponis, Gr. pepon, a rod; v, t>, valves; 
kind of melon not eatable till ripe, fr. AB > P>P e > c t 
pepon, ripe, mellow, cooked by the mouth of pump, 
sun, ix.peptein, to cook; s. rt. pepsin, pip, a seed.] 

Pun, pun, n. A play on words which have the same 
soand, but different meanings; a kind of quibble or 
equivocation. — v. i. [punned (pund), punning.] 
To play on words; to use the same word at once in 
different senses; to quibble. [Same as pound (q. v.), 
to bruise, — i. e. to beat words into strange senses.] 

— Pun'ster, n. One addicted to punning. 

Punch, punch, n. A drink composed of some alcoholic 
liquor, mixed with sug_ar, lemon-juice, and water or 
milk. [Hind, panch, Skr. panchan. .5, because this 
drink was orig. composed of 5 ingredients, viz., sug- 
ar, arrack, tea, water, and lemon-juice.] — Punch'- 
bowl, n. A bowl to hold punch. 

Punch, punch, n. The buffoon or harlequin of a pup- 
pet-show. [Abbr. of Punchinello, corrupt, of It. Pul- 
cinello, a droll character in Neapolitan comedy, dim. 
of pulcino, a young chicken, also a puppet, f r. LL. 
pidla, a hen, pullet, q. v., under Poult ; confused 
with ProvE. punch, short, fat = bunch.] 

Punch, punch, n. A tool, used for stamping, cutting, 
or perforatingme- 
tallic plates a n d I 
other substances. 

— v. t. [punched 
(puncht), punch- 
ing.] To perfo- 
rate with an in- 
strument. [Abbr. 
of ME. punchon, 

OF. poinson, an Punches, 

awl, punch, fr. L. punctio, a pricking, puncture, q. 
v., under Point ; ME. 
punchen, to prick.] — 
Punch'eon, -un, n. A 
tool or instrument for 
piercing, stamping, etc., 
used by various artifi- 
cers. (Car)}-) A short, 
upright piece of timber in framing ; a stud. 

Punch, punch, v. t. To beat, bruise, thrust against 
poke. — n. A blow or thrust. [Abbr. of punish.] 

Puncheon, punch-'un, n. A cask containing, some- 
times 84, sometimes 120, gallons. [OF. poinsor., 
poncon, perh. fr. being marked with a stamp or seal- 
see Punch, a tool.j 

Punchy, punch / 'T, a. Short and thick, or fat. [ProvE.. 
pot-bellied, prob. same as bunchy.] 





Punch Pliers. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. t-hen, boif box, chair, get. 



PUNCTUATE 



458 



PURPLE 



Punctuate, Punctilio, Puncture, Pungent, etc. See 
under Point. 

Pundit, pun'dit, n. A learned Brahman. [Skr. pandita, 
learned, also a wise msm, pand, to heap together.] 

Pung, pung, n. A kind of rude one-horse sleigh. 

Punic, pu'nik, a. Pert, to, like, or appropriate to, the 
Carthaginians : faithless; treacherous. [L. Punicus, 
fr. Poeni, the Carthaginians.] 

Puni3h, punish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To 
afflict with pain, loss, or calamity for a crime or 
fault, or with a view to amendment; to reward with 
pain inflicted on the offender; to chastise, castigate, 
correct, discipline; to pound or pommel. J_ME. pu- 
nischen, F. punir (p. pr. punissant), "L.punvre, -itum, 
OL. poenire, to punish, fr. L. poena = E.pain, q. v. ; 
s. rt. penance, penitence, punch, to beat, impunity.] — 
Punishable, a. Liable to punishment ; capable of 
being punished by law or right; worthy of punish- 
ment. — Pur/isher, n. — Punishment, n. Act of 
punishing; penalty inflicted on a person because of a 
crime or off ense. — Pu'nitivej -nt-tiv, a. Pert, to, 
involving, awarding, or inflicting, punishment. 

Punk, punk, n. A species of fungus, or some decayed 
wood, used as tinder; a prostitute ; strumpet. [For 
spunk, q. v.] 

Punka, -kah, pun'ka, n. A large fan, consisting of 
cloth spread over a frame, and suspended from the 
ceiling. [Hind, pankha, a fan, wing, feather, Skr. 
paksha, a wing.] 

Punster. See under Pun. 

Punt, punt, n. A flat-bottomed boat, used in calking 
ships, alsoj for fishing and shooting in shallow 
waters. [AS.; L.ponto: see Pontoon.] 

Punt, punt, v. t. To play at basset, faro, or omber. 
[F. ponter, fr. ponte, a punter, punt, Sp. punto, a 
pip on cards, a point, L. punctum, a point, q. v.] — 
Punfer, n. One who plays against the banker or 
dealer at faro, etc. 

Puny, pu'nT, a. [-nier ; -niest.] Small and feeble ; 
inferior; petty. [OF. puisne', puny, younger, fr. L. 
post natus, born after: see Puisne.] — Pu'nlness, n. 

Pupa, pu'pa, n. ; pi. -vje, -pe. (Entom.) An insect in 
the intermediate state be- 
tween caterpillarand imago ; 
chrysalis. [L.] — Pup'py, 
pup'pi, n. A young dog ; 
whelp; a person contempt- 
ible from insignificance and 
conceit. [F. poupe'e, a baby, 
puppet, f r. L. pupa, a young 
girl, doll, hence an undevel- 
oped insect, fern, oipupus, a 
boy: see Puerile; in the 
sense of dandy, etc., fr. OF. 
poupin, trim, foppish, fr. L. 
pupus.]— Pup'pyisnv-iznLra. 
Extreme meanness, affecta- 
tion, or conceit. — Pup, n. A puppy ; a young seal. 

— v. i. To bring forth whelps. [Abbr. of puppy.] 

— Pu'pil, n. (Anat.) The small opening in the iris 
through which the rays of light pass to the retina : 
see Eye. A youth or scholar of either sex under 
the care of an instructor. [F. pupille, L. pupilla, 
pupil of the eve, fern, of pupillus; OF. pupile, a pupil, 
ward, L. pupillus, a ward, orig. orphan hoy, dim. of 
pupus : the pupil of the eye prob. so called f r. the 
small images seen in it.] — Pu'pilage, -ej, n. State 
of being a pupil. — Pu'pillary, -la-ri, a. Pert, to 
a pupil or ward. (Anat.) Of, or pert, to, the pupil 
of the eye. — Pup'pet, n. A doll ; a similar figure 
moved by a wire in a mock drama ; one managed 
by the will of another. — Pup'pet-show, n. A mock 
drama performed by puppets moved by wires.— 
-valve, n. (Mech.) A disk like a pot-lid, attached 
to a stem, and used 
in steam-engines, 
etc., to cover and 
uncover an opening, 
for the passage of 
steam, etc. 

Pur, Purr, pSr, v. i. 
[pureed (perd), 
purring.] To utter 
a low, murmuring, 
continued sound, as 
a cat. — v. t. T^ sig- 
nify or exprett by 
Furring. — n. The 
o w , murmuring, 
continued sound of 
a cat ; a kind of 




Pupa and Caterpillar of 
""eaoook Butterfly. 



growl, expressive of contentment or pleasure. 
[Onomat.; of. Ic. byrr, wind, K.pui'l.] 

Purblind, per'bllnd, a. Near-sighted or dim-sighted; 
seeing obscurely. [Orig., wholly blind =2mre blind.] 
— Pur'blindness, n. 

Purchase, per'ches, v. t. [-chased (-chest); -chas- 
ing.] To obtain by paying money or its equivalent; 
to buy; to obtain by any outlay. — n. Acquisition 



of title to, or property in, anything for an equiva- 

jht; pr _ 
tion ; any mechanical hold, advantage, power, or 



lent; a thing bought; property; possession; acquisi- 




Puppet-valve 



force applied to the raising or removing of heavy 
bodies. [OF. purchaser, to acquire, fr. pur- (= F. 
pour, L. pro), for, and chasser, to chase.] —Purchase 
money. The amount paid for property or anything 
bought.— Pur'chaser, n. — Pur'chasable, a. Capa- 
ble of being, etc. ; venal ; corrupt. 

Pure, pur, a. Separate from all extraneous matter or 
defilement ; free from mixture ; free from that 
which contaminates, defiles, or blemishes; uncon- 
nected with anything else ; mere; absolute; clear; 
simple; real ; genuine ; unadulterated; unstained; 
clean; fair; chaste; undefiled ; innocent; guileless; 
holy. [ME. and F. pur, fern, pure, L. purus ; s. rt. 
Skr. pu, to purify, E. fire, pit, bureau, compute, re- 
pute, amputate, deputy, count, etc.] — Purely, adv. 
In a pure manner; innocently; without connection 
with, or dependence upon, anything else; merely; 
absolutely.— Pure'ness, n.— Pulity, -ri-ti, n. Con- 
dition of being pure; as, freedom from foreign ad- 
mixture or heterogeneous matter; or, from foulness 
or dirt; or, from guilt or the defilement of sin; or, 
from any sinister or improper views; or, from for- 
eign idioms, barbarous or improper words, phrases, 
etc. [F. purete", L. puritas.] — Purism, -izm, n. 
Quality of being pure or nice, esp. in the choice of 
language. — Purist, n. One who aims at excessive 
purity or nicety, esp. in language. — PuHtan, -ri- 
tan, n. (Eng. Church.) A dissenter from the Ch. 
of Eug. in the time of Queen Elizabeth and the 
Stuarts. One scrupulous and strict in his religious 
life. — a. Pert, to, resembling, or characterizing the 
Puritans. — Puritanic, -ical, a. Pert, to the Puri- 
tans, or their doctrines and practice; precise inob- 
servance of religious requirements; over scrupulous; 
rigid. — Puritanically, adv. — Pu'ritanism, n. The 
notions or practice of Puritans. — Purge, p§rj, v. t. 
[purged (perjd), purging.] To cleanse, clear, or 
purify by separating and carrying off whatever is 
impure, foreign, or superfluous; to operate on as, 
or by means of, a cathartic medicine; to clear from 
guilt or moral defilement. (Law.) To clear from 
accusation or the charge of a crime, as in ordeal. — 
v.i. To become pure, as by clarification ; to have 
frequent or preternatural evacuations from the in- 
testines. — n. Act of purging; that which purges; 
esp. a medicine that evacuates the intestines ; a ca- 
thartic. [F. purger, L. purgare, -atum, for purigare, 
fr. purus and agere, to make, cause; s. rt. expur- 
gate.] — Pur'ger, n. — Purga'tion, n. Act of pur- 
ging, cleansing, or purifying ; often, the act of 
cleansing from the imputation of guilt. [F.] — 
Pur'gative, -tiv, a. Having the power of purging; 
cathartic. — n. (Med.) A medicine that evacuates 
the intestines; a cathartic. — Pur'gatory, -to-ri, a. 
Tending to cleanse ; expiatory. — n. (Bom. Cath. 
Ch.) A place, or a state believed to exist after 
death, in which the souls of persons are purified, 
or in which they expiate such offenses committed 
in this life as do not merit eternal damnation. [F. 
purgatoire, f r. L. purgatorius, cleansing.] — Purga- 
toiial, -to'rt-al, -rian, a. Pert, to purgatory. — 
Pu'rify, pu'rt-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To 
make pure or clear from defilement, admixture, or 
imperfection; to free from guilt, from ceremonial 
or legal defilement, or from improprieties or bar- 
barisms.— v. i. To grow or become pure or clear. 
[F. purifier, L. purificare, fr. purus and facere, to 
make.] — Pu'rificalion, n. Act of purifying ; act 
or operation of cleansing or of removing foreign 
substances, or of cleansing ceremonially; a cleans- 
ing from guilt or the pollution of sin. — Purifica- 
tory, -riff-ka-to-ri, a. Serving or tending to pu- 
rify. — Pulifi'er, n. 

Purfle, perU, v. t. [-fled (-fld), -fling.] Orig., to 
embroider. (Arch.) To decorate richly, esp. with 
imitation of drapery, lace work, etc., carved in 
stone, wood, etc. [OF. por filer, fr. por (=L. pro : 
see Purchase), from, and filer, to twist threads, fr. 
fil, L. filum, thread.] — Purl, n. An embroidered 
and puckered border; a hem or fringe; an inversion 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn. ice ; 3dd, t5ne, 8r; 



PURL 



459 



PUT 



of stitches in knitting. — v. t. To decorate with 
fringe, embroidering, etc. [Corrupt, fr. purfie.] 

Purl, perl, n. A gentle murmur, as of a brook; a cir- 
cle made by the motion of a fluid, —v. i. [purled 
(perld), purling.] To make a murmuring sound, 
like running water ; to run swiftly round, as a 
small stream flowing anions stones; to eddy. [Ono- 
mat. : see Purr ; Sw. porta, to purl, bubble as a 
stream, Ir. and Ga. bururus, a gurgling.] 

Purl, perl, n. Malt liquor medicated or spiced. — v. i. 
To mantle, as in a glass. [Prob. for pearl (q. v.), 
F. perle, pearl, also bubble, — whence a drink with 
bubbles on the surface, G. perlen, to rise in bub- 
bles.] 

Purlieu, pSrlu, n. The outer portion of anyplace; 
environs. [OF. pur alee L. perambulatio ; fr. OF. 
par (=L. pro) and alee, a going : see Alley ; con- 
fused with F. lieu, a place.] 

Purlin, -line, perlin, n. (Arch.) A piece of timber 
extending from end to end of a building or roof, 
across and under the rafters, to support them in 
the middle. [F. pour (OF. pur) and hone, aline.] 

Purloin, pSr-loin'. v, t. [-loined (-loindO.-LOiNiNG.] 
To steal, filch, pilfer, plagiarize. [ME. purlongen, 
to put away, hence remove, OF. purloignier, L. pro- 
longare, to prolong, q. v.] — Purloin^er, n. 

Purple, peT'Dl, a. Of, or exhibiting, a color composed 
of red and blue; imperial; regal, — the color hav- 
ing been a distinguishing token of imperial author- 
ity. — n. A purple color; a royal robe; imperial state 
or power, pi. (Med.) Spots of a livid color on the 
skin. — v. t. [purpled (-pld), -pling.] To make 
s.It. 



. porpora. 



purple, dye of a deep red. [OF. porarc. 
L. purpura, purple dye, the purple-fish, ~Gr. por- 
pkura, the purple-fish, whence po>~phureos, purple; 
8. rt. porphyry.] 

Purport, pgr'port, n. Design or tendency; meaning; 
import. — v. t. To intend, mean, signify. [OF., pur- 
port, purporter, to mean, fr. pur and porter, L. por- 
tare, to carry.] 

Purpose, etc. See under Propose. 

Purpuro, per'pur, n. (Her.) Purple, represented in 
engraving by diagonal lines from right to left of 
the escutcheon. [AS. purpur, fr. L. purpura, pur- 
ple^, v.] 

Purr, See Pur. 

Purse, pSrs, n. A small bag, to carry money in; a 
treasury; a sum of money offered as a prize, or 
collected as a present. —v. t. [pursed (perst), 
pursing.] To put in a purse; to contract into folds 
or wrinkles, like the mouth of a purse. [ME. jnirs, 
burs, OF. horse (F. bourse), LL. bursa, a purse, Gr. 
burse, a skin : see Bourse, Burse.] — Purse'-net, 
n. A net, the mouth of which may be closed or 
drawn together like a purse. — proud, a. Proud of 
wealth; elated with riches. — Purs'er, n. (Naut.) 
A commissioned officer in charge of the provisions, 
clothing, etc., and of the public moneys on ship- 
board. [Same as bursar.] 

Purslane, -lain, pers'lan, n. An annual plant, with 
fleshy, succulent leaves, used as a pot-herb, for 
salads, etc. [F. porcelaine, It. porcellana, L. por- 
cilaca, portxdaca.] 

Pursue, per-su', r. t. [-sued (-sud'). -suing.] To fol- 
low with a view tc overtake; to use measures to ob- 
tain; to proceed along, with a view to some end or 
object; to prosecute, be engaged in, continue; to fol- 
low as an example, imitate. — v. i. To go on, pro- 
ceed, esp. in argument or discourse. (Law.) To 
follow a matter judicially, as a complaining party. 
[OF. porsuir, F. poursuivre, fr.L. prosequi, to follow, 
prosecute, q. v.] — PurBU'able, a. Capable of being, 
or fit to be, pursued. — Pursuance, n. Act of pur- 
suing or prosecuting; state of being pursuant; con- 
sequence. — Pursu'ant, a. Done in consequence or 
prosecution of anything; agreeable; conformable; 
according. — Pursu'er, n. — Pursuit', -suf, n. Act 
of following with haste, euher for sport or in hostil- 
ity; endeavor to attain to or gain; course of business 
or occupation. — Pur'suivant, -swY-vant, n. A state 
messenger; an attendant on the heralds. [F.pour- 
suivant d'armes, a herald extraordinary.] 

Pursy, pers'Y, a. Inflated; swelled; fat, short, and 
thick; short-breathed. [OF. pourcif, poulsif, fr. poul- 
ser, L. pulsare, to push, q. v. : see Pulsate. 1 — Purs / '- 
iness, n. 
Purulent. See under Pus. 

Purvey, per-va', v. t. [-veyed (-vad'), -veying.] To 
furnish or provide (with provisions, etc.); to pro- 
cure, get. — v. i. To purchase or procure provis- 
ions, provide, cater. [Same as provide, q. v.; OF. 



porvoir.] — Purvey' ance, -ans, n. Act or process of, 

etc.: procurement; that provided; provisions; food, 

— Purvey'or, -er, n. —Pur 'view, per'vu, n. (Law.) 
The body of a statute. The limit or scope of a stat- 
ute; sphere of authority ; scope; extent. [NormF. 
purveu, F.pourvu, p. p. of jjpurvoir.] 

Pus, pus, n. (Med.) The yellowish-white matter pro- 
duced by the process of suppuration. [L. pus, pan's. 
Gr. puou, Skr. puya, pus, fr. puij, L. putere, to stink.] 

— Pu'rulent, -roci-lent, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, 
pus or matter; stinking. [F.; L. purulentus, full of 
matter.]— Putrid, a. Tending to dissolution or de- 
cay; decomposed; rotten; indicating or proceeding 
from a decayed state of animal or vegetable matter. 
[F. 2'Utride, L. putridus, fr. putrere, to be rotten, 
puter, putris, rotten, fr. putere to stink.] —Putrid 
fever. (Pathol.) A form of malignant typhus fever, 

— fr. the decomposing and offensive state of the dis- 
charges and diseased texture of the body. — P. sore 
throat. A gangrenous inflammation of the fauces 
and pharynx. — Putridity, -T-tY, Pu'tridness, n. 
State of being putrid ; corruption ; putrefaction. — 
Putred'inous, -Y-nus, a. Proceeding from, or par- 
taking of, putrefaction; stinking.— Putrefac'tion, n. 
Act or process of putrefying; condition of being pu- 
trefied; that which is putrefied.— Putrefac'tive, -tiv, 
a. Pert, to putrefaction; tending to promote putre- 
faction ; causing putrefaction. — Pu'trefy, -tre-fi, v. 
t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To render putrid, cause 
to rot; to corrupt or foul; to make morbid, carious, 
or gangrenous. — v. i. To become putrid, decay of- 
fensively, rot. [L. putrefacere ; facere, to make.] — 
PutreB'cence, -sens, n. State of being putrescent. t- 
Putrescent, a. Becoming putrid ; pert, to the pro- 
cess of putrefaction. [L. putrescens, p. pr. of putres- 
cere, incept, of putrere, to be rotten.] — Putres'ci- 
ble, -sT-bl, a. Liable to become putrid. — Pyae'mia, 
pi-e'mt-a, n. (Med.) Blood poisoning, — a danger- 
ous disease apt t i occur after injuries and wounds, 
caused by the mingling of the poisonous matter of 
pus, etc., with the blood. [Gr. puon, pus, and hairha, 
blood.]— Pyae'mie, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Push, push, v. t. [pushed (pusht), pushing.] To 
press against with force, impel" by pressure ; to urge 
forward, drive; to embarrass by arguments, impor- 
tune. — v.i. To make a thrust; to make an effort, 
advance, or attack; to burst out, as a bud or shoot. 

— n. A thrust with the end of a thing; any pressure, 
impulse, or force applied; an assault or attack; cir- 
cumstances which press one; emergency; exigency; 
a little swelling or pustule. [OF. potisser, 2)ou/ser, to 
push, L. pulsare, to beat, thrust, freq. of pellere, to 
drive; s. rt. pulsate.] — Push'er, n. 

Pushtoo, pusb/too, n. The Aftghan group of lan- 
guages. 

Pusillanimous, pu-sil-lan'T-mus, a. Destitute of man- 
ly strength and firmness of mind; evincing want of 
courage: cowardly; dastardly; timid; weak; feeble. 
[L. pusillanimis, tr.pusillus, very little (dim. of nu- 
sus, dim. of puer, a boy), and animus, the mind.] — 
Pusillan /r imously, adv. — Pusillanimity, -nim'I-tr, 
n. Quality of being, etc.; cowardice; fear. [F.jj«- 
sillanimite, L. pusittanimitas.] 

Puss, pus, n. A cat; a hare. [Prob. onomat., fr. the 
sound of a cat's spitting; D. poes, 'LG-puus, puus- 
katte, Sw. dial., Ir., and Ga. pus, Tamil pusei, Aft- 
ghan pusha, a cat, Lithuan. puz, the call for a cat.] 
— Puss'y, -X, n. A puss,— a fondling name for a cat. 

— Pus'sy-wil'low, n. A variety of willow bearing 
large catkins, Which are clothed with long glossy 
hairs; swamp willow; glaucous willow. 

Pustule, pust'ul, n. (Med.) An elevation of the cu- 
ticle, with an inflamed base, containing pus. [F.; 
L. pustula, fr. pusula, a blister, pimple; s. rt. Lith- 



uan. pusle, Gr. phuske, a bladder, pimple, phusan, 
psuchein, to blow, Skr. phvffusa, the lungs; not s. rt. 
pus.]— Pust'ulous. -u-lus, a. Full of, or covered 
with, pustules. — Pust'ulate, v. t. To form into 
pustules, or blister*. [L. p>ustulare, -latum, fr. pus- 
tule." 
Put, put, v. t. [put, putting.] To move m any direc- 
tion,' thrust, push ; to place, lay, set ; to cast or 
throw, as a heavy stone ; to cause to be or exist in 
a specified relation, bring to a mental or moral con- 
■ dition, or to the possession of an attribute or qual- 
ity, or into a specided state ; to place before for 
judgment, acceptance, or rejection ; to bring to the 
attention of . esp., to state in language, express : 
to incite, urge. — v. i. To go or move; to steer, di- 
rect. — n. An action of distress. (Stock Exchange.) 
Privilege to deliver shares of stock, at a certain price 



Bun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. 



PUT 



460 




Putlog. 

a, Putlog ; 6, 6, 6, Putlog holes ; 

c, Ledger. 



within a certain time agreed upon; money paid for 
this privilege. [M.Ejputten, paten (imp. putte, p. p. 
put, iput); Ga. put, W.pwtio, to pusn; prob. same as 
Ga. pitc, to push, Ic. poc, a blow, kick; s. rt. potter, 
to fuss, and pother, q. v.; perh. s. rt. F. bouter, to 
thrust, E. buttock, button, abut.] — Put-and-call. 
(Stock Exchange.) Authority to buy and sell stocks 
at a certain price. — To put to it. To distress, press 
hard, perplex, give difficulty to.— To be p. to it. To 
have difficulty. — Top. about. (Naut.) To change 
direction, tack. — Top. forth. To shoot, bud, or ger- 
minate. —Top. up. To take lodgings, lodge. —Top. 
up with. To overlook or 
suffer without recom- 
pense, punishment, or 
resentment; to take 
without opposition or 
expressed dissatisfac- 
tion. — Put 'log, n. 
(Arch.) A short piece 
of timber, on which the 

§ lank s forming the 
oor of a scaffold are 
laid. — Put'-off, n. A 
shiftfordelay; evasion. 

Put, put, n. A rustic ; 
clown. [L. putus, a boy : see Pusillanimous.] 

Putative, pu'ta-tiv, a. Commonly thought; supposed; 
reputed. [F. putatif, L. putatious, fr. putare, -tatum, 
to reckon, suppose.] 

Putrefy, Putrid, etc. See under Pus. 

Putter, pufter, v.i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
act inefficiently or idly* trifle, potter. [Same as pot- 
ter, q. v., under Pother, and see Put, v. t.] 

Puttock, puftok, n. A species of kite; sometimes, the 
common buzzard. [Prob. contr. fr. poot-hawk ; 
ProvE. poot = E. pullet, q. v., under Poult.] 

Putty, puftT, n. A kind of thick paste or cement of 
whiting and linseed oil, used by glaziers, etc. — v. t. 
[puttied (-tid), -tying.] To cement or fill up with 
putty. [OF. pot6e, prob. fr. It. spotiglia, a paste of 
emery powder mixed with oil or water, for polishing 
metals, potiglia, pap, poultice, mud, slime, fr. L. 
puis, pultis, pap, porridge.] 

Puzzle, puz'zl, v. t. [-zled (-zld), -zling.] To in- 
volve in perplexity, put to a stand, nonplus; to make 
intricate. — v. i. To be bewildered; to be awkward. 
— n. Something, esp. a toy, which perplexes; state 
or condition of being puzzled; perplexity. [Perh. 
for puddle, — i.e., to make muddy or obscure (cf. 
muddle) ; perh. ME. opposaile, a question for solu- 
tion: see Pose.] — Puz'zler, n. 

Pyaemia, Pyaemic. See under Pus. 

Pye. See Pie, magpie. 

Pygarg, pi'garg, n. In Script., a species of antelope 
orgazelle; the female of the hen-harrier; the osprey. 
[Gr. pugargos, lit. white-rump ; puge, rump, argos, 
white.] 

Pygmy, pig'mT, n. (Or. Myth.) One of a fabulous 
race of beings inhabiting Thrace, who waged war 
with the cranes, and were destroyed. A short, in- 
significant person; a dwarf. — a. Pert, to, etc. ; 
dwarfish; petty. [F. pygm4; Gr. Pugmaioi, dwarfs 
of the length of (pug:ne) the distance from the el- 
how to the fist (13J inches), fr. pugnie = E. fist : see 
Pugil.] 

Pylorus, pi-lo'rus, n. (Anat.) The orifice of the stom- 
ach through which the food pass- 
es on to the intestine. [L. and 
Gr., lit. a gate-keeper, fr. Gr., 
pule, a gate (s. rt. fare), and ou- 
ros, akeeper-watcher.] — Pylor'- 
ic, -lCr'ik, a. Pert, to the pylorus. 

Pyramid, pir'a-mid, n. A solid 
body standing on a triangular, 
square, or polygonal base, and 
terminating in a point at the ~ . . 

top; an edifice so shaped. [Gr. Pyramids. 

' -idos, prob. of Egyptian origin.] — Pyr'- 




amid" ic, -ical, a. Having the form of a pyramid. 
— Pyram'idal, pi-ram'i-dal, a. Tapering to a point; 

relating to the pyramids. 
Pyre, pir, n. A funeral pile ; a pile to be burnt. [L.and 
Gr. pyra, fr. Gr. pur = E.fire, q. v.]— Pyri'tes, pi-ri'- 
tez, n. (Min.) A combination of sulphur with iron, 
copper, cobalt, or nickel, presenting a white or yel- 
lowish metallic luster. [L. and Gr., prop. pert, to 
(Gr. pur) fire, because iron pyrites emit sparks 
when struck by steel.] — Pyrit'ic, -ical, -rifik-al, a. 
Pert, to, consisting of, or resembling, pyrites. — 
,— Pyrog'raphy, pi-rog'ra-fi, n. A process of print- 
ing, ornamenting, or carving, by burning with 
heated instruments. [Gr. graphein, to write.] 
Pyr'olig'neous, -ne-us, -lig'nic, a. (Chem.) Gen- 
erated t>y the distillation of wood, — said of a kind 
of acetic acid holding in solution oily impurities. 
[Gr. pur and L. lignum, wood, ligneus, wooden.] — 
Pyrology, pi-roKo-jf, n. A treatise on heat; natural 
history of neat, latent and sensible. [Gr. logos, dis- 
course.] — Pyr'omancy, -o-man-si, n. Divination by 
fire. [Gr. manteia, divination.] — Pyroman'' tic, a. 
Pert, to pyromancy. — Pyrom'eter, pi-rom'e-ter, n. 
An instrument for measuring degrees of heat above 
those indicated by the mercurial thermometer. [Gr. 
rnetron, measure.] — Pyroph^orus, -rof'o-rus, n. 
(Chem.) A substance which takes fire on exposure 
to air ; or which maintains or retains light. [Gr. 
pherevi, to bear.] — Pyr'oscope, -o-skop, n. An in- 
strument for measuring the intensity of heat radi- 
ating from a fire, or the cooling influence of bodies. 
[Gr. skopeirijto view.] — Pyr'otech'nic, -nical, -tek'- 
nik-al, a. Pert, to fireworks, or the art of form- 
ing them.— Pyr / otech / 'nics, n. Art of making or ex- 
hibiting fireworks, esp. for public amusement or re- 
joicing. [Gr. techne, art.] — Pyrotechnist, n. One 
skilled in pyrotechny.— Pyr'otech'ny, -nT, n. Same 
as Pyrotechnics. — Pyr'oxene, pir'oks-en, n. A 
mineral, augite, q. v. [Gr. pur and xenos, a stran- 

fer, — because supposed to be a stranger, or not to 
elong to the lava where it occurred.] 

Pyrrhic, pir'rik, n. (Pros.) A foot consisting of 2 
short syllables. An ancient military dance, to the 
accompaniment of the flute. — a. (Pros.) Pert, to, 
or containing, pyrrhics. Of, or pert, to, the dance. 
[The dance invented by the Grees, Pyrrhiclios.] 

Pyrrhonism, pir'ro-nizm, n. Skepticism ; universal 
doubt. [Fr. Pyrrho, founder of the skeptics.] — 
Pyr'Thonist, n. A skeptic. 

Pythagorean, pith-a-go're- or pi-thag'o-re'an, n. A 
follower of Pythagoras, founder of the Italic sect of 
philosophers, —a. Of, or pert, to, Pythagoras or his 
philosophy. — Pythag'orism, -thag'o-rizm, n. Doc- 
trines of Pythagoras. 

Pythian, pitb/i-an, n. Pert, to the priestess of Apollo, 
who delivered oracles. [L. Pythius, Gr. Puthios, 
pert, to Pytho, older name of Delphi.]— P. games. 
(Gr. Antiq.) One of the 4 great national festivals 
of ancient Greece, celebrated near Delphi, in honor 
of Apollo, the conqueror of the dragon Python, at 
first once in 9, afterwards in 5, years. — Pyth'oneSB, 
-o-nes, n. (Gr. Antiq.) The priestess who gave orae- 
ular answers at Del phi, in Greece. 
A witch. — Py'thon, n. A ge- 
nus of large African and E. In- 
dian snakes, allied to the boa. 
[Gr. ; see Pythian games, above.] 

Pyx, piks, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) The 
box in which the host is kept ; a 
box used, in English coinage, as a 
place of deposit for sample coins 
taken for a trial of the weight and 
fineness of metal, before they are 
sent from the mint. (Naut.) The 
box in which the compass is sus- 
pended. [L. and Gr. jjyxis, a box, 
esp. of box-wood, fr. Gr. puxos, 
L. buxus, the box-tree, or box- 
wood : see Box.] 




Pyx. 



Q. 



Q, ku, the 17th letter in the Eng. alphabet, has but one 
sound, — the same as that of /.-, or c hard : it is a su- 
perfluous letter, never ending a word, and is always 



followed by u, the 2 letters together being pro- 
nounced like kiv, except in some words in which the 
u is silent. [The Eng. name of the letter, cue, is 



am, fame, far. pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; Tn, Tee ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



QUA 



461 QUADRATE 



perh. fr. cue (a. v.) = F. queue, a tail, the form being 
that of O, with a tail added.] 
Qua, kwa, conj. As ; in so far as ; in the capacity, 
character, or condition of ; because. [L., abl. sing. 
fern, of quis or qui, quae, quid or quod= E. who ; s. rt. 
what, when, whence, whether, where, why, how.'] — 
Qua'si, kwa'si, prefix. As if ; in a manner ; in a 
certain sense or degree; apparently; almost. [L., as 
if; si, if.] — Quo 1 ' rum, kwo'rum, n. Such a number 
of the officers or members of any body as is com- 
petent by law or constitution to transact business. 
[L., gen. pi. of qui: it was usual to name the mem- 
bers of a committee, etc., of whom (= L. quorum) a 
certain number must be present to make a meeting 
legal.] — Qui tarn, kwi'tam, n. {Law.) A penal 
action prosecuted partly by the government, partly 
by an informer. [L., who as well,— words used in 
the old law form.] — Qui vive, ke-vev. The chal- 
lenge of a French sentinel, —signifying, For whom 
do you call Vivef — i. e., What party do you belong 
to e — Quid'nunc, kwid'nunk, n. One curious to 
know everything that passes; a busybody; gossip. 
[L., what now ?] — Quid'dity, -dl-tr, n. The essence 
or nature of a thing ; a trifling nicety; quibble ; cap- 
tious question. [LL. quidditas, a term of the schools 
for a thing of which it was to be investigated (L. quid 
est?), What is it ?] — Quid'dle, -dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), 
-dling.] To spend time in trifling employments ; 
to dawdle. — Quid'cUe, -dler, n. One who, etc. — 
Quality, kwnKi-tt, n. Condition of being of such 
and such a sort as distinguished from others; nature 
relatively considered ; special or temporary charac- 
ter ; that which makes, or helps to make, anything 
such as it is; distinguishing property, characteristic, 
or attribute ; superior birth or station ; high rank. 
[F. qualite", L. qualitas, fr. qualis, of what sort = E. 
which.] — Qual'ify, -T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] 
To make such as is required; to give requisite qual- 
ities to; to fit (for a place, office, occupation, etc.); to 
supply with legal power or capacity; to reduce, by 
consideration or enumeration of qualities, from a 
general, undefined, or comprehensive, to a particu- 
lar or restricted form; to limit; to soften, abate, di- 
minish, assuage; to reduce the strength of (liquors, 
etc.).— v. i. To be or become qualified. [F. qualifier, 
LL. qualificare, fr. L. qualis and facere, to make.] — 
Quar ifl'er, n.— Qual'ifi'able, a.— Qual'ifica'tion, n. 
Act of, or condition of being, etc.; any endowment 
which fits a person for a place, or enables him to 
sustain any character with success; act of limiting, 
or state of being limited or restricted; that which 
limits, restricts, or modifies; abatement; diminution. 

— Qualified, -T-fld, p. a. Fitted by accomplishments 
or endowments ; modified ; limited. — Quan'tum, 
kwon'tum, n. Quantity ; amount. [L., neut. of 
quantus, how great; s. rt. Gr. posos (Ionic kosos), how 
much, E. who.] — Quan'tity, -tl-tl, n. Property of 
being measurable, or capable of increase and de- 
crease, multiplication and division; that which an- 
swers the question "How much?" ; extent; size; 
measurement; acertain portion or part; alarge bulk, 
sum, or portion. (Logic.) The extent or extension 
of a general conception, that is, the number of spe- 
cies or individuals to which it may be applied; also, 
its contents or comprehension, that is, the number 
of constituent qualities, attributes, or relations. 
(Oram.) The relative time occupied in pronouncing 
a syllable. (Mus.) The relative duration of a tone. 
(Math.) Anything to which mathematical processes 
are applicable. [F. quantity, L. quantitas, fr. quan- 
*us.\— Quan'tita'tive, -tiv, a. Relating or having re- 
gard to quantity. — Quan'tum li'bet. As much as 
pleases you. [L.] — Q. suf'ficit, -fl-sit. As much as 
is sufficient. [L.] — Quod''libet, kwod'lt-bet, w. A 
nice point; a subtilty. (Mus.) A medley improvised 
by several performers. [L., what you please.] — 
Quo'ta, kwo'ta, n. A proportional part or share; or 
the share, part, or proportion assigned to each. [It., 
a share. L. quota (pars), how great (a part), how 
much, fern, of quotus, what in the order of number, 
fr. quot, how many, fr. qui = E. who.]— Quote, kwot, 
v. t. To cite (a passage from some author); to name, 
adduce, repeat. (Com.) To name the price of. [OF. 
quoter, LL. quotare, to mark off into chapters and 
verses, lit. to say how many, f r. L. quotus.] — Quot'- 
able, a.— Quotation, n. Act of quoting; thing quoted 
or cited. (Com.) The naming of the price of com- 
modities; or the price specified to a correspondent. 

— Quot'er, n. — Quotidian, kwo-tid'T-an, a. Occur- 
ring or returning daily. — n. Anything returning 
daily; esp. (Med?), a fever whose paroxysms return 



every day. [L. quotidianus, fr. quotidie, daily, fr. 
quotus and dies, day.]— Quo'tient, -shent, n. (Arith.) 
The number resulting from the division of one num- 
ber by another. [F., fr. L. quotiens, how many times, 
fr. quot, how many.] 

Quack, kwak, v. i. [quacked (kwakt), quacking.] 
To cry like the common domestic duck; to boast; to 
act as a quack. — n. The cry of the domestic duck; 
a boastful pretender to medical skill ; an empiric; 
one who pretends to knowledge of any kind, not 
possessed; mountebank ; charlatan. — a. Pert, to 
quackery ; used by quacks. [Onomat. ; cf. D. kwa- 
ken, G. quuken, to quack, L. coaxare, Lithuan. kwa- 
keti, to croak, Gr. koax, a croaking ; s. rt. cackle, 
quail.]— Quack'ery, -er-T, n. Practice of a quack ; 
empiricism. — Quack'ish, a. Like a quack; boast- 
ful; trickish. 

Quadragesima, Quadrangle, etc. See under Quad- 
rate. 

Quadrate, kwod'rat, a. Having 4 equal and parallel 
sides, and 4 right angles ; square ; divisible by 4 ; 
even; equal; exact; suited; applicable; correspond- 
ent. — n. A square. (Astrol.) Same as Quaetile. — 
v. i. To agree, be accommodated, suit, correspond, 
square. [L. quadratus, squared, p. p. of quadrare, 
to make four-cornered, to square, make square, fr. 
quadrus, square, fr. quatuor = ~E.four, q. v.] — Quad- 
ratic, -rat'ik, a. Of, pert, to, or like, a square ; 
square. — Q. equation. (Alg.) An equation in which 
the highest power of the unknown quantity is a 
square. — Quadlat, n. (Print.) A piece of type 
metal cast lower than the letters, so as to leave a 
blank space on the paper, when printed, where it is 
placed. [F., fr. L. quadratus.] — Quad, n. Abbr. 
of Quadrat, also of Quadrangle. — Quadrature, 
-ra-chur, n. The finding of a square having the 
same area as a given curvilinear figure, as a circle; 
a quadrate; square. (Astron.) The position of one 
heavenly body in respect to another, when distant 
from it 90°. — Quad'rangle, -ran-gl, n. 
(Geom.) A plane figure having 4 angles 
and 4 sides. (Arch.) A square or quad- 
rangular court surrounded by buildings. 
[F.; L. quadrangulum, neut. of quadran- 
gulus, 4-cornered, fr. quadrus a.na angulus, . 
angle, q. v.] — Quadran'gular, a. Hav- Quadrangle, 
ing 4 angles and 4 sides- Quadren'nial, -ren'nT-al, a. 
Comprising 4 years; occurring once in 4 years. [L. 
quadriennis, fr. quatuor and annus, year.] — Quad- 
ren'nium, n. A period of 4 years. [L.] — Quad'ri- 
lat'eral, -lat'er-al, a. Having 4 sides 
and 4 angles. — n. A plane 
having, etc. ; a quadrangul; 
[L. latus, -eris, side.] — Quad 
eral, a. Consisting of 4 letters 



; i oiura r 

i figure / 
• figure. / 
I'rilit'- / 
2%J£ L— 



litera, littera, letter.] — Quadrille', „ „j_-i„*„~»i 
kwa-driK or ka-driK, n A game Quadrilateral. 
played by 4 persons with 40 cards; a dance made up 
of sets of dances, 4 couples of dancers being in each 
set. [F., fr. L. quadrxda, dim. of quadra, a square.] 

— Quad'rireme, -ri-rem, n. (Rom. Antiq.) A galley 
with 4 benches of oars or rowers. [L. quadriremis; 
remus, an oar.] — Quad'risyl'lable, -siKla-bl, n. A 
word consisting of 4 syllables. [L. syllaba, sylla- 
ble.]— Quad'ri valve, n. One of a set of 4 folds or 
leaves serving for a door. [L. valva, the leaf, fold, 
or valve of a door.] — Quadroon', -roon / ', n. The 
offspring of a mulatto and a white person ; one 
quarter-blooded. _[Sp L cuarteron, fr. L. quatuor.] — 
Quad'rumane, -roo-man. n. An animal having 4 
hands, and no true feet, as a monkey. [L. manus, a 
hand.] — Quad'ruped, a. Having 4 feet.— n. An ani- 
mal having 4 feet,— often restricted to mammals. [L. 
pes, pedis, a f oot.]— Quad'ruple, -roo-pl, a. Fourfold; 
4 times told. — a. Four times the sum or number; a 
fourfold amount, —v. t. [-pled (-pld), -plingJ To 
multiply by 4; to increase fourfold. — v. i. To be 
multiplied by 4. [L. quadruplets, fr. quatuor.]— Quad- 
riplicate, -plY-kat, n. Fourfold; 4 times repeated. 

— v. t. To make fourfold, quadruple. [L. quadrupli- 
care, -catum, fr. quadruplex, 4-fold, fr. quatuor and 
plicare, to fold.] — Quad'ruplica'tion, n. Act of. 
etc.— Quad'rant, w. (Geom.) The quar- 
ter of a circle, or of the circumference 
of a circle; an arc of 90°. An instrument 
for measuring altitudes, in astronomy, 
surveying, gunnery, etc. [L. quadrans, 
f r. quadrus, square ; s. rt. squad, squad- 
ron, square.] — Quadranfal, a. Pert, 
to a quadrant. — Quar'rel, kwor'rel, a, a. Quad 
-ry, -rl, n. A square-headed arrow ; a rants. 




siin, cube, full ; moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tien, boNboN, chair, get. 



QUADRATE 



462 



QUAIL 




square or lozenge-shaped pane 
of glass ; a glazier's diamond. 
[Oi. quarrel, quarreau, a dia- 
mond at cards, square tile, bolt 
for a cross-bow, LL. quadrellus, 
bolt, tile, dim. fr. L. quadrus, 
square.] — Quar'ry, n. A place 
where stones are cut from the 
earth for building, etc. — ?;. *. 

[QUARRIED (-rid), -RYING.] To 

dig or take from a quarry. 
[Prop, a place where stones are 
squared for building; OF. quar- 
riere, LL. quadraria, fr. L. Hadley's Quadrant. 
quadrare, to square, quad rata- j ; index glass ; ft, hori- 
rius, a stone-cutter, fr. quadrus.] zon glass ; «, sight. 
— Quart, kwawrt, n. The l-4th 

of a gallon ; 2 pints ; a vessel containing, etc. [F. 
quarte, L. quarta (pars), a fourth (part), fern, of 
quartus, fourth, for quaturtus, fr. quatuor.] — Quarte, 
kart, n. A thrust in fencing; a carte, q. v. [F.] — 
Quar'tan, kwawr'tan, a. Of, or pert, to, the 4th; 
occurring every 4th day. — n. (Med.) An intermit- 
ting ague that occurs every 4th day. [F. quartaine, 
L. quartana (used only of a fever), fern, of quarta- 
nus, fourth.] — Quar'ter, n. One of 4 equal parts 
into which anything is divided; the l-4th of a liun- 
dred-weight, being 28 or 25 pounds, according as the 
hundred-weight is reckoned at 112 or 100 pounds ; 
l-4th of a ton in weight, or 8 bushels of grain ; l-4th 
of a chaldron of coal. (Astron.) The l-4th part of the 
moon's period or monthly revolution. One limb 
of a quadruped with the adjacent parts; that part 
of a shoe which forms the side, from the heel to the 
vamp. (Far.) That part of a horse's foot between 
the toe and heel. A term of study in a seminary, 
college, etc. ; properly, l-4th of the year ; part of a 
ship's side between the aftmost end of the main- 
chains and the sides of the stern ; a region ; terri- 
tory ; a division of a town, county, etc. ; district ; 
locality; proper station ; specific place; assigned po- 
sition. (Naut.) pi. A station at which officers and 
men are posted in battle. Place of lodging or tem- 
porary residence ; shelter. (Mil.) A station or en- 
campment occupied by troops, sing. Merciful treat- 
ment shown to an enemy. — v. t. [quartered 
(-terd), -tering.] To divide into 4 equal parts ; 
to furnish with shelter or entertainment. (Her.) 
To bear as an appendage to the hereditary arms. 
— v. i. To lodge ; to have a temporary residence. 
[OF. ; L. quartarius, a l-4th part, l-4th of a meas- 
ure, fr. quartus.] — To quarter anus. (Her.) To 
place the arms of other 
families in the compart- 
ments of a shield, which 
is divided into 4 or more 
parts, the family arms be- 
ing placed in the first. — 
Quar'ter-day, n. A day 
regarded as terminating a 
quarter of the year; one 
on which rent becomes 
due. — deck, n. (Naut.) 
That part of a ship's upper 
deck which extends from 
the stern to the mainmast. 
— round, n. (Arch.) A 
molding, the section of which is approximately a 
quadrant, or the l-4th part of a circle — -ses'sions, «. 
pi. (Eng. Law.) A general court of criminal juris- 
diction held quarterly by the justices of peace of each 
county. — staff, n. A long, stout staff formerly used 
as a weapon in Eng., — so called from the manner 
of using it, one hand being placed in the middle, and 
the other half way between the middle and end.— 
Quarterage, -ej, n. A quarterly allowance.— Quar'- 
ter-foil, -foil, Quatre- 
foil, kafer-foil, n. 
(Arch.) An ornamental 
figure disposed in 4 seg- 
ments of circles, sup- 
posed to resemble an Quarterfoils. 
expanded flower of 4 

petals: see Foil. — Quartering, n. Assignment of 
quarters for soldiers; lodging. (Her.) Division of 
a shield containing many coats. (Arch.) A series 
of small upright posts.— Quarterly, a. Containing 
or consisting of l-4th part; recurring at the end of 
each quarter of the year. — n. A periodical work 
published once in a quarter of a year, or 4 times 
during a year. — adv. By quarters; once in a quar- 




Quartered (arms). 



ter of a year. — Quar'termas'ter, n. (Mil.) An offi- 
cer, who provides quarters, provisions, clothing, 
transportation, etc., for a regiment, and superintends 
the supplies. (Naut.) A petty officer who attends 
to the helm, binnacle, signals, etc., under the direc- 
tion of the master. — Quar'tern, n. The l-4th of a 
pint; a gill; l-4th of a peck; a loaf weighing about 4 
pounds. [OF. quarteron, LL. quartero, l-4th of a 
pound.] — Quartet'', -tette', -tef, n. (Mus.) A com- 
position in 4 parts, each performed by a single voice 
or instrument; the set of 4 persons who perform 
such a piece of music. [F. quartette, f r. It. quartctto, 
dim. of quarto = L. quartus.] — Quar/tile, -til, n. 
(Astrol.) An aspect of the planets, when they are 
distant from each other a quarter of the circle, or 
90°. — Quar'to, n.; pi. -tos, -toz. Orig., a book of 
the size of l-4th of a sheet of printing paper; in pres- 
ent usage, a book of a squarish form, corresponding 
to that formerly made by folding a sheet twice.— 
a. Having the form or size of a quarto. [Prop. L. 
in quarto, m l-4th of the orig. size, abl. of quartu/s.] 

— Quaternary, kwa-ter'na-rY, n. The number 4. 

— a. Consisting of 4; by 4s. [F. quaternarie, every 
4th day, L. quaternarius, consisting of 4 each, con- 
taining 4, fr. quaterni, 4 each, from quatuor, 4.] — 
Quaternion, -nt-un, n. The number 4; a set of 4 
parts, objects, or individuals. (Math.) The quo- 
tient of '2 vectors, or of 2 directed right lines in 
space, considered as depending on 4 geometrical ele- 
ments, and as expressible by an algebraic symbol of 
quadrinominal form. [L. quaternio, fr. quaterni.] — 
Quat'rain, kwofran, n. A stanza of 4 lines rhym- 
ing alternately. [F., fr. qvatre = L. quatuor.] — 
Quafrefoil, kat'Sr-foil, n. Same_as Quarterfoil, 
above. — Quarantine, kwSr'an-ten, n. A space of 
40 days ; term during which a ship arriving in port, 
and suspected of being infected with a contagious 
disease, is obliged to forbear all intercourse with the 
shore; inhibition of intercourse. — v. t. [quaran- 
tined (-tend), -tining.] To prohibit from inter- 
course. [OF., fr. quarante = L. quadraginta, 40, fr. 
quadrus, square, 4-fold, fr. quater, 4 times, ii.quat- 
vor.]— Quad'rages'ima, kwod'ra-jes'I-nia, n. (Eccl.) 
The 40 days of fast preceding Easter; Lent. [L., fr. 
quadragesimus, the 40th, fr. quadraginta, 40.]— Quad'- 
rages'imal, a. Belonging to, or used in, Lent. — 
Quadrillion, -riKyun, n. According to Eng. nota- 
tion, the number produced by involving a million to 
the 4th power, or a unit with 24 ciphers annexed ; 
according to the common or French, a unit with 15 
ciphers: see Notation. [L. quater and LL. millio, a 
million.] — Quadrig'ugous, -u-gus, a. (Bot.) Having 



4 pairs of leaflets. [L. jugum, a yoke, pair.] 
uaere, kwe're, v. i. Inquire, question, query, 
as a memorandum signifying doubt. [L. See Que- 



-used 



RY.] 

Quaff, kwaf, v. t. [quaffed (kwaft), quaffing.] To 
drink down, drink copiously of. — v. i. To drink 
largely or luxuriously. [Perh. to drink from a 
(Scot.) quaich, queff, Ir. and Ga. cuach, cup, and 
s. rt. cave.] — Quaff'er, n. 

Quagga, kwag'ga, n. A S. African mammal of the 
horse fam- 
ily, allied to 
the zebra. 
[Hottentot ; 
prob. ono- 
mat., fr. the 
b ark in g 
noise of the 
animal.] 

Quaggy and 
Quag mire. 
See under 
Quake. 

Quahaug , 
kwaw'h o g, 
n. A large 
s p e c i es of 
clam hav- 
ing the in- Quagga. 
side shell • „ , 
tipped with purple. [Narragansett Ind. poquaunocic. ] 

Quail, kwal, v. i. [quailed (kwald), quailing.] To 
become quelled, sink into dejection, lose spirit, 
shrink, cower. [AS. cwelan, to die, D. quelen, to 
pine away, OHG. quelan, to suffer torment; s. rt. 
quell, qualm.] 

Quail, kwal, n. A gallinaceous bird allied to the part- 
ridge of Europe: in theU. S. the name is also used 
for ruffed growe, and for the bob-white, or Virginia 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



QUAINT 



463 



QUERULOUS 



coint, quaint, neat, 
spruce, It. 




Common Quail. 



partridge. [OF. quaiHe, 
It. quaglia, LL. ■ma- 
quila, OD. quackel, a 
quail, lit. aquacker: see 
Quack.] 
Quaint, kwant, a. Char- 
acterized by ingenuity 
Or art; subtle ; artificially 
elegant; showing excess 
of art; odd and antique; 
curious and fanciful ; 
far-fetched ; a f f e c t e d ; 
odd; unusual. [OF. 



. conto, known 
noted, fr. L. cognitus, 
known; but confused with, co mpt us. neat, p. p. or 
comere, to arrange, adorn; s. rt. acquuint.] — Quaint'- 
ly, adv. — Quaint'ness, n. 
Quake, kwak, c. i. [quaked (kwakt), quaking.] To 
tremble ; to shake with fear, cold, or emotion ; to 
shake or tremble, either from not being solid, as soft, 
wet land, or from violent convulsion of any kind; 
to vibrate, quiver, shudder. — n. A tremulous agi- 
tation; shake; shudder. [AS. cwacian, to quake, 
orig. to set in motion, give life to; s. rt. quick.] — 
Quak'er, n. One who quakes: one of the religious 
sect whose members are called also Friends : their 
early nreachers were thrown by their violent enthu- 
siasm "into quakings and distortions of the limbs. — 
Quaker gun. An imitation of a gun placed in the 
port-hole of a vessel or embrasure of a fort, to de- 
ceive the enemy, — so called from its inoffensive 
character. — Quak'erish, a. Like, or pert, to, a 
Quaker. — Quak/erism, -izm, n. The peculiar char- 
acter, manners, tenets, or worship of the Quakers.— 
Quag'gy, kwag'gY, a. Of the nature of a quagmire 



trembling under the foot, as soft, wet earth.— Quag'- 
mire, -mlr, n. Soft, wet land, which shakes or yields 
under the feet. 

Qualify, Quality, etc. See under Qua. 

Qualm, kwam, n. A sudden attack of illness, faint- 
ness, distress, or pain; esp., a sudden fit of sickness 
at the stomach; a scruple of conscience. [AS. cwealm, 
pestilence, D. kioalm, G. qualm, thick suffocating 
vapor, Dan. qvalm, suffocating air, qvalme, nausea; 
8. rt. quail, v. i.] — Qualmish, a. Sick at the stom- 
ach; inclined to vomit; affected with nausea. 

Quandary, kwon'da- or kwon-da'rY, n. A state of dif- 
ficulty or perplexity ; uncertainty ; doubt. [Perh. 
Corrup. fr. ME. wandreth, wondradhe, Ic. vandraedhi, 
difficulty, trouble (cf. ME. quarof, whereof, Scot. 
quhar, where); or perh. corrupt, fr. F. qu'en dirai-je? 
what shall I say of it '!] 

Quantity, Quantum, etc. See under Qua. 

Quarantine. See under Quadrate. 

Quarl, kworl, n. A medusa or jelly-fish. [G. qualle.] 

Quarrel, kwor'rel, n. An angry dispute; a falling out; 
brawl ; squabble ; affray ; altercation ; contention ; 
breach of friendship; variance; cause or ground of 
contention ; cause of a contending party. — v. i. 
[quarreled (-reld), -reling.] To dispute violently, 
wrangle, fall out ; to find fault. [ME. and OF. que- 
rele, fr. L. querela, a complaint: see Querulous.] — 
Quarreler, n. — Quar'relsome, -sum, a. Apt to quar- 
rel; given to brawls and contention; irascible. 

Quarrel, a bolt, Quarry, a bolt, stone pit. See under 
Quadrate. 

Quarry, kwor'rY, n. Game; esp., the game hunted for 
by hawking. [ME. querre (2 syl.), OF. curee, cuiree, 
orig. the parts of the slain animal inclosed in its 
hide and given to the dogs, fr. cuir, L. corium, skin, 
hide; not fr. L. cor, heart.] 

Quart, Quarter, Quarto, etc. See under Quadrate. 

Quartz, kwSrts, n. (Min.) Silex, occurring crystallized, 
and also in masses of various colors, more or less 
transparent, and sometimes opaque ; rock crystal. 
[G. quarz, perh. for gewarz, fr. warz, a wart, fr. the 
excrescences upon it.] — Quartzose'. -os', Quartz'- 
oua. -us, Quartz'y, -Y, a. Containing, of the nature 
of, or resembling quartz. 

Quash, kwosh, v. t. [quashed (kwosht), quashing.] 
To beat down or beat in pieces; to crush, subdue, 
put down summarily and completely. (Law.) To 
annul, overthrow, make void, or suppress. [OF. quas- 
ser, later, casser, to break, also to abrogate, annul, 
L. quassare, to shatter, freq. of quatere, quassum, to 
shake, shatter; s. rt. casque, cask, concussion, discuss, 
etc.] — Quassa'tion, kwas-sa'shun, n. Act of shak- 
ing; concussion; state of being shaken. [L. quassa- 
tid, fr. quassare.'] 



Quasi. See under Qua. 

Quass, kwas, n. A thin, sour Russian beer, made by 
pouringwarm water on rye or barley meal. [Russ., 
Pol.. & Bohem. kwass.] 

Quassia, kwosh'Y-a or kwash'Y-a, n. A bitter wood ob- 
tained from various trees of tropical America: the 
wood and bark are employed in medicine. [Fr. a 
negro named Qnassy, who used the bark as a tonic. 

Quaternary, Quaternion, Quatrain, etc. See under 
Quadrate. 

Quaver, kwa'vgr, v. i. [quavered (-vgrd), -vering.] 
To tremble, vibrate, shake; to shake the voice, sing 
with tremulous modulations of voice; to produce a 
shake on a musical instrument. — n, A rapid vibra- 
tion of the voice, or on an instrument of music. 
(Music.) An eighth note: see Eighth, under Eight. 
[ME. quauen; same as quake, q. v.; s. rt. LG. qua'j- 
beln, to tremble.] 

Quay, ke, 7i. A wharf or landing-place, esp. one facing 
a harbor or dock; a mole or bank formed toward the 
sea, or on the side of a river. [OF. ; Armor, kae, W. 
cae, orig. an inclosure, hedge.] 

Queachy, Kwech'Y, a. Yielding or trembling under 
the feet, as moist or boggy ground. [S. rt. quick.] 

Quean, kwen, n. A woman, girl; esp., a low woman, 
wench, slut. [Same as queen.] 

Queasy, kwe'zY, a. Sick at the stomach; affected with 
nausea; fastidious; squeamish; causing nausea. 
[Nbrweg. kveis, sickness after a debauch; s. rt. Goth. 
kwistjan, to destroy, perh. Skr. ji, to overpower.] — 
Quea'siness, n. 

Queen, kwen.w. The consort of a king; a woman who 
is the sovereign of a kingdom; the sovereign of a 
swarm of bees, being the only fully-developed fe- 
male in the hive; the 2d piece in value in chess.— 
v. i. To act the part or character of a queen. [AS. 
cwen, Ic. kran, a wife, kona, a woman, Dan. kone, 
Goth, kwens, Skr. jani, wife, OHG. quena, Gr. gum, 
woman, Sw. kona, a strumpet ; s. rt. genus, kin.\ — 
Queen-consort. The wife of a reigning king. — Q.- 
dowager. The widow of a kinj. — Q.-mother. A 
queen - dowager who is 
also mother of the reign- 
ing king or queen. — Q-- 
regent, or -regnant. A 
queen reigning in her 
own right. — Queen's ■§ 6 S\ 

Sgt-s-aiL r d eC d u r r d - <*«*»- P° st ***■ 
ing the reign of a queen. ««■ queen - posts ; b, tie-beam ; 
r, '„ metal An nllov cc > struts or braces; dd, pur- 

imgarif 'slivef S ^- Set? *X\,& 
posed of 9 parts of tin and plate3 . ^ ridge-piece" 
1 each of lead, antimony, 

and bismuth. — Queen'-post, n. {Arch.) One of 2 
posts in a truss, framed below into the tie-beam, and 
above into the principal rafters. 

Queer, kwer, a. Going athwart what is usual or nor- 
mal; odd; singular; quaint; whimsical. — n. A cant 
name for counterfeit money. [LG., across, quere, ob- 
liquity, G. quer, transverse, querkopf, a queer fellow; 
prob. s. rt. L. varus, crooked, E. prevaricate.}— To 
shove the queer. To circulate counterfeit money. — 
Queer'ly, adv. — Queer'ness, n. 

Quell, kwel, v. t. [quelled (kweld), -ling.] To sub- 
due, put down; to reduce to peace, cause to cease, 
crush, quiet, allay, calm. [ME. quellen, AS. cwellan, 
to kill; s. rt. quail.] — QuelKer, n. 

Quench, kwench, v. t. [quenched (kwencht), quench- 
ing.] To extinguish, put out (fire); to put an end 
to (something warm, ardent, burning, etc.); to still, 
stifle, check, destroy. [AS. cioencan ; perh. s. rt. Skr. 
ji, to overpower.] — Quench'able, a. — Quench'er, n. 
— Quenchless, a. Incapable of being quenched; in- 
extinguishable; irrepressible. 

Quercitron, kwer'sit-run, n. The bark of the black 
oak, or dyer's oak, which grows from Canada to 
Georgia, and west to the Mississippi; the inner bark 
of this tree, used in tanning and in dyeing yellow. 
[F., fr. L. quercus, an oak, and citrus, the citron- 
tree.] 

Querimonious. See under Querulous. 

Querist. See under Query. 

Quern, kwern, n. A stone hand-mill for grinding gram. 
[AS. cweorn, D. kweern; s. rt. Gr. guris, fine meal, 
whence E. corn, _also churn.] 

Querulous, kwgr'oo-lus, a. Apt to repine; habitually 
complaining; expressing complaint; whining; mur- 
muring; dissatisfied. [L. querulus, fr. queri, to com- 
plain; prob. onomat., s. rt. Skr. cvas. to hiss, sigh, £. 
wheeze, also quarrel, er?/.] — Qner'ulously, adv. — 




sta, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



QUERY 



464 



QUINCE 



Qftrf'ulousness, re. — Quer'too'iaous, -mo'n'i-us, a- 
Coinplaining; querulous; apt to complain. [L. quer- 
imoma, a complaint, £r. -; leri, to complain.] 
Query, kwe'rt, re. A question; an inquiry to be an- 
swered or resolved. — v. i. [queried (-rid), -rying.] 
To ask questions, make inquiry. — v. t. To seek by 
questioning, inquire into; to doubt of . [For L. quae- 
re, inquire thou, 2d pers. imperat. of quasrere, situm, 
to seek; s. rt. L. queesere, to beg:, Skr. chi, to search, 
E. acquire, conquer, disquisition, exquisite, request, 
etc.] — Que'rist, re. One who asks questions. — 
Quest, kwest, re. Act of seeking, or looking after 
anything; attempt to find or obtain; search. [ME. 
and OF. queste, L. quassita, thing sought, fern, of 
qtimsitus, p. p. of queerere.] — Ques'tion, -chun, re. 
Act of asking ; interrogation ; discussion ; debate ; 
verbal contest; investigation; esp., formal investiga- 
tion, as before a tribunal; that which is asked; a 
query ; a subject of investigation or examination. 

— v. i. [questioned (-chund), -tioning.] To ask 
questions, —v. t. To inquire of by asking questions; 
to examine by interrogatories; to doubt of, be un- 
certain of; to treat as not entitled to confidence, call 
in question, catechise, doubt, controvert, dispute, in- 
quire. [F.; L. questio, fr. quasrere.] — In question. In 
debate; in the course of examination or discussion. 

— Leading q. — A question which suggests the an- 
swer desired. — Out of the q. Not worthy of, or re- 
quiring, consideration; quite impossible. — Previous 
q. The question put to a parliamentary assembly 
previously to the putting of the principal question ; 
namely, " Shall the main question be now put ? " 
Calling for the previous question cuts off further de- 
bate. — Questionable, a. Inviting, or seeming to in- 
vite, inquiry; liable to be doubted or called in ques- 
tion; disputable; debatable; doubtful; suspicious. 

— Ques'tioner, re. — Questionless, adv. Beyond a 
question or doubt; certainly. — Ques'tor, n. {Rom. 
Antiq.) A public treasurer; receiver of taxes, tribute, 
etc. [L. quaestor, contr. from quassitor, fr. quasrere.] 

Queue, ku, n. A cue, q. v. [F.] 

Quib, kwib, re. A sarcasm; bitter taunt; quip; gibe. 
[Same as quip.] — Quib'ble, -bl, n. An evasion; cavil; 
pretense; a pun; a low conceit. — v. i. [quibbled 
(-bid), -bling.] To evade the point in question by 
artifice, play upon words, caviling, or any conceit; 
to pun, practice punning. — Quib'bler, re. 

Quick, kwik, a. Alive; living; characterized by live- 
liness; animated; sprightly; speedy; hasty; swift; 
rapid; prompt; brisk; nimble; lively. — adv. In a 
quick manner; rapidly; in a short time; without de- 
lay. —re. A living animal or plant; esp., the haw- 
thorn, quickset ; the part of the body sensitive to 
pain; the living flesh; the sensitive part or point. 
[AS. cwic, cue, D. kwik, ProvG. queck, quick, quick, 
lively, Goth, kwius, Lithuan. gywas, L.vivus, living; 
s. rt. Skr. jiv, L. vivere, to live, Gr. bios, life : see 
Viv id.] — Quick'en, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] 
To make alive, vivify, reinvigorate; to make lively, 
active, or sprightly; to make quick or rapid, stimu- 
late, sharpen, expedite, speed. — v. i. To become 
alive, become vivified or enlivened; to move with 



rapidity.— Quick'ener, n.— Quickly, adv. — Quick' 
ness, re. — Quick'lime, n. (Chem.) Any carbonat 
of lime, as chalk, limestone, oyster-shells, etc., de- 



prived of its carbonic acid and aqueous matter, by 
exposure to intense heat; unslacked lime.— Quick r - 
sand, re. Sand easily moved or readily yielding to 
pressure ; esp., loose or moving sand mixed with 
water, and very dangerous, from its being unable to 
support the weight of a person. — Quick'set, v. t. 
To plant with living shrubs or trees for a hedge or 
fence.— a. Made of quickset.— Quick'silver, re. Mer- 
cury,— a fluid silver-like metal, moving as if quick, 
or living. — Quick'step, re. (Mus.) A lively, spirited 
march. — Quick'-sighted, a. Having quick sight or 
acute discernment. — sight'edness, re. — wit'ted, a. 
Having ready wit. 

Quid, kwid, n. A portion to be chewed; a cud; esp. a 
chew of tobacco. [ProvE. (Kentish) for cud.] 

Quiddity, Quiddle, Quidnunc, etc. See under Qua. 

Quiesce, kwi-es", v. i. [-esced (-est'), -escing.J To be 
silent, as a letter; to nave no sound. [L. qviescere, 
incept, of obs. quiere, -etum, to rest; s. rt. Gr. keimai, 
Skr. gi, to lie still, E. cemetery, coy, acquiesce, requiem, 
quit, quite, acquit, requite, etc.] — Quies^cence, -cen- 
cy^es'sen-sT, re. State or quality of being quiescent; 
rest; repose; rest of the mind. (Gram.) Silence; 
the having no sound, as a letter.— Quies'cent, a. Be- 
ing in a state of repose ; still ; not ruffled with passion ; 
Quiet; dormant. (Gram.) Not sounded; mute. [L. 



quiescens, p. pr. of quiescere.] — Qui'et, a. Being in a 
state of rest; not moving; still; free from alarm or 
disturbance; not giving offense or trouble; not tur- 
bulent; tranquil; calm; placid; mild; contented.— 
re. State of a thing not in motion; rest; repose; free- 
dom from disturbance ir alarm; stillness; tranquil- 
lity. — v. t. To stop motion in, reduce to a state of 
rest; to calm, appease, pacify. [L. quietus, orig. p. p. 
of (^s.> quier". J — Qureter, re. — Qui'etism, -izm, n. 
Peace or tranquillity of mind. (Eccl. Hist.) The sys- 
tem of the Quietists, who maintained that religion 
consists in an internal rest or repose of the mind, 
employed in contemplating God, and submitting to 
his will. — Qui'etist, n. One of a sect of mystics, who 
maintained the principles of Quietism. — Quietist'- 
ic, a. Pert, to, etc. — Qui'etty, adv. — Qui'etness, re. 

— Q' ,; 'etude, -c-tud, n. Rest; repose; quiet; tran- 
quillity. [LatoL. quietudo.]— Quie'tUB, re. Rest; re- 
pose; death; hence, a final discharge or acquittance; 
that which quiets. [L.] 

Quill, kwil, re. A large, strong feather, — used for writ- 
ing-pens, etc.; a pen; a spine or prickle, as of a por- 
cupine; a piece of small reed, on which weavers wind 
thread. (Mus.) The tube of a musical instrument. 

— v. t. [quilled (kwild), -ling.] To plait, or form 
with small ridges like quills or reeds;, to wind on a 
quill, as thread or yarn. [ME. and F^ quille, OHG. 
kegil, a peg, wooden pin; not s. rt. L. calamus, a reed, 
caulis, a stalk ; Ir. cutlle, a quill, prob. f r. E.l — Quill''- 
ing, re. A narrow border or trimming of lace, etc., 
folded so as to resemble a row of quills. 

Quilt, kwilt, re. A bed cover or garment made by put- 
ting wool, cotton, etc., between 2 cloths, and stitch- 
ing them together; a coverlet or counterpane. — v. U 
To stitch together with some soft and warm sub- 
stance between, or in the interior of ; to sew with 
the stitch used in a quilt. [OF. cuilte, L. culcita : see 
Counterpane.] — Quilt'er, n. — Quilfing, re. Act of 
forming a quilt; act or process of making quilts by a 
party of ladies, esp. for some charitable purpose; fig- 
ured material for bed-quilts, toilet-covers, etc. 

Quinary, kwi'na-rl, a. Consisting of 5; arranged in 
5s. IL. quinarius, fr. quint, 5 each, fr. quinque = E. 
Jive, q. v.] — Quint, kwint, re. A set or sequence of 5, 
as in piquet. — Quin'cunx, kwin'- 
kunks, n. An arrangement or dis- 
position of things, esp. of trees, by 
5s in a square, one being placed in 
the middle of the square. [L., fr. 
quinque and uncia, an ounce, q. v.] 

— Quinquan'gular, -kwari'gu-ler, 
a. Having 5 angles or corners. [L. 
quinquangulus ; angnlus, an angle.] 

— Quinquen'nial, -kwen'nT-al, a. 
Occurring once in 5 years, or lasting 5 years. 
quinquennalis ; annus, 
year.] — Quinquefo'liate, 
-liated, a. (Bot.) Having 
5 leaves or leaflets. — 
Quin'quevalve, -valv'u- 
lar, -valv'u-ler, a. (Bot.) 
Having 5 valves, as a per- 
i c a r p . — Quintes'sence, 
-sens, re. (Alchemy.) The 
5th or last and highest es- 
sence or power in a natu- 
ral body. Pure or concen- Qumquefoliate. 
trated essence. [L. quinta essentia, 5th essence.] — 
Quintessential, -sen'shal, a. Consisting of quintes- 
sence. — Quintet', -tette', -tet', -tefto, re. (Mus.) A 



Quincunx. 




composition for 5 voices or instruments. [F. quintette. 
It. quintetto, f r. L. quintus, the 5th.]— Quint'ile, -il, re. 
(Astron.) The aspect of planets when distant from 
each other the l-5th part of the zodiac, or 72°. [F., 
fr. L. quintus.] — Quint'an, re. (Med.) A fever whose 
paroxysms return every 5th day.— Quintill'ion, -til'- 
yun, n. According to Eng. notation, a number pro- 
duced by involving a million to the 5th power, or a 
unit with 30 ciphers annexed; according to the com- 
mon or French notation, a unit with 18 ciphers an- 
nexed. [L. quintus and LL. millio, a million.] — 
Quintuple, -tu-pl, a. Multiplied by 5; fivefold, —v. 
t. [quintupled (-pld), -pling.] To make fivefold; 
multiply by 5. [F., f r. L. quintus andplicare, to fold.] 
— Quinquages'ima, -kwa-jes'I-ma, a. Fiftieth. [L., 
fr. quinquagesimus, 50th, fr. quinquaginta, 50.1 — Qutre- 
quagesima Sunday. The Sunday which is about the 
50th day before Easter. 
Quince, kwins, re. The hard, yellow fruit of a small 
tree or bush of the rose family, — named from Cy- 
town of Crete, famous for this fruit: it 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r : 



QUININE 



465 



RABBIT 



has a pleasant flavor 
when cooked, aad is 
used in making pre- 
serves, marmalade, 
etc. 
Quinine, kwi'nln orkwY- 
mu''', n. (Chem.) A 
basic alkaloid obtained 
from the bark of vari- 
ous species of cincho- 
na. (Med.) One of the 
salts of quinine, esp. 
the sulphate, used as 
a tonic and febrifuge. 
[F., fr. quina, Peru- 
vian kina or kviakina, 
bark : see Cischo- 

Quinquagesima, Quin- Quince, 

quangular, etc. See under Quinary. 

Quinsy, kwm'zl, n. {Med.) An inflammation of the 
throat, or parts adjacent, accompanied by inflamma- 
tory fever. [Contr. fr. ME. and OF. squinancie, fr. 
Gr. kunangche, lit. a dog-throttling, a kind of sore 




throat, fr. kuon, dog, auof angchein, to choke.] 
Quint, Quintan, Quintet, etc. See under Quinai 
Quintain, kwin'tin, u. An object to be tilted at. [F. 



quintaine, Liu. quiatana, prob. fr. L. quintana, a junc- 
tion of 4 streets in the camp which contained the 
market-place, where games were held.] 

Quintal, kwin'tal, n. A hundred weight, either 112 or 
100 pounds, according to the scale used; a metric 
measure of weight = 100,000 grams (100 kilograms;, 
or 220.46 lbs. avoirdupois. [F. and Sp., fr. Ar. qintar, 
a weight of 100 lbs. of 12 oz. each, fr. L. centum, a 
hundred: see Cent.] 

Quintillion, Quintuple, etc. See under Quinary. 

Quip, kwip, n. A smart, sarcastic turn; a taunt; se- 
vere retort; gibe; jeer. — v. t. [quipped (kwipt), 
quippingJ To taunt, treat with a sarcastic retort. 
— v. i. To scoff, manifest contempt by derision. 
[W. chwip, a quick flirt or turn, chwi]iio, to whip, 
move briskly, Ga. cuip, to whip; s. rt. whip, quib- 
ble.] 

Quire, kwlr, n. A body of singers; a choir; the part of 
a church where the service is sung. [ME. choir, 
queir, quer: see Choir.] 

Quire, kwlr, n. Twenty-four sheets of paper of the 
same size and quality, having a single fold or not 
folded; l-20th of a ream. [OF. quaier, cayer,Y. ca- 
hier, perh. fr. L. codex, a book: see Code; perh. fr. 
EL. quaternum, a collection of 4 leaves, fr. L. qua- 
tenii, 4 each: see Quaternary, under Quadrate.] 

Quirk, kwgrk, n. A sudden turn; a recess or indenta- 
tion; an artful evasion or subterfuge; a shift; quib- 
ble; a smart taunt or retort. [W. chwiori, to turn 
briskly, chwyr, strong impulse, chwired, a piece of 
craft, quirk, Ga. cuireid, a trick, wile; perh. s. rt. 
whir.'] 

Quit, kwit, v. t. Tquit or quitted; quitting.] To 
release from obligation, accusation, penalty, etc.; to 
acquit; to meet the claims upon, or expectations en- 
tertained of; to conduct; to discharge (obligation or 
duty); to have done with, depart from, forsake, give 



up, leave, resign, surrender. — a. Released from ob- 
ligation, charge, penalty, etc.; free; clear; absolved. 
[ME. quyte, cwite, OF. quite, Sp. quito, discharged, 
freed, released, L. quietus^ at rest, free, satisfied, 
quiet: see Quiesce; OF. (filter, to i.uit,— fr. the adj.] 

— To be quits with one. 1 > have made mutual satis- 
faction of demands with dm; to be even with him. 

— Quit'tance, -tans, n. idscharge jLvui a debt or 
obligation ; acquittance ; recompense ; repayment. 
[OF. quitunce, LL. quietantia.] — Quifclaim, v. t. 
[-claimed (-kla nd), -claiming.] (Law.) To re- 
lease or relinquish a clai.n to by deed. — n. Are- 
lease of a claim; deed of release. — Quifrent, n. 
(Law.) A rent reserw 1 in grants of land, by the 
nayment Jw rh the tenant is quieted or quit from 
all other service. — Quite, kwit, <.Jv. Completely; 
wholly; entirely; to a great extent or degree; very; 
considerably, [Fr. ME. quyte, adj.] 

Qui tarn. See under Qua. 

Quiver, kwiv'er, n. A case or sheath for ar- 
rows. [AS. cocur, OF. cuivre, couire, OHG. 
kohhar.] — QuiVered, -erd, a. Furnished | 
with, or sheathed as in, a quiver. 

Quiver, kwiv'er, v. i. [-ered (-Srd), -ering.]J 
To shake with slight and tremulous mo- 
tion ; to quake, shudder, shiver, vibrate, 
tremble. IOD. kwiveren ; s. rt. quaver, 
quake, quick.] 

Qui vive. See under Qua. 

Quixotic, kwiks-ot'ik, a. Like Don Quixote: 
romantic to extravagance. — Quix'otism. 
-izm, n. Absurdly chivalrous notions- 
schemes, or acts. 

Quiz, kwiz, n. A riddle or obscure question; Quiver. 
an enigma; one who quizzes others; an odd 
f ellow. — v. t. [quizzed (kwizd), -zing.] To puz- 
zle; to ridicule or make sport of, by deceiving: to 
look sharply and mockingly at, peer at. [Said to 
have been coined, upon a wager that such a word 
should be the common talk and puzzle of the city in 
24 hours: the letters quiz were chalked on all the 
walls of Dublin, with an effect that won the wager.] 

— Quiz'zer, n. — Quiz'zical. -zik-al, a. Comical.- 
Quiz'zing-glass, n. A small eye-glass. 

Quod, kwod, n. A prison; confinement. [Corrupt, of 
quadrangle, q. v., under Quadrate.] 

Quodlibet. See under Qua. 

Quoif, kwoif , n. A cap or hood. [Same as coif, q. v.] 

Quoin, kwoin or koin, n. Any external angle; e6p. 
(A>-ch.), the external angle of a building; a wedge- 
like piece of stone, wood, metal, etc., used in ma- 
chinery, building, etc. [Same as coin, q. v.] 

Quoit, kwoit,n. A circular ring or piece of iron, stone, 
or other material, to be pitched at a fixed object in 
play.— v. j. To throw quoits, play at quoits. [ME. 
coyte, W. coetan (perh. fr. E.), a quoit, perh. fr. OF. 
coiter, to press, incite, perh. fr. L. coactare, to 
force.] 

Quondam, kwon'dam, a. Having been formerly; for- 
mer. [L.] 

Quorum, Quote, Quotient, etc. See under Qua. 

Quoth, kwoth or kwuth, v. i. Said; spoke,— used with 
1st and 3d persons in past tenses. [AS. cwedhan, to 
speak, say; s. rt. Skr. gad, to speak, gai, to sing.] 



E. 



E, ar, the 18th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is a liquid 

or semi-vowel. 
Rabbet, rab'bet, v. t. To cut a rectangular recess, 

channel, or groove in (the edge 

or face of a board, etc.) so that it 

may receive or form a joint with 

the edge of another board, etc., 

properly cut; to lap and unite the 

edges of (boards, etc.) by a rab- 
bet. — n. A cut made upon the 

edge or face of a board, etc. 

that it may form a joint wi 

properly cut. [F. rahoter, to plane, level, robot, a 

plane, fr. OF. rabouter, to thrust back, f r. L. re, back, 

again, and F. boter, bouter, to thrust.] 
Rabbi, rab'bt or rab'bi, n. ; pi. -bis, -Mz, or-BiES, 

-biz. Master; lord; sir, — a Jewish title of respect 

for a teacher or doctor of the law. [L., Gr., and 




Rabbet. 



Heb., fr. Heb. rab, Ar. rabb, great, also a master.] — 
Rab'bin, n. Same as Rabbi. [F.] — Rabbin'ic, -icaL 
a. Pert, to the rabbins, or Jewish doctors of the law, 
or to their opin- 
ions, learning, 




Rab'b i n l s m , 
-izm, n. A rab- 
binic expression 
or phraseology. 
— Rab'binist, n. 
One among the 
Jews who ad- 
h e r e d to the 
Talmud and 
traditions of the 
rabbins. 
Rabbit, rab'bit, n. A burrowing rodent mammal. 



Rabbit. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN. chair, get. 



RABBLE 



466 



RADIUS 




Raccoon. 



which resembles the hare, but is smaller, and has 
shorter legs and ears. [ME. rabet, OD. robbe, a rab- 
bit, perh. s. rt. Sp. and Pg. ratio, tail, hind quar- 
ters.] 

Babble, rab'bl, n. A crowd of vulgar, noisy peo- 
ple; a mob; the dregs of the people; a rake-like tool 
for skimming off slag, etc., in puddling metal. — v. t. 
[rabbled (-bid), -bling.] To insult or drive away 
by a mob; to mob; to stir (molten metal) to render 
it uniform. [OD. rabbelen, ProvG. rabbeln, to chat- 
ter, prattle, trifle, Gr. rhabassein, Skr. rambh, to 
make a noise.] 

Rabdology, rab-dol'o-jY, re. Method or art of perform- 
ing arithmetical operations by means of little square 
rods, called Napier' s-bone$. [Gr. rhabdos, rod, stick, 
and logos, discourse.] — Rab'doman'cy, -man'sY, re. 
Divination by means of rods or wands. [Gr. man- 
teia, divination.] 

Rabid, rab'id, a. Furious; raging; mad; pert, to hy- 
drophobia. [L. rabidus, fr. rabies, rage, fr. rabere, 
to rage, q. v.]— Rab'idness, -id'ity, -l-ti , re. 

Raca, ra'ka, a. Empty; beggarly; foolish; worthless; 
loose in life and manners, — a term expressing con- 
tempt. [Chaldee reka, worthless.] 

Raccoon, rak-koon', re. A climbing, nocturnal, omniv- 
orous mam- 
m a 1 inhab- 
iting North 
Amer., al- 
lied to the 
bear, but 
lessthan3ft. 
long, inclu- 
sive of its 
bushy, a n - 
nulated tail. 
[F. raton, a 
little rat, rac- 
coon, dim. 
of rat, rat, 
q. v.] 

Race, ras, re. The descendants of a common ancestor; 
a family, tribe, people, or nation, of the same stock; 
peculiar flavor, taste, or strength of wine; character- 
istic flavor; smack; characteristic quality or disposi- 
tion. [F. ; Sp. raza, It. razza, a race, lineage, fr. 
OHG. reiza^a. line, mark; s. rt. Ic. reitr, a line, rita, 
to scratch, E. write; not s. rt. L. radix, a root.] — 
Ra'cy, -sT, a. [-cier, -ciest.] Having a strong flavor 
indicating origin ; tasting of the sou : fresh ; rich ; 
spicy; exciting to the mental taste by a distinctive 
character of thought or language; smart; piquant.— 
Ra'ciness, re. — Ra'cial, -shal, a. Pert, to a race or 
family of men. 

Race, ras, n. A root. [OF. rais, raiz, Sp. raiz, L. ra- 
dix, q. v.] 

Race, ras, n. A movement or progression of any kind; 
a method or course of action or effect; train; pro- 
cess ; swift progress ; rapid course or motion; act or 
process of running in competition ; trial of speed to 
win a prize ; a rapid current of water, or the chan- 
nel for such a current ; a watercourse leading from 
a dam to a waterwheel which it drives. — v. i. [raced 
(rast), racing.] To run swiftly, contend in run- 
ning.— v. t. To cause to run rapidly, as a horse in 
a race. [AS. rses, a rush, swift course, Ic. ras, a run- 
ning ; s. rt. Skr. rish, to flow.] — Ra'cer, n. — Race'- 
horse, re. A horse bred or kept for running in con- 
tests. — track, re. The course or track over which a 
race is run L 

Raceme, ra-sem', n. (Bot.) A flower-clus- K 
ter with short and equal lateral one-flow- 
ered pedicels, as in the currant. [F.; L. 
racemus, a cluster of grapes, bunch of 
berries; s. rt. Gr. rhax, rhagos, a berry, 
esp. a grape.] — Rac'ema'tion, re. A 
cluster or bunch, as of grapes.— Rac'- 
emif' erous, a. Bearing racemes, as the 
currant. [L. racemifer ; ferre, to bear.] 

Rachitis, ra-ki'tis, n. {Med.) Inflamma- 
tion of the spine, — a disease commen- 
cing in early childhood, which is charac- 
terized by a bulky head, distorted bones 
and joints, tumid abdomen, short stat- 
ure, emaciated limbs, and weak, un- 
steady gait. [Invented, in 1650, by the 
Eng. Dr. Glisson, as if a Gr. word fr. 
Gi. rhachis, the spine, but following the 
ProvE. rickets, the name of the disease; 
s. rt. ME. wrikken, to twist, AS. wringan 
= E. wring, E. wriggle.'] — Rachit'ic, 



-kit'ik, a. Pert, to, or affected by, rachitis; rickety. 
— Rick'ets, re. pi. Same as Rachitis. — Rick'ety^et-T, 
a. Affected with rickets; feeble in the joints; im- 
perfect; weak. 

Rack, rak, v. t. To stretch or strain ; to subject to 
violent treatment, wrest; to stretch on the rack or 
wheel, torment, torture ; to harass by exaction, ex- 
haust. — re. An instrument for racking, stretching, 
or extending anything ; as, an engine of torture, on 
which the body of a person is gradually stretched ; 
or, a wooden frame in which hay is laid for horses 
and cattle ; or, a frame-work on which articles are 
arranged and deposited; or, (Jffaut.) a strong frame 
of wood, having several sheaves, through which 
passes the running rigging ; or, (Jlach.) a straight 
bar with teeth on its edge to work with those of a 
wheel or pinion which is to drive ■J*""** 

or follow it. [G., a rail, bar, rack, gr^mS 

any framework made of bars, %WM\ 

OD. racken, to rack, torture, J^^t£„„ 

recken, to stretch, reach out; s. rt. ^sssgggaBsgssg ^ 
reach, rank (q. v.), luxuriant, _ , . „. . 
ratch.] — Racier, re. One who Rack & P"«on. 
racks or torments. — Racking, a. Tormenting ; 
excruciating. — Rack'-rent, n. An annual rent 
raised to the utmost. 

Rack, rak, v. t. [racked (rakt), racking.] To draw 
off from the lees, as wine or other liquor; to cause 
to flow off, as pure wine, etc., from its sediment. 
[Languedoc araca, to rack (wine), fr. raco, draco, 
NormF. draque, dregs, F. drache, brewers' grains.] 

Rack, rak, re. A peculiar pace of a horse, resembling 
an amble. — v. i. [racked (rakt), racking.] To 
move or travel with a quick amble, as a horse. 
[Same as rock, — i. e., a rocking pace.] — Rack'er, re. 
A horse which, etc. 

Rack, rak, v. i. To steam ; to rise, or fly as vapor or 
broken clouds, —re. Thin, flying, broken clouds, or 
any portion of floating vapor in the sky. [Same as 
wrack; Ic. rek, drift, motion, skyrek, drifting clouds, 
reka, to drive, toss ; not s. rt. reek.] 

Rack, n. Same as Arrack. 

Racket, Racquet, Raquet, rak'et, re. A bat with net- 
work instead of a solid blade, used in tennis and 
similar games; a game of ball, resembling tennis; in 
Canada, a snow-shoe ; a broad wooden shoe for a 
horse, to enable him to step on soft ground. [Sp. ra- 
queta, a racket, battledoor, fr. Ar. rahat, palm of 
the hand.] 

Racket, rak'et, re. A confused, clattering noise ; 
clamor; din. — v. i. To make a racket; to frolic. [Ga. 
racaid, Ir. racan, noise, riot, Ga. roc, to make a 
noise like geese or ducks ; onomat.] 

Racy. See under Race, family. 

Raddle, rad'dl, v. t. To interweave, twist together. — 
n. A long stick used in hedging; a hedge formed by 
interweaving the shoots and branches of trees or 
shrubs; an instrument employed by domestic weav- 
ers. [Prob. fr. reed.] 

Radial, Radiate, etc. See under Radius. 

Radical, Radish, etc. See under Radix. 

Radius, ra'dT-us, re. ; pi. -dii, -dt-i. (Geom.) A right 
line, extending from the center of a 
circle to the periphery. (Anat.) The 
bone on the exterior or thumb side 
of the fore-arm: see Skeleton. [L., 
ray.] — Ra'dius-vec'tor, n. {Math.) 
A straight line connecting any point 
(of a curve) with a fixed point, or pole, 
round which it turns, and to which it . 

serves to refer the successive points of Kadius. 
a curve, in a system of polar coordinates. [L. vector, 
a bearer, fr. vehere, to bear, carry.] — Ray, ra, re. 
One of a number of lines or parts diverging from a 
common point or center, like the radii of a circle. 
(Bot.) A radiating part of a flower or plant. (Ichth.) 
One of the radiating bony spines forming the frame- 
work of the fins of fishes. (Physics.) A line of light 



© 



cl- 
one 



heat proceeding from a radiant or reflecting point; 

e of the colored portions of the spectrum. A gleam 
of intellectual light ; perception ; apprehension. — 
v. t. [rayed (rad), raying.] To send forth or shoot 
out, cause to shine out, glimmer, beam, gleam, light. 
[OF. raye = L. radius.) — Ray'less, a. Destitute of 
light; not illuminated ; dark. — Ra'diate, -dT-at, n. 
(Zool.) An animal in which all the parts are ar- 
ranged uniformly around the eentral axis of the 
body. — v. i. To issue and proceed in direct lines 
from a point of surface, as heat or light; to issue in 
rays, as light ; to emit rays, be radiant. — v. t. To 
emit or send out in direct" lines from a point or sur- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare i end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, tone, or ; 



RADIX 



467 



RAISE 



face. — a. Formed of rays diverging from a center ; 
having the parts of a structure arranged radiatelv 
about a center. (L. radiare, -atmn, fr. radius.] — 
Radia'tion, n. Act of radiating, or state of being 
radiated ; emission and diffusion of rays of light ; 
divergence of anything from a point or surface, like 
diverging rays of light. [¥.; L. radiatio.] - Ra'di- 
a'tor, -ter, n. That which radiates or emits rays ; 
esp. that part of a heating apparatus designed to 
radiate heat. — Ra'dial, -dl-al, a. Pert, to a radius, 
or to the radius, one of the bones of the fore-arm. 
[E .] — Ra'diant, a. Radiating; radiate; resembling 
or in the form of rays ; emitting or darting rays 
of light or heat ; emitting a vivid light or splendor. 
[L- radtam, p. pr. of radiare.] — Ra/diantly, adv. 
— Ra'diance, -ancy, -an-si, n. Quality of being ra- 
diant ; vivid brightness ; luster ; glare ; glitter. — 
Ra'dio-ac'tive, ra'dT-o-ak'tiv, a. (Physics.) Cap- 
able of becoming luminous under the action of 
cathode rays, X rays, or any of the allied forms of 
radiation. [Radius + active.] — Ra / dio-activ , ity, n. 

— Ra'diograph, -graf, n. (Phys.) A picture pro- 
duced by the Rontgen rays, q. v. (X. radius, ray 
+ Gr. graphein, to write.] — Ra'dium, rS'dT-um, n. 
A radio-active element found in pitchblende. [L. 
radius, ray.] 

Radix, ra'dike, n. A root. (Phttology.) A primitive 
word, from which spring other words; a radical; root. 
(Math.) The fundamental number of any system; 
a base. [L. and Gr., a root, branch, rod; s. rt. wort, 
eradicate, rash, race, a. root.] — Rad'ical, -T-kal, a. 
Pert, to, or proceeding directly from, the root; pert, 
to the root or origin; reaching to the principles; thor- 
oughgoing; unsparing ; extreme ; innate ; constitu- 
tional. (Bot.) Proceeding from the stem at or be- 
low the surface of the ground; belonging to the root 
Of a plant. (Gram.) Relating to a root, or ultimate 
source of derivation. — n. (Philology.) A primitive 
word ; a root, or simple, underived, uncompounded 
word ; a letter that belongs to the root. (Politics.) 
One who advocates a radical reform, or extreme 
measures in reformation. ( Chem.) The base or dis- 
tinguishing partof a compound, whether itself a sim- 
ple or compound. [F.] — Radical quantity. (Alg.) A 
quantity to which the radical sign is prefixed. — R. 
sign. (Math.) The sign V (orig. the letter r, initial of 
radix), placed before any quantity, denoting that its 
soot is to be extracted. —Radicalism, -izm, n. Doc- 
trine or principle of radicals in politics or reforma- 
tion. — Radically, adv.— Rad'icalness, n. — Rad'- 
icant, a. (Bot.) Taking root in, or above the ground. 

iL. radicans, p. pr. of radicari, to take root.] — Rad'- 
cate, -Y-kat, v. t. To root, plant deeply and firmly. 

— Radica'tion, n. Process of taking root deeply. 
(Bot.) Disposition of the root of a plant with respect 
to the ascending and descending caudex. 
Rad'icel. -T-sel, n. (Bot/) A little root. 

— Rad'icle. -T-kl, n. (Bot.) The rudi- 
mentary root of a plant; the stem of the 
embryo. [L. radicida.] — Radish, n. 
(Bot.) A cultivated plant, whose root is 
eaten raw. [F. radis, Proven, raditz, fr. „ 
L. radix.] Radicle. 

Baffle, raf'fl, v. i. [-fled (-fid), -fling.] To engage 
in a raffle.— v. t. To dispose of by means of a 
raffle. — n. A game of chance, or lottery, in which 
several persons^deposit a part of the value of some- 
thing, and it is determined by chance which of them 
Bhall become sole possessor. [ME. and F. raHe, a 
game at dice, for stakes, F. rafter, G. raffeln, to 
snatch up; s. rt. Ic. hrapa, to hurry, E. rape.] 

Raft, raft, n. A collection of logs, planks, etc., fas- 
tened together, either to serve as a support upon 
the water, or to move the materials from one place 
to another. — v. t. To carry on or in a raft. [Dan.; 
Ic. raptr, a spar, beam, rafter.] — Raft'er, n. A roof- 
timber of a buildinsr: see Queen-post. [AS. rmfter, 
Ic. raptr, OHG. rafo, a beam, rafter, lit. that which 
covers; s. rt. Ic. raf, Gr. orophos, a roof ; not s. rt. 
roof.] 

Rag, rag, n. A piece of cloth torn off; a tattered frag- 
ment; shred; bit; patch, pi. Mean or tattered at- 
tire. (Geol.) A coarse kind of rock, somewhat cel- 
lular in texture. [Sw. ragg, rough hair; raggig, 
6haggy: Ga. and Ir. rag, a rag, prob. fr. E.; not s. rt. 
Gr. rhakos. a shred of cloth.] — Rag'ged, a. Rent or 
worn into tatters; broken with rough edges ; un- 
even; rough with sharp or irregular points ; jagged; 
wearing tattered clothes; dressed in rags. — Rag'- 
gedness. n— Rag'man, n. One who collects or deals 
in rage. — Rag'stone, n. A dark gray silicious sand- 




Chain. 



stone.— Rag'wheel, n. (Much.) ^11 
A wheel having projecting pins "™ 
on the rim, which fit into the 
link.s of a chain belt, to prevent 
its slipping when receiving or 
communicating motion; a 
sprocket wheel. — Rag'amuif'- 
In, -a-muf 'in, n. A paltry fel- 
low; mean wretch; a ragged, 
disreputable fellow. [E. rag 
and ProvG. muffen, to smell „ 
musty or rank.] Rag-wheel and 

Rage, raj, n. Violent excitement; eager passion; vio- 
lent anger accompanied with furious words, ges- 
tures, or agitation; vehemence of anything painful 
or destructive; the subject of eager desire. — v. i. 
[raged (rajd), ragixg.J To be furious with anger; 
to be violent and tumultuous; to act or move furi- 
ously, storm, fret, chafe, fume ; to prevail without 
restraint, or with fatal effect, ravage. [F.; L. rabies, 
madness, rage, rabere, to rave, be mad; s. rt. Skr. 
rabh, to desire vehemently, in Vedic Skr., to seize, 
E. enrage, rave.] 

Ragged, Ragman, Rag-wheel, etc. See under Rag. 

Ragout, ra-goo', n. Fragments of meat stewed and 
highly seasoned; a stew. [F. ragout, fr. ragouter, to 
restore one's appetite, fr. L. re-, back, F. a (= L. ad), 
to, and gout, taste: see Gust.] 

Raid, rad, u. A hostile or predatory incursion; esp., 
an inroad or incursion of mounted men. [Same aa 
road;_ Ic. reidh, a riding, raid.] 

Rail, ral, n. A piece of timber, iron, or other sub- 
stance extending from one post or support to an- 
other ; a long wooden bar split from a log, — used 
esp. in building a crooked or " Virginia " rail fence. 
(Railroads.) A bar of iron, resting upon sleepera 
and forming part of a continuous track. (Saut.) A 
narrow plank on a ship's upper works ; a curved 
piece of timber extending from the bows of a ship 
to the continuation of its stem, to support the knee 
of the head, etc.— v. t. [railed (raid), railing.] 
To inclose with rails. [EG. regel, a cross-bar, rail, 
OHG. rigil^a. rail, bar, bolt for a door, fr. rihun, to 
fasten.] — By rail. By railroad or railway. — Rail'- 
ing, n. A series of rails ; a fence ; rails in general ; 
material for rails. — Rail 'road, -way, n. A graded 
road having a continuous track of iron or steel raila 
laid upon sleepers, etc. 

Rail, ral, ru A wading bird of Europe and Amer., of 
many species. [OF. rasle, 
name of the bird, also a rat- 
tling in the throat, prob. 
fr. its cry, OF. roller, OD. 
ratelen, to rattle.] 

Rail, ral, v. i. To use inso- 
lent and reproachful lan- 
guage; to scoff. [F. railler, 
to jest, deride, mock, perh. 
fr. D. rallen, to chatter, tat- 
tle, ralle, a chatterbox ; if 
so, s. rt. rail, the bird, also 
rattle; s. rt. rally.] — Rail 'or, n. One who rails, 
scoffs, insults, or censures. — Raillery, ral'- or r&V- 
Sr-Y, n. Good-humored pleasantry or slight satire; 
banter. [F. raillerie, fr. railler.] 

Raiment, ra'ment, n. Clothing in general; vestments; 
garments. JAbbr. fr. arrayment : see Array.] 

Rain, ran, v. i. [rained (rand), raining.] To fall in 
drops from the clouds, as water; to fall or drop like 
water from the clouds. — v. t. To pour or shower 
down from above like rain from the clouds, —n. 
Water falling in drops from the atmosphere. [AS., 
Ic, Dan., and Sw. regn, D. and G. regen ; perh. s. rt. 
L. rigare, to moisten, Gr. brechein, to wet, E. irri- 
gate, embrocation.] — Rain'y, -1, a. Abounding with 
rain; wet; showery. — Raininess, n.— Rain 'bow, n. 
A bow or arch exhibiting the colors of the spectrum, 
and formed by the refraction and reflection of the 
sun's rays in drops of falling rain. — Rain '-gauge, n. 
An instrument for measuring the quantity of rain 
that falls at any given place in a given time. — wa'- 
ter, n. Water that has fallen from the clouds in 
rain. 

Raise, raz, v. t. [raised (razd), raising.] To cause 
to rise ; to bring from a lower to a higher place ; to 
bring to a higher condition or situation, elevate in 
rank, dignity, etc. ; to increase the strength or vehe- 
mence of; to recall from death, give life to; to cause 
to rise up, or assume an erect position or posture; to 
cause to spring up from a recumbent position, from 
a state of quiet, etc.; to awaken; to rouse to action, 




Rail. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



. 



RAISIN 



468 



RANDOM 



stir up; to cause to arise, grow up, or come into be- 
ing or to appear; to give rise to; to build up, erect; 
to bring together, collect; to cause to grow; to pro- 
cure to be produced, bred, or propagated; to bring 
into being, produce; to give vent or utterance to; to 
cause to rise, as by the effect of leaven; to make 
light and spongy, as bread. (JS T aut.) To cause to 
seem elevated, as an object by a gradual approach 
to it. (Law.) To create or constitute. [ME. reisen, 
Ic. reisa, to raise, make to rise, visa, to rise ; same as 
rear ; s. rt. rise, q. v.] — To raise a blockade. (Mil.) 
To remove or break up a blockade. — To r. a pur- 
chase. (Naut.) To dispose instruments or machines 
in such a manner as to exert any mechanical force 
required. — Tor. a siege. To relinquish an attempt 
to take a place by besieging it, or to cause the at- 
tempt to be relinquished. — Rais'er, n. One who, 
or that which, raises. — Rais'ing, n. Act of lifting, 
setting up, elevating, exalting, producing, or restor- 
ing to life; operation of setting up the frame of a 
building, or any structure of timber. 

Raisin, ra'zn, n. A grape dried in the sun, or by ar- 
tificial heat. [OF., fr. L. racemus, bunch of grapes : 
see Raceme.] 

Raisonne. See under Reason. 

Rajah, ra'ja or ra'ja, n. In India, a native prince or 
king. [Skr. rajan, a king; s. rt. L. rex: see Regal.] — 
Rajpoot', raj-poof, w. In India, a prince; a Hindoo 
of the 2d, or royal and military, caste; an inhabi- 
tant of the country of Rnjpootana. [Hind, rajput, 
lit. son of a king; Skr. //utra, son.] 

Rake, rak, n. An instrument for collecting hay or 
light things spread over a large surface, or for 
breaking and smoothing the earth. — v.t. [raked 
(rakt), raking.] To smooth, clear, gather, etc., 
with a rake; to collect laboriously, scrape together; 
to scour, ransack. (Mil.) To enfilade, fire in a direc- 
tion with the length of. — v. i. To use a rake, scrape, 
pass rapidly. [AS. raca, G. rechen, a rake; s. rt. 
Goth, rikan, L. legere, Gr. legein, to collect, E. le- 
gend.] — Rak'er, n. — Rak'ing, n. Act of using a 
rake; space or ground raked at once; or quantity of 
hay, etc., collected by using a rake once. 

Rake, rak, n. A loose, dissolute, vicious man. [ME. 
rakel, rash, Sw. dial, rakkel, a vagabond, rakkla, to 
rove, Ic. reikall, wandering.] — Rake'hell, n. A 
lewd, wild fellow; rake; debauchee. [From ME. 
rakel.] — Rak'ish, a. Dissolute. — Rak'ishness, n. 

Rake, rak, n. (JS'aut.) The projection of the upper 
parts of a ship, at the height of the stem and stern, 
beyond the extremities of the keel; inclination of a 
mast from a perpendicular direction. [Same as 
reach ; Dan. rage, to project, jut out, protrude. J — 
v.i. [raked (rakt), raking.] To incline from a 
perpendicular direction. — Rak'ish, a. Having a 
great rake, or backward inclination of the masts. 

Rally, ral'lT, v. t. [-lied (-lid), -lying.] To collect 
and reduce to order (as troops thrown into confu- 
sion); to gather again, reunite. — v. i. To come into 
orderly arrangement, assemble, unite ; to renew 
wasted force or power, recuperate.— n. Act of reas- 
sembling scattered troops ; regaining of lost strength ; 
a public meeting, as of political adherents. [F. ral- 
lier, fr. L. re-, again, ad, to, and ligare, to bind.] 

Rally, ral'lT, v. t. To attack with raillery, banter, 
ridicule, mock. — v. i. To use pleasantry or satir- 
ical merriment. — n. Exercise of good humor or 
satirical merriment. [F. rattier, to mock: see Rail.] 

Ram, ram, n. The male of the 
sheep and allied animals. 
(Astron.) Aries, the sign of 
the zodiac which the sun 
enters about March 21st; the 
constellation Aries, which 
does not now, as formerly, 
occupy the sign of the same 
name. An engine of war, _ 
used for butting or batter- -=? 
ing; a battering-ram; a ves- Ram. 

sel, armed with a heavy 

beak for piercing and destroying other vessels ; a 
machine for raising water by the momentum of the 
water of which a part is to be raised : see Hy- 
draulic Ram. — v. t. [rammed (ramd), ramming.] 
To butt or strike against, like a ram ; to thrust or 
drive with violence; to fill or compact by pounding 
or driving. [AS. and D., a ram, Skr. ram, to sport.] 
— Ram'mer, n. — Ram'mish, a. Ram-like ; rank ; 
strong-scented.— Ram'rod, n. A rod for ramming 
down the charge of a muzzle-loading fire-arm. 

ram'a-dan', n. The 9th Mohammedan 





month, which commences each year 11 days earlier 
than the preceding year ; the great annual fast, or 
Lent, of the Mohammedans, kept through the 9th 
month. [Ar. ; prop, the hot month, fr. ramida, to 
be very hot fr. the influence of the sun.] 

Ramble, ram'bl, v. i. [rambled (-bid), -bling.] To 
walk, ride, or sail from place to place, without de- 
terminate object; to go out, expand, or grow with- 
out constraint or direction; to rove, roam, wander, 
stroll. — n. A going from place to place without 
object. [Freq. of ProvE. rame = E. roam.] — Ram'- 
bler, n. — Ram'bling, a. Discursive ; desultory. 

Ramee, -mie, ram'e, n. An Asiatic plant of the hemp 
and nettle family, from the fiber of whose inner 
bark grass-cloth is made for wearing apparel; China 
grass. [Malay.] 

Ramose, ra-mos', Ra'mous, -mus, a. (Bot.) Branched, 
as a stem or root ; consisting of 
branches ; branchy. [L. ramus, a 
branch, prob. for radmus ; s. rt. Gr. 
rhadamnos, a young branch, L. and 
Gr. radix, q. v.] — Ram'ify, ram'- ±Si 
t-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To "NS 
divide into branches or parts. —v.i. 
To shoot into branches ; to be di- 
vided or subdivided. [L. facere, to 
make.]— Ram'ifica'tion, n. Process 
of branching, or shooting branches 
from a stem, or the mode of their 
arrangement; a small division pro- 
ceeding from a main stock or chan- 
nel; a subordinate branch; a divis- Ramose root, 
ion into principal and subordinate 
classes or heads. (Bot.) The manner in which a tree 
produces its branches. Production of figures re- 
sembling branches. 

Ramp, ramp, v. i. [ramped (rampt), ramping.] To 
climb, as a plant ; to creep up ; to spring, leap, 
prance, frolic, romp. — n. A leap; spring; bound. 
[F. ramper, to creep, run, crawl, climb, G. raffen, to 
snatch, It. rampare, to claw.] — Ramp'age, -aj, n. 
Violent or riotous behavior; a state of excitement 
or passion. — Ramp'ant, a. Springing or climbing 
unchecked ; overgrowing the usual bounds; exu- 
berant ; overleaping restraint. (Her.) Standing up- 
right on his hind legs, as if at- 
tacking a person. — Rampant 
arch. An arch whose abutments 
or springings are not on the 
same level.— R- gardant. (Her.) 
Standing upright on the hinder 
legs, with the face turned to the 
front. — R. regardant. Standing 
upright and looking backward. 

— Ramp'ancy -an-sT, n. Quality 
or state of being rampant; ex- 
cessive growth or practice; exu- 
berance; extravagance. 

Rampart, ram'piirt, n. That which fortifies and de- 
fends from assault. (Fort.) An elevation or mound 
of earth round a place, upon which the parapet is 
raised: see Castle.— v. t. To fortify with ram- 
parts. [OF. rempar, rempart, a rampart, remparer, 
to fortify with, etc., fr. re-, again, erc(=L. m), in, 
and parer, L. parare, to make ready.] 

Ramrod. See under Ram. 

Ramshackle, ram'shak-1, a. Loose ; old ; falling to 
pieces. 

Ran, imp. of Run. 

Rancescent. See under Rancid. 

Ranch, ranch, Ranch/o, n. In Mexico, California, etc., 
a rude hut, as of posts, covered with branches or 
thatch, where herdsmen or laborers lodge at night; 
a large farming establishment on which are many 
ranchos ; esp., an establishment for rearing cattle 
and horses. [Sp. rancho.] — Ranche'ro, ran-cha'ro, 
n. A herdsman ; one employed on a rancho. [Sp.J 

Rancid, ran'sid, a. Having a rank, unpleasant smell ; 
strong-scented ; sour ; musty. [L. ranadus, lr. ran- 
cere, to be rancid or rank.] — Rancid'ity, -sid'i-tT, 
Ran'cidness, n. Quality of being rancid ; a strong 
scent, as of old oil.— Rances'cent, -ses'sent, a. .Be- 
coming rancid or sour. [L. rancescens, p. pr. or_ ran- 
cescere, incept, of rancere.] — Ran 'cor, rank er, n. 
The deepest malignity; inveterate hatred; ill will; 
malice; spite; grudge; malignity. [ME. and O* . ran- 
cour, L. rancor, spite, orig. rancidness, fr. rancere.] 

— Ran'corous, -er-us, a. Full of rancor; implacably 
spiteful or malicious; bitter; malevolent; virulent.— 
Ran'corously, adv. ... 

Random, ran'dum, n. A roving motion; course witn- 




Rampant. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



LIUuV 



RANEDEER 



469 RARE 



oat definite direction ; hazard; chance; distance to 
which a missile is thrown; range; reach, — a. Done 
at hazard, or without settled aim or purpose; left to 
chance. [OF. randir, to press on, randonner, to run 
swiftly. It. a randa, near, exactly, pern. fr. G. rand, 
edge, rim, margin, AS. rand, rim of a shield, verge.] 

Ranedeer. Same as Reindeeu l 

Range, ranj, v. t. [ranged (ranjd), ranging.] To 
set in a row or rows, dispose in the proper order, 
rank; to dispose in a systematic order; to rove over, 
pass over; to sail or pass in a direction parallel to or 
near. — v. i. To wander without restraint or direc- 
tion; to be capable of projecting, or to admit of be- 
ing projected, esp. as to horizontal distance; to be 
placed in order, admit of arrangement or classifica- 
tion; to have a particular direction, be in a line with; 
to sail or pass near or in the direction of. — n. A 
series of things in a line ; a row; rank; an aggregate 
of individuals of like rank or degree; an order; class; 
a cooking apparatus of cast iron, set in brick work, 
and containing pots, oven, etc.; a wandering or rov- 
ing; ramble; expedition; compass or extent of excur- 
sion; natural or acquired power to comprehend or 
master a greater or less variety of knowledge; the 
variety of truth or compass of knowledge in posses- 
sion ; scope. (Gun.) The horizontal distance to 
which a shot or other projectile is carried. That 
which may be traversed or ranged over; esp., a re- 
gion of country in which cattle may wander and 
pasture; in the land system of the U. S., a row or 
line of townships lying between 2 successive merid- 
ian lines 6 miles apart. [F. ranger, OF. renger, to 
rank, set in a row, arrange, F. rang, ME. and OF. 
reng, a rank, row, line, fr. OlIG. firing, hrinc, a ring; 
8. rt. ring, arrange, derange.} — Ran'ger, n. One 
who ranges; a dog that beats the ground; one of a 
body of mounted troops, who range over the coun- 
try, and often fight on foot; a keeper of a forest or 
park.— Rank, rank, n. A row or line; a range. (Mil.) 
Aline of soldiers; a row of troops reckoned from 
side to side,— opp. to file. (Mil. & Naval.) Degree; 
grade. An aggregate of individuals together; an 
order; division; degree of dignity, eminence, or ex- 
cellence; high degree; high social position. — v. t. 
[ranked (rankt), ranking.] To place abreast, or 
in a line; to range in a particular class, order, or di- 
vision; to class; to dispose methodically; to take pre- 
cedence of, outrank. — v. u To be ranged or set, as 
in a particular degree, class, order, or division ; to 
have a certain grade or degree of elevation in the 
orders of civil or military life. 

Rank, rank, a. Luxuriant in growth ; exuberant; 
raised to a high degree; causing vigorous growth; 
very rich and fertile; strong to the smell; rancid; 
sour; musty; strong to the taste; high-tasted. [AS. 
ranc, strong, D. and Sw. rank, lank, slender, Dan. 
rank, erect; confused with OF. ranee, L. rancidus 
= E. rancid, q. v. ; s. rt. rack, right, rich.] — Rank'- 
ly, adv. With vigorous growth; luxuriantly; coarse- 
ly ; grossly. — Rank'ness, n. — Rankle, -1, v. i. 
[rankled (-Id), -ling.] To grow more rank or 
strong, be inflamed, fester; to become more violent, 
rage. 

Ransack, ran'sak, v. t. [-sacked (-sakt), -sacking.] 
To search thoroughly, search every place or part of; 
to plunder, pillage completely. [Ic. rannsaka, to 
search a house, fr. rami, house (s. rt. AS. rsesn, a 
plank, beam), and ssekja, AS. secan, to seek; not s. 
rt. AS. and Ic. ran, plunder.] 

Ransom, ran'sum, n. Release from captivity, bond- 
age, or the possession of an enemy; money paid for 
the redemption of a prisoner, or for goods captured 
by an enemy. — v. t. [ransomed f-sumd), -soming.] 
To redeem from captivity, servitude, or punishment, 
by paying a price. [OF. raencon, f r. L. redemptio : 
see Redemption.] — Ran'somer, n. 

Rant, rant, v. i. To rave in violent, high-sounding, 
or extravagant language. — n. Boisterous, empty 
declamation. [OD. ranten, to be enraged. LG. ran- 
den, to attack any one; perh. s. rt. OHG. razi, wild, 
violent.] —Rant 'er, n. A noisy talker; a boisterous 
preacher. — Rantlpole, -T-pol, n. A wild, romping 
child. — a. Wild ; roving ; rakish. 

Ranunculus, ra-nun'ku-lus, n. ; E. pi. -luses; L. pi. 
-Li. A herbaceous flowering plant of many annual 
and perennial species, including the crow-foot, but- 
tercup, etc.. and esp. the cultivated tuberous-rooted 
Asiatic ranunculus. [L., a little frog, a medicinal 
plant, dim. of rana, a frog, —so called by Pliny, be- 
cause the aquatic species grow where frogs abound.] 

Ranzdesvacb.es, raNz'da-vash', n. A melody of the 



Swiss mountaineers, commonly played on a long 
trumpet called the Alpine horn. [F., the ranks of the 
cows, — because the cattle, answering the musical 
call of their keeper, move toward him in a row, pre- 
ceded by those wearing bells.] 
Rap, rap, v. i. To strike with a quick, sharp blow; to 
knock. — v. t. [rapped (rapt), rapping.] To strike 
with a quick blow, knock. — n. A quick, smart blow ; 
a knock. [Onomat.; Dan. rap, Sw. rapp, a rap, tap, 
blow, rappa, to beat; s. rt. rattle.] — To rap out. To 
utter with sudden violence.— Rap'per, n. One who 
or that which, etc.; esp. a door-knocker. 
Rap, rap, v. t. [rapped (rapt), more usually written 
rapt; rapping.] To snatch away, seize and hurry 
off; to transport out of one's self, affect with ecstasy 
or rapture. [ME. rapen, Ic. hrapa, to hurry, hasten, 
Sw. rappa, to snatch, seize, rapp, brisk; confused 
with L. rapere, raptum, to seize, but not s. rt.] — 
Rape, rap, n. Sexual intercourse with a woman 
against her will ; violation ; act of seizing and car- 
rying away by force (persons or things). [ME., 
haste, fr. rapen, Ic. hrap, ruin, falling down.] 
Rapacious, ra-pa'shus, a. Given to plunder; seizing 
by force; subsisting on prey or animals seized by 
violence; greedy; ravenous; voracious. [L. rapax, 
rapacis, fr. rapere, to seize: see Rapid.] — Rapa'- 
ciously, adv. — Rapa'ciousness, Rapacity, -pas'T- 
tT, n. Quality of being rapacious ; ravenousness; 
exorbitant greediness of gain. 
Rape, violation. See under Rap, to snatch. 
Rape, rap, n. A plant of several species, with woody 
roots, allied to the turnip and cabbage, cultivated 
for its leaves and stalks (for salad and forage), and 
for its seeds, from which oil is extracted. [L. rapa, a 
turnip, also rape, Russ. riepa, Gr. rhapus, turnip, 
rhaphanis, a radish.] 
Rapid, rapid, a. Very swift or quick; moving with 
celerity; advancing with speed; in quick sequence; 
of quick utterance of words; fast; expeditious; hur- 
ried. — n. A portion of a stream, esp. when broken 
by rocks, where the current runs with unusual swift- 
ness or rapidly descends without actual waterfall or 
cascade. [F. rapide, L. i-apidus, fr. rapere, Gr. har- 
pazein, to snatch, seize; s. rt. rupture, ravage, raven, 
ravine, ravish, rapture.'] — Rapidity, -I-tT, n. Qual- 
ity or state of being rapid; quickness of progression 
or advance; speed; celerity; velocity; agility.— Rap'- 
idly, adv. — Rapldness, n. — Rapine, -in, n. Act 
of plundering; spoliation; pillage; violence; force. 
[F.; L. rapina, fr. rapere.] — Rapto'rial, -to'rl-al, 
a. Rapacious; living upon prey, — said esp. of cer- 
tain birds. [L. raptor, fr. rapere.] — Rapt'ure, rap'- 
chur, n. State or condition of being carried away 
from one's self by agreeable excitement ; extreme 
joy or pleasure ; bliss ; ecstacy ; transport; exulta- 
tion. — Rapt'urous, -us, a. Ecstatic; transporting; 
ravishing. 
Rapier, ra'pt-er, n. A light sword with narrow blade, 
formerly worn by gentlemen on all occasions. [F. 
rapiere, a Spanish sword, perh. fr. Sp. raspadera, a 
raker, fr. raspar, to scrape, file, rasp, q. v.] 
Rapine. See under Rapid. 
Rapparee, rap'pa-re', n. A wild Irish plunderer. [Ir. 

7-a/iaire, a noisy fellow, robber; s. rt. rabble.] 
Rappee, rap-pe', n. A pungent kind of snuff, of either 
a brown or black color. [F. rape", fr. r&per, to grate, 
rasp, q. v.] 
Rapper. See under Rap, to knock. 
Rapscallion. See under Rascal. 
Rapt, imp. of Rap, to snatch. 
Raptorial. Rapture, etc. See 'under Rapid. 
Raquet. See under Racket. 

Rare, rar, a. Of loose texture ; not thick or dense ; 
thin; thinly scattered; dispersed; not frequent; sel- 
dom met with; unusual; unusually excellent; valu- 
able to a degree seldom found; scarce; uncommon; 
extraordinary ; incomparable. [F. ; L. rams.] — 
Rarely, adv. In a rare manner or degree; seldom; 
not often ; finely ; nicely. — Rare'ness, n. — Rar'- 
eeshow, n. A show carried about by a showman. 
[Contr. fr. raritu-show.] — Rar'efy, rar'e-f I, v. t, 
[-FIED (-fid),-FYiNG ; l To make rare, thin, porous, or 
less dense. — v. i. To become thin and less dense. 
[L. facere, to make.] — Rarefac'tion, n. Act or pro- 
cess of making rare, or of expanding or distending 
bodies, by separating the parts. — Rar'efi'able, d. 
Capable of being rarefied. — Rarity, -Y-tT, n. QuaU 
ity or state of being rare; tenuity; uncommonness; 
infrequency ; a rare or uncommon thing ; a thing 
valued for its scarcity; thinness; subtilty. [F. rarUi, 
L. raritas.] — Rare'ripe, rar'rip.a. Early ripe; ripe 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



RARE 



470 



RATH 



before others, or before the usual season. — n. An 
early fruit; esp., a kind of peach which ripens early. 

Bare, rar, a. Nearly raw; imperfectly cooked; under- 
done. [For raw, q. v.] 

Rascal, ras'kal, n. A mean fellow; scoundrel; worth- 
less fellow; trickish, dishonest person; rogue. [ME. 
raskaille, the common herd (of deer), F. racaille, 
the scum, dregs, or outcasts of any company, prob. 
fr. F. racier, OF. rascler, to scrape, rasp: see Rase.] 

— Ras'cally, a. Likearascal; meanly trickish; base. 

— Rascality, -I-ti, n. Quality of being, etc.; trick- 
ery; dishonesty. — Rascalllon, ras-kar-, Rapscall- 
ion, rap-skal'yun, n. A low, mean wretch. 

Rase, raz, v. t. [rased (razd), easing.] To graze; 
to cancel, erase; to level with the ground, raze. [ME. 
rasen, to scrape, F. raser, to shave, lay level, graze, 
LL. rasare, to demolish, graze, fr. L. radere, rasum, 
to scrape; s. rt. L. rodere, to gnaw, Skr. rad, to split, 
divide, E. abrade, erase, rail, rascal, rodent, rash, an 
eruption, rat.] — Raze, v. t. [razed (razd), razing.] 
To erase, efface, obliterate, extirpate ; to lay level 
with the ground, demolish, subvert, ruin. — Razee', 
ra-ze'', n. (Naut.) An armed ship having her upper 
deck cut down, and thus reduced to the next infe- 
rior rate. — v. t. To cut down (a ship) to an inferior 
class; to prune or abridge by cutting off or retrench- 
ing parts. — Ra'zor, -zer, n. An instrument for 
shaving off the beard or hair. [F. rasoir, fr. raser.] 

— Razors of a boar. A boar's tusks. — Ra'zor-bill, 
n. An aquatic fowl of the Arctic regions ; the 
common auk. — Ras'ure, Raz'ure, razh'ur, n. Act 
of erasing or obliterating ; thing razed ; erasure. — 
Raso'rial, -soli-al, a. Pert, to an order of gallina- 
ceous birds which 

scrape the ground 
for food, as the 
domestic fowl, 
peacock, par- 
tridge, ostrich, 
pigeon, etc. [L. 
rasor, lit. a scra- 
per, fr. radere.] 
Rash, rash, a. 
Hasty; quick; sud- 
den ; rapid ; hasty 
in counsel or ac- 
tion ; entering on 
a measure without 
due caution ; ut- 
tered or under- 
taken with too 
much haste or too 
little reflection ; 
precipitate ; head- 
strong; foolhardy; 
heedless; unwary. 
[Dan. and S w. 
rash, G. rasch ; s. 
rt. Skr. ricch, to 
go, attack, ri, to 
rise, raise, attack.] 

— Rashly, adv.— 
Rash'ness, n. 

Rash, rash, n. (Med.) 
A fine eruption or 
effloresc e n c e on 
any portion of the 
person. [OF. rasche, a scald, sore, Proven, rosea, the 
itch; s. rt. L. radere, rasum, to scratch: see Rase.] 

Rasher, rash'er, n. A thin slice of bacon; a thin cut. 
[Prob. fr. rash, hasty — i. e., cooked quickly.] 

Rasorial. See under Rase. 

Rasp, rasp, n. A species of coarse file, on which the 
cutting prominences are distinct, being raised by the 
oblique stroke of a sharp punch. — v. t. [rasped 
(raspt), rasping.] To rub or file with a rasp or a 
rough file; to grate harshly upon. [OF. rasper, OHG. 
raspon, to rasp, hrespan, to rake together; perh. s. rt. 
rapier.] — Rasp'atory, -a-to-rY, n. A surgeon's rasp. 

— Rasp'berry, n. A thorny bush or bramble of sev- 
eral species; its edible thimble-shaped berry, — red, 
white, or black. [Fr. its rasp-like surface.] 

Rasure. See under Rase. 

Rat, rat, n. (Zo'61.) One of several species of rodent 
mammals, larger than mice, that infest houses, stores, 
and ships. One who deserts his party or associates; 
among printers, one who works at less than estab- 
lished prices. — v. i. [ratted, -ting.] (Eng. Poli- 
tics.) To desert one's former party or associates 
from interested motives. To work at less than estab- 
lished prices. [AS. rset, OD. and G. ratte, Sp. and 




Rasorial Birds. 

a, head and foot of Gallus bankiva ; 
6, 6, do. of common pheasant; c, c, do. 
of wild turkey ; d, d, do. of common 
grouse. 




o, small ratchet cr 
pawl for communi- 
cating motion ; 
d, ratchet for pre- 
venting hackward 



To be set or 



LL. rato ; prob. s. rt. rodent.] — To smell a rat. To 
suspect something and be on the watch, as a cat for 
a rat. — Rats'bane, n. Poison for rats ; arsenious 
acid.— Rat'ten, v. t. [-tened (-tend), -tening.] To 
injure and carry away the tools, etc., of (a workman 
obnoxious to a trades' union, etc.). [ProvE. ratten, 
a rat.] 

Ratafia, rat'a-fe'a, n. A fine spirituous liquor, fla- 
vored with cherries, apricots, peaches, etc., and 
sweetened with sugar. [F., fr. Malay arak, arrack 
(q. v.), and tafia, a spirit distilled from molasses.] 

Ratan. See Rattan. 

Ratch, Ratchet, rach'et, n. A bar or piece of mechan- 
ism turning at one end upon a pivot, while the other 
end falls into the teeth of a wheel or rack, allowing 
the latter to move in one direction only; pawl; click; 
detent. [Same as rack (q. v.), a bar with teeth. ]i— 
Ratch'et-wheel, n. A circular 
wheel, having angular teteh, by 
which it may be moved forward, 
as by a lever and catch, or pawl, 
or into which a pawl may drop to a 
prevent the wheel from running " 
back. 

Rate, rat, v. t. To chide vehemently, 
reprove, scold. [ME. raten, tochide, 
araten, to reprove, Sw. rata, to re- 
ject, slight, find fault with; s. rt. 
Norw. rat,lc.hrat, rubbish, trash.] 

Rate, rat, n. Established portion or Ratchet-wheel 
measure; fixed allowance; degree; a> ratchet-wheel; , 
standard ; proportion ; ratio ; value ; reciprocating lever; 
price; rank; movement, as fast or 
slow, etc. ; a tax or sum assessed on 
property for public use. — v. t. To 
set a certain estimate on, value at 
a certain price; to settle the rela- 
tive scale, rank, or position of; to 
appraise, compute, reckon. — v. 
considered in a class ; to have rank ; to make an 
estimate. [F.; L. rata (pars), fr. ratus, reckoned, 
p. p. of reri, to reckon, calculate; s. rt. art (q. v.), rea- 
son.] — Rafable, a. Capable of being rated, or set 
at a certain value ; liable to taxation. — Rafably, 
adv. Proportionally. — Rat'er, n.— Ralio, ra'shi-o 
or -sho, n. (Math.) The relation which one quantity 
or magnitude has to another of the same kind, as ex- 
pressed by the quotient of the 2d divided by the 1st; 
fixed relation of number, quantity, or degree; pro- 
portion; rate; quota. [L., fr. reri.] — Ration, ra'- 
shun or rash'un, n. A portion or fixed allowance of 

§ revisions, drink, and forage; a certain portion or 
xed amount dealt out; allowance. [F. = L. ratio.] 

— Ralional, rash'un-al, a. Relating to the reason; 
not physical ; having reason, or the faculty of rea- 
soning ; agreeable to reason ; not absurd, extrava- 
gant, foolish, fanciful, etc.; sane; sound; discreet; 
judicious. [F.] — Rational quantity. (Alg.) A quan- 
tity that can be expressed without a radical sign, — 
opp. to irrational or radical quantity..— Ra'tionale, 
rash'un-ale, n. A series of reasons assigned ; an 
explanation of the principles of some opinion, ac- 
tion, hypothesis, phenomenon, etc., or the principles 
themselves. [L.. neut. of rationalis, rational.] — 
Ra'tionalism, -izm, n. A system of opinions de- 
duced from reason, as disting. f r., or opp. to, revela- 
tion; an excessive reliance on reason. — Rational- 
ist, n. One who proceeds wholly upon reason, or 
relies on his reason as the sole or the supreme au- 
thority in matters of religion, and rejects supernat- 
ural guidance. — Rationalistic, -ical, a. Pert, to, 
or in accordance with, the principles of rationalism. 

— Rationality, n. Quality of being rational; due 
exercise of reason ; reasonableness."— Ralionally, 
adv. — Ratiocinate, rash'T-os'T-nat, v. i. To rea- 
son deductively; to offer reason or argument. [L. 
rationari, -natus, fr. ratiocinium, a computation, fr. 
ratio.] — Ra'tioc'inalion, n. Act or process of rea- 
soning. [F.; L. ratiocinatio.] — Ratify. rafT-fi. v. t. 
[-fied, -fying.] To approve, make valid; esp., to 
give sanction to (something done by an agent or 
servant); to confirm, establish, sanction. [F. rati- 
fier, LL. ratificare, to confirm, fr. L. ratus. fixed 
(see Rate, above), and facere, to make.] — Rat'i- 
ficalion, n. Act of ratifying; state of being rati- 
fied; confirmation. — Ratlfi'er, n. 

Rath, Rathe, rath, a. Coming before others cr be- 
fore the usual time; early, — adv. Earlv; betimes. 
[AS. hradhe, quickly, hrsedh. Ic. hradhr, MHG. 
hrad, quick.] — Rath'er, rath't-i , adv. More read- 
ily or willingly: preferably; on the other hand; on 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end,_eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



RATIFY 



471 



READ 



the contrary ; somewhat ; moderately ; tolerably ; 
more properly; more correctly speaking. [AS. hrad- 
hor, compar. of hrjedh.] — The rather. The sooner; 
the more so; especially. 

Ratify, Eatio. Rational, etc. See under Rate. 

Ratlin, -line, rat'hii, u. (yaut.) A small line travers- 
ing the shrouds of a ship, making the step of a lad- j 
der for ascending the masts : see Smi'. [Prob. for i 
rat-lines, & sailor's term ; cf. catharpin, cathcud, etc.] 

Batoon, ra-toon', n. A sprout from the root of the I 
sugar-cane, after the cane has been cut. [Sp. retoiio, I 
retonar, to sprout or shoot again, fr. L. re-, again, 
and tumidus, swelling.] 

Ratsbane. See under Rat. 

Rattan, rat-tan', n. The long, slender, jointed, branch- 
less stem of a plant growing in India, which is cylin- 
drical, solid, flexible, and very tough, and is used 
for wicker-work, seats of chairs, walking sticks, etc. 
[Malay rotan.'] 

Ratteen, rat-ten', n. A thick woolen stuff quilled or 
twdled. [F. ratine, OF. rutin, ratis, fern; F. j-atiner, 
to friz, to nap cloth.] 

Ratten. See under Rat. 

Rattle, rat'tl, v. i. [_-tled (-tld), -tling.] To make 
a quick, sharp noise, rapidly repeated, by collision 
of bodies not very sonorous ; to clatter ; to speak 
eagerly and noisily, jabber, —v. t. To cause to make 
a rapid succession of sharp sounds ; to stun with 
noise ; to scold. — n. A rapid succession of sharp, 
clattering sounds; loud, rapid talk; an instrument or 
toy with which a clattering sound is made ; a jab- 
berer; noise produced by the air in passing through 
mucus of which the lungs are unable to free them- 
selves. [D. ratelen, to rattle, ratel, a rattle : see 
Rail, v. i.] — Raftle-head'ed, a. Noisy; giddy; un- 
steady.— -snake, n. A ven- 
omous Amer. snake hav- 
ing a series of horny joints 
at the end of the tail 
which make a rattling 
sound. — wort, -wert, n. 
An annual hairy herb, 
growing from Massachu- 
setts southwards, whose 
seeds are in inflated pods, 
and rattle when shaken; 
rattle-box. [AS. hrse- 
telwyrt.] 

Raucous, raw'kus, a. 
Hoarse; harsh. [L. rau- 
cus, for ravicus, fr. rovus, 
gray-yellow, h o a rs . 1 — 
Rau'city, -sTE-tt, n. ri a'rshness of sound ; hoarseness. 

Ravage, rav'ej, n. Desolation by violence ; violent 
destruction; devastation; pillage; spoil; waste; 
ruin. — r. t. [ravaged (-ejd), -aging.] To lay 
waste by force, despoil, sack, desolate, destroy. [F., 
ravage, "ravager, to ravage, fr. L. rapere, to seize : 
see Rapid.] — RaVager, n. 

Rave, rav, r. i. [raved (ravd), raving.] To wander 
in mind or intellect; to be delirious; to talk irration- 
allv or frantically ; to be furious or raging ; to rush 
wildly or noisily. — v. t. To utter in frenzy, say 
wildly. [OF. raver, Sp. rabiar, fr. Sp. and LL. ra- 
bia, L. rabies, rage, q. v.] 

Ravel, raVl v. t. [-eled (-Id), -elixg.] To undo the 
texture of, take apart, unsew or unknit; to dis- 
entangle ; to pull apart (a texture) so that the 
threads fall into a tangled mass ; to entangle, make 
intricate, involve. — v. i. To become separated in 
texture, be untwisted or unwoven, be disentangled. 
[OD. ravelen, LG. reffeln.~] 

Ravelin, rav'lin, n. (Fort.) 
2 embankments which 
make a salient angle. [F. ; 
It. ravellino, perh. fr. L. 
re-, back, and vallum, a 
rampart.] 

Raven, ra'vn, n. A bird of 
black color, allied to the 
crow, but larger. [Prob. 
onomat., fr. its cry; AS. 
hrsefn; s. rt. L. crepare, 
to rattle.] 

Raven, rav'n, v.t. [-exed 
(-nd), -exixg.] To obtain 
by -violence, devour with 
eagerness. — v. i. To prey 
with rapacity, be greedy. B b, ravelin; a., redoubt; cc, 
— n. Rapine ; rapacity; ditch; i, passage from fort- 
prey ; food obtained by reaa to ravelin. 




Rattle-snake. 



detached work with 





Ravelin. 



violence. [ME. ravine, L. rapina, plunder, rapine, 
a. v., under Rapid.] — Rav'ener, a.— Rav'ening, n. 
Eagerness for plunder.— Rav'enous, -n-us, a. Furi- 
ously voracious; hungry even to rage ; eager for prey 
or gratification. — Rav'enoualy, adv. — Rav'enoua- 
ness. n. — Rav'in, -n, n. Plunder; prey. [Older 
spelling of Raven.] 

Ravine, ra-ven', n. A long, deep, and narrow hollow, 
usually worn by a stream or torrent of water ; a 
gorge. [F, formerly a flood, in OF., impetuosity, 
violence; same as raven, ravin.] 

Ravish, ravish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishixg.] To 
seize and carry away by violence; to carry away with 
joy or delight, transport, entrance, enrapture: to 
commit rape upon, violate, deflour, force. [F. rarir. 
It. rapire, L. rapere : see Rapixe, under Rapid.] — 
Rav'isher, n. — Ravishment, n. Act of carrying 
away by force or against consent: abduction; state 
of being ravished; rapture; ecstacy: forcible viola- 
tion of chastity; rape. 

Raw, raw, a. Not cooked; unprepared for use or en- 
joyment; immature; unripe; unpracticed; untried; 
untouched by art: unwrought; not spun or twisted; 
not mixed or adulterated; not tried, or melted and 
strained; not tanned; deprived of skin: galled; caus- 
ing sensations as of raw flesh; piercingly damp or 
cold. — n. A raw, sore, or galled place. [AS. hreaw, 
OHG. ras;s. rt. 'L.crvdus = E. crude, raw, Skr. krura, 
sore, cruej.] — Rawly, adv.— Raw'ness, ». — Raw'- 
boned, -bond, a. Having little flesh on the bones; 
hide-bound. — Raw'hide, n. A eowhide, or coarse 
riding-whip, made of untanned leather twisted. 

Ray, aline, Rayless. See under Radius. 

Ray, ra, n. A fish of several species, including the 
skate, thornback, and tor- 
pedo, having the rays of the 
pectoral fins covered by a 
disk-like expansion of the 
body. [ME. and OF. raye, 
L. raia ; s. rt. G. roche = E. I 
ray, also roach. ] 

Raze, Razee, Razor, etc. See 
under Rase. Ray. 

Reach, rech, v. t. [reached 
(recht), reaching.] To extend, stretch, thrust out; 
to deliver by stretching out a member, esp. the hand; 
to pass to another, hand over ; to attain or obtain 
by stretching forth the hand; to extend an action, 
effort, or influence to, penetrate to ; to extend to, 
stretch out as far as; to arrive at, get as far as; to 
attain to, gain. — v. i. To stretch out the hand ; to 
strain after something ; to be extended in dimen- 
sion, time, action, influence, etc., so as to attain to 
or be equal with something, —n. Act of stretching 
or extending; extension; power of reaching; power 
of extending action, influence, etc.; extent of force 
or capacity; extent; stretch; expanse; application; 
influence; result; an extended portion of land or 
water; a stretch; an artifice to obtain an advantage; 
a fetch. [AS. rsecan, to reach, get into one's power, 
rice, Goth, reiki, power, authority, AS. gersec, occa- 
sion, due time; s. rt. rich, regal, right, rack, rank.] 

Re-, re, Red-, inseparable pref., signifying again, or for 
the 2d time : it may be prefixed to "almost any verb, 
and many substantives, the words so formed being 
usually self-explanatory. [F. and L.] 

Re, ra. (Hus.) A syllable applied in solmization to 
the 2d tone of the diatonic scale. 

React, re-akf, v. t. To act or perform a second time, 
do over again. — v. i. To resist the action of another 
body by an opposite force: to produce or exhibit an 
opposite effect or condition from that which has 
previously been produced or exhibited; to exercise 
a reciprocal or reverse effect. — Reac'tion. n. Any 
action in resisting other action or power ; counter 
tendencv or movement. (Chein.) The mutual or 
reciprocal action of chemical agents upon each 
other. (Med.) Depression or exhaustion of vital 
force consequent on over-exertion or over-stimula- 
tion; or vital excitement and recuperation follow- 
ing depression or exhaustion. (J/ecA.) Force which 
a oodv subjected to the action of a force from an- 
other "body exerts upon that body in the opposite 
direction. (Politics.) Backward tendency from rev- 
olution, reform, or progress. — Reac'tionary, -a-rt, 
-ist, a. For, or implying, reaction. — /;. (Politics.) 
One anxious to undo reform, or to return to an out- 
grown condition of thinss. — Reactive, -iv, a. Hav- 
ing power to react: tending to reaction. 

Read, red, v. t. [read (r5d), reading (reding).] To 
go over, as characters or words, and utter aloud, or 



sun, cube, full : moon. fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



READY 



472 



REEEL 



recite to one's self inaudibly; to take in the sense of 
{language); to peruse; to know fully, comprehend; 
to gather the meaning of by inspection, learn by ob- 
servation. — v. i. To perform the act of reading; to 
be studious; to learn by reading; to appear in read- 
ing. — a. Instructed or knowing by reading; versed 
in books; learned. [AS. rsedan. to discern, advise, 
read, rsed, counsel ; s. rt. riddle.'] — Read'able, a. 
Capable of being read; fit, legible, or suitable to be 
read; worth reading. — Readier, n. One who reads; 
one whose distinctive office is to read prayers in a 
churcb; (Univ. of Oxford, Eng.) one who reads lec- 
tures on scientific subjects: proof-reader: corrector 
of the press; a book containing exercises in reading; 
reading-book. — Read'ership, n. Office of reading 
prayers in a church, or, ( Univ. of Oxford) of a lec- 
turer on scientific subjects. — Reading, n. Act of 
one who reads; perusal; study of books; the way in 
which anything reads; lection; version; learning. — 
Read'ing-room, n. A room provided with papers, pe- 
riodicals, etc., to which persons resort for reading. 
Ready, red'T, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Prepared at the mo- 
ment ; not behindhand or backward when called 
upon; prepared in mind or disposition; not slow, hes- 
itating, or awkward; quick in action; not occasion- 
ing delay; offering itself at once; on the point, about, 
— with a following infinitive, —adv. In a state of 
preparation so as to need no delay. [AS. rxde, OHG. 
reiti, ready, reita, Ic. reidh = E. raid ; s. rt. ride.] — 
Readily, -T-lT, ado. Quickly ; promptly ; without 
delay or objection ; cheerfully. — Readiness, n. — 
Read'y-made, a. Already provided ; kept on hand 
to answer demands ; not made to order. 

Reagent, re-a'jent, n. (Chem.) A substance em- 
ployed to detect the presence of other bodies ; a 
test. 

Real, re'al, a. Actually being or existing ; not arti- 
ficial, counterfeit, or factitious. (Law.) Pert, to 
things fixed, permanent or immovable, as to lands 
and tenements, — as, real estate. [OF. ; LL. realis, 
pert, to the thing itself, fr. L. res, thing.] — Re'ally, 
adv. Actually ; in truth. — ReSlism, -al-izm, n. 
Doctrine of the realists ; fidelity to nature or to real 
life, in art or literature. — ReSlist, n. One who 
maintains that generals, or the terms used to denote 
the genera and species of things, represent real ex- 
istences, and are not mere names, as maintained by 
the nominalists ; an artist or writer who aims to ad- 
here to real life in his delineations. — Realistic, a. 
Pert, to, or characteristic of, realists. — Reality, n. 
State or quality of being real ; actual being or ex- 
istence of anything, — disting. fr. mere appearance; 
fact; that which is real; an actual existence; truth; 
verity; certainty. [F. riaUte".] — Re'alty, n. (Law.) 
Real estate; that which has the nature or character 
of real estate. [Contr. of reality.] — Re'alize, v. t. 
[-IZED (-Tzd), -izing.] To make real, convert from 
imaginary or fictitious into actual; to cause to seem 
real, impress upon the mind as actual ; to convert 
into real property ; to obtain as the result of plans 
and efforts, gain, get. — v. i. To receive value or 
property, esp. in money. [OF. realiser.] — ReSJiz'- 
able, a. Capable of being realized. — Re'alizalion, 
n. Act of realizing or making real, or state of being 
realized. [OF. realisation.'] 

Real, re'al, n. A small Spanish denomination of mo- 
ney varying in value from \2\ to 5 cents. [Sp. and 
Pg. = L. regalis, royal, q. v.] 

Realgar, re-al'gar, n. (Min.) A natural or artificial 
combination of sulphur and arsenic in equal equiv- 
alents, of a brilliant red color ; red orpiment. [F. 
rialgar, NL. risigallum, Sp. rejalgar, Ar. rahj al- 
ghar; rahj, powder; al, (of) the; gkar, mine.] 

Realm, relm, n. A royal jurisdiction or regal govern- 
ment ; kingdom ; province ; region ; domain ; de- 
partment. [OF. realme, reaume, roialme, fr. real, 
roial, royal, q. v.J 

Ream, rem, n. A package of paper, consisting of 20 
quires or 480 sheets. [OF. raime, Sp. resma, ream of 
paper,_Ar. rizmat, a bundle.] 

Ream, rem, v. t. [reamed (remd), reaming.] To en- 
large or dress out, as a hole. \G. raeumen, to enlarge, 
clear awaj, 
raum = 
r o o m . J 
Ream'er, ... 

(Mech.) An Reamer, 

instrument to enlarge a hole in a beveled form. 

Reanimate, re-an'i-mat, v. t. To animate anew, in- 
fuse new life, vigor, spirit,_or courage into. 

Reap, rep, v. I. [reaped (rept), reaping.] To cut 



with a sickle, as grain ; to gather, obtain, receive as 
a reward, or as the fruit of labor; to clear of a crop 
by reaping. — v. i. To perform the act of reaping; 
to receive the fruit of labor or works. [AS. npan, 
D. rapen, to gather, reap, glean, G. raufen, to pluck; 
s. rt. rupture, ripe.}— Reap'er, n. One who reaps 
or cuts grain with a sickle ; machine for cutting 
graim 

Rear, rer, n. The back or hindmost part; part of an 
army or fleet which comes last, or is behind the rest. 
— a. Being behind or in the hindmost part ; hind- 
most. [ME. rere, OF. riere, It. retro, backward.] — 
Rear'-ad'miral, n. An officer next in rank after the 
vice-admiral. — guard, n. The body of an army 
that marches in the rear of the main body to protect 
it. — rank, n. (Mil.) The hindermost rank of a 
body of troops. — ward, n. The last troop ; rear- 
guard; the hind or latter part; end; tail. 

Rear, rer, v. t. [reared (rerd), rearing.] To bring 
up or raise to maturity, as young ; to raise, lift, 
erect, establish.— v. i. To rise on the hind legs, as a 
horse. [AS. rseran, for reesan, Ic. reisa — E. raise, 



tear-. Re 



Rear-, Reremouse, rer'mows, n. The bat. [AS. hrere- 
mus, fr. hreran, to agitate, hror, motion, also quick, 
and mus, mouse, q. v.] 

Reason, re'zn, n. A thought or consideration, as bear. 
ing on a determination or opinion; a motive or cause; 
that which accounts for or explains ; the faculty 
or capacity of the human mind by which it is dis- 
ting. fr. the inferior animals ; the higher as disting. 
fr. the lower cognitive faculties; due exercise of the 
reasoning faculty ; that which is supported by the 
common sense of mankind ; propriety ; justice ; 
truths and laws by which the universe is supposed 
to be constructed and governed, — v. i. [reasoned 
(-znd), -soning.] To exercise the rational faculty, 
ratiocinate ; to carry on a process of deduction in 
order to convince, or to confute ; to debate, discuss, 
argue, examine, prove, —v. t. To examine or dis- 
cuss by arguments ; to debate ; to persuade by rea- 
soning or argument. [OF. raisun, reson, L. ratio, 
reckoning, reason : see Rate, n.~\ — By reason of. 
By means of ; on account of. — In r., in all r. In 

i'ustice ; with rational ground. — Reasonable, a. 
laving the faculty of reason ; governed by, under 
the influence of, or agreeable to, reason; within due 
limits; just; honest; equitable; fair; suitable; con- 
siderable. — Reasonableness, n. — Reasonably, 
adv. — ReaSoner, n. — Reasoning, n. Act or pro- 
cess of deriving conclusions from premises; proofs 
or reasons when arranged and developed; argumen- 
tation; argument.— Raisonne\ ra'zo-na', a. Having 
proofs, illustrations, or notices ; arranged analyti- 
cally or systematically. [F., p. p. of raisonner, to 
reason.] 

Reassure, re'as-shoor', v. t. To assure anew; to free 
from fear or terror; to obtain insurance from an- 
other of what one has already insured. — Re'as- 
sur'ance, n. Assurance or confirmation repeated. 
(Law.) A contract by which an insurer of property 
obtains indemnity against loss by his insurance 
from some other insurer. 

Reave, rev, v. t. To rob, deprive, bereave. [AS. rea- 
fian, to despoil (esp. of clothes, armor, etc.), fr. reaf, 
clothing, spoil, plunder; s. rt. rob, robe, rove, rup- 
ture.'] 

Rebate, re-bat r , v. t. To beat to obtuseness, blunt; to 
make a discount from for prompt payment; to cut 
a rebate in, rabbet. — n. A groove or channel sunk 
on the edge of a board or piece of timber; a rabbet. 
[OF. rebatre, fr. re, again, against, back, and batre, 
L. batuere, to beat, strike; s. rt. abate.] —Rebate', 
-batelnent, n. Diminution. (Com.) Deduction of 
interest, or any sum, etc., on account of prompt 
payment; abatement. 

Rebec, re'bek, n. (3Ihs.) An instrument formerly 
used, having 3 catgut strings, and played with a 
bow. [OF.; It. ribccca, ribeb'ia, Per. rubab.] 

Rebel, rebSl, n. One who rebels ; one who revolts 
from the government to which he owes allegiance; 
revolter : insurgent. — a. Acting in revolt; rebel- 
lious. [F. re'ieffe, L. rebellis, rebellious, lit. renew- 
ing war, f r. re- and helium, war.] — Rebel', re-beK, 
v. i. [-belled (-beld'), -belling.] To revolt ; to 
take up arms traitorously against the state or gov- 
ernment. — Rebellion, -yun, n. Act of rebelling; 
open renunciation of the authority of the govern- 
ment to which one owes allegiance ; resistance to 
lawful authority ; sedition ; mutiny ; contumacy. 
[F.] — Rebellious, -yus, a. Engaged in, or marked 



fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r % 



REBOUND 



473 



RECIPROCAL 



by, rebellion ; violently resisting government or 
lawful authority. — Rebelllously, adv. 

Rebound, re-bo wnd', v. i. To spring back, start back; 
to be reverberated. — v. t. To drive back, reverber- 
ate. — n. Act of flying back upon collision with 
another body; resilience. [F. rebondir, fr. re- and 
bondir, to leap, bound, q. v.] 

Rebuff, re-buf, n. A beating back; a quick and sud- 
den resistance; sudden check; repercussion; unex- 
pected repulse; refusal, —v. t. [rebuffed (-buff), 
-fing.] To beat back, check, repel violently, harsh- 
lv, or uncourteously. [It. rebaffo, a check, chiding, 
ribufare, to chide, fr. ri- (= L. re-) and buffo = £. 
7>itff.] 

Rebuild, re-bild r , v. t. (-built (-bilt), -building.] To 
build or construct (something which has been de- 
molished). 

Rebuke, re-buk', v. t. [-buked (-bukf), -buking.] To 
check, silence, or put down with reproof; to repre- 
hend sharply and summarily, —n. A pointed re- 
proof; reprimand; chastisement; punishment. [OF. 
rebouquer, later reboucher, to blunt, dull — said of 
armor that turned off a weapon, thence of turning 
aside a request, fr. boucher, to stop the mouth, 
bouche; orig. to puff or blow back : cf. re uff.] 

Rebus, re'bus, n. ; pi. -buses. Enigmatical represen- 
tation of words by figures; a riddle made up of 
such representations. [L., abl. pi. of res, thing.] 

Rebut, re-but', v. t. To drive back, repel by force. 
(Law.) To oppose by argument, piea, or counter- 
vailing proof. — v. i. To make an answer, as to a 
plaintiff's surrejoinder. [OF. rebouter, fr. re- and 
bouter, to thrust : see Butt.] — Rebut'ter, n. The 
answer of a defendant in matter of fact to a plain- 
tiff's surrejoinder. — Rebut'tal, n. The giving of 
evidence for the plaintiff, to destroy that of the de- 
fendant. 

Recalcitrate, re-kal'sY-trat, v. i. To kick back, kick 
against anything, express repugnance. [L. recal- 
citrare, -tratum, fr. re- and calcitrare, to kick; calx, 
heel.] — Recal'citrant, a. Kicking back; showing 
repugnance or opposition.— Recal'citra'tion, n. Op- 
position; repugnance. 

Recall, re-kawK, v. t. [-called (-kawld'), -calling.] 
To call back, summon to return; to revoke, annul 
by a subsequent act; to call to mind, recollect, re- 
member. — n. A calling back: revocation. 

Recant, re-kanf, v. '• To contradict (a former dec- 
laration); to take back by one's own act, retract, re- 
call, abjure, disown, disavow. — v. i. To revoke or 
disavow a declaration or proposition. [L. recavtare, 
to recall, recant, fr. re- and cantare, to sing, sound.] 
— Recautalion, n. Act of recanting; retraction. 

Recapitulate, re-ka-pifu-lat, v. t. To give a summary 
of the principal facts, points, or arguments of; to 
relate in brief, reiterate, repeat, rehearse, recite. — 
v. i. To sum up what has been previously said. [L. 
recapitvlare, -latum ; camtulum, a small head, chap- 
ter, section.] — Recapit'ula'tion, n. Act of recapit- 
ulating ; a summary. — Recapitulatory, -to-rT, a. 
Repeating again; containing recapitulation. 

Recapture, re-kap'chur, n. Act of retaking: esp., the 
retaking of a prize or goods from a captor; a prize 
retaken. — v. t. [recaptured (-churd), -Turing.] 
To retake, esp. a prize which had been previously 
taken. — Recap'tion, n. Act of retaking: reprisal; 
the retaking of one's own goods, chattels, wife, or 
children, without force or violence, from one who 
has taken them and who wrongfully detains them. 

Recast, re-kast / ', v. t. [recast, recasting.] To 
throw again; to mold anew, throw into a new form 
or shape; to compute a second time. 

Recede, re-secl', r. i. To move back, retreat, with- 
draw: to withdraw a claim or pretension, desist. — v. 
t. To cede back, yield to a former possessor. [L. re- 
cprfere, fr. re- and cedere, cession, to go, go along.] — 
Recess', n. A withdrawing or retiring; retirement; 
retreat; a withdrawing from public business or no- 
tice; state of being withdrawn; seclusion; privacy; 
remission or suspension of business; intermission, 
as of a legislative body or school: part of a room 
formed by the receding of the wall, as an alcove, 
niche, etc.: place of retirement or secrecy; secret or 
abstruse part. [L. recessas.} — Reces'sioh, -sesh'un, 
n. Act of receding or withdrawing (from a place, 
claim, demand, etc.); act of ceding back; restora- 
tion. [L. recessio.] 

Receive, re-sev', v. t. r-CEiVED(-sevd'),-CErviNG.] To 
take (something offered, given, committed, sent, 
paid, etc.) ; to gain the knowledge of, accept (an 
opinion, notion, etc.); to give credence or accept- 




cjlind; 



Receivers. 

il glass receiver ; 
air-pump 



ance to; to give admittance to, in an official capacity, 
as an embassador, associate, guest, etc.: to have ca- 
pacity for, hold, contain ; to bear, suffer ; to take 
(goods) from a thief, knowing them to be dishon- 
estly obtained, —v. i. To hold a reception of com- 
pany. [OF. recever, F. recevoir, L. reci/iere, -ceptum, 
fr. re- and capere, to take, seize.]— Receiv'er, n. One 
who, or that which, etc. (Law.) One appointed, 
usually by a court of chancery, to receive and hold 
in trust property which is the subject of litigation 
pending the suit, or to take charge .of the estate and 
effects of a corporation and do acts necessary to 
winding up its affairs. (Chem.) A vessel connected 
with an alembic, retort, 
etc., for receiving and 
condensing the product 
of distillation ; a vessel 
to contain gases. (Pntu- 
mut.) The glass vessel in 
which a vacuum is pro- 
duced by an_air-pump. 
— Receipt', -set', n. Act, 
power, or place of re- 
ceiving ; reception ; ca- 
pacitv ; plan or formu- 
lary according to which ™»"»" 
things are to be combined; a recipe; a written ac- 
knowledgment of payment; that received. — v. t. 
To give a receipt for. — v. i. To give a receipt. [OF. 
recete, recepte, L. recepta, fem. of p. p. of recipere.] 

— Recep'tacle, -sep'ta-kl, n. That which receives, 
or into which anything is received and held ; a r> 
ceiver or holder; reservoir. (Bot.) The 
apex of the flower-stalk from which 
the organs of the flower grow or into 
which they are inserted. [F. ; L. re- 
ceptaculum, fr. recentare, freq. of red- 
pere.]— Receptac'ular, a. (Bot.) Pert, 
to the receptacle, or growing on it, as 
the nectary. — Recep'tible, -tT-bl, a. 
Admitting reception; receivable. — Re- 
cep'tibillty, n. Quality of being recep- 
tible; capacity of receiving. — Recep'- 
tion, re-sep'shun, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; a receiving or manner of 
receiving for entertainment ; an occa- 
sion or ceremony of receiving guests; 
admission (of an opinion or doctrine). 
[F.] — Recep'tive, -tiv, a. Having the quality of re- 
ceiving; able or inclined to take in, hold, or contain. 

— Receptivity, n. Quality of being, etc. [F. recip- 
tivite'.'] — Recipe, -T-pe, n.; pi. -pes, -pez. A pre- 
scription for making some combination ; esp. for 
medicine. [L., imper. of recipe re. ] —Recipient, 
-Y-ent, a. Receiving, —n. A receiver: the person or 
thing that receives. [L. recipiens, p. pr. of red- 
pere.) — Recipiency, -Y-en-sY, n. State or quality of 
being recipient. 

Recension, re-sen'shun, n. Act of reviewing or re- 
vising; examination: enumeration; esp. review of a 
text by editors ; a text established bv critical re- 
vision. [L. recensio, fr. re- and censere, to value, 
estimate.] 

Recent, re'sent, a. Of late origin, existence, or occur- 
rence; not already known, familiar, worn out, trite, 
etc. ( Oeol.) Of "a date subsequent to the creation 
of man. [OF.: L. rerens ; prob. s. rt. W. cipit, first, 
earliest, Skr. haniyams, very small.] — Re'cently, 
adv. — Re'centness. -cency. sen-sY, n. Quality of 
being, etc. ; freshness ; lateness of origin or occur- 
rence. 

Receptacle, Reception, Recipe, etc. See under Re- 
ceive. 

Recess, Recession, etc. See under Recede. 

Recherche\ See under Research. 

Reciprocal, re-sip'ro-kal, a. Recurring in vicissitude; 
alternate; done by each to the other: given and re- 
ceived; mutually interchangeable. (Gram.) Reflex- 
ive,— applied to pronouns and verbs.— n. That which 
is reciprocal to another thins:. (Arith. & Alq.) The 
quotient arising from dividing unity by any quan- 
tity. [OF reciproqtie. L. recir>mciis.~] — Recip'rocal'- 
ity. n. State or quality of being, etc. — Recip'ro- 
cally, arir. — Recip'rocalness. n. The quality of 
being reciprocal; mutual return: alternateness. — 
Recip'rocate, -ro-kat. r. i. To act interchangeably ; 
to alternate. — v. t. To give and return mutually, 
make return for, requite, interchange. [L. recip- 
rocare, -catum.} Recip'roea'tion, n. Act of recip- 
rocating: interchange of acts; alternation. [F.J — 
Reciprocity, res-Y-pros'Y-tY, n. Mutual action and 




son, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



RECISION 



474 



RECORD 



reaction ; reciprocal advantages, obligations, or 
rights. [F. reciprocity.] 

Becision, re-sizh'un, n. Act of cutting off. [L. re- 
cisio, fr. recidere, to cut off; cascfere, to cut.] 

Eecite, re-sit', v. t. To repeat (something already- 
prepared, written, memorized, etc.); to tell over, go 
over in particulars; to rehearse (a lesson to an in- 
structor), detail, number, count. — v. i. To repeat, 
pronounce, or rehearse something prepared. [F. re- 
citer, L. recitare; citare, to call or name, cite, q. v.] 
- Recit'er, n. — Recit'al, n. Act of reciting; repe- 
tition of the words of another, or of a writing; nar- 
ration; that recited; a story. (Law.) The formal 
statement or setting forth of some matter of fact in 
any deed or writing. — Recita'tion, res-Y-ta'shun, 
n. Act of reciting ; rehearsal ; a public reading or 
reproduction, esp. as an elocutionary exhibition ; re- 
hearsal of a lesson by pupils before their instructor. 
[F.] — Rec'itative', -ta-tev', n. A species of musical 
recitation in which the words are delivered in a man- 
ner resembling that of ordinary declamation ; the 
recitation itself; a piece of music intended for reci- 
tation. [F. recitatif. It. recitativo.] 

Seek, rek, v. i. To make account, take heed, regard, 
care. [AS. recan, OS. rokian, OHG. ruohhjan, fr. 
ruah, ruoh, care, heed; s. rt. Gr. alegein, to have a 
care.] — Reck'less, a. Rashly or indifferently negli- 
gent; heedless; careless; remiss. — Recklessness, n. 

Reckon, rek'n, v. t. [-oned (-nd), -oning.] To make 
or render account of, tell one by particulars; to 
count as in number, rank, or series ; to enumerate, 
compute, calculate, estimate, account, repute, —v. i. 
To make account, go through with a calculation; to 
make up accounts, examine and strike the balance 
ot debit and credit; to think, suppose, imagine, — a 

Srovincial vulgarism. [AS. gerecenian, to explain, 
i. rekenen, Ic. reikna, to reckon, MHG. rechen, to 
declare, tell ; s. rt. Ic. rot, a reason, origin, MHG. 
racha, a thing, subject, prob. Gr. logos, discourse, 
legein, to tell, E. legend.'] — Reck'oner, n. — Reck- 
oning, n. Act of one who reckons, counts, or com- 
putes ; calculation : adjustment of claims and ac- 
counts ; exaction of penalty incurred ; charges or 
account made by a host; esteem; account; estima- 
tion. (Navigation.) A calculation of the ship's posi- 
tion from observations made and recorded in the 
log-book. 

Reclaim, re-klam', v. t. [-claimed (-klamd'), -claim- 
ing.] To reduce from a wild to a tamed state; to 
bring under discipline ; to reduce by discipline, la- 
bor, cultivation, etc., to a desired state; to call back 
from moral wandering or transgression to rectitude; 
to claim back, demand as a right the return of. [OF. 
reclamer, L. reclamare, -matum ; clamare, to cry out : 
see Claim.] — Reclaim'able, a. Capable of being 
reclaimed. — Reclaim'ant, n. One who reclaims or 
makes reclamation. — Reclamation, n. Recovery; 
demand of something to be restored ; exception 
taken. [OF.] 

Recline, re-klln', v. t. [-clined (-kllnd'), -clining.] 
To lean back, lean to one side, or sidewise. — v. i. 
To rest or repose, take a recumbent position, lean. 
[L. reclinare ; clinare, to lean ; s. rt. lean, q. v.] — 
Rec'linate, -lT-nat, a. (Bot.) Reclined, or bent down- 
ward, as a leaf. — Reclina'tion, n. Act of leaning 
or reclining. 

Recluse, re-klus', a. Shut up ; sequestered ; retired 
from the world or from public notice ; solitary. — w. 
One who lives, etc.; i secluded religious devotee. 
[OF. reclus, fem. recluse, p. p. of reclbrre, fr. L. re- 
cludere, -clusum, to unclose, LateL., to shut up; clau- 
dere, to shut: see Clause.] — Recluse'ly, adv. — Re- 
cluse'ness, n. — Reclu'sion, -zhun, n. A state of re- 
tirement from the world; seclusion. — Reclu'sive, 
-siv, a. Affording retirement from society. 

Recoction, re-kok'snun, n. A second coetion or prep- 
aration. 

Recognize, rek'og-niz, v. t. [-nized (-nTzd), -nizing.] 
To know again, recover or recall knowledge of ; to 
avow knowledge of, allow that one knows, admit 
with a formal acknowledgment. — v.i. (Law.) To 
enter an obligation of record before a proper tribu- 
nal. [OF. recognoistre.Yj. recognoscere ; cognoscere, to 
know.] — Recognizee', -kog'nl-ze' or -kont-ze', n. 
(Law.) The person to whom a recognizance is made. 
— Recognizor', -kog'- or -kon'Y-zQr', n. One who 
enters into a recognizance. — Rec'ogni'tion, -og- 
nish'un, n. Act of recognizing, or state of being 
recognized ; acknowledgment ; formal avowal ; 
knowledge confessed or avowed. — Recognizable, 
rek'og-nlz'- or re-kog'nY-za-bl, a. Capable of be- 



ing recognized or acknowledged. — Recognizance, 
-kog'nY- or -kon'I-zans, n. Acknowledgment of a 
person or thing; avowal; recognition. (Law.) An 
obligation of record entered into before some court 
of record or magistrate, with condition to do some 
particular act ; verdict of a jury impaneled upon 
assize. [Among lawyers, the g in this and the re- 
lated words (except recognize) is usually silent.] 
[OF. recoignisance.] — Recog'niza'tion, n. Act of 
recognizing. — Recon'naissance, -noissance, -kon'- 
nis-sans, n. Act of reconnoitering ; examination 
of a tract of country, either in warlike movements 
or for the carrying on of public works, as canals, 
railroads, etc. [F.]— Rec'onnoi'ter, -tre, -noi'ter, 
v. I. To examine by the eye, make a preliminary 
survey of, survey with a view to military or engineer- 
ing operations. [F. reconnoitre, -naitre.] 

Recoil, re-koil', v. i. [-coiled (-koild'), -coiling.] 
To start, roll, bound, or fall back; to draw back as 
from anything repugnant, distressing, or alarming ; 
to shrink. — n. A starting or falling back; there- 
action of fire-arms when discharged. [F. reculer, 
fr. re- and cul, L. cuius, Ga. cul, the hinder part.] 

Recollect, rek'ol-lekt', v. t. To recover or recall the 
knowledge of, bring back to the mind or memory, 
remember. — Re-collect', v. t. To collect again, 

fither what has been scattered. — Rec'ollec'tion, n. 
ct of recollecting or recalling to the memory; power 
of recalling ideas to the mind, or the period within 
which things can be recollected ; remembrance ; 
memory; thing recollected; reminiscence. 

Recommend, rek'om-mend', v. t. To commend to the 
favorable notice of another, bestow commendation 
on; to make acceptable; to commit, give in charge; 
to advise (an action, practice, measure, remedy, 
etc.)— Rec'ommend'able, a. Worthy of, etc.— ReC- 
ommenda'tion, n. Act of recommending or com- 
mending; that which recommends br commends to 
favor.— Rec'ommend'atory, -a-to-ri, a. Serving to 
recommend; commendatory. — Rec'ommend'er, n. 

Recommit, re'kom-mit', v. t. To commit again, refer 
again to a committee. — Re'commit'ment, -mit'tal, 
n. A second commitment ; renewed reference to a 
committee. 

Recompense, rek'om-pens, v. t. [-pensed (-penst), 
-pensing.] To make a return to ; to render an 
equivalent to, for service, loss, etc. ; to make up to 
any one, pay for, compensate, remunerate, — n. An 
equivalent returned for anything given, done, or 
suffered; amends; satisfaction; requital. [OF. re- 
compenser, fr. L. re- & compensare, to compensate.] 

Recompose, re'kom-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -pos- 
ing.] To compose again, form anew; to tranquillize. 

Reconcile, rek'on-sil, v. t. [-ciled (-slid), -ciling.] 
To conciliate amew, restore to friendship or favor 
after estrangement ; to bring to acquiescence, con- 
tent, or quiet submission ; to make consistent or con- 
gruous; to adjust, settle, propitiate, pacify, appease. 
[OF. reconciher, L. reconciliare, -atum, f r. re, again, 
back, and conciliare, to bring together.] — Rec'on- 
cil'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Rec'oncil'a- 
bleness, n. Quality of being reconcilable ; consist- 
ency; possibility of being restored to friendship and 
harmony. — Rec'oncile'ment, n. Act of reconcil- 
ing, or the state of being, etc.— Rec'oncirer, n. One 
who, etc. : one who discovers the consistence of 
propositions seemingly contradictory. — Rec'oncil'- 
fa'tion, -sil't-a'shun, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. ; restoration to harmony ; reduction to congru- 
ence or consistency ; appeasement ; propitiation ; 
atonement ; expiation. — Rec'oncil'iatory, -sil'T-a- 
to-rl, a. Serving or tending to reconcile. 

Recondite, rek'on-dlt or re-kon'dit, os. Hidden from 
the view or intellect ; dealing in things abstruse ; 
profound ; deep ; unfathomable. [L. reconditus, p. 
p. of recondere, to put up again, lay up, to conceal ; 
condere, to bring or lay together.] 

Reconnoissance, Reconnoiter. See under Recognize. 

Reconsider, re'kon-sid'er, v. t. [-eeed (-erd), -eking.] 
To consider again, review. (Parliam. Practice.) To 
take up for renewed consideration (a motion, vote, 
etc., which has been previously acted upon). — Re'- 
consid'era'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
renewed consideration or review. 

Record, re-k6rd', v. t. To preserve the memory of, 
by committing to writing, printing, inscription, etc.; 
to make note of. [OF. recorder, L. recordari, to re- 
member, fr. re- and cor, cordis, the heart or mind; 8. 
rt. heart, q. v.] — Rec'ord, n. A register; an authen- 
tic copy of any writing, or an account or memorial 
of any facts and proceedings, entered in a book for 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r j 



RECOUNT 



475 



RED 



preservation: known facts showing the principles 
and course of life of any one, esp. of a public man; 
register of the time made by competitors in a race, 
etc. [OF.] — Record' er, n. One who records; esp., 
one appointed to register writings or transactions; 
the chief judicial officer of some cities and boroughs. 
i3Ius.) A kind of wind instrument resembling the 
flageolet. — Record'ership, n. Office of a recorder. 

Cacount, re-kownf, r. 1. To relate in detail, tell or 
iiarrate the particulars of, rehearse, enumerate, de- 
scribe, recite. [F. reconter, to relate again or over 
again, raconter, to relate, recount: see Count, to 
number.] . .. ._ 

Recoup, re-koop', v. t. Lit., to cut again: to redivide 
or redistribute. (Law.) To diminish damages by 
cutting out or keeping back a part of; to hold back 
a part of, as due. To compensate (one's self) for a 
loss. [F. recouper, lit. to secure a (recoupe) piece or 
shred; couper, to cut.] 

Recourse, re-kors', n. Return; recurrence; recurrence 
in dirficultv, perplexitv, need, etc.; a going for help; 
resort. [F. recours, recourse, refuge, L. recursus, p. 
p. of recurrere, to run back; currere, to run; s. rt. 

Recover, re-kuv'er, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To 
get or obtain again, win back; to make up for, re- 
pair the loss or injury of; to bring back to life or 
health. (Law.) To gain as a compensation; to ob- 
tain in return for injury or debt. — v. i. To regain 
health after sickness, grow well; to regain a former 
state or condition after misfortune. (Law.) To ob- 
tain a judgment, succeed in a lawsuit. [OF. recov- 
rer, L. recuperare, to recover, recruit one's self ; 
perh. fr. Sabine cuprus, good, f r. cupere, to desire: 
see Cupidity.] — Recoverable, a. Capable of being 
recovered or restored. — Recovery, -er-Y, n. Act of 
recovering, regaining, retaking, or obtaining posses- 
sion; restoration from sickness, weakness, misfor- 
tune, etc. ; the obtaining of a right to something by 
a verdict and judgment of court from an opposing 
party in a suit. — Recu'perate, -per-at, v. i. To re- 
cover health.— Recu'perative, -a-tiv, -atory, -a-to-rf, 
a. Tending, or pert., to recovery. 

Recreant, rek're-ant, a. Crying for mercy, as a com- 
batant in the trial bv battle; cowardly; craven; apos- 
tate; false; unfaithful. — n. One who, etc. ; a mean- 
spirited, cowardly wretch. [OF., prop. p. pr. of >■<.- 
croire, to believe again, alter one's faith, also to re- 
store, deliver, fr. LL. recredere ; recredere se, to de- 
clare one's self conquered in combat; L. credere, to 
believe.] — Rec'reancy, -re-an-sT, n. Quality of be- 
ing, etc. 

Recreate, rek're-at, v. t. To give fresh life to, reani- 
mate, revive; esp., to revive the exhausted strength 
or languid spirits of, refresh from weariness, enli- 
ven, amuse, entertain, divert, cheer. — v. i. To take 
recreation. — Re'create', v. t. To create or form 
anew. [L. recreare, -atum, to create anew, refresh; 
creare, to create.] — Rec'rea'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; refreshment of strength and spirits 
after toil; amusement ; diversion ; entertainment. 
[F.] — Re'crea'tion, n. A forming anew; new crea- 
tion. — Rec'rea'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to recreate or 
refresh; amusing; diverting. 

""crement, rek're-ment, n. Superfluous matter sepa- 
3d from that which is useful; dross. [L. recre- 
mentum, fr. re and cernere, cretum, to separate, sift.] 
— Recrement'al, -menti'tious, -tish , us, a. Consist- 
ing of superfluous matter separated from that which 
is valuable; drossy. 

Recriminate, re-krim'Y-nat, v. i. To return one accu- 
sation with another, retort a charge. — v. t. To ac- 
cuse in return. [L. re and criminari, to accuse of a 
crime.]— Recrim'ina'tion, n. Act of, etc. [F.] — 
Recrim'ina'tive, -tiv, a. Retorting accusation. — 
Recrim'ina'tor, -ter, n. — Recriminatory, -Y-na-to- 
rt, a. Recriminating : retorting accusation. 

Recrudescent, re-kru-des'sent, a. Growing raw, sore, 
i : r painful again. [L. rccrwlescens, p. pr. of recru- 
descere; crudescere, to become hard or raw.] 

Recruit, re-kroof, v. t. To repair by fresh supplies, 
as anything wasted; to supply lack'ov deficiency in; 
to renew in strength or health, reinvigorate; to sup- 
ply with new men, enlist new men for (an army).— 
v.i. To gain new supplies of anything waited: to 
gain flesh, health, spirits, etc.; to gain new supplies 
of men for military or other service. — n. Supply of 
anything wasted; a newly-enlisted soldier. [F. re- 
cruter, fr. recroitre, p. p. recrii, to grow again, fr. re- 
and croitre, to grow, L. crescere.'] — Recruit"' er, n.— 
Recruit'ment, n. Act or business of recruiting. 



Rectangle. 



Rectangle, rekt'an-gl, n. A 4-sided figure, having only 
right angles: aright-angled par- 
allelogram. JF.; L. rectangulus, 
fr. rectus (= E. right, q. v.) and 
angulus = E. angle ; s. rt. correct, 
direct, regal, regimen, region, 
reign, rule, rajah, reach, etc.] — 
Rectan'gular, a. Right-angled; 
having one of more angles of 90°.— Rectan'gularly, 
adv. — Rec'tify, -tY-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -FTING.} 
To make straight or right; to correct from a wrong, 
erroneous, or false state; to amend. (Chem.) To re- 
fine by repeated distillation or sublimation. [F. rec- 
tifier, LL. rectificare, -catum; "L.facere, to make.] — 
Rec r tifi / able, «.— Rec'tifica'tion.n. Act or operation 
of rectifying, or of correcting, amending, or setting 
right. (Chem.) Process of refining or purifying any 
substance by repeated distillation. (Geom.) The de- 
termination of a straight line, whose length is equal 
to a portion of a curve. — Rec'tifi'er. n.— Rec'tHin'- 
eal. -e-al, -ear, a. Right-lined : consisting of, or 
bounded by, right lines. [L. rectilineus ; linea, a line, 
q. v.] — Rec'titude, -tY-tud, n. Rightness of princi- 

£le or practice; uprightness; integrity: honestv- [F.; 
i. rectitudo.] — Rec'tor, -ter, n. (Episc. Ch.) A 
clergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish; 
a pastor; the head master of a public school; chief 
elective officer of some universities: superior officer 
or chief of a convent or religious house. [L., fr. re- 
gere, rectum, to lead straight, rule, fr. rectus.]-'R6C / '- 
torate, n. Office, rank, or station of a rector; rector- 
ship. — Recto'rial, -to'rf-al, a. Of, or pert, to, gov- 
ernment; relating to a rector.— Rec'iorship, n. Rec- 
torate. — Rec'tory, -to-rt, n. A parish church, par- 
sonage, or spiritual living, with all its rights, tithes, 
and glebes; a rector's mansion or parsonage-house. 

— Rec'tum, n. (Anat.) The terminal part of the 
large intestine. [L., fr. rectus, straight, as, by the 
old anatomists, it was thought to be so.] 

Recumbent, re-kum'bent, a. Leaning: reclining; ly- 
ing; reposing; inactive; idle. [L. recumbens, p. pr. 
of recumbere ; cumbere. cubare, to lie down.] — Re- 
cum'bence, -bens, -bency, n. State of being recum- 
bent; act of reposing or resting. 

Recuperate, etc. See under Recover. 

Recur, re-ker', v. i. [-cureed (-kerd'), -curring.] To 
come back, return again or repeatedly; to occur at a 
stated interval, or according to some regular rule; to 
resort, have recourse. [L. recurrere ; currere, to run.] 

— Recurrence, -rency, -ren-sY, n. Act of recurring; 
state of being recurrent; return; resort. — Recur *- 
rent, a. Returning from time to time ; recurring. 

Recurvate, re-kerv'at, v. t. To bend or curve back.— 
a. (Lot.) Bent or curved backward or outward.— 
Recurva'tion, n. Act of recurving, or state of being 
recurved ; a bending or flexure backward. — Re- 
curve'', v. t. To bend back. — Recurv'ity, -Y-tY, n. 
Recurvation. — Recurv'ous, -us, a. Bent or curved 
backward: 

Recusant, re-ku'zant, a. Obstinate in refusal: (Eng. 
Hist.) refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the 
king, or to conform to the established rites of the 
church. — n. One obstinate in refusal. (Eng. Hist.) 
One who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of 
the king in matters of religion. A non-conformist. 
[F.; L. recusans. p. pr. of recv.sare, to refuse, to ob- 
ject to, fr. re and causa, a cause, pretext.] 

Red. red, a. [redder ; reddest.] Of the color of 
blood, or of a tint resembling that color, — a general 
term, including many different shades or hues, as 
scarlet, crimson, vermilion, orange, etc. — n. The 
color of blood, or a tint resembling this: one of the 
primary colors: see Light. (Europ. Politics.) A re- 
publican of the most advanced and violent type; a 
jacobin; communist; nihilist. [AS. read, Ic. raudhr, 
Goth, ravds, L. rufus, red, Ic. rjodha, to redden; s. 
rt. Gr. eruikros, L\ and Ga. ruadh, L. ruber, red, ro- 
bigo, rust. Skr. rudhira. blood. E. rouge, rub'/, rubric, 
riiddy, russet.} — Red'den, -dn, v. t. [-de.ved (-dnd), 
-DENING.] To make red. — v. i. To grow or become 
red, blush. — Red'ness. n.— Red'dish. a. Somewhat 
red. — Red'dishness. n. — Red'breast. n. The Euro- 
pean robin, — fr. the color of his breast. — Redsear', 
-ser 7 ", v. i. To break or crack when red-hot, as iron 
under the hammer.— Red'short, a. Brittle, or break- 
ing short when red-hot, — said of metals. — Red'- 
start, n. A European singing bird of the warbler 
family; a migratorv bird of N. Amer., combining 
the habits of the flycatchers anil warblers.— Red'top, 
n. An English grass, cultivated in the U. S., valuable 
for pasturage and hay. — Red'wing, n. A European 



Bun, cube, fuii ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



REDACTION 



476 



REEF 




[F., fi 
ith of 



for 



bird of the thrush family; the Amer. red-winged 
blackbird. — Red'-book, n. In Eng., a book contain- 
ing the names of all persons in the public service.— 
-fish, n. A migratory fish of the salmon family, 
which ascends the Amer. and Asiatic rivers of the 
Pacific coast; a fish of the Atlantic const, fr. polar 
regions to Cape Cod, called also red-perch, rose-fish, 
and bream. — gum, n. {Med.} An eruption of red 
pimples in early infancy; tooth-rash. A disease of 
grain, a kind of blight. — hot, a. Red with heat. — 
-lead, n. (Chem.) An oxide of lead, used in paint- 
ing and in the arts; minium. — let'ter day. A for- 
tunate or auspicious day, — the saints' days having 
been marked by red letters in the old calendars.— 
-skin, n. A N. Amer. Indian. — tape, n. The tape 
used in public offices for tying up documents, etc.; 
official formality and pedantic adherence to forms. 

Redaction, re-dak'shun, n. Act of digesting, or re- 
ducing to order (literary or scientific materials); a 
digest; the editorial staff of a newspaper or literary 
comnilation. [F., fr. 
L. redigere, redactum ; 
agere, to put in motion, 
to drive.] — Re'dac- 
teur r , ra'dak-tSr', n. 
An editor. [F.] 

Redan, re-dan', n. (Fort.) 
A field work having 2 
parapets, uniting so as Kedans. 

to form a salient angle toward the enemy. 
OF. redent, a double notching, as in the tee 
saw, fr. Ii. re and dens, a tooth.] 

Reddition. See under Render. 

Redeem, re-dem', v. t. [-deemed (-demd'), -deeming.] 
To purchase back, repurchase. (Law.) To recall (an 
estate) or regain (mortgaged property) by paying 
what may be due. (Com.) To receive back by pay- 
ing the obligation (a promissory note, bond, or other 
evidence of debt). To ransom or rescue from cap- 
tivity, bondage, etc., by paying a price or ransom. 
(Theol.) To rescue and deliver from the bondage 
of sin and its penalties. To discharge (a penalty or 
obligation); to make good by performance (a prom- 
ise). [F. redimer,L,. redimere, -emptum ; ir.red- = 
re- and emere, to buy: see Example; s. rt. ransom.] 
— Redeemable, a. — Redeem'er, n. One who, etc. ; 
the Savior of the world, Jesus Christ. — Redemp'- 
tion, -dem'shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 
(Lmo.) Liberation of an estate from a mortgage; 
right of redeeming and reentering upon an estate 
mortgaged. (Com.) Repurchase Dy the issuer, of 
notes, bills, etc., by making payment to the holder. 
(Theol.) The deliverance of sinners frcm the bon- 
dage of sin and the penalties of God's violated law. 
[F.; L. redemplio.] — Redemp'tioner, n. One who 
redeems himself from debt oi servitude.— Redemp'"- 
tive, -tiv, a. Serving or tending to redeem. — Re- 
demp'tory, -to-rl, a. Paid for ransom; serving to re- 
deem. 

Redintegrate, re-din'te-grat, v. t. To make whole 
again, renew, restore to a perfect state. [L. redinte- 
grare ; integrare, to make whole, renew, fr. integer, 
whole.] — Redin'tegra'tion, n. Restoration to a 
whole or sound state; renovation. 

Redolent, red'o-lent, a. Diffusing odor or fragrance; 
scented; odorous. [F.; L. redoletis, n. pr. of redofcre, 
to emit a scent; olere, to emit a smell.] — Red'olence, 
-lency, -len-sT, n. Quality of being redolent. 

Redouble, re-dub'!, v. t. [-doubled (-bid), -ling.] To 
double again or repeatedly, augment greatly, multi- 
ply. _ ,,.' j. To become greatly or repeatedly in- 
creased; to be multiplied. 

Redoubt, re-dowf, «. (Fort.) An inclosed work of any 
polygonal form without 
reenteringangles; a work 
placed within an o u 1 - 
work: see Ravelin, fit 
ridotto, a withdrs 
place, 
same as ri- 
dutto,r>-V- 
of ridur- 
re, L. re- 
ducere, to 
lead or 
to draw 
back ; du- 
cere, to 
lead; s. rt. 
reduce.] 

Redoubt- 




Redoubt. 



able, re-dowfa-bl, a. Formidable; terrible to foes; 
valiant. [OF., fr. redoubter, redouter, to fear : see 
Doubt.] 

Redound, re-downd', v. i. To roll back, as a wave 01 
flood; to come back, as a consequence or result; to 
have effect; to contribute, conduce; to be in excess, 
be redundant. [F. redonder, L. redundare ; undare, 
to rise in waves or surges, fr. unda, a wave.] — Re- 
dun'dant, a. Exceeding what is natural or neces- 
sary; using more words or images than are necessary 
or useful; superfluous; superabundant; excessive; 
copious. [L. redundans, p. pr. of redvndare.] — Re- 
dun'dantly, adv.— Redundance, -dancy, -dan-sT, n. 
Quality 01 being redundant; superfluity; anything 
superfluous. 

Redowa, red'o-a, n. A slow and graceful dance in 
triple time. 

Redress, re-dres', v. t. [-dressed (-dresf), -dressing.] 
Orig., to put in order again; to set right (a wrong); 
to make amends for, remedy; to make amends or 
compensation to. — n. Reformation ; deliverance 
from wrong, injury, or oppression; reparation; in- 
demnification ; remedy. [F. redresser, fr. re- and 
d>esser, to straighten, dress, q. v.] — RedresB'er, n. — 
Redress'ive, -iv, a. Giving redress ; affording re- 
lief. 

Reduce, re-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -ducing.] 
To bring (to a state or condition specified, usually 
inferior or weaker, sometimes indifferent); to con- 
vert ; to bring to an inferior state, with respect to 
size, rank, quantity, value, etc. ; to bring into sub- 
jection ; to bring into a certain order, arrangement, 
cl ossification, etc. (Arith.) To change (numbers) 
from one denomination to another without altering 
their value. (Metal.) To separate (a metal) from 
other substances with which it is combined. (Surg.) 
To restore to its proper place or condition (a dis- 
placed organ or part). [L. reducere, -ductwn ; ducere, 
to lead: s. rt. duct, duke.] — Reduce'ment, n. Act 
of reducing; reduction. — Redu'cent, n. That which 
reduces. — Redu'cer, n. — Redu'cible, -sl-bl, a. Ca- 
pable of being reduced; convertible.— Reduction, 
n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; conversion to a 
given state or condition ; conquest. (Arith.) Art 
or operation of changing numbers from one denomi- 
nation to another without altering their value, or of 
changing the form of a quantity or expression with- 
out altering its value. (Alg.) Act or operation of 
solving an equation by bringing the unknown 
quantity by itself on one side, and all the known 
quantities on the other side, without destroying the 
equation. Process of making a copy of something, 
on a smaller scale, preserving the proper propor- 
tions. (Metal.) Operation of separating a metal 
from other substances with which it is combined. 
(Surg.) Operation of restoring a dislocated or frac- 
tured part to its former place. [F. ; L. reductio.] — 
Reduc'tive, -tiv, a. Having the power of reducing. 

Redundant, etc. See under Redound. 

Reduplicate, re-du'pll-kat, v. t. To redouble, multi- 
ply, repeat. — Redu'plica'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. — Redu'piicative, -ka-tiv, a. Double. 

Reecho, re-ek'o, v. t. [-oed (-od), -oing.] To echo 
back, reverberate again. — v. 1. To return back, 
or be reverberated, as an echo ; to resound. — n. 
The echo of an echo. 

Reed, red, n. (Bot.) One of a large family of plants, 
mostly aquatic, being chiefly large grasses, with hol- 
low, jointed stems. A musical instrument made of 
the hollow joint of some plant ; a rustic or pastoral 
pipe ; an arrow, as mnde of a reed. (Mus.) A thin 
piece of wood attached to the mouth-piece of instru- 
ments of the clarionet species ; one of the thin 
pieces of metal, whose vibrations produce the tones 
of a melodeon, nccordeon, etc. ( Weaving.) A frame 
having parallel slips (c-illed "dents") of wood or 
metal for separating the threads of the warp and for 
beating the weft up to the web; a sley. (Anat.) The 
4th or true digesting stomach of a ruminant. [AS. 
hreod, D. and G. riet, a reed (plant).] —Reed organ. 
(Mus.) A wind instrument of music, in which the 
wind acts on a set of reeds, as the melodeon.— Reed'- 
ing, n. (Arch.) A small molding in imitation of par- 
allel reeds: see Molding. — Reed'y, -I, a. Abound- 
ing with reeds; having the quality of a reed in tone, 
that is, harsh, as a voice. 

Reef, ref, n. (Want.) A certnin portion of a sail which 
is folded or rolled up to contract the sail, when_the 
wind becomes too strong.—?', t. [reefed (reft}, 
reefing.] To reduce the extent of (a sail) by rol- 
ling or folding a portion and making it fast io the 



ftm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, or ; 



REEF 



477 



REFRACT 



yard. [D. ; Ic. rif] — Reeve, rev, v. t. [rove (rOv). 
reeving.] To pass (a rope) through any hole in a 
block, thimble, cleat, ring-bolt, cringle, e'tc. [D. re- 
ven, fr. reef.] 

Reef, ref , n. A chain or range of rocks lyin^ at or 
near the surface of the water. (Mining.) A large 
auriferous quartz vein. [D. and Ic. rif, ban. rev, a 
reef, revle, a shoal, revne, to crack, split, Ic. rij'a — 
E. rive.] 

Reek, rek, n. Vapor; steam; smoke.— v. i. [reeked 
(rekt), reeking.] To emit vapor, usually that which 
is warm and moist ; to 6team, smoke. [AS. rec, 
vapor, reocan, to reek.] — Reek'y, -T, a. Soiled with 
smoke or steam; smoky. 

Reel, rel, n. A revolving frame on which yarn, thread, 
lines, etc., are wound; a yarn measure — 54 inches 
for cotton or linen, 30 for worsted. — v. t. [keeled 
(reld), reeling.] To wind upon a reel, as yarn or 
thread from the spindle. — v. i. To move in walk- 
ing, first to one side and then the other; to vacillate, 
stagger. [AS. hreol, LL. alabrum; not s. rt. roll.] 

~ 1, rel, n. (Mus.) A lively dance, characterized by 
whirling movement. [Ga. righil.] 
mine, rem'ing, n. (Naut.) The opening of the 




r ing, n. (Naut.) lhe opening 
seams~between the planks of vessels, for calking. 
[Prob. fr. ream.] 
Reenforce, re'en-fors', v. t. [-forced C-forsf), -for- 
cing.] To strengthen with new force, assistance, or 
support; esp. to strengthen (an army or a fort) with 
additional troops, or a navy with additional ships.— 

— n. (Artil.) Part of a gun near the breech which 
is stronger than the rest of the piece : see Cannon. 

— Re'enforce'ment, n. Act of reenforcing ; that 
which reenforces ; additional force ; esp. additional 
troops or ships, to strengthen an army or navy. 

Reenter, re-en r ter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -xebing.] 
To enter again or anew. {En- 
graving.) To cut deeper, as 
those incisions of the plate 
which the acid has not bitten 
in sufficiently. — v. i. To 
enter anew or again. — Re- 
entering angle. An angle of a 
polygon pointing inward, as a, 
in the cut. — Reen'trance, Reentering Angle, 
-trans, n. Act of entering again. 

Reeve. See under Reef, of a sail. 

Refashion, re-fash'un, v. t. J>ioned C-und), -ioning.] 
To fashion, form, or mold into shape a second time; 
remodel; change the form of. 

Refection, re-fek'shun, n. Refreshment after hunger 
or fatigue; a simple repast; lunch. [F.; L. refectio, 
fr. reficere, -fectum ; facere, to make/] — Refec'tive, 
-tiv, n. That which refreshes. — Refec'tory, -to-rT, 
n. A room of refreshment; orig. a hall in convents 
and monasteries, for a repast. [LL. refectorium.] 

Refer, re-fer', v. t. [-ferred (-ferd'), -ferring.] To 
carry or send back, pass over, give in charge; to pass 
over to another tribunal or authority for decision; 
to assign to as a class, a cause, motive, reason, or 
ground of explanation. — v. i. To have recourse, 
apply, betake one's self; to have reference or rela- 
tion; to relate; to make reference or allusion, direct 
attention; to direct or apply for information or a 
guarantee of any kind. [OF. referer, L. referre, fr. 
re- and ferre = E. bear, q. v.] — Referable, Refer'- 
rible, a. Capable of beinsr referred; assignable; as- 
cribable; imputable. — Referee', n. One to whom 
a thing is referred; a person to whom has been re- 
ferred a matter in dispute in order that he may set- 
tle it; arbitrator; umpire. —Reference, -ens, n. Act 
of referring, or state of being referred; a directing, 
delivering, making over, or sending, as for treat- 
ment, ilecision, information, etc.; respect; heed; con- 
cern taken; allusion; intimation; one of whom in- 
quiries can be made as to the integrity, capacity, 
etc., of another; a passage in a work to which the 
reader is referred from another passage. 

Refine, re-fin', v. t. [-fined (-find'), -fining.] To 
reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure stat»; to free 
from impurities. (Metal.) To reduce (metals) from 
the ore: to separate from other metals or from dross. 
To purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inele- 
gant, low, etc. — v. i. To become pure, be cleared 
of feculent matter; to improve in accuracy, delicacy, 
or excellence of any kind: to affect nicety or subtilty 
in thought orlanguage. [Fr. re- and ./?«<? ,* but in imit. 
of F. raffiner, to refine, fr. re- and ajffiner, to refine, 
fr. L. ad, to, and T.fln = E.flne.] — Refin'edly, -ed- 
it, adv. In a refined manner ; also, with affected 
nicety or elegance.— Refin'edness, «.— Renne'ment, 



n. Act of, or state of being, etc.: high cultivation; 
culture; elegance; over-nicety; affected subtilty. — 
Refin'er, n.— Refin'ery, -5r-T, n. The place and. ap- 
paratus for refining metals, sugar, etc. 

Refit, re-fif, v. t. To fit or prepare again; to repair; 
to fit out or provide a second time.— v. i. To repair 
damages. — Refit'ment, n. A second fitting out. 

Reflect, re-flekf, v. t. To bend or throw back; esp., 
to cause to return after striking upon any burf ace; 
to give back an image of; to mirror.— v. i. To throw 
back light, heat, etc.; to rebound as from a surface; 
to turn back the thoughts upon anything; to attend 
earnestly to what passes within the mind; to think 
in relation to moral truth or rules; to cast reproach. 
[L. reflectere, -fieorwrt ; Jtectere, to bend or turn.] — 
Reflection, -flex'ion, n. Act of reflecting, or state 
of being reflected; the return of rays, beams, sound, 
etc., from a surface; the reverting of the mind to 
that which has already occupied it; the capacity for 
judging rationally, esp. in view of a moral rule or 
standard: that which is produced by reflection; an 
image given back from a reflecting surface; result 
of meditation; esp., thoughts suggested bv truth; 
censure; reproach cast— Reflect'ive, -iv, a." Throw- 
ing back images; capable of exercising thought or 
judgment. (Gram.) Reflexive; reciprocal. — Re- 
flect'or, n. One who reflects: something having a 
polished surface for reflecting light or heat, as a 
mirror, speculum, etc. — Re'flex, a. Directed back; 
retroactive; introspective; produced in reaction, in 
resistance, or in return. (Bot.) Bent back: reflected. 
(Physiol.) Produced by stimulus without the neces- 
sary intervention of consciousness. (Paint.) Il- 
luminated by light reflected from another part of 
the same picture. [L. reflexus, p. p. of reflectere.] — 
Reflex'ible, a. Capable of being reflected' or thrown 
back. — Reflex'ive, -iv, a. Bending or turned back- 
ward; reflective. (Gram.) Having for its direct ob- 
ject a pronoun which refers to the agent or subject 
as its antecedent, — said of certain verbs. [F. re- 
fiexifl] 

Refluent, reflu-ent, a. Flowing back; returning; ebb- 
ing. [L. reflvens, p. pr. of reflitere, -fluxum, to flow 
back; fluere, to flow.] — Ref'luence, -ency, -en-sY, n. 
A flowing back. — Re'flux, a. Returning or flowing 
back; reflex. — n. A flowing back, as the return oi 
a fluid; ebb. [F.] 

Reform, re-fOrm", v. t. To form again, create or shape 
anew: esp., to restore to a former good state, or bring 
from bad to good; to amend, correct, better, restore, 
reclaim. — v. i. To return to a good state; to be 
amended or corrected. — n. Amendment of what is 
defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved ; amend- 
ment: rectif cation; correction. [F. reformer, L. re- 
formate, -matum ;fonnare, to form, fr. forma, form.] 

— Reform school. A governmental institution for 
the confinement, instruction, and reformation of 
juvenile offenders, and young persons of idle or 
vicious habits. — Reforma' tic n, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc.; change from worse to better. (Eccl. 
Hist.) The religious movement at the beginning of 
the 16th century, which resulted in the separation 
of the Protestant church from the Romish see. [F.] 

— Re'forma'tion, n. Act of forming anew; a second 
forming inorder.— Reform'- 
ative, -tiv, a. Forming 
again: having the quality of 
renewing form: reforma- 
tory. — Reformatory, -to- 
rT, a. Tending to produce 
reformation. — Reform'er, 
n. One who effects a refor- 
mation or amendment; one 
who advocates reform in 
church or state, or in man- 
ner of life. (Eccl. Hist.) One 
of those who commenced 
the reformation of religion 
in the ltith century. — Re- g 
form'ist, n. One who is oi 
the reformed religion; one 
who proposes or favors po- 
litical reform. 

Refract, re-frakf, v. t. To 
bend sharply and abruptly 
back. (Opt.) To cause to 
deviate from a direct course, 
as rays of light. [L. refrin- 
gere, -fraction ; franc/ere, to 
break.] — Refrac'tion, n. 
Act of, or state of being, 




Refraction. 
a b, vessel, lower part filled 
with water ; s I, ray of 
light in straight line ; 
rpe, ray of lieht refrsct- 
ed ; Qq, perpendicular. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, titien, boNboN, chair, get. 



REFRAIN 



478 



RE3A.L 



etc.; the change in the direction of a ray of light. 
heat, etc., when it enters obliquely a medium of a 
different density from that throughVhich it has pre- 
viously moved. [F.J — Refract'ive, -iv, a. Serving 
or having power to refract or turn from a direct 
course; pert, to refraction.— Refract'ory, -o-rl, a. 
Sullen or perverse in opposition or disobedience; not 
readily yielding to heat, or to the hammer, as metals; 
difficult of fusion, reduction, etc. [F. re/rectaire, L. 
refractarius.] — Refractoriness, n. Quality or con- 
dition of being refractory; perverse or sullen obsti- 
nacy; unmanageableness; difficulty of fusion, — said 
of metals. —Refrangible, -jl-bl, a. Capable of be- 
ing refracted or turned out of a direct course in 
passing from one medium to another, as rays of 
tight. [F.] — Refran'gfbil'ity, n. Quality of being 
refrangible; disposition of rays of light to be turned 
out of a direct course, in passing out of one trans- 
parent body or medium into another.— Ref'ragable, 
-ra-ga-bl, «. Capable of being refuted; refutable. 
[LL. refragabilis, fr. L. refragari, to oppose, resist; 
frangere, to break.] 

Refrain, re-fran', v. t. [-frained (-frand'), -frain- 
ing.] To hold back, restrain, keep within prescribed 
bounds, curb, govern, — v. i. To keep from action 
or interference, forbear, abstain, withhold. [F. re- 
frener, L. refrenare, to bridle, hold in with a bit;/re- 
num, a bit, curb./rena (pi.), a bridle; s. rt. L. firmiis 
= E.firm.]_ 

Refrain, re-fran', n. The burden of a song; a portion 
of a song or poem recurring at the end of each stanza 
or division; a musical repetition. [F.; Proven, re- 
franhs, a refrain, Sp. re/ran, a proverb frequently 
repeated, fr. L. refringere, to pull back, repeat.] 

Refrangible. See under Refract. 

Refresh, re-fresh', v. t. [-freshed (-freshf), -fresh- 
ing.] To make fresh again, restore strength, spirit, 
animation, etc., to; to cool, invigorate, revive, renew, 
cheer; to renovate, retouch. TOF. refreschir; frez 
(f em. fresche) = OUG. /rise = E. fresh.] — Refre'sh'- 
er, n. — Refresh 'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.; restoration of strength, spirit, vigor, or liveli- 
ness; that which refreshes; esp., food taken for the 
sake of fresh strength; rest; repose; quiet; peace; 
sympathy, etc. [Qt.refreschissement.] 

Refrigerate, re-frij'er-at, v. t. To allay the heat of, 
cool, refresh. [L. refngerare, -aturn ; frigerare, to 
make cool, fr. f rig us, frigoris, coolness.] — Refrig'er- 
a'tion, n. Act of cooling; abatement of heat; state 
of being cooled. — Refrig'erative, -tiv, a. Allaying 
heat; cooling, —n. A cooling medicine. — Refrig'- 
erator, a. That which refrigerates, or keeps cool; 
as, a box for keeping articles cool by means of ice; 
an apparatus for rapid cooling, connected with a 
still, etc. — Refrig'erant, a. Cooling; allaying heat. 

— n. That which cools. 

Refuge, ref 'uj, n. Shelter or protection from danger 
or distress; that which shelters or protects; a place 
inaccessible to an enemy; an expedient to secure 

Erotectiqn or defense; asylum; retreat; covert. [F.? 
i. refugium, fr. refugere, to flee back; fugere, to flee.] 

— Refugee', -je', n. One who flies to a shelter or 
place of safety; esp., one who flees to a foreign pow- 
er or country "for safety. [F. refugid, p> p. of se refu- 
gier, to take shelter.] 

Refulgent, re-ful'jent, a. Casting a bright light; radi- 
ant; brilliant; splendid. [L. refulgens, p. pr. of re- 
fulgere, to flash back, shine bright; fulgere, to shine.] 

— Reful'gently, adv. — Reful'gence, -gency, -jen-sl, 
n. Quality of being refulgent; splendor; radiance. 

Refund, re-fund', v. t. To return in payment or com- 
pensation for what has been taken; to repay, restore. 
[L. refundere ; fundere, to pour.] 

Refuse, re-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To de- 
ny (a request, demand, invitation, or command); to 
decline to accept, reject. — v. i. To decline to accept 
something offered. [F. refuser, perh. same as E. re- 
fute (q. v.), fr. L. refutare, confused with L. recusare, 
to refuse; or perh.fr. L. refundere, -fusion, to return, 
restore, hence to refuse (a present, etc.) : see Re- 
fund.] — Refus'er, n. — Refus'able, a.— Refus'al, n. 
Act of refusing; denial of anything demanded, so- 
licited, or offered for acceptance; right of taking in 
preference toothers; option; preference; preemption. 
— Refuse, -us, a. Refused; rejected; of no value; 
worthless. — n. That which is refused or rejected as 
useless; waste matter; dregs; sediment; scum; dross; 
trash. 

Refute, re-rut', v. t. To prove to be false or erroneous, 
confute, disprove, repel. [F. refuter, L. refutare, -ta- 
tum: see Futile.] — Refutable, a. — Refutation, 



n. Act or process of refuting or disproving, or state 
of being refuted; proof of falsehood or error. — Re- 
fut'atory, -a-to-rT, a. Tending to refute; refuting 

Regain, re-gan', v. t. [-gained (-gand'), -gaining.] 
To gain anew; to recover (what has escaped or been 
lost); to reobtain, repossess, retrieve. 

Regal, re'gal, a. Pert, to a king; kingly; royal. |TOF.$ 
L. regahs, fr. rex, regis, a king, fr. regere, to uUe; 
s. rt. Skr. rajan, a king, raj, to govern, rij, Gr. jy-S> 
gein, to sketch, E. rectangle (q. v.), etc., correct, ,'>- 
red, reach, right, rigid, rule, dress, drake, royal.] -. 
Re'gally, adv.— Rega'lia, -ga'lT-a, n. pi. Ensigns of 
royalty; regal symbols or paraphernalia; decorations 
or insignia of an office or order. [L., neut. pi. of re- 
galis.] — Regality, -gal'T-ti, n. Royalty: sovereign- 
ty; sovereign jurisdiction. — Re'ge'nt, -jent, a. Rul- 
ing ; governing ; regnant ; exercising vicarious au- 
thority. — n. One who rules or reigns; one who gov. 
erns a kingdom in the minority, absence, or disabil- 
ity of the sovereign ; one of a governing board ; a 
trustee or overseer. [F.; L. regens, p. pr. of regere.] 
— Re'gentship, -gency, n. Office of a regent or ruler; 
rule; authority; government; esp., the office, juris- 
diction, or dominion of a vicarious ruler; body of 
men intrusted with vicarious government. [F. re- 
gence, L. regentia.] — Reg'icide, rej'I-sid, n. One 
who kills a king; esp. (Eng. Hist.}, one of the judges 
who condemned Charles I. to death; the killing of a 
king. [F., fr. L. rex and cseda, a slayer, fr. csedere, 
to kill; cf. Parricide.] — Regime, ra-zhem', n. 
Mode or style of rule or management; administra- 
tion. [F.; L. regimen, guidance, fr. regere.] — Reg'* 
imen, rej'I-men, n. Orderly government; any regu- 
lation or remedy intended to produce beneficial ef- 
fects by gradual operation. {Med.) Systematic use 
of food and drink, and the necessaries of life. 
( Gram.) A relation of syntax between 2 words ; 
government; the words governed. [L.: see Regime, 
preceding.]— Reg'rment, w. (Mil.) A body of troops, 
commanded by a colonel, and consisting of a num- 
ber of companies, usually 10. [F.; fr. L. regimentum, 
rule.] — Regimen'tal, a. Pert, to, or concerning, a 
regiment. — Regimen'tals, n. pi. The uniform of a 
regiment; military dress. — Re'gion, -jun, n. A por- 
tion of territory of indefinite extent; province; dis- 
trict; tract; neighborhood; vicinity; sphere. [F.; L. 
regio, a line, boundary, territory, fr. regere.] — Reg'- 
ular, -u-ler, a. Conformed to a rule; agreeable to an 
established rule, law, principle, or mode; governed 
by rule or rules; steady or uniform in course, prac- 
tice, or occurrence; normal; orderly; methodical; pe- 
riodical; instituted or initiated according to estab- 
lished forms or discipline; belonging to a monastic 
order. — n. (Rom. Cath. Church?) A member of any 
religious order who has taken the vows of poverty, 
chastity, and obedience, and been solemnly recog- 
nized by the church. (Mil.) A soldier belonging to 
a standing army. [L. regularis, fr. regula, a rule, fr. 
regere.] — Regularity, -lar'I-tl, n. Condition or 
quality of being regular; method; steadiness; uni- 
formity.— Reg'ularly, adv.— Reg'ulate, v. t. To ad- 
just by rule, method, or established mode; to subject 
to governing principles or laws; to put in good order, 
adjust, dispose, methodize, arrange. [L. regulare, 
-latum, fr. regula.] — Regula' tion, n. Act of. or state 
of being, etc. ; a prescribed rule; law; principle; or- 
der. — Reg'ula'tor, n. One who regulates. (Mech.) 
A contrivance to produce uniformity of motion or 
regulate it, as a watch-spring, etc. — Reg'let, n. 
(Arch.) A kind of flat, narrow molding. (Print.) 
A thin strip of wood of the height and thickness of 
a quad (nonpareil, pica, etc.), used instead of a blank 
line, or in making margin._ [F., dim. of regie = L. 
regula, a rule.] — Rei'gle, re'gl, n. A hollow cut or 
channel for guiding anything; a groove. [OF. = F. 
regie.] — Reg'ulus, n. ; E. pi. -luses ; L. pi. -LI. 
(Chem.) The partially purified metal, which, in the 
melting of ores, falls to the bottom of the crucible. 
(Astron.) A star of the 1st magnitude in the constel- 
lation Leo, or the lion._ [L., a petty king, prince, 
dim. of rex.] — Reign, ran, n. Royal authority; su- 
preme power; time during which a king, queen, or 
emperor, possesses the supreme authority ; rule ; 
empire ; dominion ; influence ; prevalence. — v. i. 
[reigned (rand), reigning.] To possess or exercise 
sovereign authority; to be predominant, prevail; to 
have superior or uncontrolled dominion. [ME. and 
F. regne, L. regnum, a kingdom, realm, fr. regere. F. 
rvgner, L. regnare, to reign.] — Reg'nant, a. Exer- 
cising regal authority; reigning; predominant; prev- 
alent. [L. regnans, p. pr. of regnare.] 



£m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



REGALE 



479 



REJOICE 



Regale, re-gaK, n. A royal or princely entertainment; 
a magnificent repast. —v. t. [regaled (-gald'), 
-Galino.] To entertain in a royal, princely, or 
sumptuous manner; to gratify, refresh. [F. regaler, 
to entertain, pern. fr. galer, to rejoice ; a. rt. Sp. 
gala, parade : see Gala.] — Regale'ment, «• , Re- 
freshment ; entertainment ; gratincatiou- 
Regalia, Regality, etc. See under Regal, 
Regard, re-gard', v. U To observe, notice, or remark 
particularly j to pay respect to. treat os of peculiar 
importance; to hold and treat, look uron, consider, 
heed, estimate, value. — n. Look ; aspect ; view ; 
gaze; attention, as to a matter of importance or in- 




Regardant pas- 
sant. 



terest; that feeling which springs 
from perception of value, estima- 
ble qualities, or anything that ex- 
cites admiration; respect; relation; 
reference. [F. regarder : gurder, 
to guard, q. v.] — Regard'ant, a. 
Looking behind. {Her.) Look- 
ing behind or backward. — Re- 
gard'er, n. — Regardful, -ful, a. 
Taking notice ; observing with 
care ; needful ; attentive. — Re- 
gaxd'fally, adv. — Regardless, a. 
Not looking or attending; negli- 
gent ; careless ; indifferent ; unobservant ; neglect- 
ful. — Regard'leBsly, adv. — Regard 'lessness, n. 

Regatta* re-gat'ta, n. ; pi. -tas, -taz. A rowing or sail- 
ing match in which a number of boats compete for a 
prize, lit., orig. a contention for mastery, Olt. ri- 
gattare, to wrangle, contend ; Sp. regateo. a hag- 
gling, also a regatta.*) 

Regency. See under Regal. 

Regenerate, re-jen'er-at, v. t. To generate or produce 
anew, (Tlieel.) To cause to be spiritually bora, 
anew, or to become a Christian. — a. Reproduced- 
(Thecl.) Born anew ; changed from a natural toa 
spiritual state.— Regen'erateness, -eracy, -Sr-a-sT, n. 
State of being, etc. — Regen'era'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. ; reproduction; (TheoL) The 
•entering into a new spiritual life. — Regen'erative, 
-tiv, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Eagent, Regicide, Regiment, Region, etc. See under 
Regal. • 

Register, rej'is-ter, n. A written account or entry ; 
memorial record; list; roll;-book in which a register 
is kept; the officer who keeps euch an account; that 
which records; a contrivance for automatically not- 
ing down or calculating the performance of a ma- 
chine, the rapidity of a process, the pressure of a 
fluid, etc.; a device for regulating the passage of 
heat or air, as in a furnace, or in the floor or wall of 
a room. (Print.) Correspondence of pages or col- 
umns on opposite sides of the sheet. (Cm) A docu- 
ment issued by the custom-hovse, to be kept on 
board a vessel on a foreign voyage, as evidence of 
its nationality. (Mus.) Compass of a voice or in- 
strument ; a portion of the compass oi" a voice ; a 
stop or set of pipes in an organ.— v. '. [registered 
(-terd), -tering.} To enter in a register, record, •ax- 
roll. — v. i. (Print.) To correspond in relative jxi- 
sition, as the columns or pages of a printed sheet. 
DIE. and F. registre, LL. regisirym, regestum, fr. 
L. regerere, -gestum, to bring back, record ; gerere, j 
to bring.]— Reg'istsiY.hip, n. Office of register.— 
Reg'iatrar, n. One who registers; a recorder; keep- 
er of records.— Reglstra'tion, n. Act of, etc.— Reg'- 
istry, -trl, n. Act of receding in a register ; place 
where a register is kept •, series of facts recorded. 

i&eglet, Regnant. See under Regal. 

Regorge, re-gSrj', v. t. [-gorged (-gSrjd'). -gor- 
ging.] To vomit up,- eject from the stomach; to 
swallow again; to swallow eagerly. 

Regress, re'gres, n. Passage back ; return ; power or 
liberty of passing back. [L. rcgresms, fr. regredi, 
regressum, fr. re and graai, to step, go, g'radvs, a 
step, pace.] — Regres'slon, -gre6h'un, n. Act of re- 
turning: retrogression; retrogradation. — Regret'- 
ive, -iv, o. Passing back ; returning. . 

Regret, re-gref. v. t. To grieve over, be sorry for; to 
look back at with sorrowful lonying, repent, bewail, 
bemoan. — n. Pain cf mind at something causing 
unhappiness; pain of conscience; remorse; concern; 
repentance; penitence ; self-condemoation. [p., de- 
sire, sorrow, grief, regreiter, OF. regnzter, to desire, 
lament; perh. s. rt. Goti* greta.n, Tc. and Sw. grata, 
Lowland Scot, qreit, to weep, bewaii.L- Regret'ful, 
-ful, a. Full of regret. — Regret 'tabis, a. Admit- 
ting of, or deserviug, regret. 

Reguiar, Regulate, Regulus, etc. See tinder Regal. 



Regurgitate. re-ger'-jT-tat, ?. t. To throw or pour 
biiok in great quantity. — v. i. To be thrown or 
poured back; to runh or surge back. (LL. regurgi- 
tare, -latum, L. gurges, a gull. j — ReKUfgita'tioii, n. 
Act of flowing or pouring back, by the orifice of en- 
trance; act of- swallowing ag^iii; the rising into the 
mouth of solids or fluids from the stomach. 

Re-iabilitate, re-ha-bi'/T-tat, v 4 t. To reinstate, re- 
Biore (a delinquent) to o. former right, rank, or 
privilege forfeited. — Rehabil'ita'tioa, n. Act of, 
etc.; restoration tc former rights. 

Rehear, re-her', v. t. [-heard (-herd'), -VL2ARi>'Q.i 
To hear again, try a secoad time, 

Rehearse, re-hCrs', v. t. '-wearsed f-hSrsf). hears- 
ing.] To repeat (what has been already said) ; to 
narrate, recount, relate ; to recite in private for ex- 

■ periment and improvement, before a public repre- 
sentation. [OF. reJierser, -cer, orig. to harrow over 
again, hence, to go over the same ground, repeat; 
tierce, a harrow : see Uearse.] — Rehear 3 'al, h. 
Act of rehearsing, or state of being rehearsed t re- 
cital; narration; recital of a piece bex'ore the 1 public 
exhibition of it. 

Reigle, Reign. See urider Regal. 

Reimburse, re'im-bSrs', v. t. [-bursed (-b^ref), -burs- 
inu.J To replace in a treasury or purse, pay back; 
to indemnify, refund, repay, make up, restore, ren- 
der an equivalent. [F. remboutw : ses Purse.] — 
Reimburse'ment, n. Act of, *ic. ; repayment. — Re- 
imburs'er, «. 

Rein, ran, n. The strap of a bricie, fastened to the bit 
on each side and extending to the hand of the dri- 
ver, by which to govern the hor&?. etc.; a means of 
curbing, restraining, or govc.-rslug. — v. t. [reiked 
(rand), reining.] To govern by a oridle; to restrain, 
control. [ME. and OFTreine, LL. retina, L. rf.inacur 
lum, fr. retinere, to hold back, retain, q. v.] 

Reindeer, ran'der, n. [Written also raiji- and 
deer.] A ruminant 
mammal of the deer 
kind, of several spe- 
cies, found in the 
northern part of both 
hemispheres. [Ic. 
h re inn, AS. hran, 
OSw. ren (a mistaken 
use of the Lapp word 
reino, pasturage, 
herding; the Lapp 
for reindeer being 
paiso), a reindeer, 
und A.'d-eer.] 

Reinforce. See R& 

ENFORCE. 

Reins, ranz, n. pL The kidneys ; the lower part of 
the back, ovc. the kidneys; tne affections and pas- 
sions, — formerly supposed to have their seat in that 
part of the bciy. [OF.; L. rents; 8. rt. Gr. phren, the 
midriff, pkrenes, parts about the beart, whence E. 
frenzy.'] — Re'nal, a. Pert, to the kidneys or reins. 
[L. renalis.] — Ren'ifonn, a. Of tbe shape of a kid- 
ney. (Bot.) Of the form of a section of a kiiney: 
s2e Kidney. [L. forma, form.] 

Restate, re'in-staf, v. t. To place agan in pos- 
seision, or in a former state. 

Reinsure, ryin-shoor', v. t. [-speed (-shdb;ti''X -sur- 
ing.] To insure property in favor of one who has. 
previously insured it. — Se'iaBur'aace, -acs, n. A 
contract of indemnity to a party, vtho has insured 
property, against loss by bis insurance; insurance a 
second time or again. ^ 

Reintegrate, re-in'te-grat, v. t. To renew with regard 
to any state or quality; to restore, reestablish. - 

Reis-effesdi, rez'ef-fen'de, n. A Turkish minister for 
foreign affairs. [Ar. reis, rees, head, chief, and Turk. 
efmai, effendi. q. v.] 

Reissue, re-ish'shoo, v. t. To ia?ue a 2d time. — n. A 
2d or repeated issue. 

Reiterate, re-ifer-at, v. t. To repeat again ar.d attain; 
to say or do repeatedly, recapitulate, rehearse.— 
Reit'era'tion, n. Repetition. ^ 

Reject, re-je!<t'. v. t. lo cast from one, throw s.way, 
Uiscard; to refuse to receive, decline haughrilv or 
harshly; to refuse to grant, repel, repudiate, reb'uff, 
decline. ' [OF. rejecter, L. rejiccre, -jtClum ; jacere, to 
throw.] - Reject'able. «. — Reject'er, >i, — Rejec- 
tion, n. Act of rejectirig, throwing away, casting 




Reindeer. 



off, or forsaking; refusal 10 accept or grant; repulse; 
slight, etc. [F.J 
Rejoice, re-jois', v. i. [-joiced (-joist'), -JoicrKO.J 
'JLo feel joy, experience gladness in a high degree, 



sun, cube, full s moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



REJOIN 



480 



RELUCT 



delight, exult, triumph. — v. t. To give joy to, make 
joyful, gladden, cheer, exhilarate, delight. [ME. re- 
joicen, sen. OF. resjoir, fr. re- and esjcnr (F. jouir), 
fr. L. gaudere, to rejoice.] 

Eejoin, re-join', v. t. [-joined (-joind'), -joining.] To 
■join again, unite alter separation; to answer. — v.i. 
To answer to a reply. — Rejoin'der, n. Art answer. 
(Law.) The defendant's answer to the plaintiff's 
replication. 

Rejuvenate, re-ju've-nat, v. t. To render young again. 
[L. re- amdjuvenis, young.]— Reju'venes'cence, -nes'- 
cency, -nes'sen-sl, n. A renewing of youth ; state 
of being or growing young again. — Reju'venes'- 
cent, a. Becoming, or causing to become, rejuve- 
nated ; rejuvenating. — Reju'venize, -ve-nlz, v. t. 
To render young again. 

Rekindle, re-kin'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To 
kindle again, set on fire anew ; to excite or rouse 
anew. 

Relapse, re-laps', v. t. [-lapsed (-lapsf), -lapsing.] 
To slip or slide back; to fall back, return to a former 
state or practice, — generally in a bad sense. — n. A 
sliding or falling back, esp. into a former bad state, 
either of body or morals. [L. relabi, rdapsus ; labi, 
to fall, slip, slide.] — Relapsing fever . (Pathol.) An 
acute, epidemic, contagious fever ? usually not fatal, 
which prevails endemically also in Ireland, Russia, 
and elsewhere : it is marked by 1 or 2 remissions of 
the fever, and by the presence during the paroxysm 
of a spiral bacterium in the blood; famine fever.— 
Relaps'er, n. One who relapses into vice or error. 

Relate, re-lat', v. t. To recount, narrate, recite, tell 
over ; to ally by connection or kindred. — v. i. To 
stand in some relation, have bearing or concern, per- 
tain, refer. [F. relater, LL. relatare, fr. L. referre, 
-latum, to relate.] — Relat'er, n. — Refaction, n. Act 
of relating or telling ; that related ; narrative of 
facts; state of being related or of referring; relative 
quality or condition ; connection by consanguinity 
or affinity ; a person connected by consanguinity 
or affinity; kindred; kinsman; kinswoman. [F.] — 
Rela'tional, a. Having relation or kindred ; indi- 
cating or specifying some relation. — Rela'tionship, 
n. State of being related by kindred, affinity, or 
other alliance. — Rel'ative, -tiv, a. Having relation; 
respecting; pertaining; arising from relation, or from 
connection with, or reference to, something else ; 
not absolute. (Gram.) Indicating or expressing re- 
lation.— n. One who, or that which, relates to, or is 
considered in its relation to, something else ; a per- 
son connected by blood or affinity. (Gram.) A 
word relating to or representing another word or 
phrase, called its antecedent. [ME. and F. relatif.] 
— Relatively, adv. In a relative manner; in rela- 
tion or respect to something else ; not absolutely. — 
Rel'ativeness, n. — Relat'or, n. One who relates ; 
a relater. (Law.) A private person at whose instance 
an information is filed by the attorney-general ; a 
prosecutor. 

Relax, re-laks', v. t. [-laxed (-laksf), -laxing.] To 
make less close, firm, rigid, or tense; to make less 
severe or rigorous, abate the stringency of; to slack- 
en, remit; to relieve from attention or effort; to re- 
lieve from constipation; to open. — v. i. To become 
loosened or feeble; to be made lax; to abate in sever- 
ity ; to remit in close attention or effort. [L. relax- 
are, -atwn; laxare, to loose, slacken.] — Relax'able, 
a. — Relaxation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; 
remission of closeness, firmness, tension, rigor, ef- 
fort, or constipation ; remission from attention and 
effort. [F.] — Relax"' ative, a. Haying the quality of 
relaxing; laxative. — Release', -les', v. t. [-leased 
(-lest'), -leasing.] To set free from confinement, 

five liberty to; to relieve from something that con- 
nes, burdens, or oppresses; to let go (a legal claim), 
discharge, quit, acquit. — n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. ; relief from care, pain, or any burden ; 
discharge from obligation or responsibility. (Law.) 
A giving up or relinquishment of some right or 
claim ; a quitclaim ; acquittance ; discharge. [OF. 
relessier, fr. L. relaxare.] — Releas'able, a. — Re- 
lease'ment, n. Act of releasing.— Releas'er, n.— 
Re'lessee', -se', n. One to whom a release is ex- 
ecuted. — Re'lessor', -sor', n. The person who ex- 
ecutes a release. 
Relay, re-la', n. A supply of anything, as of horses, ar- 
ranged beforehand for affording relief from time to 
time, or at successive stages. [F. relais, a relay, par 
relais, by turns, relayer, to succeed in the place of 
the weary, relieve, perh. fr. L. relaxare, to relax, 
q. v.; pern. fr. D. taten, Goth, letan = E. let.] 



Relay, re-la', v. t. [-layed (-lad'), -laying.] To lay 
again, or a second time. 

Release, etc. See under Relax. 

Relegate, rel'e-gat, v. t. To remove, dispatch, con- 
sign, remand, transfer; to send into exile, banish. 
[L. relegare, -gatum ; legare, to send with a commis- 
sion : see Legate.] — Rel'ega'tion, n. Act of rel- 
egating; removal; consignment; banishment; exile. 

Relent, re-lent', v. i. To become less harsh, hard, 
cruel, etc. ; to become more mild and tender, feel 
compassion; to yield. [F. ralentir, L. reUntescere, 
to slacken, fr. re- and loitus, slack, slow ; s. rt. L. 
lenis, gentle. E. lithe.] — Relent 'less, a. Unmoved 
by appeals for sympathy or forgiveness; insensible 
to the distress of others ; destitute of tenderness ; 
implacable ; unmerciful ; pitiless ; cruel. 

Relevant, rel'e-vant, a. Bearing upon, or properly 
applying to, the case in hand; pertinent; applica- 
ble. [F. relevant, p. pr. of relever, to raise again, re- 
lieve, q. v.]— Rel'evance, -vancy, -van-sT, n. State of 
being relevant, or of affording relief or aid; perti- 
nence; fitness; propriety; appositeness. 

Reliable, Reliance, etc. See under Rely. 

Relic, Relict, etc. See under Relinquish. 

Relieve, re-lev', v. t. [-lieved (-levd'), -lieving.] 
To cause to rise, cause to seem to rise, set off by 
contrast; to raise or remove (anything which de- 
presses, weighs down, or crushes) ; to render less 
burdensome or afflicting, alleviate ; to make less 
monotonous ; to free from any burden, trial, evil, 
distress, etc. ; to release from a post or station by 
substitution of others; to ease of any burden, wrong, 
or oppression by judicial or legislative interposition, 
by the removal of a grievance, by indemnification 
for losses, etc.; to remedy, redress, right. [F. relever, 
L. relevare; levare, to lift; s. rt. relevant, oas-relief.) 

— Reliev'able, a. — Reliev'er, n. — Relief, -let', n. 
Act of, or state of being, etc.; removal of any evil, or 
of anything oppressive or burdensome; release from 
a post, or from the performance of duty; that which 
relieves or gives succor, aid, or comfort. (Sculp. & 
Arch.) Prominence of a figure above or beyond the 
ground or plane on which it is formed. (Paint.) The 
appearance of projection, which a figure exhibits to 
the eye at a distance. [F.] 

Religion, re-lij'un, n. The recognition of God as an 
object of worship, love, and obedience; any system 
of faith and worship ; pietv ; sanctity. [F.; L. re- 
ligio ; s. rt. L. religens, fearing the gods.] — Relig- 
ionism, -izm, n. Practice of, or adherence to, relig- 
ion; affected or false religion.— Relig'ionist, n. One 
earnestly or bigotedly devoted to a religion. — Re- 
lig'ious, -lij'us, a. Pert., relating to, or concerned 
with, religion ; possessing, acting according to, or 
agreeing with, religion ; scrupulously faithful or 
exact ; pious ; godly; devout ; strict ; rigid ; exact. 
[F. religieux, L. religiosus.] — Religiously, adv. 

Relinquish, re-link' wish, v. t. [ quished (-wisht), 
-QUiSHiNG.] To withdraw from, leave behind: to 
give up, renounce a claim to, resign, quit, forsake, 
abandon, forego. [OF. relinquir, L. relinquere, -lic- 
tum, to leave behind; li/iquere, to leave.] — Relin- 
quisher, n. — Relinquishment, n. Act of leaving 
or quitting; a forsaking; the renouncing a claim to. 

— Rel'ict, n. A woman whose husband is dead; a 
widow. [L. relicta, f. of relictus, p. p. of relinquere.~\ 

— Rel'ic, n. That which remains after loss or de- 
cay; a corpse; the body, or some part of the body, 
of deceased saints or martyrs; a memorial; any re- 
membrancer. [F. reliques, pi., L. reliquiae, pi., fr. 
relinquere.] — Rel'iquary, -t-kwa-rt, n. A small 
chest, box, or casket in which relics are kept. [F. 
reliquaire, LL. reliquiare or -arium, a casket for 
(reliquise) relics.] 

Relish, rel'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To taste 
or eat with pleasure ; to like the flavor of, enjoy, be 
pleased with or gratified by; to give a pleasing flavor 
to. —v. i. To have a pleasing taste, give pleasure, 
gratification, or satisfaction ; to have a flavor. — n. 
A pleasing taste; enjoyable quality; power of pleas- 
ing ; savor ; quality ; characteristic tinge ; inclina- 
tion or taste for; fondness; the smallest perceptible 
quantity; tinge; that used to impart a flavor; some- 
thing taken with food to render it more palatable. 
[OF. relecher, to lick or taste anew ; lecher, OHG. 
lecchon = E. lick.] — Rel'ishable, a. Having an 
agreeable taste; worthy of being relished. 

Reluct, re-lukt', v. i. To strive or struggle against 
anything; to make resistance. [L. reluctari, -tatus ; 
luctari, to struggle, fr. lucta, a wrestling ; s. rt. Gr. 
lugizein, to bend, twist, overpower, Skr. ruj, to break, 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



RELUME 



481 



REMUNERATE 



bend, hurt.)— Reluc'tance, -tancy, -tan-sf, n. State 
or quality of being reluctant; aversion of mind: re- 

§ugnance; unwillingness; dislike. — Reluc'tant, a. 
triving against ; much, opposed in heart; proceed- 
ing from an unwilling mind ; granted with reluc- 
tance; averse; loth; disinclined; coy. [L. reluctans, 
p. pr. of reluctan.] — Reluc'tantiy, adv. 

Relume, re-lum', v. t. [-lumed (-lumd'), -luming.] 
To rekindle, light again. [L. retuminare ; luminare, 
to light, fr. lumen, light.] 

Rely. re-li', v. i. [-lied (-lid''), -lying.] To rest with 
confidence, as the mind when satisfied of the veraci- 
ty, integrity, or ability of persons, or of the cer- 
tainty of facts ; to trust, depend, repose. [E. re- 
and lie, i. e., to lie back (on), lean (on) ; not fr. OF. 
relayer : see Relay.] — Reli'able. a. Suitable or tit 
to be relied on ; worthy of dependence or reliance ; 
trustworthy. — Reli'ableness, -abii'ity, n. Trust- 
worthiness. — Reli'ance, -ans, n. Act ol relying, or 
condition or quality or being reliant; repose oi mind 
on what is deemed sufficient support or authority; 
anything on which to rely ; ground of trust ; conri- 
dence ; faith. 

Remain, re-man', v. i. [-mained (-mand"), -main- 
l\0.] To stay behind while others withdraw or are 
removed; to "be left as not included or comprised; 
to continue in a fixed place, an unchanged form or 
condition, an undiminished quantity; to abide, last, 
endure. — n. That which is left ; relic ; remainder, 

— chiefly in pi. ; a dead body, corpse, — only in pi.; 
the literary works of one who is dead. [OF. re- 
maindre, L. remanere, fr. re, again, back, manere, to 
stay, remain.]— Rem'nant, n. What remains after 
a part is removed, performed, etc. ; a small portion ; 
slight trace ; fragment ; residue ; rest ; remainder. 
[OF. remnnant, p. pr. of remaindre, fr. L. reaawre.'] 

— Remain'' der, n. Anything that remains, or is left, 
after the separation and removal of a part; sum left 
after subtraction. {Law.) An estate depending upon 
a particular prior estate, and limited to arise imme- 
diately on the determination of such estate. 

Remand, re-mand', v. t. To recommit or send back. 
[F. remander, L. remandare; mandare, to commit, 
order, send word.] 

Remark, re-mark', n. Act of remarking or attentive- 
ly noticing ; expression, in speech or writing, of 
something remarked or noticed ; a casual observa- 
tion; note; comment; annotation. — v. t. [remarked 
(-markf), -marking.] To take notice of ; to ex- 
press in words or writing, as observed or noticed; to 
call attention to, notice, heed, note, say. — v. i. To 
say or observe. [F. remarquer ; marquer, to mark : 
see Mark.] — Remark'able, a. Worthy of or capa- 
ble of being remarked or noticed ; extraordinary ; 
unusual ; rare ; strange ; wonderful ; notable ; fa- 
mous; eminent. [F. remarquahle.] — Remark'able- 
ness. >i.— Remark'ably, adv. — Remark'er, n. 

Remedy, rem'e-dt, n. That which cures a disease ; 
that which corrects or counteracts an evil of any 
kind. {Law.) The legal means to recover a right, or 
obtain redress for a wrong. — v. t. [remedied (-did), 
-dying.] To apply a remedy or cure to; to restore to 
soundness, health, integrity, etc. ; to heal, redress, 
relieve, help, aid, remove, counteract, etc. [OF. rem- 
ede, L. remedium; mecferi, to heal, to cure.] — Reme'- 
diable, -dt-a-bl, a. — Reme'dial, a. Affording, or 
intended for, a remedy. — Remediless, re-med'T- 
or rem'e-dl-less, a. Incapable 01 being restored, 
changed, or prevented ; not answering as a remedy; 
ineffectual; powerless. 

Remember, re-mem' bS r, v. t. [-bered (-herd), -Ber- 
ing.] To bring to mind again, recall ; to keep in 
mind, preserve fresh in the memory, keep from be- 
ing forgotten. [OF. remem'trer, L. rememorari, mem- 
orare, to bring to remembrance.] — Remem'berer, 
n.— Remem'brance, -brans, n. Act of remember- 
ing ; state of being remembered, or held in mind ; 
recollection; that which serves to keep in or bring 
to mind; a memorial; token ; memento ; souvenir ; 
power of remembering ; time within which a fact 
can be remembered. fF.J — Remem'brancer, n. 

Remigrate, rem'Y- or re-mi'grat, v. i. To migrate 
again, return. — Remigra'tion, n. Migration to a 
former place. 

Remind, re-mind', v. t. To put in mind, bring to the 
remembrance, notice, or consideration of. — Re- 
mind'er, n. One who, or that which, reminds. 

Reminiscence, rem-T-nis'sens, n. State of being rem- 
iniscent, or inclined to call to mind: power of recall- 
ing to mind ; tnat remembered or recalled to mind ; 
memory: rememhrance; recollection. [F.; L. rem- 



miscentia, fr. remimscens, p. pr. of remimsci, to recol- 
lect. J — Reminis'cent, a. Capable of, or inclined to, 
call to mind. 
Remit, re-mit', v. t. To send back, refer; to give up, sur- 
render, resign; to relax in intensity; to retrain from 
exacting or enforcing, abate; to forgive; to transmit 
or send, esp. to a distance (money, Dills, etc.) — v. i. 
To abate in force or in violence ; to grow less in- 
tense, become moderated. [L. remittere, -mission, to 
send back, slacken, abate; mittere, to send.]— Re- 
mit'ment. n. Act of remitting ; state of being re- 
mitted. — Remit'tal. n. A remitting ; a giving up ; 
surrender. — Remit'tance, -tans, n. (Coin.) Act of 
transmitting (monev, bills, etc.), esp. to a distant 
place ; the sum or thing remitted. — Remit'tent, a. 
Having remissions from time to time, as a disease. — 
Remit'ter, n. One who remits or makes remittance. 
{Law.) The sending or placing back of a person to 
a title or right he had before. — Remit'tor, -t6r, n. 
{Lmo.) One who makes a remittance. — Remise', 
-niiz', v. t. [-mised (-mizd'), -mising.] To release 
a claim to; to resign or surrender by deed. — Re- 
miss', -mis', a. Not energetic or exact in duty or 
business; not careful or prompt in fulfilling engage- 
ments ; lacking earnestness or activity ; languid ; 
slack ; dilatory : negligent ; inattentive ; heedless ; 
thoughtless. — Remis'sible, -sT-bl, a. Capable of 
being remitted or iorgiven. — Remis'sion, -mish'un, 
n. Act of remitting, surrendering, or giving up ; 
esp., discharge from that which is due ; relinquisn- 
ment of a claim, right, or obligation ; pardon ; for- 
giveness: release. {Med.) A temporary subsidence 
of the fo ce or violence of a disease or of pain. — 
Remiss'ly, adv. In a remiss or a negligent manner. 

— Remiss 'ness, n. 
Remnant. See under Remain. 

Remodel, re-mod'el, v. t. [-eled (-eld), -eling.] To 
model or fashion anew. 

Remold, -mould, re-mold', v. t. To mold or shape 
anew, make over, remodel. 

Remonstrate, re-mon'strat, v. i. To exhibit or pre- 
sent strong reasons against an act, measure, or any 
course of proceedings: to expostulate, reprove. [LL. 
remonstrare, -stratum ; L. monstrare, to show.] — Re- 
mon'strator, n. — Remon'strance, -strans, n. Act 
of expostulation : the terms in which one remon- 
strates; earnest advice or reproof. [F.]— Remon'- 
strant, a. Inclined or tending to remonstrate; ex- 
postulatory. — n. One who remonstrates. 

Remorse, re-mors', n. The keen or gnawing pain or 
anguish excited by a sense of guilt; compunction; 
regret; compassion. [OF. remors, LL. remorsus, fr. 
L. remordere, -mo'-sum, to bite again or back, tor- 
ment ; mordere, to bite, vex.] — Remorse'ful, -ful, a. 
Full of remorse or compunction; compassionate ; 
pitiable. — Remorse'less. a. Without remorse or sen- 
sibility: cruel; insensible to distress: pitiless; relent- 
less: merciless; savage. — Remorse'lessly, adv. 

Remote, etc. See under Remove. 

Remove, re-moov', v. t. [-moved (-moovd'), -moving.] 
To cause to change place; to move away from the 
position occupied ; to displace from an office, etc.-, 
to cause to cease to be, put an end to; to banish; to 
carry from one court to another. — v. i. To change 
place in any manner; to change one's residence. — n. 
Act of removing; removal: state of being removed; 
that which is removed, as a dish removed from table 
to make way for something else: distance or space 
through which anything is removed ; interval ; a 
step in any scale of gradation. [OF. remouroir, L. 
remorere, -rnotum.] — Remov'er, n.— Remov'able, a. 
Admitting of being removed, as from an office or 
station, or from one place to another. — Remov'a- 
bil'ity, n. — Remov'al, n. Act of removing from 
a place, office, etc. ; act of remedying or taking 
away ; state of being removed ; change of place; 
migration; displacing: departure; death; act of put- 
ting an end to. —Remote', -mot', a. Removed to a 
distance; not near; far away, — said in respect to 
time or place; removed; not agreeing, according, or 
being related, — in various figurative uses: foreign; 
alien: primary: abstracted ; slight; inconsiderable. 
[OF. remot, fern, remote, L. remotus, p. p. of remo- 
vere.] — Remote'ly, adv. — Remote'ness, n. 

Remunerate, re-mu'ner-at, v. t. To pay an equiva- 
lent to for any service, loss, expense, or other sac- 
rifice ; to recompense, requite, repay, reimburse. 
[L. remunerare, -atum : mvnerare, to give, present, 
fr. munus, -eris, a gift, present]. — Remu'nera'tion, 
n. Act of remunerating; that given to remunerate. 

— Remu'nerative, -tiv, a. Intended or fitted to re- 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, 



cow, oil ; linger or ink, tien, boNboN, chair, get 



RENAL 



482 



REPEAL 



numerate; yielding a proper remuneration. — Re- 
mu'neratory. -to-rT, a. Affording recompense. 

Eenal. See under Reins. 

Renaxd, ren'ard, n. A fox, — so called in fables or 
familiar tales, and in poetry. [F.; Flemish Reinaerd, 
OHG. Regirihart, Reinhart, i. e., strong in counsel, 
the name of the fox in a celebrated German epic 
poem; OHG. regin, counsel, Goth ragin, an opinion, 
decree, s. rt. Skr. rack, to arrange; OHG. hart = E. 
hard.-] 

Eenascent, re-nas'sent, a. Springing or rising into 
being again; reproduced; able or likely to be re- 
born, renewed, or reproduced ; rejuvenated. [L. 
renascens, p. pr. of renasci, to be born again; nasci, 
to be born.] — Renas'cence, -cency, -sen-si, n. State 
of being, etc. — Renaissance', re-na-saxs', ?i. Lit., 
a renewal ; the historic period of the revival of 
learning in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries; 
the transitional movement from the middle ages to 
the modern world; a style of decorative art, char- 
acterized by a return from Gothic to antique forms, 
revived by Raphael. [F.] 

Rencontre, ren-kon'ter, -counter, -kown'ter, n. A 
meeting of 2 persons or bodies; a meeting in oppo- 
sition or contest; action or engagement; a sudden 
contest without premeditation, as between individ- 
uals or small parties; conflict; collision; clash. [F. 
rencontre, lor reencontre; encontrer, to encounter, 
q. v.] — Rencoun'ter, v. i. To meet an enemy un- 
expectedly, come into collision, skirmish. 

Rend, rend, v. t. [rent, rending.] To separate into 
parts with force or sudden violence; to tear asun- 
der; to part or tear off forcibly, burst, break, rup- 
ture, crack, split. [AS. hrendan, OFries. renda, to 
tear, break, Ic. hrinda, to push, kick, throw; prob. 
s. rt. Skr. fcrit, to cut, L. crena = E. cranny.] — 
Ren'der, n. — Rent, n. An opening made by rend- 
ing ; a break or breach made by force ; a schism ; 
separation. 

Render, ren'der, v. t. [-dered (-derd), -dering.] To 
return, payback, restore; to inflict, as a retribution; 
to give on demand, surrender; to furnish, contrib- 
ute; to make up, state, deliver; to cause to be, or to 
become; to translate from one language into an- 
other; to interpret, or bring into full expression to 
others, the meaning, spirit, and full effect of; to try 
out or extract Coil, lard, tallow, etc.) from fatty ani- 
mal substances; to plaster roughly without lathing. 
[F. rendre, LL. rendere, L. reddere, -ditum; dare, to 
give.] — Ren'd6rable, a. Capable of being rendered. 
— Rendition, -dish'un, n. Act of rendering, or re- 
turning; surrender, as of fugitives from justice, at 
the claim of a foreisrn government; translation; ren- 
dering. — Reddi'tion, -dtsh'un, n. A returning of 
anything; restitution: surrender. [F^ L. redditio, 
fr. Ye' Were.] — Ren'dezvous, ren'de-voo, n. A place 
for meeting: esp., the appointed place for troops or 
ships of a fleet to assemblej_ a meeting by appoint- 
ment. — v.i. [-vousED (-vood'), -vocsiNG.] To as- 
semble or meet at a particular place, as troops, 
ships, etc. — v. t. To assemble or bring together at 
a certain place. [F., lit., render, or assemble, your- 
selves; rendez, imperative pi. of rendre; vous = ~L. 
vos, you.] — Rent, n. A certain sum or amount in 
money, provisions, chattels, or labor, periodically 
paid or received for the use of a tenement, estate, or 
corporeal inheritance; in France, capital invested in 
public funds, stocks, etc. — v. t. To grant the pos- 
session and enjoyment of, for a consideration ; to 
lease; to take and hold by lease or at will, for a con- 
sideration, the possession of. — v. i. To be leased, or 
let for rent. [ME. and F. rente. It. rendita, fr. L. 
reddita (pecunia), (money) rendered or paid.] — 
Rent'able, a. — Rent'al, Rent'roll, n. A schedule 
or account of rents, with the names of the tenants, 
etc. — Rent'er, n. One who rents or leases an estate; 
the lessee or tenant who takes an estate or tenement 
on rent. 

Renegade, ren'e-gad. -ga'do, n. One faithless to prin- 
ciple or party ; esp. an apostate from a religious 
faith; or, one" who deserts from a military or naval 
service; a deserter; a common vagabond. [Sp. rene- 
gado, p. p. of renegar, to forsake the faith, LL. rene- 
gare; L. negare, to deny; in ME. renegat and run- 
agate.^ 

Renew, re-nu', v. t. [-mewed (-mid'), -newing.] To 
make over as good as new, give new life to; to re- 
store to freshness, completeness, or vigor; to begin 
again; to repeat, either exactly or almost exactly; 
to furnish again. (Theol.) To make new spiritually, 
imolant holy affections in the heart. — v.i. To be 



made new, grow or commence again. — Renew'able, 
«.— Renew'al, n. Act of renewing or forming anew: 
that renewed. — Renew'edly, adv. Again ; once 
more. — Renew'er, n. 

Reniform. See under Reins. 

Rennet, ren'net, n. The inner membrane of the 4th 
stomach of the calf, or an infusion or preparation 
of it, used for coagulating milk. [AS. rinnan, ren- 
nan. to run — because causing milk to run, or cur- 
dlej 

Renounce, re-nowns', v. t. [-nounced (-nownsf), 
-nouncing.] To declare against, reject (a title or 
claim) ; to cast off or reject (a connection or pos- 
session), give up, disavow, disclaim, abjure, recant, 
quit, forego, resign, abdicate. [F. renoncer, L. re- 
nunciare ; nunciare, to announce : see Nuncio.] — Re- 
nounce'ment, n. Act of disclaiming; renunciation. 
— Renoun'cer, n. — Renun'cia'tion, -sht-a'shun, n. 
Act of renouncing; disavowal; disclaimer; abjura- 
tion; recantation; relinquishment. [F. renonciation, 
L. renuntiatio.] 

Renovate, ren'o-vat, v. t. To make over again, render 
as good as new, renew, regenerate, revive. [Same as 
renew ; L. renovare, -vatum ,- novare, to make new, fr. 
nocus = E. new.] — Renova'tion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. [T.] 

Renown, re-nown', n. The state of being much known 
and talked of ; fame ; celebrity. [ME. renoun, OF. 
renon, F. venom, fr. nom = L. nomeh, a name.] — Re- 
nowned', -nownd', a. Celebrated for great and he- 
roic achievements, for distinguished qualities, or for 
grandeur ; famous ; noted ; eminent ; remarkable ; 
wonderful. — Renown 'edly, -ed-lf , adv. 

Rent, a tear, breach. See under Rend. 

Rent, payment, Rental, etc. See under Render. 

Renter, ren'ter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
sew together so that the seam is scarcely visible ; to 
fine-draw. [F. rentraire, fr. re-, en- (= L. in-), into, 
together, and trahir, L. trahere, to draw.] 

Renunciation. See under Renounce. 

Reorganize, re-6r'gan-Iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.1 
To organize anew, reduce again to an organized 
condition. — Reor'ganiza'tion, n. Act of, etc. 

Rep, rep, a. Formed with a surface closely corded, or 
of a cord-like appearance. — n. A kind of stuff hav- 
ing a surface appearing as if made of small cords. 
[Prob. corrupt, of rib.] 

Repair, re-par', v. t. [-paired (-pard'), -pairing.] To 
restore to a sound or good state after decay, injury, 
dilapidation, or partial destruction ; to make amends 
for, as for an injury, by an equivalent ; to indemnify 
for; to renew, mend, retrieve, recruit. — n. Restora- 
tion to a sound or good state after decay, waste, inju- 
ry, or partial destruction; reparation; condition. [F. 
revarer, L. reparare ; parare, to prepare.] — Repair'- 
able, a. — Repair'er, n. — Rep'arable, -a-ra-bl, a. Ca- 
pable of being, etc. [F.; L. reparabilis.] — Rep'ara'- 
tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that done or 
made in order to repair; indemnification for loss or 
damage ; restoration ; restitution ; compensation ; 
amends. [F.] — Repar'ative, -par'a-tiv, a. Tending 
to repair ; restoring to a sound state ; tending to 
amend defect, or make good.— n. That which, etc. 

Repair, re-par', v. i. To go, betake one's self, resort. 
[F. repairer, OF. repairier, to haunt, frequent, prob. 
fr. repaire, a wild beast's den, a haunt, place of re- 
sort; It. ripararsi, to frequent, resort to, lit. to make 
a (riparo) shelter, place of security.] 

Repartee, rep'ar-te'. n. A smart, ready, and witty 
reply; retort. — v. t. [reparteed (-ted'), -teeing.] 
To make smart and witty replies. [F. repartie, f r. 
repartir, to reply, to answer a thrust with a thrust; 
partir, to part, divide, also to burst out laughing, f r. 



L. partire, to share, fr. pars, part.] 
tepass, re-pas', v. t. [-passed (-past'), -i 
pass again, pass or travel back, pass a 



Repass, re-pas', v. t. [-passed (-past'), -passing.] To 
pass again, pass or travel back, pass a second time. 
— v. i. To pass or go back, move back. 

Repast, re-past', n. Act of taking food; that taken as 
food; a meal ; victuals. [OF.; past, a meal, ~L. pas- 
tus, food, orig. p. p. of pascere, to feed.] 

Repay, re-pa', v. t. [-paid (-pad'), -paying.] To pay 
back, make return or requital for, pay anew, or a 
second time, as a debt, refund, recompense, remu- 
nerate, reimburse, requite. — Repay'able, a. — Re- 
pay'ment, n. Act of, etc. ; money or other thing 
repaid. 

Repeal, re-pel', v. t. [-pealed (-peld'), -pealing.] To 
recall (a deed, will, law, or statute); to abrogate by 
authoritv, abolish, revoke, rescind, annul, cancel, re- 
verse.— n. Revocation; abrogation. [OF. rapeler ; 
apeler, to appeal.] — Repeal'able, a. — Repeal'ablft. 



2m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd 



REPEAT 



483 



REPRESENT 



ness, n. — Repeal'er, n. One who repeals or seeks a 
repeal; an advocate for the repeal of the Articles of 
Union between Great Britain and Ireland. 

Repeat, re-pet', v. t. To go over a second time; to do, 
try, make, attempt, or utter again; to do or say what 
one has already done or said; to reiterate, recite, re- 
hearse, recapitulate, — n. Act of repeating: repeti- 
tion; that repeated, or to be repeated. (Mm.) A 
mark, or series of dots, placed before and after a pas- 
sage to be repeated in performance. [F. repeter, L. 
repetere: petere, to seek.] — Repeat'edly, adv. — Re- 
peat' er, n. One who, or that which, repeats; one 
who recites or rehearses ; a watch that strikes the 
hours at the touch of a spring; a fire-arm that may be 
discharged many times in quick succession; inL.S., 
one who votes more than once at an election. — R6p / - 
etend', n. {Math.) That part of a repeating decimal 
which recurs continually. — Rep'eti'tion, -tish'un, 
n. Act of repeating; recital from memory; tautol- 
ogy; iteration; rehearsal. [F.] — Rep'eti'tional, -a- 
ry, -a-rT, a. Containing repetition. — Rep'eti'tious, 
-tish'us, a. Repeating: containing repetition. 

Repel, re-pel', v. t. [-pelled (-peld'), -pelling.] To 
drive back, force to return, check the advance of; 
to encounter or assault with effectual resistance, as 
an encroachment; to repulse, reject, refuse. [L. re- 
pellere, -pulsurn ; pellere, to drive.] — Repel' lence, 
-lency, -len-sT, n. Quality or capacity of repelling; 
repulsion. — Repel'lent, "a. Driving " back ; able or 
tending to repel. — n. That which repels or scatters; 
a kind of water-proof cloth. — Repel'ler, n. — Re- 
pulse', -puis', n. Condition of being, or act of, etc.; 
refusal; denial; failure.— v. t. [-pulsed (-pulsf), 
-pulsing.] To repel, beat or drive back, reject. 

— Repul'sion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.— 
Repul'sive, -siv, a. Inclined, serving, or able to re- 
pel: repelling; cold; reserved; forbidding. 

Repent, re'pent, a. Creeping, as a plant. [L. repens, 
p. pr. of repere, to creep: see Reptile.] 

Repent, re-pent', v. i. To feel pain, sorrow, or regret, 
for what one has done or omitted to do ; to feel 
such sorrow for sin as leads one to turn from it and 
seek forgiveness; to change the mind or course of 
conduct on account of dissatisfaction with what 
has occurred, — V. t. To feel pain on account of, 
remember with sorrow. [F. repentir ; L. pamitere, 
to make repent, fr. poena, punishment: see Penal.] 

— Repent'ance, -ans, n. Act of repenting, or state 
of being penitent; sorrow for what one has done or 
omitted to do; contrition for sin, accompanied by 
change of life. [F.] — Repent'ant, a. Inclined to 
repent; sorry for sin; expressing or showing sorrow 
for sin. — n. One who repents; a penitent. [F., p. 
pr. of repentir.} — Repent'er, n. 

Repeople, re-pe'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -pling.] To 
people anew, furnish again with inhabitants. 

Repercussion, re-per-kus'shun, n. Act of driving back; 
reverberation. [F. ; L. repercussio, fr. repercutere, 
-<mssum; percutere, to strike through and through, 
fr. per, through, and quate>-e, to shake, beat, strike.] 

— Repercuss'ive, -iv, a. Having the power of send- 
ing back; causing to reverberate; driven back; re- 
verberated. [F. repercussif.'] 

Repertory, rep'er-to-rT, n. A place in which things 
are disposed in an orderly manner, so that they can 
be easily found; a treasury; magazine. [F. reper- 
toire, L. repertorium, fr. reperire, to find again; pa- 
rere, to bring forth, procure.] 

Repetend, Repetition, etc. See under Repeat. 

Repine, re-pin', r. *". [-pined (-pind'), -pining.] To 
continue pining, indulge in envy or complaint, mur- 
mur. [Re- and" pine, q. v.] — Repin^er, n. 

Replace, re-plas', v. t. [-placed (-plasf), -placing.] 
lo place again, restore to a former place, position, 
condition, etc.; to refund, repay, to supply or sub- 
stitute an equivalent for: to supply the want of, ful- 
fill the end or office of. — Replace'ment. n. Act of re- 
placing. 

Replenish, re-plen'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] 
To fill up again, fill completely. [OF. rejtlenir, L. re- 
plere, -pletum; plenvs, full.] — Replenishment, n. 
Act of, state of being, or that which, etc.; supply.— 
Replete', -plet', a. Filled again; completely filled; 
full. [F. replet, fem. replete, L. repletiis, p. p. of re- 
plere.~\ — Reple'tion, n. State of being replete : su- 
perabundant fullness. (Med.) Fullness of blood; 
plethora. [F.] — Reple'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to re- 
plete; replenishing. 

Replevy, re-plev'T, v. t. [-plevied (-plev'id), -ying.] 
To take back, by a writ for that purpose, goods 
wrongfully taken, upon giving security to try the 



right to them in a suit at law, and, if that should be 
determined against the plaintiff, to return the prop- 
erty replevied; to bail. [F. re- and plevir, to warrant, 
be surety, give pledges, prob. fr. L. prsebere, to af- 
ford, offer a pledge.]— Replev'in, n. (Law.) A per- 
sonal action which lies to recover possesion of goods 
and chattels wrongfully taken or detained. The writ 
by which goods and chattels are replevied. tOY.plev- 
iiic. a warranty.] 
Reply, re-pli', r. i. [-plied (-plid'), -plying. 1 To 
make a return to in words cr writing, answer, re- 
spond, rejoin; to do orgive in return tor something, 
answer by deeds. (Law.) To answer a defendant's 
plea. — -/-, t. To return for an answer. — n. That 
which is said, written, or done in answer to what is 
said, etc., by another; rejoinder; answer: [OF. >c- 

flier, repU'/uer, L. replicare, -catinn, to fold : see 
ly.]— Rep'licant, rep'lT-kant, n. One who replies. 
— Rep'lica'tion, n. An answer; reply. (Law Plead- 
ings.) The reply of the plaintiff, in matters of fact, 
to defendant's plea. [L. replicatio.] — Repli'er, v. 

Report, re-port', v.t. To bear or bring' back (an answer 
or account of something); to give an account of, cir- 
culate publicly; to give a formal or official account 
of; to make minutes of (a speech, or the doing: o1 11 
public body); to relate, tell, recite, detail.— v. i. To 
make a return or statement that is expected or de- 
sired; to furnish in writing an account of a speech 
or proceedings of a public assembly, etc.: to betake 
one's self as to a superior officer, and be in readi- 
ness for orders or to do service. — n. That which is 
reported: an account received: story; rumor; repute; 
reputation ; sound : noise ; an official statement of 
facts, verbal or written : a statement of a judicial 
opinion or decision, or of a case argued and deter- 
mined ; a sketch, or fully written account, of a 
speech, or a public meeting, etc. [F. reporter, L. 
reportare, to bear or bring back; portare, to bear or 
bring.] — Report'er, n. One who reports: esp., one 
who makes statements of law proceedings and de- 
cisions, or of legislative debates; one who reports 
the proceedings of public meetings, current tran- 
sactions, etc., for the newspapers. — Raport'ing, n. 
Act, art, or profession of. etc. 

Repose, re-poz', v. t. [-posed (-p5zd' i, -posing.] To 
lay at rest, cause tot>e calm or quiet, compose; to 
place, have, or exercise (confidence, etc.), deposit, 
lodge. — v. i. To lie, rest; to lie for rest or refresh- 
ment; to rest in confidence, —n. A lying at rest; 
sleep; tranquillity: freedom from uneasiness. (Fine 
Arts.) That harmony or moderation which affords 
rest for the eye. [F. repos, rest, reposer, LL. repau- 
sare : see Pause.] — Repos'edness, n. State of being 
at rest. — Repos'al, n. Act of reposing or resting. 

Reposit, re-poz'it, v. t. To lay up, or lodge, as for 
safety or preservation. [L. reponere, -position ; po- 
nere,\o place.] — Reposi'tion, -zish'un, n. Act of re- 
positing. — Repos'itory, -poz'l-to-rl, n. A place in 
which to deposit things for safety; a depository. [F. 
repositoire, Li.jrepositorium.~\ 

Repousse, ra-poos'sa', n. Ornamental metal work 
formed in relief by hammering up the metal from 
the back, and chasing the forms so produced. [F.; 
p. p. of repousser, to thrust back: pousser, L. pulsare, 
to push, freq. of pellere, to beat, knock.] 

Reprehend, rep-re-hend', v. t. To accuse, charge, 
chide, reprove, censure. [L. reprehendere, to check, 
blame ; prehendere, to lay hold of.] — Reprehend'er, 
n. — Reprehen'sible, -sl-bl, a. Worthy of reprehen- 
sion or blame: culpable; censurable. — Reprehen'si- 
bleness, «.— Reprehen'sibly, a dr. — Reprehen'sion, 
n. Reproof: censure; open blame. [F.]— Reprehen'- 
sive, -siv, -sory, -so-rl, a. Containing reproof. 

Represent, rep-re-zent', v. t. To exhibit the counter- 
part or image of; to delineate, reproduce; to act the 
part or character of, personate; to supply the place 
or perform the duties of; to exhibit to another mind 
in language, bring before the mind; to serve as a 
sign or symbol of. — v. i. To present a second time, 
esp. by a mental transcript or picture. [OF. repre- 
senter, L. reprsesentare ; prsesentare, to place before, 
present, fr. prsesens, present, q. v.] — Rep'resenta'- 
tion, n. Act of representing, describing, or showing; 
that which represents, — as, a picture, model, or 
other facsimile; or, a dramatic performance; or, a 
description or statement; or, a body of representa- 
tives. — Represent'ative, -tiv, a. Fitted or qualified 
to represent: bearing the character or power of an- 
other ; acting for others. — n. One who, or that 
which, etc.; an agent, deputy, or substitute, who 
supplies the place of another; in U. S., a member 



stin, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



REPRESS 



484 



RESCIND 



of the lower house in a State legislature or in the 
national Congress. — Represent'er, n. 

Repress, re-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -pressing.] 
To press back or down effectually, or a second time; 
to crush down or out; to overpower, subdue, quell, 
chock. — Repres'ser, n. — Repression, -shun, n. 
Act of, or that which, etc.; cliecK; restraint. — Re- 
pressive, -iv, a. Able, or tending to, etc. 

Reprieve. See under Reprove. 

Reprimand, rep'rl-mand, v. t. To reprove severely, 
chide for a fault; to reprove publicly and officially, 
in execution of a sentence; to reprehend, rebuke, 
censure, blame.— n. Severe reproof for a fault; repre- 
hension, private or public. [F. re'primande, L. rep- 
rimen /us, -da, to be checked or suppressed, fr. rep- 
rirnne, to check, repress.] 

Reprint re-print', v. t. To print again; to print a new 
clicion of . — Re'print, n. A second or a new im- 
pression or edition of any printed work; esp., the 
publication in one country of a work previously 
published in another. 

Reprisal, re-priz'al, n. Act of reprising or retaking; 
esp., the act of taking from an enemy by way of re- 
taliation or indemnity; that which is retaken, esp. 
from an enemy, etc.; act of retorting on an enemy 
by inflicting suffering or death on a prisoner taken 
from him, in retaliation for an act of inhumanity. 
[OF. represai/le, fr. repris, p. p. of repren /ere, to 
take, take back again; L. reprehendere : see Repre- 
hend.] —Reprises', n. pi. {Law.) Deductions and 
duties yearly p_iid out of a manor and lands. 

Reproach, re-proch', v. t. [-proached (-prochf), 
-proaching.] To censure with severity, and some- 
times with contempt; to charge with a fault in se- 
vere language, upbraid, rebuke, condemn, revile, 
vilify. — n. An expression of blame or censure; cen- 
sure mingled with contempt or derision; an occasion 
of blame or censure; an object of blame, censure, 
scorn, or derision; disrepute; discredit; scandal; op- 
probriu n; invective; contumely; vilification; insult; 
ignominy; shame; disgrace; infamy. [F. reprocher, 
to reproach, fr. obs. D. re^ro-iare, to bring near to, 
impute, fr. re- and pr ope, near.] — Reproach 'able, a. 
Deserving reproach; opprobrious; scurrilous. — Re- 
proach'ful, -ml, a. Expressing, occasioning, or de- 
serving, reproach. — Reproach'fully, adv. 

Reprobate, etc. See under Reprove. 

Reproduce, re-nro-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -du- 
cing.J To produce again; to make a copy of; to 
portray; to bring to the memory or the imagination; 
to renew the production of; to generate, as offspring. 

— Reproduction, -duk'shun, n. Actor process of , 
etc. — Reproductive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rl, a. Pert, to, 
or employed m, reproduction. 

Reprove, re-proov', v. t. [-proved (-proovd'), -prov- 
ing.] To chide as blameworthy to the face; to ac- 
cuse as guiltv; to reprehend, rebuke, scold, blame, 
censure. \ ME. reproiieu, -prewn, -proven., OF. re- 
prover, L. rpfjro^are, -bat.i n; prohare, to test, prove, 
q. v.) — Reproof, n. Expression of blame; censure 
tor a fault.; ijmonition: reprimand: rebuke; blame. 
— -Reprov'a^is, a. — Reprov'al, n. Act of re pro v- 
ing, or tli .it which is said iu reproving; reproof. — 
Reprov'er, a. — Rep'robate, -ro-bat, v. t. To disap- 
prove with detestation or marks of extreme dislike; 
to aban 1 >n to pu tishment without hope or pardon; 
to condemn, reprehend, disown, reject. — a. Aban- 
doned to vice or punishment; morally abandoned 
and lost; vitiated; depraved; profligate; base; vile; 
castawiv.— n V person abandoned; one morally 
lost. — Rsp'robatoness, n. — Reproba'tion, n. Act 
of rep:ouat ng; state of being ieprobated. — Re- 
prieve', -p-ev', />. t. [-PRIEVED (-prevd'), -priev- 
IJVG.] To try over again, delay the punishment of. 

— n. Temporarr suspension of the execution of sen- 
tence, esp. the sentence of death; interval of ease or 
relief; respite. [Same as reprore.] 

Reptile, rep'til, a. Creeping, moving on the belly, or 
by means ot small, short legs; groveling; low; vul- 
gar. — n. An animal that crawls or moves on its 
belly, or by means of small, sho't legs. (Zool.) A 
vertebrate animal, oviparous, cold - blooded, air- 
breathing, and covered with plates or scales. A 
groveling or very mean person. [F.; L. reptilis, fr. 
repere. reptum, to creep; s. rt. serpent.]— Reptil'ian, 
-til'T-an, a. Belonging to the reptiles 

Republic, re-pub'lik, n. A state in which the sover- 
eign power is exercised by representatives elected 
by the people; a c nnmonwealtli. [F. 'e/tublu/ue, L. 
respublica; res, thing, affair, and pubhcus, puolica, 
public] — Republic of letters. The collective body 



of literary or learned men. — Repub'lican, a. Pert, 
to a republic; consonant with the principles of a re- 
public— n. One who favors a republican form of 
government; in U. S., since 1856, a member of the 
political party opposed to the extension of slavery. 

— Repub'licanism, -izm, n. A republican form or 
system of government; attachment to a republican 
form of government. — Repub'licanizo, v. t. [-ized 
(-izd), -izing.] To convert to republican princi- 
ples. 

Republish, re-pub'lish, v. t. [-lished (-lisht), -lish- 
ing.] To publish anew, — often applied to the pub- 
lication in one country of a work first published in 
another. —Repub'lica'tion, n. A second publica- 
tion, or a new publication of something before pub- 
lished; esp., the publication in one country of a work 
first issued in another; a reprint. 

Repudiate, re-pu'dt-at, v. t. To cast off and disavow; 
to put away, divorce; to refuse any longer to ac- 
knowledge or to pay. [L. repudiare, -atum ; pudere, 
to be ashamed.] — Repu'diable, -dl-a-bl, a. Admit- 
ting of repudiation; tit or proper to be put away. — 
Repu'dia'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. [F.] 

— Repu'dia'tor, n. 

Repugnant, re-pug'nant, a. Opposite; contrary; hos- 
tile; inconsistent; distasteful in a high degree; of- 
fensive. [F., p. pr. of repugner, L. repugnare; pug- 
nare, to fight.] — Repug'nance, -nancy, -nan-sr, n. 
Act of opposing, or state of being repugnant; oppo- 
sition or contrariety, as of mind, passions, princi- 
ples, etc.; aversion; reluctance; dislike; hostility; ir- 
reconcilableness ; inconsistency. — Repug'nantly, 
adv. 

Repulse, Repulsive, etc. See under Repel. 

Repute, re-put', v. t. To account, hold, reckon; to at- 
tribute. — n. Character attributed; established opin- 
ion; estimate; good character; reputation. [F. re- 
puter, L. reputare, to count over, think over; putare, 
to count, think.] — Rep'utable, -u-ta-bl, a. Worthy 
of repute or distinction; held in esteem; respectable; 
honorable; estimable— Rep'utably, adv.— Reputa'- 
tion, n. Condition in which one is reputed to be; 
estimation in which one is held; public esteem; gen- 
eral credit; good name. [F.J — Reput'edly, adv. In 
common opinion or estimation; by repute. 

Request, re-kwest', n. Act of asking for anything de- 
sired; earnest desire or demand; solicitation; that 
asked for or requested; a state of being held in such 
estimation as to be sought after or pursued. — v.t. 
To ask for earnestly, express desire for, beg, ask, 
entreat, beseech. [AIE. and OF. reque.ste, L. requiS' 
ita, a thing asked, p. p. of requirere, -quisitum, to 
seek again, ask for; quserere, to seek.] — Request'er, 
n. — Require', -kwir', v. t. [-quired (-kwird'), 
-quiring.] To insist upon having; to claim as by 
right and authority; to make necessary, claim as in- 
dispensable, exact, enjoin, prescribe, demand, need. 
[ME. requir en, OF. requerir, fr. L. requirere.] — Re- 
quire'ment, n. Act of requiring; demand; requisi- 
tion ; that required ; an essential condition. — Re- 
quir'er, n. — Req'uisite, rek'wt-zit, a. Required 
by the nature of things, or by circumstances; neces- 
sary; needful; indispensable; essential. — n. That 
which is necessary ; something indispensable. — 
Req'uisiteness, « — Requisition, -zish'un, n. Act 
of requiring; application made as of right; demand; 
a written call or invitation; a formal demand made 
by one state or government upon another for the 
surrender of a fugitive from justice; that required 
by authority; esp., a quota of supplies or necessa- 
ries. [F.] 

Requiem, re'kwT-em, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) A hymn 
or mass sung for the dead, for the rest of his soul. 
A grand musical composition, performed in honor 
of some deceased person. [Accus. of L. requies, rest, 
the first words ot the prayer being "Requiem seter- 
nam dona eis, Domine," Give eternal rest to them, O 
Lord.] 

Requite, re-kwit', v. t. To repay; to return an equiv- 
alent in good, or evil for evil; to reward, retaliate, 
punish. [Re- and quit.] — Requit'al, n. That which 
requites or repays; return ior any office, good or 
bad; recompense; satisfaction; retribution; punish- 
ment. — Requit'er, n. 

Reredos, rer'dos, n. (A ch.) A screen or partition 
wall behind an altar; an altar-piece: an open hearth 
for fires in the cente- of ancient halls; the back of a 
fire-place. [E. rear & F. do<, L. dorsum, the back.] 

Rereward, rer'wawrd, n. The rearguard. 

Rescind, re-sind', v. t. To cut off, abrogate; to vacate 
(an act) by the enacting authority or by superior 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, f are ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone. 6r ; 



RESCRIPT 



485 



RESORBENT 



authority ; to revoke, repeal, annul, vacate, void. 
[F. rescinder, L. rescindere, -$ci*sum; scindere, to cut, 
split.] — Rescis'sion, -sizh'un, n. Act of rescind- 
ing, abrogating, annulling, or vacating. [OF. re- 
sasion.] — Rescis'sory, -siz'zn-rT, a. Tending to re- 
scind: having power to cut oft' or to abrogate. 

Rescript, re'skript, n. (Rom. Antiq.) The answer of 
an emperor o» pope, when consulted by particular 
persons on some difficult question; an edict or de- 
cree. [OF. ; L. rescrioere, scriptum ; scribere, to 
write.] — Rescrip'tion, n. A writing buck; the an- 
swering ot a letter. 

Rescue, res'ku, v. t. [-cued (-kud), -cling.] To 
free or deliver from any confinement, violence, dan- 
ger, or evil j to retake, liberate, save. — n Act of 
rescuing ; deliverance from restraint, violence, or 
danger. [OF. rescourre, LL. rescutere, -cussum, for 
reexcutere, to rescue, OF. rescusse, LL. rescussa, re- 
cvssa, a rescue; L. excutere, to shake off, drive away, 
fr. ex. oft, and quatere, to shake.]— Res'cuer, n. 

Research, re-sSrcb/, n. Diligent inquiry or examina- 
tion in seeking facts or principles ; investigation ; 
scrutiny, — v. t. [researched (-serchf), -search- 
ing.] To search and examine with continued care, 
seek diligently ; to search again ; examine anew. — 
Recherche, re-shar-sha', a. Sought out with care; of 
rare attraction or elegance. [F., p. p. of recherche); 
to seek out.] 

Reseize, re-sez', v. t. [-seized (-sezd'), -seizing.] To 
seize again, or a second time. (Law.) To take pos- 
session of, as lands and tenements which have been 
disseized.— Reseiz , ure, -se'zhur, n. A second seiz- 
ure; act of seizing again. 

Resemble, re-zem'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
be like to, — said of one thing as compared with an- 
other; to be alike or similar to, — said of objects with 
respect to one another ; to liken, compare. [OF. re- 
sembler ; sembler, to seem, resemble, fr. L. similare, 
simulare, to imitate.] — Resem'blance, -blans, n. 
State of resembling or being like ; that which is 
similar; likeness; similitude; semblance; represen- 
tation ; image. 

Resent, re-zenf, v. t. To take ill, consider as an in- 
jury or affront; to be in some degree provoked at. 
[OF. resentir, to be sensible of : sentir, L. sentire, to 
feel.] — Resent 'er, n. — Resentful, -ml, n. Inclined 
to resent ; easily provoked. — Resentlnent, n. Act 
of resenting ; displeasure ; indignation ; irritation ; 
anger. 

Reserve, re-zerv', v. t. [-served (-zervdO* -serv- 
ing.] To keep in store for future or other use ; to 
withhold from present use for another purpose ; to 
keep, retain, withhold. — n. Act of reserving or 
keeping back ; that which is reserved : restraint of 
freedom in words or actions; a tract of land reserved 
or set apart for a particular purpose. (Mil.) A body 
of troops kept for an exigence. [OF., a reservation, 
reserver, L. reservare, to keep back : $em:are, to 
keep.] — In reserve. In keeping for other or future 
use; in store.— Reserved'', -zervd',/). a. Restrained 
from freedom in words or actions; not free or frank; 
cautious; backward; cold: shy: cov; modest. — Re- 
serv'edly, -ed-lY, adv.— Reserv'edness, «.— Reserv'- 
er, n. — Reservalion, rez-er-va'shun, n. Act of re- 
serving, or keeping back ; something withheld : a 
tract of the public land reserved for some special 
use, as for schools. (Law.) A clause in an instru- 
ment by which something is reserved out of the 
thing granted; a proviso. — Reserv'atory, -a-to-ri, 
n. A place in which things are reserved or kept. — 
Reservoir', -er-vw6r', n. A place where anything 
is kept in store, esp., a place where water is col- 
lected and kept for use when wanted; a cistern; 
basin. [F. ; LL. reservatorivm] 

Reset, re-set', v. t. [-set, -setting.] (Print.) To set 
over again, as a page of matter. To furnish with new 
setting, border, oradornment. 

Resettle, re-setll, v. t. [-tled (-tld). -tling.] To 
settle again ; to install again as a minister of the 
gospel. — v. i. To settle in the gospel ministry a 2d 
time ; to be installed again.— Reset ^tlement, n. Act 
of settling or composing again : state oi settling or 
subsiding again: a2d settlement in the ministry. 

Reside, re-zidl v. i. To dwell permanently or for a 
length of time; to have one's dwelling or home ; to 
have a seat or fixed position; to lie or be inherent 
in. [OF. resider, L. residere ; sedere = E. to sit] — 
Resid'er, n. — Residence, rez'r-dens, n. Act of re- 
siding, abiding, or dwelling in a place for some 
continuance of time ; place where one resides ; so- 
journ; stay; abode; home; domicile; mansion. [F.] 



— Resident, a. Dwelling or having an abode in 
I a place for a continued length of time; fixed; re- 
l siding. — n. One who dwells in a place : a public 

minister who resides at a foreign court. [F.] — Res'- 
identer, n. — Residentiary, -aha-rl, a. Having res- 
idence. — n. One who is resident: an ecclesiastic 
who keeps a certain residence.— Residue, rez'I-du, 
n. That which remains alter a pai t is taken ; bal- 
ance or remainder of a debt or account. [OF. resi- 
du, L. residuum, neut. of residues, leit benind, re- 
maining, fr. residere.] — Resid'uum, -zid'u-um, n. 
That which is left after auy process of separation or 
purification ; residue. [L.] — Resid'ual, -u-al, a. 
Remaining after a part is taken. — Resid'uary, -u-a- 
rt, a. Pert, to the residue, or part remaining. — Re- 
siduary legatee. One to whom the residue of per- 
sonal estate is bequeathed. 

Resign, re-zin', v. t. [-signed (-zlnd'), -signing.] 
To return by a formal act, yield to another, give up; 
to withdraw (a claim), abdicate, surrender, relin- 
quish, forego, abandon, renounce. [F. rrsigner, L. 
resignare, -natum, to annul, assign back, lit. sign 
back, sign again ; signare = E. sign.] — Res'igna''- 
tion, rez'ig-na'shun, n. Act of resigning or giving 
up (a claim, possession, wish, etc.) ; state of being 
resigned or submissive ; patience : submission ; ac- 
quiescence ; endurance. [F.] — Resigned' , -zind'', 
p. a. Submissive; not disposed to murmur. — Re- 
sign'er, n. 

Resilient, re-zil'T-ent, a. Inclined to leap or spring 
back; rebounding. [L. resiliens, p. pr. of resilire, to 
leap or spring back: satire, to leap.] — Res'ili'tion, 
rez'I-lisb/un, Resilience, -ency, re-zil'i-en-sl, n. 
Act of springing back, or of rebounding. 

Resin, rezln, u. A solid, inflammable substance, of 
vegetable origin, a non-conductor of electricity, and 
insoluble in water, but soluble in ether and in es- 
sential oils. [OF. resine, L. resina, Gr. rhetina, resin, 
gum from trees.] — Resinous, -us, a. Partaking of 
the qualities of resin, or resembling it; pert, to, or 
obtained from, resin. — Resinous electricity. Elec- 
tricity excited by rubbing bodies of the resinous 
kind, —called also negative electricity. — Res'lnifer- 
oub. -h'er-us, a. Yielding resin. [L.jerre, to bear.] 

Resist, re-zisf, v. t. To stand against; to strive against, 
act in opposition to; to counteract as a force by iner- 
tia or reaction: to withstand, hinder, thwart, baffle, 
disappoint. [OF. resister, L. resistere ; sistere, to set, 
stand fast, fr. stare = E. stand. j — Resistance, -ans, 
n. Act of resisting; quality of not yielding to force 
or external pressure; opposition; rebuff; hindrance; 
check. [F.]— Resist'ant, n. One who, or that which, 
resists. — Resist'er, n.— Resistible a. Capable of 
beings resisted or of resisting. — Resist'ibillty, -T-tT, 
n. — Resistless, a. Incapable of being resisted; ir- 
resistible. 

Resolve, re-zolv'', v. t. [-solved (-zolvd'), -solving.] 
To separate the component parts of; to melt; to dis- 
solve and reduce to a different form: to reduce to 
simple or intelligible notions, make clear or certain, 
free from doubt; to cause to perceive or understand; 
to form or constitute by resolution, vote, or determi- 
nation; to determine on. (Math.) To solve, as a prob- 
lem ; to find the answer to, or the result of. (Med.) 
To disperse or scatter. — v.i. To be separated into 
its component parts, or distinct principles; to melt, 
dissolve; to form a resolution or purpose. — n. Act 
of resolving or making clear; that resolved on or 
determined ; decisive conclusion : legal or official 
determination ; legislative act or declaration. [L. 
resolrere, resolutum ; solvere, to loosen, dissolve.] — 
Resolv'edness, n. Fixedness of purpose; firmness. 

— Resolv'ent, n. That which has the power of 
resolving or causing solution. (Med.) That which 
has power to disperse inflammation. — Res'oluble, 
rez'o-lu-bl, a. Admitting of being resolved or 
melted. [L. resolubilis.] — Res'olute, -o-lut. a. Hav- 
ing a decided purpose; constant in pursuing a pur- 

Eose; decided; fixed: steadfast ; persevering: firm; 
old ; unshaken. — Res'olutely, adv. — Res'olute- 
ness, n. — Resolulion, n. Act, operation, or process 
of resolving,— as, act of separating a compound into 
its elements or parts; cr, act of analyzing a complex 
notion, or solving a vexed question, or difficult 
problem; state of being resolved, made clear, or 
determined ; that which is resolved or determined ; 
esp.. the decision of a court, or vote of an assembly. 
(Math.) Act or process of solving: solution. [F.] 

Resonant. Resonance. See under Resound. 

Resorbent, re-s6rb'ent, a. Swallowing up. HL. resor* 
bens, p. pr. of resorbere ; sorbere, to suck or drink in.] 



siin, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, titen, boxboN, chair, get. 



RESORT 



486 



RESTRAIN 



Resort, re-zort', v. i. To go, repair, betake one's self; 
to have recourse. — n. Act of going to, or making 
application; a betaking one's self; a place to which 
one betakes himself habitually; a haunt. [OF. re- 
sortir, to issue, repair, resort, LL. resortire, to be sub- 
ject to a tribunal; L. sortiri, to obtain, obtain by lot, 
fr. sors, a lot.] — Resort'er, n. 

Resound, re-zownd', v. t. To sound again, or repeat- 
edly; to praise or celebrate with voice or sound of 
instruments; to spread the fame of; to reecho, re- 
verberate. — v. i. To sound loudly; to be filled with 
sound, ring; to be echoed; to echo or reverberate. 
[OF. resonner, L. resonare ; sonare, to sound.]— Res'- 
onant, rez'o-nant, a. Able to return sound ; en- 
gaged in resounding; echoing back. [OF.] — Res'- 
onance, -nans, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Resound, re-sownd', v. 1. To sound again. 

Resource, re-sors', n. That from which anything 
springs forth; that to which one resorts, or on which 
one depends for supply or support ; pi. pecuniary 
means; funds; money, or any property that can be 
converted into supplies; available means or capabil- 
ities of any kind. [OF., fr. source.'] 

Respect, re-spekt', v. t. To look back upon, notice 
with special attention, regard as worthy of particular 
notice, honor, revere, venerate; to relate to, regard. 

— n. Act of respecting, or noticing with attention; 
act of holding in high estimation; that which re- 
spects or pertains to any person or thing; relation; 
reference; pi. an expression of respect or deference. 
[F.; L. respectum, respect, regard, neut. of p. p. of 
respicere. to look back, respect; fr. re and specere, spi- 
cere, to look, view.] — In respect of. In comparison 
with; in reierence to. — Respect'able, a. Worthy of 
respect; fitted to awaken esteem; deserving regard; 
having a good reputation or standing; moderate in 
degree of excellence or in number, but not despica- 
ble. [F.] — Respect'ableness, -ability, n. State or 
quality of being respectable; state or quality which 
deserves or commands respect. — Respect'ably, adv. 
In a respectable manner ; in a manner to merit re- 
spect.— Respect'er, a.— Respecting -ful, a. Marked 
or characterized by respect. — Respect'fuliy, adv.— 
Respect'fulness, n.— Respecting, p. pr., but com- 
monly called a preposition. Having regard or rela- 
tion to; regarding; concerning. — Respective, -iv, 
a. Noticing with attention; careful; wary; consid- 
erate ; looking toward ; having reference to ; rela- 
tive, not absolute; relating to particular persons or 
things, each to each; particular; own. [F. respectif] 

— Respectively, adv. As relating to each; particu- 
larly; as belongs to each; relatively; not absolutely. 

— Res'pite, -pit, n. A postponement or delay; tem- 
porary intermission of labor, or of any process or op- 
eration; pause; cessation; stay; reprieve. — v. i. To 
grant or give a respite to. [OF. respit, a delay, term 
of forbearance, orig. respect had to a suit on the part 
of a prince or judge.] 

Respire, re-spir'. v. i. [-spired (-splrd'), -spiring.] 
To take breath again; to take rest or refreshment ; 
to breathe, inhale air with the lungs. — v. t. To 
breathe in and out; to inspire and expire (air); to 
breathe. [F. respirer, L. respirare, -atum; spirare, 
to breathe.] — Respir'able, ,a. Capable of being 
breathed; fit for respiration. — Res'pira'tion, n. The 
act or process of breathing, or drawing breath. [F.] 

— Res'pira tor, n. An instrument covering the 
mouth through which persons of weak lungs, or ex- 
posed to noxious dust or vapors, can breathe with- 
out injury. — Respir'atory, a. Serving for, or pert, 
to respiration. 

Respite. See under Respect. 

Resplendent, re-splen'dent, a. Shining with brilliant 
luster; very bright. [L. resplendens, -dentis, p. pr. of 
j-esplendere. to shine brightly; splendere, to shine.] — 
Resplen'dently, adv.— Resplen'dence, -dency, -den- 
sT, n. State of being, etc. 

Respond, re-spond', v. i. To answer, reply; to exhibit 
action or effect in response to force or stimulus; to 
correspond, suit; to render satisfaction, make pay- 
ment. [OF. respondre, L. respondere, -sponsum; spon- 
dere, to promise.] — Respondent, a. Disposed or ex- 
pected to respond ; answering. — n. One who re- 
sponds; as, (Law.) one who answers in certain suits 
or proceedings; or, one who maintains a thesis in re- 
ply.— Response', -spons', n. Act of responding; an 
answer or reply. [OF.] — Responsible, -si-bl, a. Li- 
able to respond; likely to be called upon to answer; 
accountable; able to respond; involving responsibil- 
ity or accountability. — Respon'sibleness, n. — Re- 
sponsibility, n. State of being responsible, ac- 



countable, or answerable; that for which any one is 
responsible or accountable; ability to answer in pay- 
ment. — Responsive, -siv, a. Able, ready, or in- 
clined to respond; suited to something else; corre- 
spondent. [OF. responsif.] — Respon'sory, -so-rl, a. 
Containing or making answer. 
Rest, rest, n. A state of quiet or repose; cessation 
from motion or labor ; freedom from everything 
which wearies or disturbs; that on which anything 
rests or leans for support; a place where one may 
rest. (Mus.) A pause; an interval during which 



rziz 



Rests. (Mus.). 
voice or sound is intermitted; the mark of such in- 
termission.— v. i. To cease from action or motion 
of any kind; to be free from whatever disturbs; to 
lie, repose, recline: to stand on, be supported by; to 
sleep, slumber; to sleep the final sleep, die; to lean, 
trust, rely. — v. t. To lay or place at rest; to quiet; 
to place, as on a support. [AS. rest, rsest, OHG. 
rasta, rest, Dan. and Sw. vast, Goth, rasta, a dis- 
tance between resting places on a journey, a mile; 
s. rt. Skr. ram, to rest, rejoice at, rati, pleasure, Gr. 
eroe, rest, and prob. eros, love, E. erotic] — Rest'- 
less, a. Never resting; continually moving: passed 
in unquietness; not affording rest; hard; not satis- 
fied to be at rest or in peace; discontented with one's 
lot, residence, etc.; unsettled; wandering. — Rest'- 
lessly, adv. — Restlessness, n. 

Rest, rest, n. That which is left, or which remains 
after the separation of a part; those not included in 
a proposition or description ; remainder; overplus; 
residue; others. — v. i. To be left over, remain. [F. 
reste, a remnant, rester, L. restare, to stop behind, 
remain; stare = E. to stand; s. rt. arrest.) — Rest'- 
ive, -iv, -iff, a. Unwilling to go forward; stubborn; 
impatient under coercion or opposition; uneasy. [F. 
restif] — Restlveness, -iffness, n. 

Restaurant, Restaurateur. See under Restore. 

Restitution, res-tT-tu'shun, n. Act of restoring, esp. 
of restoring anything to its rightful owner, or of giv- 
ing an equivalent for any loss, damage, or injury; 
that offered in return for what has been lost, in- 
jured, or destroyed; indemnification; reparation; 
amends. [F.; L. restitutio, fr. restituere, to restore: 
statuere, to place.] 

Restive, etc. See under Rest, remainder. 

Restless, etc. See under Rest, quiet 

Restore, re-stor', v. t. [-stored (-stord'), -storing.] 
To bring back from a state of ruin, decay, etc. ; to 

five or bring back (what has been lost) ; to bring 
ack to health or strength ; to give in place of, or as 
satisfaction for ; to return, replace, refund, repay, 
reinstate, revive, heal, cure. [OF. restorer, restaurer, 
L. restaurare, -atum ; s. rt. Gr. stauros, a thing firmly 
fixed, a stake, Skr. sthavara, fixed, stable, E. stand.] 
— Restor'er, n. — Restor'able, a.— Res'tora'tion, n. 
Act of restoring or bringing back to a former place, 
station or condition ; event or state of being re- 
stored ; reestablishment ; the repairing of injuries ; 
that which is restored or made anew. [F. restaura- 
tion.] — Res'tora'tionist, n. One who believes in a 
temporary future punishment, but in a final resto- 
ration of all to the favor and presence of God. — Re- 
storative, a. Having power to renew strength, 
vigor, etc. — n. A medicine which, etc. —Restau- 
rant, res-to-raN' or reslo-rant, n. A place for re- 
freshment ; eating-house. [F., prop. p. p. of restau- 
rer.] — Res'taurateur', res'tor-ii-ter', n. The keeper 
of an eating-house. [F.]— Res'tora'tor, n. A res* 
taurateur. 
Restrain, re-stran', v. t. [-strained (-strand'), 
-straining.] To hold from acting, proceeding, or 
advancing; to hinder from unlimited enjoyment; to 
check, hinder, repress, curb, coerce, restrict, limit, 
confine. [OF. restraindre, L. restringere, -strictvm; 
stringere, to draw, bind, or press together.] — Re- 
strain 'able, a.— Restrain'edly, adv. With restraint: 
with limitation. — Restrain'er, n. — Restraint', 
-strant', n. Act of restraining; hindrance of the 
will, or of any action, physical, moral, or mental; 
that which restrains; repression; stop; curb; limita- 
tion; restriction. [OF. restraincte, fern, of old p. p. 
of restraindre.] — Restrict', -strikt', v. t. To re- 
strain within bounds, limit, confine, circumscribe, 
curb, coerce. — Restriction, n. Act of, or state of 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Qdd, tone, 6r ; 



RESULT 



487 



RETRACT 



being, etc.; confinement within bounds; that which 
restricts; a restraint. [F.] — Restrictive, -iv, a. 
Having power or tendency to restrict. — Restrict'- 
ively, adc. 

Result, re-zult', v. i. To come out, or have an issue ; 
to proceed or spring, as a consequence, from tacts, 
arguments, premises, combination of circumstances, 
consultation, thought, or endeavor; to rise, originate, 
ensue, terminate.— n. The conclusion or end to 
which any course or condition of things leads, or 
which is obtained by any process or operation; ef- 
fect ; consequence ; inference ; issue ; event. [OF. 
resulter, fr. L. resultare, to spring back, rebound, 
freq. of resttere, to leap back ; s. rt. resilient.] — Re- 
sult'ance, -ans, n. Act of resulting. — Resulfant. 
n. (Mech.) A force which is the joint effect of 2 or 
more forces. — a. Resulting or issuing from, a com- 
bination. 

Resume, re-zum', v. t. [-sumed (-zumd'), -suming.] 
To take back; to enter upon or take up again; to be- 
gin again, as something which has been interrupted. 
[OF. resumer, L. resumere, sumptum ; sumere, to 
take, f r. sub, under, up, and emere, to buy, take : see 
Redeem.] — Resuna'able, -zum'a-bl, a. Capable of 
being resumed. —Resume, ra'zu-ma', n. A sum- 
ming up ; an abridgment or brief recapitulation. 
[F., p. p. of resumer.] — Resump'tion, -zum'shun, n. 
Act of resuming, taking back, or taking again. — 
Resump'tive, -tiv, a. Taking^ back or again. 

Resupinate, re-su'pl-nat, a. Turned upside down. 
(Mot.) Inverted in position by a twisting of the 
stock. [L. resupinatus, p. p. of resupinare, to bend 
or turn back ; resupinus, lying on the back.] 

Resurrection, rez-er-rek'shun, n. A rising again, esp., 
the rising again from the dead; resumption of life; 
the future state. [OF.; L. resurrectio, fr. resurgere, 
-surrectum, to rise again ; surgere, to rise : see 
Source.] — Resurrec'tionist, n. One whose busi- 
ness it is to steal bodies from the grave, esp. for dis- 
section. 

Resuscitate, re-sus'sT-tat, v. t. To revivify, revive ; 
esp., to recover from apparent death.— v. i. To 
come to life again. [L. resuscitare, -tatum ; suscitare, 
to raise, rouse, fr. sub, up. under, and citare, to 
rouse, cite, q. v.]— Resus'cita'tion, n. Act of re- 
viving from a state of apparent death ; state of be- 
ing revivified. — Resus'cita'tive, -tiv, a. Tending 
to resuscitate; reviving; revivifying. 

Ret, ret, v. t. To prepare (flax) for use, by separating 
the fibers from the woody part, by a process of soak- 
ing, macerating, etc. [Same as rot.] — Refting, n. 
Process of, etc.; place where, etc. — Reftery, -ter-T, 
n. Place_or factory where, etc. 

Retail, re-tal', v. t. "[-tailed (-tald'), -tailing.] To 
cut up and sell in small quantities, as to customers; 
to sell at second hand; to deal out or tell in small 
portions; to tell again, or to many. — a. The sale of 
commodities in small quantities or parcels, — opp. to 
wholesale. [OF., a shred or small piece cut fr. a 
thing, retailler, to pare, clip; tattler, to cut: see Tai- 
lor.] — Retailer, re-taK- or relal-er. a. 

Retain, re-tan', v. t. [-tained (-tand'), -taining.] 
To continue to hold, keep in possession ; to keep in 
pay, employ by a fee paid. [F. retenir, L. retinere, 
-tentum; tenere, to hold, keep.] — Retain'er, n. One 
who retains; one who is retained or kept in service: 
an attendant ; adherent : dependent ; a fee paid to 
engage a lawyer or counselor.— Reten'tion, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc.: custodv; power of retain- 
ing; faculty of the mind by which it retains ideas. 
[FT ; L. retentio.] — Retenlive, -tiv, a. Having 
power to, etc. — Retinue, -T-nu, n. A body of re- 
tainers ; train of attendants ; suite. [OF., fem. of 
p. p. of retenir.] 

Retake, re-tak', v. t. [imp. -took; p.p. -taken; -tak- 
ing.] To take or receive again, recapture. 

Retaliate, re-tal'I-at, v. t. To return the like for ; to 
repay or requite by an act of the same kind as has 
been received; esp., to return evil for evil. — v. i. 
To return like for like. [L. retaliare, -atum ; talio, re- 
taliation ; prob. s. rt. Skr. tul, to weigh, compare, 
equal.] — RetaFia'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; reprisal ; 
retribution; punishment. — Retallative, -T-a-tiv, -ia- 
tory, -to-rl, a. Tending to, or involving, etc. 

Retard, re-tard', r. t. To continue to hinder, prevent 
from progress; to put off, render more late, impede, 
detain, delay, procrastinate, defer. [OF. retarder, 
L. retardare, -datum ; tardare, to make slow, fr. tar- 
dus, slow.] — Re'tardalion, n. Act of retarding or 
delaying ; hindrance ; that which retards; obstacle; 
obstruction. — Retard'er, n. 



Retch, rech, v. i. [retched (recht), retching.] 

fr. hi 



To 




Reticulate Leaf. 



make an effort to vomit. [AS. hrsecan, 

cough, spittle, hraca, the throat ; s. rt. Gr. krazein, 

to croak.] 

Retell. re-tell v. t. To tell again. 

Retention. Retentive. See under Retain. 

Retepore. See under Reticulum. 

Reticent, retl-sent, a. Inclined to keep silent ; re- 
served ; taciturn. [L. reticens, p. pr. of reticere, to 
keep silence ; tacere, to be silent.] — Reticence, 
-sens, n. State of being reticent, or observing con- 
tinued silence. [F.] 

Reticulum, re-tik'u-lum, n. (Comp. Anat.) The lid 
stomach of a ruminant, in which the mucous mem- 
brane forms hexagonal cells ; the honey-comb stom- 
ach. [L., dim. of rete, a net.] . 

— Reticle, -I-kl, n. A Email V"' 
net or bag. — Reticule, -i-kul, 
n. A little bag of net-work, etc.; 
a lady's work-bag. [F.] — Re- 1 
tic'ular, -tikli-lar, a. Having i ; 
the form of a net, or of net- S~ 
work ; formed with interstices. 

— Retic'ulate, dated, a. Re- 
sembling net-work ; netted ; 
having distinct veins, fibers, or 
lines cros>iiiL r like net-work. — 
Retic'ula'tidn, n. State of be- 
ing, or that which is, etc. ; net- 
work.— Ret'iform. -T-f6rm, a. Having the form of 
a net in texture: composed of crossing lines and in- 
terstices. [L. forma, 

form.] — Re'tepore. 
-te-por. n. (Zobt.) A 
zoophyte whose cor- 
al-like" cells form re- 
ticulated leal- or ruf- 
fle-shaped expan- 
sions. [L. porus, _ 
pore.] — Retina, -T- ; =_ 
na, n. The reticular '£« 
membranous expan- 
sion of the optic 
nerve which receives 
the impressions re- 
sulting in the sense 
of vision. See Eye. 
[ML.] 

Retinue. See under Retain. 

Retire, re-tir', v. i. [-tired (-tird'), -t: 
draw back or away, keep aloof ; to retreat from ac- 
tion or danger ; to withdraw from a public station ; 
to fall back, recede, retrocede. — r. ;. To pav up 
and withdraw from circulation : to cause to retire ; 
to designate as no longer qualified for active service. 
[OF. retirer; tirer, to draw, pull, pluck: see Ti- 
rade.] — Retiredly, -tirdlT, adv. In a retired man- 
ner. — Retired'ness, n. A state of retirement ; soli- 
tude. — Retire'ment, n. Act of retiring or with- 
drawing from company or from public notice or 
station: state of being retired or withdrawn: place 
to which any one retires : private abode : solitude ; 
retreat; seclusion; privacy. [F.] — Retir'ing, p. a. 
Reserved : not forward or obtrusive ; assisned or 
suitable to one who retires, or is retired, "from a 
public office or station. 

Retort, re-torf. v. t. To bend or curve back : to 
throw back, reverberate ; to return (an argument, 
accusation, censure, or incivility). — v. i. To return 
an argument or charge, make or „ 

read a severe reply. — n. The y "^p 

return of an argument, charge, / ) \ 

or incivility in reply ; a quick 

and readv response; a vessel in 

which substances are subjected 

to distillation or decomposition 

by heat, made of different forms 

and materials for different uses. 

[F., p. p. of retordre, L. retorqnere, -tortum ; torquere, 

to turn, twist: see Torsion.] — Retort'er, n. — Re- 

torlion. n. Act of retorting or throwing back. 

Retouch, re-tuchl v. t. [-touched f-tucht'). -touch- 
ing.] To improve by new touches: to touch again, 
revise. 

Retrace, re-tras r , r. t. [-traced (-trast'). -tracing.] 
To trace back (a line); to carry or conduct back in 
the same path or course; to reverse; to go over again 
in reverse direction. 

Retract, re-trakf, v. t. To draw back (claws, etc.); 
to recall (a declaration, words, or saying); to with- 
draw, take back, recall, recant, disown. — v.i. To 




Retepore. 



^ 



sun, cube, full; moon, fotrt; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, London, chair, get. 



RETRENCH 



488 



REVERIE 



take back what has been said. [OF. retracter, L. 
retractare, -traetum, freq. of retrahere. to draw- 
back; trahere, to draw: see Trace.] — Retract'ible, 
-T-bl, -ile, -il, a. Capable of being retracted or drawn 
back. — Retrac'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. ; act of withdrawing something claimed, ad- 
vanced, or done ; recantation. {Med.) A drawing 
up or shortening. [OF.] — Retractive, -iv, a. Able 
or ready to retract; retractile.— n. That which with- 
draws or takes from. — Retreat', -tret', n. Act of 
retiring or withdrawing one's self, esp. from what 
is dangerous or disagreeable; place to which one re- 
tires; the retiring of an army, body of men, ship, or 
fleet, from an enemy ; seclusion ; privacy ; asylum ; 
shelter; refuge. — v.i. To retire from any position 
or place, withdraw ; to retire from an enemy, or 
from any advanced position. [OF. retrete, reirL^.., 
fern, of old p. p. of retraire, L. retrahere.] 

Retrench, re-trench', v. t. [-trenched (-trenchf), 
-trenching.] To cut off, pare away; to lessen, 
abridge, curtail. {Mil.) To furnish with a retrench- 
ment.— v. i. To live at less expense. [OF. retrencher; 
trencher, to cut: see Trench.] — Retrenchement, n. 
Act of retrenching or of lopping off; removal of 
what is superfluous; act of lessening or abridging. 
{Mil.) A work constructed within another, to pro- 
long partial possession of the fortress when the en- 
emy has gained possession, or to protect the defend- 
ers till they can retreat or obtain a capitulation. 

Retribute, re-trib'ut, v. t. To pay back, compensate, 
requite. [L. retribuere, -butum ; tribuere, to bestow, 
assign, pay.] — Ret'ribu'tion, n. Act of retributing 
or repaying ; state of being paid back; return suit- 
able to the merits or deserts of (an action, esp. an 
evil or wrong action) ; reward and punishment, as 
distributed at the general judgment: requital; retal- 
iation. rF.]— Retrib'utive, -u-tiv, -utory, -u-to-ri, 
a. Tending to retribute; involving, or pert, to, ret- 
ribution. 

Retrieve, re-trev', v. t. [-trieved (-trevd'), -triev- 
ing.] To find again, restore from loss or injury; to 
remedy the evil consequences of, repair, restore. 
[OF. retrevver, -trover: see Trover.] — Retriev'er, 
n. One who, etc.; a dog trained to find and bring in 
birds that have been shot. — Retriev'able, a. — Re- 
trieval, n. Act of retrieving. 

Retroact, re'tro- or ret'ro-akt, v. i. To act backward, 
in return or in opposition. [L. retro- (compar. of re- 
or red-, q. v.), backwards, lit. move back, and E. 
act.] — Retroac'tion, n. Action returned, or action 
backward; operation on something past or preced- 
ing. — Retroactive, -iv, a. Fitted or designed to re- 
troact; affecting what is past; retrospective. —Re- 
trocede, re'tro- or ret'ro-serl, v. t. To cede or grant 
back. — v. i. To go brick. — Retrocession, -sesh'un, 
n. Act of retroceding; state of being retroceded or 
granted back. — Retrochoir, -kwir, n. (Eccl. Arch.) 
Any extension of a church behind the altar.— Retro- 
flex, -flexed, -flekst, a. {Bot.) Suddenly bent back- 
ward.— Retrofract, -fract'ed, a. {Bot.) Bent back- 
ward, as it were by force, so as to appear as if broken; 
refracted. — Retrograde, a. Moving or going back- 
ward; contrary; declining from a better to a worse 
state. {Astron.) Apparently moving backward, as a 
planet. — v. i. To go or move backward. [OF. retro- 
grader, L. retrogredi, -gressus ; gradi, to go, f r. gra- 
cilis, a step.] — Retrograda'tion, n. Act of retrograd- 
ing or moving backward. {Astron.) The apparent 
motion of the planets contrary to the order of the 
signs, that is, from east to west. State of being retro- 
graded; a going backward. [OF.] — Retrogression, 
n. Act of going backward ; retrogradation. — Retro- 
gressive, -siv, a. Going or moving backward. — 
Retrospect, v. i. To look back ; to affect what is past. 
— n. View or contemplation of things past; review; 
survey ; reexamination. [L. retrospicere ; specere, 
spectum, to look.] — Retrospection, n. Act or fac- 
ulty of looking back on things past. — Retrospect- 
ive, -iv, a. Tending or fitted to look back; looking 
back ; having reference to what is past ; affecting 
things past. — Retrospectively, adv. By way of 
retrospect ; in a retrospective manner. — Retrovert, 
v.t. To turn back. — Retroversion, -verShun, n. 
A turning or falling backward. 

Retting, Rettery. See under Ret. 

Return, re-tern', v. i. [-turned (-tSrnd'), -turning.] 
To go or come again to the same place or condition ; 
to come again, as a visitor; to answer, reply, — v. ,t. 
To bring, carry, or send back; to repay; to requite 
or recompense; to give back in reply ; to report offi- 
cially; to render back to a tribunal, or to an office. 



— n. Act of returning; that returned; as, a pay- 
ment, remittance, an answer, a formal account or 
report, profit on labor, an investment, etc. {Law.) 
The delivery of a writ, precept, or execution, to the 
proper officer or court; or the certificate of the offi- 
cer, stating what he has done in execution of it, in- 
dorsed. [F.retoitrner ; tourner, to turn, q. v.] — Re- 
turn'able, a. Capable of being returned or restored. 
{Law.) Legally required to be returned, delivered, 
given, or rendered. 

Retuse, re-tus', a. {Bot.) Terminating in a round 
end, the center of which is somewhat indented. [L. 
retusns, p. p. of retundere, to blunt; tundere, to strike 
with repeated strokes.] 

Reunion, re-un'yun,n. A second union; union form.td 
anew after separation or discord; an assembling or 
assembly of familiar friends.— Re'unite', -nit', v. t. 
To unite again, join after separation or variance. — 
v. i. To be united again; to join and cohere again. 

Reveal, re-vel', v. t. [-vealed (-veld'), -vealing.] 
To make known after having been concealed, — 
used esp. of what could not be known or discovered 
without divine or supernatural instruction. [F. re- 
veler, L. revelare, -latum ; velare, to vail, fr. velum, a 
vail.] — Rev'ela'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; thing revealed: 
the last book of the New Test., the Apocalypse. [F.] 

Reveille, ra-val'ya, in the U. S. service rev'a-le'; n. 
{Mil.) The beat of drum about break of day, after 
which sentries do not challenge. [F. re~veil, fr. r4* 
veiller, to awake; OF. esreiller, to awake, watch, fr. 
L. vigilare, to watch, vigil, wakeful.] 

Revel, rev'el, v. i. [-eled (-eld), -eling.] To feast 
in a riotous and lawless manner; to carouse. — n. 
A riotous feast; a carousal. [OF., pride, rebellion, 
sport, disorder, reveleux, blustering, riotous, reveler, 
L. rebellare, to rebel, q. v.; cf. ME. revelous, full of 
revelry or jest.] — Rev'eler, n. One who revels. — 
Rev'el-rout, n. Tumultuous festivity ; a rabble 
tumultuously assembled; a mob. — Rev'elry, -el-rl, 
n. Act of engaging in a revel; noisy festivity. 

Revelation. See under Reveal. 

Revenge, re-veni', v. t. [-venged (-venjd'), -ven- 
ging.] To inflict punishment for; to exact satisfac- 
tion for, under a sense of injury ; to inflict injury 
for, in a spiteful, wrong, or malignant spirit ; to 
avenge. — n. Act of revenging ; retaliation ; dispo- 
sition to return evil for evil. [OF. revenger ; vengier, 
vanger, L. vindicare, to vindicate.] — Revenge'ful, 
-ful, a. Full of revenge; wreaking revenge ; vin- 
dictive; spiteful; malicious. — Revenge'fufiy, adv. 

— Revenge'fulness, n. — Reven'ger, n. 

Revenue, rev'e-nu, n. That which returns, or comes 
back, from an investment; income; esp., the annual 
produce of taxes, customs, duties, etc., which a na- 
tion or state collects for public use. [OF., fern, of 
p. p. of revenir, L. rerenire; venire, to come.] 

Reverberate, re-ver'ber-at, v. t. To return or send 
back (sound); to echo; to reflect (light or heat); to 
repel from side to side. — v.i. To resound; to be 
driven back; to be renelled, as rays of light; to 
echo, as sound. [L. reverberare, -atum ; verberare, 
to lash, whip, fr. verber, a lash, whip, rod.] — Re- 
ver'berant, a. Tending to reverberate ; resound- 
ing. — Rever'bera'tion, n. Act of reverberating or 
sending back; esp., of reflecting light and heat, or 
reechoing sound. — Rever'beratory, -a-to-ri, a. 
Producing or acting by reverberation; returning, or 
driving back. See Furnace. 

Revere, re-ver', v. t. [-vered (-verd'), -vering.] To 
regard with fear mingled with respect and affec- 
tion; to venerate, adore, reverence. [OF. rererer, 
L. revereri; vereri, to f ear.] — Rev'erence, -er-ens, 
n. Profound respect and esteem, as for a holy be- 
ing or place; an act or token of respect or venera- 
tion; state of being reverent; disposition to venerate; 
a person entitled to be revered, — a title applied to 
priests or ministers.— v. t. [reverenced (-er-enst), 
-encing.] To regard with reverence. [OF.; L. rev- 
erentia, respect ; OF. reverencer, to reverence.] — 
Rev'erencer, -ser, n— Rev'erend, a. Worthy of rev- 
erence ; entitled to respect, — a title given to the 
clergy, in writing abbr. Rev. [L. reverendvs, fut. 
pas. p. of revereri.] — Rev'erent. a. Expressing 
reverence, veneration, or submission ; disposed to 
revere; submissive ; humble. [OF.] — Rev'erently, 
ac l Vm — Reveren'tial, -shal, a. Proceeding from, or 
expressing, reverence. — Reveren'tially, adv. In a 
reverential manner; with reverence, or show of rev- 
erence. 

Reverie, rev'gr-e', Rev'ery, -e"r-i, n. A loose or ir- 
regular train of thoughts, occurring in musing or 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm t In, Ice % Odd, tone drt 



REVERSE 



489 



RHAPSODY 



meditation ; a waking dream ; deep musing [F. 
r&verie, fr. rever, to dream = E. rare.] 
Reverse, re-vers', v. t. [-versed (-versf), -versing.] 
To turn back, cause to return or depart; to change 
totally ; to turn end for end, or upside down; to 
overthrow, subvert. (Laiv.) To make void, undo 
or annul for error, — n. That which appears or is 

Presented when anything is reverted or turned 
ack; that which is directly opposite or contrary to 
something else ; complete change ; esp., a change 
from better to worse, misfortune; the back side. — 
X. Turned backward; having a contrary or oppo- 
site direction. [ME. and OF. revers, L. reverse, p. 
p. of revertere, -versum, to turn backward, return; 
vertere, to turn: 6ee Verse.] — Reversely, adv. 
In a reverse manner; on the other hand. — Revers'- 
8r, n. One who reverses. — Reversible, a. — Re- 
Ver'sal, n. A change or overthrowing. — Rever'- 
jion, -shun, n. (Law.) The returning of an estate 
to the grantor or his heirs, after the grant is de- 
termined; the residue of an estate left in the pro- 
prietor or owner thereof, to take effect in posses- 
sion, after the determination of a limited or less 
estate carved out of it and conveyed by him. A 
right to future possession or enjoyment; succession. 
(.Annuities.) A payment not duetill the occurrence 
of some contingent event. A return toward some 
ancestral type or character; atavism. [F.] — Rever'- 
sionary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to, or involving, a reversion. 

— Reversioner, n. One who has a reversion. — 
Revert', v. t. To turn back, or to the contrary; to 
reverse ; to drive or turn back, reverberate. — v. 
i. To return, fall back. (Law.) To return to the 
proprietor, after the determination of a particular 
estate granted by him. [OF. revertir, L. revertere.'] 

— Revert'er, n. One who, or that which, reverts. 
(Law.) Reversion. — Revertlble, a. Capable of 
being reverted. — Revertlve, -iv, a. Tending to 
revert; changing; reversing. 

Revery. Same as Reverie. 

Revetment, re-vetlnent, n. (Fort.) A facing of wood, 
stone, or any other material, to sustain an embank- 
ment. [F. reritement, the lining of a ditch, fr. 
revHir, to clothe; L. vestire, fr. vestis, a garment.] 

Review, re-vu r , v. t. [-viewed (-vud'), -viewing.] To 
go over and examine critically or deliberately, as, to 
go over with critical examination, in order to dis- 
cover the excellences or delects of; to make official 
examination of the state of (troops, etc.). — n. A 
second or repeated view, retrospective survey. (Lit.) 
A critical examination of a new publication, with 
remarks; criticism; critique. (Mil.) An inspection 
of troops under arms, by a commander, for ascer- 
taining the state of their discipline, equipments, 
etc. A periodical publication containing critical es- 
says upon matters of public interest, new books, 
etc. Reexamination ; retrospect ; survey ; revise ; 
revision. [F. revue, fern, of p. p. of reroir, L. revi- 
dere to see again; vie/ere, to see.] — Review'er, n. 
One who reviews or reexamines ; one who c. ideally 
examines a new publication, and publishes his opin- 
ion upon its merits. 

Revile, re-viK, v. t. [-vii/ed (-vild'), -viling.] To 
treat as vile or common, assail with opprobrious 
language, vilify, upbraid, calumniate. [Fr. re- and 
OF. ariler. to dispraise, fr. a (= L. ad), to, and vil, 
L. vilis = E. vile.] — Revil'er, n. 

Revise, re-viz', v. t. [-vised (-vizd'), -vising.] To 
look at asrain, reexamine, look over with care for 
correction : to review, alter, and amend. (Pririt.) 
To compare a proof with a previous proof of the 
same matter and mark again such errors as have not 
been corrected in the type. — n. (Print.) A2d proof- 
sheet ; a proof-sheet taken after correction. [F. re- 
viser, L. rerisere, to revisit: rimre, to survey, freq. of 
videre, visum, to see.] — Revis'er, n. — Revis'al, n. 
Act of revising, or reexamining for correction and 
improvement. — Revision, -vizn'un, n. Act of re- 
visimr: reexamination ior correction; that which is 
revised. [F.] — Revislonal, -ary, -vizh'un-a-rl, a. 
Pert, to, etc. 

Revive, re-viv', )•. i. [-vtved (-vivd'), -viving.] To 
return to life, become reanimated or reinvigorated: 
to recover from a state of neglect, oblivion, obscu- 
rity, or depression. — v. t. To bring again to life, re- 
animate; to recover from a state of neglect or depres- 
sion; to renew in the mind or memory, awaken. [F. 
revivre, L. revivere ; vivere, to live.] — ReviVer, n. 

— ReviVal, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.: re- 
newed attention: renewed performance of, or inter- 
est; renewed interest in religion alter indifference 




Revolver. 



and decline; reanimation from a state of languor or 
depression; renewed pursuit or cultivation, or flour- 
ishing state of; renewed prevalence of (a practice or 
fashion), (Law.) Restoration of force, validity, and 
effect to; renewal. — ReviValist, n. One who pro- 
motes revivals of religion; an advocate for religious 
revivals. — Revivify, -vivl-fi, v . t. [-fied (-lid), 
-fying.] To cause to revive, reanimate. [L. facere, 
to make.] — ReviVifica'tion. n. Renewal or restora- 
tion of life. 

Revoke, re-vokl v. t. [-voked (-vokf), -vokino.] To 
annul by recalling or taking back; to reverse (any- 
thing granted by a special act) ; to abolish, recall, 
repeal, rescind, countermand, abrogate, cancel. — 
v.i. (Card-playing.) To fail to follow suit: to re- 
nounce. — n. Act of revoking, or of neglecting to 
follow suit. [OF. revocouer, L. revocare ; locare, 
-catum, to call.] — Revocable, -o-ka-bl, a. Capable 
of being recalled or revoked. [F.] — ReVocable- 
ness, -cabillty, n. — Revocation, n. Act oi calling 
back; stated being recalled; repeal; reversal. [F.J 

Revolt, Revolution, etc. See under Revolve. 

Revolve, re-voW, v. i. [-volved (-volvd'), -volving.] 
To turn or roll round on an axis ; to move round a 
center. — v. t. To cause to turn, as upon an axis; to 
rotate; to turn over and over, reflect repeatedly upon. 
[L. revolvere, -volutum ; volvere, to roll, turn round.] 

— RevolVency, -en-sT, n. State, act, or principle of 
revolving. — Revolver, n. One who, or that which, 
revolves ; a fire-arm 
with several loading 
chambers or barrels 
so arranged as to re- 
volve on an axis and 
be discharged in suc- 
cession by the same 
lock.— ReVolu'tion, 
n. Act of revolving, 
or turning round on an axis or a center ; rotation ; 
return to a point before occupied ; space measured 
by the regular return of a revolving body ; period 
made by the regular recurrence of a measure of 
time, or by a succession of similar events; a total or 
radical change. (Astron.) The motion of any body, 
as a planet or satellite, in a curved line or orbit, 
until it returns to the same point again. (Geom.) 
The motion of a point, line, or surface, about a 
point or line as its center or axis, in such a manner 
that a moving point generates a curve, a moving 
line a surface, and a moving surface a solid. (Poli- 
tics.) A revolt successfully or completely accom- 
plished : a sudden, violent, or complete change in a 
government, constitution, etc. [F.] — Revolution- 
ary, -shun-a-ri, a. Tending o>- pert, to a revolution 
in government. — Revolutionist, n. One engaged in 
effecting a change ol govei nment. — Revolutionize, 
v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To change com] ktely, 
as by a revolution. — Revolt', re-volt' or -v51f, v. i. 
To turn away; to renounce allegiance or subjection, 
rise against a government, rebel ; to he grosslv of- 
fended, disgusted, or shocked. — v. t. To put to flight, 
overturn: to do violence to, repel, shock, — n. Act of 
revolting; esp., a renunciation of allegiance and sub- 
jection to one's prince or government; insurrection; 
sedition; rebellion: mutiny. [F. revolte, Olt. revolta, 
a revolt, overthrow, fern, of revolto, p. p. oi revolvere.] 

— Revolt'er, re-volt'er or -vrjlt'er, n. 
Revulsion, re-vul'shun, n. Act oi holding or drawing 

back: marked repugnance or hostility: asudden and 
violent change, esp. of feeling. [F.; L. revulMo, fr. 
revel/ere. rerulsum, to pluck or pull away; vellere, to 
pull.] — Revul'sive, -siv, a. Tending to revulsion, 
repugnant. 
Reward, re-w r awrd', v. t. To give in return, whether 
good or evil, — commonly in a good sense; to repay, 
recompense, compensate', requite, — n. That which 
is given in return for good or evil received; esp., that 
which comes in return for some good; that which is 
offered or given for a certain service, information, 
or attainment; a token of regard. (Law.) Compen- 
sation tor services. [OF. reicarder ; same as regarder, 
to regard, q. v., and see Guard.] — Reward'able, a. 

— Reward'er, n. 

Reynard, ra'nard or ren'ard.w. Afox. [SeeRENARD.] 
Rhabdology, Rhabdomancy. Same as Rabdology. etc. 
Rhapsody, rap'so-dl, n. A portion of an epic poem fit 
for recitation at one time; a wild, rambling composi- 
tion or discourse. [F. ra/ sodie, L. and Gr. rhajjsodia, 
fr. Gr. rhapsodos, one who stitches or strings songs 
together, a reciter of epic poetry, fr. rhai tein, to stitch 
together, and ode = E. ode.] —Rhapsodic, -ical, a. 



son, cube, full ; moon, fo~6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, cbair, get. 



RHENISH 



490 



RICE 



Pert, to, or consisting of, rhapsody; unconnected. — 
Rhap'sodist, n. (Antiq.) One who recites or com- 
poses a rhapsody; esp., one whose profession was to 
recite the verses of Homer and other poets. One who 
writes or speaks in a disconnected manner, with 

freat excitement or affectation of feeling. 
enish, ren'ish, a. Of, or pert, to, the river Rhine. 
— n. Wine from the vineyards along the Rhine. 

Rhetoric, ret'o-rik, n. Art of elegant and accurate 
composition, esp. in prose; science of oratory; art of 
speaking with propriety, elegance, and force; arti- 
ficial eloquence, as opposed to that which is real ; 
the power of persuasion or attraction ; that which 
allures or charms. [F. rhetorique, L. rhetorica (ars), 
Gr. rhetorike (techne), fem. of Gr. rhetorikos, rhetor- 
ical, f r. rhetor, an orator, f r. eirein, to speak.] — Rhe- 
torical, re-tor'ik-al, a. Of, pert, to, or involving, 
rhetoric ; oratorical. — Rhetorically, adv. — Rhet'- 
ori'cian, -rish^an, n. One well versed in the rules 
and principles of rhetoric ; one who teaches the art 
of rhetoric ; an artificial orator, as opp. to one who 
is genuine. 

Rheum, room, n. An increased action of the excretory 
vessels of any organ; a thin serous fluid, secreted by 
the mucous glands, etc., as in catarrh. [P. rheume, L. 
and Gr. rheuma, fr. Gr. rheein, to flow; s. rt. Skr. sru, 
to flow, E. ruminate, rhythm, stream.'] — Rheum'y, 
-T, a. Pert, to, abounding in, or causing, rheum. — 
Rheu'matism, -ma-tizm, n. (Med.) A painful affec- 
tion of the muscles, joints, etc., of the human body. 
[Gr. rheumatismos, liability to rheum.] — Rheumat > - 
Ic, a. Pert, to rheumatism, or of its nature. 

Rhino, ri'no, n. Gold and silver, or money. [Scot. 
rino, W. arian.~] 

Rhinoceros, ri-nos'e-ros, n. A large, powerful, un- 



i v iu d g i a, 

le shape of a I ~~^j 
s, shape.] — / ,.--- / 
gation.) Any / j^*' / 

npass; aline L^_ / 




Rhinoceros. 

gainly pachydermatous mammal of Asia and Af- 
rica, allied to the elephant, hippopotamus, tapir, 
etc., having 3 hoofs on each foot, and 1 or 2 very 
strong horns upon the nose. [L. ; Gr. rhinokeros ; 
rhis, rhinos, nose, and keras — E. horn.] — Rhi'no- 
plas'tic, a. Forming a nose. [Gr. plastikos, fit for 
molding, ir.plassein, to form.] — Rhinoplasty, -tT, 
n. (Surg.) Process of forming an artificial nose, by 
bringing down a piece of flesh from the forehead, 
and causing it to adhere to the anterior part of the 
remains of the nose.— Rhi'noscope, -skop, n. A small 
mirror for inspecting the nasal passages. [Gr. sko- 
pein, to view.] — RhinoE'Copy, -nos'ko-pT, n. Inspec- 
tion of, etc. 

Rhizoma, ri-zo'ma, n. (Bot.) A creeping stem or 
branch growing beneath the 
surface of the soil and partly 
covered by it. [Gr., fr. rhizoun, 
to take root, rhiza, a root.] 

Rhodium, ro'dt-um, n. (Chem.) 
A metal of a white color and 
metallic luster, extremely hard 
and brittle: it is used for form- 
ing the nibs of gold pens. [Gr- 
rhodon, the rose, — f r. the color 
of its salts.] — Rho'doden'oron, 
n. A shrub or small tree of sev- Rhizoma 

eral species, having evergreen 
leaves, and handsome flowers. [L. and Gr., lit. rose- 
tree; Gr. rhodon and dendron, a tree; s. rt. Gr. drus — 
E. tree; q. v.] 

Rhodomontade. Same as Rodomon- 
tade. 

Rhomb, rom, Rhom'bus, n. (Geom.) A 
figure of 4 equal sides but unequal 
angles. [F. rhomb, L. rhombus, Gr. 
rhombos, orig. anything that may be 
twirled around, a whirling spindle, 
a rhomb, f r. rhembein, to revolve ; s. 
rt. warp.'] — Rhom'bic, a. Having the figure of 




\ 



Rhombus. 



rhomb. — Rhom'boid, -boid, n. (Geom.) An oblique- 
angled parallelogram like a rhomb, but having 
only the opposite sides equal, the length and width 
being different. — R h o m'b o i d, 
-boid'al, a. Having the shape of a 
rhomboid. [Gr. eidos, shay n 
Rhumb, rum, n. (Navigation. 
given point of the compass; 
making a given angle with the Rhomboid 
meridian; a rhumb-line. [F. rumb, 
Sp. and Pg. rumbo, It. rombo, fr. L. rhombus.]— To 
sail on a rhumb. To sail continuously on one course. 
— Rhumb'-line, n. A line or the course of a vessel 
which cuts all the meridians at the same angle. 
Rhubarb, loo'barb, n. A plant of many species : the 
fleshy and acid stalks of the common species are 
used in cookery: roots of several other species fur- 
nish a cathartic medicine. [OF. rheubarbe, LL. 
rheubarbarum, Gr. rheo'n barbaron, lit. barbarian 
Rha-plant; rheon, pert, to the Bha, or Volga river, 
in Pontus.] 
Rhumb, etc. See under Rhomb. 
Rhyme, rim, n. Poetry. (Poet.) Correspondence of 
sound in the terminating words or syllables of 
verses. Verses, usually 2, in rhyme with each 
other; a couplet, triplet; a word answering in sound 
to another word.— v. i. [rhymed (rimd), rhyming.] 
To make verses; to accord in sound. — v. t. To put 
into rhyme; to influence by rhyme. [Prop, rime, so 
spelled until time of Shakespeare, and by him, but 
confused with rhythm; ME. rime, ryme, AS., Sw., 
OHG. rim, Ic, It., Sp., and Pg. rima, number, reck- 
oning; s. rt. Gr. arithmos, number, E. harmony, art, 
arithmetic.) — Female rhyme. "* 'n sound 

of the last 2 syllables of verses^ the nni. /Jable 
being unaccented, — as endeavor, forever, etc. — 
Male r. Agreement in sound of only the final syl- 
lables of verses, — as remain, complain. — R. or rea- 
son. Sound or sense. — Rhym'er, n. — Rhym'ster, 
n. One who makes rhymes; a poor or mean poet. 
Rhythm, rithm or rithm, n. A dividing into short 
portions by a regular succession of motions, im- 
pulses, sounds, accents, etc., producing an agreeable 
effect, as in music, poetry, etc. (Mus.) Movement 
in musical time, or the periodical recurrence of ac- 
cent. A division of lines into short portions by a 
regular succession of percussions and remissions of 
voice on words or syllables ; harmonious flow of 
vocal sounds. [ME. and F. rithme, L. rhythmus, Gr. 
rhuthmos, fr. rheein, to flow; s. rt. rheum, q. v.; not 
s. rt. rhyme.] — Rhyth'mic, -mical, a. Pert, to 
rhythm. 
Rial, re'al, n. A Spanish coin. See Real. 
Rib, rib, n. (Anat.) One of the curved bones attached 
to the spine and inclosing the thoracic cavity: see 
Thorax. That which resembles a rib in form or use, 
as a piece of timber which forms or strengthens the 
side of a ship; (Arch.) an arch-formed piece of tim- 
ber for supporting the lath and plaster work of a 
vault; also a projecting piece on the interior of a 
vault, etc.; (Bot.) any marked nerve or vein of a leaf. 
A prominent line or rising, like a rib in cloth. — v. 
t. [ribbed (ribd), -bing.] To furnisli with ribs; to 
inclose with ribs, shut in. [AS. ribb, D. rib ; perh. 
s. rt. rive.] — Rib'roast, v. t. To beat soundly. 
Ribald, rib'ald, n. A low, vulgar, brutal, foul- 
mouthed wretch; a lewd fellow. — a. Low; base; 
mean; filthy; obscene. [OF.; lAi.ribaldus, ribald, 
ribalda, a prostitute ; perh. s. rt. MHG. ribe, a pros- 
titute, OHG. riban, to rub, paint, rouge the face, 
OF. ruber, to toy with a woman.] — Rib'aldry, n. 
The talk of a ribald; vulgar language; obscenity. 
Ribbon, rib'bun, Rib'and, Rib'band, n. A fillet or 
narrow web of fine cloth, commonly of silk or satin; 
a narrow strip or shred; pi. the reins, or lines, by 
which a horse is guided and held. 
— Rib'bon, v. t. [-boned (-bund), 
-boning.] To adorn with, or mark 
with stripes resembling, ribbons. 
[ME. riban, Ir. ribin, Ga. ribean, fr. 
rib, ribe, a hair, tassel, fringe ; not 
s. rt. band.] 
Rice, ris, n. An annual plant culti- 
vated in warm climates ; its seed, 
which forms an important article of 
food. [OF. ris, L. oryza, Gr. oruza, 
Ar. uruz, aruzz, ruzz, Sp. arroz, 
Skr. vrihi, rice, vridh, to grow, in- 
crease.]— Rice'pa'per, n. A kind of 
thin, delicate paper, from China, Rice 

used for painting upon, and for 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 8r \ 



RICH 



491 



RIGHT 



fancy articles: it is said to be made from the pith of 
a plant. 
Rich, rich, a. Abounding in material possessions; 
possessed of large property; well supplied; affording 
abundant supplies: productive or fertile; composed 
of valuable or costly materials or ingredients; highly 
valued; abounding in ugreeable or nutritive quali- 
ties; highly seasoned or flavored; abounding in oily, 
fatty, or indigestible materials; not faint or delicate; 
vivid; bright; full of sweet and harmonious sounds; 
abounding in beauty : abounding in humor; excit- 
ing amusement. [AS. rice, Ic. rikr, Goth, reiks, G. 
retch ; s. rt. L. rex, Skr. raja, a king, also F. and 
MHG. riche, rich.] — Rich'es, -ez, n. pi. That which 
makes one rich; abundant possessions or treasures; 
that which appears rich, sumptuous, precious, etc.; 
wealth; opulence; plenty; abundance. [ME. and F. 
richesse, n. sing. fr. F. riche.'] — Ricb/ly, adv. In a 
rich manner; with riches; plenteously; abundantly. 

— Rich'neBB, n. 

Rick, rik, n. A stack of grain or hay in the open air, 
sheltered with a covering. [AS. hreac, Ic. hraukr, 
OSw. ruka.] 

Rickets, Rickety. _ See under Rachitis. 

Ricochet, rik'o-sha'', n. Rebound or skipping, as of a 
ball fired at a low angle of elevation. (Gun.) The 
firing of guns, or howitzers, so as to cause the balls 
or shells to rebound or roll along the ground on 
which they fall. [F., orig. the skimming of flat 
stones on the surface of water, ricocher, to skim, 
etc.; prob. fr. re- and OF. cochet, a young cock, dim. 
of coq, a cock; cf. ducks and drakes, the Eng. name 
for the sport.] 

Rid, rid, v. t. [rid or ridded; ridding.] To free, de- 
liver, clear, disencumber. [AS. hreddan, prob. fr. 
hreedh, quick.] — To get rid of. To free one's self 
from.— Rid'dance, n. Act of ridding or freeing; 
deliverance; a clearing up or out; state of being rid 
or free; freedom; escape. 

Ridden. See Ride. 

Riddle, rid'dl. n. A sieve with coarse meshes, for 
separating coarser materials from finer, as chaff from 
grain, gravel from sand, etc. —v. t. [riddled (-did), 
-dling.] To separate, as grain from chaff, with a 
riddle ; to perforate with balls so as to make like a 
riddle. [AS. hridder, Ga. criathar, fr. crath, to shake, 
brandish ; prob. s. rt. Gr. kradaein, to shake, wave.] 

Riddle, rid'dl, n. Something to be solved by con- 
lecture; a puzzling question; enigma; anything am- 
biguous or puzzling, — v. t. To solve, explain, un- 
riddle. — v. i. To speak ambiguously, obscurely, 
or enigmatically. [AS. rsedelse, fr. rsedan, to inter- 
pret = £. read. j — Rid'dler, n. One who speaks in 
riddles, or ambiguously. 

Ride, rid, v. i. [imp. rode or rid; p. p. rid or ridden; 
riding.] To be carried on the back of any animal, 
as a horse; to be borne in a carriage; to be borne on 
or in the water; to be supported in motion; to rest 
on something; to manage a horse well; to support a 
rider, as a horse. — v. t. To sit on, so as to be car- 
ried; to manage insolently at will; to cause to ride; 
to carry. — n. An excursion on horseback or in a 
vehicle. [AS. ridan, OHG. ritan ; s. rt. L. rheda, a 
4-wheeled carriage, E. bed-i-idden, raid, ready, road.} 

— Rid'er, n. One who rides; in En^., an agent who 
goes out with samples of goods to obtain orders; an 
addition to a manuscript or other document, inserted 
after its completion, on a separate piece of paper; an 
additional clause, as to an appropriation bill, in- 
volving legislation not germane to the bill. —Ridd- 
ing, n. Act of, etc. ; a road made for, etc. — Rid'ing- 
hood. n. A woman's hood to be worn when riding; 
a cloak with a hood. — school, n. A place for in- 
struction in riding. 

Rideau, re-do', n. A small mound of earth. [F., fr. 
ride, wrinkle, fold, rider, to wrinkle, fold, curl, 
OHG. ridan, garidan, to twist; s. rt. E. writhe.'] 

Ridge, rij, /«. The back, or top of the back; top or 
crest of any elongated elevation, as of a mountain, 
roof, etc.; a long, horizontal elevation from which 
the surface slopes down on each side; a raised line 
or strip, as of soil between furrows, —v. t. [ridged 
(rijd), ridging.] To form a ridge of, make into 
ridges; to wrinkle. [ME. rigge, AS. hi-ycg, OHG. 
hrucki, back of a man or beast, Gr. rachv*, back of 
an animal, ridge of a hill.] — Ridg'y, -T, a. Havin_ 
a ridge or ridges ; rising in a ridge. — Ridge'pole, 
-plate, -piece, n. (Arch.) The timber or board forming 
the ridge, or upper angle, of a roof: see Queen-post. 

Ridicule, rid'1-kul, n. The expression of, or en- 
deavor to exoite, laughter at some person or thing, 



esp. when mingled with contempt ; that species of 
writiug which excites contempt with laughter; de- 
rision; Danter; raillery; burlesque; irony; satire; sar- 
casru; gibe; jeer; sneer. — r. t. [ridiculed (-kQld), 
-CULQTO.] To laugh at with expressions of contempt; 
to deride, rally, mock, lampoon. [L. ridiculum, fr. 
ridiculus, laughable, fr. ridere, to laugh : F. ridicule 
is an adj.] — Rid'icuTer, «.— Ridic 'ulous, -dik'u-lus, 
a. Fitted to excite ridicule ; contemptuous and 
laughable; ludicrous; droll; absurd; preposterous. 

— Ridic'ulously, adv. — Ridic 'ulousness, n. 
Riding, R.-school, etc See under Ride. 

Riding, rid'ing, n. One of the 3 jurisdictions into 
which the county of York, Eng., is divided. [For 
thriding (in Norththriding, etc.), Ic. thridhjungr, the 
l-3d part of a tiling, thridi = E. third.] 

Ridotto, re-dofto, n. An Italian public entertain- 
ment, consisting of music and dancing. [It., LL. 
reductus, a retreat.] 

Rifacimento, re-fa/che-men'to, n. A remodeling; the 
alteration of a literary work to adapt it to a pur- 
pose different from its original one. [It. ; L. re- and 
facere, to make.] 

Rife, rif, a. Prevailing; prevalent; abounding. [ME. 
and OSw. rif, Ic. rifr, munificent, abundant; perh. 
s. rt. rive.] — Rife'ly, adv. — Rife'ness, n. 

Riffle, Riffler. See under Rifle, a gun. 

Riffraff, rifraf , n. Sweepings ; refuse ; the lowest 
order of society. [F. rif et raf; rif, a small bit of 
plunder, rifler, OF. raffler = E. to rifle, q. v.] 

Rifle, rffl, v. t. [-fled (-fid), -fling.] To seize and 
bear away by force, carry off; to strip, rob, pillage, 
plunder. [F. rifler, to ransack, spoil, Ic. hrifa, to 
catch, seize, hrifs, plunder; s. rt. L. carpere, to pluck, 
E. harvest, q. v.] — Ri'fler, n. One who rifles : a 
robber. 

Rifle, ri'fl, n. A gun whose barrel is formed with 
spiral grooves or channels inside, thus securing for 
the ball a rotary motion, and Jrreat precision ; a 
whetstone for a scythe. — v. t. To groove, channel; 
esp., to groove internally with spiral channels ; to 
sharpen (a scythe) with a rifle. [Dan., to groove, 
channel, also a groove, fluting, riffel, a rifle (gun), 
Ic. rif a = E. rive ; G. riefe, a furrow, riefen, to rifle.] 

— Rffle-man, n.; pi. -jien. A man armed with a 
rifle. — Riffle, rif fl, n. A sluice having depressions 
in the bottom, or other contrivances, for facilitating 
the settling of particles of gold, in washing aurifer- 
ous dirt; process of washing, etc. — Riffler, n. A 
file with a curved end for working in shallow de- 
pressions. 

Rift, rift, n. An opening made by riving or splitting; 
a cleft ; fissure ; a fording-place. — v. t. To cleave, 
rive, split. — v.i. To burst open, split. [Dan. and 
Norw., a crevice, fr. rive = E. rive, q. v.] 

Rig, rig, v. t. [rigged (rigd), -ging.] To dress, clothe; 
esp., to clothe in an odd or fanciful manner; to fur- 
nish with apparatus gear, or tackling. — n. Dress; 
clothing; esp., odd or fanciful clothing; the peculiar 
manner of fitting the masts and rigging to the hull 
of a vessel. [Norw. rigga, to bind up, wrap round, 
rig a ship, rigg, a ship's rigging, Sw. dial, rigg, a 
horse's harness; perh. s. rt. AS. wrihan, to cover.] — 
Rig'ger, n. One who rigs or dresses ; one whose 
" a ship; a cylindrica' 
■Rig'ging, n. Dress 
pport the 
tend and contract the sails, etc., of a ship 
,ig, rig, n. A sportive trick: a froli 
.be wanton; s. rt. rickets, wriggle.] — To 



occupation is to fit the rigging of a ship; a cylindrical 
pulley or drum in machinery. — Rig'ging, w. Dress; 
tackle; esp., the ropes which support the masts, ex. 



Rig, rig, n. A sportive trick: a frolic. [ME. rigge, to 
be wanton; s. rt. rickets, wriggle.]— To 
To play a wanton trick. 



ng. 



Rigadoon, rig'a-doon', n. A gay, brisk dance, per- 
formed by one couple. [F. rigo'don, — ix. the refrain, 
ric-din-don, of an old dancing song.] 

Rigation. Same as Irrigation. 

Right, rit, a. Straight; not crooked; most direct; up- 
right; erect; not oblique; according with truth and 
duty; unswerving; just; true; fit; suitable; charac- 
terized by reality or genuineness; actual; unques- 
tionable; passing a true judgment; not mistaken or 
wrong; not left, but its opposite; most convenient 
or dexterous; being on the same side as the right 
hand; well placed, disposed, or adjusted; orderly; 
being on the right hand of a person descending a 
river with his face toward its mouth; designed to be 
placed or worn outward. (Math.) Upright from a 
base; having an upright axis. — adv. In a right 
manner; esp., in aright or straight line; directly; ac- 
cording to the law or will of God, or to the standard 
of truth and justice; or to any rule of art; or to fact 
or truth; in a great degree, very, extremely, — pre- 



sto, cube, full ; moon, f<5ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



RIGID 



492 



RIPE 



fixed to titles. — n. That which is right or correct; as, a 
straight course, adherence to duty; or, a true state- 
ment, adherence to truth or fact; or, a just judgment, 
i'ustice, uprightness, integrity ; that to which one 
tas a claim; as, that which one has a natural, legal, 
or social claim to do or to exact; legal power, author- 
ity; or, that which justly belongs to one, title, claim, 
property, interest; or, privilege or immunity granted 
by authority; that which is on the right side, or oppo- 
site to the left; the outward or most finished surface. 

— v. t. To set upright, make right or straight, as hav- 
ing been wrong or crooked; to do justice to, relieve 
from wrong. — v. i. To recover the proper or natural 
Condition or position; to become upright. [AS. riht, 
OHG. reht, right, adj., AS. rihte, adv., rihtan, v. ; s. rt. 
L. rectus, right, p. p. of regere, to rule, E. rectangle 
(q. v.), etc., regal (q. v.), etc.] — To set to rights, put 
to r. To put into good order, adjust, regulate, as 
what is out of order. — Righf-an'gled, -an/gld, a. 
Containing a right angle or right angles: see Angle. 

— hand'ed, a. Using the right hand habitually or 
more easily than the left. — Righfer, n. One who 
sets right. — Right'ly, adv. According to justice ; 
honestly; uprightly ; properly; fitly; suitably; ap- 
propriately; according to truth or f act. — Right'- 
ness, n. Straightness: rectitude; righteousness. [AS. 
rihtnes.] — Right'eous, ri'chus, a. According with, 
or performing, that which is right ; esp., free from 
guilt or sin; upright; just; godly; honest; equitable; 
rightful. [ME. ric/twis, AS. nhtwis, lit. wise as V. 
what is right; wis, wise.] — Right'eously, adv.— 
Right'eousness, n. — Right/ful, -iul. a. Consonant 
to justice; having the right or just claim; being by 
right, or by just claim; lawful; true; honest; equita- 
ble ; proper. — Rightfully, adv. — Right 'fulness, n. 

Rigid, rij'id, a. Having become so firm as not to be 
easily bent; not lax or indulgent; severe; inflexible; 
stiff; strict; exact; austere; stern; unmitigated. [L. 
rigidus, f r. rigere, to be stiff, perh. f r. rectus = E. 
right, q. v.] — Rig'idness, Rigid'ity, rT-jid'i-tl, n. 
Want of pliability; quality of resisting change of 
form; stiffness of appearance or manner; inflexibil- 
ity. — Rigidly, adv. — Rig'or, rig'or, n. State of 
being rigid. {Med.) A convulsive shuddering with 
sudden coldness, as in the beginning of a fever, etc. 
Severity of climate or season; stiffness of opinion or 
temper; severity; voluntary submission to pain, ab- 
stinence, or mortification; exactness without allow- 
ance, latitude, or indulgence; austerity; harshness; 
exactness. [L.] — Rig'orous, -us, a. Manifesting, ex- 
ercising, or favoring rigor; relentless; strict; severe. 
[F. rigoreux.] — Rig'orously, adv.— Rig'orousness, n. 
Rigmarole, rig'ma-rol, n. A succession of confused 
or nonsensical statements; foolish talk; nonsense. 
[Orig. ragman-roll, a long list of names, hence a long 
unconnected story, prop, the devil's roll or list; ME. 
ragman, Sw. raggen, the devil, Ic. ragmenni, ragr. 
coward — a general term of insult.] 
Rigor, etc. See under Rigid. 

Rig-Veda, rig-ve'da, n. The oldest of the 4 portions of 
the Vedic hvnms. See Veda. [Skr., Veda of praise; 
righ. praise.*] 
Rile, ril, v. t. To render turbid, roil; to make angry, 

vex. [Same as roil, q. v.] 
Rill, ril, n. A small brook; rivulet; streamlet. [LG. 
rille, a rill, a channel worn by rain-water in mead- 
ows; perh. s. rt. W. rhill, a row, trench, drill, contr. 
fr. rhigol, dim. of rhig, a groove, E. drill (q. v.), to 
sow seeds in rows.] 
Rim, rim, n. The border, edge, or margin of some- 
thing circular or curving, — v. t. [rimmed (rimd), 
-MING.] To furnish with a rim. [AS. rima, W. rhim.] 
— Rim'base, n. A short cylinder connecting a trun- 
nion with the body of a cannon: see Cannon. 
Rime. See Rhyme. 

Rime, rim, n. White or hoar frost; congealed dew or 
vapor. [AS. and Jc.hrim; perh. s. rt. Gr. krumos, 
frost, E. crystal, ci-ust, crude, raw.] — Rim'y, -I, a, 
Abounding with rime; frosty. 
Rimose, H-mos', a. Full of cracks or chinks, like those 
in the bark of trees. [L. rimosus, fr. rima, a chink.] 
Rimple, rim 'pi, n. A fold or wrinkle. — i'. t. [rim- 
pled (-pld), -pling.] To rumple, wrinkle. [Same 
as rumple, q. v.] 
Rind, rind, n. The external covering or coat of fruit, 
etc.; peel; bark; skin; shell. [AS., OD., and G. 
rinde, bark of a tree.] 
Rinderpest, rin'der-pest, n. A highly contagious dis- 
temper or murrain, affecting neat cattle and sheep; 
the cattle-plague ; steppe-murrain. [G. rind, pi. mind- 
er, cattle, and pest = E. pest, plague.] 



Rindle, rin'dl, n. A small water-course or gutter- 
[Goth, rinnan, AS. rennan, to run, flow.] 

Ring, ring, n. A circle, circular line, or anything in 
the form of a hoop; esp. an ornament of gold, etc., 
for a finger; an inclosure for games, fights, etc.; 
arena; a clique; a combination of persons for a self- 
ish end, esp. in politics, finance, or commerce. — v. t. 
[kinged (ringd), ringing.] To sur: ->und with, or 
as with, a ring; to encircle. {Hort.) To cut out a 
ring of, as bark. [AS. hring, D., LG., Sw., Dan., 
and G. ring, also LG. and LD. rink, OHG. hrinc, a 
ring; s. rt. Gr. kirkos = L. and E. circus, Skr. chakra, 
a wheel, circle, E. cycle, rank, range, harangue.] 
— Ringlet, n. A curl, esp. of hair.— Ring 'dove, 
-duv, n. A large species of pigeon, having white 
upon the neck which forms a portion of a ring about 
it; the cushat. — Ringleader, n. The leader of a 
ring; esp., the leader of an association of men en- 
gaged in violation of law or an illegal enterprise. — 
Ring'worm, n. {Med.) A vesicular eruption of the 
skin, forming rings, whose area is slightly discol- 
ored. — Ring'-bolt, n. An iron bolt, with an eye at 
its head, and a ring through the eye. — streaked, 
-strekt, a. Having circular streaks or lines on the 
body. — -tail, n. A bird having a white tail, the fe- 
male of the hen-harrier. —Rink, rink, n. Orig. a cir- 
cus or course for the game of curling; a covered 
sheet of ice on which to skate, or smooth flooring for 
roller skates. 

Ring, ring, v. t. [imp. rang or rung; p. p. rung; 
ringing.] To cause to sound, esp. by striking (a 
metallic body); to produce by ringing (a sound or 
peal); to repeat often, loudly, or earnestly. — v.i. 
To sound, as a bell, or other sonorous body; to re- 
sound; to continue to sound or vibrate, resound; to 
be filled with report or talk. — n. A sound; esp., the 
sound of metals; any loud sound, or sound contin- 
ued, repeated, or reverberated; a chime, or set of 
bells harmonically tuned. [AS. hringan, D. ringen, 
Ic. hring j a, to ring, hrang, a din; s. rt. L. and E. 
clangor.] — Ring'er, n. One who rings, esp. chimes 
on bells. 

Rink. See under Ring, a circle. 

Rinse, rins, v. t. [rinsed (rinst), rinsing.] To cleanse 
with a second application of water after washing; to 
cleanse (a hollow vessel) bj T the introduction of 
water. [OF. rinser, Ic. hreinsa, to cleanse, hreinn, 
G. rein, clean.] — Rins'er, n. 

Riot, ri'ot, n. Wanton or unrestrained behavior; up- 
roar; row; sedition. {Law.) The doing of an act in 
a tumultuous manner against the pence, by 3 or 
more persons assembled of their own authority. — v. 
i. To engage in riot, act in an unrestrained or wan- 
ton manner, indulge in excess of luxury, feasting, 
behavior, etc.: to be highly excited; to raise an up- 
roar or sedition. [F. riote, Proven, riota, It. riotta; 
perh. s. rt. ribald, rive.] — To run riot. To act or 
move without control or restraint. — Ri'oter, n.— 
Ri'otous, -us, a. Involving or engaging in riot; of 
the nature of an unlawful assembly; seditious; tu- 
multuous; wanton. [F. rioteux.] — Ri'otously, adv. 

— Ri'otousness, n. 

Rip, rip, v. t. [ripped (ript), ripping.] To divide or 
separate the parts of, by cutting or tearing, esp. by 
cutting or pulling out stitches in a seam; to tear off, 
out, or open, by violence; to take out or away by cut- 
ting or tearing. — n. A rent mude by ripping, esp. by 
a seam giving way; a tear; a place torn; laceration; 
water roughened by the meeting of opposing tides or 
currents. [Norw.and Sw. dial, ripa, to scratch; s. rt. 
Ic. rifa, to rise, tear, rend, scratch, grasp, E. rive, q. 
v.; prob. not s. rt. AS. ripan = E. reap.] — To rip out. 
To give vent to hastily and violently.— Rip'per, n. 

— Rip'ple, -pi, v. t. To remove the seeds, etc., from 
(flax, etc.) with a ripple, —n. A kind of comb, with 
which the seeds and seed-vessels of flax, broom-corn, 
etc., are removed. [D. rejiel.] 

Riparian, ri-pa'rt-an, a. Pert, to the bank of a river. 
[L. riparius, fr. ripa, a bank: see River.] % 

Ripe, rip, a. Readv for reaping; having attained per- 
fection, as grain, fruit, etc.; advanced to the state of 
fitness for use; having attained full development; 
characterized bvcompletenessorfinish;consummate; 
perfected ; ready for action or effect; prepared ; re- 
sembling ripened fruit in ruddiness and plumpness; 
mature ; mellow. [AS., fr. ripan, to reap, q. v.J — 
Ripe'ly, adv. — Ripe'ness, n.— Rip'en, rip'n, v. i. 
[-ENED(-nd), -ening.] To grow ripe ; to approach 
or come to perfection; to be fitted or prepared, —v. 
t. To make ripe, as grain or fruit ; to mature, fit or 
prepare, bring to perfection. [AS. ripian.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; find, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Bdd, tone, 8r ; 



RIPPLE 



493 



ROB 



Ripple, to clean flax. See under Rip. 

Ripple, rip'pl, v. i. [-pled (-pld), -pling.] To become 
fretted or dimpled on the surface, as water running 
over a rough bottom; to be covered with small waves 
or undulations; to make a sound like the breaking 
of ripples on the shore. — v. t. To fret or dimple, as 
the surface of running water. — n. The fretting or 
dimpling of the surface of water; a little wave or 
undulation. [ME. rim/den, OD. rimpelen, to wrinkle, 
rimpel, a wrinkle: see Rumple.] 

Riprap, rip'rap, n. (Engin.) A foundation or par- 
apet of stones thrown together without order, as in 
deep water, or on a suit bottom. 

RiBe, rtz, v. i. [imp. rose (roz); p.p. risen (riz'n); 
rising.] To move or pass in any manner from a 
lower position to a higher; to ascend, mount up, be- 
come elevated, attain a height ; to have the aspect 
or the effect of rising; to seem to rise, become appar- 
ent, emerge into sight, have a beginning; to increase 
in size, force, value, price, etc. ; to become excited, 
opposed, or hostile ; to attain to a better social posi- 
tion; to become more and more dignified or forcible, 
increase in interest or power ; to come to mind, be 
suggested ; to come to hand, offer itself ; to come to 
life, revive ; to close a session, adjourn. [AS. and 
OHG. risan; s. rt. raise, rear.] — Rise, rls, n. Act 
of rising, or state of being risen ; ascent ; distance 
through which anything rises ; that which rises or 
seems to rise ; an acclivity ; steep ; ascent ; spring ; 
source; origin; increase; augmentation, as of price, 
value, rank, property, fame, etc.; increase of sound. 
(Mus.) Elevation or ascent of the voice. The spring 
of a fish after an artificial fly. — Ris'er, n. One who 
rises. (Arch.) The upright piece in a stair. — Risk- 
ing, n. Act of, etc.; resurrection; insurrection; a tu- 
mor; boil. 

Risible, riz'T-bl, a. Capable of exciting laughter; 
worthy to be laughed at; ludicrous; amusing; ridic- 
ulous. [F. ; L. risibilis, fr. ritlere, risum, to laugh.] 
■ Risibility, n. Quality of being risible. 



Risk, risk, n. Hazard; peril; degree of danger. (Com.) 
Liability to loss in property ; that which is liable to 
loss. — v. t. [risked (riskt), risking.] To expose 
to risk, hazard, or peril ; to endanger, jeopard, ven- 
ture. [F. risque, It. rischio, perh. fr. Armor, riskla, 
riska, to slide, slip, riskuz, slippery.] — To run a 
risk. To incur hazard. — To take a r. To assume 
danger ; hence (Com.), to insure. — Risk'er, n. — 
Risk'y, -f, a. Attended with danger; hazardous. 

Rite, rlt, n. Formal act of religion, or other solemn 
duty; a religious ceremony or usage ; form ; observ- 
ance ; ordinance. [L. ritus ; s. rt. Skr. riti, a way, 
usage, manner, ri, to go.] — Rit'ual, rtfu-al, a. 
Pert, to, or consisting of, rites ; ceremonial ; cere- 
monious; formal; prescribing rites. — n. Manner of 
performing divine service in a particular church or 
communion ; a book containing the rites to be ob- 
served. [F. ; li- ritualis.] — Rifualism, -izm, n. 
Prescribed forms of religious worship ; observance 
of prescribed forms in religion ; confidence in mere 
rites or external ceremonies. — Rit'ualist, n. One 
skilled in, or devoted to, a ritual ; one of the ex- 
treme party in the Ch. of Eng., which seeks to as- 
similate its doctrines and ritual to that of Rome. — 
Rit'ually, adv. By rites, or by a particular rite. 

Ritornelle, rit'or-nel', Ritornello, re'tSi-neKlo, n. 
(Mus.) A short introductory or concluding sym- 
phony to an air ; a short intermediate symphony 
or instrumental passage. [It., dim. of rxtorno, re- 
turn, fr. ritornare, to return.] 

Rival, ri'val, n. One in pursuit of the same object 
as another ; competitor; emulator; antagonist. — a. 
Having the same pretensions or claims; standing in 
competition for superiority.— v. t. [rivaled (-vaid), 
rivaling.] To stand in competition with, strive to 
gain some object in opposition to; to strive to equal 
or excel, emulate. [F., a rival, competitor in love, 
L. rivales, 2 neighbors having the same brook in 
common, rivals, fr. rivalis, belonging to a brook, fr. 
rivus, brook: see Rivulet.] — Ri'vafry, -rT, -ship, n. 
Act of rivaling, or state of being a rival; emulation; 
competition; strife. 

Rive, rlv, v. t. [imp. rived (rivd), p. p. rived or 
riven (rfv'n), riving.] To rend asunder by force, 
split, cleave. — v. i. To be split or rent asunder. 
[Dan.; Ic. rifa, to rive, tear, G. reiben, to grate, rub; 
s. rt. Gr. ereikehi, to tear, rend, rive, Skr. Ukh, to 
scratch, E. rift, rip, ripple, rifle, perh. ribald, river.] 

River, riv'er, n. A stream of wter, larger than a 
rivulet or brook, flowing in a channel on land toward 
the ocean, a lake, or another river ; a copious flow 




abundance. [OF. riviere, a river, stream, So. ribent, 
shore, sea-coast, It. riviera, shore, bank, also river, 
It. and LL. riva = L. rijja, a bank; s. rt. arrive, ri- 
parian; peril, s. rt. rive; nots. rt. rivulet.] — Riv'- 
ered, -erd, u. Supplied with rivers. — Riv'er-horse, 
n. The hippopotamus, an amphibious animal in- 
habiting rivers. 

Rivet, riv'et, n. A pin of metal clinched at one or 
both ends by being hammered and spread. — v. t. 
To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets ; to clinch ; to 
fasten firmly, make firm or strong. [F.; prob. 8. rt. 
Ic. r\fa, to tack together.] 

Rivulet, riv'u-let, n. A small riveror brook; a stream- 
let. [L. rivulus, dim. of rivus, a brook ; s. rt. Skr. 
ri, to distill, ooze. E. liquid, rival, derive, rite.] 

Rix-dollar, riks'dol'lar, n. A silver coin of Germany, 
Holland, Denmark, and Sweden, of different value 
in different places, varying fr. GO cents to $1.08. [G. 
reichsthaler, i. e., dollar of 
the empire or realm.] 

Roach, roch, n. (Ichth.) A 
gregarious fresh-water fish 
of the carp family, of a 
silver-white color, with a 
greenish back, having the 
dorsal fin opposite the ven- Xioacn. 

tral. A cockroach. [AS. reohhe, OD. roch, 6. roche.\ 

Road, rod, n. An open way or public passage; a pub- 
lic track for traveling; way; highway; street; lane; 
route; course; a place where ships may ride at an- 
chor at some distance from the shore; a roadstead. 
[ME. rode (for horses), roode, F. rade (for ships), f r. 
AS. rod, a journey, road, fr. ridan = E. to ride ; s. rt. 
raid.] — To take to the road. To engage in robbery 
upon the highways. — Road'stead, -sted, n. A place 
where ships may ride at anchor, at some distance 
from the shore. — Road'ster, n. (Naut.) A vessel 
riding at anchor in a road or bay. A horse fitted for 
traveling. 

Roam, rom, v. i. [roamed (romd), roaming.] To 
walk or move about from place to place without any 
certain purpose or direction; to wander, rove, stroll, 
ramble, stray. — v. t. To range or wander over. [ME. 
romen, ramen, AS. romigan, perh. fr. OS. romon, 
OHG. ramen, to aim at, strive after, ram, aim, ob- 
ject, perh. influenced by pilgrimages to Rome; s. rt. 
ramble.] — Roam'er, n. One who roams; a wanderer; 
a rover. 

Roan, ron, a. Having a bay, sorrel, or dark color, with 
spots of gray, or white, thickly interspersed; esp., of 
a color having a decided shade of red, — said of a 
horse, — n. The color of a roan horse; a roan horse, 
a kind of leather for book-binding, made from sheep- 
skin, in imitation of morocco. [OF. rouen, It. roano, 
rovano, perh. fr. Olt. rufo, L. rufus = E. rerfj 

Roar, ror, v. t. [roared (rord), roaring.] To utter 
a deep, loud, terrific cry, as a lion; to cry with a full, 
loud, continued sound; to make a loud, confused 
sound, as winds, waves, passing vehicles, etc.; to en- 
gage in riotous conduct, be disorderly; to laugh out 
loudly and continuously. — n. The cry of a lion, 
etc.; the sound of roaring: a loud, continuous noise, 
as of billows, etc. [Onomat.; AS. rarian, MHG. re- 
ren ; s. rt. Skr. ra, to bellow, L. latrare, to bark; not 
s. rt. uproar.] — Roar'er, n. One who, or that which, 
etc. ; a riotous fellow ; roaring boy. — Roaring, n. 
A loud, continuous sound, as of a beast, or of one in 
distress, anger, mirth, etc. 

Roast, rost, v. t. To cook, dress, or prepare (meat, etc.) 
for the table, by exposure to heat, before the fire; 
to dry and parcn by exposure to heat; to heat vio- 
lently, or to excess. — v. i. To be cooked by expos' 
ure to heat in the ashes or in an oven, be roasted. — 
n. That which is roasted; a piece of meat suitable 
for roasting. — a. Roasted. [OF. rostir, prob. f r. G. 
roesten, to roast, fr. rost, a grate, gridiron, but perh. 
fr. Celtic: Armor. rosta,Ir. rosdaim, to roast, roistin, 
a gridiron, rost, roast meat.] — To rule the roast. To 
take the lead, domineer. — Roast r er t h. One who 
roasts meat ; a contrivance for roasting ; a pig, or 
other animal or article, for roasting. 

Rob, rob, v. t. [robbed (robd), -bing.] To take away 
from by force, strip by stealing, plunder, steal from. 
(Law.) To take property from the person of, feloni- 
ously, forcibly, or by putting in fear. JOF. robber, 
rober, orig. to despoil those slain in battle, strip, dis- 
robe, fr. robbe, robe = E. robe ; s. rt. reave, q v.] — 
Robi»er, n. One who commits a robbery; one who 
takes property feloniously, and by violence; thief; 
plunderer ; pillager ; brigand ; freebooter ; pirate. 
[OF. robbeur.] — Rob'bery, -ber-T, n. The crime of 



sun, cube, full} mo- 4, fo"ot } cow, oil; nnger or ink, i":en, boNboN, chair, get. 



ROBE 



494 



ROLL 



stealing by force; spoliation; plunder; pillage; free- 
booting; piracy. [F. robberie.] 
Eobe, rob, n. An outer garment for man or woman; 
esp., one of a rich, flowing, or elegant style or make; 
a dress of state, rank, office, etc. ; a skin of the wolf, 
buffalo, etc., dressed and prepared for use. — v. t. 
[robed (robd), robing.] To invest with a robe, 
dress, array. [F. ; OF. robbe, MHG. roub, OHG. 
roup, orig. booty, spoil: see Rob.] 
Bobm, rob'm, n. A European singing-bird, having a 
reddish breast ; the ruddock ; redbreast ; an Amer. 
singing-bird, having the breast of a dingy orange red 
color; migratory thrush. [Fr. Robin, for Robert, 
proper name.] 
Robust, TO-busf, a. Evincing strength; indicating 
vigorous health; lusty; sturdy; hearty; sound; re- 
quiring strength or vigor. [F. robuste, L. robustus, fr. 
robur, OL. robus, Skr. rabhas. strength.] — Robust- 
ness, n. — Rob'orant, -o-rant, a. Strengthening. — n. 
{Med.) A strengthening medicine ; atonic, [p. rob- 
orans, p. pr. of rdborare, to strengthen, fr. robur.'] 
Roche-alum. See under Rock. 
Rochelle Powders, ro-shel' pow'derz. Same as Sed- 

litz Powders. 
Rochet, roch'et, n. A linen garment resembling a sur- 
plice. [F., fr. OHG. roch, hroch, a coat, frock.] 
Rock, rok, n. A large mass of stony material; a large 
stone or crag; a stone. (Geol.) Any natural deposit 
of stony material, whether consolidated or not, in- 
eluding sand, earth, or clay, when in natural beds. 
That which resembles a rock in firmness. [ME. and 
F. roche, OF. roke, AS. rocc, Armor, roch, Ir. and Ga. 
roc] — Rock'y, -I, a. Full of , formed of, or like, rock ; 
unfeeling ; obdurate. — Rock'iness, n. — Roche'-, 
rok'-, or Roek'-al'um, n. The purest kind of alum. 
[F. roche.] — can'dy, n. An extremely hard candy, 
consisting of crystals of pure sugar. — crys'tal, n. 
(Min.) Limpid quartz. — oil, n. Same as Petrole- 
um. — salt, n. (Min.) Chloride of sodium (common 
salt) occurring in rock-like masses in mines. In U. 
S., salt in large crystals, formed by evaporation from 
sea-water. — work, n. Stones fixed in mortar in imi- 
tation of natural masses of rock. 
Rock, rok, w. A distaff used in spinning. [Sw.; Ic. 
rokkr, MHG. rocke.] — Rock'et, n. A cylindrical 
case attached to a stick and filled with a composition 
which, being set on fire, projects the case, etc., 
through the air by a force arising from the combus- 
tion. [It. rochetto, orig. a bobbin to wind silk, etc., 
upon, later a rocket, fr. its shape, dim. of rocca, a 
distaff fr. MHG. rocke.] 
Rock, rok, v. t. [rocked (rokt), rocking.] To move 
backward and forward, as a body resting on a sup- 
I>ort beneath; to move backward and forward in a 
cradle, etc. ; to still, quiet. — v. i. To move or be 
moved backward and forward; to reel, totter. [Dan. 
rokke, to rock, shake, rykke, to pull, tug, ryk, a pull, 
Ic. rugga, to rock a cradle.] — Rockier, n. One who 
rocks the cradle; the curving piece of wood on which 
a cradle or chair rocks; any implement capable of a 
rocking motion. — Rock'ing-chair, n. A chair mount- 
ed on rockers. — stone, n. A large stonn. re sting up. 
on another stone, and so 
exactly poised that it can 
be rocked, or slightly 
moved, with but little 
force. — Rock'away, -a- 
wa, n. A low, 4- wheeled, 
2-seated pleasure-car- 
riage, with full standing 
top. 
Rocket, rok'et, n. An of 
namental plant of sev 
eral genera and many 
species : one species is ftockaway. 

eaten as a salad, when young and tender. [F. ro- 
r/uette, It. ruchetta, dim. of n;ca, L. eruca, colewort.] 
Rocket, a firework. See under Rock, a distaff. 
Rococo, ro-ko'ko, n, A florid style of ornamentation 
in architecture, landscape gardening, furniture, etc., 
in imitation of French art under Louis XIV. and 
XV. — a. Grotesque; fantastic; tasteless. 
Rod, rod, n. A shoot or long twig of any woody plant; 
a branch; stem of a shrub; any long slender stick; 
a wand; an instrument of punishment or correction; 
a kind of scepter, or badge of office; power; author- 
ity; tyranny; oppression; a measure of length, con- 
taining 164 feet; a perch; pole. [Short for rood, q. v.] 
Rode. See Ride. 

Rodent, ro'dent, a. Gnawing. — n. An animal that 
gnaws, as a rat. [L. rodcns,p. pr. of rodere, to gnaw; 




s. rt. L. radere, to scratch, Skr. rada, a tooth, E. rase 

corrode, erode, perh. rat, rostrum.] 
Rodeo, ro-da'o, n. In Western U. S., a collecting of 

all the cattle on a ranch, to separate, count, or brand 

them. [Sp., a going round.] 
Rodomontade, rod / o-mont-ad r , n. Vain boasting ; 

empty bluster or vaunting; rant. — v. i. To boast, 

brag, bluster. [F., fr. Rodomonte, a boasting hero 

m the " Orlando Furioso " of Ariosto.] 
Roe, ro, n. The female of any species of deer. [AS. 

rah, Ic. and Sw. ra, D. ree.]— Roe'buck, n. A small. 

graceful, 

and nimble 

deer of Eu- 

rope and 

Asia, about 

2 1-4 feet 

high, with 

branching J== 

antler 



on 




<u1ckr, Sw. 
rabock, D. y 
reebok : see" 
Buck.] 
Roe, ro, n. 

™H e Jl Va $ Roebuck, 

and eggs of 

a fish : the milt of the male fish is sometimes called 

soft roe. _[ME. rowne, Ic. hrogn, G. rogen.] 



Roentgen, Rdntgen, ray, rent'gen-. ( Phi/s.) A kind of 
ray generated in a very highly exhausted vacuum 
tube by the electrical discharge. It is capable of 



passing through many bodies opaque to light, and 
producing photographic and fluorescent effects by 
which means pictures showing the internal struc- 
ture of opaque onjects are made, called radiographs 
or sciagraphs. So called from the discoverer, W. C. 
Rontgen. 

Rogation, ro-ga'shun, n. (Rom. Antiq.) The demand, 
by the consuls or tribunes, of a law to be passed by 
the people. Litany; supplication. [F; L. rogatio, 
fr. rogare, -gatum, to ask, beg, supplicate.] — Roga- 
tion days. (Eccl.) The 3 days immediately before 
the festival of Ascension, — so called as being days 
of special supplication. — R. week. The 2d week be- 
fore Whit-Sunday, in which these days occur. — 
Rog'atory, rog'a-to-ri, a. Seeking information ; 
authorized to ascertain facts by examining wit- 
nesses, etc. 

Rogue, rog, n. (Law.) A vagrant; sturdy beggar; 
vagabond. A deliberately dishonest person; knave; 
cheat ; one who is mischievous or frolicsome ; an 
elephant which has left the herd and roams alone, 
usually very ferocious; also used as a term of en- 
dearment. (Hort.) A plant which deviates from the 
normal type. [F., arrogant, presumptuous, saucy, 
rude,. surly, prob. fr. Armor, rok, rog, proud, haugh- 
ty, brusque, Ir. and Ga. rucas, pride.] — Rogu'ery, 
-er-Y, n. Knavish tricks; cheating; fraud; dishonest 
practices; rogue-like actions; waggery; arch tricks; 
mischievousness. — Roguish, a. Resembling, or 
proper for, a rogue ; waggish ; slightly mischiev- 
ous.— Roguishly, adv. — Rogulshness, n. 

Roil, roil, v. t. [roiled (roild), roiling.] To render 
turbid by stirring up the dregs or sediment of; to 
excite to some degree of anger. [Perh. fr. OF. 
roJer, roeler= E. roll, q. v.] 

Roister, -terer, rois'ter-er, n. A bold, blustering, tur- 
bulent fellow. [F. rustre, a boor, clown, clownish, 
fr. L. rusticus, rustic: see Rural.] 

Roll, rol, v. t. [rolled (rold), rolling.] To cause 
to revolve by turning over and over; to move by 
turning on an axis; to wrap round on itself, form 
into a spherical or cylindrical body; to bind or in- 
volve by winding; to drive or impel forward with 
a swift and easy motion, as of rolling; to press or 
level with a roller ; to move on, or hy means of, 
rollers or small wheels; to beat with rapid strokes, 
as a drum. — v.i. To move by turning on a sur- 
face; to revolve upon an axis; to keep falling over 
and over ; to perform a periodical revolution; to 
turn, move circularly; to move up and down, as 
waves or billows; to rock or move from side to side, 
as a ship; to run on wheels; to be formed into a 
cylinder or ball; to spread under a roller or rolling- 
pin; to wallow, tumble; to emit a sound like that 
of a drum beaten with strokes so rapid that they 
can scarcely be distinguished by the ear. — n. Act 
of rolling, or state of being rolled; that which rolls; 
a roller; that which is rolled up; wool, and the like; 



am, fame, far. pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



ROLLIO 



495 



ROORBACK 



a document which may be rolled up; a scroll; an 
official or public document : register ; catalogue ; 
list ; a quantity of cloth wound into a cylindrical 
form; a small cake of bread made from dough, rolled 
up ; the uniform beating of a drum with rapid 
strokes. [OF. roler, F. voider, LL. rotulare, to roll, 
revolve, fr. L. rotida, a little wheel, dim. of rota, 
a wheel: see Rotary.] — Roll'er, n. That which 
rolls ; that which turns on its own axis ; esp., a 
cylinder of wood, stone, metal, etc., used in hus- 
bandry and the arts; a long and broad bandage 
used in surgery. — Roll'call, n. Act or time of call- 
in,'.' over a list of names, as among soldiers. — Rolf- 
ing-mill, n. A mill furnished with heavy rollers, 
through which heated metal is passed, to form it 
into sheets or rails, etc. — pin, n. A cylindrical 
piece of wood to roll out paste or dough with, — 
Rolf y-pol'y. -1-pol'T. n. A game in which a ball, 
rolling into a certain place, wins; a thin sheet of 
cake spread with jam and rolled into cylindrical 
form. — Role, rol, rt. A part performed by an actor 
in a drama; any conspicuous action or duty per- 
formed by any one. [F., a roll, scroll.] — Rouleau, 
roo-lo', n. ; pi. -leau.y, -loz'. A little roll; a roll of 
coins in paper. [F., dim. of role.]— Roulette, -let', re. 
A game of chance, in which a small ball is made to 
roil round on a circle divided off into red and black 
spaces; a small toothed wheel used by engravers to 
roll over the surface of a plate to produce dots. 
[F., prop, a little wheel or ball.] 

Rollic. rol/lik, v. i. [-licked (-likt), -licking.] To 
move with a careless, swaggering, or frolicsome air. 
[ProvE. rallack, to romp, Sw. rolig, merry.] 

Rom. rom, n. The name of the gvpsies for one of 
themselves. [Gypsy word : see Rum, queer; prob. 
not fr. Roumanian.] — Rom'any, rom'a-nT, a. Of 
or pert, to the gypsies. [Gypsy rommani.] 

Roman, ro'man, a. Pert, to Rome, to the Roman 
people, or to the Roman Catholic religion. (Print.) 
Upright, erect, — said of the letters ordinarily used, 
as disting. fr. Italic characters; expressed in letters, 
not in figures, as I., rv.,i., iv., etc., — said of nu- 
merals, as disting. fr. the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc. 

— n. A native, permanent resident, or citizen, of 
Rome. [L. Romanus, fr. Roma, Rome.] — Roman 
Catholic. Of, pert, to, or adhering to, the religion 
of that church of which the pope is the spiritual 
head. — Roman' ic, a. Pert, to Rome or its people, 

— or to any or all of the various languages which, 
during the middle ages, sprung out of the old Ro- 
man : related to the Roman people by descent. — 
Re'manism. -izm, re. The tenets of the church of 
Rome. — Ro'manist, re. An adherent to the Rom. 
Cath. religion; a Roman Catholic — Ro'manize, v. 
t. T-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To convert to the Rom. 
Cath. religion or opinions. — v.i. To conform to, 
etc. — Romish, a. Belonging or relating to Rome, 
or to the Rom. Cath. church. —Romanic, -malls, re. 
The modern Greek vernacular language, used by 
the descendants of the Eastern Romans. —a. Of, 
or pert, to, modern Greece, or the modern Greek 
vernacular. [F. Romaique, ModGr. Rhomaikos.] — 
Romansch'. -mansh', n. The language of the Ori- 
sons in Switzerland, a corruption of the Latin. 
[Gris. rvmansch, rumauntsch, ramonsch.'] — Ro- 
mance', -mans', n. A species of fictitious writ- 
ing, orig. composed in meter in the Romance 
dialects, and afterward in prose; hence, any ficti- 
tious and wonderful tale; a sort of novel; the lan- 
guages or dialects formed from a mixture of the 
Latin with the languages of the barbarians, and 
from which have sprung the languages now preva- 
lent in the south of Europe ; the Neo-Latin lan- 
guages.— v.i. [-manced (-manst'), -mancixg.] To 
write or tell romances; to deal in extravagant sto- 
ries. [OF. romans, roman, romant, a romance, LL. 
romancium, the common vulgar language, sprung 
from the Roman and Latin language, and a species 
of fictitious composition first written in this lan- 
guage.] — Roman'cer, n. One who romances. — 
Roman'tic. a. Pert, to, involving, or resembling 
romance; fictitious; fanciful: characterized by nov- 
elty, strangeness, or variety, as sceuery ; senti- 
mental; extravagant: wild; chimerical. [F. roman- 
tique.] — Roman'tically, adv. — Roman'ticism, -tl- 
sizm, n. State of being romantic or fantastic — 
Roman 'ticness, n. The state of being romantic; 
wildness ; extravagance ; fancif ulness. — Ro'man- 
esqne', -esk', a. (Paint.) Representing subjects 
and scenes appropriate to romance. (Arch.) Some- 
what resembling the Roman; esp., characterized by 



the debased style adopted in the later Roman em- 
pire. — n. (Paint.) A style of art in which lantastic 
and imaginary representations of animals and fo- 
liage are employed. (Arch.) The debased style of 
architecture and ornament adopted in the later Ro- 
man empire. {Lit.) The common dialect of Lan- 
guedoc and some other districts in the south of 
France. [F.; It. Romanesco.] 

Romany. See under Rom. 

Romp, romp, n. A rude girl who indulges in boister- 
ous play; rude play or frolic. — v. i. [EOMPED 
(romt), rcmping.J To play rudelv and boister- 
ously; to leap and frisk about in play. [Same a3 
ramp, q. v.] — Romp'ish, a. Given to rude play; 
inclined to romp. — Romp'ishness. n. 

Rondeau. See under Round. 

Rood, rood, n. The l-4thof an acre, or 40 square rods; 
a representation of the cross with Christ hanging on 
it; or more generally of the Trinity. [Same as rod; 
AS. rod, a gallows, cross, also a rod, pole, OS. roda, 
gallows, cross, D. roede, a rod, perch, yard, wand, 
OHG. riidi, a rod of land, L. rudis, a roa, staff; s. rt. 
Skr. ruh, Zend rud, to grow.] 

Roof, roof, re. The cover or upper part of any house, 
barn, etc. ; that which resembles or corresponds 



Hip Roof. 



Ogee Kool. 




Mansard Roof. 



Pitch Roof. 



Con- 
ical 
Roof. 



with the covering of a house. — v. t. [roofed 
roof t), roofing.] To cover with a roof, inclose in 
a house, shelter. [AS. and OFries. hrof, roof, Ic. 
hrof, a shed for ship-building or storage, D. roef, a 
cabin; perh. s. rt. Gr. kruptein, to hide, E. crypt.] — 
Roofing, m. Act of covering with a roof; materials 
of or for a roof ; the roof itself. — Roofless, a. 
Having no roof; having no house or home ; unshel- 
tered. — Roof let, n. A small roof, covering, or shel- 
ter. — Roof -tree, n. The beam in the angle of a 
roof; the roof itself. 

Rook, rotik, n. (Chess.) One of the 4 pieces placed 
on the corner squares of the board; a castle. [F. 
roc.fr. Per. rokh, name of the chessman, also a hero, 
a night, a rhinoceros, and a fabulous beast.] 

Rook, rot)k, n. A gregarious bird resembling the 
crow, but differing from it in 
feeding chiefly on insects 
and grain, instead of carrion 
and the like. — v. i. {rooked 
(rot>kt), rooking.] To cheat, 
defraud; to squat or sit close. 
— v. t. To cheat, defraud by 
cheating. [Onomat.; AS. 
hroc, Ic. hrokr, OHG. hrush ; 
s. rt. Ga. roc = E. to croak, 
Goth. hrukjan=E. to crow, 
Skr. knic, to cry out.] — 
Rook'ery, -er-T, n. A place ll00K - 

where rooks congregate and build their nests, as a 
wood, etc. ; an overcrowded, dilapidated building, 
or cluster of buildings. — Rook'y, -I, o. Inhabited 
by rooks. 

Room, room, n. Space; space unoccupied; place for 
reception of a person or thing; an apartment in a 
house ; opportunity to act; place or stead left by 
another; compass; scope; latitude. — v.i. [roomed 
(roomd), rooming.] To occupy a room or apart- 
ment ; to lodge. [AS., Dan., and Sw. rum, space, 
also spacious, Ic. and OHG. rum, space ; s. rt. L- 
rus, open country, Zend ravanh, wide, free, open, 
E. rummage.] — Room'y, -i. a. Having ample room; 
spacious; wide. — Roominess, n. 

Roorback, roor'bak, n. A sensational story, esp. for 




stin, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



ROOST 



496 



ROTARY 




political effect ; a circumstantial falsehood. [Fr. a 
pretended book of "Travels of Baron Roorback."] 

Roost, roost, n. The pole on which birds rest at night; 
a perch ; a collection of fowls roosting together. — 
v. i. To sit, rest, or sleep, as birds on a pole or tree; 
to perch. [AS. hrost, OD. roest, hen-roost; s. rt. OS. 
hrost, Goth, and Ic. hrof= E. roof, — fowls roosting 
on inner roof-timbers.] — Roost'er, n. The male of 
the domestic fowl, considered as the head or chief 
of thej-oost ; a cock. 

Root, root, n. {Bot.) That part of a plant, usually- 
underground, from which 
it receives support and 
through which it imbibes 
nourishment from the 
earth, etc. An edible or es- 
culent root; that which re- 
sembles a root as a source 
of nourishment or support; 
that from which anything 
proceeds as if by growth or 
development ; an ancestor 
or progenitor; an early 
race ; a word from which 
other words are formed; 
a radical; cause or occasion 
by which anything is 
brought about. (Math.) 
That factor of a quantity 
which when multiplied 
into itself will produce that 
quantity. That which resembles a root in position ; 
the lowest place, position, or part. — v. i. To enter 
the earth as roots ; to take root and begin to grow; 
to become firmly fixed or established, — v. t. To 
plant and fix deeply in the earth, or as in the earth; 
to make deep or radical; to tear up by the root, 
eradicate, extirpate. [Ic. and Sw. rot, Dan. rod, 
Goth, waurts, AS. wyrt=E. wort, L. radix, Gr. 
rhiza, a root.] — Root'let, n. A radicle; a little root; 
a branch of a root. — Root'y, -Y, a. Full of roots. 
— Root, v. i. To turn up the earth with the snout, 
as swine ; to fawn servilely. — v. t. To turn up 
with the snout, as swine. [AS. wrotan, Ic. rota, fr. 
rot.] — Roofer, n. One who, or that which, roots; 
one that tears up by the roots. 

Rope, rop, n. A large, stout, twisted cord, of not less 
than an inch in circumference; a row or string con- 
sisting of a number of things united ; in Eng., a 
measure of length =6 2-3 yards. — v. i. [roped 
(ropt), roping.] To be formed into rope ; to be 
drawn out or extend into a filament or thread, as a 
glutinous substance. — v. t. To draw by, or as by, 
a rope. [AS. rap, Ic. reip, a rope, G. reif, circle, 
barrel-hoop, also rope; perh. s. rt. Gr. rhaibos, bent, 
rhemhein, to turn round.] — Rop'y, -T, a. Stringy; 
adhesive; viscous; tenacious; glutinous. — Rop'ery, 
-er-t, n. A place where ropes are made. — Rope'- 
dan'cer, n. One who walks or dances on a rope 
extended through the air. — lad'der, n. A ladder 
made of ropes. — walk, n. A long, covered walk 
or building where ropes are manufactured. 

Roquelaure, rok'e-lor, n. A surtout formed to button 
from top to bottom in front. [F., fr. a Due de 
Roquelaure, who first introduced it.] 

Roriferous, ro-rif'er-us, a. Generating or producing 
dew. [L. rorifer, fr. ros, roris (Lithuan. rasa, dew; 
Skr. rasa, juice, essence, ras, tojaste), and ferre, to 
bear.] — Rosicru'cian, rSz-T- kroo'shan, n. One of a 
sect of hermetical philosophers which came into be- 
ing about the close of the 17th century : they pro- 
fessed great knowledge of the secrets of nature. — a. 
Pert, to the Rosicrucians, or their arts. [L. ros and 
crux, cross, — dew being, according to those philos- 
ophers, the most powerful dissolvent of gold, and 
the cross the emblem of light.] — Rose'mary, roz'- 
ma-rl, n. A shrubby aromatic plant of several spe- 
cies, whose pungent evergreen leaves are used for fla- 
voring soup, etc., and furnish a fragrant oil used in 
making cologne, Hungary water, etc. [OF. rosema- 
rin, L. rosemarinus, lit. sea-dew, f r. ros and marinus, 
marine, q. v.] 

Rorqual, rdr'kwal, n. A cetaceous mammal allied to 
the common whale, but more ferocious and yielding 
less bone and oil: it is characterized by a dorsal fin 
and longitudinal folds on the throat and under parts. 
[Norw. rorqualus, a whale with folds.] 

Rose. See Rise. 

Rose, roz, n. A plant and flower of many species and 
varieties; a rosette; a perforated nozzle for distrib- 
uting water. [AS.; L. rosa. Gr. rhodon C^Eolic form 



brodori), f r. Ar. ward, a rose, flower.] — Ros'y, -Y, a. 
[-ier; -iest.] Like a rose in form, color, etc.; bloom- 
ing; red; blushing. — Rose'-bug, -cha'fer, n. A SDe- 
cies of diurnal beetle, which feeds on the blossoms 
of the rose, and on various other plants. — cold, -fe'- 
ver, n. Hay-fever, q. v. — -col'ored, a. Having the 
color of a rose ; uncommonly beautiful ; exaggera- 
tedly fine or pleasing; extravagant. — -di'amond, n. 
A diamond nearly hemispherical, one side of which 
is flat, and the other cut into 24 triangular planes in 
2 ranges. — wa'ter, n. Water tinctured with roses 
by distillation. — a. Having the odor of rose-water; 
affectedly nice or delicate; sentimental. — wind'ow, 
n. (Arch.) A circular window with a series of mul- 
lions diverging from the center, forming divisions 
which bear a general resemblance to the leaves of a 
rose. — wood, n. The wood of several different 
kinds of trees, growing in warm climates, much 
used in cabinet-work. — Under the rose. (L. sub 
rosa.) In secret ; privately ; in a manner that for- 
bids disclosure, — the rose being, among the an- 
cients, the symbol of secrecy, and hung up at enter- 
tainments, as a token that nothing there said was to 
be divulged. — Ro'seate, -ze-at, a. Full of roses ; 
rosy; of a rose color; blooming. — Rosa'ceous, -za ,r - 
shus, a. (Bot.) Composed of several petals, ar- 
ranged like those of the rose ; pert, to the rose family 
of plants. [L. rosaceus, fr. rosa.] — Ro'sary, -za-rl, 
n. A bed of roses, or place where roses grow. (Rom. 
Cath. Ch.) A series of prayers, and a string of beads 
by which they are counted. [F. rosaire, LL. rosa- 
rium.]— Rosette', -zef, n. An imitation of a rose 
made of ribbon or other material, used as an orna- 
ment. (Arch.) An ornament in form of a rose. [F.] 

Rosemary, Rosicrucian. See under Roriferous. 

Rosin, roz'in, n. The resin left after distilling off the 
volatile oil from the different species of turpentine. 

— v. t. To rub with rosin. [Same as resin.] — Ros'- 
iny, -T, a. Like rosin, or partaking of its qualities. 

Ross, ros, n. The rough, scaly matter on the surface 
of the bark of trees. [Cf. ProvG. grus, graus, coarse 
sand, gravel, rubbish/) 

Roster, rosier, n. (Mil.) A list of officers. [Corrupt, 
of register.] 

Rostrum, ros'trum, n. The beak or bill of a bird ; 
beak of a ship. (Rom. Antiq.) An elevated place 
in the forum, for public speakers. Any elevated 
platform from which a speaker addresses an audi- 
ence. [L., fr. rodere, to gnaw: see Rodent.] — Ros'- 
tral, a. Resembling, or pert, to, a rostrum, or to the 
beak. — Ros'trate, -trated, a. (Bot. & Conch.) Hav- 
ing a process resembling the beak of a bird; beaked; 
furnished or adorned with beaks. 

Rosy. See under Rose. 

Rot, rot, v. i. To be decomposed into simple parts; to 
go to decay, putrefy, corrupt, spoil. — -. t. To make 
putrid, bring to corruption, — n. The process of rot- 
ting ; decay ; putrefaction ; a fatal distemper inci- 
dent to sheep; a form of decay which attacks timber, 

— usually called dry-rot; a disease very injurious to 
the potato. [ME. roten, AS. rotian, D. rotten. Ic. 
rotria, to rot: perh. s. rt. L. ruere, E. ruin.]— Rot'- 
ten, -tn, a. Having rotted; putrid; decayed; offen- 
sive to the smell ; not firm or trusty ; carious ; un- 
sound; corrupt; deceitful; treacherous. [Ic. rotinn, 
Sw. rutten.] — Rot'tenness, n. — Rot 'ten-stone, n. 
(Min.) A soft stone used for polishing, and for 
cleaning metallic substances. 

Rotary, ro'ta-rT, a. Turning, as a wheel on its axis; 
pert, to, or resembling, the motion of a wheel on its 
axis ; rotatory. [Fr. L. rota, Ga. and Ir. roth, Lith- 
uan. ratas, G. rad, a wheel, Lithuan. ratai, Skr. 
ratha, a wheeled vehicle, fr. ri, to go ; s. rt. round, 
roll, roioell, 
etc.] — Rot.i- 
ry pump. A 
m a c h i n e 
consisting of 
one or more 
project in n s 
acting as 
plungers, 
fixed to an 
axle and re- 
volving in a 
cylindrical 

Tnl'o ;^: Rotary Pump. 

cing fluids. — Ro'tate, -tat, it. (Bot.) Wheel-shaped. 

— v. i. To revolve or move round a center; to go 
out of office, and be succeeded by another, —v. t~ 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



ROTE 



497 



ROVE 




Rotate Corolla. 



To cause to revolve. [L. ro- 
tare, -tatum, to revolve, fr. 
rota.] — Rota'tion, n. Act of 
rotating or 1 11 r n ing, as a 
wheel or solid body on its 
axis; any return or succes- 
sion in a series; frequent 
change of crog on any piece 
of land, or of incumbents in 
an office. [L. rotatio, fr. ro- 

tare.}— Ro'tative, -tiv, a. Turning as a wheel; ro- 
tary. — Ro'tatory, a. Turning on an axis, as a wheel ; 
foing in a circle ; following in succession. [Fr. 
,. rotator, a thing that revolves.] — Rotund'', a. 
Round; circular; spherical: complete; entire. [L. 
rotundus, fr. rota. ] — Rotundity, -l-tY, w. State of 
being rotund; sphericity; circularity. — Rotun'da, 
-da, n. Any building that is round both on the out- 
side and inside.— Rotund'ifo'lious, -T-fo'lT-us, a. 
(Bot.) Having round leaves. [L. rotundus and fo- 
lium, a leaf .J — Roue, roo-a', n. A debauchee; rake. 
[F., prop. p. p. of rotter, to break upon the wheel, 
fr. roue = L. rota, — orig. one deserving to be broken 
upon the wheel.] 

Rote, rot. n. An old instrument of music, — one kind 
resembling a harp, another a fiddle. J OF.; OHG. 
hrota, LL. chrotta ; prob. s. rt. "W. crwth, a harp.] 

Rote, rot, n. A frequent repetition of forms of speech 
without attention to the meaning ; mere repetition. 
[OF. rote, F. route, a road, way, route, q. v.; s. rt. 
routine, i tt/ititre, rut.] 

Rotten. Rotten-stone. See under Rot. 

Rotund, Rou -, etc. See under Rotary. 

Rouble. Same as Ruble. 

Rouche. ?ame as Ritche. 

Rouge, roo :h, rt. A cosmetic givingji red color to the 
cheeks o~ lips. — v. i. [rouged (roozhd), rouging.] 
To painf the face or cheeks with rouge. — v. t. To 
paint or tinge with rouge. [F.; L. rvb^us = E. red, 
q. v.] 

Hough, ruf, a. Having inequalities, small ridges, or 
points on the surface ; not level, uneven ; not pol- 
ished; uncut, as a gem; tossed in waves; boisterous; 
stormy; marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; dis- 
ordered: lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish; 
ruae; uncivil; harsh; unharmonious: hard; austere. 
— n. A rude, coarse fellow ; a swaggerer ; bully ; 
rowdy; unfinished or original state.—" v. t. [roughed 
(ruft), roughing.] To render rough, roughen. [AS. 
and OHG. rtdt, OD. and Dan. ru. rough, hairy ; 
s. rt. Lithuan. ra'/kas, a fold, wrinkle, E. rug.] — 
In the rough. In an unwrought or rude condition, 
or in the' original material. — To rough it. To 
have or pursue a rough or merged course ; to en- 
counter and overcome difficulties or hardships. — 
Rough'ly, adv. In a rough manner; unevenly; harsh- 
ly; rudely; severely; austerely. — Rough'ness, n. — 
Rough'en, ruf'n, v. t. [-eked (-nd), -exing.] To 
make rough. — v. i. To grow or become rough.— 
Rough'-cast, v. t. [-cast, -casting.] To form or 
mold rudely; to plaster with a mixture of lime and 
shells or pebbles. — n. A rude model; a mixture of 
lime with shells or pebbles, used for covering build- 
ings. draw, v. t. To draw or delineate coarsely. 

— dry, v. t. To dry (clothes, etc.) after washing, 

without ironing them. hew, v. t. [imp. -hewd 

(-hud), p. p. -hewn; -hewing.] To hew coarsely, 
without smoothing. — rid'er, n. One who breaks 

horses. shod, a. Shod with shoes armed with 

points. — Tn ride roughshod. To pursue a course 
regardless of the pain or distress it may cause others. 

Rouleau, Roulette. See under Roll. 

riounce, rowns, //. (Print.) The handle of a printing- 
press. See Printing-press. [Perh. corrupt, of 
round.] 

Tound, rownd, a. Having every portion of the surface 
or of the circumference equally distant from the 
center; or having a form approaching this; circular, 
cylindrical, or curved; not angular or pointed; full; 
complete; not inconsiderable; large; fully or plump- 
ly stated ; positive ; decided. — n. That which is 
round, as a circle, globe, sphere; a series of events 
ending where it began; a cycle; a course of action or 
conduct, performed by a number of persons in turn, 
or one after another ; a series of duties to be per- 
formed in turn, and then repeated: a circular dance; 
that which goes round a whole circle or company; 
notation, as in office: succession; step of a ladder ; 
ihigh of a beef creature below the edge bone (Mus.) 
A short, vocal piece, in which .3 or 4 voices follow 
each other round in a species of fugue in the uni- 



son. (Mil.) A general discharge of fire-arms by a 
body of troops, in which each soldier fires once. — 
udv. On all sides; around; circularly ; from one 
side or party to another; by or in a circuit; back to 
the starting-point; through a circle, as of friends or 
houses. — prep. On every side of ; around; about. — v. 
t. To make circular, spherical, cylindrical, orcurved; 
to complete ; to make round "and protuberant ; to 
move about, go round. — v. i. To grow or become 
round or full. [OF. roond, F. rond, L. rotundus, fr. 
rota, a wheel : see Rotary.] — Round number. A 
number that may be divided by 10 without a re- 
mainder: a whole number approximately near the 
truth. — R. robin. A written petition, memorial, re- 
monstrance, or instrument, signed by names in a 
ring or circle, so as not to show who signed it first. — 
R. trot. A full, brisk, quick trot — R. turn. (Naut.) 
One turn of a rope round a timber. — Atar. rate. 
Rapidly. — R. steak. A cut of the thigh through 
and across the bone. — To r. to. (Naut.) To turn the 
head of the ship toward the wind — Rounding, -ish, 
a. Somewhat, or nearly, round. — Round'ly, adv. 
In a round form or manner: openly; boldly; plain- 
ly: briskly; with speed. — Round'ness. it. — Round'- 
about, a. Indirect; going round: loose. — n. A sort 
of surtout ; an armchair with a rounded back ; a 
jacket worn by boys, sailors, and others. — Round'- 
b.9ad, a. A Puritan, — so called from their practice 
of cropping the hair. — Round-house, n. A consta- 
ble's prison. (Naut.) A cabin on the after part of 
the quarter-deck; a privy near the head of a vessel. 
A building in connection with a railroad station, for 
housing locomotives. — Roundlet, /). A little circle. 

— Roundr/man, n. A policeman not on duty in a 
particular precinct, but who inspects the rounds of 
the patrolmen.— Round'-shoul'dered, -dercl.a. Hav- 
ing the shoulders projecting behind; round-backed. 

— Roun'del, n. A round form or c 
figure ; a circle ; a small circular 
shield, in the 14th and 15th centu- 
ries. (Her.) A circular spot ; an 
ordinary in the form of a small 
circle. (Mus.) A roundelay, q. v. 
[OF. rondel, rondeau, dim. of 
rond. J —Rondeau', ron-do', n. A 
species of lyric poetry so composed 
as to contain a refrain or repetition, 
which occurs according to a fixed 
law. (Mus.) A composition, m 
which the first strain is repeated 
at the end of each of the other strains. [F. : see 
above.] — Roun'delay, -de-la, n. A sort of ancient 
poem, in which certain parts are reneated, and that, 
if possible, in an equivocal or punning sense. [F. 
rondelet, dim. of OF. rondel.] 

Rouse, rowz, v. t. [roused (rowzd), rousing.] To 
wake from sleep or repose; to excite to lively thought 
or action; to awaken into activity, as the attention, 
or some passion, emotion, or faculty; to put into mo- 
tion, agitate; to startle or surprise. — r. i. To awake 
from sleep or repose; to be excited to thought or ac- 
tion. [Sw. rusa, Dan. ruse, AS. hreosan, to rush ; s. rt. 
rush, arouse; not s. rt. raise, rise.] — Rous'er, n. 

Rouse, rowz, n. A carousal; festival: drinking frolic. 
[Sw. rus, D. roes, Dan. ruus, drunkenness; prob. s. 
rt. Ic. hi osa, to praise, Sw. and Dan. ros, praise, fame; 
same as row.] 

Roust, rowst, r. t. To rouse, disturb, vex. [Prob. same 
as rouse.] — Roust'about, -a-bowt, n. A laborer on a 
steamboat, who loads and unloads the cargo, etc.; a 
shiftless vagrant. 

Rout, rowt, n. A fashionable assemhly, or large even- 
ing party; a tumultuous crowd; ralihle; an uproar; 
noise; defeat of an army or band of t'o^ps; disorder 
and confusion of troops put to flight. — ?•. r. To de- 
feat and throw into confusion, disc mfit. beat, over- 
power, overthrow, conquer. [Same word as route; 
ME. route, a number of people, troop, OF. route, an 
overthrow, defeat, also a flock, troop, company of 
men or beasts, also a way, path, street, course (mod. 
F. route has only the last meaning), fr. L, mpta (fern, 
of p. p. of rumpere, ruptum), broken — i. e. a broken 
or disordered army, etc., or a way broken or cut 
through a forest; s. rt. rote, rupture, ? at.] 

Route, root or rowt, n. The course or way traveled or 
to be passed : a passingj course ; march. [F.: see 
Rout.] — Routine', roc-ten', n. A round of business, 
amusements, or pleasure, daily or frequently pup 
sued; any regular course of action adnered to by 
mere force of habit. [F., dim. of route.] 
Rove, rov, v. i. [roved (rovd), roving.] To wander, 




Roundel. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get 



ROVE 



498 



RUE 



ramble, range; to go, move, or pass without certain 
direction in any manner. — v. t. To wander over, 
ramble, stroll. [D. rooven, to rob, fr. roof, AS. reaf, 
spoil, plunder: see Reave, — a robber or pirate be- 
ing a rover; s. rt. rob, robe, etc.] — Rov'er, rov'er, n. 
A wanderer; a fickle or inconstant person; a robber 
or pirate; freebooter. 

Rove, rov, v. t. To draw through an eye or aperture; 
to draw out into flakes; to card (wool). [Prob. same 
as reeve, q. v., under Reef.] 

Row, ro, n. A series of persons or things in a contin- 
ued line; a line; rank; file. [AS. raw, rsewe, a row; 
not s. rt. D. rij, G. reihe, a row, fr. OHG. rihan, to 
string together.] 

Row, ro, v. t. [rowed (rod), rowing.] To impel (a 
boat or vessel) along the surface of water by oars; to 
transport by rowing, — v. i. To labor with the oar; 
to be moved by oars. — n. An excursion in a row- 
boat. [AS. rowan, Ic. roa, Sw. ro, to row; s. rt. Skr. 
aritra, Gr. eretmos, L. remus, a paddle, oar, E. rud- 
der.~\— Row'er, n. — Rowlock, ro'lok or ruKuk, n. 
(Naut.) A contrivance or arrangement in or against 
which an oar works in rowing. — Row'-boat, n. A 
boat propelled by oars. 

Row, row, n. A riotous, noisy disturbance ; uproar ; 
affray ; quarrel. — v. i. To be riotous. [Same as 
rouse, a carousal.] — Row^dy, -df, n. One who en- 
gages in rows, or riots ; a riotous, turbulent fellow ; 
turbulent fellow; a rough. 

Rowel. roWel, n. The little wheel of a spur, formed 
with sharp points. (Far.) A roll of hair or silk, an- 
swering to a seton in surgery. — v. t. [roweled 
(-eld), -eling.] (Far.) To insert a rowel in. [F. 
rouetle, LL. rotella, dim. of L. rota, a wheel : see 
Rotary.] 

Row'en, row'en, n. A stubble-field left unplowed un- 
til after Michaelmas, that the corn left on the ground 
may sprout into green; the 2d growth of grass in a 
season; aftermath. ("Peril, for roughings, fr. rough.'] 

Royal, roi'al, a. Kingly; pert, to the crown; becom- 
ing a king or queen ; regal ; founded by or under 
the patronage of royalty; noble; illustrious; august; 
majestic; magnanimous. — n. A large kind of paper, 
usually 20 by 25 inches or more. (Naut.) A small 
sail above the top-gallant-sail: see Sail. [OF. real, 
roial, L. regalis =E. regal, q. v.] — Roy'alism, -izm, 
n. Principles or conduct of royalists. — Roy'aiist, n. 
An adherent to a king, or one attached to a kingly 
government. — Roy'alize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] 
To make royal. — Roy /, aHy, adv. — Roy'alty, n. 
State of being royal ; kingship ; kingly office ; the 
person of a king or sovereign ; royal prerogative ; 
kingdom; domain; province; sphere; a tax or duty 
paid to the crown or government, as on the produce 
of a mine; (Com.) a duty paid by one who uses the 
patent of another, at a certain rate for each article 
manufactured; or a percentage paid to the owner of 
an article orprivilege by one who hires the use of it. 
[ME. and OF. realte.] 

Roysterer. Same as Roisterer. 

Rub, rub, v. t. [rubbed (rubd), -bing.I To move 
backwards and forwards upon the surface of, with 
pressure or friction; to wipe, clean, scour; to spread 
a substance thinly over the surface of ; to smear. 
— v. i. To move along the surface of a body with 
pressure ; to fret, chafe ; to move or pass with dif- 
ficulty. — n. Act of rubbing; friction; that which 
rubs, esp., a difficulty or obstruction hard to over- 
come, a pinch ; something grating to the feelings ; 
sarcasm; joke. [Ga., to rub, Ga. and Ir. rubadh, a 
rubbing ; not s. rt. G. reiben, to rub, E. rive.] — To 
rub down. To clean by rubbing, comb or curry. — 
| To r. off. — To separate by friction. — To r. out. — 
i To remove or separate by friction, erase. — To r. up. 
To burnish, polish, clean ; to excite, awaken, rouse 
to action. — Rub'ber, n. One who, or that which, 
rubs ; in some games of chance, as whist, etc., the 
decisive game or games ; or a contest of 3 games ; 
a small block of India-rubber for erasing pencil 
marks; pi. overshoes made of India-rubber. — India- 
rubber. Caoutchouc,— so called as having been orig. 
used to rub out pencil marks. 

Rubbish, rub'bish, n. Waste or rejected matter; any- 
thing worthless ; fragments ; ruins ; debris. [ME. 
roboios, robeux, obs. F. robel, dim. of robe, spoil, a 
garment, odds and ends, trash; It. robiccia, rubbish, 
trifles, trash, fr. Olt. robba, a robe, goods, pelf, trash; 
not s. rt. nib.] — Rub'ble, -bl. n. Water-worn or rough 
stones, broken bricks, etc., used in coarse masonry, 
or to fill up between walls. [ME. robeaux : see 
above.]— Rub'ble-stoncn. Rubble. (Geol.) Akind 



of conglomerate rock composed of fragments of dif- 
ferent kinds of rock cemented together by some 
substance. 

Rubescent, Rubicund, etc. See under Ruby. 

Ruble, roo'bl, n. A silver com of Russia, worth from 
$0.75 to $0.86; a gold coin of Russia, 100 of which are 
held equal to 103 of the silver ruble. [Russ. rubl, 
orig. ajpiece cut off, fr. rubite, to cut.] 

Ruby, roc'bi, n. (Min.) A precious stone or mineral, 
of a crimson or carmine red color. (Print.) A size 
of printing type smaller than nonpareil, — so called 
in Eng. : in the U. S. it is called agate. 

B3™ This line is printed in ruby, or agate. 

— a. Having the color of the ruby; red. [OF. and 
Sp. rubi, LL. rubinus, a ruby, fr. L. ruber, red (q. v.), 
rubere, to be red.] — Rubefacient, -shent, a. Making 
red. — n. (Med.) A substance which produces red- 
ness of the skin. [L. rubefaciens, p. pr. of rubefacere ; 
facere, to make.] — Rubes'cent, -bes'sent, a.' Grow- 
ing or becoming red ; tending to a red color. [L. 
rubescens, p. pr. of rubescere. to grow red, fr. rubere.] 

— Ru'bicund, -bT-kund,a. Inclining to redness. [F. 
rubicunde, L. rubicundus.] — Rubiric, a. Making 
red. [L. facere, to make.] — RuObrfica'tion, n. Act 
of making red ; that which serves to make red. — 
Ru'biform, a. Having the form or nature of red. 
[L. forma, form.] — Rubi'go, n. (Bot.) A kind of 
rust on plants, consisting of a parasitic fungus; mil- 
dew. [L. rubigo, rust of metals, mildew on gsain.] 

— Ru'bric, n. That part of any work which in the 
early manuscripts and typography was colored red; 
(Law-books.) the title of a statute, — anciently writ- 
ten in red letters ; (Prayer-book of the Epis. Ch.) 
the directions for the conduct of service, formerly 
printed in red; an episcopal injunction; that which 
is established or settled, as by authority. [ME. and 
OF. rubriche, F. rubrique, a rubric, fr. L. rubrica, 
orig. red earth, also a rubric (law title), fr. ruber.] — 
Ru'bric, -brical, a. Colored in red; placed in rubrics; 
pert, to the rubric. — Ru'bricate, v. t. To mark or 
distinguish with red; to arrange as in a rubric. 

Ruche, Rouche, roosh, n. A kind of plaited or goffered 
quilling. [F., fr. ruche, a beehive, which was for- 
merly made of the bark of trees, Proven. 7-usca, 
ruscha, bark.] — Ruck, ruk, v. t. [rucked (rukt), 
rucking.] To draw into wrinkles or folds; to crease. 

— v. i. To be drawn into wrinkles. — n. A wrinkle, 
fold, or plait in a piece of cloth. [Ic. hrukka, a wrin- 
kle ; prob. s. rt. D. kreuk, a bend, fold, wrinkle, W. 
crych, a wrinkle, E. crook; prob. not s. rt. L. ruga, 
a wrinkle.] 

Ructation, ruk-ta'shun, n. Act of belching wind from 



the stomach. [L. ructare, -tatum, to belch.] 
Rudd, rud, n. A fresh-water European fish 



the 




Rudd. 



carp family ; it has red 
irises, fins, and tail ; the 
red-eye. [AS. rudu, red- 
ness, reodan, to redden : 
see Red.] — Rud'dy, -dT, 
a. [-dier ; -diest.J Of a 
red color; of a lively flesh 
color. — Rud'diness, n. — 
Rud'dle, -dl, n. (Min.) A 
species of red earth; red ocher. 

Rudder, rud'der, n. (Naut.) The instrument by which 
a ship or other vessel is steered : see Ship. That 
which resembles a rudder as a guide or governor. 
{AS. rodher, a paddle, fr. rowan, to row, q. v.] 

Rude, rood, a. Characterized by roughness, uneven ; 
rugged; lacking delicacy or refinement; coarse; im- 
pertinent; shapeless; uncouth; rustic; vulgar; un- 
taught; ignorant; surly; churlish; uncivilized; bar- 
barous; boisterous; severe. [F.; L. rudis; s. rt. eru- 
dite.] — Rudely, adv. — Rude'ness, n. — Ru'diment, 
-dY-ment, n. That which is unformed or undevel- 
oped ; unfinished beginnings ; an element or first 
principleofanyartorscier,ce. (Nat. Hist.) An organ 
not fully formed. — [F. ; L. rudimentum, a thing in 
a rough state, first attempt.] — Rudimenfal, -ary, a. 
Pert, to rudiments, or consisting in first principles; 
initial. (Nat. Hist.) Imperfectly developed. 

Rue,roo,r.£. [rued (rood), ruing.] To lament, regret, 
grieve for. [AS. hreowan, OS. hrewan, G. reuen; 
s. rt. L. crudus, raw, crudelis, cruel, Gr. kruos, ice, 
E. crude, cruel, crystal, ruth.] — Rue'ful, -ful, a. 
Causing one to rue or lament ; woful ; mournful ; 
sorrowful; expressing sorrow. — Rue'ftuly, adv. 

Rue, roo, n. A plant, having a strong, heavy odor, and 
a bitter taste. [F.; L. ruta, Gr. rute.] 



8m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term : In. Ice ; Odd, tone, 3r > 



RUFF 



499 RUN 




R'.;r:-_'d Grouse 



Ruff, ruf , n. A muslin or linen 
collar plaited, crimped, or 
fluted ; something formed 
in plaits or flutings, like the 
collar of this name. (CV- 
nith.) A bird, allied to the 
woodcock and sandpiper: 
the male has a tuft of feath- 
ers around the neck during 
the breeding season; also, a 
certain species of pigeon. — 

V.t. [BUFFED Cruft),-FIXG.] 

To ruffle, disorder. [AS. 
reafan, to reave, q. v., Ic. 
rju/a, to break, rip up, ru- 
fin'n, Lithuan. rupas, rough, 
rujtle, rough bark on trees.] 

— Ruffed, ruf t, a. Furnished with a ruff 
grouse. A handsome 
Amer. bird, resembling 
the pheasant. — called 
partridge in the U. S.— 
Ruffle, -fl, V. t. [-FLED 
(-fid), -flixg.] To make 
into a ruff, draw or con- 
tract into wrinkles, 
open plaits, or folds: to 
furnish with ruffles; to 
roughen or disturb the 
surtace of : to discom- 
pose, agitate ; to throw 
into disorder or confu- 
sion. — v. i. To play 

loosely, flutter. — n. A strip of plaited cambric, or 
other fine cloth, attached to some border of a gar- 
ment; a frill: a state of being ruffled or disturbed; 
agitation; commotion. (Mil.) A low, vibrating beat 
of a drum, not so loud as a roll. —v. i. To make this 
beat on a drum. [OD. ruyffelen, to ruffle, wrinkle, 
crumple: s. rt. ruff, rumple.} 

Ruffian, ruf van or-fl-an, n. A boisterous, brutal fel- 
low : a fellow ready for any desperate crime. —a. 
Brutal; savagely boisterous. [OF. rufien, ruffien.lt. 
mffiano, LG. ruffeler, a pimp, pander, bully.] — , 
Ruf 'nanism, -izm. n. Act or conduct of a ruffian. — 
Ruffianly, a. Like a ruffian; bold in crimes: vio- 
lent ; licentious. — Ruffle, -fl, v. i. [-fled (-fid), 
-flixg.] To be noisy and turbulent ; to bluster, 
bullv. [OD. roffelen, roffen. LG. ruffeln. to pimp.] 

Ruffle. See under Ruff and Ruffian*. 

Rufous, ru'fus. a. Reddish; brownish-red. [L. rufus 

— ruber, red, q. v.] 

Rug, rug, n. A coarse, nappy, woolen fabric, used 
for protecting a carpet, and for various purposes. 
[Sw. rugg, rough, tangled hair, LG. ruug, D. ruig, 
AS. ruh, rough, q. v.] — Rug'ged, a. Full of asper- 
ities on the surface: not neat or regular: rough with 
bristles or hair; harsh; crabbed: austere; stormy: 
turbulent : tempestuous, — said of weather, wind, 
storms, etc.; rough to the ear; sour: surly; frown- 
ing: violent; rude; boisterous: vigorous: robust ; 
hardy. [Sw. ruggig.] — Rug'gedly, adv.— Rug/ged- 
nesa, n. _ 

Rugine, roo'jen. n. A surgical instrument for rasping 
bones to detach the periosteum, either in certain 
surgical operations or for anatomical purposes. [F., 
fr. ruginer, to rasp, L. runcinare, to plane off.] 

Rugose, rob-gos'. a. Wrinkled; full of wrinkles. [L. 
rUgosus, fr. ruga, Ir. & Ga. rug, a wrinkle.] — Rugos r - 
ity, -gSs'I-tT, n. State of being rugose or wrinkled. 

Ruin, roo'in, n. That change of anything which de- 
strovs it, or entirely defeats its object, or unfits it 
for "use ; that which is fallen down and become 
worthless; esp., in pi., the remains of a destroyed or 
desolate house, fortress, city, etc.; state of being de- 
cayed, or worthless; that which promotes injury, de- 
cay, or destruction.— r. t. [ruixed (-ind). ruixixg.] 
To bring to ruin, impair seriouslv, damage essen- 
tially. — v. i. To fall to ruins; to perish. [ME. and 
F. raine, L. ruina, fr. mere, to fall down, rush.] — 
Ruina'tion, n. Subversion; overthrow: demolition. 
— Ru'iner, n. — Ru'inous, -us, a. Brin?in2, or tend- 
ing to brins, certain ruin; characterized' by ruin: 
composed of. or consisting in, ruins: dilapidated; 
decayed ; pernicious: destructive: wasteful ; mis- 
chievous. [F. ruirieux.] — Ru'inously, aJv.-Eu'- 



£ule, rool. n. An instrument which serves as a <ruide 
in drawing a straight line; that which is prescribed i 
or laid down as a guide to conduct or action: a mi- ' 
nor law; the administration of law; government: au- 



thority; control. — v. t. [ruled (roold), rulixg.] 
To murk with lines bv a ruler; to exercise authority 
over, govern; to establish or lay down (a rule, de- 
cree, decision). (Law.) To require or command by 
rule; to enter a rule against— v. i. To have power 
or command; to exercise supreme authority. (Law.) 
To decide, order by rule, enter a rule. (Com.) To 
stand or maintain on a level. [OF. riule, reule, L. 
reyula, fr. regere, to govern: see Regal.]— Rule of 
three. (Ariih.) That rule which directs, when 3 
terms are given, how to find a 4th; proportion. — R. 
of thumb. Any rude process or operation, like that 
of measuring by the length of the thumb. — Ruf a- 
ble, a. Accordant or conformable to rule. — Ruf er, 
n. An instrument with straight edges or sides, for 
drawing lines; one who rules; a governor.— Ruf ing. 
p. a. Marking with, or as with, a ruler; predomi- 
nant; reigning; controlling; prevailing: prevalent. 

Rum, rum, n. A kind of intoxicating liquor distilled 
from cane juice, or from treacle or molasses. [It. ; 
Pg. rom, F. rhum, prob. corrupt, of Malay brum, a 
liquor made from palm-sugar or molasses and fer- 
mented rice.] 

Rum, rum, a. Queer; odd; strange; curious. [Gypsy 
rout, a gypsy, a husband, also as adj. (in their opin- 
ion) good, gallant, (to others) strange, suspicious: 
pern. s. rt. &kr. clomba, one of low caste who lives 
by singing, dancing, etc., Hind, dom, one of a low 
caste: see Rom.] 

Rumble, rum'bl, n. A boot with a seat above it for 
servants, behind a carriage; alow, heavy sound; a 
rumbling. — v. i. [bumbled (-bid), -blixg.] To 
make a low, heavy, continued sound. [Onomat.; D. 
rommelen, Dan. rumle, It. rombare, to rumble, Sw. 
ramla, to rattle, Skr. ru, to hum.] — Runfbler, n. 

Rumb. Same as Rhumb; see under Rhomb. 

Ruminate, roo'mT-nat, v. i. To chew the cud; to muse, 
meditate, ponder. —v.t. To chew over again; to 
muse on, meditate. [L. ruminare, -nation, fr. rumen, 
the throat, gullet; prob. s. rt. OL. erugare, to belch, 
rugire, to roar, bray, E. rumble, rumor.} — Ru'mi- 
nant, a. Chewing the cud. — n. An animal that 
chews the cud, as the camel, deer, goat, and bovine 
kind. [L. ruminans, p. pr. of ruminare.] — Rumina''- 
tion, n. Act of ruminating, or chewing the cud; de- 
liberate meditation or reflection. — Ru'mina'tor, n. 

Rummage, runf mej, n. A searching carefully by 
looking into every corner, and by turning things 
over. — v. t. [rummaged (-mejd), -magixg.] Tu 
search or examine thoroughly, esp. by turning over 
or moving things. (JVaur.) To remove (goods or lug- 
gage) from one place to another. — v. i. To search 
a place narrowly. [Orig. roomage = stowage, nau- 
tical term for the close packing of things on a ship ; 
D. ruim, room, also the hold of a ship, rmmen, to emp- 
ty, clear^ make room: see Room.] — Runfmager, n. 

Rumor, roo'mer, n. A current story passing from one 
person to another, without any known authority 
for its truth; a story well authorized: fame: reputa- 
tion : report ; hearsav ; story. — v. t. [rumored 
(-merd), -morixg.] To report by rumor, tell. [L.; 
s. rt. rumble.'] — Ru'morer, n. A reporter; a teller 
of news. 

Rump, rump, n. The end of the back-bone of an ani- 
mal, with the parts adjacent; the buttocks; the part 
of a beef creature above the edge bone, extending 
from the round to the loin : see Beef. [ME. and 
Dan. rv.mpe, Ic. rumpr.] 

Rumple, runfpl. v. i. [-pled (-pld), -plixg.] To make 
uneven, wrinkle, disorder by rough usage, — n. An 
irregular fold or plait. [AS. hrimpan, p. p. gehrvaa- 
pen, D. rompelen, rompen, to wrinkle, rimple, rompel, 
rimpel, a wrinkle; s. rt. rimple, ripple.] 

Rumpus, runfpus, n. A disturbance; noise and con- 
fusion, quarrel. [It. rombazzo, a clatter, Swiss rum- 
pusen, to romp.] 

Run, run, v. i. [imp. rax or rux; p. p. bun; ruxnixg.] 
To go with a lighter or more rapid gait than by 
walking; to move with an easy or rapid movement; 
to hasten, hurry; to retreat, flee; to steal off. quit, de- 
part ; to contend in a race, enter, as a candidate, into a 
contest; to go from one state to another; to proceed; 
to pass, in thought or conversation, from one sub- 
ject to another: to press for payment (upon a bank, 
etc.) with numerous demands: to be moved, pass, 
zo. — said of involuntary motion: as, to flow, as a 
liquid: to descend, a? a stream: to proceed along a 
surface, extend, spread: to turn, as a wheel; to move 
on wheels or runners: to extend through a period 
of time; to go back and forth from place to place, as 
a stage, packet, etc.: to pass; to continue in opera- 



sun, cube, full ; motm, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



RUNAGATE 



500 



RYE 




tion; to have a course or direction; to be in form 
thus, as a combination of words; to have growth or 
development; to tend, incline; to spread and blend 
together; to continue without falling due; to hold 
good. — v. t. To cause to run; to pursue in thought; 
to cause to enter, thrust; to drive or force; to shape, 
mold, cast; to cause to be drawn, mark out, deter- 
mine; to smuggle; to be exposed to the risk of, haz- 
ard, venture; to sew by passing the needle through 
cloth back and forth in a continuous line. — n. Act 
of running; that which runs; a method or rate of 
running; mode of conduct or procedure; state of be- 
ing current; currency; prevalence; a small stream; 
brook; creek; a pressure on a bank or treasury for 
payment of its notes. [AS. rinnan (imp. ran, p. p. 
gerunnen); s. rt. Gr. ornumi, I stir up, erchomai, I go, 
L. oriri, Skr. rinorni, to rise, ri, to go, E. rennet (== 
runnet).] — To run down. {Naut.) To run against 
and sink (a vessel); to crush, overthrow, overbear. — 
To r. hard. To press with jokes, sarcasm, or ridi- 
cule; to urge or press importunately.— To r. through. 
To expend, waste.— To r. up. To thrust up; to in- 
crease, enlarge by additions, as an account. — In the 
long r. In or during the whole process or course of 
things taken together; in the final result. — To let go 
by the r. {Maut.) To loosen (lines) so as to let that 
which they support fall completely. — Run'ner, n. 
One who or that 
which runs; a racer; 
one who solicits cus- 
tom for hotels, 
steamboats, etc. ; one 
of the curved pieces 
on which a sled or 
sleigh slides. {Bot.) 
A slender branch 
running along the Runners, 

ground, and form- 
ing roots and a young plant at its extremity.— 
Run'away, -a-wa, n. One who flees from danger or 
restraint: a fugitive. — a. Fleeing, etc.; accom- 
plished by or during flight ; addicted to running 
away, — said of a horse, etc. —Runaway, n. The 
channel of a stream ; the path to feeding-grounds 
made by deer, etc. — Run'-rouad, n. (Med.) A 
felon; whitlow. — Run'let, -nel, n. A little run; 
small brook: rivulet. — Run'net, n. Rennet, q. v.— 
Run'ning-gear, -ger, n. The wheels, axles, etc., of 
a vehicle, — disting. fr. the body. 

Runagate, ruiT'a-gat, n. A fugitive; vagabond; apos- 
tate; renegade. [ME. spelling of renegade, q. v. J 

Rundle, run'dl, n. A round ; a step of a ladder; 
something put round an axis. [G. rund= E. round, 
q. v.] _ 

Rune, roon, n. One of the letters or characters of a 
peculiar alphabet in use among the Norsemen ; a 
rhyme, etc., written in such characters ; anything 
obscure or mysterious. [AS. and Ic. run, Goth, and 
OHG. runa, a secret, counsel, mystery, whence G. 
raunen. to whisper ; s. rt. rumor.] — Ru'nic, a. Of, 
or pert, to, the Runes, or the language and letters of 
the ancient Norsemen. 

Rung. See Ring. 

Rung, rung, n. {Naut.) A floor timber in a ship. One 
of the rounds of a ladder, or stakes of a cart. [AS. 
hi-ung, stake of a cart, OD. ronge, beam of a plow, 
Ic. and Ga. rovg, rib of a ship, G. runge, an iron or 
wooden pin or bolt, Goth, hrugga, a staff ; prob. s. 
rt. ring.] 

Runlet, Runner, Runnet. See under Run. 

Runt, runt, n. Any animal small below the natural 
or usual size of the species. [Scot, runt, an old cow, 
old withered woman, hardened stem or stalk, trunk 
of a tree, G. rump/, trunk of a tree.] 

Rupee, ru-pe', n. A coin and money of account in 
the E. Indies: the gold rupee of Bombay and Ma- 
dras is worth about $7.00; the silver rupee, coined 
by the E. I. Co. at Calcutta, nearly $0.50. [Hind, 
and Per. rupiyah, silver, a rupee, Skr. rupya, silver, 
wrought silver or gold, handsome.] 

Rupture, rup/chur, n. Act of breaking or bursting; 
state of bein'; broken or violently parted; breach of 
peace or concord: between nations, open hostility 
or war. {Med.) Hernia. — v. t. [ruptured (-churd), 
-Turing.] To part by violence, break, burst. '[F.; 
L. ruptura, a breach, prob. fern, of fut. p. of rum- 
pere, ruptum, to burst, break; s. rt. AS. reofan = E. 
reave, q. v., also E. abrupt, bankrupt, corrupt, dis- 
ruption, interruption, rote, route, rut, loot, perh. loop, 
'ruff, ruffle.] — Rup'tion, -shun, n. A breaking or 
bursting open; breach. [L. ruptio.] 










.Rustic Masonry. 



Rural, roo'ral, a. Pert, or belonging to the country, 
as disting. fr. a city or town; pert, to farming or 
agriculture; rustic. [F.; L. ruralis, fr. rus, ruris, 
the country, prob. for rovus or ravus ; s. rt. Russ. 
raviina, Zend, ravan, a plain, E. room, roister.] — 
Ru'ralist, n. One who leads a rural lite. — Rua'tic, 
a. Pert, to the country 
rude ; unpolished ; coarse; 
plain ; simple ; artless ; in- 
elegant ; untaught ; awk- 
ward ; rough ; honest. — n. 
An inhabitant of the coun- 
try; a clown. [F. rustique, 
L. rusticus, f r. rus.] — Rus'- 
tically, -tik-al-lT, adv. In a 
rustic manner ; rudely. — 
Rus'ticate, v. i. To dwell 
in the country, — v. t. To 
compel to reside in the 
country; to banish from a 

town or college for a time Rustica'tion, n, Act 

of, or state of being, etc.— Rustic'ity, -tis't-ti, n. 
State of being rustic ; rustic manners ; rudeness; 
coarseness; simplicity; artlessness. [F. rusticM.] 

Ruse, rooz, n. An artifice ; trick ; stratagem ; wile ; 
fraud ; deceit. [F., fr. ruse.r, to beguile, use tricks, 
contr. fr. OF. reiiser, to refuse, recoil, retreat, use 
tricks to escape, fr. L. recusare, to refuse, q. v.] 

Rush, rush, n. {Bot.) A plant of many species, grow- 
ing in wet ground. The merest trifle; a straw. [AS. 
risce, D. and G. rusch, L. rusewn.) — Rush'y, -T, a. 
Abounding with, or made of rushes. — Rush'- 
iness, n. 

Rush, rush, v. i. [rushed (rusht), rushing.] To move 
or drive forward with impetuosity, violence, and 
tumultuous rapidity; to enter with undue eager- 
ness.—!;, t. To push forward with violence, — n. 
A driving forward with eagerness and haste. [OSw. 
ruska, rusa, LG. rusken ; s. rt. rouse, rustle.] — Rush r - 
er, n. One who rushes. 

Rusk, rusk, n. A kind of light, soft cake, or a kind 
of soft, sweetened biscuit. [Sp. rosea de mar, sea- 
biscuit, rosea, roll of bread, Pg. rosea, a screw, 
winding of a serpent, — orig. a twist of bread.] 

Russ, rus or roos, n. A Russian; the language of the 
Russians. — a. Pert, to, etc. — Rus'sian, rush'an or 
roo'shan, a. Of, or pert, to, Russia, —n. A native 
or inhabitant of Russia ; language of Russia ; Russ. 

Russet, rus'set, a. Of a reddish-brown color ; home- 
spun. [F. rousset, dim. of roux (fem. rousse), L. rus- 
sus, reddish ; s. rt. red, q. v.] — Rus'set, -seting, n. 
A kind of apple of a russet color and rough skin. — 
Rus'sety, -set-T, a. Of a russet color ; russet. 

Rust, rust, n. An oxide of iron which forms a rough, 
reddish coat on the surface of that metal; any met- 
allic oxide; that which resembles rust in appearance 
or effects ; esp., a parasitic fungus which forms 
rusty spots on the leaves and stalks of many kinds 
of grain. — v. i. To be oxidized, and contract a 
roughness on the surface ; to become dull by in- 
action.— v. t. To cause to contract rust; to cor- 
rode with rust; to impair by time and inactivity. 
[AS. and Dan.; s. rt. red, q. v.]— Rust'y, -T, a. 
[-ier, -iest.] Covered, affected with, or resembling, 
rust; impaired by inaction or neglect of use; covered 
with a substance resembling rust ; rubiginous. — 
Rusfily, adv. — Rusfiness, n. 

Rustic, Rusticate, etc. See under Rural. 

Rustle, rvis'l, r. i. [rustled (-sld), -ling.] To make 
a quick succession of small sounds, like the rubbing 
of silk cloth or drv leaves. — n. A quick succession 
of small sounds like those made by rubbing silk; a 
rustling. [OSw. rvska, G. rvscheln; s. rt. rush.] 

Rut, rut, n. The copulation of animals, esp. of deer; 
time of sexual excitement among deer, etc. — v. i. 
To seek copulation. [OF., L. rvgitus, a roaring, fr. 
rugire, to roar, — fr. the noise made by deer in rut- 
ting time.] — Rufty, -i, a. Lustful. 

Rut, rut, n. A furrow or track worn by a wheel or by 
habitual passage of anything. [F. rotde, way, path, 
street: see Rout.] — Rut 'ty, -tT, a. Full of ruts. 

Rutabaga, rob'ta-ba'ga, n. A large turnip of many 
varieties; Swedish turnip. 

Ruth, rooth, n. Sorrow for the misery of another; 
pitv; tenderness. [Ic. hrygga, hrygah; s. rt. rue.] 
— Ruthless, a. Having no ruth or pity; cruel; 
pitiless. — Ruth'lessly, adv. — Ruth'lessness, n. 

Rye, ri, n. An annual herbaceous grain-bearing grass, 
intermediate between wheat and barley ; its seed, 
used as a bread-corn, esp. in Germany and Russia. 
[AS. ryge, Ic. rugr, Lithuan. ruggei, Russ. roje.] — 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, or \ 



RYOT 



501 



SACRED 



Rye'-graas, n. A grass of several species, cultivated I 
for cattle in England; the darnel. 
Ryot, ri'ot, n. A cultivator of the soil; a peasant,— | 



so called in Hindostan 

tenant, lit. a flock, feeder of flocks, fr. ra 

pasturing.] 



[Ar. ra'iyat, a subject, 
"i, feeding. 



S, es, the 19th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is a conso- 
nant, called a sibilant, from its hissing sound: it has 
2 uses; one to express a mere hissing, as in sin, this; 
the other a vocal hissing or a buzzing, like that of z, 
as in muse, wise: it generally has its hissing sound 
at the beginning of proper Eng. words, but in the 
middle and end of words its sound is to be known 
only by usage. 

Sabaoth, sa-ba'oth or sab'a-oth, n. pi. Armies; hosts, 
— used only in the phrase, Lord of Sabuoth. [Heb. 
tsebaoth, pi. of tsaba, an army, also (v.) to fight.] 

Sabbath, sab'bath, n. A day in each week which 
God has commanded to be kept holy and observed 
by rest from all secular employments and recrea- 
tions, — kept by the Jews upon Saturday, the 7th 
day, and by Christians on Sunday, the 1st day of the I 
week, the day on which Christ arose from the dead; 
the 7th year, observed among the Israelites as one of 
rest and festival ; intermission of pain, effort, sor- 
row, etc. [L. sabbatum, Heb. skabbath, rest, sabbath- 
day, also to rest from labor.] — Sabbata'rian, -rY-an, 
n. One who regards the 7th day of the week as the 
Sabbath, agreeably to the letter of the 4th command- 
ment in the decalogue; a strict observer of the Sab- 
bath.— a. Pert, to the Sabbath, or to the tenets of 
Sabbatarians. — Sabbata'rianism, -izm, n. The ten- 
ets of, etc. ; bigoted or rigid observance of, etc.— 
Sabbat'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to or like the Sabbath. — 
Sab'batisni, n. Intermission of labor, as upon the 
Sabbath ; rest. — Sab'bath-break'er, n. One who 
breaks or profanes the Sabbath. 

Saber, -bre, sa'bSr, n. A sword with a broad and heavy 
blade, thick a he back, 
and a little curved tow- 
ard the point ; a cavalry 

sword. — V. t. [SABERED Saber 

or -bred (-berd), -ber- oaDer. 

iso or -bring.] To strike, cut, or kill with a saber. 
[F. sabre, G. saebe.l, Hung, szablya, a saber, szabni, 
to cut.] — Sa'bretash, -tasche, -tash, n. 
A leather case or pocket, hung from the 
sword-belt of cavalry officers. [F. sabre- 
tache, G. saeheltasche ; tasche, pocket.] 

Sabian, sa'bY-an, Sabe'an, a. Relating to 
the religion of Saba, in Arabia, or to the 
worship of the heavenly bodies. — n. An 
adherent of, etc. — Sa'bianism, -izm, n. 
Doctrine of the Sabians ; that species of 
idolatry which consisted in worshiping 
the sun, moon, and stars. Sabretaeohe. 

Sable, sa'bl, n. (Zobl.) A carnivorous animal of the 
weasel family, found in 
northern Europe and 
Asia. The fur of the 
sable, consisting of a >>~, 
downy under- wool, *^2s 
with a dense coat of 
hair over-topped by an- 
other still longer: this 
upper covering will lie 

in any direction, backward or forward; and a skin 
is valued in proportion as this coat is abundant, 
black, and glossy: the Amer. sable is the pine mar- 
ten; a mourning garment; funeral robe. (Her.) The | 
tincture or color black, — represented by vertical 
and horizontal lines crossing each other. — a. Of 
the color of the sable's fur; black. — v. t. [sabled 

f-bld), -blind.] To render sable or dark in color. 
OF., the animal, also the color, LL. sabelum, the 
animal, sabelinus, sable-fur, Russ. sabole, the ani- 
mal, also a fur tippet.] 

Sabot, sa-bo', n. A kind of wooden shoe, worn by 
the lower classes in some European countries. (Mil.) 
A circular wooden disk to which the cartridge bag 
and projectile are attached, in a stand of ammuni- 
tion. [F.; Bisc. zapata, shoe, zapatu, to tread.] 

Sabre. See Saber. 

Sac, sak, n. (flat. Hist.) A bag or receptacle for a 




liquid. [F., a bag, sack, q. v.] — Saccade', -kad', n. 
A sudden, violent check of a horse by drawing or 
twitching the reins on a sudden and with one pull. 
[F. saccade, fr. OF. saquer, to pull hastily, fr. sac] 

Saccharine, sak'ka-rinor-rln, a. Pert, to sugar; hav- 
ing the qualities of sugar ; sweet : producing sugar. 
[F. saccharin, fr. L. saccharon, Gr. sakcharon, Skr. 
carkara = E. sugar, q. v.] — Saccharif'erous, -rif- 
er-us, a. Producing sugar. [L. ferre, to bear.] — 
Sac'charoid, -roid'al, -roid'al, a. Having a texture 
resembling that of loaf-sugar. [Gr. eidos, form.] — 
Saccharom'eter, -e-ter, n. An instrument for ascer- 
taining the quantity of saccharine matter in any so- 
lution. [Gr. metron, measure.] 

Sacerdotal. See under Sacred. 

Sachem, sa'chem, n. A chief of a tribe of the Amer. 
Indians; a sagamore. [See Sagamore.] 

Sack, sak, n. A bag for holding and carrying goods 
of any kind; a large pouch; a loosely hanging gar- 
ment, worn like a cloak about the shoulders ; the 
pillage or plunder (of a town or city) ; devastation ; 
ravage, — v. t. [sacked (sakt), sacking.] To put 



in a sack; to bag; to plunder of pillage (a town or 
city) ; to devastate, ravage. [ME. and Dan. sak, 
AS. sacc, F., Ir., and Ga. sac, L. saccus, Gr. sakkos, 



a bag, fr. Heb. saq, sackcloth, also a sack lor corn, fr. 
Coptic sok, ^Ethiopic sak, sackcloth ; F. saccager, to 
sack, pillage, OF. sacquer, to draw or puli out hastily. 
fr. sac, LL. saccare, to put into a bag, >>accus, a gar- 
ment, treasure, purse.] — Sack'age, -ej, n. Act of 
taking by storm and pillaging.— Sack'er, n.— Sack'- 
cloth, n. Cloth such as sacks are made of; coarse 
cloth; a cloth or garment worn in mourning, distress, 
or mortification. — Sack'ful, -ful. n.; pi. -fuls. As 
much as a sack will hold. — Sacking, n. — A stout, 
coarse cloth for sacks, bags, bed-bottoms, etc. 

Sack, sak, n. A Spanish wine of the dry kind: sherry. 
[F. sec, Sp. seco, L. siccus, dry, harsh.] — Sack'-pos'- 
set, n. A posset made of sack, milk, and some other 
ingredients. 

Sackbut, sak'but, n. (Mus.) A brass wind instru- 
ment of music, like a trumpet, so contrived that it 
can be lengthened or shortened. [F. suqnebute, Sp. 
sacabuche, a sackbut, the tube or pipe of a pump, fr. 
sacar, to draw (s. rt. OF. sacquer, to draw out : see 
Sack, a bag), and buche, stomach, perh. because one 
who blows this instrument draws up breath with 
great force, as if from the stomach.] 

Sacred, sa'kred, a. Set apart by solemn religious 
ceremony ; esp., in a good sense, made holy ; set 
apart to religious use; relating to religion, or to the 
services of religion ; possessing the highest title to 
respect, reverence, or veneration; not to be profaned 
or violated; consecrated; dedicated; holy; divine; 
hallowed ; venerable ; reverend, [p. p. of ME. sa- 
cren, OF. sacrer, L. oacrare, -cratum, to consecrate, 
fr. sacer, sacred, holy ; s. rt. saint, sanctity, conse- 
crate, desecrate, eto.] — Sa'credly, adv. In a sacred 
manner; religiously; inviolably; strictly. — Sa'cred- 
ness, n.— Sac'rifice, sak'rT-fiz, v. t. [-ficed (-flzd), 
-ficing.] To make an offering of; to consecrate or 
present, by way of expiation or propitiation, or as a 
token of acknowledgment or thanksgiving, to some 
divinity; to destroy, surrender, or suiter to be lost, 
for the sake of obtaining something; to kill. — v. u 
To make offerings to God, or to a deity, of things 
consumed on the altar. — fis or -i\z,n. The offering 
of anything to God or to a god; anything consecrated 
and offered to a divinity; destruction or surrender 
of anything made for the sake of something else ; 
thing so given up. [F.; L. sacrificium, lit. a render- 
ing sacred, sacrificare, to sacrifice ; fr. sacei-, and 
facere, to make.] — Sac'rific'er, n. One who sacri- 
fices or immolates. — Sac'rifi/cial, -fish'al, a. Re- 
lating to, concerned with, or consisting in, sacrifice.^ 
— Sac'rilege, -rT-le j, n. The crime of violating or pro- 
faning sacred things. [F. ; L. sacrilegium, fr. saa. 
rilegus, one who steals sacred things ; legere, to 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f dot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, get 



SAD 



502 



SAGE 



gather, steal.] — Sacrile'gious, -le'jus, a. Violating 
sacred things; involving sacrilege ; profane; impious. 

— Sacrile'giously, adv. — Sacrile'giousness, n. — 
SaCrile'gist, n. One guilty of sacrilege. — Sac'ris- 
tan, now contr. Sex'ton, n. An officer of the church 
who has the care of its utensils or movables. [F. 
sacristain, LL. sacrista.] — Sac'risty, -tT, n. An 
apartment in a church where the sacred utensils, 
vestments, etc., are kept; vestry. [F. sacristie, ME. 
sextrye.] — Sac'rament, n. (Theol.j One of the sol- 
emn religious ordinances enjoined by Christ to be 
observed by his followers: eucharist. [Protestants 
apply the term sacrament to baptism and the Lord's 
Supper, esp. the latter : the Romish and Greek 
churches have 5 other sacraments, viz., confirmation, 
penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme unc- 
tion.] [L. sacramentum, orig. a military oath, en- 
gagement, later a sacrament, fr. sacrare.~\ — Sacra- 
ment'al, a. Belonging, relating to, or constituting 
a sacrament; sacredly or solemnly binding; bound 
by a sacrament. — Sacrament'ally, adv. After the 
manner of a sacrament.— Sac'ramenta'rian, -ment/- 
ary, -a-rT, a. Pert, to the sacraments. — Saeerdo'tal, 
sas-er-do'tal, a. Pert, to priests, or to the order of 
priests; priestly. [F.; L. sacerdotalis, fr. sacerdos, 
a priest, fr. sacer and dos, a dowry, dare, to give.] 

— Sa'crum, n. (Anat.) The triangular bone which 
forms the posterior part of the pelvis. [L. sacrum 
(os), the sacred (bone).] 

Sad, sad, a. [sadder; -dest.] Heavy; dull; grave; 
dark, — said of colors; serious; grave ; affected with 
grief or unhappiness; causing sorrow; bad; naugh- 
ty ; troublesome. [AS. seed, OS. sad, Ic. saddr, 
Goth, saths, G. satt, sated, satiated; s. rt. L. satur, 
sated, also deep-colored, sat, satis, sufficiently, E. 
satiate, satisfy, etc.] — Sad'den, -dn, v. t. [-dened 
(-dnd), -dening.] To make sad, melancholy, or sor- 
rowful. [AS. sadian, to feel weary or sad. J — Sad'- 
ly, adv. — Sad'ness, n. 

Saddle, sad'dl, n. A seat to be placed on an animal's 
back for the rider to sit on; a part of a horse's har- 
ness, to which the check-rein, lugs, etc., are at- 
tached; something resembling a saddle in form, use, 
etc.; esp., apiece of meat containing a part of the 
back-bone of an animal with the ribs on each side. 
—v.t. [saddled (-did), -dling.] To put a saddle 
upon; to fix as a charge or burden upon: to encum- 
ber. [AS. sadol, OHG. satul, Rus. siedlo (s. rt. si- 
diete, to sit), L. sella, a saddle, fr. sedere, to sit; s. 
rt. Skr. sadas, a seat, sad, to sit, AS. setl, a throne, 
E. settle.'] — Sad-' die-bags, n. pi. Bags, united by 
straps, for transportation on horseback, one bag be- 
ing placed on each side. — bow, -bo, a. The bow or 
arch in front of a saddle, or the pieces which form 
the front. — -tree, n. The frame of a saddle.— Sad'- 
dler, n. One who makes saddles, harness, etc. — 
Sad'dlery, -dler-I, n. Materials for making saddles 
and harnesses; articles for sale in a saddler's shop; 
trade sr employment of a saddler. 

Sadducee. sad'u-se, n. One of a sect among the an- 
cient Jews, who denied the resurrection, a future 
state, and the existence of angels. [L.. pi. Saddu- 
ciei. Heb. tsedukim, pi. of tsadoq, lit. the just one, 
fr. tsadaq, to be just : but the sect was profj. named 
fr. Tsadoq, Zadok, or Sadok, its founder, who lived 
about 250 years b. c.]— Sad'ducee'ism, -se'izm, Sad'- 
ducism, -du-sizm, n. Doctrines or tenets of the Sad- 
ducees. 

Sad-iron, sad'i-ern, n. An instrument for ironing 
clothes; flat iron. 

Sadly, JJadness. See under Sad. 

Safe, saf, a. Free from harm, injury, or risk; not dan- 
gerous or likely to cause injury; conferring safety; 
securing from harm ; to be relied upon ; in secure 
care or custody; sure; secure. — n. A place for safe- 
ty; a fire-proof' chest or closet for containing money, 
valuable papers, etc.; a chest or cupboard for meals; 
refrigerator. [ME. and F. savf, L. salvus, whole, 
safe; s. rt. L. servare = E. serve, Skr. sarva, entire, 
Per. har. every, all, L. solidus = E. solid, L. solus = 
E. sole, E. salubrious (q. v.), salvation, sage, salute.] 

— Safely, adv- In a safe manner; without injury or 
danger; without escape; in close custody. — Safe'- 
ness, /;. Condition or quality of being safe; free- 
dom from harm or danger; security; safety.— Safe'- 
ty. -tt, n. Condition or state of being safe; exemp- 
tion from hurt, injury, or loss; quality of making 
safe or secure, or of giving confidence, insuring 
against loss, etc. ; close custody. — Safeguard, n. 
That which defends or protects ; defense ; protec- 
tion ; a convoy or guard ; a warrant of security 




Safety-valve. 

i, boiler ; b, valve ; c, fulcrum or sup- 
port ; d, eteelyard lever ; e, weight. 



given by a sovereign or military commander to pro- 
tect any one. — Safe'-con'duct, n. That which gives 
a safe passage ; either a convoy or guard, or a writ- 

ing, pass, or warrant of security. keep'ing, n. 

Act of keeping or preserving in safety from injury 
or from escape. — Safe'ty-lamp, n. A lamp sur- 
rounded with a cylinder of wire gauze, to give light 
in mines, without danger of setting fire to inflam- 
mable gases. — valve, n. (Steam Eng.) A valve 

fitted to the boil- . -JT . 

er, which opens '_5* ' ' ' ' ' Jy' 
and lets out the e » a 

steam when the 
pressure within 
becomes too 
great for safety; 
a valve, opening 
inward, to admit 
the air and prevent the boiler from being crushed 
or injured by the pressure of the atmosphere as the 
steam cools. — Save, sav, v. t. [saved (savd), sav- 
ing.] To make safe, preserve from injury, destruc- 
tion, or evil of any kind; to rescue from impend- 
ing danger; to deliver from sin and from the second 
death or endless misery; to keep from being spent 
or lost ; to lay up ; to insure against, spare ; to 
hinder from occurrence, prevent; to catch; to be in 
time for. — v. i. To hinder expense, be economical. 
— prep. Except : excepting ; not including. [F. 
sauver, L. salvare, fr. salvus.] — To save appear- 
ances. To preserve a decent outside; to avoid ex- 
posure of anything disgraceful or embarrassing. — 
Sav'er, n. One who saves, preserves, or rescues; 
one frugal in expenses ; an economist. — Sav'ing, 
p. a. Avoiding unnecessary expenses; frugal; eco- 
nomical; incrrring no loss, though not gainful.— 
p.pr., but commonly called a prep. With the ex- 
ception of; in favor of; excepting. — n. Exception; 
reservation; that which is saved. — Sav'ingness, n. 
Frugality ; parsimony. — Save'-all, n. Any contri- 
vance intended to prevent waste or loss.— Sav'ings- 
bank. n. A bank in which savings or earnings are 
deposited and put to interest. — Savior, -iour, -yer, 
n. One who saves or delivers from destruction or 
danger ; Jesus Christ, the Redeemer. [OF. saveor, 
salveor, L. salvator, fr. salvare.] 

Saffron, safrun, n. A bulbous plant of the genus 
Crocus, having flowers of a deep yellow color ; the 
dried stigmata of the plant, used in cooking, medi- 
cine, and esp. in dyeing, etc. — a. Having the color 
of saffron flowers; deep yellow. [F. safran, saffran, 
Ar. za\faran.] — Saf'flower, re. (Bot.) An annual 
plant, the flowers of which are used as a dyestuff 
and in making rouge ; the dried flowers ; the red or 
yellow dyestuff obtained from the flowers. — Saf- 
ranine, -ra-nin, n. (Chem.) A yellow coloring mat- 
ter obtained from saffron ; a red dye prepared from 
aniline by treating it successively with nitrous acid 
and arsenic acid. 

Sag. sag, r. i. [sagged (sagd), -ging.] To lean, ia- 
cline. bend, hang away, in consequence of unsup- 
ported or insufficiently supported weight ; to give 
way, yield. — v. t. To cause to bend or give way; 
to load or burden. [Sw. sacka, G. sacken ; s. rt sink.] 

Saga, sa'ga, n. ; pi. -gas, -gaz. A northern European 
popular historical or religious tale of olden time. 
[Ic. = E. saw, a saying: see Say.] 

Sagacious, sa-ga'shus, a. Of keen penetration and 
judgment; discerning and judicious; shrewd; quick; 
wise. [L. sagax, -gacis; s.' rt. L. sagire, to perceive 
by the senses; not s. rt. E. sage.] — Saga'ciously, 
adv. — Saga'ciousness, n. — Sagacity, -gas'i-tT, n. 
Quality of being sagacious ; keenness of discern- 
ment or penetration with soundness of judgment; 
shrewdness; judiciousness. [L. sagacitas.] 

Sagamor, sag'a-mor, n. The head of a tribe, among 
the N. Amer. Indians,— generally used as synony- 
mous with sachem, but some writers disting. between 
them, making the sachem a chief of the 1st rank, 
a sagamore one of the 2d. 

Sage, saj, n. A plant of many species : the common 
sage is mostly employed in cookery as a condiment. 
[ME. and OF. sauge, L. salvia, — fr. its healing 
powers, fr. salvus = E. safe.] — Sage'-brush, n. A 
low irregular shrub, growing in dry alkaline soils of 
the Amer. plains. — cock, n. A large bird of the 
Rocky Mountain region , resembling the prairie-fowl, 
but larger; it feeds on the leaves of the sage-brush. 

Sage, saj, a. Having nice discernment and powers cf 
judging: proceeding from wisdom; well adapted to 
the purpose; sapient; grave; prudent; judicious.— 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r : 



SAGITTARIUS 



503 



SALAMANDER 



re. A wise man; esp.,agrave philosopher, venera- 
ble for his years. [F. ; It. saggio, L. sapiits, f r. sapere, 
to be -wise; s. rt. sapience, sapid; not s. re. sagacious.] 

— Sage'ly, adv. — Sage'ness, re. 

Sagittarius, sui'it-ta>rY-us, n. (Astron.) One of the 
12 signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters about 
Nov. 22. [L., an archer, fr. sagitta, an arrow.] — 
Sag'ittary, -ta-rl, n. {Myth.) A centaur, an animal 
ball man, half horse, armed with a bow and quiver. 

— a. Pert, to, or resembling, an arrow. —Sag'' ittal, 
a. Pert, to, or like, an arrow; furnished with an ar- 
row-like appendage.— Sagittate, a. (Xat. Hist.) 
Shaped like an arrow-head. 

Sago, sa'go, re. A dry, granulated starch, imported 

from the £. Indies, and used for puddings, etc.: it 

is prepared from the pith of several different palms. 

[Malay. & Jav. sagu.] 
Sagoin, sa-goin'.K. The squirrel monkey of S. Amer.: 

it has a non-prehensile, furry tail. 
Saic, sa'ik, n. A Turkish or Greek vessel, common in 

the Levant. [F. saique, Turk, shaika, Russ. tshdika.] 
Said, sed, p. a. Before mentioned; already spoken of 

or specified; aforesaid, — used chiefly in legal style. 

[See Say.] 
Sail, sal, re.. A sheet of canvas or other substance, 

spread to the wind to assist the progress of a vessel 



dr 



?r *£* 




main royal; 16, main sky-sail; 

17, main-royal studding sail ; 

18, maintop-gallant studding 
sail ; 19, maintopmast stud- 
ding sail ; 20, mizzen course ; 
21, mizzen-top sail ; 22, miz- 
zen top-gallant sail ; 23, miz- 
zen-royal ; 24, mizzen sky- 
sail ; 25, mizzen spanker. 



Sails. 
1, flying jib ; 2, jib ; 3, foretop- 
mast stay sail; 4, tore-course; 
5, foretop sail; 6, foretop-gal- 
1 a n t sail ; 7, fore-royal ; 8, 
fore sky-sail ; 9, fore-royal 
studding sail; 10, foretop-gal- 
lant studding sail ; 11, fore- 
topmast studding sail ; 12, 
main course; 13, maintop sail; 
14, maintop-gallant sail ; 15, 

in the water ; a sailing vessel ; ship of any kind ; a 
craft; a journey or excursion upon the water. — v. i. 
[sailed (said), sailing.] To be impelled or driven 
forward by the action of wind upon sails, as a ship 
on water; to be conveyed in a vessel on water; to 
set sail, begin a voyage; to move smoothly through 
the air. — v. t. To pass or move upon in a ship, by 
means of sails ; to fly through; to direct or manage 
the motion of (a vessel). [ME. and Dan. seil, AS., 
Sw., and G. segel, a sail; s. rt. Skr. sah, to endure, be 
able to resist.] — SaiTable, a. Admitting of being 
passed by ships; navigable. — Sail'er, ?i. A ship or 
other vessel, — with qualifying words descriptive of 
speed or manner of sailing. — SaiKing, n. (Naut.) 
Act of one who or that which sails; art or method of 
directing a ship's way on the ocean; navigation. — 
Sail'or, re. One who follows the business of naviga- 
ting ships or other vessels; one of the crew of a ves- 
sel; a mariner; seaman; seafarer. — Sail '-cloth, re. 
Duck or canvas used in making sails. — loft, n. A 
loft or apartment where sails are cut out and made. 
— yard, re. (NavX.) The yard or spar on which sails 
are extended. 

Sainfoin, san'foin, r?. A leguminous plant cultivated 
for fodder. [F.; sain, wholesome, Join, hay; L. sa- 
num fcenum.] 

Saint, sant, n. A holy or godly person ; one of the 
blessed in heaven. (Eccl.) One canonized by the 
church. — ?', t. To make a saint of, beatify, canon- 
ize. [F. saint. L. sanctus, sacred, prop. p. p. of san- 
cire } to render sacred by a religious act; s. rt. Skr. 
sanj, to adhere, sakta, attached, devoted, E. sacred, 
q. v.]— Saint Vit us' s dance. (Med.) A disease affect- 
ing the voluntary muscles with constant, irregular 
movements : chorea. — Saint'ed, a. Consecrated ; 



sacred; holy; gone to heaven. — Saintly, a. [-liee; 
-liest.] Like a saint; becoming a holy person. — 
Saint'ship, n. Character or qualities of a saint. — 
Sanc'tify, sank'tr-fi, i\ t. [-fied (-fid),-FYiNG.] To 
make sacred or holy; to purify, in preparation for 
religious service; to set apart to a holy or religious 
use, hallow ; to make free from sin, make holy ; to 
render productive of holiness or piety ; to secure 
from violation, give sanction to. [F. sanctifier, L. 
sanctijicare, f r. sanctus and facere, to make.] — Sanc'- 
tifica'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; act of 
setting apart for a sacred purpose ; consecration. 
[F.] — Sanc'tifi'er, n. One who sanctities or makes 
holy ; the Holy Spirit. — Sanctimony, -tT-mo-nT, n. 
Holiness; devoutness; sanctity; esp., artificial saint- 
liness; hypocritical devoutness. [F. sanctimonie, L. 
sanctimoma.] — Sanc'timo'nious, a. Possessing sanc- 
timony; sacred; saintly; making a show of sanctity; 
hypocritically devout or pious. — Sanctimo / 'niousfy, 
adv. — Sanctimo'niousness, n. — Sanction, re. Sol- 
emn or ceremonious ratification ; approbation and 
acceptance ; anything done or said to enforce the 
will, law, or authority of another ; ratification ; au- 
thorization; authoritv; countenance; support. — v. t. 
("sanctioned (-shund), -tioning.] To give validitv 
or authority to ; to ratify, confirm, authorize. [F", 
L. sanctio, fr. sancire.] — Sanc'tifcude, -tl-tud. n. Ho- 
liness: sacredness; sanctity.— Sanc'tity, n. State or 
quality of being sacred or holy; religious binding 
force. [L. sanctitas.] — Sanct'uary, -chob-Sr-1, re. A 
sacred place ; a temple, church, or other place of 
worship ; consecrated spot ; a place of refuge and 
protection; shelter; refuge. [F. sanctuaire, L. sanc- 
tuarium.] — Sa.nc'tvm,n. A sacred place; a retreat 
for privacy. [L.] — Sanctum sanctorum. The holy 
of holies ; most holy place. [L.] 

Sake,sak,«. Final cause; end; purpose of obtaining; 
cause; reason; account; regard for a person or thing. 
[AS. sacu, strife, suit at law, Goth, sakan, to contend, 
strive, rebuke; perh. s. rt. Skr. sanj, sajj, to adhere; 
s. rt. seek.] 

Sal, sal, r„. Salt, — a word used in chemistry and phar- 
macy. [L. , salt, q. v.] — Sal ammoniac. Chloride of 
ammonium; hydrochlorate or muriate of ammonia, 

— used in the mechanic arts and in pharmacy. — 
S. gem, or gemmae. Native chloride of sodium; rock 
salt. — S. volatile, -vo-lafl-le, vulg. pron. -voKa-til. 
Lit. volatile salt, carbonate of ammonia ; aromat- 
ic spirits of ammonia. — S. soda. (Com.) Impure 
carbonate of soda. — Sal'ad, n. Uncooked herbs, 
dressed with salt, vinegar, oil, or spices, and eaten 
as a relish; a dish composed of meat chopped fine, 
and mixed with uncooked lettuce, etc., seasoned 
with mustard and other condiments. [F. salade, 
Olt. salata, fern, of salato, p. p. of salare = E. to salt. 
f r. It. and L. sal, salt.] — Sal'ary, -a-rl, re. Recom- 
pense or consideration stipulated to be paid to a per- 
son periodically for services; stipend; pay; wages; 
hire. —v.*. [salaried (-rid), -rying.1 To fix or 
pay a salary to one. [F. salaire, L. safarium, orig. 
salt-money,"money given soldiers for salt, fr. sal] — 
Sal'era'tus, re. A bi-carbonate of potash, used in 
cookery. [NL. sal a'eratus : see Aerated.] — Sal'i- 
fy, -T-fi, v. t. [-riED (-fid), -fying.] To form into a 
salt, as a base, by combining it with an acid. [L. 
sal and facere, to make.] — Salif'erous, -lifer-us, a. 
Producing or bearing salt. VL.ferre, to bear.] — Sal '- 
ifi'able, a. (Chem.) Capable of combining with an 
acid to form a salt. — Sal'ifica'tion, n. Act of sali- 
fying. — Saline, sa-lin'' or sa'lln, a. Consisting of, 
or containing, salt; partaking of the qualities of salt. 

— re. A saltsnring, or a place where salt water is col- 
lected in the earth. [L. salinus.] — Salin'ous, -lln'us, 
a. Consisting of, or containing, salt; saline. 

Salable, etc. See under Sale. 

Salacious, sa-la'shus, a. Lustful; lecherous. [L. sa- 
lax, salads, lustful, fr. salire, to leap: see Salient.] 

— Salac'ity -las'T-tl, re. Lust; lecherousness. 
Salad. See under Sal. 

Salam, -laam, sa-lam r , re. A salutation, obeisance, or 
compliment of ceremony or respect in the East. [Ar. t 
peace, a saluta- 
tion, salm, salu- 
ting, Heb.hselam, 
peace, shalam, to 
be safe.] 

Salamander, saKa- 
man'der, re. A 
small lizard- 
shaped batrachian 
reptile, living in Salamander. 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SALE 



504 



SALUBRIOUS 



cool, moist places, formerly fabled to live and breed 
in the H< e; any beingcapable of enduring-great heat. 
[F. salamandre, L. and Gr. salamandra,Per. saman- 
dar.] — Sal'aman'drine, -drin, a Pert, to, or like, a 
salamander ; enduring fire. 
Sale, sal, n. Act of selling, transfer of property for a 
price in money, etc. ; opportunity of sel I ing ; demand; 
market; auction. [Ic. sala.] — Saleable, a. Capable 
of being sold ; finding a ready market ; in good de- 
mand. — Sal'ably, adv. — SaKableness, n. — Sales'- 
man, n. ; pi. -men. One whose occupation is to sell 
goods or merchandise. — Sale'work, n. Work or 
things made for sale ; work carelessly done. — Sell, 
v. t. [sold (sold), selling.] To transfer to another 
for an equivalent ; to dispose of in return for some 



thing, esp. for money ; to accept a price or reward 
for (a breach of duty, trust, etc.) ; to betray ; to im- 
pose upon, make a fool of, cheat.— v. i. To practice 



selling; to be sold. — n. An imposition or trick, as in 
a case where confidence has been reposed, or expec- 
tation excited. [AS. scllan, Ic. selja, fr. sala; s. rt. 
Lithuan. sulyti, to proffer, offer.] — Seller, n. 

Saleratus. See under Sal. 

Salic, sallk, a. Designating a law by which, as in 
France, males only can inherit the throne. [F. Sa- 
lique, pert, to the Saltan Franks, who in the 5th cen- 
tury formed a body of laws, by which females were 
excluded from succession to the crown : the tribe 
was prob. named fr. the river Sala, now Yssel.] 

Salient, salY-ent, a. Moving by leaps ; shooting out 
or up; projecting; springing; forcing itself on the at- 
tention ; prominent ; conspicuous. (Math. & Fort.) 
Projecting outwardly, as an angle. [F. saillant, p. 
pr. of saulir, L. sahre, Gr. hallesthai, to leap ; s. rt. 
Skr. sri, to go, flow, sari, a waterfall, E. assail, desul- 
tory, exult, sally, salmon, etc.] 

Salify, Saline, etc. See under Sal. 

Saliva, sa-li'va, «. The transparent alkaline liquid 
secreted by certain glands in the mouth; spittle. [L.; 
Gr. sialon, Rues, shna, spittle ; s. rt. slime.] — Sali'- 
val, Salivary, -Y-va-rY, a. Pert, to, secreting, or 
conveying, saliva. — Sali'vous, -li'vus, a. Pert, to, 
or of the nature of, saliva. — Salivate, -Y-vat, v. t. 
(Med.) To produce an abnormal secretion of saliva, 
as by the use of mercury. [L. salivare, -vatum.] — 
Sal'iva'tion, n. (Med.) A continued unnatural 
flow of saliva, esp. with soreness of the mouth and 
guins; ptyalism. 

Sallow, sallo, Sally, -IT, n. A tree or low shrub of the 
willow kind. [ME. salwe, AS. sealh, OHG. saluha, 
L. salix, W. helyg, Gr. helike, a willow ; s. rt. Skr. 
sari, water, saras, a pond, sri, to flow.] 

Sallow, sallo, a. Of a pale, sickly color, tinged with 
a dark yellow. [AS. salu, OHG. salo, dusky, F. sale, 
dirty.] — Sallowness, n. 

Sally. See Sallow, a tree. 

Sally, sallY, n. A leaping forth ; a sudden eruption ; 
an issuing of troops from a place besieged to attack 
the besiegers ; excursion from the usual track ; di- 
gression ; deviation ; a flight of fancy, liveliness, wit, 
etc.; act of levity; wildgayety; frolic; escapade. — 
v. i. [-lied (-lid), -ling.] To leap or rush out; to 
issue suddenlyi a8 a body of troops from a fortified 
place to attack besiegers. [_F. saillie, a sally, saillir, 
L. salire, to leap ; s. rt. salient (q. v.), salacious.'] — 
Sally-port, n. (Fort.) A postern gate, or a passage 
under ground, to afford free egress for troops in a 
sortie: see Castle, — Sallant, a. Leaping ; jump- 
ing; dancing. [L. saltam, p. pr. of saltare, to dance, 
freq. of sahre, to leap.] — Salta'tion, n. A leaping 
or jumping; beating or palpitation. [L. saltatio.] — 
Salutatory, -ta-to-rY, a. Leaping or dancing ; hav- 
ing the power of leaping or dancing; used in leap- 
ing or dancing. — Sal'tier, -ter, n. (Her.) A St. 
Andrew's cross, or cross in the 
form of an X. One who leaps or 
dances. [F. saultoir, the heraldry 
term, ong. a triangular stirrup, 
by which one leaped on horse- 
back.] — Sal ligrade, -tT-grad, a. 
(Zobl.) Having feet or legs formed 
for leaping. [L. saltus, a leap, 
and gradi, to walk, go.] 

Salmagundi, sal-ma-gun'dY, n. A 
mixture of chopped meat and 
pickled herring with oil, vinegar, 
pepper, and onions ; a mixture o 
ents; an olio; medley. [F. salmigond 
fr. It. salame (F. salmis), salted meats, fr. L. sal, salt 
(q. v.); and It. condito, L. conditus, savory, seasoned, 
p. p. of condire, to preserve, pickle.] 




Salmon, sam'un, n. A migratory food fish of northern 
regions, allied to the, 
trout ; the color of its 
flesh, — a kind of red- 
dish yellow. [OF. sari- , 
mon, L. sahio, prop, 
orig. a leaper, fr. salire, salmon. 

to leap : see Salient.] — Salm'on-trout, n. A fish 
resembling the salmon. 

Saloon, sa-loon', n. (Arch.) A spacious and elegant 
apartment for the reception of company, or for 
works of art, — applied als>o to halls for specific pub- 
lic uses. [F., fr. sallc, Ic. *alr, AS. sael, OHG. sal, a 
hall, Buss. jelo, a village.', Goth, saljan, to dwell.] — 
Salon, sa-loN',w. An apartment for the reception of 
company ; pi., fashionable parties ; circles of fash- 
ionable society. [F.] 

Salsify, sal'si-fY, n. A plant having a long, tapering 
root, of a mild, sweetish taste like the parsnip ; the 
oyster-plant, — so called from its taste when fried. 
[F. salsifis, Sp. saL<tfi.] 

Sal-soda. See under Sal. 

Salt, sawlt, n. The chloride of sodium, a substance 
used for seasoning certain kinds of food, for the 
preservation of meat, etc. ; flavor ; taste ; savor ; 
smack ; seasoning ; piquancy ; wit ; a salt-cellar; a 
sailor; esp., an old sailor. (Chem.) A combination 
of an acid with a base, forming a compound which 
has properties differing from those of either con- 
stituent. — a. Furnished or impregnated with, 
abounding in, or containing salt; prepared with, or 
tasting of, salt. — v. t. To sprinkle, impregnate, or 
season with salt. [ME., Ic, Dan., Sw., and Goth. 5 
AS. sealt, G. salz, L. sal, Gr. hah, W hal, Skr. 
sara, salt, n.: see Sal; s. rt. salary, salad, sauce, sau- 
sage, salmagundi.] — Salfer, n. — Salt'ern, n. A 
salt-work ; place where salt is made-. — Salting, n. 
Act of sprinkling or impregnating with salt ; a 
marsh subject to be overflowed with salt-water; salt 
marsh. — Saltish, a. Somewhat salt. — Salt'nesB, 
n. — Salt'-cel'lar, n. A small dish for salt at table. 
— -junk, n. Hard salt beef for use at sea. — marsh, 
n. Grass-land subject to the overflow of salt or sea- 
water — mine, n. A mine where rock salt is ob- 
tained. — pan, -pit, n. A pan, basin^or pit, where 
salt is obtained or made. — rheum, -room, n. A non- 
febrile eruptive or scaly cutaneous affection, — a 
term vaguely used for several skin diseases. — wort, 
n. A plant found on the sea-shore and on moist, 
saline ground. — Saltpe'ter, -tre, -ter, n. (Chem.) 
Nitrate of potassa ; niter, q. v. [OF. salpestre = L. 
sal petrse, lit. salt of the rock, rock-salt.] 

Saltant, Saltier, Saltigrade, etc. See under Sally. 

Salubrious, sa-lu'brY-us, a. Favorable to health j 
promoting health ; wholesome ; healthy ; salutary. 
[L. salubris or saluber, fr. sahis, salute, health, fr. 
salvus = E. safe, q. v.] — Salu'briously, adv. — Sa- 
lu'brity, -brY-tY, n. Quality of being salubrious ; 
wholesomeness; healthfulness. [F. salubrite", L. sa- 
lubritas.] — Sal'utary, -u-ta-rt, a. Promoting health ; 
promotive of public safety ; contributing to some 
beneficial purpose: wholesome; beneficial; useful; 
' advantageous; profitable. [F. salutaire, L. salutaris, 
fr. salus. J — Sal'utariness, n. — Salute', sa-lut', v. t. 
To address with expressions of kind wishes ; to 

freet, hail ; to greet with a kiss or with a wave of 
he hand. (Mil. & Naval.) To honor (some day, 
person, or nation) bv a discharge of cannon or small 
arms, by striking'colors, by shouts, etc. — n. Act of 
saluting or expressing kind wishes or respect; salu- 
tation ; greeting ; a kiss ; a discharge of cannon or 
small arms in honor of some distinguished person- 
age, or on the anniversary of some festival, — some- 
times also performed by lowering colors or beating 
drums. [L. salutare, fr. salus.] — Salut'er, n. — 
Sal'utalion, n. Act of saluting or paying respect 
or reverence by the customary words or actions ; 
act of greeting ; that which is uttered in saluting or 
greeting; salute; address. [F.] — Salu'tatory, -fu / '- 
ta-to-rY, a. Containing or expressing salutations; 
sneaking a welcome; greeting. — n. In the U. S., the 
salutatory or opening oration at a college com- 
mencement. — Salu'tatolian, n. The student who 
pronounces the salutatory oration. — SaKvage, -vej, 
n. The compensation allowed to persons who vol- 
untarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from 
peril; that part of the property that survived the 
peril and is saved. [OF., f r. salver, L. salvare. to 
save, fr. salvus.] — Sal'vable, a. Capable of being 
saved; admitting of salvation.— Salva'tlon, n. Act 
of saving; preservation from destruction, danger, or 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term j In, Ice ; 6dd, t5ne, or » 



SALVE 



505 



SANS-CULOTTE 




great calamity. (Theol.) Redemption of man from 
the bondage of sin and liability to eternal death. [F. ; 
L. salvatio.]— Sai'vatory, -va-to-rT, n. A place where 
things are preserved.— Sal'ver, n. A plate or waiter 
on which food, etc., is presented. [Sp. salva, orig. 
the tasting of food before serving it to nobles, etc., 
as a precaution against poison, nence the plate on 
which food is served, fr. salvar, to free from risk, 
taste the food or drink of nobles, etc., fr. L. salvare.] 

— Sal'vo, «. ; pi. -voz. An exception ; reservation. 
(Mil.) A general discharge of fire-arms not intended 
for a salute; a volley. [L. salvo jure, one's right be- 
ing safe, — a legal form of reservation.) 

Salve, sav, n. An adhesive composition or substance 
to be applied to wounds or sores ; a healing oint- 
ment.— V. t. [salved (savd), SALVING.] To heal 
by applications or medicaments; to apply salve to. 
[AS. seatf, G. salbe, orig. oil, grease; s. rt. Gr. elpos, 
oil, elphos, Skr. sarpis, hutter, E. slip.] 

Salver, Salvo. See under Salubrious. 

Samara, sa-ma'ra, n. (Bot.) A dry, one-seeded, in- 
dehiscent fruit, having a membrana- 
ceous margin or wing, as in the ash, 
maple, and elm. [L., seed of the elm. J 

Sambo, sam'bo, n. The offspring of a 
black person and a mulatto; a negro. 
[Sp. zambo.] 

Same, sam, a. Not different or other; 
identical; of like kind, species, sort, 
dimensions, etc.; corresponding; sim- 
ilar; like; just, or just about to be, Samara, 
mentioned. [AS. (adv.), Ic. samr. OHG. sam, Goth, 
and Skr. sama (adj.), Gr. homos, the same; s. rt. Skr. 
sa, with, L. simul, together, similis, like, E. simulta- 
neous, similar, semblance, assemble, some, homoeop- 
athy.] — Same'ness, n. State of being the same; 
identity; near resemblance; correspondence; simi- 
larity; tedious monotony. 

Samiel, sa'mT-el, n. A hot and destructive wind that 
blows in Arabia and adiacent countries, from the 
desert; the simoom. [Turk, sam-yeli, from Ar.samm, 
poison, and Turk, yel, wind.] 

Samovar, sam'o-var, n. A copper tea urn used in 
Russia. [Russ.] 

Samp, samp, n. Maize broken or bruised, cooked by 
boiling, and often eaten with milk. [Mass. sapac, 
saupac, made soft or thinned.] 

Sampan, sam'pan, n. (flout.) A Chinese boat from 
12 to 15 feet long. 

Samphire, sam-' fir or -fSr, n. A fleshy herb which 

f rows on rocks near the sea-shore, where it is washed 
y the salt water: its leaves are used in the form of 
a pickle as an article of diet. [F. I'herbe de Saint 
Pierre, fr. which the E. word is corrupted.] 

Sample, sam' pi, n. A part of anything presented for 
inspection, or intended to be shown, as evidence of 
the quality of the whole; specimen; example; illus- 
tration. OOF. essemple = E. example, q. v.] — Sam'- 
pler, n. One who distributes things into samples 
for inspection; a pattern of work; esp., a collection 
of needle-work patterns. [Same as exemplar.] 

Sanable, Sanatory, etc. See under Sane. 

Sanctify, Sanction, Sanctuary, etc See under Saint. 

Sand, sand, n. Comminuted rock, esp., quartz, re- 
duced to fine, loose, incoherent particles; fr. the use 
of sand in the hour-glass, a moment, a measured 
interval ; pi. tracts of land consisting of sand.— v. t. 
To sprinkle or cover with sand. [AS., Sw., Dan., 
andG.]— Sand'ed, p. a. Covered with sand; marked 
with small spots; speckled. — Sand'y, -t, a. Con- 
sisting of, abounding with, or resembling sand ; full 
of sand: of the color of sand; of a yellowish red col- 
or. — Sand'iness, n. — Sand'stone, n. (Geol.) A rock 
made of sum! more or less firmly cemented together. 

— Sand'-blast, n. A process of cutting, dressing, or 
engraving stone, glass, metal, etc., by driving against 
it a stream of quartz 
grains. — eel, n. A small 
eel-like fish: it buries it- 
self in the moist sand 
after the retiring of the 
tide. — heat, n. The 
heat of warm sand in 
chemical operations.— 
-paper, n. Paper cov- 
ered on one side with a 
fine gritty substance, 
for smoothing and pol- 
ishing. — piper, n. (Ornith.) A migratory wading 
bird of the snipe family, of many species : it in- 
habits sea-shores and marine marshes. 




Sand-piper. 




Sandals. 



Sandal, san'dal, n. A kind of shoe consisting of • 
sole fastened to the foot; a kind 
of slipper; an overshoe with par- 
allel openings across the instep. 
[F. sandale., L. sandalium, Gr. 
sandalion. Per. sandal.] 

Sandal-wood, san'dal-wdod, n. 
The wood of a low E. Indian 
tree, having a general resem- 
blance to the privet or prim: when old it has a yel- 
low color and great fragrance. [F. sandal. Per. chan- 
dal, Skr. chanaana.] 

Sandarac, -rach, san'da-rak, n. A resin in white, 
transparent tears, obtained from a tree growing in 
Barbary ; red sulphuret of arsenic ; realgar. [L. 
sandaracha, Gr. sandarake, Ar. saadarus. Per. san- 
darah, Skr. sindura.] 

Sandemanian, san-de-ma'nY-an, n. One of a Chris- 
tian sect, established in Eng. and Amer. by Robert 
Sandeman, a Scotchman, who taught that the bare 
work of Christ is sufficient to save sinners. 

Sandiver, san'dT-ver, n. A whitish substance cast up, 
as a scum, from the materials of glass in fusion. 
[Corrupt, fr. F. sel de verre, salt of glass.] 

Sandwich, sand'wich, n. Two pieces of bread and 
butter, with a thin slice of meat between them, — 
said to have been a favorite dish of the Earl of 
Sandwich.— v. t. [sandwiched (-wicht), -wiching.] 
To make into a sandwich; to form of alternate parts 
or alternating layers of different nature ; to inter- 
lard. 

Sane, san, a. In a sound condition; not disordered or 
shattered; esp., not disordered in intellect; in one's 
right mind; of sound reason. [L. sanus, Gr.saos, 
whole, sound.] — San'able, san'a-bl, a. Capable 
of being cured; remediable; healable. [L. sanabilis, 
fr. sanare, to make sound, heal, fr. sanus.] — San'a- 
bil'ity, n. — San'ative, -a-tiv, -tory, a. Conducive 
to health; healing; curative; sanative. [Fr. L. sana- 
tor, a healer, fr. sanare.] — San'itary, a. Pert, to, 
or designed to secure sanity or health; relating to 
the preservation of health; hygienic. [F. sanitaire, 
f r. L. sanitas : see below.] — San'ity, -H-tY, n. Con- 
dition or quality of being sane; soundness or health- 
iness of body or mind, esp. the latter. [L. sanitas, f r. 
sanus.] — Sanlcle, -T-kl, n. A plant of several spe- 
cies; black snake-root, — so called from its reputed 
healing qualities. [NL. sanicula, fr. L. sanare.] 

Sang. See Sing. 

Sangreal. See Holy Grail, under Grail. 

Sanguine, san'gwin, a. Having the color of blood; 
red; characterized by abundance and active circu- 
lation of blood; warm: ardent; anticipating the best; 
feeling assured; fnll of hope; animated; lively; con- 
fident; hopeful. [ME. and F. sanguin, L. sanguineus, 
fr. sanguis, blood.] — San 'guinely, adv.— Sah'guine- 
ness, n. — Sanguin' eous, -e-us, a. Abounding with 
blood; sanguine; of, pert, to, or constituting blood; 
blood-red; crimson. — San'guinary, -gwT-na-ri, a. 
Attended with much bloodshed; eager to shed blood; 
bloody ; murderous ; bloodthirsty ; cruel. — San r - 
guify, -fi, v. i. To produce blood. [L. facere, to 
make.] — Sanguiferous, -gwif'er-us, a. Conveying 
blood. [L. ferre, to bear.] — San / guifica' r tion, n. 
{Physiol.) Production of blood: conversion of the 
products of digestion into blood. — San'guifi'er, n. 
A producer of blood. — San'garee', n. Wine and 
water sweetened and spiced. [Sp. sangria, the in- 
cision of a vein, a drink, fr. sangre, L. sanguis, 
blood.] — Sang-froid, sawx-frwa', n. Freedom from 
agitation or excitement of mind; coolness; indiffer- 
ence. [F., cold-blood.] — Sa'nies, -nT-ez, n. (Med.) 
A thin serous or purulent discharge from unhealthy- 
wounds or sores, usually of a reddish tinge. [L., 
prob. a weakened form of sanguis, blood.] — Sa'- 
nious, -nt-us, a. Thin and serous with a slight 
bloody tinge; excreting or effusing sanies. [L. sa- 
niosus, fr. sanies.] 

Sanhedrim, san'he-drim, -drin, n. The great council 
of the Jews, which consisted of 70 members, to 
whom the high priest was added: it had jurisdic- 
tion of all important, and esp. of religious matters. 
fLate Heb. sanhedrin, fr. Gr. sunedrion, a council, 
. t., a sitting together, fr. sun. together, and hedra 
= E. seat.] 

Sanity, Sanitary, etc. See ui^ier Sane. 

Sank. See Sink. 

Sans-cnlotte, saN-ku-lof, n. A ragged fellow, — a 
name of reproich given in the 1st French revolution 
to the extreme republican party, who rejected 
breeches as a badge peculiar to the aristocracy ; 



sfin, cube, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get 



SANSKRIT 



506 



SAT 



an extreme or radical republican. [F., without 
breeches.] 

Sanskrit, -scrit, san'skrit, re. The ancient language 
of the Hindoos, obsolete in vernacular use, but pre- 
served as the literary and sacred dialect of India, — 
disting. f r. Prakrit, the vulgar dialects which grew 
from it, and from which most of the modern lan- 
guages of upper India are derived. [Skr. sanskrita, lit. 
symmetrical language, fr. sam, together (s. rt. same), 
and krita, made (s. rt. L. creare = E. to create).'] 

Sap, sap, re. The circulating fluid or juice of plants; 
the alburnum of a tree; sap-wood. [AS. ssep, OD. 
sap, OHG. saf, Gr. hopos.~] — Sapless, a. Destitute 
of sap; not juicy; dry; old; withered. — Sapling, re. 
A young tree. — Sap'py, -pi, a. Abounding with 
6ap; juicy; succulent; young; weak; weak in intel- 
lect.— Sap'piness, re. — Sap'-green, re. A light-green 
pigment prepared from the juice of the ripe berries 
of the buckthorn. — rot, re. Dry rot, — a disease of 
timber. — -wood, re. The alburnum or exterior part 
of the wood of a tree, next to the bark. 

Sap, sap, v. t. [sapped (sapt), -ping.] To subvert by 
digging or wearing away ; to mine, undermine. 
{Mil.) To pierce with saps. — v. i. To proceed by 
mining, or by secretly undermining. — n. (Mil.) An 
approach made to a fortified place by digging under 
cover of gabions, etc. [OF. sapper, fr. sappe, LL. 
sapa, a hoe, digging implement.] — Sap'per, re. 

Sapid, sap'id, a. Possessing savor or flavor; having a 
relish; savory. [L. sapidus, fr. sapere, to taste, dis- 
cern, be wise. J — Sapidity, Sap'idness, n. Quality 
of being sapid; savoriness. — Sa'por, re. Taste: rel- 
ish; flavor; savor. [L., fr. sapere. ] — Sap'orific, a. 
Having the power to produce taste. [L./acere, to 
make.] — Sap'orous, -o-rus, a. Having flavor; yield- 
ing some kind of taste. [L. saporus, savory, fr. sa- 
por J] — Sa'pience, -pt-ens, re. Quality of being sa- 
pient; wisdom; sageness; knowledge. [F.; L. sapi- 
entia, wisdom; s. rt. sage.] — Sa'pient, a. Having 
Id-be wise; sui 



wisdom; discerning; would 



apposing one'i 



self sage. [L. sapiens, p. pr. of sapere.] 
Sapodilla, sap-o-dil'la, n. A tree, growing in the W. 



Indies, and in some parts of S. Amer.; its edible 
fruit. [Mexican cochit-zapotl.] 

Saponaceous, sap-o-na'shus, a. Resembling soap; 
having the qualities of soap; soapy. [L- sapo, sa- 
ponis, soap: see Soap.] — Sapon'ify, -pSn'T-fi, v.t. 
[-fied (-fid), -fying.] To convert into soap. [L. 
facere, to make.] — Saponification, re. Act of, or 
state of being, etc. — Sap'onule, -o-nul, re. (Chem.) 
An imperfect soap, formed by the action of an al- 
kali upon an essential oil. 

Sapor, Saporific, etc. See under Sapid. 

Sapper. See under Sap, to subvert. 

Sapphic, saf'ik, a. Pert, to Sappho, a Grecian poet- 
ess. (Pros.) In the manner of Sappho, — used of a 
certain kind of verse. 

Sapphire, saf Ir or -er, re. (Min.) Pure, crystallized 
alumina, a precious stone used in jewelry: the name 
is usually restricted to the blue crystals; a blue color. 
[ME. and F. saphir, L. sapphirvs, Gr. sappheiros, 
Heb. sappir, Per. saffir.] — Sap'phirine, safgr-in, a. 
Resembling sapphire; made of sapphire. 

Sappy, Sap-rot, etc. See under Sap, juice. 

Sapsago, sap'sa-go, re. A kind of cheese, made in 
Switzerland, having a dark-green color. _ [G. schab- 
zieger, fr. shaben, to shave, scrape, and zieger, a sort 
of whey or sour milk.] 

Saraband, sar'a-band, re. A grave Spanish dance, to 
an air in triple time; the air itself. [F. sarabande, 
Sp. zarabanda, name of the dance, prob. fr. Per. sar- 
band, a fillet for a lady's head dress, fr. sar (= Gr. 
kara), head, and band, band.] 

Saracen, sar'a-sen, n. An Arab; Mussulman; mediae- 
val adherent of Mohammedanism in countries fur- 
ther west than Arabia. [L. saracenus. It. Ar. sliarqiy, 
oriental, eastern, sunny, sharq, the East, rising sun, 
sharaqa, it rose.] — Sar'acen'ic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, 
to, the Saracens. — Sarce'net, sars'net, n. A species 
of fine, thin, woven silk, used for ribbons, linings, 
etc. [OF. ; LL. saracenicum, cloth made by Sara- 
cens.] — Siroc'co, sY-rok'ko, re. ; pi. -cos, -koz. An 
oppressive, hot wind from the Libyan deserts, felt 
in Italy, Malta, Sicily, etc. [It., fr. Ar. sharq.] 

Sarcasm, sar'kazm, n. A satirical remark, uttered 
with some degree of scorn or contempt; irony; taunt; 
gibe. [F. sarcasme, L. sarcasmus, Gr. sarkasmos, a 
sneer, fr. sarkazein, to tear flesh like dogs, bite the 
lips in rage, sneer, fr. sarx, sarkos, flesh.] — Sarcas'- 
tic, -tical, a. Bitterly satirical ; scornfully severe ; 
taunting. — Sarcastically, adv. 



Sarcenet. See under Saracen. 

Sarcoma, sar-ko'ma, n.;pl. -comata, -kora'a-td. (M< 
A tumor of fleshy consistence. [Gr. sarx: see b\.- 
casm.] — SarcoKogy, -o-jT, n. That part of anatomy 
which treats of the soft parts of the body. [Gr. logos, 
discourse.] — Sar'colog'ic -ical, a. Or, or pert! to, 
sarcology. — Sarcophagous, -kof a-gus, a. Feuding 
on flesh; flesh-eating. — Sarcoph'agus, «. A species 
of limestone used among the Greeks for making cot- 
fins, — so called because it consumed the flesh of 
bodies deposited in it within a few weeks; a tomb 
of this kind of stone; a stone coffin. [L.; Gr. stir- 
kophagos; phagein, to eat.] — Sarcoph'agy, -a-jT, n. 
Practice of eating flesh. — Sarcot'ic, n. (Med.) A 
medicine or application which promotes the growth 
of flesh. 

Sard. See under Sardine, a precious stone. 

Sardine, sar'den, re. A small fish, of the herring fam- 
ily, abundant on the coasts of France and in the 
Mediterranean, — often put up with olive oil as a 
delicacy. [F. and Gr., prob. fr. the island of Sar- 
dinia, near which it is caught.] 

Sardine, sar'din, -drug, -dt-us, n. A precious stone, 
prob. a cornelian, of which one was set in Aaron's 
breastplate. [Gr. sardinos, fr. the town of Sardis, in 
Asia Minor.] — Sard, re. A variety of cornelian, red- 
dish brown by reflected light, blood red by trans- 
mitted light. — Sar'donyx, -do-nix, re. A rare vari- 
ety of onyx, consisting of sard and white chalcedony 
in alternate layers. [L. and Gr.; Gr. onux, finger, 
nail, also the onyx.] 

Sardonic, sar-don'ik, a. Forced, heartless, or bitter, 
— said of a laugh or smile ; concealing bitterness of 
heart; mocking. [F. sardonique, L. sardonicus, Gr. 
sardonios, perh. f r. sairein, to draw back the lips and 
show the teeth, grin; perh. fr. Gr. Sardo, Sardinia: 
see below.] — Sardonic laugh. A spasmodic affection 
of the muscles of the face, giving it a horrible ap- 
pearance of laughter, and said to have been first no- 
ticed as the effect of eating the Herba sardonica, a 
species of ranunculus, that grows in Sardinia. 

Sardonyx. See under Sardine, precious stone. 

SargaBSO, sar-gas'so, re. The floating sea-weed of the 
N. Atlantic, which often accumulates so as to covej 
large areas, esp. in the Sargasso Sea, between thf 
Bahama and Azore islands. [Sp. sargazo, sea 
weed.] 



-menfous, -us, 



(Bot: 




Sarmentose. 
A Mexican, W. Ind., 



Sarmentose, sar-ment-os', 
Bearing runners; resem- 
bling a runner ; long, 
filiform, and almost 
naked, or having only 
leaves in bunches at the 
joints or knots where it 
strikes root. [L. sar- 
mentosns, fr. sarmentum, 
a twig. fr. sarpere, to cut 
off, trim.] 

Sarsaparilla, sar'sa-pa-rilla, re. „ 
and S. Amer. plant of the smilax family, of several 
species ; its mucilaginous root, used in med., etc. 
Also, improperly, a N. Amer. species of aralia. [Sp. 
zarzaparrilla, fr. zarza, (Bisc. sartzia), a bramble, 
and perh. parrilla, dim. of parra, a vine trained 
against a wall; or perh. fr. Paritto, name of a physi. 
cian said to have discovered it.] 

Sartorius, sar-to'rT-us, re. (Anat.) The muscle which 
throws one leg across the other, reaching from abovs 
the hip to below the knee. [LL. sartorius, a tailor, 
fr. L. sarior, a patcher, tailor, fr. sarcire, sartum, to 
patch, mend.] 

Sash, sash, n. An ornamental belt ; a band worn 
about the waist or over the shoulder. [Per. shast, a 
thumb-stall worn by archers, also a girdle worn by 
the Magi, shest, a thumb, fish-hook, girdle.] 

Sash, sash, re. The frame of a window in which the 
panes of glass are set. — v. t. [sashed (sasht), sash, 
ixo.] To furnish with sashes or frames for glass. 
[OF. chasse, LL. cacia, fr. capsa, a chest, box ; s. rt. 
case, chase.] 

Sassafras, sas'sa-fras, re. A bush or tree of the laurel 
family, whose bark has an aromatic smell and taste. 
[F. ; Sp. sasafras, corrupt, fr. OSp. sassifragia, L. sax- 
ifraga (herba), fr. saxum, rock, stone, and frangere, 
to break, the herb having been reputed to have the 
property of breaking, or dissolving, stone in the 
bladder.] — Sax'ifrage, -Trfraj, re. A plant embra- 
cing many species, mostly hardy herbs. [F.]— f — 
ifragous, -ra-gus, a. Dissolving stone; esp., dies 
ing stone in the bladder. 

Sat. See Sit. 



ssolv- 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone. Or} 



SATAN 



507 



SAVOR 



Satan, sa'tan, formerly pron. sat'an, n. The grand 
adversary of man; the devil. [Heb., an adversary, 
fr. satan. At. shatana, to be adverse, persecute.] — 
Satanic, -ical, a. Having the qualities of Satan ; 
resembling Satan; devilish; infernal. — Satanlcal- 
ly, adv. In a satanic manner ; with the wicked and 
malicious spirit of Satan ; diabolically. 

Satchel, sach'el, n. A little sack or bag. [OF. ; L. 
sacellus, dim. of sacchus = E. sack.} 

Sate. Contr. of Satiate, q. v. 

Sate. See Sit. 

Satellite, safel-llt, n. A small planet revolving round 
another; a moon ; an obsequious dependent or fol- 
lower. — [F. ; L. satelles, -litis, an attendant, life- 
guard.] — Sat'elli'tioua, -lish'us, a. Pert, to, or 
consisting of, satellites. 

Satiate, sa'shT-at, Sate, sat, v. t. To satisfy the ap- 
petite or desire of; to feed to the full; to fill to re- 
pletion or loathing ; to suffice, cloy, gorge, overfill, 
surfeit, glut. — a. Filled to satiety; gkitted. [Sate 
contr. of satiate; L. satiare, -atum, to fill full, satur, 
full, sat, satis, sufficient ; s. rt. E. sad, soil.) — Batt- 
alion, -shY-a'shun, n. State of being satiated. — 
Sati'ety, -e-tT, n. State of being satiated or glutted ; 
fullness of gratification even beyond desire ; reple- 
tion ; surfeit; cloyment. [F. satiete, Li.satietas, fr. 
sat.]— Satisfy, -is-fi, v. t. [-fjed (-fid), -fying.] To 
gratify fully the desire of, make content ; to com- 
ply with the rightful demands of, answer or dis- 
charge (a claim, debt, legal demand, etc.) ; to free 
from doubt, suspense, or uncertainty; to give assur- 
ance to. — v. i. To give satisfaction or content ; to 



feed or supply to the full; to make payment, atone, 
[OF. satisfier, L. satisfacere, fr. sat, satis, and facere, 
to make.] — Sat'isfadion, n. Act of satisfying, or 
state of being satisfied ; gratification of desire ; set- 
tlement of a claim, due, demand, etc. ; that which 
satisfies or gratifies; contentment; gratification; rec- 
ompense; compensation; amends; atonement. [F.] 

— Satisfac'tory, -to-rt, a. Giving or producing satis- 
faction ; yielding content ; making amends, indem- 
nification, or recompense. [F. satisfactoire.] — Sat- 
tofac'torily, adv. — Satisfac'toriness, n. — Satls- 
4'er, n. — Sat'ire, -Ir, in Eng. often pron. safer, n. 
A composition, generally poetical, holding up vice 
Offolly to reprobation; an invective poem; keenness 
•nd severity of remark ; trenchant wit ; lampoon ; 
sarcasm ; irony ; ridicule ; pasquinade ; burlesque ; 
wit; humor. [F.; L. satira, satura, fr. satura (lanx), 
a dish filled with various kinds of fruits, a medley, 
fr. satur.]— Satiric, -ical, -ttrlk-al, a. Belonging to, 
conveying, or of the nature of satire; censorious; se- 
vere in language; cutting; poignant; sarcastic; bitter; 
reproachful ; abusive. — Satirically, adv. — Satir- 
ist, n. One who writes satire. — Satirize, v. t. 

^ized (-Izd), -IZIN8.] To make the object of satire; 
i censure with keenness or severity. — Sat'urate, 
-u-rat, v. t. To cause to become completely pene- 
trated, impregnated, filled, or soaked. [L. saturare, 
•atum, f r. satur.] — Saturalion, n. Act of, or state 
of being, etc. — Safurant, a. Saturating.— n. {Med.) 
A substance which neutralizes acid in the stomach. 

— Sat'urable, a. Capable of being, etc. 

Satin, satin, n. A glossy silk cloth, of a thick, close 
texture, and overshot woof. [J? ; It. setino, fr. It. 
and LL. seta, silk, L. seta, hair, bristle : see Seton.] 
— Sat'inet', n. A thin species of satin ; a kind of 

flossy cloth made of cotton warp and woolen filling. 
ateen', -ten', n. A glossy dress-goods, resembling 
satin, but having a worsted instead of a silken face. 

— Satiny, -Y, a. Like, or composed of, satin. — 
Sat'in-spar. n. (Min.) A fine fibrous variety of 
carbonate of lime, having a pearly luster. < 

klatire, Satisfy, etc. See under Satiate. 

Satrap, salrap or satlap, n. In ancient Persia, 
the governor of a province ; viceroy. [F. satrape, 
L. and Gr. satrapes, Zend shoithrapaiti ; shoithra 
(Skr. kshetra), a region, and paiti, Skr. pati, mas- 
ter.] — Sat'rapal, a. Pert, to a satrap or satrapy.— 
Satlapy, -ra-pY, n. Government or jurisdiction of 
a satrap. 

Saturate, etc. See under Satiate. 

Saturn, safgrn, n. {Myth.) One of the oldest and 
principal deities, son of Ccelus and Terra (heaven 
and earth), and father of Jupiter. (Astron.) One 
of the planets of the solar system, next in magni- 
tude to Jupiter, but more remote from the sun. 
[L. Saturnus, lit. the sower, fr. serere, sertum, to 
sow; 8. rt. season.] — Saturnalia, -lY-a, n. pi. (Rom. 
Antiq.) The festival of Saturn, celebrated as a 
period of unrestrained license and merriment for 



all classes. A period or occasion of general license. 
[L.] — Saturna'lian, a. Pert, to the Saturnalia ; of 
unrestrained and intemperate jollity ; riotously mer- 
ry. — Satur'nian, -nt-an, a. (Myth.) Pert, to Sat- 
urn, whose age or reign, from the mildness and 
wisdom of his government, is called the golden age. — 
Sat'urnine, -5r-nln, a. Under the influence of the 
planet Saturn ; not readily susceptible of excite- 
ment; phlegmatic; dull; heavy; grave. [OF. satnr- 
nin, L. saturninvs, gloomy, — orig. an astrological 
term.] — Sat'urday, n. The 7th or last day ot the 
week. [AS. Seeter dseg = L. Suturni dies, Saturn's 
day, i. e. Saturday.] 

Satyr, safer or salSr, n. (Myth.) One of a class of 
sylvan deities, represented 
as monsters, part man and 
part goat, and character- 
ized by riotous merriment 
and lasciviousness. [F. sa- 
tyre, L. and Gr. satyrus.] — 
Satyrlc, -tYrlk, a. Pert, 
to satyrs. 

Sauce, saws, n. A prepara- 
tion, mixture, or composi- 
tion to be eaten with food 
for improving its relish; 
pertness ; insolence, —v. t. 
[sauced (sawst), saucing.] 
To accompany with some- 
thing intended to give a 
higher relish ; to give zest, 
flavor, or interest to ; to be 
impudent or saucy to. [F. 




Satyr. 



of 



a sauce, condiment, L. salsa, prop. fem. of p. p. 
salire, salsus, to salt, q. v.] — Sau'cy, -si, a. [-ciek; 
-CIEST.] Bold to excess ; transgressing the rules of 
decorum ; expressive of impudence ; insolent ; im- 
pertinent ; rude. — Sau'cily, -sY-lY, adv. — Sau'ci- 
ness, n. — Sauce'box, n. A saucy person, — gen- 
erally said playfully, of a child. — Sauce'pan, n. A 
pan m which to boil sauce or small articles. — Sau'- 
cer, n. A small dish, orig. to hold sauce ; a shallow 
dish in which a teacup, etc., is set. [F. sauciere.] — 
Sau'sage, -sei, n. An article of food, made of meat 
minced, highly seasoned, and inclosed in a prepared 
intestine. [F. saucisse, LL. salcitia, fr. L. salsus, 
salted.] 

Sauerkraut, sowr'krowt, n. Cabbage preserved in 
brine, and allowed to ferment, — a German dish. 
[G., fr. sauer, sour (q. v.), and kraut, herb, cab- 
bage.] 

Saunter, sanlgr, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -teeing.] To 
wander about idly, loiter, linger, stroll, wander. 
[Dan. slentre, to lounge about, slunte, to idle, Sw. 
slentra, to loiter, Ic. and Norw. seint, slowly, AS. 
ssene, slow.] — Saunlerer, -ter-5r, n. 

Saurian, sawll-an, a. Pert, to, or of the nature of, a 
saurian. — n. An animal of the order of reptiles 
which includes all that are covered with scales, and 
have 4 legs, as the lizard. [Gr. sauros, lizard.] 

Sausage. See under Sauce. 

Savage, sav'ej, a. Pert, to the forest ; remote from 
human residence and irTrovements ; wild ; un- 
tamed ; uncivilized ; unpolished ; characterized by 
cruelty; ferocious; brutish; barbarous; fierce; pit- 
iless; murderous. — n. A human being in his na- 
tive state of rudeness; a man of extreme, unfeeling, 
brutal cruelty; a barbarian. [OF. salvage, L. silvati- 
cus, wild, silvan, q. v.] — Sav'agely, adv. — Sav'- 
ageness, n. — Sav'agery, -ej-rt, n. State or condition 
of being savage; a wild, uncultivated condition; bar- 
barism; an act of cruelty; barbarity. — Sav'agism, 
-izm, n. State of being savage. 

Savanna, sa-van'na, n. An extensive open plain or 
meadow, or a plain destitute of trees, and covered 
with grass. [Sp. sabana, a sheet for a bed, a large 
plain covered with snow, fr. L. sabanum, Gr. saba- 
non, a linen cloth.] 

Savant, sii-vawN', n.; pi. Savants, same pron. A 
man of learning ; one versed in literature or sci- 
ence. [F., p. pr. of savoir, L. sapere, to know: see 
Sapid.} 

Save, Savior, etc. See under Safe. 

Savin, savin, n. An evergreen tree or shrub, with 
dark foliage, producing small berries. [AS. safinee, 
L. sabina (herba), Sabine (herb).] 

Savor, sa'ver, n. Quality affecting the organs of taste 
or smell ; specific flavor or quality ; characteristic 
property ; taste ; relish ; odor ; scent. — v. i. [sa- 
vored (-vgrd), -voring.] To have a particular smell 
or taste; to indicate the presence or influence. [OF. 



8fln, cube, full ; moon, f 6"&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. 



SAVORY 



508 



SCALLOP 




Saw-fish. 



savour, L. sapor, fr. sapere, to taste: see Sapid.] — 
Sa'vory, -ver-T, a. Having savor or relish; pleasing 
to the organs of taste or smell. — Sa'vorily, adv. — 
Sa'voriness, n. — Sa'vorless, a. Having no savor ; 
insipid. 

Savory, sa'ver-Y, n. An aromatic plant, used in cook- 
ing. [L. satureia.] 

Savoy, sa-voi / \ n. A variety of cabbage, having curled 
leaves, cultivated for winter use. [Orig. fr. Savoy, 
Italy.] 

Saw. See See, also Sat. 

Saw, saw, n. An instrument for cutting, consisting of 
a thin blade or plate of steel, with a series of sharp 
teeth on one edge. —v. t. [imp. sawed (sawd); p. p. 
sawed or sawn; sawing.] To cut or separate with 
a saw; to form by cutting with a saw. — v. i. To use 
a saw, practice sawing; to cut with a saw; to be cut 
with a saw. [AS. saga, Ic. sog, G. saege, a saw; s. rt. 
L. secare^ to cut.] — SaWyer, n. One who saws tim- 
ber into planks or boards, or wood for fuel; a tree 
which, having fallen into a stream, lies fast by the 
roots, with its branches rocking above and below the 
surface of the water, like the motion of a saw. — 
Saw'dust, n. Dust or small fragments of wood, 
stone, or other material, 
made by the attrition of 
a saw. — Saw'-fish, n. A 
cartilaginous fish, close- 
ly allied to the shark: it 
has the upper jaw pro- 
longed into a long beak 
or snout, with teeth ar- 
ranged along both edges. 
— fly, n. One of a fam- 
ily of insects, the fe- 
males of which are fur- 
nished with an oviposi- 
tor toothed like a saw, 
for boring holes for 

their eggs in the twigs and stems of plants. — mill, n. 
A mill for sawing timber or marble, etc. — pit, n. 
A pit over which timber is sawed by two men, one 
standing below the timber and the other above. — 
-set, re. An instrument used to set or turn the teeth 
of a saw a little outward. — See'saw, n. A play 
among children, in which 2 persons, seated upon 
opposite ends of a board supported in the middle, 
move alternately up and down; a board adjusted for 
this purpose; a vibratory or reciprocating motion. — 
v. i. [seesawed (-sawd), -sawing.] To move back- 
ward and forward, or upward and downward. — a. 
Moving up and down, or to and fro; having a recip- 
rocating motion. [Reduplication of saw, expressing 
the motion to and fro, in the act of sawing.] 

Saxifrage, Saxifragous. See under Sassafras. 

Saxon, saks'un or saks'n, n. One of a people who 
formerly dwelt in N. Germany, and who invaded 
and conquered England in the 5th and 6th centuries; 
an Anglo-Saxon ; a native of Saxony ; language of 
the Saxons; Anglo-Saxon. — a. Pert, to the Saxons, 
their country, or their language; of, or pert, to, Saxo- 
ny, or its inhabitants. [AS. Seaxa, pi. Scare, Seaxan, 
fr. seax, a knife, short sword, dagger.] — Sax'onism, 
-izm, n. An idiom of the Saxon language. 

Say, sa, v. t. [said (sed; contr. fr. sayed), saying.] To 
express in words (spoken or written), tell, speak, 
utter, argue, allege; to repeat, rehearse, recite; to an- 
nounce, as a decision or opinion; to suppose, assume 
to be. — re. A speech; something said. [AS. secgan, 
Sw. saga, G. sagen, Ic. segja, OHG. sea/aw, Lithuan. 
sakyt, to say; s. rt. sign, saga.] — Say'ing, n. That 
which is said; an expression; esp., a proverbial ex- 
pression. — Saw, re. A saying; maxim; proverb; ad- 
age; aphorism; apothegm; by-word. [AS. sagn, Ic. 
saga: see Saga.] 

Sbirro, zber'ro, n. ; pi. -ri, -re. An Italian policeman. 
[It.] 

Scab, skab, n. (Med.) An incrustation over a sore or 
wound. A contagious disease of sheep. [AS. scseb, 
Dan. and Sw. skab, L. scabies, scab, itch, lit. some- 
thing scratched, fr. scabere, to scratch ; s. rt. shave, 
shabby.] — Scab'bed, a. Abounding, or diseased, 
withscabs : mean ; paltry ; vile ; worthless.— Scab'bed- 
ness, n. — Scab'by, -M, a. [-bier; -biest.] Affected 
with scabs; full of scabs; diseased with the scab or 
mange; mangy.— Scab'biness, re.— Sca'bious, -bt-us, 
a. Consisting of scabs; rough; itchy; leprous. [L. 
scabiosus.] 

Scabbard, skab'bard, re. The case in which the blade 
of a sword, etc., is kept ; a sheath. [ME. scaubert, 
for scauberk, prob. fr OF. escale, OHG. scala, a 



shell, husk, rind, scull, and OHG. bergan, to pro- 
tect, hide: see Hauberk.] 

Scabrous, ska'brus, a. Having hard, short, rigid 
points ; rough ; rugged. [F. scabreux, L. scabrosus, 
fr. scaber, rough. 1 — Sca'brousness, n. 

Scaffold, skaffold, re. A temporary structure of tim- 
ber, boards, etc., for supporting workmen and ma- 
terials, in building, etc. ; esp., a platform for the 
execution of a criminal. — v. t. To furnish with a 
scaffold. [OF. escafaut, It. and Sp. catafalco, q. v.] 

— Scaffolding, n. A frame or structure for temped 
rary support; a scaffold; materials for scaffolds. 

Scagliola. See under Scale, dish of a balance. 

Scalade, etc. See under Scale, a ladder. 

Scald, skawld, v. t. To burn with hot liquid or steam; 
to expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in 
water or other liquor. — n. A burn, or injury to the 
skin and flesh by some hot liquid, or by steam. [OF. 
escalder, L. excaldare, f r. ex and caldus, calidus, hot, 
fr. caldere, to be hot; s. rt. caldron.] 

Scald, skawld, n. Scurf on the head ; scab. [Orig. 
scalled, affected with scall.] — Scall, skawl, n. Scab; 
scabbiness ; leprosy. [Ic. skalli, a bare head, Sw. 
skallig, bald, skala, to peel, Dan. and Sw. skal, a 
husk; s. rt. scale.] — Scald'-head, n. (Med.) A pus- 
tular disease of the hairy scalp, with scabs or crusts. 

Scald, skawld, n. A reciter and singer of heroic po- 
ems, eulogies, etc., among the Norsemen. [Ic. skald, 
orig. loud talker ; s. rt. scold.] — Scald'ic, a. Pert. 
to the scalds or poets of antiquity. 

Scale, skal, n. The dish of a balance ; the balance 
itself ; an instrument or machine for weighing, — 
chiefly in pi. when applied to the whole instrument; 
one of the small, thin, membranous or bony pieces 
which form the covering of many fishes and reptiles; 
any thin layer or leaf of metal or other material; an 
incrustation deposited on the inside of a vessel in 
which water is heated. — v. t. [scaled (skald), 
scaling.] To strip or clear of scales; to take off in 
thin layers or scales. — v. i. To separate and come 
off in thin layers or laminse. [AS. scale, Ic. and Sw. 
skal, scale of a balance, bowl, cup, AS. scale, sceale, 
Dan. and Sw. skal, OHG. scala, shell, husk, Goth. 
skalja, a tile; s. rt. skill, shell, scall, scull.] — Seal' y, 
skal'T, a. Covered or abounding with scales; rough; 
resembling scales, lamina:, or layers; mean; scabby. 

— Sca'liness, re.— Scaglio'la, skal-yo'la, n. An imi- 
tation of marble, formed by studding the surface of 
a substratum of gypsum mixed with glue, with splin- 
ters of stone of different colors, and then polishing 
it. [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia, a scale, shell, chip 
of stone_.l 

Scale, skal, n. A ladder ; series of steps ; anything 
graduated, esp. when employed as a measure or 
rule, or marked by lines or degrees at regular inter- 
vals. (Mus.) The gamut, or graduating series of all 
the tones, ascending or descending, from the key- 
note to its octave. Gradation; scheme of compara- 
tive rank or order; relative dimensions, withou^dif- 
f erence in proportion of parts.— v. t. [scaled (skald), 
scaling.] To climb by a ladder, or as if by a ladder; 
to clamber up. [L. scala, a ladder, prob. s. rt. L. 
scandere, to climb, E. scan, escalade.] — Scalade', 
-lad', n. (Mil.) An assault on a besieged place with 
ladders to mount tUe walls; an escalade. 
Scalene, ska-len', a. (Geom.) Having the sides and 
angles unequal, — said of a triangle ; having the 
axis inclined to the base, as a cone. — n. 
(Geom.) A triangle having its sides and 
angles unequal. [L. scalenus, Gr. skalenos ; 
s. rt. Gr. skolios, crooked, skellos, crook- 
legged, skelos, a leg, skairein, to skip, E. 
shallow.] 
Scall. See Scald, scurf. 
Scallion, skal'yun, n. A plant, which grows 
about Ascalon, in Palestine: it is allied to 
the garlic and onion. 
Scallop, skoKlup, n. A marine shell-fish or 
bivalve mollusk, 
often used for 
food: the shell was formerly 
worn by pilgrims as a mark 
that they had been to the 
Holy Land ; a curving of 
the edge of anything, like 
the segment of a circle ; a 
kind of dish for baking oys- 
ters in. — v. t. [scalloped 
(-lupt), -loping.] To mark 
„ „ _,, „ or cut the edge or border 

bcallop Shell. of int0 se gments of circles. 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



SCALPEL 



509 



SCARE 



[ME. skalop. OF. escalo/.e. OD. schelpe, a shell, G. 
"vkelfe, a husk; s. rt. scale. shell, scalp. 1 — Scalloped, 
-lupt, a. Made or done with or in a scallop; having 
the edge or border cut or marked with segments of 
circles.— Scalloped oysters. {Cookery. | Oysters baked 
with crumbs of bread strewed over the surface: this 
was, at first, done in scallop shells, and afterwards 
in a dish called a scallop. — Scalp, skalp, n. That 
part of the integument of the head usually covered 
with hair; the skin of the head, or a part of it, with 
the hair belonging to it. torn off, as by Indian war- 
riors, as a token of victory over an enemy. — v. t. 
[scalped (skalpt), scalping.] To deprive of the 
scalp, or integuments of the head. [Samo as scallop, 
in sense of shell, skull; s. rt. scale, dish.] 

Scalpel. skaKpel, n. {Sura.) A knife used in anatom- 
ical dissections and surgical operations. [L. scalpel- 
'inii. dim. of scalprum or scalper, a knife, scalpere, 
to cut. carve; s. rt. sharp.} — Scalp'er, Scalp'ing- 
i'ron, n. (Surg.) An instrument used in scraping 
foul and carious bones. 

Scaly. See under Scale, a dish. 

Scambie, etc. See under Scamp. 

Scammony, skam'mo-n T, n. A plant of the convolvu- 
lus family ; an inspissated sap obtained from its 
root, having a blackish-gray color, a nauseous smell, 
and a bitter and acrid taste. [OF. scammonie, Gr. 
skamonia.] — Scammo'niate, -nl-at, a. Made with 
or containing, etc. 

Scamp, skamp, n. A rascal; scoundrel; mean villain. 
— v. t. [scamped (skamt), -ping.] To perform (work) 
dishonestlv or in an unworkmanlike manner. [Abbr. 
fr. scamper. }— Scam'per, v. i. [-pered (-perd), -pee- 
ing.] To run with speed ; to nasten away, escape. 
[OF. escamper, It. scampare, to escape, save one's 
self, L. ex. from, and campus, the field (of battle).] 
— Scam'ble, -bl, v. i. To stir quick, be busy, scram- 
ble: to be awkward, — v. t. To mangle, maul. [OD. 
schampelen, to slip, schampen, to escape.] — Scam / '- 
bler, n. One who scambles : a bold intruder upon 
the generosity or hospitality of others. 

Scan, skan, v. t. [scanned (skand), -ning.] To mount 
by steps ; to go through with (a verse), marking 
and distinguishing the feet of which it is composed; 
to go over and examine point by point, scrutinize. 
[OF. escancler, to climb, L. scandere, to climb, also 
scan verses, Skr. skand, to ascend ; s. rt. ascend, 
condescend, etc., pern, scale, escalade.] — Scan'dent, 
a. (Bot.) Climbing, either with spiral tendrils for 
support, or by adhesive fibers, as a stalk. [L. 
sco.ndens, p. pr. of scanderre.] — Scan'sion, -shun, n. 
Act of scanning. [L. scansto.J — Scanso'res, -so-rez, 
n. pi. An order of 
birds whose toes 
are in pairs, 2 be- 
fore and 2 behind, 
enabling them to 
cling to and climb 
upon trees, as the 
woodpeckers and 
parrots. [XL.] — 
Scanso'rial, -ri-al, 
a. Pert, to, etc. ; 
climbing, or adapt- 
ed to climbing. 

Scandal, skan'dal, 
n. Reproach o r 
reprobation called 
forth by what is 
regardedas wrong, 
heinous, or fla- 
grant; imputed 
disgrace: re- 
proachful asper- 
sion ; defamatory 
speech or report : 

detraction; cal- a a, head and foot of cuckoo ■. b b. head 
umnv; opprobri- and foot ot green woodpecker; 

nm; reproach! e c> head and foot of £ re ~ : )•«"»»■ 
shame ; disgrace. [F. scandale, L. scandalum. Gr. 
skandalon, a snare, stumbling-block, also scandal, 
offense, skandalatJiron, spring of a trap.]— Scan'- 
dalize. v. r. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To give offense 
to. excite the reprobation of: to reproach, defame. — 
Scan'dalous, -dal-us, a. Giving offense ; exciting 
reprobation; calling out condemnation; disgraceful 
to reputation ; bringing shame or infamy : shame- 
ful ; Dase ; defamatory ; libelous. — Scan'dalously, 
adv. — Scan'dalousness. n.— Scan'dalum Magna'- 
tum. (Lair.) A defamatory speech or writing made 
or published to the injury of a person of dignity, — 





Scape. 



usually abbreviated scan. may. [L., scandal of mag- 
nates.] 

Scandent, Scansion, etc. See under Scan. 

Scant, skant, v. t. To limit, straiten, treat illiberally; 
I to make small, narrow, or scanty. — v. i. To fail, 
or become less. — a. Scarcely sufficient: less than 
is wanted for the purpose." [Ic. skamt, neut. of 
skemtmr, short, brief, whence skamta, to dole out, 
apportion meals, OHG. scam, short.] — Scanfly, 
«(/(•. In a scant manner: not fully or sufficiently; 
narrowly: penuriously. — Scant'ness. n. — Scanfy, 
-T, a. [-i£R;-iest.] Wanting amplitude or extent; 
not abundant for use or necessity; hardly sufficient; 
sparing; niggardly: narrow; poor: parsimonious; 
penurious.— Scant'ily. -T-H, adv. In a scanty man- 
ner; not fully. — Scant'iness, n. 

Scantling, skant'ling, n. A piece of timber sawed or 
cut of a small size, as for studs, rails, etc. [OF. es- 
chantillon, a cantle, corner-piece, .-ample, pattern, 
eschmteler, to break or cut into small pieces, fr. es- 
(= L. ex) and cantel, chant el = E. cantle, q. v., un- 
der Cant, to incline.] 

Scape, skap, v. t. or i. To escape. [Abbr. fr. escape.'] 
— Scape'-goat. n. (Jewish Antiq.) A goat upon 
whose head were symbolically placed the sins of 
the people, after which he wa's suffered to escape 
into the wilderness. A person on whom the sins of 
another may be fixed. — grace, n. A graceless, hair- 
brained fellow. — Scape'ment, n. A kind of mech- 
anism: jee Escapement. 

Scape, skap, n. (Bot.) A peduncle rising directly from 
the root, as in the stemless vio- 
lets, the bloodroot, etc. [L. sea- 
pus, Gr. skapos, a stalk.] 

Scaphoid, skaf'oid, a. Resem- 
bling a boat in form: see Ear. 
[Gr. skaphe, boat, and eidos, 
shape.] 

Scapula, skap'u-la. n. ; pi. --lje, 
-le. (Anat.) The shoulder- 
blade : see Skeleton. [L. ; 
prob. s. rt. scapus (see Scape) 
and scepter.] — Scap'ular. a. 
Pert, to the shoulder or to the 
scapula. [L. scapularis.] — 
Scap'ular. -ulary, -la-rT, n. A part of the habit of 
certain religious orders in the Rom. Cath. church, 
consisting of 2 bands of woolen stuff worn over the 
gown, of which one crosses the back or shoulders, 
and the other the stomach. 

Scar, skiir, n. A mark remaining after a wound or 
ulcer is healed; a cicatrix; blemish.— v. t. [SCARRED 
(skard), scarring.] To mark with a scar, or scars. 
[OF. escare, L. eschara, a scar, esp., fr. a burn, Gr. 
eschara, a fireplace, brazier, also a scar : see ES- 
CHAR.] 

Scar. Scaur, skar, n. A bare and broken place on a 
side of a mountain, or in the high bank of a river. 
[Ic. sker, a skerry, isolated rock in the sea, skor, a 
rift in a rock; s. rt. share, score.] 

Scarab, skar'ab, Scar'abee, -a-be, -abae'us, -a-be'us, n. 
An insect having cased 
wings ; a beetle. [F. scar- 
abie, L. scarabseus.} 

Scaramouch, skar'a-mowch/rt. 
A personage in Italian com- 
edy, characterized by great 
boastfulness and poltroon- 
ery ; a buffoon ; hence, a 
person of like characterist- 
ics. [Fr. F. scaramouche, F. 
rendering of It. Scarramuccia, name of an Italian 
buffoon who acted in London and Paris in the 17th 
century: see Skirmish.] 

Scarce, skars, a. Xot plentiful or abundant: not 
easily to be procured : rare ; infrequent ; deficient; 
uncommon. [OF. escars, It. scarso, D. schsers, Ar- 
mor, skarz, scarce, scanty, saving, niggard, Armor. 
skarza, to diminish, shorten, spare, be niggardly, 
also to sweep, cleanse; s. rt. W. carthu, to scour, 
cleanse.] — Scarce, Scarce'ly, adv. With difficulty; 
hardly \ scantly ; barely ; but just. — Scarce'ness, 
Scar'city, -sT-ti, ». Condition of being scarce; lack 
of plenty: infrequency; deficiency; penury; dearth; 
rarity: short supplv. *[OF. escarseteT] 

8car9. skar, v. t. [scared (skard). scaring.] To 
terrify suddenly, make afraid, frighten, alarm.' 
[ME. skerren, fr. skerre, Ic. skjarr, shy, timid, 
skirra, to bar, prevent, skirrask, to shun, shrink 
from; peril, s. rt. share, shear, sheer.] — Scare'croW 
n. An' object set up to frighten crows, etc., from 




15* 



Scarab. 



sun, cube, full ; moon. 



; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SCARF 



510 



SCHOOL 



f "^^-^ 1 




J 




— "3 — 


d 


^-^^^ ; 


13 


u 




y 













-i 1 


S" 




IU 



Modes of Scarfing. 



cornfields ; anything which terrifies without dan- 
ger; a vain terror. 

Scarf, skarf, n. A light article of dress, worn loosely 
over the shoulders or about the neck. — v. t. 
[scarfed (skarft), scarfing.] To throw loosely 
on, put on like a scarf ; to cover, bandage. [AS. 
scearfe, a fragment, piece, scearfian, to shred, scrape, 
D. scherf, a shred, OF. escharpe, a scarf, pilgrim's 
scrip, OD. scharpe, LG. schrap, a scrip ; s. rt. scrip, 
scrap, scrape, shar/>.] — Sc&Tf'sl!Lm,n. (Anat.) The 
outer thin integument of the body; the cuticle; epi- 
dermis. 

Scarf, skarf, v. t. To cut a scarf on, as for a joint in 

timber.— n. (Carp.) The „ _, „ 

part cut away from each 
of 2 pieces of timber to 
be joined longitudinal- 
ly, 'so that the corre- 
sponding ends may fit 
together in an even 
joint; the joint so 
formed. [Sw. skarfva, 
to join together, piece 
out, skarf, scarf, seam, 
joint, Ic. skara, to over- 
lap and clinch, said of 
the planks of a boat, 
skera, to shear, cut, shape, Bavarian scharben, to 
notch timber, G. scharben, to cut small; s. rt. shear.] 

Scarify, skar'Y-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To 
scratch or cut the skin of; to make small incisions 
in, by means of a lancet or cupping instrument; to 
stir the surface soil of. [F. scarifier, L. scarificare, 
fr. Gr. skariphaomai, I scratch or scrape up, fr. 
skariphos, a style for drawing, sharp-pointed instru- 
ment; s. rt. shear.]— Scar'ifica'tion, n. (Surg.) The 
operation of scarifying, esp. with the cupping in- 
strument. [F.]— Scar'ifica'tor, n. (Surg.) An in- 
strument used in cupping. — Scar'ifFer, n. One 
who scarifies; the instrument used for scarifying. 
(Agric.) An implement for stirring and loosening 
the soil. 

Scarlet, skar'let, n. A bright red color, lighter than 
crimson. — a. Of the color called scarlet ; of a bright 
red color. [OF. escarlate, It. scarlatto, scarlet, fr. 
Per. saqalat, suqlat, scarlet cloth, saqlan, cloth.] — 
Scarlet-fe'ver, Scar'lati'na, -te'na, n. (Med.) A 
contagious and often malignant febrile disease, char- 
acterized by inflammation of the fauces, and a scar- 
let rash, appearing usually on the 2d day. and ending 
in desquamation about the 6th or 7th day. 

Scarp, skarp, n. A perpendicular, or nearly perpen- 
dicular, slope. (Fort.) The interior slope of the ditch 
at the foot of the rampart: see Casemate, — v. t. 
[scarped (skarpt), scarping.] To cut down per- 
pendicularly, or nearly so. [F. escarpe, It. Scarpa, 
a scarp, OF. escarper, to cut smooth and steep, LG. 
scharp = E. sharp, q. v. ; same as escarp.] 

Scath, skath. Scathe, skath, v. t. [scathed (skatht 
or skathd), scathing (skath'- or skath'ing).] To 
do harm to, injure, damage, waste, destroy, — n. 
Damage; injury; waste; harm. [AS. sceadhan, Ic. 
skadha, D. and G. schaden, to harm, injure, Skr. 
kshata, hurt, p. p. of kshan, to wound.] — Scatn'ful, 
-ful, a. Injurious; harmful; destructive. — Scathe- 
less, a. Without waste or damage. 

Scatter, skat'ter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
strew about, sprinkle around; to cause to separate 
in different directions; to frustrate, disappoint, and 
overthrow, dissipate. — v. i. To be dispersed or 
dissipated. [AS. scateran ; s. rt. Gr. skedannumi, I 
sprinkle, scatter, L. scandula, a shingle for a roof, 
Skr. skhad, to cut, E. shed, shatter.] — Scattered, 
-terd, a. Dispersed. (Bot.) Irreg- 
ular in position; without appar- 
ent order. — Scafter-brain, n. A 
giddy or thoughtless person. 

Scaur. See Scar, bare place on a 
mountain. 

Scavenger, skav'en-jgr, n. A per- 
son who cleans the streets of a 
city, by scraping or sweeping, and 
carrying off the filth; one engaged 
in a mean or dirty occupation ; 
esp. one who gathers garbage 
from ash-barrels, dumps, etc. ; a 
•creature which eats or removes 
filth, carrion, etc. [ME. scavager, 
OF. scawageour, orig. a customs 
officer, afterwards charged with 
the Cleaning Of the Streets, fr. Scattered Leaves. 




OLawF. scavage, a showing, fr. AS. sceawian, to 

show;_not fr. AS. scafan, to shave, scrape.] 
Scene, sen, n. The structure on which a spectacle or 
play is exhibited; stage; one of the slides, hangings, 
or other devices, used to give an appearance of real- 
ity to the action of a play ; a separate portion of a 
play, subordinate to the act ; place, time, circum- 
stances, etc., in which anything is imagined to occur, 
or where the action of a story, play, poem, etc., is 
laid; an assemblage of objects presented to the view 
at once; spectacle; show; exhibition; view: a dra- 
matic or striking exhibition of passionate feeling ; 
an interview ; action, or course of acfion, done for 
effect. [L. scena, Gr. skene, sheltered place, tent, 
stage, scene, Skr. chhaya, shadowing = E. shade.] — 
Scen'ery, -er-T, n. The paintings and hangings rep- 
resenting the scenes of a play; general aspect, as re- 
gards variety and beauty or the reverse in a land- 
scape; combination of natural views; representation; 
imagery. _ [L. scenarius, pert, to a play.] — Scenic, 
sen'- or sen'ik, -ical, sgn'ik-al, a. Pert, to, or of the 
nature of, scenery, esp. the scenery of a theater ; 
theatrical. — Scenog'raphy, se-nog-'ra-fi, n. The 
representation of a body on a perspective plane; or a 
description of it, in all its dimensions, as it appears 
to the eye. [Gr. skenographia ; graphein, to write.] 
— Scen'ograph'ic, sen'o-graf'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to 
scenography; drawn in perspective. 
Scent, sent, v. t. To perceive by the olfactory organs, 
smell; to imbue or fill with odor, perfume. — n. 
Odor ; smell ; power of smelling ; sense of smell ; 
chase followed by the scent; course of pursuit; track. 
[Prop, and orig. sent, F. sentir, L. sentire, to feel, 
perceive ; s. rt. G. sinnen, to meditate, fr. sinn, feel- 
ing = E. sense, q. v.] — Scentless, a. 



Scepter, -tre, sep'ter, n. A staff borne by kings, as a 
badge of authority ; a ...■». 

royal mace; royal pow- "8^^*^ * " ySEg? 



er or authority. — v. t. Scepter. 

[SCEPTERED or -TRED 

(-terd), -tering or -tring.] To invest with royal 
authority, or with the ensign of authority. [ME. 
and F. sceptre, L. septrum, Gr. skeptron, fr. skeptein, 
to prop, also to lean on.] 

Sceptic. Sceptical, etc. See Skeptic, etc. 

Schedule, sked'ul, in Eng. pron. shed'ul, n. A writ- 
ten or printed scroll of paper ; a document ; esp., an 
official or formal list or inventory; catalogue. [OF.; 
L. schedula, a small leaf of paper, dim. of scneda, 
scida, a strip of papyrus bark, Gr. schede, a tablet, 
schide, a cleft piece of wood, fr. schizein, Skr. chhid, 
to cut.] 

Scheik. Same as Sheik. 

Scheme, skein, n. A combination of things connected 
and adjusted by design ; a plan of something to be 
done; any lineal or mathematical diagram; project; 
design; contrivance; purpose; plot.— v. t. [schemed 
(skemd), scheming.] To plan, project. — v. i. To 
form a plan or project, contrive. [L. and Gr. schema, 
fr. Gr. echein, tut. scheso, to hold, have ; s. rt. Skr. 
sah, to bear, endure.] — Schem'er, -ist, n. One who 
schemes or contrives ; a projector. — Sche'sis, ske'- 
sis, n. (Rhet.) A figure of speech whereby a cer- 
tain affection or inclination of an adversary or op- 
onent is feigned for the purpose of answering it. 



pc 

[Gr.] 
Schirrhus. See Scirrus. 



Schism, sizm, n. Division or separation ; permanent 
division or separation in the Christian church, oc- 
casioned by diversity of opinions, or other reason. 
[F. schisme, L. and Gr. schisma, fr. Gr. skizein, fut. 
schiso, to cleave ; s. rt. L. scinderre, Skr. chhid, to cut, 
E. schist, squill, schedule, rescind.] — Schismat'ic, 
-mafik, -mat'ical, a. Pert, to or implying, schism ; 
partaking of the nature of schism ; tending to 
schism. — Schismatic, n. One who separates from 
an established church or religious faith ; heretic ; 
partisan. 

Schist, shist, 7). (Geol.) A rock having a schistose 
structure, — used esp. of some kinds of metamorphic 
rocks. [Gr. schistos, easily cleft, fr. schizein: see 
Schism.] — Schistose'', -os', Schisfous, -us, a. Ad- 
mitting of division by natural cleavage into flags, 
slabs, or slates, — used esp. of metamorphic rocks. 

School, skool, n. A place for learned intercourse 
and instruction; an institution for learning; an in- 
stitution of learning of a grade below a college or 
university ; place of elementary instruction ; a ses- 
sion of an institution of instruction ; one of the 
mediasval seminaries for teaching logic, metaphys- 
ics, and theology, characterized by academical dis- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, dr ; 



SCHOONER 



511 



SCOLLOP 



nutations and subtilties of reasoning ; an assem- 
blage of scholars ; body of pupils ; the disciples or 
followers of a teacher ; a sect or denomination in 
philosophy, theology, science, etc. ; a shoal or com- 
pact body, as of fish. — v. t. [schooled (skoold), 
schooling.] To train in an institution of learning; 
to tutor ; to chide and admonish. [AS. scolu, D. 
school, It. sgol, a school, also a shoal of fishes, L. 
schola, a school, Gr. schole, rest, leisure, disputa- 
tion, place where lectures are given, school; s. rt. 
scheme, shoal.] — Schooling, n. Instruction in 
school; tuition; reproof; reprimand; compensation 
for instruction. — School'-boy, -girl, n. One who at- 
tends a school. — dame, n. A female teacher of a 
school. — fel'low, n. One bred at the same school 
and at the same time as another. — house, n. A 
house appropriated for the use of schools, or for in- 
struction. man, n. One versed in the niceties 

of academical disputation, or of the school divinity 
of the middle ages ; one of the philosophers and 
divines of the 9th-14th centuries. — mas'ter, -mis'- 
tress, n. One who presides over and teaches a school ; 
a teacher or instructor. — SchoKar, skol'ar, n. One 
who attends a school ; one who learns of a teacher; 
pupil ; learner ; disciple ; a learned person ; a man 
of high literary or scientific attainments; one versed 
in any branch of knowledge; one acquainted with 
books only; a pedant. [AS. scolare.] — SchoKarly, 
a. Like, or becoming, a scholar. — Scholarship, n. 
Character and qualities of a scholar ; attainments 
in science or literature; learning; erudition; knowl- 
edge ; foundation for the support of a student. — 
Scholas'tic, sko-las'tik. n. One who adheres to the 
method or subtilties or the schools. — Scholar' tic, 
-tical, a. Pert, to, or suiting, a scholar or school ; 
pert, to the schoolmen, or philosophers and divines 
of the middle ages; pedantic; formal. — Scholas'ti- 
cally, adv. — L Scholas1icism, -tt-sizm, n. The meth- 
od or subtilties of the schools of philosophy; scholas- 
tic formality.— Scholiast, -lt-ast, n. A commentator 
or annotator. [Gr. scholiastes.] — Scho'liastlc, a. 
Pert, to a scholiast or his pursuits. — Scho'lium, -1Y- 
um, n. ; L. pi. -lia, -lY-a, E. pi. -hums. A mar- 
ginal annotation, — so called as being the fruit of the 
leisure hours of 
the writers. 
{Math.) A remark 
or observation 
subjoined to a 
demonstration. 
[Gr. scholion.] 

Schooner, skoon'er, 
n. (Naut.) A 
sharp-built vessel, 
having 2, 3, or 4 
masts, with fore- 
a n d - a f t sails. 
[Prop, scooner, fr. 
gcoon, a word used 
in some parts of N. 
Eng. to denote the 
act of making 
stones skip along 
the surface of the Topsail Schooner, 

water ; Scot, scon, to skip stones, AS. scunian, to 
avoid, shun.] — Topsail schooner. The original form 
of schooner, having square fore-topsail and lore- 
topgallant sail, but the other sails fore-and-aft. 

Schorl, shdrl, n. (Min.) Black tourmaline. 

Sciagraph, si'a-graf, n. {Physics.) Photograph made 
by Rontgen rays, q. v. [Gr. skin, shadow + graphein, 
to writer) — Sciagraphy, si-agla-fT, -og'raphy, n. 
Art or science of projecting or delineating shadows 
as they fall in nature. {Arch.) The profile or verti- 
cal section of a building. — Sciom'achy, -om'a-kT, n. 
A mock contest with one's own shadow or with 
shadows; imaginary or futile combat. [Gr. skiama- 
chia ; mache, battle.] — Sci'oman'cy, -man'sT, n. 
Divination by means of shadows. [Gr. manteia, 
divination.] — Sciop'tic, -trie, a. Of, or pert, to, a 
certain optical arrangement for forming images in 
a darkened room. [Gr. optikos = E. optic."] 

Sciatic, si-at'ik, Sciatica, -Y-ka, n. (Med.) Neural- 
gia of the sciatic nerve; a rheumatic affection of 
the hip joint, or of the parts surrounding it. — Sci- 
atic, a. Pert, to, or affecting, the hip. [F. sci- 
atique, LL. sciaticus, corrupt, of L. ischiadiciis, Gr. 
ischiadikos, subject to pains in the loins, fr. ischion, 
the socket of the thigh.] 

Science, si'ens, n. Exact and comprehensive infor- 
mation, skill, or expertness; investigation of truth 




for its own sake ; that which is known ; knowl- 
edge duly arranged, and referred to general truths 
and principles on which it is founded, and from 
which it is derived. [F. ; L. scientia, fr. scire, to 
know ; s. rt. skill.] — Scientific, -tif'ik, a. Agree- 
ing with, or depending on, the rules or principles of 
science. [F. scientifique ; h.facere, to make.] — Sci- 
entiflcal, -ically, adv. In a scientific manner; ac- 
cording to the principles of science. — Sci'olist, 
-o-list, n. One who knows anything superficially; a 
smatterer. [L. sciolus, dim. of scius, knowing, fr. 
scirr.] — Sci'olism, -lizm, n. Superficial knowledge. 

Scilicet, sil'T-set. To wit; namely, — of ten abbr. to 
sc, or .«. [L., contr. fr. scire licet, you may know.] 

Scimiter, -itar, sim^I-ter, n. A short sword with a 
convex edge or recurved point. [See Cimeter.] 

Scintillate, sin'til-lat, v. i. To emit sparks, or fine 
igneous particles; to 6parkle, as the fixed stars. [L. 
sciutillare, -latum, fr. scintilla, a spark.] — Scinlil- 
lant, a. Emitting sparks; sparkling. — Scintilla'- 
tion, n. Act of scintillating; act of emitting sparks, 
or of twinkling. [F.] 

Sciography. Same as Sciagraphy. 

Sciolism, etc. See under Science. 

Sciomachy, Scioptic. etc. Sec under Sciagraphy. 

Scion, si'un, n. A shoot or twig of a plant, esp. when 
cut for ingrafting in a stock; acion; a descendant; 
an heir. [F.: see Cion.] 

Scire-facias, si're-fa'shY-as, n. (Law.) A judicial 
writ, founded upon some record, and requiring the 
party proceeded against to show cause why the 
party bringing it should not have advantage ot such 
record, or why the record should not be annulled. 
[L., cause you to know J 

Scirrhous, skirlus, a. Proceeding from, or of the 
nature of, scirrhus; indurated; knotty. — n. ; L.jil. 
-rhi, E. pi. -RHUSES. {Med.) An indolent indura- 
tion, particularly of the glands; a hard, cancerous 
growth, which emits a creaking sound when incised. 
[LateL., fr. Gr. skirros, skiros, a hardened swelling, 
fr. skiros, hard.] — Scirrhoslty, -T-tt, n. A morbid 
induration, as of a gland. 

Scissel, sis'sel, n. Clippings of metals made in va- 
rious mechanical operations. — Scis'sile, -sil, a. 
Capable of being cut or divided by a sharp instru- 
ment. [L. scissilis, fr. scindere, scissnm, to cut, split; 
s. rt. abscind, schism, etc.] — Scis'sion, sizh'un, n. 
Act of cutting or dividing by an edged instrument; 
state of being cut; division; separation. [L. scissio, 
fr. scindere.] — Scis'sure, sizh'er, n. A longitudinal 
opening made by cutting ; a cleft; fissure. [L. scis- 
sura.] 

Scissors, siz'zerz, n. pi. A cutting instrument con- 
sisting of 2 cutting blades movable on a pin in the 
center. [OF. cisoires, later ciseaux, pi. of ciseau, 
cisel = E. chisel, q. v.; not fr. L. scissor (fr. scindere, 
scissum, to cut;, a carver, gladiator, in LL. a butch- 
er (a person, not an instrument), but confused with 
it.] — Scis'sor, v. t. To cut with scissors or shears. 

Scissure. See under Scissel. 

Sclave, sklav, n. One belonging to the Slavonic race; 
the Slavonic language. [See Slave.] — Sclavonic, 
Sclavo'nian, -nT-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Slavonia, or 
the country inhabited by the Slavic race. — n. A 
native or inhabitant of Slavonia; the language of 
the Slavic race. 

Sclerema, skle-re'ma, n. (Med.) Induration of the 
cellular tissue. [Gr. skleros, hard.] — Sclerotic, a. 
Hard; firm.— n. (Anat.) The firm, white, outer 
coat of the eye: see Eye. 

Scobs, skobz, n. sing. & )>l. Raspings of ivory, harts- 
horn, metals, etc.; the dross of metals. [L. scobs 
or scobis, fr. scabere, to scrape.] 

Scoff, Skof, V. i. [SCOFFED (skoft), SCOFFING.] To 

show insolent ridicule, mockery, or derision: to utter 
contumelious language; to sneer, mock, gibe, jeer.— 
— v. t. To treat with derision or scorn ; to mock at. 
— n. Expression of scorn or contempt. [OFries. 
schof,& scoff, taunt, Ic. skaup, skop, mockery, ridi- 
cule, OD. schobben,to scoff, mock; s. rt. MHG. schup- 
fen = E. shove.] — Scoffer, n. — Scoffingly, adv. 

Scold, skold, v. i. To find fault, chide sharply or 
coarsely. — v.t. To chide with rudeness and bois- 
terous clamor; to rate; to rebuke or reprove with 
severity. — n. One who scolds; esp., a rude, clamor- 
ous, foul-mouthed woman; shrew; a scolding. [D. 
schold, imp. of scheldan, G. shelten, to scold, Ic. 
skjalla, to clash, clatter, slam, Lithuan. skaliti, to 
bark : see Scald, reciter of poems, also Shrill.] — 
Scold'er, n. 

Scollop, skol'lup, n. A kind of shell-fish; an indent- 



sQn, cObe, full ; moon, fotit ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboir, chair, get. 



SCONCE 



512 



SCRABBLE 




Sconce. 



mg like those of a scollop shell. — v. t. To form or 
cut with scollops. [See Scallop.] 

Sconce, skons, n. A fortification ; a fort ; a helmet ;« 
the head; skull ; brains ; sense ; 
discretion ; a protection for a 
light; a fixed hanging or project- 
ing candlestick ; the circular 
tube, with a brim, in a candle- 
stick, into which the candle is 
inserted. [OD. schantse, a for- 
tress, Dan. skandse, fort, quarter- 
deck, G. sc/tunze, fort, redoubt, 
bulwark, OF. esconse, a dark- 
lantern, prob. all fr. OF. escon- 
ser, L. abscondere, to hide, cover; 
s. rt. abscond, ensconce.'] 

Scoop, skoop, n. A large, deep, 
thin-bladed shovel for grain ; a 
smaller instrument for sugar, 
flour, etc.; a large ladle; a 
vessel for bailing boats. (Surg.) 
A spoon-shaped vessel, used to extract certain for- 
eign bodies. A basin-like cavity ; a sweep; stroke ; 
Bwoop. (Stock Exchange.) A sudden" breaking 
down of prices, in order to buy stocks at cheaper 
rates, followed by a rise. — v. t. [scooped (skoopt), 
scooping.] To take out with a scoop, or with a 
sweeping motion; to empty by lading; to make hol- 
low, as a scoop or dish; to excavate. [Sw. skopa, OD. 
schoepe, schuppe, a scoop, shovel: perh. s. rt. shovel, 
Gr. skuphos. a cup, skaptein. to dig.] — Scoop'-net, 
n. A hand-net to dip fish from a river, etc. 

Scope, skop, n. That at which one aims; the thing, 
or end, to which the mind directs its view; room or 
opportunity for free outlook or aim: amplitude of 
opportunity ; free course or vent; length; extent; 
sweep ; design ; intention ; tendency ; drift. [It. 
scopo, Gr. skopos, a mark to shoot at, fr. skeptomai, 
I consider, see = E. S]W.] 

Scorbutic, skor-bu'tik, -tical, a. Pert, to, resembling, 
or affected with scurvy. [LL. scorbutus, LG. schor- 
bock, D. scheurbuik, scurvy, orig. rupture of the 
belly; LG. scheren, D. scheuren, to rend; LG. buuk, 
D. bulk, belly; s. rt. shear.} 

Scorch, skSrch, v. t. [scorched (sc&rcht), scorch- 
ing.] To burn superficially; to parch, or shrivel by 
heat, the surface of; to affect painfully with heat, 
or as with heat. — v. i. To be burnt on the surface, 
be parched, be dried up. [ME. scorken, scorcle, D. 
schroken, LG. schroeggen, to scorch, singe ; prob. 
onomat.; cf. Bohem. sskwrliti, to singe, sskwrciti, to 
crackleor fizz on the fire.] 

Score, skor, n. A notch or incision; esp., a mark for 
keeping account of something; tally-mark; an ac- 
count or reckoning; bill; indebtedness; reason; mo- 
tive; sake; the number of 20, as being marked off by 
a special score or tally. (Mus.) The original and en- 
tire draught, or its transcript, of a musical composi- 
tion, with the parts for all the different instruments 
or voices, — so called from the bar, which was for- 
merly drawn through all the parts. — v. t. [scored 
(skord), scoring.] To mark with lines, scratches, 
or notches; esp., to mark with significant lines or 
notches, for keeping account of something; to mark 
or signify by lines or notches; to set down, charge; 
to write down (music) in proper order and arrange- 
ment. [AS. scor, 20, sceran, to shear, cut; s. rt. 
shear.'] 

Scoria, sko'rf-a, n. ; pi -rl*:, -rY-e. The recrement of 
metals infusion; slag; dross; the very light, cellular, 
slaggy lavas of a volcano; volcanic cinders. [L.; Gr. 
skoiia, refuse, dross, scum, skor, AS. scearn, Ic. skarn, 
Skr. cakrit, L. stercus, dung, dirt: see Scorn.] — Sco- 
ria'ceous, -a'shus, a. Pert, to dross ; partaking of 
the nature of scoria. — Sco'rifica'tion, n. (Metal.) 
Act of reducing a body into scoria. — Sco'rify, -rt-fi, 
v.t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To reduce to scoria or 
drossy matter. [L./aeere, to make.] — Sco'riform, a. 
Like scoria; in the form of dross. [L. forma, form.] 

Scorn, skorn, n. Extreme and passionate contempt; 
that which is scorned ; an object of extreme dis- 
dain; derision; contumely; slight; dishonor. — v. t. 
[scorned (skdrnd), scorning.] To hold in extreme 
contempt, contemn, despise, neglect, disregard. [OF. 
escarn, It. scherno, O.HG. skeni, scorn, mockery, de- 
rision; perh. s. rt. scoria, i. e. a throwing of dirt; 
perh. s. rt. Gr. skairein, to skip, dance.] — Scomber, 
«.— Scorn'ful, -ful, a. Full of scorn or contempt; 
disdainful ; reproachful ; insolent. — Scorn'fully, 
adv. 

Scorpion, ekSr'pT-un, n. An animal allied to the 




spider, having an 
elongated body, 
terminated by a 
long, slender tail 
formed of 6 
joints, the last, 
of which termi- 
nates in a very 
acute sting, 
which effuses a 
venomous liquid. scorpion. 

(Astron.) The Sthsign of the zodiac. (Ichth.) The 
red, spiny hogfish of the Mediterranean. [F. ; L. 
scorpio, Gr. skorpios ; s. rt. sharp.] 

Scortatory, skSr'ta-to-rT, a. Pert, to, or consisting in, 
fornication or lewdness. [L. scortator, a fornicator, 
fr. scortari, to fornicate, scortum, a prostitute.] 

Scot, skot, n. A portion of money assessed or paid; a 
tax; contribution; mulct; fine. [Same as shot; AS. 
scot, sceot, orig. a contribution, lit. that which is shot 
into a general fund, fr. sceotan, to shoot, OFries.and 
Ic. skot, a shot, also a payment, tax.] — Scot '-free, a. 
Free from payment or scot; untaxed; unhurt; clear; 
safe. 

Scot, skot, n. A native or inhabitant of Scotland. [AS. 
Scottas, L. Scoti, the Scots.] — Scotch, Scots, Scot- 
tish, a. Of, or pert, to, Scotland or its inhabitants. 
— Scotch'man, n. A Scot. — Seofticism, -sizm, n. 
An idiom or expression peculiar to the Scots. 

Scotch, skoch, v. t. [scotched (skocht), scotching.] 
To support (a wheel) by placing some obstacle to pre- 
vent its rolling. [Walach. ascot, a prop, ascoter, to 
prop, F. accoter, to underprop.] 

Scotch, skoch, v. t. To chop off a bit of the bark, skin, 
or surface of; to wound superficially, —n. A slight 
cut ; shallow incision. [ProvE. scutch, to strike 
slightly, cleanse flax, Nbrw. skoka, a swingle for 
beating flax; perh. s. rt. shock, shake.] — Scotch''- or 
Scotched'-collops, n. pi. Veal cut into small pieces. 

Scotomy, skot'o-mT, n. Dizziness or swimming of the 
head, with dimness of sight. [Gr. skotomia, fr. sko- 
toun, to darken, skotos, darkness.] — Scot'ograph, 
-o-graf, n. An instrument for writing in the dark, or 
without seeing. [Gr. skotos and graphein, to write.] 

Scoundrel, skown'drel, n. A mean, worthless fellow; 
rascal; base villain. — a. Low; base; mean; unprin- 
cipled. [ProvE. and Scot, skunner, scunner, AS. scu- 
nian, to shun.] — Scoun'drelism, -izm, a. Baseness; 
turpitude; rascality. 

Scour, skowr, v. t. [scoured (skowrd), scouring.] To 
rub hard with something rough, for the purpose of 
cleaning; to cleanse from grease, dirt, etc.; to purge 
violently; to remove by rubbing or cleansing; to pass 
swiftly over, range, traverse thoroughly, —v. i. To 
clean anything by rubbing; to cleanse; to be purged 
to excess; to run with celerity. — n. A diarrhoea or 
dysentery in cattle. [OF. escurer, Olt. scurare, to 
scour (dishes, etc.), L. excurare, to take great care of, 
fr. ex, intensive, and curare, to take care of, fr. cur a 
= E. care.] 

Scourge, skerj, n. A lash; a strap or cord, esp. one 
used to inflict pain or punishment; a whip; a pun- 
ishment, or means of inflicting punishment. — v. t. 
[scourged (skerjd), scourging.] To whip severely, 
lash; to afflict for sins or faults, and with the pur- 
pose of correction. [OF. escargie, Olt. scoria, a whip, 
scourge, L. excoriata, a strip of leather for a whip, 
prob. fern, of p. p. of excoriare, to strip of skin, fr. 
ex and coriurn, skin.] — Scour'ger, n. 

Scout, skowt, n. A person sent out to gain and bring 
in tidings, esp. of the movements and condition of an 
enemy; a spy. — v. t. To spy out, watch for; to pass 
over or through, for the purpose of spying out; to re- 
connoiter. — v. i. To act as a scout. [OF. escovte, 
spy, f r. escouter, L. auscultare, to hear with attention, 
to listen to.] 

Scout, skowt, v. t. To sneer at, treat with contempt. 
[Ic. skuta, a taunt, also to jut out, Sw. skjuta, to shoot, 
shove, push; s. rt. shoot.] 

Scow, skow, n. A large, flat-bottomed boat. [D. 
schouw, a ferry-boat, fr. schouwen, G. schauen, to 
look, see.] 

Scowl, skowl, v. i. [scowled (skowld), scowling.] 
To wrinkle the brows, as in frowning or displeasure; 
to look gloomy, dark, or tempestuous. — n. The 
wrinkling of the brows in frowning: gloom; dark 
or rude aspect. [Dan. skule, to scowl, cast down the 
eyes, Ic- skolla, D. scuilen, to skulk, lurk, lie hid: 
prob. s. rt. Dan ski id, Ic. skjol, shelter, E. skulk.] 

Scrabble, skrab'bi, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands; to scramble; 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; Sdd, t5ne, Qr ; 



SCRAG 



513 



SCRIBE 



to scribble, scrawl. — n. Act of scrabbling: a scram- 
ble. [For scrapvle, freq. of scrape: see Scramble.] 

Scrag, skrag, ?;. Something thin or lean with rough- 
ness; esp.. a neck piece of meat. [ProvE., a crooked 
branch, also a lean person, scrog, a stunted bush; 
Sw. dial, skrokk, anything deformed, ukrugeg, 
crooked; s. rt. Ga. sgreag, to shrivel, E. shrink.] — 
Scrag'ged, -gy, -gT, a. Rough with irregular points; 
lean with roughness. — Scrag'gedness, n. 

Scramble, skram'bl, v. i. [-bleu (-bid), -bling.] To 
go on all-fours, clamber with hands and knees; to 
struggle with others for something thrown upon the 
ground. — v. t. To mix and cook in a confused 
mass.— n. Act of scrambling; climbing on all-fours, 
or clambering; act of jostling and pushing for some- 
thing desired. [Freq. of ProvE. scram, to rake to- 
gether with the hands, scramp, to catch at, snatch; 
b. rt. scrape, scramble.] — Scram'bler, n. 

8crap, skrap, n. Something scraped off; a-small piece; 
bit; fragment; pi. the skinny substance that remains 
after trying animal fat. [Ic. skrap, Dan. skrab, Sw. 
afskrap, scraps, trash, refuse; Ic. and Sw. skrapa, 
Dan. skrabe, to scrape, AS. scearpian, to scarify, 
scearp = E. sharp.] — Scrap'-book, n. A blank book 
in which extracts cut from books and papers may 
be pasted and kept. — Scrape, skrap, v. t. [scraped 
(skrapt), scraping.] To rub the surface of with a 
sharp or rough instrument; to abrade; to remove by 
rubbing or grating; to collect by harsh, coarse, and 
laborious effort ; to express disapprobation of by 
noisy movements of the feet upon the floor. — v. i. 
To rub over the surface of anything with something 
which roughens or removes it; to play awkwardly 
and inharmoniously on a violin, etc.; to make an 
awkward bow, witn a drawing back of the foot. — 
n. A rubbing over with something harsh; the effect 
produced by rubbing, as of a scraping instrument, 
of the foot, etc.; an awkwardly obsequious bow; a 
disagreeable and embarrassing predicament. — To 
scrape acquaintance. To make one's self acquainted, 
— a phrase introduced from the practice of scraping 
in bowing.— Scrap'er, n. An instrument with which 
anything is scraped; one who scrapes. — Scrap'ing, 
n. Something scraped off. 

Scratch, skrach, v. t. [scratched (skracht), scratch- 
ing.] To rub, tear, or mark the surface of, with 
something sharp or ragged ; to wound slightly ; to 
scrape with the nails ; to dig or excavate with the 
claws; to erase.— !', i. To use the claws in tearing or 
digging.— To scratch out. To erase, rub out, obliter- 
ate.— n. A break in the surface of a thing made by 
scratching; a slight furrow or mark; a slight wound 
or incision ; a kind of wig covering only a portion 
of the head. (Pugilistic Matches.) A line across 
the prize ring, up to which boxers are brought when 
they join fight ; test, trial, or proof of courage. A 
count in billiards made unintentionally, — called in 
Eng , a. fluke, pi. (Far.) A disease in horses con- 
sisting of dry chaps or scabs, between the heel and 
pastern joint. [ME. scratten, cracchen, Sw. kratsa, 
Dan. kradse, G. kratzen, to scratch, scrape ; s. rt. 
grate, Gr. keirein, to shear, Skr. kri, to injure, qri, 
to wound: see Scrape.] 

Scrawl, skrawl, v. t. [scrawled (skrawld), scrawl- 
ing.] To draw or write awkwardly and irregularly; 
to scribble. — v. i. To write unskillf ullv and inele- 
gantly.— n. Unskillful or inelegant writing; or a 
piece of hasty, bad writing; a ragged, broken branch 
of a tree ; brush. [Same as crawl and scrabble.] — 
ScrawKer, n. 

Screak, skrek, v. i. [screaked (skrekt), screaking.] 
To utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound or outcry; 
to scream, creak, as a door or wheel. — n. A creak- 
ing; screech. [Onomat.; same as creak: see Scream, 
etc.] 

Scream, skrem, v. i. [screamed (skremd), scream- 
ing.] To utter a sudden, sharp outcry, as in a fright 
or extreme pain; to shriek, — n. Ashriek, or sharo, 
shrill cry, uttered suddenly, as in terror or in pain; 
a shriek, screech. [Ic. skrsema, Sw. skrama, to scare, 
terrify, Sw. skran, a scream, skria, G. schreieit. D. 
schreijen, to cry aloud, shriek; s. rt. screech, shriek.] 

Screech, skrech, v. i. [screeched (skrecht), screech- 
ing.] To utter a harsh, shrill cry, as in terror or 
acute pain ; to scream, shriek. — n. A harsh, shrill 
cry, uttered in acute pain, or in a sudden fritrht ; a 
harsh, shrill cry, as of a fowl. [ME. sa-iken, schriken, 
Ic. skrsskja, to screech ; s. rt. Skr. kharj, to creak, 
Russ. skrejetate, to gnash the teeth, E. shrike, scream, 
q : v.] — Screech'-owl, n. An owl that utters a harsh, 
disagreeable cry. 




Screed, skred, n. (Arch.) A strip of mortar or wood 
placed on a wall, etc., as a guide in plastering. [AS. 
screade. a leaf, shred, q. v. J 

Screed, skred, n. A harangue or tirade, generally 
shrill or disagreeable. [Scot.] 

Screen, skren, n. Anything that shelters or protects 
from danger, prevents inconvenience, shuts off view, 
etc.; a long, coarse riddle, or sieve. — v. t. [screened 
(skrend), screening.] To provide with a shelter or 
means of concealment ; to protect by hiding, con- 
ceal, shelter, protect, defend ; to pass through a 
screen. [OF. escran, a screen to protect one from 
the fire, perh. fr. G. schranne, a railing, schranke, a 
barrier; perh. s. rt. L. scrinium = E. shrine.] 

Screw, skroo, n. A cylinder, or a cylindrical perfora- 
tion, having a continuous rib or thread 
winding round it spirally, — one of the 
6 mechanical powers: see Mechanical 
Powers ; a small metal cylinder with 
sharp point, spiral thread, and slotted 
head, used in place of a nail ; anything 
shaped or acting like a screw ; esp., a 
form of wheel for propelling steam- 
vessels ; a miser ; skinflint ; sharp bar- 
gainer ; a harsh, inexorable instructor ; 
a persistent questioner ; a small quan- 
tity of tobacco, etc., twisted up in a 
piece of paper; a steam-vessel pro- 
pelled by a screw instead of wheels.— v. t. [screwed 
(skrood), screwing.] To press, fasten, or make firm 
by a screw ; to force, squeeze, press ; to use violent 
means toward; to deform by contortions; to distort. 
[ME. scrue, OF. escroue, a screw, prop, the cavity 
within which the male screw works, fr. L. scrobs, 
scrobis, a ditch, groove, in LL. the trench made by 
swine boring in the ground.] — Screw'-driv'er, n. 
An implement for turning screws, resembling a 
blunt chisel. — -jack, n. A contrivance for raising 
great weights through short lifts by means of a stout 
screw working in a nut or female screw in the body 
of the instrument. — pine, n. A tree or bush hav- 
ing long, lanceolate leaves, like those of the pine- 
apple, arranged spirally about the trunk, whence 
the name: it grows in loose, sandy, or marshy places, 
on tropical islands of the Old World and the Pacific 
Ocean. — propel'ler, n. A steam- vessel propelled by 
a screw ; also the 
screw, or spiral-blad- 
ed wheel, used in the 
propulsion of steam- 
vessels: see Ship. 

Screw, skroo, n. A vi- 
cious horse. [Same, 
as shrew.] 

Scribe, skrlb, n. One 
who writes; esp., an 
official or public wri- 
ter. (Jewish & Sacred 
Hist.) A writer and 
a doctor of the law ; 




Screw-propeller. 



one who read and explained the law to the people — 
v. t. [scribed (skrlbd), scribing.] (Carp.) To 
mark or fit by a rule or compasses; to fit (one edge 
of a board, etc.) to another edge, or to a surface. 
[F.; L. scriba, a scribe, fr. scribere, scriptum, to write, 
orig. to scratch, cut slightly ; s. rt. L. scrobs, a ditch 
(see Screw), scalpere, to cut, Gr. graphein =AS. 
grit fen = E. grave, q. v., E. ascribe, circumscribe, etc., 
manuscript, nondescript, shrift, etc.] — Scrib'ble, 
skrYb'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To write with 
haste, or without regard to correctness or elegance ; 
to +i 1 1 or cover with worthless writing. — v. i. To 
write without care, elegance, or value; to scrawl.— n. 
Careless writing. [Freq. fr. scribe; cf. G. schreibler, 
a scribbler, fr. schreiben, to write.] — Scrib'bler, n. 
One who scribbles; a writer of no reputation.— Scrip, 
n. A small writing, certificate, or schedule; a certifi- 
cate of stock subscribed to a company, or of a share 
of other joint property; one of the forms of certifi- 
cate given in exchange for a loan. [Corrupt, of 
script.] — Script, n. (Laiv.) An original instrument 
or document. (Print.) A kind of type made in imi- 
tation of handwriting. 



^£i? 'Z-t^^e t-a t^4. 



rfit. 



[OF. escript, a writing, L. scriptum, thing written, 
neut. of p. p. of scribere.]— Scrip'tory, -to-rY, a. Ex- 
pressed in writing. [L. scriptorius, fr. scribere.] — 
Scripfure. Rkrip'ohur, n. Anything written; a 



eCn, cube, full ; moon, ffiot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, toNboN, chair, get. 



SCRIMMAGE 



514 



SCURF 




writing; the books of the Old and New Testament ; 
the Bible, —chiefly in pi. [OF. escripture,~L.scriptHra, 
a writing, fern, of f ut. p. of scribere.] — Script'ural, 
a. Contained in the Scriptures ; according to the 
Scriptures. — Scripfurist, n. One strongly attached 
to, or versed in, the Scriptures. —Scrive'ner, skriv r - 
ner, n. One who draws contracts or other writings, 
or who places money at interest; a copyist; notary. 
[OF. escrivain, It. scrivano, LL. scribanus, a notary, 
fr. L. scriba.] 

Scrimmage, skrirn'mej, n. A confused row or contest. 
[Same as skirmish.'] 

Scrimp, skrimp, v. t. [scrimped (skrimt), scrimping.] 
To make too small or short, limit, straiten, scant. [G. 
schrumpfen, D. krimpen, to shrink, shrivel.] 

Scrip, skrip, n. A small bag ; wallet ; satchel. [Ic, 
Norweg., and OSw. skreppa, bag, knapsack ; 8. rt. 
G. scherbe = E. shred, E. sa-ap, scarf.] 

Scrip, Scripture, Scrivener, etc. See under Scribe. 

Scrofula, skrofu-la, n. (Med.) A constitutional dis- 
ease, generally hereditary, which affects the lym- 
phatic glands, oftenest those of the neck; king's- 
evil. [L. scrofulse, scrofulous swellings, pi. of scrof- 
ula, a little pig, dim. of scrofa, a breeding sow, 
perh. because swine are subject to that complaint, 
or by comparison of the swellings to little pigs: of. 
Gr. choirades, scrofulous glands, fr. choiros, a pig; s. 
rt. L. scrobs, a ditch : see Scribe, Screw.] — Scrof- 
ulous, -u-lus, a. Pert, to, or diseased with, scrofula. 

Scroll, skrol, n. A roll of paper or parchment ; a 
schedule. (Arch.) A con- . 
volved or spiral ornament ; I 
the volute of the Ionic and L 
Corinthian capital. A mark 
or flourish added to a per- 
son's signature to a writing. 
[ME. scroue, OF. escroue, 
LL. escroa, f r. OD. schroode, 
a strip, slip of paper, schro- 
den, to cut off; s. rt. Ic. skra, Scroll, 

a scroll, E. shred, shai-d.] 

Scrotum, skro'tum, n. (Anat.) The bag which con- 
tains the testicles. [L.] — Scro'tiform, -tl-iorm, a. 
Purse-shaped; pouch-shaped. [L. forma, form.] 

Scrub, skrub, v. t. [scrubbed (skrubd), -bing.] To 
rub hard, rub with a brush, or with something 
coarse or rough. — v. i. To be diligent and penu- 
rious. — n. One who labors hard and lives mean- 
ly; something small and mean; a worn-out brush; 
close, low growth of bushes. (Stock-breeding.) One 
of the common cattle, etc., of a region, of no par- 
ticular breed; a native. [D. schrobben, Dan. skrubbe, 
to scrub, rub, skrubbet, rough, rugged, Norweg. 
skrubb = AS. scrobb = E. shrub, D. schrobber, a swab- 
ber, hog, scoundrel, fool.] — Scrub'bed, a. Dwarfed 
or stunted; scrubby. — Serub'by, -M, a. [-bier; 
-biest.] Small and mean ; stunted in growth. — 
Scrub'-oak, n. Popular name for several dwarfish 
species of oak. 

Scruple, skroo'pl, n. A weight of 20 grains, the J of 
a dram; a very small quantity; hesitation as to ac- 
tion from the difficulty of determining what is right 
or expedient. — v. i. [scrupled (-pld), -fling.] To 
be reluctant as regards decision or action; to doubt, 
hesitate. [F. scrupule, L. scritpuhis, a small, sharp 
stone, the 24th of an ounce, uneasiness, doubt, dim. 
of scrupus, a rough or sharp stone; s. rt. Skr. kshur, 
to cut, scratch, knur, chhur, to cut, Gr. skuron, chip- 
pings of stone, xuron, a razor, E. shear.] — Scru' r - 
pler, n. One who scruples or hesitates. — Scru'pu- 
lous, -pu-lus, a. Full of scruples; cautious in decis- 
ion from a fear of offending or doin<* wrong; care- 
ful ; cautious ; exact. — Scrupulously, adv. In a 
scrupulous manner; with a nice regard to minute 
particulars or to exact propriety.— Scru'pulousness, 
-pulos'ity, -Y-tY, n. State or quality of being scru- 
pulous; niceness, exactness, or caution in determin- 
ing or in acting, from a regard to truth, propriety, 
or expediency. 

Scrutiny, skru'tY-nY, n. Close search ; minute in- 
quiry ; critical examination. [L. scrutimum, fr. 
scrutari, to search carefully, orig. to search even to 
the rags, fr. scruta, gruta, Gr. grute, old trash, 
broken pieces; prob. s. rt. scruple.] — Scru'tinize, v. 
t. J>nized (-nlzd), -nizing.] To search closely, ex- 
amine into critically. 

Scrutoire, skru-twQr', n. A kind of desk or cabinet, 
with a lid opening downward for writing on it. 
[Same as escritoire.] 

Scud, skud, v. i. To be driven or to flee or fly with 
haste; to fly. (Naut.) To be driven with precipita- 




tion before a tempest, with little or no sail spread. 

— v. t. To pass over quickly. — n. Act of scudding; 
a driving along; loose, vapory clouds driven swiitfv 
by the wind. [ProvE. scut, scoot = E. shoot; Daii. 
skyde, to shoot, push, shove; s. rt. scuttle.] 

Scuffle, skuf'fl, n. A struggle or trial of strength be- 
tween two persons, who grapple closely; a confusei/ 
quarrel or contest; fight. — v.i. [scuffled (-fld/ 
-fling.] To strive or struggle with close grapple ,• 
to contend tumultuously. [Sw. skuffa, to push, 
shove, jog, OD. shuffelen, to drive on, run away; s. it 
D. schuiven = E. shove, also E. shuffle.] — Scuffler, v - 

Sculk. See Skulk. 

Scull, skul, n. A boat; an oar so short that one man 
can work a pair; a single oar placed over the stern 
to propel a boat. — v. t. [sculled (skuld), -ling.] 
(Naut.) To impel a boat by moving and turning an 
oar over the stern ; to row, — said of 1 person 
using a pair of short oars. [Prob. fr. Norse skol, 
splashing, dashing, Ic. skola, to wash.] — SculKer, 
n. A boat rowed Dy 1 man with 2 sculls; one who 
sculls, or rows with sculls. 

Scullery, skuKler-Y, n. A place where dishes, kettles, 
etc., are kept; an apartment attached to the kitchen, 
where the dirty work is done. [Successively corrupt. 
swiller, squiller, squillery, scullery; orig, fr. AS. 
Sicilian, Ic. skyla, to wash, rinse, swill, q. v.; perh. 
confused with OF. escuelle, L. scutella, a dish; not 
s. rt. scullion.] 

Scullion, skuryun, n. A servant who does menial 
services in the kitchen. [F. escouillon, escouvillon, 
a dishclout, Sp. escobillon, a sponge for cleaning a 
cannon, dim. f r. escoba, It. and L. scopa, a brush, 
broom; not s. rt. scullery.] 

Sculpin, skuKpin, n. A small salt water fish fur- 
nished with spines. 

Sculpture, skulp'chur, n. 
The art of carving or 
cutting wood, stone, or 
other material into' 
statues, ornaments, etc.; 
carved work.- v. t. 
[sculptured (-churd), 
-Turing.] To form with acuipm. 

the chisel on wood, stone, or metal ; to carve, en« 
grave. [F. ; L. sculptura, fr. sculpere, sculptum, to 
carve; s. rt. Gr. gluphein, to engrave, hollow out, E. 
scurf] — Sculptural, -chur-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — 
Sculp'tor, n. One who sculptures; one who carves 
images or figures. 

Scum, skum, n. The impurities which rise to the 
surface of liquids, in boiling or fermentation, or 
which form on the surface by other means; scoria; 
dross; refuse; that which is vile or worthless. — ?;, t. 
[scummed (skumd),-MiNG.] To take the scum from; 
to skim. [Dan., Ic, and Sw. skum, OHG. scum, G. 
schaum, Ir. spurn ; s. rt. meerschaum ; not s. rt. L. 
spuma, foam.] — Scum'mer, n. An instrument used 
for taking off the scum of liquors; a skimmer. — 
Scum'ble, v. t. [scum bled (-bid), -bling.] To cover 
lightly, or spread thinly (a painting, drawing, etc.) 
with opaque or semi-opaque colors. 

Scupper, skup'per^i. (Naut.) A channel cut through 
the water-ways and side of a ship, for carrying off 
water from the deck. [OF. escopir, escupir, to spit 
out.] — Scup'per-hose, n. A pipe attached to the 
mouth of the scuppers, on the outside of a vessel, to 
prevent the water from entering. — nail, n. A nail 
with a broad head, for securing the edge of the hose 
to the scupper. 

Scuppernong, skup'per-nong, n. A kind of Amer. 
muscadine or fox -grape, growing both wild and 
cultivated, from Virginia to Florida. 

Scurf, skerf, n. A dry scab or exfoliation of the dry 
external scales of the skin of an animal; anything 
adhering to the surface. [AS., fr. sceorfan, to scrape, 
gnaw; s. rt. sculpture.] — Scurfy, -Y, a. [-ier; -iest.] 
Having scurf; covered with scurf; resembling scurf. 

— Scurf'iness, n— Scur'vy, -vY, n. (Med.) A disease 
of sailors and others who have been deprived of 
fresh provisions, characterized by livid spots of va- 
rious sizes, paleness, languor, depression of spirits, 
general exhaustion, pains in the limbs, spongv and 
bleeding gums, and bleeding from almost all the 
mucous membranes. — a. [scurvier; -viest.] Cov- 
ered or affected by scurf or scabs; scurfy; diseased 
with the scurvy ;" vile ; mean ; low ; contemptible. 
[Same as scurfy.] — Scur^vily, -vY-lY, adv. In a scur- 
vy manner : basely ; meanly. — Scur'viness, n. — 
Scur'vy-grass, n. A plant growing on rocks near 
the sea, often used as a remedy for the scurvy. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, 6r ; 



SCURRILE 



515 



SEAL 



Scurrile, skur'ril, a. Such as befits a buffoon or vul- 
gar jester; grossly opprobrious in language; low; 
mean. [L. scurrilis, fr. scwra, a buffoon, jester.] — 
Scur'rilous, -ril-us, a. Using low and indecent lan- 
guage; containing low indecency or abuse; offen- 
sive ; gross ; vile ; foul ; foul - mouthed ; mean. — 
Scur'rilously, adv. In a scurrilous manner.— Scur''- 
rilousness, -ril'ity, -T-tT, n. 

Scurvy, etc. See under Scurf. 

Scut, skut, n. The tail of a hare or other animal 
whose tail is short. [W. cwtt, a little piece, cwtta, 
bob-tailed.] 

Scutch, skuch, v. t. [scutched (skucht), -inc.] To 
beat or whip slightly; to dress (flax, etc.) by beat- 
ing and separating woody fiber from. (Cotton Man- 
«/7) To beat and loosen the fiber of (filaments of 
cotton). [Same as Scotch.] 

Scutate, Scutcheon, etc. See under Scutum. 

Scuttle, skut'tl, n. A broad, shallow basket; a wide- 
mouthed vessel for holding coal. [AS. scutel, a disk, 
bowl, L. scutella, a salver, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish, 
platter; prob. s. rt. L. scutum, q. v., E. skillet.] 

Scuttle, skuftl, n. A small opening in an outside wall 
or covering, furnished with a lid; the lid or door 
which closes an opening in a wall, roof, etc. — v. t. 
[scuttled (-tld), -tlixg.] To cut large holes 
through the bottom, deck, or sides of (a ship); to 
sink (a ship) by making holes through the bottom. 
[OF. escoutilles, Sp. escotilla, hatchway of a ship, es- 
cotar, to cut out.] 

Scuttle, skuftl, v. I. To hurry, bustle, — n. A quick 
pace; Bhort run. [Freq. of scud.] 

Scutum, sku'tum, n. An oblong shield carried by the 
heavy infantry of the ancient Romans. (Anat.) The 
patella or knee-pan. (Entom.) The 2d part or sec- 
tion of the upper surface of a segment of an insect. 
L. : see Escutcheon and Esquire.] — Scutch'eon, 
skuch'un, n. An escutcheon; an emblazoned shield: 
see Escutcheon; an ornamental brass plate placed 
over a kev-hole. [Abbr. of escutcheon . fr. L. scutum.] 
— Scutifbrm, -tt-form, a. Having the form of a 
buckler or shield. [L. forma, form. ]~ 
Scu'tate, -tat, a. (Bot.) Shaped like 
an ancient buckler. (Zool.) Protected 
by a surface of scales. 

Scymetar. See Cimeter. 

Scythe, sith, n. An instrument for 
mowing grass, grain, etc., composed 
of a long, curving blade, with a sharp 
edge, made fast to a handle. [AS.. 
sidhe; s. rt. saw, section, sickle.] — o n „i„t„T™* 
Scythe'man, n. ; pi. -men. One who Scutate Leaf - 
uses a scythe; a mower. 

Scythian, sith'Y-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Scythia, a name 
anciently given to a vast, undefined territory of N. 
Asia and Europe adjoining to Asia. — n. A native or 
inhabitant of Scythia; language of the Scythians. 

Sea, se, n. The ocean; a limited or partially inclosed 
portion of the ocean; one of the larger bodies of salt 
water, less than an ocean, found on the earth's sur- 
face; an inland body of water; a lake; a flood; any 
large quantity; the swell of the ocean or other body 
of water in a tempest; a high wave or billow; a surge. 
[AS. sse, D. zee, G. see ; perh. s. rt. Gr. huei, it rains, 
Skr. su, to press out juice, soma, juice, sava, juice, 
water.] — Half seas over. Half drunk. — On the high 
seas. In the open sea, the common highway of na- 
tions. — Sea'man, n. A mariner; sailor. — Sea'man- 
sbip, n. The skill of a good seaman; art of working 
a ship. — Sea'sick, a. Affected with nausea from 
the pitching or rolling of a 
vessel. — Sea'sickness, n. 
The sickness caused by, 
etc. — Sea'ward, a. and 
adv. Toward the sea. — 
Sea'-anem'one, -a-nem'o- 
ne, n. A kind of polyp re- 
sembling a flower.— -bank, 
n. The sea-shore; a bank or 
mole to defend against the 
sea. board, n. The sea- 
shore. — adv. Toward the 
eea. [F. bord, side.]— -boat, 
n. A vessel considered 
with reference to her pow- 
er of resisting a storm.— 
-born, a. Born of, pro- 
duced by, or born at sea. — 
-breach, n. Irruption of the sea by breaking the 
banks. — breeze, n. A wind, or current of air, blow- 
ing from the sea upon land. calf, n. A marine ani- 





Sea-anemone. 



mal, the common seal. — -cap'tain, n. The captain of 
a sea-going vessel. — coal, n. Coal brought by sea, — 
a name formerly used for mineral coal. — -coast, n. 
The shore or border of the land adjacent to the sea 
or ocean. — el'ephant. n. A species of seal, of great 
size, and remarkable for the prolongation of the 
nose, in the male, into an erectile, soft, elastic 
snout. — far'er, n. One who follows the seas; a mar- 
iner; a sailor. — failing, a. Following the business 
of a seaman ; customarily employed in navigation.— 
-fight, n. An engagement between ships at sea; a 
naval action. — fish, n. Any fish that lives usually 
in saltwater. — fowl, n. A marine fowl; any bird 
that lives by the sea, and procures its food from salt 
water. — gage, n. The depth that a vessel sinks in 

the water. god, n. A marine deity; a fabulous 

being supposed to preside over the ocean or sea, as 
Neptune. — go'ing, a. Going upon the sea; esp., 
sailing upon the deep sea. — green, a. Having the 
color of sea-water; being of a faint green color, with 

a slightly bluish tinge. hog, n. The porpoise. — 

-horse, n. The walrus; the hippocampus, q. v. — isl'- 
and, u. Pert, to islands in the sea, — used esp. of a 
fine long-staple cotton growing on the islands on the 
coast of S. Carolina and Georgia. — kale, n. A plant 
found growing along sandy snores, the young shoots 

and leaf-stalks of which are used as foo'd. king, n. 

One of the leaders of piratical squadrons among the 
Danes, etc.; a Norse pirate chief. — lev'el, n. The 
level of the surface of the sea, used as a standard 
from which to estimate heights and depths. — li'on, n. 
A seal of large 
size,— esp. ap- 
plied to cer- 
tain large 
seals, with 
manes resem- 
b 1 i n g the 
lion's. — 
-maid, n. The 
mermaid ; a 
sea-nymph. — . 
-mark, n. An \ 
elevated ob-l 
ject on land I 
which serves : 
as a direction' 
to mariners; &\ 
beacon visible j 
from the sea. 
— mew, n. A 
gull; mew. — na'vel, n. A kind of small shell-fish. 
— net'tle.w. A medusa having the property of sting- 
ing when touched. — ot'ter, n. An aquatic mammif- 
erous animal found in the N. Pacific, and having 
valuable fur. — piece, n. A picture representing a 
scene at sea. — port, n. A port on the sea-shore; an 
ocean harbor. — room, n. Ample space or distance 
from land, shoals, or rocks, sufficient for a ship to 
drive or scud without danger of shipwreck. — ser'- 
pent, n. A serpent-like animal of great size, sup- 
posed to dwell in the sea, now commonly reckoned 
as fabulous; a kind of eel found in the Mediterrane- 
an; a large marine serpent found in the Australian 
seas. — shell, «. A marine 
shell; a shell that grows 

in the sea. shore, n. 

The coast of the sea. 
{Law.) All the ground 
between the ordinary 
high-water and low-wa- 
ter marks. — term, n. A 
word or term used ap- 
propriately by seamen, 
or peculiar to the art of 

navigation. u'nicorn, 

n. The narwhal. — ur- 
chin, n. A radiate ani- Sea-urchin. 
mal of the class of echinoderms, having a firm shell 
and covered with 
spines; the echi- 
nus. weed, n. 

A marine plant, 
esp. one of the 
Alg se. — wor'- 
thy, a. Fit for a 
voyage ; worthy 
to be trusted to 
transport a car- 
go. 
Seal, s e 1, n. An Seal. 




Sea-lion. 





sun. cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, lien, boicboN . chair, get 



SEAL 



516 



SECRET 



aquatic fur-bearing carnivorous mammal of many 
species, inhabiting sea-coasts, and found principally 
in the higher latitudes of both hemispheres. [AS. 
seol, seolh, 1c. selr, OHG. selah ; prob. s. rt. Gr. sela- 
c/ios.jl kind of fish, hals, L. sal, salt (water).] 

Seal, sel, n. An engraved or inscribed stamp, for mak- 
ing an impression in wax, etc.; wax, or other tena- 
cious substance, set to an instrument and stamped 
with a seal; the wax or wafer fastening a letter or 
other inclosed paper; that which confirms, ratifies, 
makes stable, or authenticates.— v. t. [sealed (seld), 
sealing.] To set or affix a seal to; to confirm, rat- 
ify: to mark with a stamp, as an evidence of stand- 
ard exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality ; 
to fasten with a seal; to shut or keep close, make 
fast, keep secure or secret. {Mormon.) To take to 
one's self, or assign to another, as a 2d or additional 
wife. [ME. and OF. seel, L. sigillum, a seal, mark, 
lit. a little sign ; s. rt. L. signum, a sign, q. v.] — SeaK- 
er, n. One who seals; esp., an officer who seals writs, 
stamps weights and measures, etc. — Seal'ing-wax, 
n. A compound of resinous materials, pigments, 
etc., used for sealing letters, etc. 

Seam, sem, n. The fold or line on the surface of cloth 
formed by the sewing together of 2 different pieces; 
a line of junction; suture. (Geol. & Mining.) A nar- 
row vein between 2 thicker ones. A scar; cicatrix.— 



[seamed (semd), seaming.] To form a seam 
or of, join by sewing togeth 
something resembling a seam, scar; to knit with a 



upon or of, join by sewing together; to mark with 



certain stitch. [AS., fr. siwian, L. suere — E. sew, 
q. v.] — Seam'less, a. Without a seam. — Seam'y, 
-Y, a. Containing or showing seams. — Seamstress, 
sem / '- or semStres, n. A woman whose occupation 
is sewing; needle-woman. [ME. semster, AS. seam- 
ster, a_man or woman who makes or deals in clothes.] 

Seam, sem, n. A denomination of weight or measure; 
as, the quantity of 8 bushels of grain; or of 120 pounds 
of glass; or a horse-load of timber, of about 3cwt. 
fOF. somme, soume, a load for a horse: see Sumpter.] 

Seance, sa-axs / ', n. Session, as of some public body; 
esp., a meeting for spiritualistic manifestations. [F., 
fr. lj._sedens, n. pr. of severe, to sit.] 

Sear, sere, v. t. [seared (serd), searing.] To wither, 
dry up; to expose to a degree of heat such as changes 
the color or hardness of the surface: to scorch, make 
callous. — a. Dry ; withered. [Written also sere.] 
[AS. sear, OD. sore, LG. soor, dry, Skr. cush, to be- 
come dry or withered; s. rt. Gr. hauein, to parch, 
austeros, dry, rough, E. austere, sorrel ; not s. rt. Gr. 
xeros, dry.] — SearSdness, n. State of being seared, 
cauterized, or hardened; hardness; insensibility. 

Search, serch, v. t. [searched (sercht), searching.] 
To look over or through, for the purpose of finding 
something; to inquire after, look for; to try or put 
to the test; to explore, examine, scrutinize, investi- 
gate, pry into. — v. i. To seek, look, make inquiry 
or exploration, hunt. — n. Act of, etc.; examina- 
tion; inquiry; quest; pursuit. [OF. cercher, LL. cer- 
care, circare, to go about, seek, fr. L. circum, cir- 
ca, around.] — SearchSble, a. Capable of being 
searched, examined, or explored. — SearchSr, n. — 
Search'-war'rant, n. (Law.) A warrant legally is- 
sued, authorizing persons to search houses, or other 
places, for_goods"stolen, secreted, or concealed. 

Sear-cloth, ser'kloth, n. A cloth to cover a sore; a plas- 
ter. [AS. sar-cladh, a sore cloth: see Sore.] 

Season, se'zn, n. One of the 4 divisions of the year, 
spring, summer, autumn, winter; a suitable or con- 
venient time; proper conjuncture; a certain period 
of time not very long; a while; time. — v. t. [sea- 
soned (-znd), -soning.] To render suitable or ap- 
propriate, prepare; to habituate, accustom; to pre- 
pare by drying or hardening, or removal of natu- 
ral juices; to render palatable, give zest or relish 
to, spice; to fit for enjoyment, render agreeable; to 
qualify by admixture, temper; to imbue; to com- 
municate first instruction to. — v. i. To become 
mature, grow fit for use, become adapted to a cli- 
mate ; to become dry and hard, as timber. [OF. 
seson, LL. satio, a season, time of year, L. satio, a 
sowing, planting, f r. serere, solum, to sow, q. v.] — 
In season. In good time, or sufficiently early for 
the purpose. — Out of s. Beyond or out of the 
proper or usual time. — Seasonable, a. Occurring 
in good time, in due season, or in proper time for 
the purpose; opportune; timely; fit; convenient.— 
SeaSonableness, w. — Seasonably, adv. In due 
time; in time convenient; sufficiently early. — Sea'- 
aonor. n. — Seasoning, n. That which is added to 
food, to give it a higher relish; a condiment; some- 



thing added or mixed, to enhance the pleasure of 
enjoyment. 

Seat, set, n. The place or thing upon which one sits; 
place where anything is situated, resides, or abides: 
station; site; abode; something made to be set in or 
upon; that part of a thing on which a person sits; 
a right to sit; regular place of sitting; posture or 
way of sitting of a person on horseback. (Mach.) 
A part on which another part rests. — v. t. To place 
on a seat, cause to sit down; to station, locate, es- 
tablish, fix; to assign a seat to, or the seats of; to 
fix, set firm; to repair bv making the seat new. 
[AS. set, setl (= E. settle), 1c. sseti; s. rt. sit, q. v.] 

Sebaceous, se-baShus, a. Made of, pert, to, contain- 
ing, or secreting tallow or fat. (Bot.) Looking like 
wax, tallow, or grease. fL. sebum, tallow, suet.] 

Secant. See under Section. 

Secede, se-sed'', v. i. To withdraw from fellowship, 
communion, or association; esp., in the U. S., to 
withdraw, as a State, from the National Union. [L. 
secedere, secessum, fr. se (short for sed, without; s. 
rt. L. se, Skr. sva, one's own self), away, apart, 
aside, and cedere, to go, move.] — SecedSr, n. — Se- 
cession, -sesh'un, n. Act of seceding ; separation 
from fellowship or association. (U. S. Hist.) The 
attempt to withdraw from the National Union. [L. 
secessio.] — Secessionist, n. One who takes part in 
or upholds secession. 

Secern, se-sern / \ v. t. [-cerned (-sernd'), -cerning/j 
To separate, distinguish. (Physiol.) To secrete. [L. 
secernere, to separate: see Secret.]— Secern'ment. 
n. Process or act of secreting. 

Seckel, sek'l, n. A small, pulpy variety of pear. 

Seclude, se-klud r . v. t. To shut up apart from others; 
to withdraw into solitude; to shut out, prevent from 
entering, exclude. [L. secludere, -clusum, fr. se, 
aside (see Secede), and claudere, to shut.] — Seclu'- 
sion, -zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; sep- 
aration from society or connection; solitude; retire- 
ment; privacv. 

Second, sek'und, a. Immediately following the 1st: 
next to the 1st in order of place or time; next in 
value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank. — n. One 
who follows or comes after; one next and inferior 
in place, time, rank, etc.- one who attends another 
for his support and aid; one who acts as another's 
aid in a duel; the l-60th of a minute of time or of a 
degree, that is, the second regular division next to 
the hour or degrees. (Mus.) The interval between 
any tone and the tone represented on the degree of 
the staff- next above it; the 2d part in a concerted 
piece, — often popularly applied to the alto. pi. A 
coarse kind of flour. — v. t. To follow or attend for 
the purpose of assisting: to support, back, assist, 
forward, encourage ; to support (a motion or pro- 
posal) by adding one's voice to that of the mover or 
proposer. [F. ; L. secundus, the 2d, f r. sequi, to fol- 
low, — the only ordinal number of F. etym. ; s. 
rt. sequence, sect, sept.]— Sec'ondary, -und-a-rT, a. 
Succeeding next in order to the 1st; of 2d place, 
origin, rank, etc.; acting by deputation or delegated 
authority ; second-rate ; subordinate ; inferior.— n. 
One who occupies a subordinate, inferior, or aux- 
iliary place. (Astron.) A satellite. (Oi-nith.) A quill 
growing on the 2d bone of a bird's wing. — Secon- 
dary color. One formed by equal mixture of the 
pigments of any 2 primary colors. — S- tint. Any 
subdued tint, — as gray. — Secondarily, adv. In a 
secondary manner or degree ; not primarily. — Sec- 
onder, n. One who seconds or supports what an- 
other attempts, affirms, moves, or proposes. — Sec- 
ondly, -IT, adv. In the 2d place. — SeCond-hand, re. 
The hand marking the seconds in a clock or watch; 
possession obtained by transfer from a previous 
owner. — a. Not original or primary; not new; pre- 
viously possessed or used by another. — Sec'ond- 
rate, a. Of the second size, rank, quality, or value. 

sight, n. The power of seeing things future 

or distant; prophetic vision. — Sec^undine, -din, n. 
(Bot.) The 2d coat of an ovule, pi. (Ohstet.) The 
membranes in which the fetus is wrapped in the 
womb; the after-birth. 

Secret, se'kret, a. Separate ; hid ; concealed from 
general notice or knowledge ; kept from general 
knowledge or solution ; known only to one or to 
few; retired; unseen; unknown; private; recondite; 
latent; covert; clandestine; privy. — n. Something 
studiously concealed ; a thing kept from general 
knowledge, or not discovered; a mystery, pi. The 
genital organs. [OF.; L. secretus, p. p. of secernert, 
to put apart, fr. se- and cemere, to separate, sift: see 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



SECT 



517 



SEDATE 




Coxcern; s. rt. skill.] —In secret. In a private place ; 
in privacy or secrecy ; in a state or place not seen ; 
privately. — Se'crecy, -kre-sT, n. State of being se- 
cret; retirement; privacy; concealment; fidelity to 
a secret.- _Se'cretly, adv. —Secretness, n. — Se- 
crete', -kref, v. t. To deposit in a place of hiding, 
remove from observation. (Physiol.) To separate 
by the processes of the vital economy, from the cir- 
culating fluids, as the blood, sap, etc. — Secre'tion, 
n. Act of secreting; esp., production from the gen- 
eral nourishing substance, of particular substances 
in the vital economy ; matter secreted. [OF.] — Se- 
creti'tious, -tisb/us, a. Produced by animal secre 
tion. — Secret 'ive, -kret'iv, a. Tending to secrete 
or to keep secret or private. — Secret'iveness, n 
Quality of being secretive. (Phren.) The supposed 
organ in the brain, impelling one to concealment : 
see Phrenology.— Secretory, se'kre-to- or se-kref- 
o-rt, a. Performing the office of secretion.— Secre- 
tary, -re-ta-ri, n. A person employed by a public 
body, company, individual, etc., to write letters, dis- 
patches, public or private papers, records, etc., or to 
superintend business correspondence, etc.; an officer 
m charge of the affairs of a particular department 
Df government ; a piece of furniture with conven- 
iences for writing : an escritoire. [F. secretaire, LL. 
iecrc'arius, a confidential officer, L. secretarium, a 
secret place, conclave, fr. secretus.] — Secretaryship, 
n. The office of a sec- 
retary . — S o c ' r e t a r y- 
bird, n. A serpent-eating 
Dird of S. Africa, with 
an aquiline head and 
Deak, the legs of a crane, 
and a lengthened crest 
and tail, — so called 
from the tufts of feath- 
ers at the back of its 
head, resembling pens 
stuck behind the ear. 

Sect, sekt, n. A body of 
persons who have sep- 
arated from others in 
virtue of some special 

doctrine, or set of doc- «-,„,.<>«..„.„ w~i 

trines, which they hold Secretary-bird, 

in common; a school or denomination; esp., a relig- 
ious denomination. [ME. and F. secte, LL. secta, 
sect, faction, troop, company of one opinion, also, 
in LL., a quality of cloth, suit of clothes, suit at law, 
L. secta, a party, faction, lit. a follower ; s. rt. L. 
sequi, to follow, E. sequence, second, sept ; cf . Gr. 
hepetes, a follower, hepomai, I follow ; not fr. L. se- 
cure, to out.] — Sectary, -ta-rT, n. A sectarian ; a 
member or adherent of a sect ; a schismatic. — Sec- 
tarian, -ri-an, a. Pert, or peculiar to a sect or 
sects ; devoted to the tenets and interests of a sect. 
— n. One of a sect ; a member or adherent of a 
special school, denomination, or religious or philo- 
sophical party ; heretic; partisan; schismatic— Sec- 
tarianism, -i'zm, n. Quality or character of a sec- 
tarian; devotion to the interests of a party. 

Section, sek'shun, n. Act of cutting, or of "separation 
by cutting ; a part separated from the rest ; a divis- 
ion ; portion ; a distinct part of a book or writing ; 
subdivison of a chapter, law, or other writing ; the 
character §, used to denote such a division; a distinct 
part of a country, people, community, class, etc. ; one 
of the portions," of one square mile each, into which 
the public lands of the IT. S. are divided. (Geom.) 
The intersection of 2 superficies, or of a superficies 
and a solid. Representation of anything as it would 
appear if cut through by any intersecting plane; pro- 
file. [F. ; L. sectio, fr. secare, secturn, to cut ; s. rt. 
Russ. sieche, to hew, Lithuan. sykis, a stroke, cut, E. 
segment, saw, sickle, scythe, bisect, dissect, scion, 
sedge, risk.) — SeCtional, a. Pert, to a section; par- 
tial. — Sectionalism, -izm, n. Sectional feeling ; 
devotion to one part of a country, to the exclusion 
of the others; provincialism. — SeCtile, -til, a. Ca- 
pable of being cut. (Min.) , 
Capable of being cut * 
smoothly. [L. sectilis.] — 
Se'eant, a. Cutting ; di- 
viding into 2 parts. — ??,. 
(Geom.) A line that cuts 
another. ( Trigonometry.) 
A right line drawn from 
the center of a circle 
through one end of an arc, 
and terminated by a tan- Secant. 





gent drawn through the other end ; thus the line 
c d is the secant of the arc a b : see Co-secant. [L. 
secans, p. pr. of secure.] — SeCtor, -ter, n. (<3eo»*.} 
A part of a circle compre- ft 

hended between 2 radii and the j 
included arc. A mathematical ' 
instrument, for plotting, etc., to 
any scale : an astronomical in- 
strument, for measuring differ- 
ences of declination too great 
for the compass of a microm- 
eter. [L.] — Seg'ment, n. One 
of the part- into which any 
body naturally separates or is 
divided ; a part cut or marked 
off; a section; portion. (Geom.) 
A part cut off from a figure by 
a line or plane ; esp., that part 
of a circle contained between *~r- 
a chord and an arc of that circle. / 
[L. segmentum, for secmentum, I 
piece cut off, fr. secure.] 

Secular, sek'u-lar, a. Coming or \ 
observed once in an age or cen- 
tury ; pert, to an age, or the 
progress of ages, or to a long pe- 
riod of time; pert, to this present 
world, or to things not spiritual Segment, 
or holy ; worldly. (Born. Cath. a b, chord ; act, 
Church.) Not bound by monastic segment, 

vows or rules. — n. An ecclesiastic not bound by 
monastic rules. (Eccl.) A church officer whose 
functions are confined to the vocal department oi 
the choir. [OF. seculier, L. swcularis, worldly, be- 
longing to the age, fr. seeculum, a generation, age, 
prob. orig. a seed, race; s. rt. sow.] — SeculaCity, 
-laCi-tT, n. Supreme attention to the things of the 
present life; worldliness. — SeCularize, v. t. [-ized 
(-Izd), -izing.] To convert from regular or monastic 
into secular; to convert from spiritual to secular or 
common use; to make worldly or unspiritual.— Sec'- 
ulariza'tion, n. Act of rendering secular, or state 
of being rendered secular ; conversion from relig- 
ious to lay possession and uses. — Secularly, adv.— 
SeCularness, n. — Secularist, n. One who rejects 
forms of religious faith and worship, and accepts 
only facts and influences derived from the present 
life ; one who would exclude religious influences 
from civil policy, esp. from education. — SeCular- 
ism, -izm, n. Tenets or practice of, etc. 

Secundine. See under Second. 

Secure, se-kur', a. Free from care or anxiety ; easy 
in mind ; over-confident ; confident in opinion ; not 
entertaining, or not having reason to entertain, 
doubt ; not exposed to danger ; safe ; easy ; sure ; 
certain; assured ; confident ; heedless ; inattentive. 
— v. t. [secured (-kurd'), -curing.] To make 
safe, guard, protect; to make certain, assure, insure; 
to make fast; to close, inclose, or confine effectually; 
to get possession of, make one's self secure of. [L. 
securus, fr. se, free from, and cura, care.] — Secure'- 
ly, adv. In a secure manner; without fear or ap- 
prehension; without danger; safely. — Secure'ness, 
n. — Secu'rity, -Y-ti, n. Condition of being secure ; 
freedom from apprehension, anxiety, or care; over' 
carelessness; negligence; 
freedom from risk ; safe- 
ty; that which secures or 
makes safe ; something 
given or deposited to make 
certain the fulfillment of 
an obligation, payment of 
a debt, etc. ; one who be- 
comes surety for another; <= 
an evidence of debt or oi e* 
property, as a bond, cer- m 
tificate of stock, etc. [F. ^ 
securite", L. securitas.] 

Sedan, se-dan', n. A port- 
able chair or covered 
vehicle for carrying a 
single person. [Fr. Sedan, France, where it was 
first made.] 

Sedate, se-daf, a. Unruffled by passion ; composed ; 
calm; quiet; tranquil; serene; undisturbed; sober; 
serious. [L. sedutus, p. p. of sedure, to allay, calm, 
settle, causal of sedere= E. to sit, q. v.] — Sedately, 
adv. — Sedate'ness, n. — Sed'ative, -a-tiv, a. Tend- 
ing to calm, moderate, or tranquilize; allaying irri- 
tability and irritation. — ??. (Med.) A remedy which 
allays irritability and irritation, and irritative activ- 




Sedan. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fcJot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



SEDGE 



518 



SEIGNIOR 




Sedilium. 



ity or pain. [F. se'datif.] — Sed'entary, -en-ta-rt, a. 
Accustomed to sit much or long ; requiring much 
Bitting; passed for the most part in sitting. [F. seden- 
taire, L. sedentarius, fr. seder-e.] — Sed'entariness, n. 

— Sediment, -I-ment, n. The matter which sub- 
sides to the bottom, from water or any other liquid; 
settlings; lees; dregs; feculence. [OF.; L. sedimen- 
tum, f r. sedere.] — Sediment'ary, -a-r 1, a. Pert, to, 
formed by, or consisting of, matter that has subsided. 

— Sedillum, -T-um, n. pi. -ia, -f-a. {Bom. Antiq.) 
One of a row of seats in the amphi- 
theater. {Eccl.) A seat in the chan- 
cel, near the altar, for a priest or 
deacon during the eucharistic ser- 
vice. 

Sedge, sej, n. A grass-like plant, of 
many species, — it is innutritious, 
with jointless stem and sharp-edged 
leaves, growing generally in wet 
grounds. [ME. and LG. segge, AS. 
secg, lit. cutter, sword -grass; s. rt. 
section.'] — Sedg'y, -I, a. Overgrown 
with sedge. 

Sediment, Sedilium, etc. See under 
Sedate. 

Sedition, se-dish'un, n. The raising of 
commotion in a state, not amounting 
to insurrection; excitement of resist- 
ance to lawful authority; tumult; up- 
roar; riot; rebellion; revolt. [OF.; L. 
seditio, fr. se, sed, and itio, a going, f r. 
ire, itum, to go.] — Sedi'tionary, -a-rt, n. An inciter 
or promoter of sedition. — Sedi'tious, -dish'us, a. 
Pert, to, partaking of the nature of, or tending to 
excite, sedition; turbulent; factious, or guilty of se- 
dition. [OF. seditieux.]— Seditiously, adv.— Sedi'- 
tiousness, n. 

Sedlitz Powders, sedlits-powMerz. Certain aperient 
powders which are dissolved separately in water, 
and, when mixed, form an effervescing drink; Ro- 
chelle powders. [Fr. Sedlitz, in Bohemia.] 

Seduce, se-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -ducing.] To 
draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty; to 
induce to surrender chastity; to allure, entice, mis- 
lead, decoy, inveigle. [L. seducere, fr. se and ducere, 
ductum, to lead : see Duke.] — Seduce'ment, n. Act 
of seducing; seduction; means employed to seduce. 

— Sedu'cer, n. One who seduces; one who prevails 
by art and persuasions over the chastity of a woman. 

— Sedu'cible, a. Capable of being seduced or led 
astray.— Sedudion, -duk'shun, n. Act of seducing, 
or of enticing from the path of duty; act or crime 
of persuading a female to surrender her chastity ; 
that which seduces; means of leading astray. [OF.; 
L. seductio.] — Seduclive, -tiv, a. Tending to lead 
astray. 

Sedulous, sed'u-lus, a. Diligent in application or pur- 
suit; steadily industrious; assiduous; laborious; un- 
remitted. [L. sedulus; prob. s. rt. Skr. asadija, to 
approach, reach, attack, Gr. hodos, a way, and not 
s. rt. L. sedere = E. sit.] — Sed'ulously, adv. — Sed r - 
ulousness, n. — Sedulity, -ll-tt, n. Quality of being 
sedulous ; unremitting industry. [F. sedulite", L. 
sedulitas.] 

See, se, n. A diocese; the jurisdiction of a bishop; the 
seat of an archbishop ; a province or jurisdiction of 
an archbishop; seat, place, or office of the pope or 
Roman pontiff; the pope or court of Rome. [ME. 
and OF. se, fr. L. sedes, a seat, f r. sedere = E. to sit, 
q. v.] 

See, se, v. t. [imp. saw; p. p. seen (sen) ; seeing.] 
To perceive by the eye; to perceive by mental vision, 
form an idea or conception of; to regard or look to, 
take care of, beware ; to have an interview with; esp., 
to make a call upon, visit; to fall in with, meet or 
associate with; to make acquaintance with, experi- 
ence, discern, perceive, descry. — v. i. To have the 
power of sight; to have intellectual apprehension; 
to be attentive, pay regard, give heed. [AS. seon, 
sion (imp. seah, p. p. gesegen, gesewen), T> L zien, Dan. 
see, OHG. sehan; s. rt. sight.] — Seer, ser, n. One 
who foresees events ; a prophet. — Seeding, p. pr. 
but considered a conj. In view of the fact that ; 
considering ; taking into account that ; inasmuch 
as; since. 

Seed, sed, n. {Bot.) The embryo, with its envelope or 
envelopes, or the matured ovule, whose growth gives 
origin to a new plant. {Physiol.) The generative 
fluid of the male ; semen. That from which any- 
thing springs : first principle ; principle of produc- 
tion ; progeny ; offspring ; children ; descendants; 




Seed. 



of orthotropoua seed ; 
r, raphe ; h, the fu- 
ture hilum ; /, funicu- 
lus, connecting seed 
with placenta; m, mi- 
cropyle or foramen of 
the ovule ; p, pri- 
mine ; s, secundine ; 
n, nucleus ; es, en- 
dosperm ; ch, chala- 



race ; generation ; birth. — v. i. 
To grow to maturity, so as to 
produce seed; to shed the seed. 

— v. t. To sprinkle with seed, 
or as if with seed; to sow. [AS. 
and Dan. seed ; s. rt. sow.] — 
Seedling, n. A plant reared 
from the seed, disting. fr. one 
propagated by layers, buds, etc. 

— Seeds'man, n. ; pi. -men. A 
person who deals in seeds; also, 
a sower. — Seed'y, -Y, a. [-ier; 
-iest.] Abounding with seeds; 
bearing seeds ; run to seed ; old 
and worn out; poor and misera- 
ble looking; shabbily clothed. — 
Seed'-bud, n. {Bot.) The germ, 
germen, or rudiment of the fruit 

in embryo ; the ovule. cake, 

n. A sweet cake containing aro- 
matic seeds. — -time, n. The 
season proper for sowing. — A, section of anatro 

-ves'sel, n. {Bot.) The case pous seed ; .8, section 

which contains the seeds; apod. 

Seeing._ See under See. 

Seek, sek, v. t. [sought (sawt), 
j seeking.] To go in search or 
quest of, try to find; to endeav- 
or to find or gain by any means. 

— v. i. To make search or in- 
quiry; to endeavor, attempt, 
strive. [AS. secan, to seek, 
Goth, sakan, to strive ; s. rt. sake, za " 

beseech .] — Seek'er, n. One who seeks; an inquirer; 
one of a sect who profess no determinate religion. 

Seel, sel, v. t. [seeled (seld), seeling.] To render 
incapable of seeing by sewing the eyelids together; 
to shut the eyes of, render blind. [OF. siller, ciller, 
fr. cil, L. cilium, an eyelash, lit. a covering; s. rt. L. 
celare = E. conceal, also E. cell, domicile.] 

Seem, sem, v. i. (seemed (semd), seeming.] To have 
a show or semblance; to present an appearance, ap- 
pear, look. [AS. seman, geseman, to satisfy, concili- 
ate, Ic. ssema, to honor, conform to, ssemr, becom- 
ing, fit, soma, to beseem.] — Seem'er, n. One who 
seems; one who carries an appearance or semblance. 

— Seeming, p. a. Appearing like; having the sem- 
blance of; apparent; specious. — n. Appearance; 
show ; semblance ; fair appearance. — Seem'ingly, 
adv. In appearance; apparently; ostensibly.— Seem''- 
ingness, «.— Seemly, -IT, a. [-lier; -liest.] Suited 
to the object, occasion, purpose, or character ; be- 
coming; fit; proper; appropriate; congruous; meet; 
decent; decorous. [Ic. sserniligr, seemly, becoming; 
s. rt. Goth, samjan, to please, lit. to be the same, to 
be like, fit, suit, Ic. samr = E. same.] — Seem'li- 
ness, n. 

Seen, Seer. See See. 

Seesaw. See under Saw. 

Seethe, seth, v. t. [imp. seethed (sethd), obs. sod ; 

p. p. SEETHED, SODDEN; SEETHING.] To deCOCt Or 

prepare for food in hot liquid ; to boil. — v. i. To 
be in state of ebullition ; to boil. [AS. seodhan (imp. 
seadh, p. p. soden), D. zieden, OHG. siodan, prob. orig. 
to burn, Goth, sauths, a burnt-offering, sacrifice, Ic 
svidha, to burn, singe, also a burning ; s. rt. sod, 
suds.] 

Segment. See under Section. 

Segregate, seg're-gat, v. t. To separate from others, 
set apart. — a. Separate ; select. [L. segregare, 
-gatum, fr. se and gregare, to collect into a herd, fr. 
grex, gregis, flock or herd.] — Segregation, n. Act 
of, or state of being, etc. ; separation from others; 
a parting. [OF.] 

Seidlitz, sld'hts. See Sedlitz. 

Seignior, sen'yer, n. A lord; lord of a manor, — the 
Eng. equivalent of the Sp. Senor and It. Signor, titles 
of address corresponding to Sir or Mr. [OF. seign- 
eur, fr. L. senior, elder, hence an elder, a lord : see 
Senior.] —Grand Seignior. The sultan of Turkey. 

— Seigneu'rial, -u'rT-al, a. Pert, to the lord of a 
manor ; manorial ; vested with large powers ; inde- 
pendent. [OF.] — Seigniorage, -y5r-ej, n. Some- 
thing claimed or taken by virtue of sovereign pre- 
rogative ; a certain toll or deduction on bullion 
brought to a mint to be coined; profit or percentage, 
as the money paid on a copyright by a publisher to 
an author. — Seigniory, -yer-X, n. Power or au- 
thority of a lord; dominion; a lordship; manor. 
[OF. seigneurie.] — Sefi'or, san'yor, w. Lord ; sir ; 
gentleman, — Spanish title of address. [Sp., f r. L. 



Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice } Sdd, tone, dr ; 



SEINE 



519 



SEMI-ANNUAL 



senior.] — Senor'a, -yor'a, n. Lady ; madam ; mis- 
tress. [Sp., fern, of seiior.] — Signlor, Sign'or, sen'- 
ygr, n. Sir; Mr., — Italian title. [It. si</i,ore., — Sign- 
ola, -yo-ra, n. Madam ; Mrs. [It.] — Signorfna, 
-yo-re'na, n. Miss. [It.] 

Seine, sen, n. A large net lor catching fish. [F.; AS. 
segene. It. and L. suyena, Gr. sayene.] 

Seize, sez, v. t. [seized (sezd), seizing.] To fall or 
rush upon suddenly and lay hold on ; to take posses- 
sion of by force; to come upon suddenly; to take pos- 
session of by virtue of a warrant or legal authority; 
to catch, grasp, clutch, snatch, apprehend, arrest, 
capture. (Naut.) To bind or fasten together (ropes). 
[ME. saysen, seysen, OF. saisir, seisir, LL. sacire, to 
put in possession of, take possession of (property, 
land, etc.), OHG. sazzan, sezzan. to set, put, put in 
possession; s. rt. set.] — Seiz'er, n. — Seiz'in, Seis'- 
in, sezln, n. {Law.) Possession of an estate of 
freehold. The thing possessed ; possession. [ME. 
and OF. seisine.] — Seiz'or, -6r, n. (Law.) One who 
seizes, or takes possession. — Seiz'ure, se'zhur, n. 
Act of seizing, or state of being seized; sudden and 
violent grasp or gripe ; retention within one's grasp 
or power ; possession ; thing laid hold of or pos- 
sessed. 

Sejugous, se-jdo'gus, a. (Bot.) Having 6 pairs of 
leaflets. [L. sejuyis (currus), a team of 6 horses, fr. 
sex = E. six (q. v.), and jugum, yoke, team.] 

Selah, se'lii, «. (Script.) A word of doubtful mean- 
ing, occurring frequently in the Psalms, — by some 
supposed to signify silence or a pause in the mu- 
sical performance of the song ; by others, to call 
special attention to the subject. [Heb., fr. salah, to 
repose, be silent.] 

Seldom, sel'dum, adv. Rarely ; not often ; not fre- 
quently. [AS. seldan, seldon, seldum, fr. seld, rare; 
£>. zelaen, OHG. seldan; &. rt. L. silere, to be silent, 
q. v.] 

Select, se-lekt', v. t. To choose and take from a num- 
ber, choose by preference, pick out, cull— a. Taken 
from a number by preference; of special value or 
excellence; chosen; picked; choice. [_L. seligere, se- 
lection, fr. se and legere, to gather.] — Selec'tion, n. 
Act of selecting, or state of being selected; choice, 
by preference, from many others; that selected ; 
something chosen or culled, also the selection of 
things culled. — Natural selection. The survival of 
the fittest: see Darwinian. — Select'man, n. ; pi. 
-men. A town officer in the N. Eng. States: several 
are chosen annually, in each town, to manage the 
concerns of the town, see that the laws are enforced, 
etc. — Selecfor, -er, n. [L.J — Select/ness, n. 

Selenite, sel'e-mt, n. A variety of sulphate of lime 
or gypsum, occurring in transparent crystals, or 
crystalline masses. [L. and Gr. se Unites, fr.Gr.se- 
lene, the moon, — so called from a resemblance in 
luster or appearance to the moon.] — Selenoglaphy, 
-ra-fT, n. A description of the surface of the moon. 
[Gr. selene and yraphein, to describe.] 

Self, self, n. ; pi. Selves, selvz. The individual as an 
object to his own reflective consciousness ; one's 
own person; a person as a distinct individual: per- 
sonal interest, or love of private interest. [Self is 
united to certain personal pronouns and pronom- 
inal adjectives to express emphasis or distinction : 
thus, for emphasis, I myself will write; I will ex- 
amine for myself. It is also used reflexively.] [AS. 
self, also seolf, siolf, silf, sylf, D. zelf, G. selbe, selbst ; 
perh. s. rt. L. se, Skr. sva, one's own self.] — Self- 
ish, a. Caring chiefly or solely for self or for one's 
own interests; not regarding the rights or interests 
of others ; proceeding from or influenced by love 
of self. — Selfishly, adv. In a selfish manner; with 
regard to private interest only or chiefly. — Self- 
ishness, n. — Self-abase'ment, n. Humiliation or 
abasement proceeding from consciousness of infe- 
riority, guilt, or shame. — abuse'', n. Abuse of 
one's own person or powers; masturbation; onan- 
ism. — conceit"", n. Conceit of one's self ; a high 
opinion of one's powers or endowments ; vanity. 

conceifed, a. Having, etc. ; vain; puffed up ; 

conceited. — confidence, n. Confidence in one's 
own opinion or powers, without extraneous aid; 

self-reliance. con'scious, a. Conscious of one's 

acts or states as belonging to, or originating in, 
one's self; conscious of one's self as an object of 
the observation of others ; estimating too highlv 

one's capacities, claims, or importance. control'*, 

n. Control of one's self : restraint exercised over 
one's self. — defense', -defence', n. Act of defend- 
ing one's own person, property, or reputation. — 



-denfal, n. The denial of one's self; the forbear- 
ing to gratify one's own appetites or desires, —-es- 
teem'', n. Esteem or good opinion of one's self; 
complacency.— -evident, a. Lvident without proof 
or reasoning; producing certainty or clear convic- 
tion upon a Dare presentation to the mind. — exisf- 
ent, a. Existing of or by himself, independent o! 
any other being. — government, n. The govern- 
ment of one's self ; self-control ; government by the 
mass of the nation, or the people ; democracy. — 
-in'terest, n. Private interest ; the interest or ad- 
vantage of one's self. — love, n. The love of one's 
6elf ; tendency to seek one's own benefit or advan- 
tage. — made, a. Made by one's self . — Self-made 
man. A man who has risen from poverty, igno- 
rance, or obscurity, to wealth, learning, fame, oi 
power, by means of his own talents or energies. — 
-posses'sion, -sesh'un or -zesh'un, n. The posses* 
sion of one's powers ; calmness; self-command; 
presence of mind. — reproach', a. The act of re- 
proaching or condemning one's self. — same, a. 
Precisely the same ; the very same ; identical. — 
-sufn''cient, a. Having full confidence in one's own 
strength, abilities, or endowments; haughty; over- 
bearing. — will, n. One's own will; obstinacy. — 
-willed'', -wild, a. Governed by one's own will; not 
yielding to the will or wishes of others. — Sel'vage, 
-vedge, -vej, n. The edge of cloth so woven as to 
prevent raveling; list. \=self-edye, i. e., forming 
an edge to itself without a hem; cf. D. zeUkant, a 
selvedge, fr. zelf, self, and kant, edge, brink, seam.] 

Sell, Seller. See under Sale. 

Sellanders, sellan-derz, -lenders, ». ? /. (Far.) A skin 
disease on the front of a horse's lock, owing to a 
want of cleanliness. [F. solandres, iOlandre.] 

Selvage, -vedge. See under Self. 

Semaphore, sem'a-for, n. An apparatus for exhibit- 
ing signals to convey in- ^_^ ^^_ 
formation from a dis- HllBfe 
tance; a telegraph. [Gr. ^^. 
sema, a sign, and phora, JHS 

a carrying, fr. /therein, to flj^B \ I 

carry.]— Semaphorlc, J^F 
-ical, -fSrlk-al, a. Pert, 
to semaphores; telegraph- 
ic. 

Semblance, sem'blans, n. 
Seeming; appearance : 
show .- form ; likeness ; 
resemblance ; similitude. 
[F., fr. sembler, to seem, 
resemble, fr. L. similare, 
simulure, to imitate, fr. 
similis, like : see Si ji u- 

LATE.] 

Semen, se'men, n. See 
esp. the fecundating fluid 
produced by the male gen- 
erative organs of animals ; sperm 
whence serere,seri, satum — E. to sow, q. v.] — Senf - 
inal, senfY-nal, a. Pert, to, or contained in, seed; 
holding the relations of seed, source, or first princi- 
ple; germinal; radical; rudimental; original. [F.; L. 
seminalis, fr. semen, sembds.] — Semina tion, n. Act 
of sowing. (Bot.) Natural dispersion of seeds. [L. 
seminatio, fr. seminare, -natv.m, to sow, fr. semen.] — 
Seminif ic, -ical, a. Forming or producing seed, or 
the originative principle. [L. facere, to make.] — 
Seminary, -T-na-rT, n. An institution of education; 
a school, academy, college, or university, in which 
young persons are instructed. [L. seminarium. orig. 
a seed-garden, fr. seminarius, belonging to seed, fr. 
semen.] — Semina'rian, -rT-an, Senfinarist, n. One 
educated in a seminary; esp., a Rom. Cath. priest 
educated in a foreign seminary. 

Semi-annual, sem-T-an , nu-al, a. Half yearly. [L. 
semi- (= Gr. hemi-, AS. sam-, Skr. sami, half, prob. 
fr. samya, equality, fr. sama, even, equal, like = E. 
same), half, and E. annual.] — Semi-an'nually, adv. 
Every half year. — Semi-anliular, a. Having the 
figure of a half circle ; half-round. — Semlbreve, 
-bs-ev, n. (Mus.) A note, of half the 
time of the breve,— called also a whole 
note: it is the longest note now in 
general use . — Seml-cho'rus, n. 
(Mus.) A short chorus performed by 
a few singers. — Semlcir'cle, n. The 
half of a circle; a body in the form of 
half of a circle. — SemiciT'cular, a. 
Having the form of half of a circle. 
— Semicolon, n. A point or senten- 




Semaphore. 

[L.. fr. rt. se, 




Semicircle. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



SEMITIC* 



520 



SENSE 



tfal mark [;] used to indicate a separation between 
parts or members of a sentence, more distinct than 
that marked by a comma, and a pause in reading 
usually of longer duration. — Sem'idiamSter, n. 
Half of a diameter ; a right line, or the length o± a 
right line, drawn from the center of a circle, sphere, 
or other curved figure, to its circumference; a radi- 
us.— Sem'i-diaphSnous, -afS-nus, a. Half or im- 
perfectly diaphanous or transparent; translucent. 

— Semi-fluid, a. Imperfectly fluid. — Semi-lu'nar, 
-lu'nate, a. Resembling in form a half moon. — 
Semi-offiSial, a. Not professedly official, but hav- 
ing some degree of official authority. — Semi-or'di- 
nate, a. (Conic Sections.) The hull of an ordinate. 

— SemipSdal, a. Containing a half foot.— Seml- 
qua'ver, n. (Mus.) A note of half the duration of the 
quaver; a 16th note.— Seml-Sax'on, n. A term some- 
times given to the Eng. language during the period 
of transition from Anglo-Saxon into Middle-English, 
about the 12th and 13th centuries: see Middle-Eng- 
lish, under Mid. — Sem'i-spherlc, -ical, a. Having 
the figure of half a sphere. — Semi-steel, n. Pud- 
dled steel. — Semitone, n. (Mas.) Half a tone, — the 
name commonly applied to the smaller intervals of 
the diatonic scale. — Sem'itonlc, a. Pert, to, or 
consisting of a semitone or of semitones. — Semi- 
vowel, w. (Gram.) A sound intermediate between 
a vowel and a consonant, or partaking of the nature 
of both, and sometimes used in language with the 
value of vowel ; the sign representing such a 
sound. 

Semitic, se-mitlk, a. Pert, to the family of nations 
or languages of which the Hebrews, Syrians, As- 
syrians, Phoenicians, Abyssinians, and Arabs are 
members, — so called because in the Bible genealo- 

fies they are chiefly ranked as descendants of 
hem, the son of Noah. 

Sempiternal, sem-pi-ter'nal, a. Of never-ending 
duration ; everlasting ; endless ; having beginning, 
but no end. [F. sempiternel, L. sempitemus, fr. sem- 
per (for samaper, fr. sama, the same: see Semi-an- 
nual, and per, through, i. e., the same through, 
continuing the same), always.] — Sempiter'nity, 
-nT-ti, n. Future duration without end. 

Sempstress. See Seamstress. 

Senary, sen'a-rT. a. Of, belonging to, or containing 
six. [L. senarius, fr. scni, 6 each, fr. sex = E. six, 



Q- v.] — Senoc'ular, -nok'u-lar, a. Having 6 eyes 
[Li. seni, six, and oculus, eye.] 

Senate, sen'at, n. An assembly or council of citizens 
distinguished by birth, dignities, wealth, influence, 
etc., and invested with a share in the government. 
(Anc. Rome.) A body of elders chosen from the 
noble* of the nation, and having supreme legisla- 
tive authority. The upper or less numerous branch 
of a legislature in various countries, as in France 
and the U. S.; a legislative body; state council. 
[ME. and F. senat, fr. L. senatus, the council of eld- 
ers, senium, old age, senex, old; Vedic Skr. sana, 
OGr. henos, W. hen, Goth, sins, sineigs, old.] — Sen- 
ate-house. A house in which a senate meets, or a 
place of public council. — SenStor, n. A member 
of a senate. — Senatorial, -to'rT-al, a. Pert, to or 
becoming a senator or a senate; entitled to electa 
senator. — Senatolially, adv. In the manner of a 
senate; with dignity or solemnity. — SenStorship, 
n. Office or dignity of a senator. — SenesSent, 
-nesSent, a. Growing old; decaying with the lapse 
of time. [L. senescens, p. pr. senescere, to grow old, 
senere, to be old, fr. senex.] — SenesSence, -sens, re. 
The state of growing old; decay by time. — SenSs- 
chal, -e-shal; for merly -es-kal, n. A steward; an 
officer in the houses of princes and dignitaries, who 
has the superintendence of feasts and domestic 
ceremonies. [OF.; senescal, It. siniscalco, orig. an 
old, or chief, servant, fr. Goth, sins, old, and skalks, 
servant; s. rt. marshal.] — Se'nile, -nil, a. Pert, to, 
or proceeding from, age. [L. senilis, fr. senex.] — Se- 
nility, -uil'i-tT, n. State of being senile; old age. 

Send, v. t. [sext, sending.] To cause to go in any 
manner; to dispatch; to procure the going, carry- 
ing, transmission, etc., of ; to emit, cast, throw, 
hurl ; to commission or direct to go and act ; to 
cause to happen, inflict; to grant, bestow. — v. i. 
To dispatch an agent or messenger. [AS. sendan, 
MHG. senten, to send, AS. sidh, a journey, a time, 
MHG. sint, a way, time; s. rt. sense.] 

Senescent, Seneschal, Senile, etc. See under Senate. 

Senior, sen'ye'r, a. More advanced in age or rank; 
elder; belonging to the 4th or most advanced year 
of the collegiate course in Amer. colleges, or the 3d 



year in professional schools. — n. One who is older 
than another; one older in office; one prior in grade 
or rank; an aged person; one in the 4th year at an 
Amer. college or in the 3d year at a professional 
school. [L., compar. fr. rt. of senex, old : see 
Senate; s. rt. signor, sefior, sire, sir, etc.: see Seign- 
iok.] — Seniority, -ySr'i-ti, n. Quality or condi- 
tion of being senior; priority of birth; priority or 
superiority in office or rank. 

Senna, sen'na, n. A leguminous plant of the cassia 
family; its dried leaves, used in medicine as a ca- 
thartic. [OF. senni, Ar. sana or sena.] 

Sennight, sen'nit, n. The space of 7 nights and days; 
a week. [Contr. fr. sevennight; cf. fortnight, fr. 
fourteennight.] 

Senocular. See under Senary. 

Sense, sens, n. Perception by the bodily organs; sen- 
sation; feeling; perception through the intellect; ap- 
prehension; discernment; appreciation; capacity of 
gaining a knowledge of the exterior world by means 
of the bodily organs, — often used in pi., and esp. of 
the 5 senses of feeling, sight, hearing, smell, and 
taste; sound perception and reasoning; judgment; 
notion; opinion; meaning; import; signification. [F. 
sens, L. sensus, feeling, sense, p. p. of sentire, to feel, 
perceive; s. rt. G. sinnen, to think over, reflect upon, 
E. send, assent, consent, resent, nonsense, presentiment, 
scent, etc.] — Senseless, a. Destitute of sense; inca- 
pable of feeling; insensible; wanting appreciation 
or sympathy; without sensibility; destitute of un- 
derstanding; foolish; stupid; contrary to reason or 
sound judgment ; unwise ; ill-judged ; foolish. — 
Senselessly, adv. — Senselessness, n. — SenSate, 
-sat, SenSated, a. Perceived by the senses. [L. sen- 
satus.] — Sensa'tion, n. An impression made upon 
the sensorium through the medium of the organs of 
sense; agreeable or disagreeable feelings occasioned 
by external or internal objects, conditions, etc., 
whether corporeal or incorporeal; a state of excited 
interest or feeling. — Sensa'tional, a. Pert, to the 
sensations; attended by, or fitted to excite, great in- 
terest; exciting; startling; melodramatic; done sim- 
ply for effect; trashy, — said of oratory and litera- 
ture which interests by temporary excitement of the 
feelings. — Sensa'tionalism, -izm, n. Doctrine that 
our ideas originate solely in sensation, and consist 
of sensations transformed. — Sensible, -sT-bl, a. Ca- 
pable of being perceived by the senses; perceptible 
to the mind; able to receive impressions from exter- 
nal objects; easily affected; having nice perception 
or acute feeling; readily moved or affected by nat- 
ural agents; perceiving or having perception, either 
by the senses or the mind; cognizant; satisfied; per- 
suaded; having moral perception; possessing or con- 
tainingsense orreason; characterized by good sense; 
intelligent; wise. [F.; L. sensibilis.) — Sensibility, 
-T-tT, re. Quality or condition of being sensible; ca- 
pacity to feel or perceive; capacity of the soul to ex- 
ercise, or to be the subject of, emotion or feeling, as 
disting. fr. the intellect and the will; capacity for 
any specific feeling or emotion; acuteness of sensa- 
tion or of perception; quick emotion or sympathy; 
that quality of an instrument which makes it indi- 
cate very slight changes of condition; delicacy; taste; 
susceptibility; feeling.— SenSibleness, n. Condition 
or quality of being sensible; sensibility; susceptibil- 
ity; intelligence; reasonableness. — SenSibly, adv. 
In a sensible manner; perceptibly to the senses; with 
intelligence or good sense.— Sensiflc, a. Producing 
sensation. [L. sensificus ;facere, to make.] — Sensi- 
tive, -si-tiv, a. Having sense or feeling; having quick 
and acute sensibility; highly susceptible; easily and 
acutely affected; having a capacity of being easily 
affected or moved; pert, to, or depending on, sensa- 
tion. [F. sensitif.] — Sensitiveness, adv. — Sensi- 
tiveness, n.— Sensolium, -rT-um, SenSory, -so-rt, n. 
The whole nervous system, when animated, so far 
as it is susceptible of common or special sensations; 
an organ of sense. [LateL. sensorium.] — SenSory, 
a. Of, or connected with, the sensorium, or with sen- 
sation. — Sensolial, a. Pert, to the sensorium. — 
SenSual, -shoo-al, a. Pert, to, consisting in, or af- 
fecting, the senses, or bodily organs of perception; 
carnal; fleshly; pert, to, or consisting in, the gratifi- 
cation of sense, or the indulgence of appetite; de- 
voted to the pleasures of sense and appetite; luxuri- 
ous; voluptuous; pert, or peculiar to sensualism, as 
a philosophical doctrine. [L. sensualis.] — Sensual- 
ism, -izm, n. Condition or character of one who is 
sensual; sensuality. (Philos.) Doctrine that all our 
ideas, or the operations of the understanding, not 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, f&re ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, dr i 



SENTINEL 



521 



SEPtJLCHER 



only originate in sensation, but are transformed sen- 
sations, copies, or relics of sensations; sensational- 
ism. — Sen'snalist, n. One given to the indulgence 
of the appetites or senses, — Sensual'ity, -al'I-tl, ru 
Quality of being sensual; free indulgence in carnal 
or sensual pleasures. — Sen'sualize, v. t. [-ized 
(-Tzd), -izing.] To make sensual; to debase by car- 
nal_gratitications. — Sen'sually, adv. — Sen'suous, 
-6hoo-us, a. Pert, to, or addressing, the senses; con- 
nected with sensible objects. — Sen'tence, -tens, ?j. 
An opinion; decision; esp., a philosophical or theo- 
logical opinion. {Law.) A judicial decision 6r judg- 
ment prescribing the punishment to be inflicted 
upon a convicted criminal. (Gram.) A combina- 
tion of words, which is complete as expressing a 

thought. — V. t. [SENTENCED (-tenst), -TENCIKG.] 

To pass or pronounce judgment upon ; to doom. 
[F.: L. sententiu, for sentientia, fr. sentire.] — Sen- 
ten'tial, -shal, a. Comprising sentences ; pert, to a 
sentence, or full period. — Senten'tious, -shus, a. 
Abounding with sentences, axioms, and maxims ; 
short and energetic. [F. sententieux.] — Senten'- 
tioualy, adv. With striking brevity. — Senten'tious- 
ness, n. — Sen'tient, -shent or -sht-ent, a. Having a 
faculty of sensation and perception. [L. sentiens, p. 
pr. of sentire.] — Sen'tdment, -tl-ment, n. A thought 
prompted by passion or feeling; feeling toward or 
respecting some person or thing; the decision of the 
mind formed by deliberation or reasoning; a sen- 
tence, or passage, considered as the expression of a 
thought; a maxim; toast; sensibility; feeling; ten- 
der susceptibility. [ME. and OF. sentement.] — Sen- 
timent'al, a. Abounding with sentiment or reflec- 
tions; having an excess of sentiment or sensibilitv; 
artificially or affectedly tender; romantic. — Senti- 
menfalism, n. Character or behavior of a sentiments 
alist: sentimentality. — Sentimenfalist, n. One who 
affects sentiment, fine feeling, or exquisite sensibil- 
ity. — Sen'timentaKity, -T-tT, n. Affectation of fine 
feelimj or exquisite sensibility. — Sentimenfalize, 
v. i. To affect exquisite sensibility. — Sentimenf- 
ally, adv. 

Sentinel, sen'tT-nel, n. QUI.) A soldier set to watch 
or guard an army, camp, etc., from surprise. [Prob. 
fr. OF. sentinelled a short path, i. e., the beat of a sen- 
tinel, dim. of sentine, sentelle, senteret, dim. of sente, 
L. semita, a path.] — Sen'try, -trT, n. A soldier on 
guard ; sentinel ; guard; watch ; duty of a sentinel. 
[OF. senteret : see above.] — Sen'try-box, n. A box 
to cover a sentinel at his 
post, and shelter him from 
the weather. 

Sepal, se'pal, n. (Bot.) A leaf 
or division of the calyx. — ^jssss&wl iniir riv t *■ 
[XL. sepalum.] 

Separate, sep'a-rat, v. t. To 
part in any manner; to sev- 
er, as by an intervening 
space; to hold apart; to set 
apart, select from among 
others. — v. i. To part, be- 
come disunited be discon- sss Sepals- 
n e c t e d , withdraw lrom ^ 
each other. — a. Divided from another or others; 
disconnected; separated; unconnected; not united; 
distinct; disunited from the body: incorporeal. [L. 
separare, -atum, fr. se, aside, and pea-are, to make 
ready, arrange, separ, different, separate; s. rt. pare, 
parade, sever.] — Sep'arately, adv. In a separate 
state; apart; distinctly; singly. — Sep'arateness. n. 
— Separable, a. Capable of being separated, dis- 
joined, disunited, or rent. — Sep'arableness, -rabil'- 
lty, n. — Separation, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc.: disunion; disconnection; chemical analysis'; dis- 
union of married persons; divorce. [F.] — Separa- 
tism, -tizm, n. Disposition to withdraw from a 
church; the practice of so withdrawing. — Sep'ara- 
ti3t, n. One who withdraws or separates himself; 
esp., one who withdraws from a church to which he 
has belonged ; a dissenter : non-conformist ; schis- 
matic; sectary. — Sep/ara'tor. n. One who, or that 
which, separates or disjoins; a divider. — Sep'arato- 
ry, -ra-to-rT, n. A chemical vessel for separating liq- 
uors: a surgical instrument for separating the peri- 
cranium from the cranium.— Separa'triz. n. (Arith.) 
The decimal point; the dot at the left of a decimal 
fraction, separating it from the whole number pre- 
ceding it ; a mark separating different denomina- 
tions of money, weights, measures, etc. [L.] 

Sepia. se'pT-a, n. ; pi. -pi.e. (Zobl.) The cuttle-fish. A 
pigment, formerly supposed to be prepared from the 




ink of the cuttle-fish; India ink. [L. and Gr., name 
of the fish.] 

Sepoy, se'poi, n. A native of India, employed as a 
soldier in the service of a European power. [Hind. 
sipahi, a soldier. Per. si/jahi. horseman, soldier, prop. 
military, belonging to an army, sipah, an army.] 

Sept. sept, n. A clan, race, or family, proceeding from 
u common progenitor, — used of the races or families 
in Ireland. [Same as sect; ME. septe, secte, Proven. 
ce/itt.] 

Septangle, sr pt'an'gl, n. (Geom.) A figure with 7 sides 
and 7 angles ; a heptagon. [L. se/ttem (= E. seven, 
q. v.) and E. angle. ] — Septan'gular, a. Having 7 
angles. — Septem'ber, n. The month following 
August; the t)th month of the year, reckoning from 
January. [L., the 7th month of the Roman year, 
which began with March.]— Sep'tenary, -ten-a-rl t 
a. Consisting of, or relating to, 7 ; lasting 7 years. 
[L. septenarius.] — Septen'mal, -nl-al, a. Continu- 
ing 7 years: happening once in everv 7 vears. [L.sept- 
ennis; annus, year.] — Septen'trioh. -th-un, n. The 
north or northern regions. [L. septtntrio, the north- 
ern regions, the north, septentriones. the 7 stars near 
the north pole, called the Great Bear, or those called 
the Little Bear, properly the 7 plow-oxen, because 
they were compared to a wagon with oxen yoked to 
it, fr. trio, a plow-ox.] — Septen'trional. a. Of, or 
pert, to, the north ; northern. — Septilateral, a. 
Having 7 sides. [L. latus, lateris. a tide.] — Sep''- 
tuple, -tu-pl, a. Sevenfold ; 7 times as much. — v. t. 
[septupled (-pld), -pling.] To multiply by 7. 
LateL. septuplum ; plicare, to fold.] — SeptUrion, 
-yun, n. According to Eng. notation, the product 
of a million involved to the 7th power, or the num- 
ber expressed by a unit with 42 ciphers annexed ; 
by the common or French notation, the number ex- 
pressed by a unit with 24 ciphers annexed. See Nu- 
meration'.— Septin'stdar, -su-lar, a. Consisting of 
7 islands. [L. insula, island.] — Sep't jagint. -tu-a- 
jint, n. A Greek version of the Old Testament,— so 
called because it was said to be the work of 70, or 
rather of 72, interpreters. [L. septuaginta, 70; sep- 
tua-, fr. septem ; -ginta =-ciiua. abbr. fr. decinta, 10th, 
fr. decern = E. ten, q. v.] — Septuag'ena'rian, -aj'- 
e-naf- Y-an , n. One who is 70 years of age ; a septuag- 
enary. — Septuag'enary, -aj'e-na-rT, a. Consisting 
of 70; also, 70 years old. — n. A person 70 years of 
age: a septuagenarian. [L. septuagenarius, fr. sep- 
tuageni, 70 each, fr. septuaginta.] — Septuages'ima, 
-tu-a-jes'Y-ma, n. (Eccl.) The 3a Sunday before 
Lent, — so called because it is 70 days before Easter. 
[L. septuagesimus, the 70th, ordinal of septuaginta.] 
— Sep'tuages'imal, a. Consisting of 70, or of 70 
vears. 

Se'ptin, sep'tin. Sep'sin, n. A soluble poison devel- 
oped in putrefying blood and other decomposing 
animal matter. [Gr. septan, putrid matter.] — Sep'- 
tic, -tical, a. Having power to promote putrefac- 
tion. — Sep'tic, u. A substance which, etc. [F. sep- 
tique, Gr. septikos.] — Septicae'mia, -tl-se'mT-a, -tas'- 
mia, -te'ml-a, n. (Pathol.) Blood 

Soisoning produced by the intro- 
uction of septic matter into the 
circulation; putrid infection. [Gr. 
septos, putrid, and haima, blood.] 
Septum, sep'tum, n. pi. -ta, -ta. A 
partition. (Bot.) A partition that 
separates the cells of a frnit. (An- 
at.) A partition which 
separates 2 cavities: see 
Heart. [L., an inclos- 
ure, hedge, fence, fr. 
sepire, to hedge in, in- 
close.] — Septici'dal. -tT-si'dal, a. (Bot.~) 
Dividing the partitions. — 
said of a method of dehis- 
cence in which a pod splits 
through the partitions, di- 
viding each into 2 layers. [L. 
csedere, to cut.] — Septifra / '- 
gal, a. Breaking from the 
partitions, — said when the 
Capsule valves of a pod break away 
opening by from the partitions. [L./Va/i- 
Septicidal gere ^ t0 break.] — Septif'er- 
Demseence. 0rl3 .gr-us, a. Bearing septa. 
[L./erre. to bear.] Capsule open- 

Septuple, etc. See under Septangle. in e b y S «P- 
Sepulcher, -chre, sep'ul-ker, n. A place l*™^ Be- 
in which the dead body of a human be- hls<:ence - 
ing is interred; a grave; tomb.— v. t. To bury, inter, 





Septum. (BoW) 
8, 8, 8, 8, Septa. 




sun. cube, full; moon- f. 6t>t ; cow. oil; liage* or ink. then, boNbo>"- chair, get. 



SEQUEL 



522 SERPENT 



entomb. [ME. and OF. sepulchre, L. sepulcrum, 
-chrwrn, fr. sepelire, to bury, prob. orig. to honor 
show respect to; s. rt. Vedic Skr. saparya, to wor- 
ship, sap, to honor.] — SepuFchral, -kral, a. Pert, 
to burial, to the grave, or to monuments erected to 
the memory of the dead; suggestive of a sepulcher; 
hollow in tone. — Sep'ulture, -ul-chur, n. Act of de- 
positing a dead human body in a burial place; buri- 
al; interment. [F. ; L. sepultura.] 

Sequel, se'kwel, n. That which follows ; a succeed- 
ing part; continuation; consequence; event. [ME. 
and OF. sequele, L. sequela, fr. sequi, Skr. sack, to 
follow ; s. rt. consequent, execute, obsequies, prose- 
cute, sect, second, sociable, sue, pursue, suit, suite, 
etc.] — Sequela, -la, n. ; pi. -l^e, -le. One who or 
that which follows ; inference ; conclusion. (Med.) 
The consequent of a disease. [L.] — Sequa'cious, 
nkwa'shus, a. Inclined to follow a leader ; follow- 
ing ; attendant ; having or observing logical se- 
quence. [L. sequax, sequacis, f r. sequi.] — Se'quence, 
-kwens, n. State or quality of being sequent ; suc- 
cession ; that which follows or succeeds ; conse- 
quence. (Mus.) A succession of similar harmonic 
steps. [F. ; L. sequentia, fem. of p. pr. of sequi.] — 
Se'quent, a. Following ; succeeding. 

Sequester, se-kwes'ter, v. t. [-teked (-terd), -tering.] 
{Law.) To separate from the owner for a time; to 
take possession of (property belonging to another) 
and hold it till the profits have paid the demand for 
which it is taken, or till he has performed the de- 
cree of court, or clears himself of contempt. To 
take from or set aside from (parties in controversy) 
and put into the possession of an indifferent person; 
to set apart, separate from other things; to seclude, 
withdraw.— v. i. (Law.) To renounce, as a widow, 
any concern with the estate of her husband. [F. se- 
questrer, L. sequestrare, to surrender, remove, lay 
aside, sequester, a mediator, agent, depositary, trus- 
tee, perh. orig. a follower, fr. sequi: see Sequel.] — 
Seques'trable, a. Capable of being sequestered. — 
Sequestrate, v. t. To sequester.— Seq'uestra'tion, 
sek'wes-tra'shun, n. (Civil & Common Law.) Act 
of separating or setting aside a thing in controversy 
from the possession of both the parties that contend 
for it, to be delivered to the one adjudged entitled 
to it. (Chancery.) A prerogative process empower- 
ing certain commissioners to take and hold a de- 
fendant's property, and receive the rents and profits 
thereof, till he clears himself of a contempt or per- 
forms a decree of the court. (Eccl. Law.) A kind 
of execution for a rent, as in the case of a beneficed 
clerk, of the profits of a benefice, till he shall have 
satisfied some debt established by decree. (Interna- 
tional Law.) The seizure, by a belligerent power, of 
debts due fr. its subjects to the enemy. State of be- 
ing separated or set aside; retirement; seclusion from 
society. — Seq'uestra'tor, n. One who sequesters 
property; one to whom the keeping of sequestered 
property is committed. [L.] 

Bequin, se'kwin, n. A gold coin of Italy worth about 
$2.30, and of Turkey worth about $1.85. [F. ; It. 
zecchino, fr. zecca, the mint, fr. Ar. sik/cah, a die, 
stamp.] 

Sequoia, se-kwoi'a, n. A California species of coni- 
fer, which produces some of the largest trees 
known; the red-wood; big tree. [Sequoyah, name 
of a Cherokee Indian.] 

Seraglio, se-ral'yo, n. The palace of the grand seign- 
ior, or Turkish sultan, in which are confined the 
females of the harem ; a harem ; a house of de- 
bauchery. [It. serraglio, an inclosure of palisades, 
fr. It. serrare, to shut, fr. LL. serra, L. sera, a bar 
for fastening doors ; afterward used for the Per. 
serQ/i, a palace ; s. rt. series, serried.'] 

Seraph, ser'af, n. : E. pi. -aphs; Heb. pi. -aphim, -a- 
fim. (Script.) A celestial being having a winged 
human form. (Eng. Poetry.) An angel of the high- 
est order. [Heb. seraphim (in pi. only), exalted ones, 
prob. an Ar. word.] — Serapb/ic, -ical, se-raf 'ik-al, 
a. Pert, to, becoming,, or suitable to, a seraph ; an- 
gelic; sublime; burning or inflamed with love or 
zeal. — Ser'aphine, -af-en, n. A wind instrument 
resembling the reed organ. 

Seraskier, se-ras'ker, n. A general or commander of 
land forces in the Turkish empire. [Per. ser'asker, 
fr. ser, head, chief, and Ar. asker, an army.] 

Sere, ser, a. Dry; withered; sear. See Sear. 

Serene, se-ren', a. Clear and calm; fair; bright; un- 
ruffled ; undisturbed. [L. serenus, bright, clear, 
calm; s. rt. Gr. selene, the moon, lit. the bright one, 
selas, brightness, Skr. svar, splendor, heaven, E. 



solar, q. v.] — Serene'ly, adv. In a serene manner; 
calmly ; quietly; with unruffled temper; coolly.— 
Serene'ness, -ren'ity, -ren'Y-tf, ». Condition or 
quality of being serene; peace; calmness of mind. 

— Serenade, ser'e-nad', n. Music performed in the 
open air at night in compliment to some person, 
esp. to a lady. — v. t. To entertain with nocturnal 
music — v.%. To perform nocturnal music. [F.; 
It. serenata, music played under a lady's window 
at night, prop. p. p. of serenare, to make clear, look 
cheerful and lightsome.] 

Serf, serf, n. A servant or slave employed in hus- 
bandry; usually one bound to work on a certain 
estate, and thus attached to the soil. [F.; L. servus, 
a slave: see Serve.] — Serfdom, -dum, n. State or 
condition of serfs. 

Serge, sSrj, w. A woolen twilled stuff, the warp of 
which is worsted and the weft woolen. [F.; L. se- 
rica, prop. fem. of sericus, silken, also pert, to the 
(Seres, Chinese: see Silk.] — Seri'ceous, -rish'us, a. 
Pert, to, ar consisting of, silk; silky. [L. sericeus.] 

Sergeant, -jeant.sar'jent or ser'jent, n. Formerly, 
an officer in Eng., nearly answering to the more 
modern bailiff of the hundred. (AliL) A non-com- 
missioned officer, next in rank above the corporal, 
in a company of infantry or troop of cavalry, whose 
duty is to instruct recruits in discipline, to form the 
ranks, etc. In Eng., a lawyer of the highest rank. 
[OF. sergant, serjant, fr. LL. servients, a servant, vas- 
sal, soldier, prop. p. pr. of L. servire, to serve, q. v.] 

— Ser'geant-at-arms', n. (Legislative Bodies.) An 
officer who executes the commands of the body in 
preserving order and punishing offenses. — Ser'- 
geant-ma'jor, n. (Mil.) A non-commissioned officer 
who assists the adjutant. — Ser'geancy, -jen-si, 
-geantship, n. Office of, etc. 

Sericeous. See under Serge. 

Series, se'rez or se'rT-ez, n. A number of things or 
events standing or succeeding in order, or connected 
by a like relation; a line or row of things. (Nat. 
Hist.) An order or subdivision of some class of nat- 
ural bodies. (Math.) An indefinite number of terms 
succeeding one another, increasing or diminishing 
by a fixed law. [L. series, fr. serere, sertum, to join or 
bind together; s. rt. Gr. eirein ; to bind, seira, a rope, 
Skr. sarit, thread; E. seraglio, serried, assert, con- 
cert, exert, etc.] — Se'rial, -rt-al, a. Pert, to, or con- 
sisting of, a series; appearing in successive parts. — 
n. A work appearing in a series or succession of 
parts; a tale, or other writing, published in succes- 
sive numbers of a periodical. — Se'ria'tim, adv. In 
regular order. [L.] 
Serious, se'rY-us, a. Grave in manner or disposition ; 
earnest; not light, gay, or volatile; really intending 
what is said; being in earnest; important; not tri- 
fling; giving rise to apprehension ; attended with 
danger ; solemn ; weighty. [OF. serieux, LL. se- 
riosus, serious, L. serius, grave, earnest; perh. s. rt. 
G. schwer, weighty, heavy.] — Se'riously, adv. In 
a serious manner ; gravely ; solemnly ; in earnest; 
without levity.— Se'riousness, n. — Se'rio-comlc, 
-ical, -rt-o-komfk-al, a. Having a mixture of se- 
riousness and comicality. 
Serjeant. Same as Sergeant. 

Sermon, ser'mun, n. A public discourse for religious 
instruction, grounded on some passage of Scripture; 
a serious address; a set exhortation or reproof . [F.; 
L. sermo, -rnonis, a speaking, discourse; prob. s. rt. 
AS. swerian, to 6peak, E. swear.] — Ser'monize, v. i. 
[-ized (-Tzd),-iziNG.] To compose or write sermons; 
to preach. — Ser^moniz'er, n. 
Seron, -roon, se-roon', n. A bale or package made of 
skin or leather for holding drugs, etc. (Com.) A 
weight, varying with the substance to which it is 
applied. [F. serron, Sp. seron, a hamper, sera, a large 
pannier or basket.] 
Serosity, Serous. See under Serum. 
Serpent, ser'pent, n. (Zo'61.) A snake; an ophidian 
reptile without feet, with an extremely elongated 
body, and moving by means of muscular contrac- 
tions and serpentine flexions. A subtle or malicious 
person ; a species of firework having a serpentine 
motion. (Astron.) A certain constellation. (Mus.) 
A bass wind instrument, — so called from its form. 
[F.; L. serpens, -pentis, p. pr. of serpere, Gr. hei~pein, 
Skr. srip, to creep, sa?-pa, a snake, L. repere, to creep, 
E. slip, salt.]— Ser'pentine, -tin, a. Resembling, 
having the shape or qualities of, or moving like, a 
serpent; winding or turning one way and the other; 
meandering; crooked; spiral, —n. (Mm.) A mineral 
or rock usually of an obscure green color, with 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; Yn, I«e ; Odd. tone. Sr < 



SERRATE 



523 



SET 




If 
Serrate 
Leaf. 



shades and spots, which give it a spotted 
or mottled appearance resembling a ser- 
pent's skin, [r . serpentin, h.serpenttnus.'] 

Serrate, ser'rat. -rated, a. Notched on 
the edge, like a saw. [L. serratus, fr. 
serra, a saw, prob. tor secra, fr. secare, 
to cut: see Saw.] — Ser'rature, -ra-chur, 
n. A notching like that between the - 
teeth of a saw, in the edge of anything. \*i| 
[L. serratura. a sawing.] ^3 

Serum, se'rum, n. (Physiol.) The thin, ^ 
transparent portion of the blood; a 
lymph-like fluid secreted by the serous 
membranes. [L.; Gr. oro-. whey; s. rt. 
salt.] — Se'rous, -rus, a. Thin; watery; 
like whey,— said of that part of the blood 
which separates in coagulation from the 
red part; pert, to serum; secreting a lubricating se- 
rum, — said of certain delicate membranes, as the 
peritoneum, pleura, etc.— Seros'ity, -ros'Y-tT, ». The ! 
thin, watery liquid forming the chief constituent of j 
most animal fluids; serum; a fluid which exudes ! 
from the albumen of the serum of the blood when j 
coagulated by heat. 

Serve, sSrv, v. i. [served (sgrvd), servixg.] To work ' 
for, labor in behalf of, act as servant to, be in the I 
employment of; esp., to render spiritual obedience 
and worship to; to he subservient or subordinate to; 
to minister to; to attend at meals; to bring forward, 
arrange, d«al, distribute (a portioa of anything, 
esp. of food prepared for eating); to do the duties 1 
required in or for; to handle, manage; to contribute [ 
or conduce to; to be left sufficient for, satisfy; to 
treat, behave one's self to. — v. 1. To be a servant or , 
slave; to wait, attend; to discharge the requirements 
of an office or employment; to act as a soldier, sea- j 
man, etc.; to be of use, be sufficient, answer. [F. I 
servir, L. sen-ire, fr. servus, a servant, perh. orig. a 
client, a man under one's protection, fr. servare, \ 
Zend har, to keep, protect ; s. rt. serf, sergeant, con- 
sent, deserve, desert, subserve, etc.] — To serve an at- 
tachment, execution, etc. (Laic.) To levy it. — To s. 
a process or writ. To read it, so as to give due no- 
tice to the party concerned, or to leave an attested 
copy with him or his attorney, or at his usual place 
of abode. — To s. a warrant. To read it, and to seize ' 
the person against whom it is issued. — To s. a rope. ' 
(Naut.) To wind (spun-yarn, etc.) tight round it, to 
protect fr. friction.— Serv'ant, n. One who serves, or 
does services, voluntarily or involuntarily; one in a 
state of subjection; a person of base condition or , 
ignoble spirit. [F., p. pr. of servir.']— Tour humble 
or obedient servant. Phrases of civility, used esp. 
in closing a letter, and expressing the willingness of 
the speaker or writer to do service to the person ad- 
dressed. — Ser'vice, -vis, n. Act of serving: occu- 
pation of a servant; performance of labor for the 
benefit of another, or at another's command; labor 
performed for another; assistance or kindness ren- j 
aered ; office ; official religious duty performed; a 
musical composition for use in churches; duty per- 
formed in, or appropriate to, any office or charge: 
military or naval duty ; useful' office : advantage j 
conferred; benefit; avail: profession of respect ut- 
tered or sent; a set or number of vessels ordinarily 
used at table, (Saut.) The materials used for serv- 
ing a rope, as spun-yarn, etc. — Service-bush, -tree, 
n. A bush or tree of several species, bearing a 
fruit allied to the medlar: shad-berry; rowan tree. 
[OF.; L. servitium.] — Serviceable, a. Doing ser- ' 
vice; promoting happiness, interest, advantage, or ! 
any good; beneficial ; advantageous ; preparer" for I 
rendering service; active; diligent; officious — Ser'- 
viceablene8S, n.— Ser'viceably, adv.— Ser'vile, -vil, ' 
a. Pert, to, or befitting, a servant or slave; slavish: 
mean; held in subjection: dependent; meanly sub- 
missive; cringing; fawning. (Gram.) Not belong- 
ing to the original root; "not itself sounded, but 
serving to lengthen the preceding vowel. [I,, ser- j 
ivVis.]— Ser' vilely, adv. — Ser'vileness, Servil'ity, 
-vil't-tl, n. State or quality of being servile; con- 
dition of a slave or bondman : slavish deference; j 
baseness ; obsequiousness. — Ser'ving-maid, n. A 
female servant; menial. — Ser'vitor. -vl-ter, n. A 
servant; attendant: follower: adherent. (University 
of Oxford.) An undergraduate partly supported by 
the college funds: they formerly waited at table. [F. 
serviteur.] — Ser'vitofship. n. Office or condition of 
a servitor. — Ser'vitude, -tud. n. State of subjection 
to a master: sen-ice: slavery; bondage. (Law.) A 
right, whereby one thing is subject to another thing 




or person, for use or convenience, contrary to the 
common right. [F. ; L. servitudo.] 

Sesame, ses'a-me, n. An annual herbaceous plant, 
from whose seeds an oil is expressed. [L. sesamum, 
sesama, At. simstm.] 

Sesquipeaal, ses-kwip'e-dal, -edalian, -e-da'lT-an, a. 
Pleasuring or containing a foot and a half, — humor- 
ously or derisively applied to long words ; long- 
worded; pedantic. [L. sesquipedalis, fr. sesqui, one 
and a half, and^as, pedis, a foot.] 

Session, sesh'un, n. Act of sitting, or state of being 
seated: actual sitting of a court, legislature, etc., to 
transact business; the term or time during which a 
court, council, etc., meet daily for business. [F.; L. 
sessio, -oni<, fr. sedere. session = E. to sit, q. v.] — Ses'- 
sile. ses'sil, a. Attached 
without any sensible pro- 
jecting support. (Bot.) Is- 
suing directly from the 
main stem or branch, with- 
out a footstalk. [L. sessUis, 
low, dwarf, fr. sedere.] 

Sess-pool. Same as Cess- 
pool. 

Sesterce, ses'ters, n. (Bom. 
Antiq.) A Roman coin, in 
value orig. containing 2i, 
afterward 4 asses, — equal to 
about 4 cents. [L. sester- Sessile Leaves. 
tiu.* (nummus), fr. sestertius, two and a half, fr. se- 
mi*, half, and tertius, third.]— Sester'tium, -shi- 
um, n. 1,000 sesterces, about $40. 

Set, set, v. t. [set, setting.] To cause to sit; to seat; 
to make to assume a specified position; to place, 
put, fix; to attach to, put or place on; to put in a 
condition or state, cause to be; to make fast, per- 
manent, or stable ; to render motionless; to cause to 
stop, obstruct, embarrass; to determine, make un- 
yielding or obstinate, render stiff or rigid; to plant; 
to fix (a precious stone in metal); to place in or 
amid something which embellishes and shows off; 
to convert into curd; to appoint, assign; to put into 
a desired position or condition; to adjust, regulate, 
adapt; to put in due order, as an instrument; to ex- 
tend (the sail of a ship); to give a pitch to (a tune); 
to reduce from a dislocated or fractured state, as a 
limb; to stake at play, wager, risk; to adapt (words 
to notes); to prepare for singing; to variegate with 
objects placed here and there. — v. i. To pass be- 
low the Tiorizon, go down; to strike root, begin to 
germinate; to become fixed or rigid; to congeal or 
concrete; to have a certain direction in motion; to 
move on, tend; to indicate the position of game, — 
said of a dog; to apply one's self. — p. a. Fixed; 
firm : obstinate ; regular ; uniform ; formal; estab- 
lished ; prescribed. — n. Act of setting ; descent 
below the horizon ; that which is set, placed, or 
fixed ; as, a young plant for growth ; or, (Mech.), 
permanent change of figure, in consequence of 
pressure : a number of things of the same kind, 
ordinarily used together, an assortment ; suit ; a 
number "of persons associated by custom, office, 
common opinion, quality, etc.; direction or course. 
[AS. settan, to set. causal of sittan, to sit, q. v.: perh. 
set, an assortment of similar things, is not fr. ser, 
v., but same as sept or suit, q. v.] — Set'ter, n. One 




placing, Setter, 

fixing, or establishing; act of sinking, or seeming to 
sink, below the horizon; something set in or in- 
serted: that in which something (a gem, etc.) is set; 
the direction of a current, sea, or wind. — Set'-off, 
n. That which is set off against another thing; an 
offset; a decoration; ornament. (Law.) A counter- 
claim; a distinct claim filed or set up by the de- 
fendant against the plaintiff's demand. (Arch.) 
The part of a wall, etc., which is exposed horizon- 



sfru, cube, full; moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, tiien, boxbox, chair, get. 



SETON 



524 



SEXAGENARY 




Setiform Prickles. 



tally when the portion above it is reduced in thick- 
ness. — Set'-to, n. A conflict in boxing, argument, 
etc. — Set'-line, n. A buoyed fishing line, support- 
ing a number of baited hooks, to be left by the 
fisherman. — Settee'', -te', n. A long seat with a 
back; a kind of arm-chair for several persons to sit 
in at once. [Prob. corrupt, of settle, seat.] 
ston, se'tun orse'tn, n. (Surg.) A few horse hairs, 
or a twist of silk or fine linen, drawn through the 
skin and subjacent tissues by a large needle, etc., to 
cause irritation and suppuration or adhesion. [F.; 
LL. seto, fr. L. seta, a bristle, thick hair, in LL. silk; 
s. rt. satin, q. v.] — Setose', -tos', Se'tous, -tus, a. 
(Nat. Hist.) Having the surface 
set with bristles; bristly. [L. seto- 
sus, fr. seta, bristle.] — Seta'ceous, 
-ta'shus, a. Set with, or consist- 
ing of, bristles ; bristly. (Wat. 
Hist.) Having the slender form of 
a bristle. — Setig'erous, -tij'er-us, 
a. Covered with bristles. [L. ge- 
rere, to bear.] — Se'tiform, -tf- 
f6rm, a. (Bot.) Of the shape of a 
bristle. [L. forma, shape.] 

Setting. See under Set. 

Settle, set'tl, n. A wide step or platform lower than 
some other part ; a bench with a high back. [AS. 
setl, a seat, Goth, sitls, a throne; s. rt. L. sella = ME. 
setel, a saddle, E. sit, q. v., and see Settle, v. t.] 

Settle, seftl, v. t. [-tled (-tld), -tlino.] To place 
in a fixed or permanent condition ; to make firm, 
steady or stable; to establish in business, in situation, 
in pastoral office, etc.; to render quiet, clear, etc.; to 
still; to clear of dregs and impurities ; to restore to 
a smooth, dry, or passable condition ; to cause to 
sink, lower, depress ; to free from uncertainty or 
wavering; to make sure, firm, or constant; to adjust 
(something in discussion or controversy) ; to adjust 
(accounts), liquidate, balance ; to plant with inhab- 
itants, colonize, people. — v. i. To become fixed or 
permanent, establish one's self, assume a lasting 
form or condition ; to fix one's place or residence, 
take up habitation, be established in an employment 
or profession ; to become quiet or clear, become dry 
and hard, as the ground after rain or frost ; to clar- 
ify and deposit dregs, as a liquid; to sink gradually, 
subside ; to become calm, cease from agitation ; to 
adjust differences or accounts. [ME. setlen, (1) to 
cause to rest, also (2) to sink to rest, subside, fr. (1) 
AS. setlan, to fix, setel= E. settle (q. v. ), a seat; (2) AS. 
sahtlian, to reconcile, saht, reconciliation, also ad- 
justment of a dispute, result of a suit, fr. sacan, to 
contend, dispute; s.' rt. sake.] — Settlement, n. Act 
of settling, or state of being settled; establishment in 
business, condition, etc. ; ordination or installation 
as pastor ; establishment of inhabitants ; coloniza- 
tion ; act or process of adjusting or determining ; 
composure of doubts or differences ; liquidation of 
accounts; bestowal or giving possession under legal 
sanction ; that which settles, or is settled, estab- 
lished, or fixed, —as, matter that subsides, settlings, 
lees, dregs; or, a colony newly established, place 
settled ; or, the sum secured to a person; esp., a 
jointure made to a woman at her marriage. (Law.) 
Disposition of property for the benefit of some 
person, usually through trustees ; a settled place of 
abode ; residence ; legal residence. — Set'tler, n. 
One who settles ; esp., one who establishes himself 
in a colony; a colonist. — Settling, n. Act of mak- 
ing a settlement, or of subsiding, as lees ; adjust- 
ment of differences, pi. Lees ; dregs ; sediment. 

Seven, se Vn, a. One more than 6. — n. The number 
greater by 1 than 6 ; a symbol representing 7 units, 
as 7 or vii. [AS. seofon, D. zeven, Goth, sibun, L. 
septem, Gr. liepta, Ga. seachd. Lithuan. septyni, Skr. 
saptan.] — Sevenfold, a. Repeated 7 times ; in- 
creased to 7 times the size or amount. — SeVen- 
night, sen'nit, n. A week; the period of 7 days and 
nights. — Sev'en-up'', n. A game of cards, won by 
scoring 7 points; all-fours. — SeVenth, -nth, a. One 
next in order after the 6th ; constituting or being 
one of 7 equal parts. — n. One of 7 equal parts; one 
next in order after the 6th. (Mus.) The interval 
between any tone and the tone represented on the 
7th degree of the staff next above ; a certain chord. 
[AS. seafodha.] — Seventhly, adv. In the 7th 
place. — Seventeen, -n-ten, a. One more than 16 or 
less than 18.— n. The sum of 10 and 7; a symbol rep- 
resenting seventeen units, as 17 or xvii. [AS. seof- 
oateodha.] — Seventeenth, a. One next in order 
after the 16th ; constituting or being one of 17 equal 



parts. — n. One of 17 equal parts; the next in order 
after the 16th. — SeVenty, -n-tl, a. 7 times 10 ; one 
more than 69. — n. The sum of 7 times 10 ; a sym- 
bol representing 70 units, as lxx or 70. [AS. seofon- 
tig.\ — Seventieth, a. Next in order after the 69th; 
constituting or being one of 70 equal parts into 
which anything is divided. — n. One of 70 equal 
parts ; one next in order after the 69th. — SeV- 
enty-four, n. A man-of-war carrying 74 guns. 
Sever, se Ver, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To separate 
(one from another) ; to cut or break open or apart ; 
to keep distinct or apart, make a distinction respect- 
ing; to divide, part, disjoin, distinguish, discriminate, 
disconnect. (Law.) To part possession of. — v. i. 
To make a separation or distinction; to distinguish; 
to be parted or rent asunder. [OF. sevrer, It. seve- 
rare, sevrare, L. separare = E. to separate, q. v.] — 
SeVeral, -er-al, a. Separate; distinct; not common to 
2 or more; single; diverse; different; various; con- 
sisting of a number ; more than 2, but not very 
many ; diverse ; sundry. [OF.] — Severally, adv. 

— Severalty, -al-ti, n. A state of separation from 
the rest, or from all others. — Severance, -ans, n. 
Act of severing or dividing: separation. 

Severe, se-ver r , a. Serious in feeling or manner; ex- 
ternally sedate; very strict, in judgment, discipline, 
or government ; rigidly methodical, or adherent to 
rule or principle; exactly conformed to a standard; 
difficult to be endured ; grave ; austere; stern; mo- 
rose; rigid; exact; prim ; precise ; rigorous ; hard ; 
harsh ; censorious ; sarcastic ; cutting ; keen ; cruel. 
[OF. ; L. severus, severe, orig. reverenced, serious, 
grave.] — Severely, adv. — Severe'ness, -verity, 
-ver'T-ti, n. Quality of being severe; as, gravity; aus- 
terity ; extreme strictness ; or, quality or power of 
distressing or paining ; or, extreme coldness or in- 
clemency ; or, harshness ; cruel treatment ; or, ex- 
actness; rigorousness; or, strictness; rigid accuracy. 
[F. severite.] 

Sew, so, v. t. [imp. sewed (sod) ; p. p. sewed, rarely 
sewn (son); sewing.] To unite or fasten together 
with a needle and thread.— v. i. To practice sew- 
ing. [AS. siwian, Ic. syja, Goth, sinjan, Lithuan. 
suti, L. suere, Skr. siv, to sew, sutra, thread ; s. rt. 
seam.] — Sew'er, n. 

Sewer, su'er, n. A drain or passage to eonvey off 
water and filth under ground. [ME. sure, sew, for 
essewe, OF. essuier, esuer, to dry, wipe dry, drain 
dry, L. exsuccare, to deprive of moisture, suck the 
juice from, fr. ex, out, away, and sucus, ijuice, su- 
gere = E. to suck.] — Sew'erage, -ej, n. Construc- 
tion of a sewer; system of sewers in a city, town, 
etc.; general drainage of a place by sewers; sewage. 

— Sew'age, -ej, n. The mixture of water, filth, etc., 
collected in, and discharged by, sewers; sewerage. 

Sewer, su'er, n. An upper servant who set on the 
dishes at a feast, previously tasting them. [ME. sewe, 
to taste, sew, juice, also pottage, AS. seatv, Skr. sava, 
juice, su, to squeeze out.] 

Sex, seks, n. The distinguishing peculiarity of male 
or female ; physical difference between male and 
female; one of the 2 groups of organic beings formed 
on the distinction of male and female. (Bot.) The 
distinguishing peculiarity of plants, as staminate 
or pistillate; one of the groups founded on this dis- 
tinction. Womankind; females, — so used by way 
of emphasis. [F. sexe, L. sexus, prob. orig. a divis- 
ion, fr. secare, to cut.] — Sex'ual, sek'shoo-al, u. 
Pert, to sex or the sexes; distinguishing sex; relating 
to, proceeding from, or based upon the distinctive 
organs, characteristics, or offices of the sexes. [L. 
sexualis, fr. sexus.] — Sex'ualist, n. (Bot.) One who 
classifies plants by the sexual or Linnaean system. 

— Sexuality, n. State or quality of being distin- 
guished by sex. 

Sexagenary, seks-aj'e- or seks'a-je-na-ri, a. Pert, to, 
or designating, the number 60 ; proceeding by 60s. 
[L. sexagenarius, fr. sexageni, 60 each, fr. sexaginta. 
60, fr. sex = E. six (q. v.) and -girtia, for -cinta, short 
for decinta, 10th, fr. decern, 10.]— Sex'agena'rian, -rY- 
an, n. A person 60 years old. — Sexageslma, -jes'T- 
ma, n. (Eccl.) The 2d Sunday before Lent, the next 
to Shrove-Tuesday, being about the 60th day before 
Easter. [L. sexageshnus, 60th.] — Sexagesimal, a. 
Pert, to, or founded on, the number 60.— Sexan'gu- 
lar, a. Having 6 angles : hexagonal. [L. sexangu- 
Ins, sexangular, f r. sex, and angulus, angle.] — Sex- 
an'gularly, adv. With 6 angles; hexagonally.— 
Sexen'nial, -nT-al, a. Lasting 6 years, or happening 
once in 6 years. [L. sexennis, fr. sex and annus, a 
year.] — Sex'fid, Sex'iftd, a. (Bot.) Six-cleft ; di- 



&m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; find, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r i 



SEXTON 



OtfO 



SHALL 




vided into 6 parts. [L. sex and findcre,fidi, to cleave 
or split.] — Sex'tain, -tan, n. A stanza of 6 lines. 
[It. sestina, fr. L. sextos, 6th, 
sex.] — Sex'tant, n. {Math.) 
The 6th part of a circle. An 
instrument for measuring an- 
gular distances between ob- 
jects, esp. for observing the ji in 
altitude, etc., of celestial bod- 
ies in determining latitude and 
longitude at sea. [L. sextans, 
-tantis, the 6th part of a-n as, 
fr. ser.] — Sex'tile, -til, n. 
(Astrol.) Aspect or position 
of 2 planets, when distant from Sextant. 
each other 60 degrees, or 2 signs, marked thus, ■*. 
— Sextill'ion. -tiKyun, «. According to Eng. nota- 
tion, the product of a million involved to the 6th 
power, or the number expressed by a unit with 
§6 ciphers annexed; according to tfie common or 
French, the number expressed by a unit with 21 ci- 
phers annexed. See Numeration. — Sextodecimo, 
-to-des'I-mo. a. Formed of sheets folded s>o as to 
make 16 leaves ; 16mo ; of, or equal to, the size of 
sheets so folded, — n.; pi. -mos, -moz. A book com- 
posed of sheets folded so as to make 16 leaves, or 32 
pages; the size of a book thus composed, usually in- 
dicated thus : Itmo, 16°. [li.sextusdecimus, the 16th, 
fr. sexttis, the 6th, sex, 6, and decimvs, the loth, fr. 
decern, 10.]— Sex'tuple, -tu-pl, a. Six times as much; 
sixfold. (Mas.) Having 6 parts. [LL. sextotpllts.] 

Sexton, seks'tun, n. An under officer of a chinch, 
who takes care of the church building, sacramental 
vessels, vestments, etc., and often attends on the 
officiating clergyman, acts as usher, digs graves, etc. 
[Contr. fr. sacristan, q. v., under Sacked.] — Sex'- 
tonship, n. Office of a sexton. 

Sextuple. See under Sexagenary. 

Sexual, etc. See under Sex. 

Shab, shab, v. i. [shabbed (shabd), -bing.] To play 
mean tricks, act shabbily. [Same asscad.]— Shab'by, 
-bt, a. [-bier; -biest.] Torn or worn to rags; poor; 
mean ; ragged ; clothed with ragged or soiled gar- 
ments; mean; paltry; despicable.— Shab'bily,-bf-lT, 
adv. — Shab'biness, n. 

Shack, shak, n. Liberty of winter pasturage; grain 
left after harvest or gleaning; fallen mast or acorns; 
a shiftless fellow; vagabond. [Scot, shag, refuse of 
barley, Manx skah, to shake, shed.] 

Shackle, shak'l, v. t. [shackled (-id), -ling.] To put 
in fetters, chain, tie or confine the limbs of, so as to 
prevent free motion : to join by a link or chain, as 
railroad cars; to confine so as to obstruct action, im- 
pede.— n. [Generally in pi.] A fetter; gyve; chain; 
that which embarrasses free action; a link for con- 
necting railroad cars. [AS. sceacul, a bond, sceacan, 
to shake.] 

Shad, shad, n. sing. & pi. A food fish, inhabiting the 
waters 
off the 
coasts of 
Great 
Brit ain 
and the 
U.S.,and 
periodi- 
callv as- 
cending Shad . 
the large 
rivers to spawn. [AS. scea/tda, ProvG. schade.] 

Shaddock, shad'duk, n. A species of orange tree in 
E. and W. Indies ; its fruit, weighing 10 to 20 lbs. 
[Said to have been first brought fr. the E. Indies by 
Capt. Shaddock.] 

Shade, shad, n. Comparative obscurity owing to in- 
terception of the rays of light ; dimness ; gloom ; 
darkness; obscurity; an obscure place; a secluded 
retreat; protection; shelter; cover; a screen; some- 
thing that intercepts light or heat; shelter from the 
direct light of the sun, etc. ; a shadow ; the soul, after 
its separation from the body: a spirit; ghost. (Paint.) 
The darker portion of a picture. Degree or varia- 
tion of color, as darker or lighter ; a very minute 
difference; degree. — v. t. To shelter or screen by 
intercepting the rays of light ; to cover from inju- 
ry, protect, screen; to overspread with darkness' or 
Obscurity ; to obscure ; to paint in obscure colors, 
darken; to mark with gradations of light or color. 
[AS. scsed, = shade, sceadu = shadow, D. schaduw, 
Goth, skadus, Ir. and Ga. sgath, Skr. chhaya, shade, 
shadow, Gr. skotos, skotia, darkness, gloom; s. rt. 



sky, shed.] — Shad'er, n— Shad'y, -T, a. [-IEE; -iesi'j. 
Abounding with shade or shades; overspread witii 
shade; sheltered from the glare of light or sultrv 
heat. — Shad'iness, n. — Shad'ow, shad'o, n. Shade 
within defined limits, representing the form of a 
body which intercepts the rays of light; darkness; 
shade; obscurity: obscure place; secluded retreat; 
shelter; the less illuminated part of a picture; that 
which follows or attends a person or thin-, like a 
shadow; an imperfect and faint represents' 
umbration ; indistinct image ; mystical representa- 
tion ; type ; something unsubstantial ; phantom ; 
mockery. — v.t. (shadowed (-od),-owixo.] To cut 
off light from, put in shade, shade; to protect, screen 
from danger; to paint in obscure colors; to mark 
with slight gradations of color or light: to shade; to 
represent faintly or imperfectly; to adumbrate: to 
represent typically; to cloud, darken; to attend as 
closely as a shadow ; esp., to follow and watch se- 
cretly; to follow exactly.— Shad'owy, -o-i, a. Full 
of shade; serving to shade; dark: obscure; gloomy; 
faintly light; faintly representative; typical; unsub- 
stantial ; unreal. 

Shaft, shaft, n. A body of a long cylindrical shape; 
the cylindrical, column-shaped part of anything; 
the stem of an arrow; an arrow; a missile weapon. 
(Arch.) The body of a column; the part of a chim- 
ney above the roof; spire of a steeple. The handle 
of a weapon; the stem, or stock, of a feather or quill; 
the pole or one of the thills of a carriage. (Macfi.) 
A bar having one or more journal:, on which it rests 
and revolves. (Mining.) A well-like excavation in 
the earth, through which the inner cavity of a mine 
is reached and the ore is brought to the surface. [ME. 
and G. schaft, an arrow, AS. sceaft, D. schacht, shaft 
of a spear, dart, fr. AS. scafan, I), schaven, to shave, 
smooth; s. rt. shape, shave.) — Shafting, n. (Mach.) 
The system of shafts, with pulleys attached, for the 
transmission of power in factories. 

Shag, shag, n. Coarse hair or nap, or rough, woolly 
hair; a kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap. — v. 
t. [shagged (shagd), -ging.] lo make rough or 
hairy; to make shaggy, deform. [AS. sceacga, a bush 
of hair, that which is rough or shaggy, Ic. skegg, the 
beard, fr. skaga, to jut out, project, skagi, a cape or 
headland.] — Shag'bark, n. A species of hickory, 
— so called from its shaggy bark; shellbark; the nut 
of this tree; hickory-nut. — Shag'gedness, Shag'gi- 
ness, -gT-nes, n. State of being shagged or shaggy; 
roughness, with long, loose hair or wool. — Shag'gy, 
-gl, a. [-gier ; -giest.] Rough with long hair or 
wool; rugged. _ 

Shagreen, sha-gren', n. A kind of leather prepared 
without tanning, from the skins of horses, asses, and 
camels, and grained so as to be covered with small 
round pimples or granulations; shark-skin. [F. cha- 




grin, Turk. & Per. sagri, the back of a horse or other 
beast of burden, leather of : 
certain fish.] 



horse's back, skin of a 



Shah, sha, n. The king or monarch of Persia. [Per. 
shah, a king, sovereign ; s. rt. Skr. kshi, to possess, 
rule, E. chess, check, pasha.'] 

' ake, shak, v. t. [imp. shook; p. p. shaken; shak- 
NQ.] To cause to move with quick vibrations; to 
move rapidly or forcibly one way and another ; to 
make to tremble or shiver; to agitate; to weaken the 
stability of, endanger; to cause to waver, impair the 
resolution of; to give a tremulous note to; to trill; 
to move or remove by agitating, rid one's self of. — 
v. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibratory mo- 
tion: to tremble, shiver, quake, totter, — n. A vacil- 
lating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way 
and the other; agitation; a fissure or crack in timber, 
in reck, or in earth. (Mus.) A rapid alternation of 
2 notes represented on contiguous degrees of the 
staff; a trill. [AS. sceacan, scacan (imp. scoc, p. p. 
sceacen, scacen), to shake, Dan. skage, to shift, veer, 
Skr. khaj, to move to and fro, churn; s. rt. shock, 
shog, jog. shank.] — Shak'er, n. One who, or that 
which, etc.; one of a sect of Christians, — so called 
from the agitations or movements in dancing which 
characterize their worship. — Shak'y, -T, a. [-ier; 
-iest.] Fullof shakes, slits, orclefts; unsound; want- 
ing in cohesion; shaking or trembling; tremulous; 
tottering; not to be trusted; doubtful; timorous. 

Shale, shal, n. A shell or husk; cod or pod. (Geol.) 
A soft, fragmental, argillaceous rock, often bitumi- 
nous, found in coal mines, etc. [G. schale, shell, 
peel, husk ; s. rt. shell, scale, skill.] — Shaly, a. 
Breaking unevenly into fragile plates. 

Shall, shal, v. i. & auxiliary, [imp. should : shall is 



sun, cube, full; moon, f dot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



SHALLOON 



526 



SHARP 



defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or par- 
ticiple.] Orig. to owe, be under obligation: as an 
auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose 
obligation is derived from the person speaking; it 
expresses, in the 2d and 3d persons, a command, 
threat, or promise; with the 1st person, the necessity 
of the action is sometimes implied as residing else- 
where than in the speaker, as, I shall suffer; we 
shall see; and there is always a less distinct and 
positive assertion of his volition than is indicated 
by will; after a conditional conjunction, as if, 
whether, shall is used in all persons to express futu- 
rity simply: should is everywhere used in the same 
connection and the same senses as shall, as its im- 
perfect: it also expresses duty or moral obligation: 
see Will. [AS. sceal, I shall, scolde or sceolde, I 
should, fr. sculan, to owe, be under obligation to do 
something.] _ 

Shalloon, shal-loon', re. A kind of worsted stuff. [Fr. 
Chalons, France, where it was first made.] 

Shallop, shal'lupj re. A large light boat with 2 masts, 
usually rigged like a schooner. [F. chaloupe, Sp. and 
Pg. chalupa ; s. rt. sloop.] 

Shallot, shal-lof, re. A mild-flavored plant of the 
onion family, with a compound bulb like garlic ; 
eschalot. [OF. eschalote, L. ascalonia, fr. the city 
of Ascalon, in Palestine.] 

Shallow, shaKlo.o. Having little depth; shoal; slight; 
not of low, heavy, or penetrating sound ; simple ; 
ignorant; superficial; silly. — n. A place where the 
water of a river, lake, or sea is of little depth; a 
shoal; flat; sand-bank; shelf. [Same as shoal, q. v.; 
s. rt. shelve.] — Shallowness, re. 

Sham, sham, re. Any trick, fraud, or device that de- 
ludes and disappoints; delusion; imposture; feint; 
humbug.— a. ialse ; counterfeit ; pretended, — v. 
t. [shammed (shamd), -ming.] To deceive expec- 
tation, trick, cheat; to obtrude by fraud or imposi- 
tion; to imitate, ape. — v. i. To make false pre- 
tenses, deceive. [ProvE. for shame, i. e., to put 
shame upon one, impose upon.] 

Shaman, sha/man, re. ; pi. -mans. A wizard or con- 

i'urer in some northern Asiatic regions. [Per. & 
lind. shaman, an idolater.] — Sha'manism, -izm, re. 
The superstitious religion of the northern nations 
of Asia, consisting in a belief in evil spirits, and in 
the influence of magic spells and rites. — Sha'man- 
ist, n. A believer in, etc. 

Shamble, sham'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bung.] To 
walk awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees 
were weak; to shuffle along. [OD. schampelen, to 
stumble, trip, slip away, decamp, scham/ien, to es- 
cape, fly; same as scamble, q. v., under Scamp.] 

Shambles, sham / 'blz, n. pi. The place where butcher's 
meat is sold. [AS. scamel, a bench, stool, fr. L. 
scamnum, a bench, dim. scabellum, a foot-stool, orig. 
a prop; s. rt. Ti.scapus, a shaft, stem, stalk.] 

Shame, sham, re. A painful sensation excited by a 
consciousness of guilt, or of having done something 
which injures reputation; decency; decorum; re- 
proach incurred or suffered ; dishonor ; cause or 
reason of shame; the parts which modesty requires 
to be covered. — v. t. [shamed (shamd), shaming.] 
To make ashamed; to cover with reproach or igno- 
miny; to dishonor, disgrace. [AS. sceamu, scamu, 
G. scham, Goth, skanda, shame; prob. s. rt. Skr. 
kshan, to wound = E. scathe, also E. sham.] — For 
shame ! You should be ashamed; shame on you. — 
Shamefaced, -fast, a. Easily confused or put out 
of countenance; diffident; bashful. [Prop, shame- 
fast ; AS. scamfsest.] — Shame'ful, -f ul, a. Bringing 
shame or disgrace; injurious to reputation; raising 
shame in others ; disgraceful ; indecent ; degrad- 
ing ; scandalous ; infamous. — Shame'fully, adv. — 
Shameless, a. Destitute of, or indicating an ab- 
sence of, shame; wanting modesty; impudent; bra- 
zen-faced; unblushing; audacious; immodest; inde- 
cent. — Shamelessly, adv. — Shamelessness, re. — 
Sham'er, n. One who, or that which, makes ashamed. 

Shammy, sharn'mi, n. A soft and pliant kind of 
leather prepared orig. from the skin of the chamois. 
[Corrupt, of chamois, q. v.] 

Shampoo, sham-pod', v. t. To rub and percuss the 
whole surface of the body of, in connection with 
the hot bath; to wash thoroughly and rub the head 
of, with soap or a soapy preparation. — re. Act of, 
etc. [Hind, champna, to stuff, thrust in, squeeze, 
shampoo.] 

Siiamrock, sham'rok, re. A plant used by the Irish as 
their national emblem; white trefoil; white clover. 
[Ir. seamrog, seamar.] 



Shank, shank, re. The lower joint of the leg from the 
knee to the foot; the shin ; bone of the leg ; the 
whole leg: see Horse; that part of an instrument, 
tool, etc., which connects the acting part with a 
handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. 
[AS. sceanca, Dan. skank, G. schenkel, shank, leg, 
schitiken, the ham, D. schonk, a bone; s. rt. shake.] 

Shanty, shan't*, re. A mean dwelling; a temporary 
building ; hut. [Ir. sean, old, andjigr, a house.] 

Shape, shap, v. t. [imp. shaped (shapt); p. p. shaped 
or shapen ; shaping.] To form or create, make, 
produce; to mold or make into a particular form; 
to adapt to a purpose, regulate, adjust, direct; to 
image, conceive, beget. — re. Character or construc- 
tion of a thing as determining its external appear- 
ance; that which has form or figure; form of em- 
bodiment, as in words; make; form; guise. [AS. 
sceapan, scapan, to shape ; e. rt. shave, ship.] — 
Shapeless, a. Destitute of shape or regular form. 

— Shape'lessness, re. — Shapely, a. [-lier; -liest.] 
Having a regular shape; symmetrical; well-formed. 

Shard, shard, re. A piece or fragment of an earthen 
vessel, or of a like brittle substance; the hard wing- 
case of a beetle. [AS. sceard, fr. sceran, to shear, 
cut, part.] 

Share, shar, re. The broad iron or blade of a plow 
which cuts the bottom of the furrow. [AS. scar, 
scear, OHG. scar ; s. rt. shear.] 

Share, shar, re. A certain portion; part; division; the 
part allotted or belonging to one, of any property or 
interest owned by a number; one of a certain num- 
ber of equal portions into which any property or 
invested capital is divided. — v. t. [shared (shard), 
sharing.] To part among 2 or more; to divide; to 
partake, enjoy, or suffer with others. — v. i. To have 
part, receive a portion. [AS. scearu, a share, f r. sce- 
ran = to shear.] — To go shares. To partake, be 
equally concerned. — Share' -hold'er, re. One who 
holds or owns a share in a joint fund or property. 

— Sharker, n. 

Shark, shark, n. (Ichih.) A large, voracious, cartilagi- 




White Shark. 

nous fish of many species, having a long, round body, 
tapering from the head, the surface set with minute 
osseous granules in place of scales, and the gill-open- 
ings placed upon the sides of the neck: the mouth is 
set with successive rows of sharp teeth. A rapacious, 
artful fellow; a sharper, —v. t. [sharked (sharkt), 
sharking.] To pick up hastily, slyly, or in small 
quantities. — v. i. To play the petty thief, swindle; 
to live by shifts and stratagems. [Perh. fr. L. car- 



quantities. — v. i. To play the petty t 
by shifts and stratagems. (Te 
charm, Gr. karcharias, a dog-fish, shark, fr. karcha- 



ros, jagged, referring to its teeth ; or perh. fr. D. 
schrok, a glutton, schrokken, to devour greedily, G. 
schurke, a rogue, knave, shark.]— Shark'er, re. One 
who lives by sharking. — Shark'-ray, re. A fish of 
several species, having characteristies of the shark 
and the ray; esp. the angel-fish. 
Sharp, sharp, a. Having a very thin edge or fine 
point; keen; terminating in a point or edge; peaked 
or ridged; affecting the senses, as if pointed or cut- 
ting; oiting; sour; pungent ; penetrating ; abrupt. 
Very trying to the feelings; cutting in language or 
import ; sarcastic ; severe ; eager in pursuit ; impa- 
tient for gratification; violent; impetuous; of keen 
perception; quick to discern or distinguish; not dull; 
keenly attentive to one's own interest; uttered in a 
whisper, or with the breath alone, as certain conso- 
nants; whispered; shrill; non-vocal. (Mus.) High in 
pitch; raised a semitone in pitch; so high as to be out 
of tune or above true pitch.— re. (Mus.) An acute 
sound; esp., a note raised a semitone above its proper 
pitch; the character [ft] which directs that a note 
be thus raised. A needle, of the most acute of the 
3 grades. — v. t. [sharped (sharpt), sharping.] To 
make keen, acute, penetrating, etc. ; to sharpen. 
(Mus.) To raise above the proper pitch; esp., to raise 
a semitone above the natural tone. [AS. scearp, D. 
scherp, G. scharf, sharp; s. rt. L. scalpere, to cut, Gr. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 3r ; 



SHASTER 



52/ 



SHEET 



skorpios = E. scorpion, Skr. kripana, a sword, E. 
sculpture, scarf, *crip, scrap.] — Sharp'en, -n. v. t. 
f-ENED (-nd), -ening.] To make sharp; to give a 
keen edge or fine point to: to render more quick or 
acute in perception; to make more quick, acute, or 
ingenious; to make more pungent and painful; to 
make biting, sarcastic, or severe; to render less flat, 
or more shrill or piercing; to make more tart, acid, 
or sour. (Mus.) To raise, as a sound by means of a 
sharp. — v. i. To grow or become sharp. — Sharp'er, 
n. A man shrewd in making bargains; swindler; 
cheat. — Sharp'ly, adv. — Sharp'ness, n. — Sharp'- 
set, a. Eager in appetite or desire of gratification; 

ravenous. shoot'er, n. One skilled in shooting 

at an object with exactness; a good marksman. — 
-sight'ed, -sit'ed, a. Having quick or acute sight; of 

quick discernment or acute understanding. wit'- 

ted, a. Having an acute or nicely discerning mind. 
Shaater, shas'ter, -tra, -tra, n. A treatise for author- 
itative instruction among the Hindoos; esp., a trea- 
tise containing religious instructions and precepts. 
[Hind, shas, to govern.] 
Shatter, shat'ter, v. t. [-teked (-tSrd), -tering.] To 
break at once into many pieces; to rend, crack, split; 
to disorder, derange, render unsound. — v. i. To be 
broken into fragments. — n. A fragment of any- 
thing forcibly rent or broken, — used generally in 
pi. [Same sls scatter.] — Shat'tery, -ter-t, a. Easily 
breaking and falling into many pieces. 
Shave, shav, v. t. [imp. shaved (shavd); p. p. shaved 
or shaven; shaving.] To cut or pare off from the 
surface of a body by an edged instrument; to make 
bare or smooth by cutting off closely the surface or 
surface covering of; esp. to cut off the beard or hair 
from, with a razor; to cut off thin slices, or to cut 
in thin slices; to skim along or near the surface of; 
to strip, fleece. — v. i. To use a razor for removing 
the beard: to cut closely, be hard in a bargain, cheat. 
— n. A thin slice; shaving; a cutting of the beard; 
operation of shaving; an exorbitant cutting down or 
discount on a note, etc., for cash in hand; a tool with 
a long blade and a handle at each end, for shaving 
wood, as hoops, etc. [AS. sceafan, scafan, D. schav- 
en, to shave, scrape, plane wood, Lithuan. skapoti, to 
shave, cut, Russ. kopate, Gr. skaptein, Skr. khan, to 
cut, L. scabere, to scratch, scrape; s. rt. shape, shear, 
scab, shabby, shaft.] — To shave a note. To purchase 
it at a great discount, or to take interest upon it much 
beyond the legal rate.— Shave'ling, n. A man shaved; 
a monk, or other person of a religious order.— Shav'- 
er, n. One who shaves; one close in bargains; a cheat; 
one who fleeces; a pillager; plunderer; a little fel- 
low.— Shav'ing, n. Act of, etc.; a thin slice pared 
off with a cutting instrument. 
Shawl, shawl, n. A cloth of wool, cotton, silk, or hair, 
used as a loose covering for the neck and shoulders. 
[Per., Hind., and Turk, shal.] 
Shawm, shawm, a. (Mus.) A wind instrument of mu- 
sic, formerly in use. [OF. chalemie, fr. chaume, for 
chalme, L. cat annus, Gr. kalamos, a reed, kalame, a 
straw; s. rt. haulm, q. v.] 
She, she, pron. [nam. she; poss. her or hers; dbj. her; 
pi. nom. they; poss. their or theirs; obj. them.] 
This or that female; the woman understood or re- 
ferred to; a woman; a female, — used humorously 
as a noun. [AS. seo, fern, of se, the definite article, 
not fr. heo, fern, of ne — E. he; Ic. $u, sja, fern, of 
sa, dem. pronoun, G. sie, Goth_. so, Gr. he, Skr. sot.] 
Sheaf, shef, n. ; pi. Sheaves, shevz. A bundle of un- 
thrashed stalks of wheat, rye, or other grain ; any bun- 
dle or collection. —v. i. To collect and bind; to make 
sheaves. [AS. sceaf, a sheaf, orig. imp. of scvfan, to 
shove, i. e. a bundle of things shoved together.] 
Shear, sher, v. t. {imp. sheared (sherd) or obs. shore; 
p.p. sheared or shorn; shearing.] To cut or clip 
with shears, scissors, etc. ; to cut or clip from a sur- 
face. — ■■ n. pi. A cutting instrument consisting of 2 
blades with a bevel edge, movable on a pin, used for 
cutting cloth and other substances; anything in the 
form of shears ; an apparatus for raising heavy 
weights, as, the lower masts of ships: it consists of 2 
or more spars or pieces of timber, fastened together 
near the top, and furnished with the necessary tack- 
les. [AS. sceran, sciran, D. and G. scheren, Gr. kei- 
rein, for skeirein, to cut, AS. sceara, shears, scissors; 
s. rt. L. curtus = E. short, also E. scare, scar, scarf, 
scrip, scrape, shore, sheer, shred, sharp, shore, short, 
score, concern. secret, carpet, scarce, etc.] — Shear'er, 
n. — Shear'ling, n. A sheep that has been but once 
sheared. — Shear '-steel, n. Steel suitable for shears, 
scythes, and other cutting instruments. 



Sheath, sheth, n. A case for a sword or other long and 
slender instrument; a scabbard; any thin covering 
for defense or protection. [AS. scsedh, sceadh, G. 
scheide, a sheath, Swed. skiaa, a sheath, husk, pod, 
shell.] — Sheathe, .-herii, v. t. [sheathed (shethd), 
sheathing.] To put into a sheath, case, or scabbard: 
to tit or furnish with a sheath; to case or 
cover with boards or with sheets of cop- 
per, etc.; to cover or line. — Sheath'er, n. 

— Sheathed, shethd, a. (Bot.) Invested 
by a sheath, or cylindrical, membrana- 
ceous tube, which Is the base of the leaf, 
as the >talk or culm in grasses; vaginate. 

— Sheath'ing, n. That which sheathes; 
esp., tin* casing or covering of a ship's bot- 
tom and sides; or the materials for such 
coverings. 

Sheave, shev, n. A wheel in a block, rail, 
mast, yard, etc., on which a rope works; 
the wheel of a pulley. [OD. scnijve, orb, 
disk, wheel, D. schijf, HG. scheibe = E. 
shire; s. rt. shift."] 

Shebat, sha'bat, n. The 11th month of the 
Jewish sacred year, and the 5th of the civ- Sheathed, 
il, — parts of January and February. 

Shed, shed, v. t. [shed, -ding.] To cause to emanate, 
proceed, or flow out; esp., to throw off or give forth 
from one's self; to emit, diffuse: to throw off (a nat- 
ural covering of hair, feathers, shell, etc.): to cause 
to flow off, without penetrating. — v. i. To let fall 
the parts, throw off a covering or envelope. [ME. 
scheden, to pour, schssden, to part, OFries. schedda, 
to shake, schudden, to pour, G. schuetten, orig. to 
shake, now to shoot out (grain, coal, etc., from sacks J 
violently, to spill (water, blood, etc. ).] — Shed'der, n. 
One who sheds or causes to flow out; a soft-shelled 
crab, which has recently shed his shell. 

Shed, shed, n. A slight or temporary erection built to 
shelter something; an out-building: hut; a roof with 
only one set of rafters, falling from a higher to a 
lower wall; a lean-to. [FrovE. shod, shud ; perh. same 
as shade; perh. fr. D. schut-dack, an open roof, shed, 
fr. schutten, LCr. schutten, schudden, to ward off, pro- 
tect.] 

Sheen, shen, a. Bright; glittering; showy.— n. Bright- 
ness; splendor. [AS. scene, sceone, scyne, OS. sconi, 
D. schoon, G. schoen, fair, lit. showy; s. rt. show; not 
s. rt. shine.] 

Sheep, shep, n. sing, k pi. {Zobl.) A ruminant quad- 
ruped of many species, valued for its flesh (mutton) 
and wool. The people of God, as being under the 
government and protection of Christ, the great Shep- 
herd. [AS. sceap, OHG. scaf; perh. s. rt. capon, q. 
v.; cf. It. castrato, mutton.] — Sheep'ish. o. Like a 
sheep; bashful; timorous to excess. — Sheep'ishly, 
adv. — Sheep'ishness, n. — Sheep'-cot, n. A small 

inclosure for sheep ; a pen. dog, n. A dog for 

tending sheep; a colly. — hook, n. A hook fastened 
to a pole, by which shepherds lay hold on the legs ot 
their sheep; a crook. — shear'er, n. One who sheara 
the wool from sheep. — shear'ing, n. Act of shear- 
ing sheep; time of shearing sheep; a feast made on 
that occasion. — skin, n. The skin of a sheep, or 
leather prepared from it; a diploma, — fr. its being 
printed on parchment. — walk,??. Pasture for sheep. 

— Siieep's'-eye, n. A modest, diffident look; a lov- 
ing or desiring glance. — Shep'herd, shep'herd, n. 
One in charge of sheep; esp., one who tends a flock 
in an unf enced region ; the pastor of a parish, church, 
or congregation. [AS. sceaphyrde ; hyrde, a herd.] — 
Shep'herdesB, n. A woman who, etc.; a rustic lass. 

Sheer, sher, a. Separate from anything foreign; pure; 
clear; being only what it seems to be; simple; mere; 
clear: thin ; perpendicular; straight up and down. 
[Ic. skasrr, Dan. sheer, bright, clear, pure, Ic. skirr, 
AS. scir, bright, Ic. skina, AS. scinan, to shine.] 

Sheer, sher, v. i. [sheered (sherd), sheering.] To 
decline or deviate from the line of the proper course; 
to turn aside, move away. — n. {Naut.) The longi- 
tudinal curve or bend of a ship's deck or sides: the 
position of a ship at single anchor, with the anchor 
ahead. [Same as shear; D. scheren, to shear, cut, 
barter, withdraw, warp, stretch.] 

Sheet, shet, n. Any broad, uninterrupted expanse; 
a broad piece of cloth used as a part of bed furni- 
ture, next to the bodv; a broad piece of paper, iolded 
or unfolded; a single signature of a book or pam- 
phlet; a newspaper; a broad expanse of water, etc.; 
a broad, thinly expanded portion of metal or othe-- 
substance. (yaut.) A rope fastened to the lower cor- 
il, tc< ' 



nerof 



extend and retain it in a particulai 



sfin, cObe, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboir, chair, get. 



SHEIK 



528 



SHIFT 



situation. — v. t. To fold in a sheet; to cover as with 
a sheet; to draw or expand, as a sheet. [AS. scete, 
scyte, a sheet, sceat, a projecting corner, angle, nook 
of ground, fold of a garment, Ic. sfcaut, a sheet, cor- 
ner of a square cloth, rope attached to the corner of 
a sail, Sw. shot, sheet of a sail, Goth, skautz, hem of 
a garment; s. rt. AS. sceotan = E. to shoot.'] — Sheet '- 
ing, n. Cloth for sheets.— Sheet'-anch'or, n. {Naut.) 
The largest anchor of a ship, sometimes the last ref- 
uge to prevent the ship from going ashore; the chief 
support; last refuge for safety. [Orig. shoot-anchor, 
anchor _shot or thrown out in an emergency.] 

Sheik, shek, n. A chief of an Arab tribe or clan; a Mo- 
hammedan religious digxtitary. [Av. sheikh, shca/kh, 
a venerable old man, a chief, fr. sli&klia, to be old.] 

Shekel, shekel, n. An ancient weight and coin among 
the Jews, in weight about half an ounce avoirdupois. 
[Heb. sheqel, fr. shaqal, to weigh.] 

Shekinah, she-ki'na, n. {Jewish Hist.) That miracu- 
lous light or visible glory which was a symbol of the 
divine presence. [Heb., presence of God, fr. shukan, 
to inhabit.] 

Sheldrake, shel'drak, n. A large, handsome, fish-eat- 
ing duck of 
o f several 
species; 
goosander. 
[Fr. ME. 
sheld , a 
shield (the 
markings 
cf the bird 
being like 
those o n a 
shield ; cf. 
AS. scyld, 
shield, also 
marks on a 
bird), and 
E. drake; 
Ic. skjoldimg, 




Sheldrake. 



sheldrake, skjolttr, dappled, fr. 
skjold, a shield, q. v.] 

Shelf, shelf, n. ; pi. Shelves, shelvz. A board, or plat- 
form, elevated above the floor, and fixed horizon- 
tally on a frame, or contiguous to a wall, for holding 
vessels, books, etc.; a sand-bank in the sea, or a rock, 
or ledge of rocks, rendering the water shallow and 
dangerous to ships. [AS. sajlfe, plank, LG. schelfe, 
shelf, sche/fern, to scale off, peel, G. schelfe = E. 
shell, scale: the sense of sand-bank, etc., is fr. con- 
fusion with shelve, q. v.] — ShelFy, -T, a. Abound- 
ing in, or composed of, shelves ; lull of dangerous 
shallows. — Shelve, v. t. To furnish with shelves, 
place on a^helf, put aside, suppress. 

Shell, shel, n. A hard outside covering ; esp., that 
serving as the natural protection of certain fruits 
and animals; a pod; the covering or outside layer of 
an egg. {Zool.) The hard organized substance form- 
ing the skeleton of many invertebrate animals, usu- 
ally external, but sometimes internal; the hard cov- 
ering of some vertebrates, as the armadillo, tortoise, 
etc. {Mil.) A hollow sphere or cylinder of iron, 
which, being filled with gunpowder, and fired from 
a mortar or cannon, bursts into pieces when the pow- 
der explodes; a bomb. Any framework or exterior 
structure regarded as not complete or filled in; any 
slight hollow st'ucture; outward show without in- 
ward substance, an instrument of music, as a lyre; 
a light boat, sometimes made of paper, for racing, pi. 
The husks of the cacao-nut, a decoction of which is 
used as a substitute for chocolate, cocoa, etc. — v. t. 
[shelled (sheld), shelling.] To strip or break off 
the shell of, take out of the shell or pod ; to separate 
(corn) from the ear; to throw shells or bombs upon, 
bombard. — v. i. To fall off, as a shell, crust, or ex- 
terior coat ; to cast the shell or exterior covering. 
[AS. scell, scyll, D. schcl, scale, husk, Goth, skalja, 
a tile ; s. rt. scale, skill, shale.] — SheU/y, -T. a. 
Abounding with, or consisting of shells. — ShelK- 
hark, n. A species of hickory whose bark is loose 
and peeling ; shag-bark. — -fish, n. An aquatic ani- 
mal, whose external covering consists of a shell, 
either testaceous, as in oysters, clams, etc., or crus- 
taceous, as in the lobster. work. n. Work com- 
posed of shells, or adorned with them. — Shel'lac, 
Shell'-lac, n. The resin lac spread into thin plates, 
after being melted and strained. [See Lac] 

Shelter, etc. See under Shield. 

Sheltie, shel'tT, n. A Shetland pony ; one of a breed 
of small ponies, — orig. f r. Shetland. 

Shelve, shelv, v. t. See under Shelf. 



Shelve, shelv. v. i. [shelved (shelvd), shelving.] To 
incline, be sloping. [Olt. stralare, to go aside, aslope, 
or awry, Ic. skelgjask, to come askew, skjalgr, wry, 
oblique, squinting, sloping, OSw. skjselg, MHG. 
Scheldt, awry, oblique, OD. schelvx, one who squints 
or looks awry; s. rt. shallow, shoal; not s. rt. shelf.] — 
Shelv'y, -i, a. Full of rocks or sand-banks; shallow. 

Shepherd, Shepherdess. See under Sheep. 

Sherbet, shgr'bet, n. A drink used in the East, com- 
posed of water, lemon-juice, and sugar, with an in- 
fusion of rose-water, etc., to give it an agreeable 
taste; a kind of water-ice. [At. sharbat, prop, one 
drink or sip, fr. shariba, to drink; s. rt. syrup, shrub.'] 

Sherd, sherd, n. A fragment. [See Shied.] 

Sheriff, sherlf, n. The chief officer of a shire or 
county, to whom is intrusted the execution of the 
laws and of judicial writs and processes, and the 
preservation of the peace. [The office of sheriff in 
Eng. is judicial and ministerial, in the U. S. mostly 
ministerial.] [ME. shereve, shereve, AS. scir-gerefa, 
a shire-reeve, f r. scir, a shire, and gerefa, a reeve, offi- 
cer.J — Sheriffalty, -al-tT, -ship, -wick, Shrievalty, 
shrev'al-tT, n. Office or jurisdiction of sheriff. 

Sherry, sher'rT, n. A strong, dry wine of a deep am- 
ber color and aromatic odor, — so called from Xeres, 
near Cadiz, in Spain, where it is made. [ME. sher- 
ns: Aeres is fr. Csesaris, gen. of Cassar.] — Sher'ry- 
cob'bler, n. An Amer. drink, containing sherry, 
sugar, ice, etc., imbibed through a tube or straw. 

Shew, sho, Shewed, shod, Shewn, shcn. See under 
Show. 

Shibboleth, shib'bo-leth, n. A word used to distin- 
guish the Ephraimites from the Gileadites : the 
Ephraimites, not being able to sound sh, pronounced 
the word sibholeth : see Judges, xi. and xii. ; that 
which distinguishes one party from another; usu- 
ally, some peculiarity in things of little importance. 
[Heb., an ear of corn, or a river.] 

Shield, sheld, n. A broad piece of defensive armor, 
carried on the ^^ 

arm; a buck- j$$m§!fr 

ler ; anything 
which de- 
fends; shelter; 
protection ; a 
person who 
protects or de- 
fends. (Bot.) 
A little colored 
cup or line, 
with a hard 
disk, s u r- 
rounded by a 
rim, and con- 
taining the 
fructification 
of lie lien s. 
{Her.) The 
escutcheon or 
field on which 
are placed the 
bearings in 
coats of arms. ©meld. 

{Mining.) A framework used to protect workmen 
in making an adit under ground, 
and capable of being pushed along a\ 
as the excavation progresses, — v. t. x$$& 
To cover with a shield, defend, pro- £§; 
tect. [ME. shelde, AS. scild, said. §$ 
D. and G. schild ; prob. -. rt. shell, 
scale, and not s. rt. Ic. s7g'ol, Dan. 
skjul, shelter.] — Shel'ter, n. That 
which covers or defends from in- 
jury or annoyance ; one who pro- 
tects : a guardian ; state of being -. 
covered and protected; asylum; ref- slneld - <*°*-> 
uge ; sanctuary; defense; security. — v. t. [shel- 
tered (-terd), -tering.] To furnish a shelter tor, 
cover from harm or injury ; to betake to cover, or a 
safe place, used reflexively ; to cover from notice, 
shield, protect, disguise. - v. i. To take shelter. [ME. 
sheldtrume, later sheltromi, AS. scildtruma, lit. shield- 
troop, a troop for defense, guard : AS. truma band 
of men, fr. tram, firm; s. rt. trim.] — Shelterless, a. 
Destitute of shelter or protection. 

Shift, shift, v. t. To change, alter; to transfer from 
one place or position to another; to put off or out of 
the way by some expedient ; to change (clothes): 
to dress in fresh clothes. — v. i. To vary from one 
point or direction to another, change about, move; 
to change one's occupation or principles; to change 





Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; <5dd. 



SHILLALAH 



529 



SHIP 



one's clothes, esp. the under garments; to satisfy 
one's wants by changing; to resort to expedients for 
accomplishing a purpose. —n. A turning from one 
thing to another; a change; an expedient tried in 
difficulty ; a temporary or deceitful expedient ; 
fraud; artifice; a trick to escape detection or evil; 
an under garment; esp., a woman's under garment; 
chemise. [ME. and D. sckiften, AS. scir'tan, to di- 
vide, change, Ic. skipta, to part, share, shift, change, 
skipti, a division, exchange, skifa, to cut in slices, 
also a slice; s. rt. G. scheibe, a slice, disk, wheel, E. 
sheave, wheel of a pulley, skive, shear, shiver, a 
8mall piece.] — To make shift. To contrive for the 
moment; to manage. — Sniffer, n. One who shifts; 
one who plays tricks or practices artifice; a cozener. 

— Sniffy, -T, a. Full of or ready with shifts; fer- 
tile in expedients. — Shiffless, a. Characterized 
by failure, through negligence or incapacity, to pro- 
vide for one's self, or to use means requisite for 
success. — Shifflessness, n. 

fihillalah, shil-la'la, -ly, -It, -lelah, -le'la, n. A cudgel. 
[Name of a wood in Ireland, famous for its oaks.] 

Chilling, shilling, n. An Eng. silver coin, equal to 
12 pence, or l-20th of a pound = about 24 cents; in 
the U. S., a denomination of monev differing in 
value in different States: as, in New York, J of f 1, 
or 12i cents; in N. Eng. l-6th of $1, or 16 2-3 cents, 

— a term formerly used in trade, though no corre- 
sponding national coin existed. [AS. stilling, G. 
schilling, fr. s. rt. Ic. skih'a, to divide: see Skill.] 

Shilly-shally, shiKlt-shal'lT, n. Indecision; irresolu- 
tion: trifling.— v. i. To hesitate. — adv. Hesitating- 
lv. [Contr. of the reduplication shall I? shall If } 

Shiloh, shi'lo, n. (Script.) The Messiah, — so called 
bv Jacob on his death-bed: see Gen. xlix. 10. [Heb. 
shiloh, quiet, rest, fr. shdldh, to rest.] 

Shily, Shiness, etc. See under Shy. 

Shimmer, shirn'mer, v. i. To emit a tremulous light, 
gleam, glisten, glimmer, —n. A tremulous gleam- 
ing; glimmer. [AS. scymrian, fr. sciman, to shine, 
snama, a light, brightness; s. rt. shine.] 

Bhin, shin, n. The "fore part of the leg, esp. of the 
human leg, between the ankle and the knee. — v. t. 
To climb (a pole, etc.) by alternatelv clasping with 
the hands and legs alone. [AS. and OHG. stina ; 
perh. e. rt. skin.} — Shin'plaa'ter, n. A bank-note of 



nte-aa/ALMAs 



low denomination; a piece of paper monev. — Shin'- 
ney, -ny, -\\\, n. A game in which a ball is driven 
along the ground by blows from curved sticks; hock- 
ey; bandy,— named fr. the blows received on the 
sfiins of the players. 

Shindy, shin'dT, n. A disturbance; spree; row; riot. 

Shine, shin, v. i. [shone (shon or shOn) or shinee 
(slnnd), shining.] 



To emit ravs of light, give lighti 



to be lively and animated, be brilliant; to be glossy 
or bright, as silk; to be gay, splendid, or beautiful: tc 
be eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished.— n. Fail 
weather; state of shining; brightness; splendor; 
luster; gloss: polish; a liking for a person: a fancy. 
[AS. scinan. G. scheinen. to shine, Skr. khya, to be- 
come known, prob. orig. to shine.] — Snin'er, n. 
That which shines; as, a bright piece of money. 
(Iclith.) A fish of several genera, having brjlliant, 
light-colored scales. — Shin'y, -I, a. [-ier ; -iest.] 
Bright; luminous; clear; unclouded. 

Shingle, shin/gl, n. A thin, oblong piece of wood, 
with one end thinner than the other, in order to 
lap lengthwise in covering roofs and outer walls of 
buildings, — v. t. [shingled (-gld), -cling.] To 
cover with shingles: to cut, as hair, so that one por- 
tion overlaps another, like shingles. fG. schindel, 
L. scinclula, scandula, fr. scindere, to split.] 

Shingle, shin'gl, n. Round, water-worn, and loose 
gravel and pebbles, on shores and coasts. — v. r. 
(Forging.) To hammer or squeeze (red-hot puddled 
iron), to remove impurities and form malleable 
iron. [Prob. fr. the ringing sound caused by walking 
on the shingle (stone), or hammering the iron; 
Norw. singl, singling, shingle (stone), singla, to ring 
like glass or metal, Sw. dial, singla, to ring, rattle, 
freq. of singa = E. sing.] 

Shingles, shin'glz, n. (Med.) A kind of herpes, 
which spreads around the body like a girdle. [ME. 
sengle, OF. cengle, L. cingulum, a girdle, fr. tingere, 
to gird.] 

Shinto, shin'to. -toism, -to-izm, n. One of the 2 great 
religions of Japan, consisting in worship of ances- 
tors and sacrifice to departed heroes, and having the 
Mikado or Tenno as its spiritual head. [Chin, shin, 
god, and tao, way, doctrine.] 

Snip, ship, n. Any large sea-going vessel: esp.. a ves- 
sel furnished with a bowsprit and 3 masts, each of 




cube, full ; moon, fb"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 
84 



SHIRE 



530 SHOOT 



which is composed of a lower mast, top - mast 
and topgallant-mast, and is square rigged, — v. t. 




Ground Plan of a Ship. 



>, prow ; I, larboard or port ; 
e, starboard; 1, round-house; 
2, tiller; 3, grating; 4, wheel; 
5, wheel-chains; 6, binnacle; 
7, mizzen-mast ; 8, skylight ; 
9, capstan ; 10, main-mast ; 
11, pumps ; 12, galley or ca- 



boose ; 13, main hatchway ; 
14, windlass ; 15, fore-mast ; 
16, fore-hatchway; 17, bitts ; 
18, bowsprit ; 19, head-rail ; 
20, boomkins ; 21, bows ; 22, 
fore-ohains; 23, main-chains; 
24, mizzen-chains. 



[shipped (shipt), -ping.] To put on board of a 
vessel, or other conveyance, for transportation ; to 
dispose of, get rid of,- to engage for service on 
board of a ship; to receive on board of a ship or 
vessel; to fix anything in its place, — v. i. To en- 
gage for service on board of a ship. [AS. scip, scyp, 
D. schif, schip, Ic. and Goth, skip, OHG. scif; s. rt. 
shave, shape, scoop, equip, Gr. skaj)hos, thing dug 
out, trench, hull of a ship, fr. ska/itein, to dig.] — 
Ship's husband. An agent who attends to the requis- 
ite repairs of a ship while in port, and does other 
necessary business for the owners. — Ship'board, 
adv. Upon or within a ship; aboard. —Ship'' mate, 
n. One who serves on board of the same ship; a 
fellow sailor. — Ship'ment, n. Act of putting any- 
thing on board of a vessel or other public convey- 
ance; embarkation; that which is shipped. — Ship'- 
per, re. One who ships, or sends goods for trans- 
portation. — Ship'ping, n. The collective body of 
ships in or belonging to a port, country, etc.; vessels 
of navigation generally ; tonnage. — Ship'wreck, 
-rek, n. The breaking in pieces of a vessel Dy being 
driven against rocks, shoals, etc.; a ship destroyed 
upon the water, or the parts of such a ship; total 
destruction ; ruin. — v. t. [shipwrecked (-rekt), 
-wrecking.] To destroy (a ship at sea) by running 
ashore or on rocks or sand-banks, or by the force of 
wind and waves in a tempest; to expose (sailors) to 
destruction by the loss of a ship. — Snip' wright, -rit, 
n. One whose occupation is to construct ships; a 
builder of vessels. — Ship'-build'er, re. A man whose 
occupation is to construct vessels; a naval architect. 
car'penter, re. A carpenter who works at ship- 
building. — chan'dler, re. One who deals in cordage, 
canvas, and other furniture of ships. — mas'ter, re. 
The captain, master, or commander of a ship. — 
-monkey, n. (Eng. Hist.) An imposition formerly 
charged on the ports, towns, cities, boroughs, and 
counties of Eng., for providing and furnishing cer- 
tain ships for the king's service. — shape, adv. In 
a seamanlike manner; properly; according to usage; 
well put. — Skip'per, n. The master of a small mer- 
chant vessel. [D. schipper, a mariner, navigator, 
sailor, fr. scfdpj] 

Shire, shir or sher, re. In Eng., a portion of the king- 
dom, orig. under the supervision of an earl; a ter- 
ritorial division, usually identical with a county, 
but sometimes comprising a smaller district ; a 
county. [AS. scir ; s. rt. share, shear, sheriff.] 

Shirk, shSrk, v. t. To avoid or get off from ; to slink 
away. — re. One who seeks to avoid duty; one who 
lives by shifts and tricks. [Same as shark.] 

Shirr, shgr, re. An insertion of cord (usually elastic) 
between 2 pieces of cloth; the cord itself, or the cloth 
made with it. [Perh. fr. G. schirr, harness.] — 
Shirred, sherd, a. Having lines or cords inserted 
between two pieces of cloth. 

Shirt, shert, re. A garment of linen, cotton, etc., worn 
under the outer clothes by men and boys. — v. t. To 
cover or clothe as with a shirt ; to change the shirt 
of. [Ic. skyrta, fr. skortr, shortness ; s. rt. short, 
skirt. J — SUrfing, re. Cloth suitable for shirts. 

Shittah, shifta, -tim, re. A sort of precious wood, of 
which the tables, altars, and boards of the taber- 
nacle were made among the Jews, — supposed to 
have been the wood of a species of Acacia. [Heb. 
shittah, pi. shittim.] 

Shive, shiv, re. A sh\_ , 
[Same as sheave, q. v., and see Shift.] — Shiv'er. 
shiv'gr, re. A small piece or fragment into which a 



a little piece or fragment. 



thing breaks by sudden violence ; a thin slice. 



t. To break into small pieces or splinters, shatter. 
dash to pieces by a blow. — v. i. To fall at once 
into many small pieces or parts. [ME. shiver, Ic. 
ski/a, a slice: see Shift.] — Shiv'ery, -er-T, a. Easi- 
ly tailing into many pieces. 

Shiver, shiVer, v. t. [-eeed (-erd), -ering.] (tfaut.) 
To cause to shake in the wind, — applied to sails. — 
v. i. To quake, tremble, vibrate ; to quiver from 
cold, be affected with a thrill" ng sensation, like that 
of chilliness, —re. Act of shivering ; a shaking or 
shuddering caused by cold, pain, fear, or the like; a 
tremor. [Same as quiver ; Norw. and Sw. dial, kip- 
pa, to quiver, twitch with the limbs, Norw. kveppa, 
to shake, D. huireren, to shiver.] — Shiv' ery, -er-T, 
a. Full of, or inclined to, shivers; trembling. 

Shoal, shol, re. A crowd; throng, — said esp. of fish.— 
v. i. [shoaled (shold), shoaling.] To assemble 
in a multitude ; to crowd, throng. [Same as school, 
q. v.] 

Shoal, shol, re. A sand-bank, or bar; a shallow. — v. i. 
[shoaled (shold), shoaling.] To become more 
shallow. — v. t. To cause to become more shallow ; 
to come to a more shallow part of. —a. Of little 
depth; shallow. [Same as shallow; ME. shole.schold, 
shallow, Ic. skjalgr, OSw. skselg, G. scheel, oblique : 
see Shelve ; s. rt. Gr. skalenos = E. scalene.] — 
Shoal'y, -1, a. Full of shoals or shallow places ; 
shallow. — Shoal'iness, re. 

Shoat, shot, n. A young hog. [See Shote.] 

Shock, shok, n. A collision ; sharp concussion of one 
thing against another; that which surprises or of- 
fends the intellect or the moral sense ; a blow ; of- 
fense ; concussion ; collision. (Med.) A violent 
agitation or derangement of any organ or organs, or 
of the nervous system. — v. t. [shocked (shokt), 
shocking.] To strike against suddenly ; to en- 
counter ; to itrike with surprise, horror, or disgust ; 
to offend, disgust. [F. choc, OHG. scoc; D. schok, a 
shock, shake, jolt ; same as shake, shog, jog.] — 
Shocking, a. Striking, as with horror ; causing to 
recoil with horror or disgust; extremely offensive or 
disgusting. — Shockingly, adv. 

Shock, shok, re. A pile or assemblage of sheaves of 

fprain, set up in a field; stook. — v. t. To make or col- 
ect (sheaves of grain) into shocks. [OD. shocke, a 
shock, heap, schocken, to shock or heap up, fr. OD. 
schocken, to jolt, shock, shake ; cf. sheaf, fr. shove.] 

Shock, shok, re. A dog with long hair or shag; a thick 
mass of short hair. [Same as shag.] 

Shod. See Shoe. 

Shoddy, shod'dl, re. A fibrous material obtained by 
deviling or tearing into fibers refuse woolen goods, 
old stockings, rags, druggets, etc. ; any worthless 
material. — a. Of, pert, to, or made of, shoddy ; 
counterfeit ; sham ; cheap and nasty. [Prob. orig. 
the waste stuff shed off in spinning wool; AS. scead- 
an, to shed, q. v.] 

Shoe shoo, re. ; pi. Shoes, shooz. A covering for the 
foot, usually of leather ; anything resembling a 
shoe in form or use ; a plate of iron nailed to the 
hoof of an animal to defend it from injury ; a plate 
of iron, or slip of wood, nailed to the bottom of the 
runner of a sleigh or sled ; something answering a 
purpose analogous to that of a shoe. — v. t. [shod, 
shoeing.] To furnish with shoes, put shoes on, to 
cover at the bottom. [AS. sceo, D. schoen.] — Shoe'- 
black, re. One who cleans and blacks shoes or boots. 
— mak'er, re. One who makes boots and shoes. — 
-tie, re. A ribbon or string for fastening a shoe to 
the foot. — Shoe'ing-horn, Shoe'-horn, n. A curved 
piece of polished horn or metal used to facilitate the 
entrance of the foot into a shoe; anything by which 
a transaction is facilitated. 

Shone. See Shine. 

Shoo, shoo, inter;. Begone; away, — used in scaring 
away fowls and other animals. [G. scheuchen, to 
scare, drive away.] 

Shook. See Shake. 

Shook, sho"6k, n. A set of staves sufficient in number 
for one hogshead, cask, barrel, etc. ; a set of boards 
fo" x sugar-box. [ProvE. shook, split; cf. shingle.] 

Shoot, shoot, v. t. [shot, shooting.] To let fly or 
cause to be driven with force, as an arrow or bullet; 
to discharge and cause to be driven with violence; to 
strike with anything shot; to hit, wound, or kill with 
a missile; to send out or forth, esp. with a rapid or 
sudden motion; to emit, hurl; to push or thrust for- 
ward; to pass rapidly through or under; to variegate 
as if by sprinkling or intermingling. — v. t. To per- 
form the act of discharging, sending with force, or 
driving anything by means of an engine ov instru- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve. term ; In. Ice : Sdd, tone, 8r \ 



SHOOT 



531 



SHOVE 



ment: to be shot or propelled forcibly; to be emitted, 
sent forth, or driven along; to be felt, as if darting 
through one; to germinate, bud, sprout; to make pro- 
gress, grow, advance; to move quickly, pass rapidly 
through, under, or over ; to form by shooting ; to 
spread over, overspread; to be pushed out, jut, pro- 
ject. — a. Act of propelling or driving anything with 
violence; discharge of afire-arm or bowl; act of strik- 
ing, or endeavoring to strike, with a missive weapon; 
a young branch or growth. [AS. sceotan, D. sckieten, 
to shoot; s. rt. Skr. skand, to jump, ascend, E. shut, 
shuttle, sheet, scot, scud, skittish, skittles.'] — Shoot'- 
er, n. One who shoots ; an archer ; gunner ; that 
which shoots ; a fire-arm. — Shoot'ing-star, n. A 
star-like, luminous meteor, which, appearing sud- 
denly, darts quickly across some portion of the sky 
and as suddenly disappears. — Shot, n. ; pi. Shot 
or Shots. Act of shooting ; discharge of a missile 
weapon ; a missile weapon, esp. a ball or bullet ; 
small globular masses of lead, for killing birds and 
small animals ; flight of a missile weapon, or the 
distance which it passes from the engine ; a marks- 
man ; share or proportion ; reckoning ; scot. — v. t. 
[shotted, -ting.] To load with shot over a car- 
tridge. [AS. gesceot, implements for shooting, fr. 
sceotan, D. schot, a shot, fr. schieten; same as scot, 
q. v.] — Shot 'ten. -tn, a. Having ejected the 
spawn.— Shot'-free, a. Scot-free; free from charge. 
— prop, 7?. {Saut.) A wooden prop covered with 
tarred hemp, to stop a shot-hole in a ship's side. 

Shoot, sh<36t, n. An inclined plane, artificial or natu- 
ral, down which timber, coal, etc., are caused to slide ; 
a narrow passage, natural or artificial, in a stream, 
where the water rushes rapidly. [Prop, chute, q. v.] 

Whop, shop, n. A building in which goods, wares, 
drugs, etc., are sold by retail ; a building in which 
mechanics work; store; warehouse.— v. i. [shopped 
(shopt), -ping.] To visit shops for purchasing goods. 
[AS. sceoppa, a stall or booth, scypen, LG. schup, a 
shed, OF. eschope, a ship.] — Shop'per, n. — Shop'- 
book, n. A book in which a tradesman keeps his 

accounts. keep'er, n. A trader who sells goods 

in a shop, or by retail. — lift'er, n. One who steals 
anything in a shop or store, or takes goods privately 
from a shop. — lift'ing, a. Larceny committed in a 
shop. — man, n. A petty trader; shop-keeper; trades- 
man; one who serves in a shop; salesman. 

Shore, shor, n. The coast or land adjacent to a large 
body of water, as a sea or lake. [AS. score, orig. the 
edge, fr. sceran, to shear ; s. rt. shear, score.] 

Shore, shor, n. A prop, or timber, placed as a tempo- 
rary brace or support on the side of a building, etc 

— v. t. [shored (shord), 
shoring.] To support by 
a post or buttress; to prop. 
[D. schoor, a prop, schoren, 
a prop, Ic. skordha, a prop, 
also to prop, fr. skera, to 
shear,— 1. e. a piece of wood 
cut to a proper length.] 

Shorl, shorl, n. (Min.) Black 
tourmaline. [See Schorl.] 

Shorn. See Shear. 

Short, sh6rt, a. Not long ; having brief length ; not 
extended in time ; having very limited duration ; 
limited in quantity; inadequate f insufficient; scanty; 
insufficiently provided; inadequately supplied; lack- 
ing; deficient; imoerfect; not coming up (to a meas- 
ure or standard) ; near at hand ; limited in intel- 
lectual power or grasp ; not tenacious, as memory ; 
less important, efficacious, or powerful; not equal or 
equivalent; less; abrupt; petulant; brittle; friable. 
{Cookery.) Breaking or crumbling readily in the 
mouth; crisp; tender. {Stock Exchange.) Engagingto 
deliver what is not possessed. {Pron.) Pronounced 
with a less prolonged utterance, and with a some- 
wnat thinner and more slender sound, — said of vow- 
els, in Eng., as disting. fr. the same when having 
the "long sound; as, a in but, e in m&t, etc. ; less 
prolonged, simply, and disting. fr. the same sound 
as of long quantity, — said of the vowels in many 
languages, and sometimes of vowel sounds in Eng. 

— n. A summary account, pi. The part of ground 
grain from which the fine flour or meal has boon 
sifted.— adv. In a short manner: briefly; liinitedly; 
abruptly; suddenly. [AS. sccort, OHG. scurz, short, 
Ic. skorta, to be short of, lack, skortr, shortness, 
want ; s. rt. L. curtus, short = E. curt, Gr. h'irein, 
to shear.] — lashort. In few words: briefly: to sum 
up or close in a few words.— The long and s. The 
whole ; a brief summing up. — Short'en, -n, v. t. 




Ship i 



the Stocks, supported 
by Shores. 



[-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make short in measure, 
extent, or time ; to reduce or diminish in amount, 
quantity, or extent; to make deficient in respect to; 
to make short or friable, as pastry, with butter or 
lard.— v. i. To become short or shorter; to contract. 

— Short'ener, n. — Short'ening, n. A making or be- 
coming short or shorter. ( Cookery.) That which ren- 
ders pastry short or friable, as butter or lard. — 
Short'ly, adv. In a short or brief time or manner; 
in few words; briefly. — Short'nesB, n. — Shorf- 
breathed, -bretht, a. Having short breath, or quick 
respiration. — com'ing, n. Act of failing or coming 
short; as, failure of a crop, etc.; neglect of, or failure 
in, performance of duty. — hand.n. A rapid method 
of writing by substituting characters, abbreviations, 
or symbols, for words; stenography; phonography.— 
-lived, -hvd, a. Not living or lasting long: being of 
short continuance. — sight, n. Short-sightedness. — 
-sight'ed, a. Not able to see far; near-sighted; not 
able to look far into futurity; of limited intellect; 
having little regard for the future ; heedless. — sight'- 
edness, n. Inability to see things at a distance, or at 
the distance to which the sight ordinarily extends; 
myopy; defective or limited intellectual sight.— 
-waist'ed, a. Short from the armpits to the waist,— 
said of persons; short from the shoulder to the com- 
mencement of the skirt, to the part about the waist, 
or to the narrowest and smallest part, — said of gar- 
ments. wind'ed, a. Affected with shortness of 

breath. — wit' ted, a. Having little wit; not wise. 

Shot, etc._ See under Shoot. 

Shote, shot, n. A fish resembling the trout; a young 
hog; shoat. [AS. sceota, a shooting or darting fish, 
a trout, fr. scedtan, to shoot, q. v.] 

Shough, shok, n, A kind of shaggy dog; a shock. 

Should. See_ Shall. 

Shoulder, shol'der, n. {Anat.) The joint by which the 
arm of a human being, or the fore leg of a quadru- 
ped, is connected with the body : see House. The 
flesh and muscles connected with the shoulder-joint; 
the upper part of the back; that which supports or 
sustains ; support ; that which resembles a human 
shoulder ; any protuberance from the body of a 
thing; the fore leg of an animal dressed for market. 

— v. t. [shouldered (-derd) -dering.] To push or 
thrust with the shoulder; to take upon the shoulder. 
[AS. sadder, D. schouder.] — Shoul'der-belt, n. A 
belt that passes across the shoulder. — blade, n. 
{Anat.) The scapula; the flat, triangular bone of the 
shoulder, or blade-bone: see Skeleton. — knot, n. 
An ornamental knot of ribbon or lace, worn on the 
shoulder; a kind of epaulet. — strap, n. A strap 
worn on or over the shoulder; {Mil. & Naval.) a nar- 
row strap worn on the shoulder of a commissioned 
officer, indicating, by devices, the rank he holds. 

Shout, showt, v. i. To utter a sudden and loud out- 
cry, as in joy, triumph, or exultation, or to attract 
attention. — v. t. To utter with a shout; to cry; to 
treat with shouts or clamor, —n. A loud burst of 
voice or voices; a vehement and sudden outcry, esp. 
of a multitude. [Perh. the cry of a scout ; perh. s. 
rt. hoot, or Ic. skuta, a taunt.] 

Shove, shuv, v. t. [shoved (shuvd), shoving.} To 
drive along by direct application of strength, with- 
out a sudden impulse; to push; to push along, aside, 
or away, in a careless or rude manner ; to jostle. — 
v. i. To push or drive forward ; to push off, move 
in a bo3t oy means of a pole. — n. Act of shoving, 
pushing, or pressing. [AS. scojian, scvfan, D. schid- 
ven, to shove; s. rt. Skr. kshvbh, to become agitated, 
kshobhana, shaking, E. sheaf.] — Shov'el, shuv r l, n. 
An instrument with hollowed blade for digging, 
1 i f t i n g, or 
t hrowmg 
earth or loose 
sub stances. 
— v. t. [shov- 
eled (-Id), 

-ELING.j To 

take up and 
throw with a 
shovel ; to ' 
g a t h e r in 
great quan- 
tities. [AS. ' 
sc-ofl, f r. sco- 1 
-fian, G. 
schaufel, a 
shovel.] — 

Shov'eler, n. One who, etc. ; a kind of duck, hav- 
ing a bill remarkably long and broad at the end. 




Shoveler. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, io"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SHOW 



532 



SHRUNKEN 




Show. sho, v. t. [showed (shod); p. p. shown (shon) or 
showed; showing.] To exhibit or present to 
view; to exhibit; to cause to see, enable to perceive; 
to teach, inform, point out to ; to usher or guide, 
conduct; to make apparent or clear by evidence, tes- 
timony, or reasoning; to prove, evince, explain; to 
bestow, confer, afford. — v. i. To appear, look, 
seem. — n. Aet of showing or bringing to view; ap- 
pearance; exhibition ; that which is shown or brought 
to view; a spectacle; proud or ostentatious display; 
parade; pomp; semblance; likeness; appearance ; 
pretext; specious plausibility. [ME. schewen, AS. 
sceawian, to look, see, behold, Dan. skue, G. schauen, 
to behold, see; s. rt. L. cavere, to be careful, orig. to 
look about, Skr. kavi, wise.]— To show off. To make 
a show, display one's self . — Show'y, -t, a. [-iek, 
-iest.] Making a show; attracting attention; gay; 
gaudy; fine; pompous; ostentatious.— Show'ily, adv. 

— Show'iness, n. — Show'er, n. — Show' -bill, n. A 
broad sheet containing an advertisement, in large 
letters, placed at shop doors, windows, etc. — bread, 
n. (Jewish Antiq.) Loaves of bread which the priest 
of the week placed before the Lord, on the golden 
table in the sanctuary. 

Shower, show'er, n. A fall of rain or hail of short 
duration ; that which resembles a shower in fall- 
ing through the air copiously and rapidly. — v. t. 
[showered (-erd), -ering.] To water with a shower, 
wet copiously with rain; to bestow liberally. — v. i. 
To rain in showers. [AS. and OIIG. scur, G. schauer, 
a shower, perh. orig. a dark cloud, and s. rt. L. ob- 
scurus = E. obscure, E. sky.] — Show'ery, -Sr-i, a. 
Raining in showers; pert, to, or produced by, show- 
ers. — Show'er-bath, n. A bath in which water is 
showered upon the person from above ; a contriv- 
ance for effecting this. 

Shrank. See Shrink. 

Shrapnel, shrap'nel, S. -shell, v. 
A shell filled with bullets, which 
scatter destructively when the 
shell explodes. [Inventor's- 
name.] 

Shred, shred, v. t. [shred, -ding.] 
To cut or tear into small pieces, 
esp. narrow and long pieces (of 
cloth, leather, etc.). — re. Along, c 
narrow piece cut or torn off ; a onrapnei bhell. 
strip ; a fragment ; piece. [AS. screade, a strip, 
screadian, to shred; s.«rt. scroll, screed.'] 

Shrew, shroo, re. A brawling, turbulent, vexatious 
woman ; a scold. (Zo'ol.) _A shrew-mouse. — v. t. 
[Surewed or shrewd (shrood); shrewing.] Tobe- 
shrew, curse. [ME. shrewe, schrewe, screwe, wick- 
ed, bad (said of both sexes), AS. screened, a shrew- 
mouse, fr. a notion that its bite was fatal to cattle, 
etc., lit. the biter; s. rt. Skr. kshur, to scratch, cut, 
kshura, Gr. xuron, a razor, E. shred, shroud, scru- 
ple, scrutiny, beshrew.] — Shrewd, shrood, a. Dis- 
posed to be critical and censorious ; astute ; pene- 
trating; discriminating; involving or displaying an 
astute or sagacious judgment ; keen ; vexatious ; 
subtle; discerning. [ME. schrewed, orig. accursed, 
p. p. of schrewen, to curse.] — Shrewd'ly, adv. Arch- 
ly; sagaciously; with good guess. — Shrewd'neas, re. 

— Shrew'ish, a. Having the qualities of a shrew; 
froward; peevish; petulantly clamorous. — Shrew r - 
ishly, adv.— 

Shrewishness, n. «^lga__ _*«gEr*«*»^ ^ 
— Shrew'-mouse, . S^\ 

re. (Zool.) An in- 
sectivorous animal 
which burrows in 
the ground. 
Shriek, shrek, v. i. 

[SHRIEKED 

(shrekt) ; shriek- 
ing ] To utter a Common Shrew, 
loud, sharp, shrill 
cry; to scream, as in sudden fright, in horror, or an- 
guish; to mourn with sharp, shrill cries. — v. t. To 
utter sharply and shrilly. — )?. A sharp, shrill out- 
cry or scream, such as is produced by sudden terror 
or extreme anguish. [Same as screech, q. v.] 

Shrievalty. See under Sheriff. 

Shrift. See under Shrove-tide. 

Shrike, shrik, re. A rapacious bird, of many species, 
living upon insects and small animals; the butcher- 
bird. [Onoirrat., fr. its cry; Ic. skrikja, AS. scric, the 
shrike, lit. a shrieker; s. rt. shriek, etc.] 

Shrill, shril, a. Uttering an acute sound ; sharp ; 
piercing. — v. i. [shrilled (shrild), -ling.] To 





Shrimp. 



utter an acute, piercing sound; to sound in a sharp, 
shrill tone ; to nave an acute or piercing effect. — 
v. t. To cause to make a shrill sound, utter in a 
shrill tone; to pierce, penetrate, wound. [ME. shril, 
schril, LG. schrell, shrill, Norweg. skrsela, to cry 
shrilly, skrsel, a shrill cry ; s. rt. Lithuan. skaliti to 
bark, give tongue, said of a hound, E. scold, q. v.] — 
ShrilKness, n. — ShriKly, adv. 
Shrimp, shrimp, re. (Zobl.) A small, long-tailed, dec- 
apod crustacean, of 
numerous species, 
some of which are 
used for food. A 
little, wrinkled man; 
i a dwarf, — in con- 
tempt. [Scot, scrimp, 
scanty, also to 
straighten, pinch, AS. scrimman, to shrink ; s. rt. 
crimp, cramp, crumple, ripple, rumple, shrink, q. v.] 
Shrine, shrin, re. A case, box, or receptacle, esp. one 
in which sacred relics are deposited; any sacred or 
hallowed place ; an altar; place of worship. [AS. 
serin, L. scrinium, a chest, box.] 
Shrink, shrink, v. i. [shrunk, shrinking : the old 
imp. shrank and p. p. shrunken are nearly obso- 
lete.] To become wrinkled by contraction; to shriv- 
el, contract, dry up ; to withdraw or retire, as from 
danger ; to recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress. — 
v.t. To cause to contract, — re. Act of shrinking ; 
contraction; recoil. [AS. scrincan, OD. schrinken, to 
shrink ; s. rt. shrimp, scraggy, shrivel, prob. shrug, 
cringe, cringle, crank.] — Shrink'age, -ej, n. Con- 
traction into a less compass ; reduction in the bulk 
or dimensions of anything by shrinking; diminution 
in value (of stocks, property, etc.).— Shrink'er, n. 
Shrive. See under Shrove-tide. 
Shrivel, shriv'l, v. i. [-eled (-Id), -eling.] To draw, 
or be drawn, into wrinkles; to contract, shrink, 
wither.— ?', t. To cause to shrink or contract. [Prob. 
same as shrimp.] 
Shroud, shrowd, n. That which clothes, covers, con- 
ceals, or protects; a garment: esp., a winding-sheet 
or dress for the dead; that which clothes, covers, or 
shelters, like a shroud, pi. (Navt.) 
A set of ropes reaching from the 
mast-heads to the sides of a vessel, 
to support the masts: see Ship. — 
v. t. To cover with a shroud: esp., 
to inclose in a winding-sheet ; to 
cover, as with a shroud ; to hide, 
veil. [AS. scrud, a garment, cloth- 
ing, Ic. skrudh, shrouds of a ship, 
furniture of a church, Norweg., 
Dan., and Sw. skrud, dress; s. rt. 
shred.] 
Shrove-tide, shiov'tid, -Tuesday, 
-tuz'dt, n. The Tuesday follow- 
ing Quinquagesima Sunday, and snrouas. 
preceding the first day of Lent, or Ash-Wednesday, 
on which day it was formerly customary in Eng. for 
the people to confess their sins to their parish priests. 
[Shrove fr. ME. shrof, shroof, prop. imp. of schriren, 
shriven, AS. scrir'an, to shrive, impose a penance 
upon, to judge, fr. L. scribere (= G. schreiben), to 
write, draw up a law, impose a legal penalty, pre- 
scribe a penance; s. rt. scribe, prescribe, etc.] — Shrive, 
shriv, v. t. [shrived (shnvd), shriving.] To hear 
or receive the confession of and absolve, — said of a 
priest; to confess, — used refiexively. — v. i. To re- 
ceive confessions. — Shrift, n. Confession made to 
a priest; act of shriving; absolution. [AS. scrift 
(whence Ic. and Sw. skrift) = L. septus, p. p. of 
scribere.] , ., 
Shrub, shrub, n. A low, dwarf tree; a woody plant 
of a size less than a tree. [AS. scrob ; s. rt. scrub, 
prob. shrimp, etc.]-Shrub'by, -bt, a. [-bier; -biest.] 
Full of, resembling, or consisting of shrubs or brush. 
— Shrub'biness, n.— Shrub'bery, -ber-1 , n. A collec- 
tion of shrubs taken as a whole ; a place where shrubs 
are planted. 
Shrub, shrub, n. A preparation of fruit juice, etc., 
used for flavoring summer drinks. [Ar. shirb, shwb, 
a drink, shariba,he drank; s. rt. syrup, sherbet.] 
Shrug, shrug, v. t. [shrugged (shrugd), -ging.J lo 
draw up, contract, esp. by wavof expressing dislike, 
dread, doubt, or the like. —v. i. To raise or draw up 
the shoulders, as in expressing horror, etc. — n. A 
drawing up of the shoulders. [Same as shrink ; Dan. 
skrugge, skrukke, to stoop, Sw. dial, skruga, to hud- 
dle one's self up. skrinka — v 
1 Shnmken. See Shrink. 




E. to shrink.] 



am, fame, iftfi pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; tn, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r; 



SHUCK 



533 



SIEGE 



Shuck, shuk, n. A shell or covering; husk; pod; esp., 
the covering of a nut or of maize. — v. t. To husk, 
shell, peel the shucks from (nuts, corn, etc.)- [O. 
schotc, a husk, pod, shell.] 

Shudder, shud'der, v. i. [-dered (-derd), -derixg.] 
To tremble or shake with fear, horror, or aversion \ 
to shiver with cold, quake. — n. A shaking with 
fear or horror ; a tremor. [OD. schudden, G. schuet- 
tern, to shake, tremble.] 

Shuffle, shuf'fl, v. t. [-fled (-fid), -fling.] To shove 
one way and the other; to push from one to an- 
other; to mix by pushing or shovimr, confuse, throw 
into disorder; esp., to change the relative positions 
of (cards in a pack). — V. i. To change the relative 
position of cards in a pack ; to shift ground ; to 
practice shifts to elude detection; to use arts or ex- 
pedients, equivocate, prevaricate, quibble, evade, 
sophisticate, make shift, struggle ; to move in a 
slovenly, dragging manner. — n. Act* of shuffling; 
act of mixing and throwing into confusion by 
Change of places; an evasion; trick; artifice. [Same 
as scuffle, freq. of shove; not s. rt. shift.'] — Shuffler, 
n. One who shuffles or prevaricates. — Shuffling, 
a. Evasive. — Shufflingly, adv. 

Shun, shun, v. t. [shunned (shund), -ning.] To 
avoid, keep clear of, get out of the way of, escape 
from, neglect. [AS. scunian, orig. to flee, hurry off, 
OHG. scuntan, to urge on; s. rt. schooner.] — Shunt, 
v. t. To turn off to one side; esp., to turn off (a 
railroad car, etc.) upon a side track; to switch off; 
to shift (an electric current) to another circuit; to 
put off upon one. — v. i. To go aside, turn off. — n. 
(Railroads.) A turn off to a side or short rail that 
the principal rail may be left free. (Elec.) A switch, 
— a contrivance for shifting an electric current to 
another circuit. [ME. shunten, to start aside, escape, 
Ic. skimda. to speed.] 

Shut, shut, v. t. [shut, -ting.] To close, as the hand; 
to contract ; to close so as to hinder ingress or egress ; 
to forbid entrance into, prohibit., bar. — v. i. To 
close itself, become closed. — p. a. ' ( JPron.) Having 
the sound suddenly interrupted or stopped by a 
succeeding consonant, as the i in pit, the o in hop. 
[AS. scyttan, for scutian, fr. sceotan, to shoot (a bolt 
of a door, etc.), D. schutten, to shut in, lock up, 
schut, a fence, in OD., an arrow, dart, fr. schieten, to 
shoot.] — Shut r tev, n. One who shuts or closes; a 
slatted or close movable frame or cover for a win- 
dow or other aperture; a blind. — Shut'tle, -tl, n. 
A sliding thread-holder for carrying the thread of 
the woof from one side of the cloth to the other, be- 
tween the threads of the warp, or for completing a 
lock stitch in some sewing machines; a shuttlecock. 
[AS. scyttels, bolt of a door, fr. sceotan; Dan. skyttel, 
a shuttle, Sw. skotspole, shuttle, lit. shot-spool.] — 
Shut' tlecock, n. A cork stuck with feathers, used 
to be struck by a battledoor in play; the play itself. 

Shy, shi, a. Sensitively timid; reserved; easily fright- 
ened ; cautious ; wary ; suspicious ;*coy. — v. i. 
[shied (shld). shying.] To start suddenly aside, as 
if a little frightened. [ME. skyg, scrupulous, care- 
ful to shun (evil), skey, Dan. and Sw. dial, sky, shy, 
skittish (said of a horse), Sw. sky, to shun, OHG. 
sciuhan, to frighten, also to fear, shy at, whence OF. 
eschever — E. eschew, q. v.] — Shy'ly, Shfly, adv. 
In a shy or timid manner; not familiarly; with re- 
serve. — Shy'ness, Shfness, n. 

Shyster, shfster, n. A tricky knave; one who carries 
on business, esp. legal business, dishonestly. [G. 
scheiss, excrement.] 

Si, se. (Mus.) A syllable applied, in solmization, to 
the "th tone of the major diatonic scale. 

Sialogogue, si-al'o-gog, n. {Med.) A medicine that 
promotes the flow of saliva. [Gr. sia/on, spittle, 
saliva, and agogos, leading, fr. agein, to lead.] 

Sibilant, sib'T-lant, a. Making a hissing sound; ut- 
tered with a hissing sound; hissing.—?;. A letter 
uttered with a hissing of the voice, as s and z. [L. 
sibilans, p. pr. of sibuare, to hiss.] — Sibila'tion, n. 
Utterance with a hissing sound; the sound itself. 

Sibyl, sib'il, n. (Pagan Antiq.) A woman supposed 
to be endowed with a spirit of prr~ihecy. A female 
fortune-teller, or gypsy. [L. S^ylla, Gr. Sibulla, 
prob. orig. a wise woman, fr. s. rt. L. sapere, to be 
wise, Gr. sojjhos, wise, E. sage.] — Sib'ylline. -il-lin, 
a. Pert, to, uttered, written, or composed by, sib- 
yls; like the productions of sibyls. 

Sic, sik, adv. So ; thus, — usually placed in paren- 
thesis, after a quoted word or phrase, to indicate 
that the quotation is exact, though apparentry un- 
likely, ft.] 



Siccity, sik'sT-tt, n. Dryness; aridity; destitution o f . 

moisture. [L. siccttas.fr. siccus, dry.] 
Sice, siz, n. The number 6 at dice. [F. six, L. sex — 



Sick, sik, a. Affected with, or attended by, nausea; 
inclined to vomit ; having: a strong dislike ; dis- 
gusted: affected with disease of any kind; ill; dis- 
ordered; indisposed; weak ; feeble ; morbid. [AS. 
seoc, G. siech, Goth, siuks, sick, siukan, to be ill.] — 
Sick headache. (Med.) A variety of headache at- 
tended with disorder of the stomach and nausea.— 
Sick'ish, a. Somewhat sick or diseased; exciting 
sickness or disgust; nauseating; nauseous. — Sick - 
ishness, n. — Sick'ly, -IT, a. [-lier; -liest.] Some- 
what sick; disposed to illness; producing or tend- 
ing to disease; appearing as if sick; ailing; infirm; 
weakly; feeble; languid; faint. — Sick'liness, n. — 
Sick'hess, n. State of being sick or diseased; a dis- 
ease or malady; esp., nausea. — Sick' en, -n, v. t. 
[-exed (-nd), -ening.] To make qualmish, disgust; 
to make sick, disease, —v. i. To be filled to disgust, 
he filled with abhorrence, be satiated; to become 
distrusted or tedious; to become sick. 

Sickle, sik^l, n. A reaping-hook; a curved steel instru- 
ment with handle, used for cutting grain, etc., hav- 
ing the cutting edge on the inner curve of the blade. 
[AS. sicol, L. secida, fr. secare, to cut: see Section.] 

— Sick'leman, n. One who uses a sickle; a reaper. 
Side, sid, n. The margin, edge, verge, or border of a 

surface; esp., one of the longer edges; one of the 
surfaces which define or limit a solid, esp. one of 
the longer surfaces; any outer portion of a thing 
considered apart from, and yet in relation to, the 
rest; also, any part or position viewed as opposite to 
or contrasted with another; one half of the body 
considered as opposite to the other half; the part of 
the body about the ribs; part connecting top and bot- 
tom, as the wall of a room or the slope or declivity of 
a hill; position of a person or party regarded as op- 
posed to another person or party; a body of advo- 
cates or partisans; the interest or cause which one 
maintains against another; a doctrine opposed to 
another doctrine; interest; favor; a line of descent 
traced through one parent, as disting. f r. that traced 
through another. — a. Being on the side ; or toward 
the side; lateral; indirect; oblique; collateral. —v. i. 
To embrace the opinions of one party, or engage in 
its interest, when opposed to another party. [AS. 
and Dan. side, Ic. sidha, a side, prob. orig. that 
which hangs down, that which is extended, AS. sic?, 
long, wide, Ic. sidhr, long, hanging down.]— Sid'ed, 
a. Having a side, — used in composition. — Siding, 
n. The attaching of one's self to a party. (Rail- 
roads.) A turn-out; side track. (Car/).) The board- 
ing covering the side of a house.— Side'ling, a. In- 
clining to one side; directed toward one side ; sloping; 
inclined. — Sidelong, a. Lateral ; oblique ; not 
directly in front. — adv. Laterally; obliquely; in 
the direction of the side; on the side. —Side 7, walk, 
n. A raised way for foot-passengers at the side of 
a street or road. — Side'ways, -wise, adv. Toward 
one side; inclining; laterally; on one side. — Sides''- 
man, n. An assistant to a churchwarden; a partisan. 

— Side'arm, n. A weapon (sword, bayonet, etc.) 

worn at the side. board, n. A piece of cabinet 

work, placed on one side in a dining-room to hold 
dishes, etc. —-light, n. A subsidiary light, or one 
supplementary to the main one. — sad'dle, n. A 
saddle for a woman to use, with both feet on one side. 
wheel, n. A steamer's paddle-wheel. — a. Pro- 
pelled by side-wheels, and not by a screw. — Sfdle, 
v. i. [-dled (-did), -dung.] To move side foremost. 

Sideral, sid'gr-al, a. Relating to the stars; affecting 
unfavorably by the supposed influence of the stars; 
baleful. [L. sideralis and sidereus, fr. sidus, sideris, 
a constellation, star.] — Side'real, si-de're-al, a. 
Relating to the stars ; starry ; astral. (Astron.) 
Measured by the apparent motion of the stars; pert, 
to or designated, marked out, or accompanied, by 
a return to the same position in respect to the stars. 

Siderography, sid-Sr-og'ra-f i, n. Art or practice of 
steel engraving. [Gr. sideros, iron, and graphein, to 
draw.] — Sid'erograph'ic, -ical, -grafik-al, a. Pert, 
to siderography, or performed^ by engraved plates of 
steel. — Sid'eroscope, -er-o-skop, n. An instrument 
for detecting small quantities of iron in any sub- 
stance. [Gr. skopein, to view, explore.] 

Sidewalk, Sidewise, Sidle, etc. See under Side. 

Siege, sej, n. The setting of an army around or before 
a fortified place, to compel the garrison to surrender; 
a continued attempt to gain possession. [OF., a seat, 



sQn. cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SIENITE 



534 



SILIQUA 




siege, f r. L. sedes, a seat, sedere = E. to sit. ] — Siege'- 
gun, n. A heavy gun lor siege operations. 

Sienite. See Sy'enite. 

Sienna, si-en'na, n. An earthy pigment of a brown- 
ish-yellow color, — a silicate of iron and alumina. 
i_Fr. Sienna, in Italy.] 

Sierra, se-efra, n. A saw-like ridge of mountains and 
craggy rocks. [Sp., fr. L. serra, a saw.] 

Siesta, se-es'ta, n. A short sleep taken about the mid- 
dle of the day, or after dinner. [Sp., fr. L. sexta (ho- 
ra), the 6th hour after sunrise.] 

Sieve, siv, n. A utensil for separating the fine part of 
any pulverized or fine substance 
from the coarse; a kind of coarse 
basket. [AS. sife, D. zee/, zift, a 
sieve, prob. orig. made of rushes, 
and fr. Ic. sef, Dan. siv, a rush.] 

— Sift, v. t. To separate by a sieve 
(the fine part of a substance from 
the coarse); to separate or part as 
if by a sieve; to separate the good or bad of; to an- 
alyze, scrutinize. [AS. si/tan, D. ziften.] — Sift'er, n. 
One who, or that which, etc.; a sieve. 

Sigh, si, v. i. [sighed (sld), sighing.] To make a deep 
single respiration, esp. as the result or involuntary 
expression of fatigue, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, etc. ; 
to lament, grieve; to make a sound like sighing.— 
v. t. To utter sighs over, lament or mourn over; to 
express by sighs. — n. A single deep respiration; a 
long breath ; a manifestation of grief or sorrow. 
[Prob. onomat.; AS. sican, to sigh; perh. s. rt. sick.] 

— Sigb/er, n. 

Sight, sit, n. Act of seeing; perception of objects by 
the eye; view; power of seeing; faculty of vision; 
state of admitting unobstructed vision; visibility; 
region which the eye at one time surveys ; thing 
seen; spectacle; show; something worth seeing; in- 
spection ; examination ; instrument of seeing ; the 
eye; a small aperture through which objects are to 
be seen, and by which the direction is settled or as- 
certained; a piece of metal near the muzzle, or an- 
other near the breech, of a fire-arm, to guide the eye 
in taking aim; a great number, quantity, or sum. — 
v. t. To get sight of, see; to look at through a sight, 
see accurately. {Mil.) To give the proper elevation 
and direction to by means of a sight. — v. i. To ob- 
tain a distinct view. {Mil.) To fake aim by a sight, 
take sight. [AS. siht, gesiht, sight (n.), fr. seon (p. p. 
segen, gesegen), to see, q. v.] — Sightless, a. Want- 
ing sight; blind; offensive or unpleasing to the e3 r e; 
unsightly.— Sight 'ly, -IT, a. Open to sight; conspic- 
uous; pleasing to the sight: comely. — Sight'liness, 
n. — Sight'-see'ing, a. Given to seeing sights; eager 
for novelties or curiosities. 

Sigmoid, sig , moid,-moid , al, a. Curved in 2 directions, 
like the letter S. [Gr. sigmoeides, fr. sigma (=E. S) 
and eidos, form.] 

Sign, sin, n. That by which anything is made known 
or represented; that which furnishes evidence; to- 
ken; indication; proof; a remarkable event, consid- 
ered by the ancients as indicating the will of a deity ; 
miracle; wonder ; indication of the divine will ; 
something serving to indicate the existence, or pre- 
serve the memory of a thing; any symbol or emblem 
which prefigures, typifies, or represents, an idea; a 
word regarded as the outward manifestation of 
thought; a motion, action, or gesture, by which a 
thought is expressed, or a command or wish made 
known; one of the conventional manual motions by 
which conversation is carried on, as by the deaf and 
dumb; something conspicuous placed before a house 
to advertise the business there transacted. (Astron.) 
The l-12th part of the ecliptic or zodiac. (Alg.) A 
character indicating the relation of quantities, or an 
operation performed upon them. (Mus.) Any char- 
acter, as a flat, sharp, dot, etc. — v. t. [signed 
(sind), signing.] To represent by a sign, signify ; 
to affix a signature to, notify by hand or seal. — v. i. 
To make a sign or signal; to communicate intelli- 
gence by signs. [OF. signe, L. signum, a sign, sig- 
nare, -naturn, to sign.] — Sign-manual. (Eng. Laiv.) 
The royal signature superscribed at the top of bills 
of grants and letters-patent; the signature of one's 
name in his own handwriting.— Sign'er, n.— Sign'- 
post, n. A post on which a sign hangs, or on which 
papers are placed to give public notice of anything. 

— Sig'nal, n. A sign agreed upon to give notice of 
some occurrence, command, or danger, to a person 
at a distance, or, as the occasion of concerted action; 
a token; indication. —a. Disting. from what is or- 
dinary; eminent; memorable; notable; conspicuous. 



— v. t. [signaled (-nald),-NALiNG.] To communicate 
by signals. [F. ; LL. signale, a signal, prop. neut. of 
L. signalis, pert, to a sign.] — Sig'nally, adv. In a 
signal manner; eminently; remarkably. — Sig'nal- 
ize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To make signal 
or eminent ; to communicate with by means of a 
signal; to indicate the existence, presence, or fact of, 
by a signal.— Sig'nature, -na-chur, n. A sign, stamp, 
or mark impressed; the name of 'any person written 
with his own hand; a sign-manual. (Mus.) The fiats 
or sharps at the beginning of a composition, which 
indicate the key or scale. (Print.) A letter or figure 
by which the sheets of a book or pamphlet are distin- 
guished and their order designated. [F.] — Sig/na- 
tory, -na-to-rY, a. Pert, to a seal; used in sealing; 
signing; sharing in a signature. — n. A signer. — 
Sig'net, n. A seal; esp., in Eng., the seal used by 
the sovereign in sealing private letters and grants 
that pass by bill under the sign-manual. [F., dim. 
of signe.] — Sig'nify, -nl-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fy- 
ing.] To make known by a sign, communicate by 
any conventional token; to convey the notion of; to 
make known, express, manifest, declare, intimate, 



denote, imply, mean. — v. i. To express meaning 
with ioice. [F. signifier, L. significare, -catum, fr. 
signum and facere, to make.] — Significance, -can- 



cy, -nif i-kan-st, n. State of being significant; that 
which is signiried; moment; weight; consequence; 
import; importance: force. [F. significance.] — Sig- 
nificant, a. Fitted or designed to signify or make 
known something; standing as a sign or token; ex- 
pressive or suggestive: having a meaning; deserving 
to be considered; important; momentous. [L. sig* 
nificans, p. pr. of significare.] — Significantly, adv. 
— Sig'nifica'tion, n. Act of signifying or making 
known; that which is signified or made known. — 
Significative, -ka-tiv, a. Betokening or representing 
by an external sign; having signification or mean- 
ing.— Sig'ninca'tor, n. One who, or that which, sig- 
nines. 

Signior, Signor, Signora, etc. See under Seignior. 

Silence, sf lens, n. State of being silent; entire ab- 
sence of sound or noise; forbearance from, or ab- 
sence of, speech: secrecy; cessation of rage, agita- 
tion, or tumult; calmness; quiet; absence of men- 
tion; oblivion. — interj. Be silent, — used elliptically 
lor let there be silence, or keep silence. — v. t. [si- 
lenced (-lenst), -cing.] To compel to silence, cause 
to be still; to put to rest, quiet. [F.; L. silentia, si- 
lence, Goth, silan, to become silent; s. rt. seldom.] — 
Sf lent, a. Free from sound or noise; absolutely 
still; indisposed to talk; speechless; mute; habitu- 
ally taciturn; not speaking; keeping at rest; inac- 
tive. (Pron.) Not pronou-hced; having no sound; 
quiescent. [L. silens, silentis, p. pr. of silere, to be 
silent.] — Silent partner. One who furnishes capital 
and shares profits and losses, but neither in name 
nor in fact has part in the management; dormant 
partner. — Sf lently, adv. — Sf lentness, n. 

Silesia, st-le'shT-a, n. A kind of thin, coarse linen 
cloth, orig. made in Silesia. 

Silex, sf leks, Sif ica, -T-ka, n. (Min. and Chem.) Ox- 
ide of silicon, — the characteristic ingredient of 
rock crystal, quartz, flint, glass, etc.: when pure it 
is a hard, rough, white powder. [L. silex, silicis, 
flint.] — Silf ceous, -cious, sT-lislfus, a. Pert, to, 
or containing, silica, or partaking of its nature and 
qualities. [L. sillceus, f r. silex.] — Silicic, -lis'ik, a. 
( Chem. ) Of, pert, to, or obtained from silica. — 
Silicic acid. An acid composed of silicon, oxygen, 
and water. — Silfcium, -lislfT-um, n. Silicon. 
Silicon, n. (Chem.) A dark, nut- 
brown, elementary substance, desti- 
tute of metallic luster, and a non-con- 
ductor of electricity: it is the base of 
silex, or silica. * 

Silhouette, sifdo-et, n. A representation 
of the outlines of an object filled in 
with a black color ; a profile. [F., 
named in derision of Etienne Silhou- 
ette, a French minister of finance, 
about 1757, who tried to arrange every- Silhouette, 
thing with extreme economy.] 

Siliqua, sifl-kwa, n. ; pi. -qu^e, -kwe, or Sif ique, -ik 
or -ek, n. (Bot.) An oblong seed-vessel, consisting 
of 2 valves, and a dissepiment between, and opening 
by sutures at either margin, with the seeds attached 
to both edges of the dissepiment, and alternately 
upon each side of it. [L. siliqua. a pod or husk, a 
very small weight or measure.]— Sif iquous, -I-kwus, 
a. Bearing, pert, to, or resembling, siliques. — - SIF* 



hcon, oxygen, 
n. Silicon. — 

1 



fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, eve, term; In, Ice; odd, tone, drt 



SILK 



535 



SINAPISM 



a K 




icle, -Y-kl,». A seed-vessel resemblin 
silique, but about as broad as long 
silicula, dim. of siligua.] 

Bilk, silk, n. The fine, soft thread, pro- 
duced by various species of caterpillars 
in the form of a cocoon, esp. that pro- 
duced by the silk-worm; thread spun, or 
cloth woven, from the above-named ma- 
terial; the filiform styles of the female j 
flower of maize. [AS. seolc, Sw. and j 
Dan. silke, f r. L. sericum, silk, prop. neut. i 
of Sericiis, pert, to the Seres, Chinese; s. 
rt. serge.] — Silk'en, -n, a. Made of, re- 
sembling, or pert, to, silk; soft; delicate; 
tender; smooth; dressed in silk. — Silk'y, 
-Y, a. [-IER, -iest.] Made of, resembling, 
or pert, to, silk; silk-like: soft and smooth; 
pliant; yielding. — Silklness, n.— Silk'- 
mercer, n. A dealer in silks. — worm, n. 
(Entom.) The caterpillar which pro- 
duces silk; the larve of a white or cream- 
colored moth. 

Sill, ail, n. A stone or timber forming the basis or 
foundation of a house, bridge, loom, etc.; the tim- 
ber or stone at the foot of a door; threshold; the 
timber or stone on which a window-frame stands. 
[AS. syl, a base, support, Ic. and Sw. syll, doorsill, 
OI1G. swelli, sill, threshold, beam, Goth, sulfa, 
foundation, sole of a shoe; s. rt. swell.'] 

Sillabub, silla-bub, n. A mixture of wine or cider 
with milk, forming a soft curd. [Perh. fr. LG. 
slabb'ut, spoon meat, fr. schlabben, schlappen, to 
slap or sup up food noisily, schlabbete, weak soup.] 

Silly, sil'II, a. [-lier, -liest.] Orig. weak; helpless; 
frail ; weak in intellect ; destitute of ordinary 
strength of mind; proceeding from want of under- 
standing or common judgment; witless ; shallow; 
foolish; imprudent. [AS. seelig, D. zalig, OHG. sa- 
lik, happy, fortunate, Goth, sels, good, kind; s. rt. 
safe, serve, prob. solace.] — Sillily, -IT-IT, adv. In a 
silly manner; foolishly. — Silliness, n. 

Silo, silo, n. A trench or pit in which fodder crops 
are preserved by the process of ensilage, q. v. [F.] 

Silt, silt, n. Mud or fine earth deposited from running 
or standing water. — v. t. To choke, fill, or obstruct 
with mud.— v. i. To flow into, or percolate through, 
crevices or narrow places, as muddy water; to ooze. 
[Sw. .<»iiZa, to strain, filter, sil, a filter.] 

Silurian, si-lulT-an, a. (Geol.) Of, or pert, to, the 
country of the ancient Silures, who inhabited a part 
of England and Wales, — a term applied to the ear- 
liest Paleozoic age, and to the strata of the age. 

Silva, Sylva, sil'va, n. A collection of poems. (Bot.) 
The forest trees of a region or country, or a descrip- 
tion of them. [L., a wood; s. rt. savage.] — Sil'van, 
Syl'van, a. Pert, to, composed of, or inhabiting 
woods or groves; woody. See Sylvan. 

Silver, siKvgr, n. (Min.) A soft, white, metallic ele- 
ment, very malleable and ductile, and capable of a 
high polish. Coin made of silver; anything having 
the luster or appearance of silver. — a. Made of, or 
resembling silver, — v. t. [silvered (-verd), -ver- 
ING.] To cover with silver ; to coat with an amal- 
gam of tin and quicksilver; to polish like silver, 
cause to resemble silver, make smooth and bright; 
to make hoary, or white and shining, like silver. 
[AS. seolfor, D. zilver, Lithuan. sidabras ; perh. 
named fr. its brightness; cf. Lithuan. swidxts, bright, 
L. sidus, a star.] — Sil'vering, n. Art, operation, or 
practice of covering the surface of anything with 
silver or with a mercurial amalgam; coating thus 
laid on, — Sil'very, -ver-Y, a. Resembling, or hav- 
ing the luster of, silver ; besprinkled or covered 
with silver. — Sirver-smith, n. One who works in 
silver. 

Simarre, sY-mar', n. A woman's long dress or robe; 
also, a light covering; a scarf. 

Similar, sim'Y-ler, a. Exactly corresponding ; pre- 
cisely alike; somewhat alike; nearly corresponding. 
[F. sunilaire, L. similis, like, similar; s. rt. L. simul, 
Gr. hama, together, E. same, simultaneous, semblance, 
assemble, dissemble.] — Similar figures. (Geom.) Fig- 
ures which differ from each other only in magni- 
tude, being made up of the same number of like 
parts similarly situated. — Similarity, -lar'Y-tY, n. 
State of being similar ; perfect or partial resem- 
blance. —Similarly, adv. In a similar manner; in 
like manner; with resemblance. — Simile, -Y-le, n. ; 
pi. -iles, -lez. (Rhet.) A word or phrase by which 
anything is likened in one of its aspects to another; 
a similitude. [L., neut. of similis.] — Similitude, -Y- 



tud, n. State of being similar or like; resemblance; 
likeness; act of likening one thing to another; fan- 
ciful or imaginative comparison; simile. [F.; L. si- 

militudo.] 

Simitar. See Cimeteb. 

Simmer, sim'mer, v. i. [-meeed (-mSrd), -merino.] 
To boil gently, or with a gentle hissing, —v. t. To 
cause to hoil gently. [ProvE.; onomat.; Dan. summe, 
G. summen, to hum, buzz.] 

Simony, sim'o-nY, n. The crime of buying or selling 
ecclesiastical preferment. [Fr. Simon Magus, who 
wished to purchase the power of conferring the Holy 
Spirit. Acts viii.] — Simo'niac, si-mo'nl-ak, n. One 
who practices simony, or who buys or sells prefer- 
ment in the church. — Sim'oni'acal, a. Guilty ot, 
consisting ofj_involving, or pert, to, simony. 

Simoom, sY-moom / ', -moon'', n. A hot, dry, suffoca 
ting, dust-laden wind, that blows occasionally in Af 
rica, Arabia, etc. [Ar. samum, fr. samma,to poison.] 

Simper, sim'p5r, v. i. To smile in a silly, affected, or 
conceited manner. — n. A smile with an air of sil- 
liness, etc. ; a smirk. [Dan. dial, semper, simper, 
affected, coy, prudish, OSw. semper, one who affect- 
edly refrains from eating, Dan. sippe, an affectedly 
coy woman ; s. rt. si/>.] — Sim'perer, n. 

Simple, sim'pl, a. [-pler; -plest.] Single; not com- 
plex; not compounded; plain; unadorned; not given 
to artifice, stratagem, or duplicity; unmistakable; 
clear ; intelligible ; artless in manner ; straightfor- 
ward ; weak in intellect ; not wise or sagacious. 
(Bot.) Without subdivisions ; entire. — n. Some- 
thing not mixed or compounded. (Med.) A me- 
dicinal plant, — so called because each vegetable is 
supposed to possess its particular virtue and there- 
fore to constitute a simple remedy. [F. ; L. simplex, 
-plicis, fr. sim- (s. rt. L. singuli, one by one, semper, 
always alike, semel, once, simul, together, E. same) 
and plicare, to fold.] — Sim'plist, n. One skilled in 
simples, or medical plants.— Sim'ply, -pit, adv. In a 
simple manner ; without art ; without subtlety; art- 
lessly ; plainly ; when considered in or by itself ; 
merely; solely; barely; weakly; foolishly. — Sim'- 
pleton, -pl-tun, n. A silly person ; person of weak 
intellect; foolish person. [F. simplet (masc), sim- 
plette (fem.), a simple person.] — Simplicity, -plis'T- 
tY, -pleness, n. State or quality of being simple, un- 
mixed or uncompounded, or of being not complex, 
or of consisting of few parts ; artlessness of mind ; 
freedom from duplicity ; sincerity ; freedom from 
artificial ornament; plainness; freedom from subtle- 
ty or abstruseness; clearness; weakness of intellect; 
silliness. [F. simplicity, L. simplicitas.] — Sim'plify, 
-plY-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make simple, 
reduce from the complex state by analysis, show an 
easier or shorter process for doing or making. [F. 
simplifier.] — Sim'plifica'tion, n. Act of simplify- 
ing, or making simple. 

Simulate, sim'u-lat, v. t. To assume the mere appear- 
ance of without the reality; to counterfeit, feign. — 
a. Feigned ; pretended. [L. simulare, -latum, fr. 
similis = E. similar, q. v.] — Simula lion, n. Act of 
simulating, or putting on what is not true; counter- 
feiting; feint; pretense. 

Simultaneous, si-mul-talie-us, a. Existing or happen- 
ing at the same time. [LL. simultaneus, fr. L. simul, 
at the same time, together.]— Simulta'neously, adv. 
— Simulta'neousness, n. 

Sin, sin, n. Transgression of the law of God; disobe- 
dience or neglect of a divine command ; moral de- 
pravity; crime; iniquity; wickedness; wrong; a sin- 
offering ; one on whom is laid the burden of an- 
other's sin. — v. t. [sinned (sind) -ning.] To de- 
part voluntarily from the path of duty prescribed 
by God to man; to violate any known rule of duty 
or rectitude; to violate human rights, law, or prop- 
erty. [AS. syn, sinn, Ic, Dan., and Sw., synd, sin, 
L. sons, sinful, guilty; s. rt. sooth.] — Deadly or mor- 
tal sins. (Rom. Cath. Church.) Willful and delib- 
erate transgressions, which take away divine grace: 
the seven deadly sins are murder, lust, covetousness, 
gluttony, pride, envy, and idleness. — Sin'ful, a. 
Full of sin; wicked; criminal; unholy; containing, 
tainted with, or consisting in, sin.— Sinfully, adv. — 
Sinfulness, n. — Sinless, a. Free from sin ; pure ; 
perfect ; innocent of transgression. — Sinlessly, 
adv. — Sinlessness, n. — Sin'ner, n. One who , etc. ; 
esp., a persistent or unrepenting transgressor. 

Sinapism, sin'a-pizm, n. (Med.) Mustard seed pul- 
verized, with other ingredients, used as an external 
application. [F. sinapisme, Gr. sinapismos, fr. sinapi- 
zein, to apply a mustard blister, fr. sinapi, mustartt.] 



eiin, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SINCE 



536 



SINUS 



Since, sins, adv. In the time past, counting back- 
ward from the present ; before this or now ; ago. — 
prep. From the time of ; subsequently to; after,— 
with a past event or time for the object. — conj. 
Since the time when ; from the (past; time that ; 
from (inferentially), or in view of, the fact that; 
seeing that; because; considering. [Prop, sins, abbr. 
of ME. sithens, later sithence, fr. sithen, AS. sidhthan, 
after that, since, contr. fr. sidh (after) dhun (that).] 

Sincere, sin-ser'', a. [-cerer ; -cerest.] Pure ; un- 
mixed ; unadulterated; being in reality what it ap- 
pears to be ; not simulated or falsely assumed ; 
hearty ; honest; unfeigned; frank; upright ; undis- 
sembling. [OF.; L. sincerus, perh. orig. wholly sep- 
arated, and fr. sin- (see Simple) and cernere, to sep- 
arate : see Discern"; prob. not fr. sine, without, and 
cera, wax, as if applied orig. to pure honey.] — Sin- 
cerely, adv. — Sincere'ness, n. — Sincerity, -ser-'I- 
ti, n. State or quality of being sincere, honesty of 
mind or intention. [F. sincerite.] 

Sinciput, sin'sY-put, n. (Anat.) The fore part of the 
head from the forehead to the coronal suture, — 
opp. the occiput. See Facial Angle. [L., fr. semi, 
half, and caput, the head.] 

Sine, sin, n. {Trigonometry.) The length of a per- 
pendicular drawn from one ex- 
tremity of an arc to the diame- 
ter drawn through the other ex- 
tremity ; the perpendicular it- 
self. [L. sinus, a bosom, also a„ 
curve, fold.] 

Sinecure, si'ne-kur, n. An ec- 
clesiastical benefice, without 
the care of souls ; an office or 
position which requires or in- 
volves no labor or active sertf- Sine 
ice. [L. sine, without, and cura, , 
care, LL., a cure.] — Si'necur'- * e »J ?»_«. *. 
ist, n. One who has a sinecure. 

Sinew, sin 




diameter, 
(Anat.) The tough, white cord or 



fibrous tissue which unites a muscle to a bone; a 
tendon. That which supplies strength.— v. t. [sin- 
ewed (-ud), -evving.] To knit as by sinews. [AS. 
sinu, OHG. senewa, senawa, Ic. sin, lit. a ban«l; s. rt. 
Lettish sinu, Skr. si, to bind.] — Sin'ewed, -ud, a. 
Furnished with sinews; strong; firm; vigorous.— 
Sin'ewless, a. Having no sinews, and hence no 
strength or vigor. — Sin'ewy, -u-Y, a. Pert, to, con- 
sisting of, or resembling a sinew or sinews ; well 
braced with sinews; nervous; strong; vigorous; firm. 

Sinful, etc. See under Sin. 

Sing, v. i. [imp. sung or sang (obsolescent); p. p. sung; 
singing.] To utter sounds with musical inflections 
or melodious modulations of voice ; to utter sweet 
or melodious sounds, as birds; to make a small shrill 
sound; to celebrate something in poetry. ~-v. t. To 
utter with musical modulations of voice ; to cele- 
brate in song, praise in verse. [ME. and G. singen, 
AS. singan (imp. sang, p. p. sungen), D. zingen, prob. 
onomat. ; cf. ring; perh. s. rt. say.] — Sing'er, n. 
One who sings or whose profession is to sing. — 
Singing-book, n. A book containing music for 
singing; a book of tunes. — -mas'ter, n. One who 
teaches vocal music. — Sing'-song, n. A drawling 
tone, as of a monotonous or badly executed song.— 
Song, n. That which is sung ; a short poem to be 
sung; poetical composition; poetry; sonnet; ballad; 
canticle ; carol ; canzonet ; ditty : hymn ; descant; 
lay ; strain ; an object of derision ; a mere trifle. 
[AS., Sw., Dan., and G. sang, D. zang.]— Song'ster, 
n. One who sings; one skilled in singing; esp., a 
bird that sings. [AS. sangystre.] — Song' stress, n. 
A female singer. 

Singe, sinj, v. t. [singed (sinjd), singeing.] To 
burn slightly or superficially; to burn the ends or 
surface of; to burn off hair, etc., from the surface 
of. — n. A burning of the surface; a slight burn. 
[AS. sengan, D. zengen, G.sengen, to singe, scorch, 
lit. to cause to sing, fr. AS. singan, D. zingen, G. 
singen = E. to sing, q. v.] 

Single, sin'gl, a. One only, as distinguished from 
many, or the whole ; individual ; separate ; alone ; 
having no companion ; unmarried ; not twisted or 
combined with others ; performed by one person, 
or one on each side ; uncompounded ; pure ; un- 
mixed ; unprejudiced ; unbiased ; sincere. — v. t. 
[singled (-gld), -gling.] To select (an individual 
person or thing) from among a number. [L. singu- 
lus, separate, single ; s. rt. simple, same, q. v.] — 
Sin'gleness, n. State of being single, or separate 
from all others ; freedom from duplicity, or secon- 



dary and selfish ends; purity of mind and purpose; 
simplicity; sincerity. — Sin'gly, -glT, adv. Individ- 
ually ; particularly ; only ; by one's self ; without 
partners, companions, or associates. — Sin'gle-hand'- 
ed, a. Having one hand or workman only; alone ; 
by one's self ; unassisted. — hearfc'ed, a. Having a 
single or honest heart without duplicity. — Sin'gle- 
ton, -gl-tun, n. A single card, being the only card 
of a suit originally held in a hand at whist. — Sin'- 
gular, a. Standing by itself ; out of the ordinary 
course of things; distinguished as existing in a very 
high degree; rarely equaled ; disting. as departing 
from general usage or expectations ; being alone ; 
unique; unprecedented; extraordinary; rare; pecul- 
iar; strange; odd; eccentric; fantastic. (Logic.) Ex- 
isting by itself ; single; individual. (Gram.) Denot- 
ing one person or thing; not plural, —n. (Gram.) 
The number or form of a word which denotes a sin- 
gle person or thing. [L. singularis, fr. singulus.] — 
Sin / gular / 'ity, -lar'i-ti, n. State of being singular; 
some character or quality of a thing by which it is 
distinguished from all, or from most, others; posses- 
sion of a particular or exclusive privilege, preroga- 
tive, or distinction. [F. singularity.] — Sin'gularly, 
adv. In a singular manner; peculiarly; strangely; 
oddly; so as to express one, or the singular number. 

Sinister, sin'is-ter, a. On the left hand, or the side 
of the left hand; left; unlucky; inauspicious; disas- 
trous; injurious; evil,— the left being regarded as 
the unlucky side; wrong, as springing from indirec- 
tion or obliquity of purpose; evil; corrupt; dishon- 
est. [L.] — Sin'istrous, -is-trus, a. Being on the left 
side; inclined to the left; wrong; absurd; perverse. 
— Sin'istror'sal, -trdr'sal, a. Rising from left to 
right, as a spiral line, or helix. [L. sinistrorsus, sin- 
istroversus, toward the left side, fr. sinister and ver- 
or vortere, ver- or vorsum, to turn.] 

Sink, sink, v. i. [imp. sank or sunk; p. p. sunk; sink- 
ing.] To fall by the force of gravity; to descend 
lower and lower, subside; to enter deeply, penetrate 
below the surface; to enter so as to make an abiding 
impression; to descend in or through, become sub- 
merged ; to be overwhelmed or depressed ; to fall 
slowly to the ground, etc., from weakness, etc.; to 
fail in strength, decline, decay, decrease; to decrease 
in volume, as a river, — or in apparent height, as the 
sun. — v. t. To cause to sink, immerse in a fluid; 
to depress, degrade; to plunge into destruction; to 
make, by digging or delving: to bring low, reduce 
in quantity; to cause to decline or fall; to keep out 
of sight, suppress; to lower in value or amount; to 
reduce in amount, diminish or annihilate by pay- 
ment. — n. A drain to carry off filthy water; a 
shallow box, connected with a drain, and used for 
receiving filthy water, etc., as in a kitchen. [AS. 
sincan, D. zincen, G. sinken, to sink, fall, AS. sencan, 
G. senken, to cause to sink, depress, immerse.] — 
Sinking fund. (Finance.) A fund created for sink- 
ing or paying a public debt, or purchasing the stock 
for the government. — Sink'er, n. A weight (on a 
fish-line, etc., to sink it). 

Sinless, Sinner, etc. See under Sin. 

Sinic, sin'ik, a. Chinese. [L. sinicus, fr. Heb. Sinim 
(Is. xlix. 12), assumed to mean China.] — Sin'o- 
logue, -o-log, n. One versed in the Chinese lan- 
guage, history, etc. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 

Sinople. sin'o-pl, n. (Min.) Red ferruginous quartz. 
(Her.) The color green; vert. [F., green (in herald- 
ry), fr. LL. sinopis, green, also red, in L. and Gr., a 
red earth used for coloring, fr. Sinope, a town on the 
Black Sea.] 

Sinto, etc. See Shinto. 

Sinus, si'nus, n. ; L. pi. -nus; E. pi. -nuses. An open- 
ing; hollow; a recess in the shore, or an opening 
into the land. (Anat.) A cavity in a bone or other 
part, wider at the bottom than at the entrance; a ve 



fious canal; an elongated abscess. [L 
Sin'uate, sin'u-at, v. t. To bend in 
and out, wind, turn. [L. sinnare, 
-atum, fr. sinus.] — Sin'uate, -ated, a. 
Winding ; sinuous ; having a wavy 
margin ; bowed inward and outward. 
— Sinua'tion, re. A winding or bend- 
ing in and out. — Sinuos'ity, -os'i- 
ti, n. Qualitv of being sinuous, or 
bending in and out; a bend, or series 
of bends and turns; a wave line. [F. 
sinuosite.] — Sin'uous, -u-us, o. 
Bending in and out; of a serpentine 
or undulating form; winding; crooked. [L 
fr. sinus.] 



Sine.] — 




Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



SIP 



537 



SIZE 




Gip, sip, v. t. [sipped (sipt), sippixg.] To drink or 
imbibe in small quantities; to take in with the lips in 
small quantities: to draw into the mouth, suck up; to 
drink out of.— v. i. To drink a small quantity.— n. 
The taking of a liquid with the lips; a small draught 
taken with the lips. [OD. sippen, to sip, fr. zuypen, 
AS. supun = £. to sup, q. v.] 

Siphon, si'fun, n. A bent tube or pipe with arms of 
unequal length, tor transfer- 
ring a liquid from one vessel to 
another, over an intermediate 
elevation, by atmospheric pres- 
sure. [F.; L. sipho, a siphon, 
Gr. siphon, a small pipe or reed, 
siphlos, hollow: oerh. s. rt. L. 
sibilare, to whistle, pipe, E. sibi- 
lant.] 

Sir, ser, n. A man of social au- 
thority and dignity; a master; bipnons. 
gentleman, — used as a title of a, common siphon : 6. 
courtesy; a knight or baronet, improved siphon with 

— often applied as a prefix to exhausting tube, 
the first or Christian name. [ME. and F. sire, fr. L. 
senior, older; s. rt. seignior, senior, etc., q. v.] — Sire, 
sir, n. A father; progenitor; one who stands in the 
relation of a father, as a king or emperor; an author; 
originator; the male parent of a beast, — applied esp. 
to horses. — v. t. [sired (strd), siring.] To beget, 
procreate, — used esp. of stallions. [F.] — Sir'rah, 
sir'ra, n. Sir, — a word of reproach and contempt, 
or of familiarity and playfulness. [Same as sir and 
sire, but fr. Ic. sira, fr. the F., orig. used respect- 
fully.] 

Siren, si'ren, n. (Myth.) One of 3 damsels, said to 
dwell on an island in the Mediterranean, and to sing 
with such sweetness that they who sailed by forget 
their country and died in an ecstasy of delight. An 
enticing or alluring woman: something insidious 
or deceptive; an eel-like, amphibious reptile of S. 
Carolina and Georgia: an instrument for producing 
piercing musical sounds by forcing air or steam 
through perforated revolving disks; a steam fog- 
horn. — a. Pert, to a siren, or to the dangerous en- 
ticements of music: bewitching; fascinating; allur- 
ing. [L.; Gr. seiren, a siren (nymph), bee, singing 
bird. prob. orig. a singer, and s. rt. Gr. suringx, a 
pipe. Skr. svri, to sound, praise.] 

Sirius, sir'T-us, n. (Astron.) The large and bright 
star called the Dor/star, in the mouth of the con- 
stellation Canis Major. [L.; Gr. Seirios, the Dog- 
star, also hot, scorching.] 

Sirloin, ser'loin, n. A loin of beef: see Beef. [Prop. 
surloin, q. v.] 

Sirname. See Surname. 

Sirocco. See under Saracen. 

Sirrah. See under Sir. 

Sirup, Syrup, str'up, n. A saturated solution of sugar, 
simple, flavored, or medicated,— made with water, 
fruit juice, etc.; a kind of refined molasses; the fluid 
drained from loaf sugar in process of manufacture; 
any sweetened liquid". [F. syrop, OF. ysserop, fr. Sp. 
axarope (= al xarope), also xarope, fr. Ar. sharab, a 
beverage, wine, sirup: see Sherbet.] — Sir'upy, -1, 
a. Like sirup, or partakingof its qualities. 

Sisal, sT-sal', S.-grass, n. The fiber of the Amer. 
aloe, used for cordage, etc. ; istle; ystle; henequen, 

— shipped chiefly fr. Sisal, Yucatan. 

Siskin, sis'kin, 7i. A small migratory singing bird; 
the aberdevine. [Dan. sisgen, Sw. siska, a siskin, 
Sw. dial, sisa, to make the cry of the wood-grouse, 
Polish czyz. a canary.] 

Sister, sis'ter, n. A female whose parents are the 
same as those of another person; a female closely 
allied to, or associated with, another person, as in 
the same faith, society, etc. [AS. sweastor, swuster, 
Ic. systir, Goth, swistar, OHG. suister, L. soror, orig. 
sosor, Skr. svasri, a sister, svasti, joy, happiness.] — 
Sis'terhood. -h<3Sd, n. A society of sisters, or of 
women united in one faith or order; state of being 
a sister. — Sis'terly, a. Like a sister; becoming a 
sister; affectionate.— Sis'ter -in -law, n. ; pi. Sis- 
ters-in-law. A husband's or wife's sister; also, a 
brother's wife. 

Sit, sit, v. i. [imp. sat; ». p. sat (sitten, obs.); sit- 
ting.] To rest upon the haunches; to repose upon 
a seat; to perch, as birds; to remain in a state of re- 
pose, rest, abide; to be adjusted, fit; to lie, rest, or 
bear; to have a seat, abide; to incubate; to cover and 
warm eggs for hatching, as a fowl; to be officially 
engaged in public business, as judges, legislators, or 
officers of any kind: to have position, as at the point 



! blown from. — v. t. To keep one's seat upon ; to 
cause to be seated,— used reflexivelv. [As. sittan, 
D. zitten, Goth, sitan; s. rt. Skr. sad, L. sedere, Lith- 
uan. sedeti, Gr. hezesthai, to sit, E. assess, assiduous, 
assize, insidious, possess, preside, reside, residue, se- 
date, sediment, session, subside, supersede, siege, seize, 
size, set, settle, seat, saddle, etc.]— Sifter, n. One 
who sits; a bird that sits or incubates. — Sifting, n. 
Posture of being on a seat; act of placing one's self 
on a seat; a seat, or the space occupied by a person 
in a church; act or time of resting in a posture for 
an artist to take one's likeness; actual presence or 
meeting of any body of men in their seats, clothed 
with authority to transact business; a time during 
which one sits, as at play, at work, or on a " isit. 
Site, sit, n. Place where anything is fixed; situation; 
local position ; a place for an edifice. [F. ; L. situs, 
prop. p. p. of sinere, to let, suffer, permit, prop. orig. 
to put, place ; s. rt. L. ponere, to place.] — Sit'uate, 
sTfu-at, a. Permanently fixed : placed ; residing. 
[LL. situatus, p. p. of situare, to place, locate, fr. L. 
situs.]— Sit'ua'ted, a. Having a situation ; seated, 
placed, or permanently fixed ; residing. — Sit'ua'- 
tion, n. Location, esp. in respect to something else; 
site; position with respect to society or circumstan- 
ces ; relative position ; circumstances ; temporary 
state; permanent employment; station; post; place; 
office; condition; case; plight; predicament. [F.] 
Sithe. See Scythe. 
Sitten. See Sit. 

I Sitz-bath, sits'bath, n. A tub in which one may bathe 
in a sitting position ; a bath taken in, etc. [G. sitz- 
bad.] 

| Sivan, siv'an, n. The 3d month in the Heb. ecclesi- 
astical year, and 9th of the civil — portions of May 
and June. 
Six, siks, a. Twice 3; 1 more than 5.— n. The sum ot 
3 and 3 ; a symbol representing six units, as 6, or vi. 
[AS. six, Ic, Dan., Sw., and L. sex, G. seeks, Gr. hex, 
Pers. and Skr. shash ; s. rt. sexagenary (q. v.), etc.] — . 
To be at six and seven, or at sixes and sevens. To be in 
disorder. — Six'fold, a. Six times as much or many. 

— Six'pence, jj. An Eng. silver coin of the value of 
6 pennies; half a shilling or about 12 cents; the value 
of 6 pennies. — Sixth, a. Next in order after the 5th; 
being one of 6 equal parts into which anything is 
divided. — ?;. One of 6 equal parts ; the next in or- 
der after the 5th. (Mus.) The interval of 4 tones and 
a semitone, embracin? six diatonic degrees of the 
scale. [AS. sixta.] — Sixth'ly, adv. In the 6th place. 
— Six'teen, -ten, a. 6 and 10; consisting of 6 and 10. 

— n. The sum of 10 and 6 ; a sj'mbol representing 
sixteen units, as 16, or xvi. [AS. sixtine.] — Six / - 
teenth, -tenth, a. 6th after the 10th ; next in order 
after the 15th; being one of 16 equal parts into which 
anything is divided, —n. One of 16 equal parts; 
the next in order after the 15th. (Mus.) An interval 
comprising 2 octaves and a second.— Sixteen'mo, n. ; 
pi. -mos, -moz. Sextodecimo, q. v., under Sexag- 
enary, —usually written 16mo. — Six'ty, -tT, a. 6 
times 10; threescore. — n. The sum of 6 times 10 : a 
symbol representing 00 units, as 60, or lx., LX. [AS. 
sixtig.] — Six'tieth, -tT-eth, a. Next in order after 
the 59th; being one of 60 equal parts into which any- 
thing is divided. — n. One of 60 equal parts ; the 
next in order after the 59th. 

Size, siz, n. Extent of superficies or volume; formerly 
a settled quantity or allowance. ( Univ. of Cambridge, 
Eng.) An allowance of food and drink from the 
buttery, aside from the regular dinner at commons. 
A conventional relative measure of dimension, ap- 
plied to shoes, gloves, etc.; bigness; greatness; mag- 
nitude; bulk. — v. i. [sized (sizd), sizing.] To ar- 
range according to size. (Mining.) To sift (pieces 
of ore or metal") through a wire sieve. [Abbr. of 
assize, orig. an allowance of bread doled out, hence 
dimension, magnitude : see Assize.] — Siz'able, a. 
Of considerable size or bulk; being of reasonable or 
suitable size.— Si'zar, -zer, n. ( Univ. of Cambridge, 
Eng.) One of a body of students next below the 
pensioners, who eat at the public table, after the 
fellows, free of expense, — so called from being em- 
ployed in distributing the size, or provisions. 

Size, siz, n. A kind of weak glue made from the 
clippings of parchment, glove-leather, fish-skin, etc.; 
any glutinous or viscid substance. — v. t. [sized 
(sizd), sizing.] To cover or prepare with size. [It. 
sisa, abbr. of assisa, painters' size or glue, fr. assis- 
are, to size, fr. assidere, to situate, a. e. to make the 
colors lie flat. fr. L. assidere, to sit at or near; s. rt. 
assize.] — Siz'ing, n. A kind of weak glue used in 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f(36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



SIZZ 



manufactures, arts, etc.; size. — Siz'y, -T, a. Size- 
like; glutinous; thick and viscous; ropy; having the 
adhesiveness of size. — Si'ziness, n. State of being 
sizy; glutinousness; viscousness. 

Sizz, siz, Sizzle, siz'zl, v. i. To make a hissing sound, 
as a piece of hot metal when dipped into water to 
cool. — n. A hissing sound. [Onomat. ; of. Fizz.] 

Skald. See Scald. 

Skate, skat, n. A frame for the foot like the sole of 
a shoe, furnished with a metallic runner or sonie- 
times with small wheels, for 
moving rapidly on ice, or other 
smooth surface. — v. i. To slide 
or move on skates. [D. schaul- 
sen, (pi of schaats), skates, prob. 
fr. TLG. schake = E. shank (q. v.), 
a leg; s. rt. skid.] — Skat/er, n. 

Skate, skat, n. A voracious fish of 
several species, of the ray fam- 
ily, the lateral expansion of 
whose pectoral fins gives the 
flattened body a rhomboid 
form. [Ic. & Norweg. skata, fr. 
L. squatus, Ir. & Ga. sgat.] 

Skedaddle, ske-dad'dl, v. i. To 
betake one's self to flight ; to 
run away with precipitation, as 
if in a panic. [Ic. skyndilegast, 
in all haste.] 

Skein, skan, n. A knot or a num- 
ber of knots, of thread, silk, or 
yarn; a quantity of yarn, etc., 
after it is taken from the reel. 
[Ir. sgainne, a skein, sgainim, I 
split, cleave.] 

Skeleton, skere-tun, n. {Physiol.) 
The hard, firm framework 
which gives support and protec- 
tion to the softer parts, in an or- 
ganized body, as bones, shells, 
the woody tissue of leaves, etc. ; 
esp., the bony framework of a 
vertebrate divested of the soft 
parts. A very thin or lean per- 
son ; the general structure or 
frame of anything ; the heads 
and outline of a literary per- 
formance, esp, of a sermon. 
[Gr., a dried body, mummy, 
neut. of skeleton, dried up, 
parched, fr. skellein, to dry up.] 
— Skeleton key. A key made 
in skeleton form, or with wards 
cut away, so as to open many 
locks ; master key. — S. proof. 
(Engraving.) An early proof of 
a print or engraving, having the 
inscription outlined in hair 
strokes only. 

Skeptic, Sceptic, skep'tik, n. One 
who is yet undecided as to what 
is true; an inquirer after facta 
or reasons. (Metaph.) A doubter 
as to whether any fact or truth 
can be certainly known. ( Theol.) 
One who disbelieves the divine 
origin of the Christian religion; 
infidel ; unbeliever. [F. scep- 
tique, L. scepticus, Gr. skeptikos, 
thoughtful, inquiring, skepti- 
koi, the Skeptics, followers of 
the Greek philosopher Pyrrho, 
skeptesthai, to consider, loo-k at 
carefully; s. rt. spy.]— Skep'tic, 
-tical, a. Of, pert, to, or being, 
a skeptic ; hesitating to admit 
the certainty of doctrines or 
principles; doubting or denying 
the truth of revelation. - Skep- 
ticism, -ti-sizm, n. An undecided, inquiring state 
of mind; doubt; uncertainty. (Metaph.) The doc- 
trine that no fact or principle can be certainly 
known; universal doubt. (Theol.) A doubting of 
the trtith of revelation, or a denial of the divine 
origin of the Christian religion, or of the being, per- 
fections, or truth of God. 

Sketch, skech, n. A first rough or incomplete draught 
or plan of any design ; outline ; delineation. — v. t. 
[sketched (skecht), sketching.] To draw the 
outline or general figure of, make a rough draught 
of; to plan by giving the principal points or ideas 



538 skim 

of, design, draught, depict, portray, paint. [D. schets, 
G. schizze, a sketch, It. schizzo, a splash of mud, also 
an engrossment or first rough draft of a picture, 
writing, etc., fr. schizzare, to spirt out liquid, blot, 
dash, or dabble with dirt, draw a rough draft; cf . 
D. kladden, to splash, dirty, also to daub or paint 
badly, fr. kladde, a blot, splash of mud, klad, a spot, 
blot, draught or sketch, memorandum, day-book, 
LG. kladde, first scheme of a writing.] — Sketch'y, 
-i, a. Containing only an outline or rough form, 
in the manner of a sketch; in- 
complete. 
Skew-back, sku'bak, n. (Civil 





Skew-back. 
engin.) The course of masonry 
forming the abutment for the 
voussoirs of a segmental arch, 
or in iron bridges, for the ribs. 
[Fr. skew — askew, q. v., and 
back.] 

Skewer, sku'er, n. A pointed rod 
for fastening meat to a spit, or 
for keeping it in form while 
roasting, — formerly used in- 
stead 01 pins.— V. t. [SKEWERED 
(-erd), -ering.] To fasten with 
skewers. [ProvE. skiver = shiv- 
er, a splinter of wood, Ic. skifa, 
Sw. $ kifva, a slice : see Shive.J 

Skid, skid, n. (Naut.) A piece of 
timber to protect the side of a 
vessel from injury by heavy 
bodies hoisted or lowered 
against it. A chain for fasten- 
ing the wheel of a wagon, to pre- 
vent its turning when descend- 
ing a steep hill; a piece of tim- 
ber for supporting anything, or 
along which something is rolled 
or caused to move. — v. t. To 
check (a wheel) with a skid; to 
support or roll on skids. [ME. 
schide, a thin piece of wood, Ic. 
skidh, a billet of wood, also a 
snow-shoe, Lithuan. skeda, a 
splint, splinter, f r. skedu, I 
cleave; s. rt. sheath, shed.] 

Skiff, skif , n. A small, light boat. 

— V. t. [SKIFFED (skift), SKIF- 

fixg.] To sail upon in a skiff. 
[F. esquif, a skiff, MHG. skif, G. 
sch iff '= E. ship.] 
Skill, skil, n. Knowledge; under- 
standing ; familiar knowledge 
of any art or science, united 
with readiness and dexterity in 
execution or performance; abil- 
ity to perceive and perform ; 
dexterity ; expertness. [ME. 
and Ic. skil, skilja, to part, sep- 
arate, distinguish, Sw. steal, rea- 
son, skilja, to separate, Lithuan. 
skelti, to cleave ; s. rt. shear, 
shell, scale, shilling.'] — Skilled, 
skild, a. Having familiar 
knowledge united with readi- 
ness and dexterity in its appli- 
cation; expert; skillful.— Skill '- 
ful, -ful, a. Possessed of, or dis- 
playing skill ; expert ; adept ; 
masterly; adroit; clever. — Skillfully, adv. — SkiU''- 
fulnesB. n. ...'«. 

Skillet, skiKlet, n. A small vessel with a handle, for 
heating water, etc. [OF. esoiellette, dim. of escuelle, 
a porringer, L. scuteUa, dim. of scutra, a tray, dish; 
prob. s. rt. L. scutum, a shield; s. rt. scuttle.] 
Skim, skim, v. t. [skimmed (skimd), -ming.] To clear 
(a liquid) from cream, scum, or anything floating, 
by an instrument which passes just below the sur- 
face; to take off by skimming (cream, etc.); to pasd 
near the surface of. — v. >. To pass lightly, glide 
along near the surface; to hasten along superficially. 



Skeleton of a Man. 
., parietal bone ; 6, frontal bone ; e, orbit ; d, 
temporal bone ; e, lower jaw ; /, clavicle ; g, 
cervical vertebrae ; h, shoulder blade ; i, hu- 
merus ; J, lumbar vertebrae ; k, I, ilium ; m, 
ulna ; n, radius ; o, carpus ; p, metacarpus ; 
q, phalanges ; r, femur ; 8, patella ; t, tibia ; 
u, fibula ; v, tarsus ; w, metatarsus ; x, pha- 
langes. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Tee ; 5dd, tone, 6r : 



SKIMP 



539 



SLACK 



[Same as scum, q. v. ; Dan. skumme, to skim, f r. skum, 
scum, Ir. sgemin, I skim, fr. sgeim, foam, scum.] — 
Skirn'ming, n. Act of taking off that which floats 
•upon a liquid, as scum, cream, etc.; pi. that which 
is removed from the surface of a liquid by skimming. 

— Skim'mer, n. A utensil for skimming liquids. — 
Skim'-milk, n. Milk from which the cream has been 
taken; skimmed milk. 

Skimp, skimp, v. t. [skimped (skimt), skimping.] To 
slight, do carelessly, make insufficient provision for. 

— v.i. To save, be niggardly. — a. Scanty. [Prob. 
same as scant or scrimp, q. v.] — Skinch, v. t. 
[skinched (skincht), skinching.] To give short 
measure to. 

Skin, skin, n. (Physiol.) The external membranous 
envelope of animal bodies. Skin of an animal sepa- 
rated from the body; a hide; pelt; exterior coat of 
fruits and plants. — v. t. [skinned (skind), -ning.] 
To strip off the skin or hide of; to flay, peel; to cov- 
er with skin, or as with skin. — v. i. To be covered 
with skin. [Ic. and Sw. skinn, skin, G. schinden, to 
skin, flay.l — Skin'ny, -nY, a. Consisting of skin, or 
of skin only; wanting flesh. — Skinless, a. Having 
no skin or a very thin skin. — Skin r ner, n. One who 
skins; one who deals in skins, pelts, or hides.— Skin'- 
deep, n. Superficial; slight. — flint, w. A very penu- 
rious person; a miser; niggard. 

Skinch. See under Skimp. 

Skip, skip, v. i. [skipped (skint), -ping.] To leap, 
bound, spring as a goat or lamb; to pass without no- 
tice, make omissions, — v. t. To pass over or by, 
omit, miss, leap over. — n. A leap; bound; spring; 
act of passing over an interval from one thing to 
another; an omission of a part. [Ir. sgiob, to snatch, 
Ga. sgiob, to start suddenly, snatch at a thing, sgob, 
to pluck, bite, twitch, Skr. kship, to throw, impel, 
kshipra, quick. Ic. skoppa, to spin like a top.] — 
Skip'per, n. A dancer; the cheese maggot; a kind 
of fish. — Skip'-jack, n. An upstart. (Entom.) One 
of a family of coleopterous insects remarkable for 
leaping to a considerable height when placed upon 
their backs. (Ichth.) The name of several kinds 
of fish, esp. the blue-fish. — Skip'ping-rope, n. A 
small rope used by children in skipping, or leaping 
up and down. 

Skipper, skip'pSr, n. (Naut.) The master of a small 
trading or merchant vessel. [See under Ship.] 

Skirmish, skSr'mish, n. A slight fight in war; a slight 
combat, esp. between detachments and small parties; 
a contest; contention. — v. i. [skirmished (-misht), 
-mishing.] To fight slightly or in small parties; to 
engage in a skirmish. [Same as scrimmage, ME. 
scarmishe, OF. escarmouche, a skirmish; s. rt. ME. 
skirmen, OF. eskermir, to fence, OHG. scirman, to de- 
fend, fight, fr. scirm,schirm, a shield, guard, defense; 
s. rt. scaramouch.] — Skir'misher, n. 

Skirret, skir'ret, n. A plant, cultivated in Europe for 
its esculent tuberous root, which resembles the par- 
snip in flavor. [Contr. fr. skirwort, its older name, 
corrupt, of sugarwort.] 

Skirrhus. See Scirrhus. 

Skirt, skert, n. The lower and loose part of a coat or 
other garment; part of a dress, etc.. below the waist; 
the edge, or something running along the edge, of 
anything; border; margin; extreme part; the grind- 
ing surface on a millstone, between the circumfer- 
ence and a smaller concentric circle; a petticoat. — 
v. t. To border, form the border or edge of, run along 
the edge of.— v. i. To be on the border, live near the 
extremity. [Same as shirt, q. v. ; s. rt. short, kirtle.] 

Skit, skit, n. A reflection, jeer, or jibe; an oblique 
taunt.— v.t. To cast reflections on, asperse. [ProvE., 
to reflect on, Scot., to flounce, caper like a horse, Sw. 
skutta, to leap, skytt, Ic. skyti, an archer, lit. a shoot- 
er, skuti, a scoff, taunt; s. rt. shoot.] — Skit'tish, a. 
Easily frightened; shunning familiarity; timorous; 
shy; wanton; volatile; hasty. — Skiftishly, adv. — 
Skiftishness, n. 

Skittlei, skit'tlz, n. pi. A game in which wooden 
pins are shot down by a disk of heavy wood thrown 
by the player. [Same as shuttle ; ME. schytle, name 
of the game, Dan. skyttel = E. shuttle, q. v.; s. rt. 
shoot, skit.] 

Skiver, ski'vgr, n. An inferior quality of leather, made 
of split sheep-skin, tanned by immersion in sumac, 
and dyed. [Same as shiver, q. v.; under Shive.] 

Skulk, Sculk, skulk, v. i. [skulked (skulkt), skulk- 
ing.] To get out. of the way in a sneaking manner; 
to lurk. [Dan. skulke, to skulk, slink, sneak, Ic. skolla, 
to keep aloof, skjol, a place of shelter.] — Skulk, 
Skulk 'er, n. One who skulks or avoids duty; a shirk. 




Skunk. 



Skull, skul, n. (Anat.) The bony case which incloses 
the brain: see Skeleton. An empty, brainless head. 
[Ic. and Sw. skal, a bowl; s. rt. scale.] — Skull'-cap, 
n. A close-fitting cap. (Bot.) An herbaceous plant, 
the calyx of whose flower, when inverted, appears 
like a helmet with the vizor raised ; Scutellaria. 

Skunk, skunk, n. An Amer. carnivorous animal, al- 
lied to the weasel 
and badger, which 
ejects to a great 
distance, when ir- 
ritated or alarmed, 
an intensely fetid 
and offensive 
fluid. [Contr. fr. 
Abenaki seganku.] 
—Skunk'- bird, 
S.-black'bird, n. 
The bobolink, — 
so called fr. the re- 
semblance of the 
colors of the male, 
at certain sea- 
sons, to those of a 
skunk. cab- 
bage, n. An endogenous Amer. plant, named from 
its disagreeable odor. 

Sky, ski, n. The apparent arch or vault of heaven; the 
firmament ; heavens ; the weather ; climate. [Ic, 
Dan., and Sw., a cloud, AS. scua, Ic. skuggi, shade, 
shadow; s. rt. Skr. ska, to cover, L. obscurus =E. ob- 
scure, E. scum, shower, hide.] — Sky'ey, -T, a. Like 
the sky; ethereal. — Sky'-col'or. n. T color of the 
sky; a particular species of blue color; azure.— 
-lark, n. A spe- 
cies of lark that" 
mounts almost 
p e rpendicular- 
ly to a great 
height and 
sings as it flies, 
common in Eu- 
rope and some 
parts of Asia.— 
-lark'ing, n. 
(Naut.) Act of 
running about 
the rigging of a 
vessel in sport; 
frolicking ; ca- 
rou sing. — 
-light, n. A win- 
dow in the roof 
of a building, or ceiling of a room, for the admis- 
sion of light from above. — rock'et, n. A rocket 
that ascends high and burns as it flies ; a species 
of fireworks. —-sail, n. (Naut.) The sail set next 
above the royal: see Sail. 

Slab, slab, n. A thin piece of anything, esp. of mar- 
ble or other stone, having plane surfaces; an outside 
piece taken from a log m sawing it into boards or 
planks. [Languedoc esclapo, a chip, slab of wood or 
unworked stone, fr. esclapa, to split wood; perh. s. 
rt. F. e'clater, to fly into fragments: see Eclat, and 
Slate, under Slat.] — Slab'-sid'ed, a. Having flat 
sides; tall, or long and lank. 

Slabber, slab'- or slob'ber, v. i. [-bered (-berd), 
-Bering.] To let the saliva or other liquid fall from 
the mouth carelessly; to drivel, slaver.— v. t. To wet 
and foul by liquids suffered to fall carelessly from 
the mouth, or by liquid spilled ; to shed, spill. — n. 
Moisture let fall from the mouth ; slaver. [OD. 
slabben, LG. slabbern, to slabber; prob. s. rt. Ir. and 
Ga. slaib, mud, mire, perh. E. slip, slop ; same as 
slaver, slubber.] — Slab'berer, n. One who slabbers; 
an idiot. 

Slack, slak, a. Not tense; not hard drawn; not hold- 
ing fast ; not using due diligence ; not earnest or 
eager; notviolent; not rapid; loose; relaxed; remiss; 
inactive; slow; tardy. — adv. In a slack manner; 
partially. — n. The part of a rope, etc., that hangs 
loose, having no strain upon it; in Eng., small coal; 
coal broken into small pieces. [ME., Sw., and Dan. 
slak, AS. sleac, MHG. slach, slack, slow; prob. s. rt. 
Skr. srij, to let flow, let loose, sri, to flow, prob. F,. 
lag. lax, languish, slug, slouch.] — Slack mater. The 
time when the tide runs slowly, or the water is at 
rest; or the interval between the flux and reflux of 
the tide.— Slack, Slack'en, -n, v. i. [slacked (slakt) 
or slackened (-nd); slacking, slackening.] To 
become slack; to be made less tense, firm, or rigid; 




Sky-lark. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SLAM 



540 



SLED 



to be remiss or backward, neglect; to lose solidity oy 
a chemical combination with water ; to abate, be- 
come less violent ; to languish, flag. — v. t. To ren- 
der slack, make less tense or tight; to render less ear- 
nest, violent, energetic, rapid, or decided ; to with- 
hold, use less liberally; to change from a solid form 
to a powder by supplying water, slake ; to repress, 
check. — Slack'ly, adv. In a slack manner; loosely; 
remissly. — Slack'ness, n.~ Slag, n. The dross or 
recrement of a metal; vitrified cinders: the scoria 
of a volcano. [Sw. slagg, slag, dross which flows 
over when the metal is fused, 1c. slagnu, to flow 
over, be spilt, slag, wet, dampness, G. schlacke, 
dross, sediment; a form of slack!] — Slake, slak, v. t. 
[slaked (slakt), slaking.] To quench, extinguish, 
cool; to mix with water, so that a true chemical com- 
bination shall change the form; to slack. — v. i. To 
go out, become extinct. [ME.stafe/i, to render slack, 
slake, slekken, to quench, extinguish, AS. sleacian, to 
grow slack or remiss, f r. sleac] 

Slam, slam, v. t. [slammed (slamd), -ming.] To shut 
with violence and noise ; to bang. — v.i. To strike 
violently and noisily. (Mach.) To strike hard, as a 
moving part upon its seat. — n. A violent driving 
and dashing against; a violent shutting of a door, 
etc. [Sw. dial, slamma, Ic. slamra, to slam, Sw. slam- 
mer, a clank, noise; s. rt. slap.] 

Slander, slan'der, n. A false tale or report maliciously 
uttered, and tending to injure the reputation of an- 
other. —v.?. [-dered (-derd), -dering.] To injure 
by maliciously uttering a false report; to asperse, 
defame, calumniate, vilify, reproach. [ME. sclan- 
dre, OF. esclandre also scandele, escandele, L. scan- 
dahmi = E. scandal, q. v.] — Slan'derer, n. — Slan'- 
derous. -der-us, a. Given or disposed to slander: 
embodying or containing slander; calumnious. — 
Slan'derously, adv. 

Slang, n. Low. vulgar, unauthorized language; a col- 
loquial mode of expression, — esp., such as is in 
vogue with some particular class in society. — v. t. 
To address with slang or ribaldry, insult with vul- 
gar language. [Prob. same as slang, obs. imp. of 
sling, to throw, cast; Norweg. sleng, a slinging, also 
an invention, device, burden of a song, slengja, to 
sling, cast, slengja kjeften (lit. to sling the jaw), to 
slang, abuse, vilify.] 

Slant,"slant, a. Inclined from a direct line; sloping; 
oblique. — i'. t. To turn from a direct line, give an 
oblique or sloping direction to. — v. i. To be turned 
or inclined from a right line, lie obliquely, slope. — 
n. A slanting direction or plane ; a slope. [ME. 
slenten, to slope, glide, Sw. dial, slenta, slanta, to 
cause to slip, slide, OSw. slihta, to slip with the foot, 
Sw. shitta, to slant, slope, Sw. dial, slant, slippery.] 
— Slant'ly, -wise, adv. In an inclined direction; 
obliquely. 

Slap, slap, n. A blow given with the open hand, or 
with something broad. — v. t. [slapped (slapt), 
-ping.] To strike with the open hand, or with some- 
thing broad. — adv. With a sudden blow; quickly ; 
instantly. [Prob. onomat. ; ME. slappe, a smart 
blow, LG. slapp, the sound of a blow, a box on the 
ears, G. schlappe, a slap, schlappen, to slap; s. rt. 
slam ; not s. rt. Sw. slapp, Dan. slap, slack.] — Slap'- 
dash, adv. In a bold, careless manner; at random; 
with a slap ; all at once ; slap. — Slap'jack, n. A 
flat cake baked upon a griddle ; flapjack ; griddle- 
cake. 

Slash, slash, v. t. [slashed (slasht). slashing.] To 
cut by-striking violently and at random; to cut with 
long cuts. — v. i. To strike violently and at random, 
esp. with an edged instrument, —n. A long cut; cut 
made at random; a large slit in the thighs and arms 
of old costumes, made to show a brilliant color 
through the openings. [ME. slashen, OF. esclecher, 
fr. OHG. slizan, to slit, split; s. rt. slice, slate.] 

Slat, slat, n. A thin, narrow wooden strip or bar, as 
in a bedstead, blind, etc. — v. t. To slap, strike, beat, 
throw down violently. [See Slate, following.] — 
Slate, slat, n. (3fin.) A metamorphic rock of several 
varieties, which readily splits into plates; any rock 
or stone having a slaty structure ; a prepared piece 
of such stone ; esp., a thin, flat piece, for roofing or 
covering houses, etc. ; a tablet for writing upon. 
(Amer. Politics.) A list of candidates for nomina- 
tion ; a political programme, — v. t. To cover with 
slate, or plates of stone. [ME. slat, sclat, slate, OF. 
esclat, a sliver, splinter, lath, shingle, esclater, OHG. 
sclizan, slizan, G. schleissen, to split = E. slit; s. rt. 
4clat, slab, q. v.] — Slat'er, n. One who slates build- 
ings. — Slatting, n. Act of covering with slates; cov- 



ering thus put on; slates taken collectively; mate- 
rial for slating. — Slat'y, -T, a. Resembling slate; 
having the nature or properties of slate ; composed 
of thin, parallel plates, capable of being separated 
by splitting. 

Slattern, slaftern, n. A woman negligent of her 
dress or house. [ProvE. slatter, to be wasteful or 
untidy, ME. slatten, to be negligent, Ic. sletta, to 
slap, dab, splash, also a dab, splash, blot; perh. s. rt. 
slay, sleet.] — Slat'ternly, a. Resembling a slattern; 
sluttish; negligent; dirty.— adv. Negligently; awk- 
wardly. 

Slaughter, slaw'ter, n. Extensive and unnecessary de- 
struction of human life; carnage; massacre; butch- 
ery; murder; havoc; act of killing cattle, etc., for 
market, or for the hides; wanton and useless destruc- 
tion of great numbers of animals. — v. t. [slaugh- 
tered (-terd), -tering.] To kill, slay in battle, 
butcher. [Ic. sla.tr, a slaughtering, butcher's meat, 
slaira, to slaughter (cattle); s. rt. slay.] — Slaugb/- 
terer, n. — Slaughterous, -us, a. Destructive; mur- 
derous.— Slaugh'ter-house, w. A house where beasts 
are butchered for the market. — man. One employed 
in killing. 

Slave, slav, n. A person held in bondage to another; 
one wholly subject to the will of another; one who 
lias lost power of resistance; a drudge; one who la- 
bors like a slave; captive; vassal; dependent. — v. i. 
To drudge, toil, labor as a slave. [F. esclave, G. 
sklave, MHG. slave, a slave, G. Slave, LL. Slavus, 
Sclavus, a Slavonian, often enslaved by the Ger- 
mans; in Sclavonic, glorious; cf. Russ. slava, fame 
= E. glory, q. v. : see Sclave.] — Slav'er, n. A ves- 
sel engaged in the slave-trade; a person engaged in 
the purchase and sale of slaves. — Siav'ery, -er-Y, n. 
Condition of a slave; state of entire subjection of 
one person to the will of another ; the keeping or 
holding of slaves. — Slav'ish, a. Pert, to, or becom- 
ing slaves; servile; abject; consisting in drudgery.— 
Slavishly, adv.— Slav'ishness, n. — Slave'-coast, n. 
A part of the W. coast of Africa, from which slaves 
are exported. — -hold'er, n. One who holds slaves. — 
-ship, n. A ship employed in the slave-trade. — trade, 
n. Business of dealing in slaves; esp. of transporting 
them from their homes for sale elsewhere.— Slavoc'- 
racy, -ok'ra-sY, n. The persons or political interest 
maintaining the preservation or advancement of 
slavery. [Gr. kratein, to rule.] — Slavo'nian, Sla- 
vonic. See under Sclave. 

Slaver, slav'er, n. Saliva driveling from the mouth. 
— v. i. [slavered (-erd), -ering.] To suffer the 
spittle to issue from the mouth; to be besmeared 
with saliva; to slabber. — v. t. To smear with saliva 
issuing from the mouth. [Same as slabber, q.. v.] — 
Slav'erer, n. A driveler ; idiot. 

Slaw, slaw, n. Sliced cabbage, served cooked or un- 
cooked, as a salad. [D. sla, slaa, contr. fr. D. and 
F. salade, salad.] 

Slay, sla, v. t. [imp. slew (sloo); p. p. slain (slan); 
slaying.] To put to death by a weapon, or by vio- 



lence; to kill, destroy, murder, slaughter, butcher. 
[AS. slean (imp. sloh or slog, p. p. slogon), Ic. and 
Sw. sla, Goth, and OHG. slahan ; s. rt. slaughter. 



slattern, sledge, a hammer, sleet, sly, perh. slap, 
slam, sling, slit.] — Slay'er, n.— Sledge, slej, n. A 
large, heavy hammer. [AS. slecge, fr. ste,an, to slay, 
also to smite, strike, D. slegge, slei, G. schlaegel, a 
mallet, G. schlag-hammer = sledge-hammer.] 

Sleave, slev, n. The knotted or entangled part of silk 
or thread; floss, or unspun or refuse silk. —v. t. To 
separate (threads), — a term used- by weavers. [Dan. 
sloife, Sw. slejf, G. schleife, LG. slepe, a knot, noose, 
slepen = E. to slip.] 

Sleazy, sle'zY or sla'zY, a. Wanting firmness of tex- 
ture or substance; thin; flimsy. [G. schleitzig, schhs- 
sig, worn out, thread-bare, schleiszen, to slit, split, 
decay.] 

Sled, sled, n. A vehicle on runners, used for convey- 
ing heavy loads over the snow, — in Eng. called 
sledge; a light seat mounted on runners, for slid 
ing on snow and ice. — v. t. To convey or transport 
on a sled. [ME., Sw., and D. slede, Norweg. slede, 
slee, OHG. slits, G. schlitten; s. rt. slide, q. v.] — 
Sledge, slei, n. A vehicle on runners, or on low 
wheels ; a hurdle on which, formerly, traitors were 
drawn to the place of execution; a heavy or covered 
sleigh for riding upon snow. — Sleigh, sla, n. A ve- 
hicle on runners, for transporting Demons or goods 
on snow or ice.— Sleigh'ing, n. State of the snow or 
ice which admits of running sleighs ; act of riding 
in a sleigh. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 61 ; 



SLEDGE 



541 



SLIP 



Sledge, a hammer: see under Slay; a sleigh: under 
Sled. 

Sleek, slek. a. Having an even, smooth surface, 
smooth: glossy, — v. t. [sleeked (slekt), sleek- 
ing.] To make even and smooth; to render smooth, 
soft, and glossy. [1c. slikr, sleek, smooth, OD. 
sleyck, plain, even : s. rt. D. slijk, LG. slikk, G. 
sehi irk. '.'reuse, slime mud, OHG. slihhan. to crawl, 
sneak = E. slink, E. slide, slip.] - Sleek'ly, adv.— 
Sleek'ness. ,u 

Sleep, slep. v. i. [slept, sleeping.] To take rest by 
a suspension of the voluntary exercise of the pow- 
ers of the body and mind, "and an apathy of the 
organs of sense; to he careless, inattentive, or un- 
concerned; to be dead; to be unused or unagitated; 
to rest; to slumber. — 11. A natural and healthy, 
but temporary and periodical suspension of the 
functions of the organs of sense, as well as those of 
the voluntary and rational soul; slumber; repose; 
rest. [AS. slsepan. 1). slapen. OHG. slat'en, to sleep, 
AS. sleep, D. slaa/i, OlIG. slaf. sleep, LG. slapp, lax, 
loose, Russ. slabuii, weak, faint, loose; s. rt. slip, q. 
v.] — Sleep'er, n. One who sleeps; a drone; lazy 
person. — Sleep'y, -T, a. [-iKtt; -iest.] Drowsy; 
inclined to, or overcome by, sleep; tending to in- 
duce sleep; soporiferous; somniferous. — Sleep'ily, 
adv. In a sleepy manner; drowsily. — Sleep 'mess, 
n. — Sleep'ing, p. a. Occupied with sleep, or for 
sleeping. — Sleeping partner. A silent or dormant 
partner : see Dormant, Silent. — Sleepless, a. 
Having no sleep; wakeful ; having no rest ; perpet- 
ually agitated. — Sleeplessness, n — Sleep'-walk'er, 
n. A somnambulist, or noctambulist; one who walks 
in his sleep. walk'ing, n. Somnambulism; walk- 
ing in onejs sleep; noclambulism. 

Sleeper, slep'Sr, n. One of a set of timbers sup- 
porting a floor, a framework, a railroad track, etc. 
(tfautj One of the knees which connect the tran- 
soms to the after-timbers on the ship's quarter. 
[Norweg. sleip = E. slab, q. v.] 

Sleet, slet, n. A fall of hail or snow mingled with 
rain, usually in fine particles. — v. i. To snow or 
hail with a mixture of rain. [Norweg. sletta, sleet, 
also to fling, in Ic, to slap, dab with liquids; s. rt. 
slay, slattern, etc.] — Sleet'y, -T, a. Consisting of, 
or bringing, sleet. 

Sleeve, slev, n. The part of a garment fitted to cover 
the arm; anything resembling a sleeve. — v.t. To 
furnish with sleeves, put sleeves into. [AS. slefe, 
slef, OD. slev, a sleeve, lit. thing^ slipped on, MHG. 
slie/en, AS. slipan = E. to slip/] — To laugh in the 
sleeve. To laugh privately or unperceived, esp. 
while apparently preserving a grave demeanor, — 
perh. orig. by hiding the face in wide sleeves. — 
Sleeve'less, a. Having no sleeves.— Sleeve'-but'ton, 
n. A button to fasten a wristband or cuff. 

Sleid. See under Sley. 

Sleigh, etc. See under Sled. 

Sleight, slit, n. An artful trick; a feat so dexterous- 
ly performed that the manner of performance es- 
capes observation ; dexterous practice ; dexterity. 
[Ic. slsegdh, slyness, cunning, fr. slaegr = £. sly, q. 
v.] — Sleight of hand. Legerdemain. 

Slender, slen'der, a. Thin or narrow in proportion 
to length; slim; not thick; not small; weak; feeble; 
moderate ; trivial ; inconsiderable ; small ; inade- 
quate ; meager; spare; abstemious; simple. [OD. 
sunder, slender, thin, also a water-snake, slinderen, 
to drag, train, LG. slender, a long, trailing gown, 
slindern. to slide on the ice ; s. rt. slide.] — Sleh'derly, 
adv. — Slen'derness, n. 

Slept. See Sleep. 

Sleuth, sluth, n. The track of a man or beast as 
known by the scent. [Scot, form of slot (q. v.), a 
deer's track.]— Sleuth'-hound, n. A dog that pur- 
sues by scent; bloodhound. 

Slew. See Slay. 

''ley, s\a,ji. A weaver's reed. LAS. slse.]— Sley. 
Sleid, slad, v. t. To part the threads of, and arrange 
them in a reed, — a term used by weavers. 

Slice, slis, v. t. [sliced (slist), slicing.] To cut into 
thin pieces, or to cut off a thin, broad piece from; 
to cut into parts, — n .. A thin, broad piece cut off; 
that which is thin and broad, like a slice; abroad, 
short-handled fire-pan; a salver, platter, or tray; a 
broad, thin knife for taking up or serving fish; a 
spatula. (Ship-building.) A tapering piece of plank 
to be driven between the timbers before planking. 
[ME. sclice, OF. esclice, fr. esclier, esclicer, to split, 
slit, break, OHG. slizan = £. to slit; s. rt. slate, 
slash.] 



Slick, slik, a. Sleek; smooth, — v. t. To make 6leek 
or smooth. See SLEEK. 

Slide, slid, v. i. [imp. slid; ;». ;>. si.:!' or SUDDEN ; 
SLIDING.] To move along Ch 
by slipping; to slip, glide; esp.. to m 
or ice with a glib, uninterrupted in- 
advertently; to move gently onward wit out fric- 
tion or hindrance; to slip, fall. — v. t. To thrust 
along; to thrust by slipping: to pass or put imper- 
ceptibly, slip. — n. A smooth and easy passage; one 
who. or that which, slides: a slider; descent of a 
detached mass of earth or rock down a declivity ; 
a place lor sliding; an inclined plane or chute for 
dogs, etc. ; a slip of irluss for a microscope, etc. 
(Mus.) A grace consisting of 2 small notes moving 
by conjoint degrees, and lending to a principal note 
either above or below. [.VS. slidan. Ir. and Ga. 
slaod, Lithuan. slysti, to slide, AS. shdor, Lithuan. 
slidus, slippery; s. rt. Skr. sri, to flow, sriti, gliding, 
sliding, E. sled, slender, q. v.] — Slid'er. n.— Slid'- 
ing-rule, «. A mathematical instrument consi ? ting 
of 2 parts, one of which slides upon the other, for 
the mechanical performance of addition, subtrac- 
tion, multiplication, and division. — scale, n. A 
scale for raising or lowering imposts in proportion 
to the fall or rise of prices; a sliding-rule: a variable 



scale of wages, prices, etc. 
Slight, slit, n. Noti" ' 



decidedly marked: inconsiderable; 
unimportant; insignificant: not severe or dangerous; 
superficial; careless; weak ; gentle : not stout or 
heavy ; slender. — n. A moderate decree of con- 
tempt, manifested by neglect or oversight; disdain; 
scorn. — v. t. To disregard, as of little value and 
unworthy of notice. [OD. slicht, even, flat, slecht, 
slight, single, simple, OLG. sligt, even, smooth, silly, 
poor, bad; s. rt. slay.] — Slight'er. n. — Slight'ly, 
adv. — Slight'ness, n. 

Slily, etc. See under Sly. 

Slim, slim, a. [slimmer; -mest.] Of small diameter 
or thickness in proportion to the height; slender;, 
weak; slight; unsubstantial. [OD. slim, Dan. and 
Sw. slem, G. schlimm, bad, evil, cunning, — confused 
in meaning with slender.] — Slim'ness, n. 

Slime, slim, n. Any soft, glutinous, or viscous sub- 
stance: viscous mud; bitumen: a viscous mucus ex- 
uded by certain animals or worms; anything of a 
clinging and offensive nature. [AS., Ic, and OHG. 
slim, anything glutinous, mire, mucus, Russ. slina, 
saliva, drivel; s. rt. Gr. sialon = Ij. and E.sdliva, Lith- 
uan. seile, spittle; not s. rt. L. limns, mud.] — Slnn / y, 
-T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Abounding with, consisting of, 
overspread with, or resembling slime: viscous; gluti- 
nous. — Slim'iness, n. 

Sling, sling, n. An instrument for throwing stones, 
consisting of a strap and 2 strings; a throw; stroke; 
a kind of hanging bandage put round the neck, in 
which a wounded arm or hand is sustained. (JS r aut.') 
A rope, with hooks, by which a cask or 
bale is swung in or out of a ship ; a rope 
or iron band for securing the center of 
a yard to the mast. — v. t. [slung, 
slinging.] To throw with a sling: to 
hurl, cast ; to hang so as to swing. 
<Naut.) To put in ropes, or suspend, 
as a cask, gun, etc. [AS. slingan, D. 
slingeren, to fling, east with a jerk; s. rt. 
slide, slip, slink, slang.] — Sling^er, n. 
— Slung'-shot, n. A small metal ball 
attached to a short handle or string, for „,. . . 

StriKing. _ hoisting and 

Slmg, sling, n. A drink composed of towering 
spirit (usually gin) and water sweet- weights. 
ened. [LG. slingen, to swallow.] 

Slink, slink, v. i. [slunk (slank, obs. or rare); slink- 
ing.] To creep away meanly, steal away, sneak; 
to miscarry, as a beast. — v. t. To ca=t prematurely; 
to miscarry of, as the female of a beast. [AS. shn- 
can. LG. stiken, G. schleichen, to crawl, sneak; s. rt. 
sleek.] 

Slip, slip, v. i. [slipped (slipt), -ping.] To move 
along the surface of a thing without bounding, roll- 
ing, or stepping; to slide, glide; to move, start, or 
fly out of place ; to sneak, slink, depart or with- 
draw secretly ; to err, fall into error or fault ; to 
pass unexpectedly or imperceptibly ; to enter by 
oversight; to escape insensibly, be lost. — v. t. To 
convey secretly; to cut slips from (a plant); to take 
off; to let loose: to throw off, disengage one's self 
from; to suffer abortion of. — n. Act of slipping; an 
unintentional error or fault; a twig separated from 
the main stock; a scion; cutting; aleash by which a 




eiin, cube, full ; motm, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SLIT 



542 



SLUDGE 



dog is held; an escape; a secret or unexpected deser- 
tion; a long, narrow piece. (Print.) A portion of 
the columns of a newspaper or other work struck off 
by itself. Anything easily slipped on ; a loose gar- 
ment worn by a female; a child's pinafore; an out- 
side covering or case; an opening or space left be- 
tween wharves or in a dock; a long seat or pew in 
churches. [AS. slipan, D. slippen, to slip, pass away, 
escape, Ic. sleppa, to let slip, also to slip, slide, fail, 
miss; s. rt. serpent, slope, sleeve, slop, slab, sleeper.] — 
Slip'-knot, n. A knot which slips along the rope 
or line around which it is made. — -rope, n. A rope 
holding a cable before it is slipped. — Slip'per, n. 
One who, or that which, slips; a kind of light shoe, 
which may be slipped on with ease; a kind of iron 
slide or shoe for the wheel of a wagon. [AS. slype- 
scos, slip-shoe.] — Slip'pery, -per-i, a. Allowing or 
causing anything to slip or move smoothly, rapidly, 
and easily upon the surface of; smooth; glib; not 
affording firm footing or confidence; liable or apt 
to slip away ; liable to slip ; not standing firm ; 
unstable ; changeable ; uncertain. [AS. shper.] — 
Slip'perily, adv. — Slip'periness, n. — Slip'shod, a. 
Wearing shoes like slippers, without pulling up the 
quarters or heels; careless in manners, style, etc.; 
shuffling. — Slip'slop, n. Bad liquor. 
Slit, slit, i\ f. [imp. slit; /). p. slit or slitted; slit- 
ting.] To cut lengthwise, cut into long pieces or 
strips ; to cut or make a long fissure in or upon ; to 
rend, split, cut. — n. A long cut; narrow opening. 
[AS. slitan, Ic. and Sw. slita, to slit, rend, OHG. 
slizan, to split; perh. s. rt. L. Isedere, Skr. sridh, to 
injure; s. rt. slate, slice, slash, e'clat ; not s. rt. sleet.] 

— Slit'ter, n. — Slit'ting-mill, n. A mill where iron 
bars or plates are slit into strips, nail-rods, etc. 

Sliver, sliVgr or sli'ver, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] 
To cut or divide into long, thin, or very small pieces. 

— n. A long piece cut or rent off, or a piece cut or 
rent lengthwise; a sharp, slender fragment; a loose, 
untwisted strand of fiber, ready for stubbing or rov- 
ing. [Same as slit ; dim. of ProvE. slive, a slice, chip, 
also tocut, slice off, fr. AS. slif an = slitan : see Slit.] 

Sloat, slot, n. A narrow piece of timber which holds 

together large pieces; a slat. [Same as slot, a bar.] 
Slobber. See Slabber. 
Sloe, slo, n. A British shrub of the plum family, — the 

blackthorn; its small, black, bitter fruit. [AS. sla, 

OHG. sleha, a sloe, plum; D. sleeuw, sharp, tart = E. 

slow.] 
Slogan, slo'gan, n. The war-cry, or gathering-word, 

of a Highland clan in Scotland. [Ga., contr. fr. 

sluagh-ghairm, army-cry.] 
Sloop, sloop, n. (Naut.) A vessel with 1 mast, the 

mainsail of which is at- 
tached to a gaff above, to a 

boom below, and to the 

mast on its foremost edge, 

and carrying a jib. [D.sloep, 

OD. sloepe, perh. fr. F. 

chalovpe = E. shallop, q. v.] 

— Slooj> of war. A war ves- 
sel (ship, brig, or schooner) 
below the grade ot frigate. 

Slop, slop, n. Liquid careless- 
ly spilled or thrown about; 
a puddle, pi. Dirty water; 
water in which anything has 
been washed or rinsed ; poor 
or weak drink or liquid food. 

— v. t. To cause (a liquid) 
to overflow by the motion 
of the vessel containing it ; 

upon. — v. i. To overflow or be spilled, as a liquid, 
by the motion of the vessel containing it. [Orig. a 
slippery place; AS. sloppe, the droppings of a cow, 
slype, a viscid substance, slupan, to dissolve, slipan, 
to slip, Ga. and Ir. slaib, mire, mud; s. rt. cowslip.] 

— Slop'py, -pt, a. Wet, so as to spatter easily ; 
muddy ; plashy. 

Slop, slop, n. A lower garment, as breeches, trowsers, 
etc., — chiefly in pi. pi. Ready-made clothes, bed- 
ding, etc. [AS. oferslype, Ic. sloppe, a gown, loose 
trailing garment, fr. sleppa, to slip; s. rt. slide, sleeve.] 

— Slop'-shop, n. A place where ready-made clothes 
are sold. 

Slope, slop, a. Inclined, or inclining, from a horizon- 
tal direction. — n. A line or direction inclining 
from a horizontal line; prop., a direction downward; 
any ground whose surface forms an angle with the 

filane of the horizon; a declivity or acclivity, — v. t. 
sloped (slopt), sloping.] To form with a slope, 




Sloop, 
to spill ; to spill liquid 



direct obliquely, incline. — v. i. To take an oblique 
direction, be inclined. [Same as slip.] 

Slosh. Same as Slush. 

Slot, slot, n. A broad, flat, wooden bar; a slat; eloat. 
TD. and LG.; D. sluiten, LG. sluten, to shut; s. rt. Gr. 
kleiein, L. claudere — E. to close.] 

Slot, slot, n. The track of a deer. (Mach.) A depres- 
sion or mortise in a p.late of metal, or a slit or aper- 
ture through it, for the reception of some part of a 
machine, either fixed as a key-bolt, or movable as a 
sliding adjustment, — v. t. To slit or groove. [ME. 
and Scot, sleuth (q. v.), a track, Ic. slodh, a trail in 
snow, slsedha, to trail; s. rt. Ic. sledhi = E. sled, E. 
slide.] — Slot 'ting-machine', n. A machine-tool for 
making mortises, etc. 

Sloth, sloth, n. Slowness; tardiness; disinclination to 
action or la- : ^, 

bor; sluggish- 
ness; lazi- 
ness. (Zobl.) ~i. 
An uncouth, 
herbivorous, 
edentates. 
Amer. mam- 
mal of several 



Sloth. 




ing on the un- 
der side of 
tree branches, 
and remarka- 
bly slow in its 
motions. [AS. slsewdh, fr. slaw — E. slow, q. v.] — 
Sloth'ful, -ful, a. Addicted to sloth; inactive; slug- 
gish ; lazy ; indolent ; idle. — Slotn'fully, adv. — 
Sloth/fulness, n. 

Slouch, slowch, n. A depression of the head or some 
other part of the body; an awkward, heavy, clown- 
ish fellow; a hanging down, as of a hat brim. — v. i. 
[slouched (slowcht), slouching.] To hang down; 
to have a downcast, clownish look, gait, or manner. 
— v.t. To depress; to cause to hang down. [ProvE. 
slok, Ic. slakr — E. slack, loose, Ic. slokr, a slouching 
fellow, Sw. sloka, to droop; s. rt. slack, slug.] 

Slough, slow, n. A place of deep mud or mire; a hole 
full of mire. [AS. sloh, fr. Ir. sloe, a pit, hollow, Ga. 
sloe, a pit, grave, pool, gutter, slugan, a whirlpool, 
gulf, sluig, to swallow.] 

Slough, sluf, n. The cast skin of a serpent. (Med.) 
The part that separates from a foul sore or drops off 
in mortification. — v. i. [sloughed (sluf t), slough- 
ing.] (Surg.) To separate from the sound flesh; to 
mortify and come off. [LG. slu, sluwe, a husk, pod, 
OD. sloove, a skin; s. rt. sleeve.] — Slough'y, -Y, a. 
Resembling, or of the nature of, a slough, or the 
dead matter which separates from flesh. 

Slovac, slov'ak, n. One of a race of Hungarian Sclaves, 
akin to the Czecks, inhabiting N.-W. Hungary and 
neighboring parts of Moravia and Austria ; their 
language. — a. Of or pert, to, etc. — Slove'nian, 
-ve'nt-an, n. A dialect of Slavic used in Carinthia, 
Styria, and Carniola. 

Sloven, sluv'en or sluv'n, n. One careless of dress, or 
negligent of cleanliness. [OD. slof, sloef, a careless 
or nasty fellow, sloef achtiglick, negligent, slovenly. 
sloevenen, to be slovenly.] — Slov , enly, a. Negligent 
of dress or neatness; loose; disorderly: not neat. — 
adv. In a slovenly manner. — Slovenliness, n. 

Slow, slo, a. Not swift; not quick in motion; deliber- 
ate; not happening in a short time; late; not ready; 
not prompt; acting with deliberation; indicating a 
time later than the true time; not advancing, grow- 
ing, or improving rapidly; heavy in wit; not alert, 
prompt, or spirited ; wearisome ; dilatory ; tardy ; 
sluggish; dull; inactive. — ?;.*. To render slow, re- 
tard, reduce the speed of (an engine, ship, etc.). 
[AS. slaw, D. slee, Sw. slo, OHG. sleo ; s. rt. sloth, 
sloe, perh. slip, slide, sli?ik.] — Slow'ly, adv.— Slow'- 
ness, n. 

Slow-worm, slo'we'rm, n. The blind-worm. [AS. sla- 
wi/rm, AS. slean, to strike,— fr. a false notion that 
its bite was poisonous ; not fr. slow.] 

Sloyd, sloid, n. Lit., skilled mechanical work, such 
as that required in wood carving ; trade work ; 
hence, a system (usually called the sloyd system) of 
manual training in trade work. [Sw. slojd, skill.] 

Slub, slub, n. A roll of wool slightly twisted.— v. t. 
[slubbed (slubd), -bing.] To draw out and slightly 
twist, — applied to wool. 

Slub'ber, v. t. To do lazily, imperfectly, or coarsely. 

Sludge, sluj, n. Mud; mire; soft mud; slush; small 
floating pieces of ice or snow. [Same as Slush.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



SLUE 



543 



SMEAR 




Slug. 




Slue, slu. v. t. [slued (slud), sluing.] {Naut.) To 
turn about a fixed point, usually, the center, as a 
spar or piece of timber. To turn about, twist, —v. i. 
To turn about; to slip or slide and turn from an ex- 
pected or desired course. [Ic. snua, to turn, bend.] 

Slug, slug, n. A drone; a slow, heavy, lazy fellow. 
(Zool.) A kind of shell- 
less snail, very destruc- 
tive to plants. [Norweg. 
sloka. to go heavily, 
slouch, D. slek, a slug, ^§ 
snail; s. rt. slouch, slack.] 
— Slug'gard, «. A per- 
son habitually lazy, idle, 
and inactive; a drone.— 
Slug/gish, a. Habitually idle and lazy; having lit- 
tle motion; having no power to move one's self or 
itself; stupid; tame; inert; slothful; slow; dull; in- 
active. — Slug'gishly, adv. — Slug'gishness, n. 

Slug, slug, n. A cylindrical or oval piece of metal, used 
for the charge of a gun. [Prob. s. rt. slay.] 

Sluice, slus, n. An artificial passage forwater fitted 
with a sliding valve or gate, 
for regulating the flow: any 
opening; that from or 
through which anything 
flows; a floodgate ; the 
stream which flows through 
a floodgate ; any stream, or 
anything regarded as flow- 
ing in a stream. — v. t. 

[SLUICED (slQst), -CING.] 

To wet copiously, as by 
opening a sluice ; to over- 
whelm. [OF. excluse, LL. 
exclusa, prop. fem. of p. p. Sluice, 

of L. excludere, -clusum, to shut out.] — Slui'cy, -st, 
a. Falling in streams, as from a sluice. 

Slum, slum, n. A back street of a city, esp. one filled 
with a poor, dirty, and vicious population. [Perh. 
contr. of asylum, as vulgarly pronounced with the 
accent on the first syllable; perh. fr. slump.] 

Slumber, slum'ber, v. i. [-bered (-berd), -Bering.] 
To sleep, doze; to be in a state of negligence, sloth, 
supineness, or inactivity. — n. Light sleep ; sleep 
that is not deep or sound; repose. [AS. sluma, G. 
schlummer, slumber, schlnmniern, to slumber.] — 
Slum'berer, n.— Slum'berous, -ber-us, a. Inviting 
slumber; soporiferous. 

Slump, slump, v. i. [slumped (slumpt), slumping.] 
To fall or sink suddenly through or in, as when 
walking on snow, ice, a bog, etc. [Onomat.; Scot. 
slump, a dull noise produced by something falling 
into a hole, a mars-h, swamp.] 

Slung, etc. See under Sling. 

Slunk. See Slink. 

Slur, sler, v. t. [slurred (slerd), -ring.] To soil, 
sully, contaminate, disgrace; to pass lightly, conceal. 
(Mus.) To sing or perform in a smooth, gliding 
style, —n. A mark or stain; slight reproach or dis- 
grace; a reproachful intimation; innuendo; a trick 

played upon a person. (Mus.) A mark, thus [s. s 

or x"~"s ], connecting notes that are to be sung to 
the same syllable, or made in one continued breath; 
a tie. [Ic. slora, to trail; s. rt. slot, slide, etc.] 

Slush, slush, re. Soft mud; sludge; slosh; a mixture 
of snow and water; a soft mixture of grease and 
other materials, for lubrication; refuse grease and 
fat, esp. fr. salt meat. (Mack.) A mixture of white 
lead and lime, with which the bright parts of ma- 
chines are painted to be preserved from oxidation. — 
v. t. To smear with slush or grease. (Mach.) To 
paint with a mixture of white lead and lime. [Sw. 
slaska, to dabble, slash, dirty liquid, Bavarian schlotz, 
mud, dirt.] 

Slut, slut, n. An untidy woman; slattern; a female 
dog; bitch. [Ic. slottr, a heavy fellow, Norweg. slott, 
an idler, Sw. dial, slata, Dan. slatte, an idle woman, 
slut, Ic. slota } Norweg. sluta, to droop, Sw. dial, slata, 
to be lazy, shnta, to slip, slide, slunt, a lubber; s. rt. 
slant, slip; not s. rt. slattern.] — Slut'tish, a. Like a 
slut ; untidy ; careless ; disorderly. — Slut'tishly, 
adv. — Slut'tiahnesB, n. 

Sly, sli, a. Dexterous in performing an action so as 
to escape notice; cautious; shrewd; knowing; art- 
fully cunning ; secretly mischievous ; insidious ; 
done with, and marked by, artful and dexterous se- 
crecy; crafty; subtile; wily. [Ic. slsegr, sly, said 
esp. of a horse that watches for an opportunity to 
kick, Sw. and Dan. slug, sly, cunning, Sw. slog, dex- 
terous; s. rt. slay, sleight.] — On the sly. In a sly or 



secret manner. — Sly'-boots, n. A sly, cunning, or 
waggish person. — Sly'ly, Sli'ly. adv. In a sly man- 
ner; craftily; insidiously. — Sly'ness, Sli'ness, n. 

Smack, smak, v. i. [smacked (smakt), smacking.] 
To kiss with a loud sound; to make a noise by the 
separation of the lips, after tasting anything. — v. t. 
To make a noise with (the lips) in kissing, tasting, 
etc.; to make a sharp noise oy striking ; to crack. 
— n. A loud kiss; a buss; a quick, sharp noise, 
as of the lips when suddenly separated, or of a 
whip; a quick, smart blow; a slap. [Sw. smacka, 
LG. smakken, to smack, Sw. dial, smakka, UD. 
smacken, to throw down noisily, Dan. smvekke, to 
slam, bang, smsek, a smack, slap, I). smak, a loud 
noise; s. rt. smash, smatter ; onomat., and prob. nut 
s. rt. smack, taste.] 

Smack, smak, v. i. To be tinctured with any partic- 
ular taste; to have, or exhibit, natural indications 
of the presence or influence. — n. Taste; flavor; sa- 
vor. [AS. smsec, OD. smaeck, Dan. smag, Sw. sutak, 
G. gesmack, taste, AS. smecgan, OD. smaecken, Dan. 
smage, Sw. smaka, G. schmecken, to taste, j 

Smack, smak, n. A small coasting or fishing vessel, 
commonly rigged as a sloop. [OD. smacke, a long 
ship or boat, smak, a hoy, smack, AS. snacc, ;i smack, 
Ic. snekkja, a kind of vessel; s. rt. sneak, snake.] 

Small, smawl, a. Not large or extended in dimen- 
sions; little in quantity or degree; minute in bulk; 
diminutive; of slight consequence; feeble in influ- 
ence or importance; evincing little worth or ability; 
not prolonged in duration; weak; slender; gentle; 
not loud. — n. The small or slender part of a thing. 
[ME., D., Dan., and Sw. smal, AS. smasl, G. schmal ; 
perh. s. rt. Gr. smikros, small, L. macer, thin.] — 
Small beer. A kind of weak beer.— S.. fruits. Fruits 
raised in market-gardens, — berries, etc. — 5. hours. 
The time from midnight till 3 or 4 o'clock, a. m. — 
S. talk. Light or trifling conversation; chit-chat.— 
SmaU/ness, n. — Small'-arms, n. pi. Muskets, rifles, 
pistols, etc., disting. fr. cannon. — pi'ca, n. (Print.) 
Type of a size between long primer and pica. 

This line is in small pica. 

— pox, n. (Med.) Avery contagious, loathsome, and 
fatal eruptive febrile disease, whose pustules very 
generally leave marks or pits upon those who re- 
cover; variola. 

Smalt, smawlt, n. Common glass tinged of a fine 
deep blue by the protoxide of cobalt, ground fine 
and used as a pigment in various arts. [D., fr. It. 
smalto, OHG. smalzjan, smalt, MUG. smelzen, to 
melt; s. rt. E. smelt.] — Smal'to, n. A minute regu- 
lar square of enameled glass, of all colors, used in 
modern Roman mosaic work; a tessera. [It.] 

Smaragdine, sma-rag'din, a. Pert, to, or consisting 
of emerald, or resembling it. [Gr. smaragdos = E. 
emerald, q. v.] 

Smart, smart, n. Quick, pungent, livelv pain ; se- 
vere pain of mind. —v. i. To feel a lively, pungent 
pain, esp. a local pain from some piercing or irrita- 
ting application; to feel pain of mind; to be pun- 
ished, —a. Causing a keen, local pain; severe; poig- 
nant; vigorous; sharp; accomplishing, or able to ac- 
complish, results quickly; active; efficient; marked 
by acuteness or shrewdness ; quick in suggestion 
or reply ; vivacious ; witty ; showy ; dashy; spruce; 
brisk; fresh. [D., pain, smarten, Sw. smarta, to give 



pain 



;sh. [D., pain, smarten, Sw. smarta, to give 
rt. L. mordere, to bite, sting, pain, Skr. 
mrid, for smrid, to rub, crush.] — Smartly, adv. 
In a smart manner; keenly; sharply; actively; wit- 
tily; showily. — Smart'ness, n. — Smart'-mon'ey, n. 
Money paid by a person to buy himself off from 
some unpleasant engagement or painful situation. 

Smash, smash, v. t. [smashed (smasht), smashing.] 
To break in pieces by violence, dash to pieces, 
crush, — n. A breaking to pieces; utter destruction. 
[Sw. dial, smaske, to make a. smash, sma-sk, a slight 
explosion, crack, report, smiska, to slap ; 8. rt. 
smack.] 

Smatter, smafter, v. i. To talk superficially or ig- 
norantly; to have a slight taste, or a slight, superfi- 
cial knowledge. — n. Slight, superficial Knowledge. 
[Sw. smattra, to clatter, crackle, snattra, Dan. snad- 
dre, G. schattern, to chatter, Sw. snack, chat, Dan. 
snak, twaddle, G. schnack, chit-chat; s. rt. smack.] — 
Smafterer, n. One who has only a slight, superfi- 
cial knowledge ; a sciolist. — Smaftering, n. A 
slight, superficial knowledge. 

Smear, smer, v. t. [smeared (smerd), smearing.] To 
overspread with anything unctuous, viscous, or ad- 



sun, cube, full; moon, foot; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SMELL 



544 



SMUT 



hesive: to besmear, daub; to soil, pollute. — n. A 
spot made by an unctuous or adhesive substance, or 
as if by such" a substance; blot; blotch; patch; daub; 
stain. [AS. smerien, fr. smeru, G. schmeer, Lithuan. 
smarms, fat, smala, tar, Gr. mitron, an unguent, 
smuris, emery for polishing, smaein, to smear, rub, 
wipe; s. rt. smirch, smelt, to melt ore.] 

Smell, smel, v. t. [smelled (smeld) or smelt; smell- 
ing.] To perceive by the nose; to have a sensation 
excited of, by means of the nasal organs; to perceive 
as if by the smell, give heed to. — v. i. To affect 
the olfactory nerves; to have an odor or particular 
scent; to have a particular tincture or smack of any 
quality; to exercise the sense of smell. — n. Sense 
by which certain qualities of bodies are perceived 
through the instrumentality of the olfactory nerves; 
quality of anything, or emanation therefrom, which 
affects the olfactory organs; scent; odor; perfume; 
fragrance. [ME. smel, smul; s. rt. D. s/«ei(/«i, LG. 
smelen = E. to smolder, q. v., also smother.] — 
Smell'er, n. One who smells ; the organ of the 
sense of smell; nose. — Smell'ing, n. The sense by 
which odors are perceived; sense of smell. 

Smelt, smelt, n. ' A small, slender, silvery white food- 
fish, caught in large numbers at certain seasons in 
the salt" water at the 
mouths of N. Eng. and 
European rivers. [AS. 
and Dan., a smolt, Nor- 
weg. smelta, a mass, 
lump, also a whiting Smelt. 

(fish); prob. s. rt. AS. smeolt, smooth; s. rt. smell.'] 

Smelt, smelt, v. t. To melt (ore) for the purpose of 
separating the metal from extraneous substances. 
[Dan. smelte, Sw. smalta ; s. rt. smalt, enamel, perh. 
not melt.] — Smelfer, n. — Smelt'ery, -er-i, n. A 
place for smelting ores. 

Smerk. See Smirk. 

Smicker, smik'er. v. i. To look amorously or wan- 
tonly. [Sw. snieka, to caress, smickra, to "flatter.] 

Smilax. smi'laks, n. An evergreen, climbing shrub, 
of many species, found in the warm and temperate 
parts of both hemispheres: the Amer. species fur- 
nish sarsaparilla. A delicate twining vine (3I)/rsiphil- 
lum) grown for its rich green foliage. [L. and Gr.] 

Smile, smll, v. i. [smiled (smild), smiling.] To con- 
tract the features of the face in sucli a manner as to 
express pleasure, moderate joy, or love and kind- 
ness; to express slight contempt by a look implying 
sarcasm or pity; to look gay and joyous; to be pro- 
pitious, favor, countenance, — v. t. To express by a 
smile. — n. Act of smiling; a peculiar contraction 
of the features of the face, which expresses pleas- 
ure, moderate joy, approbation, or kindness; a some- 
what similar expression of countenance, indicative 
of satisfaction combined with malevolent feelings, 
as contempt, scorn, etc.; favor; countenance; pro- 
pitiousness; gay or joyous appearance. [Dan.; Sw. 
smila, MHG. smielen, smieren, Skr. smi, to smile, L. 
mirari, to wonder at, minis, wonderful; s. rt. mir- 
acle, admire, smirk.] — Smilingly, ado. In a smil- 
ing manner; with a smile or look of pleasure. 

Smirch, smerch, v. t. To cloud, soil, besmear, stain, 
smutch. [Same as smear.] 

Smirk, smerk, v. i. [smirked (smerkt), smirking.] 
To look affectedly soft or kind; to smile in an af- 
fected or conceited manner. — n. An affected, con- 
ceited, or silly smile ; a simper. [AS. smercian, 
MHG. smieren; same as smile.] 

Smite, smit, v. t. [imp. smote (smot) ; p. p. smitten 
rarely smit ; smiting.] To throw, drive, or force 
the fist or hand, or stone or weapon, against ; to 
strike ; to s>lay by a blow, kill ; to beat or put to 
rout in battle ; to blast ; to afflict, chasten, punish ; 
to strike or affect with passion, as love or fear.— v. i. 
To strike, collide. [AS. smitan, Sw. smida, to forge, 
Dan. smide. to fling, OHG. smizan, to throw, stroke, 
smear.] — Smit'er, n. — Smiften, -tn,^>. p. of smite. 
Struck; killed; affected with some passion; esp. af- 
fected by the passion of love; enamored. 

Smith, smith, n. One who forges with the hammer ; 
one who works in metals. [AS. smidh, Goth, smitha, 
Ic. smidhr, HG. smit, smidl] — Smith'y, -T, n. The 
shop of a smith. [AS. smidhdhe.] — Smith / 'ery, -er-T, 
n. The workshop of a smith; a smithy; work done 
by a smith. 

Smitt, smit, n. Fine clay or ocher made up into balls, 
used for marking sheep. [HG. schmitz, fr. smitten, 
schmitzen, to besmear.] 

Smock, smok, n. A woman's under garment; a shift; 
chemise; a blouse. [AS. snioc, fr. smeogan, to draw 



-if a'. 7- 1 
-iest.] Ernil 





on, as a garment, stocking, etc., Ic. smokkr, a smock, 
fr. smjuga, to creep through a hole, put the head 
through the hole in a garment.] — Smock'-frock, n. 
A coarse linen frock or shirt worn by farm-laborers. 
Smoke, smok, n. The exhalation, visible vapor, or 
substance that escapes or is expelled from a burning 
substance; that which resembles smoke, as vapor or 
watery exhalations; Jdle talk; use of a pipe or cigar. 

— v.i. [smoked (smokt), smoking.] To emit smoke; 
to burn, be kindled, rage; to raise a dust or smoke 
by rapid motion ; to use tobacco in a pipe, cigar, 
etc.— v. t. To apply smoke to, fumigate; to scent, 
medicate, preserve, or dry by smoke; to burn and 
draw into the mouth and puff out the smoke of, as 
tobacco ; to burn or use in smoking ; to subject to 
the operation of smoke, for the purpose of annoying 
or driving out. [AS. smoca, smoke, smeocan, to smoke, 
reek, perh. s.rt. Gr. smuchein, to burn slowly, Ir.smuid, 
vapor, much, smoke, Lithuan. smaugti, to choke.] — 
Smokier, n. One who dries by smoke ; one who 
uses tobacco by inhf.ling its smoke from a pipe or 
cigar.— Smok'y, n vv 

' ek ; ,^W 

mitting , .,--\ N ;' "' .'-' * 

smoke ; having | SSS • ' " « 

the appearance i |§w*'', \, \\ |f§] 

or nature of \ 

smoke ; filled 

with smoke, or 

with a vapor re- 

s e m b 1 i n g it ; 

subject to be 

filled with 

smoke from the 

chimneys o 

fire-places ; tar 

n i s h e d with 

smoke.— Smok'- 

i 1 y , a d v . — 

Smok'iness, n. 

— Smoke '-jack, 
n. Acontrivance 
for turning a Smoke-jack. 

spit by means of a fly or wheel turned by the cur- 
rent of ascending air in a chimney. 

Smolder, Smoulder, smol'der, v. i. To waste away 
by a slow and suppressed combustion. [ME. smol- 
deren, fr. smolder, smorther, a trifling smoke, LG. 
smoelen, Dj_smeulen, to smolder.] 

Smooth, smooth, a. Having an even surface ; not rough; 
gently flowing; not ruffled or obstructed; flowing or 
uttered without stops, obstruction, or hesitation ; 
bland; mild; soothing; level; flat; polished; glossy; 
voluble; flattering; deceptive. — v. t. [smoothed 
(smoothd), smoothing.] To make smooth, make 
even on the surface by any means, to make easy ; 
make flowing. [AS. smedfie, smooth (adj.), OD. 
smedigh, soft, D. smijdig, malleable ; s. rt. LG. smid, 
Dan. smed = E. smith.]— Smootb/ly, adv.— Smooth '• 
ness, n. 

Smote. See Smite. 

Smother, smuth'er, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -eking.] To 
destroy the life of by suffocation ; to affect as by 
suffocation, stifle; to repress the action of, cover fr. 
the view of the public, suppress. — v. i. To be suf- 
focated or stifled ; to be suppressed or concealed; to 
burn slowly, without sufficient air and smoke ; to 
smolder. [AS. smorian, D. smooren, to suffocate, 
stifle, OD. smoor, vapor, fume; s. rt. smolder, smell] 

Smoulder. See Smolder. 

Smudge. See under Smut. 

Smug, smug, a. Studiously neat or nice; spruce; af- 
fectedly nice. [Dan. smith, OS w. smuck, elegant, fine, 
fair, Sw. snv/cka, to adorn, ~LG.smuk, neat, trim.] 

Smuggle, smu'g'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.J To 
import or export secretly, contrary to the law, or 
without paying the duties imposed by law ; to con- 
vey, or introduce, clandestinely. [Dan. smuggle, to 
smuggle, i smug, secretly, smughandel, contraband 
trade; s. rt. Ic. smuga, a hole to creep through, Sw. 
smuga, a lurking-hole, smyga, to sneak, smuggle ; 
s. rt. smock.] — Smug'gler, n. One who imports and 
exports goods privately and contrary to law ; a ves- 
sel employed in smuggling. 

Smut, smut, n. Foul matter, like soot or coal-dust, 
or the spot or soil which this makes. (Bot.) A par- 
asitic fungus, which forms on grain, blasting it. 
Obscene or filthy language ; ribaldry; obscenity.— 
v. t. To stain or mark with smut; to taint witli mil- 
dew, as grain; to blacken, tarnish. — v. i. To gather 
or be converted into smut ; to give off smut ; to 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tgrm ; Tn, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



SNACK 



545 



SNIP 




crock. [Sw. smuts, Dan. smuds, filth, smudse, to 
dirty, sully.] — Smut'ty, -tT, a. [-tier ; -tiest.] 
Soiled with smut, coal, soot, etc. ; tainted with mil- 
dew; obscene. — Smut'tily, adv. — Smut/ tineas, n. 

— Smutch, smuch, v. t. (smutched (smucht), 
smutching.] To blacken with smoke, soot, or coal. 

— n. Stain ; dirty spot. — Smudge, stnuj, v. i. To 
smut, smutch. — n. A stain, blot, smear ; a suffoca- 
ting smoke, esp. to drive off mosquitoes, etc. 

Snack, snak, n. A share ; an equal part or portion ; 
a slight repast; lunch. [See Snatch.] 

Snaffle, snai'fl, n. A bridle-bit having one or more 
joints in the mouth-piece, and at the ends rings 
for reins, without branches; a snaffle-bit. — v. t. 
[snaffled (-fid), -fling.] To bridle ; to hold or 
manage with a bridle. [D. snavel, a horse's muzzle, 
dim. of OD. snabbe, the bill or neb of a bird, lit. a 
snapper, fr. siiappen = E. to snap.} — Snaffle-bit, 
n. A snaffle. 

Snag, snag, n. A short, sharp, or rough branch ; a 
sharp, irregular, broken, or partly decayed tooth; a 
trunk or large branch of a tree fixed to the bottom 
of a river at one end, and rising nearly or quite to 
the surface at the other end, by which vessels are 
often pierced and sunk. — v. t. [snagged (snagd), 
-ging/1 To injure or destroy by or upon a snag. 
[ProvE., to trim, cut off small branches from a tree, 
fr. Ga. snagair, to carve, whittle away, snaigh, to 
hew, cut down, trim.] — Snag'ged, Snag'gy, -gT, a. 
Full of snags; full of short, rough branches or sharp 
points;_abounding with knots. 

Snail, snal, n. (Zo'ol.) A slimy, gasteropodous, air- 
breathing mollusk, of 
several species, which 
moves very slowly by 
creeping: its eyes are 
in the ends of a pair 
of horns which can be 
wholly retracted at 
pleasure: species with 
shells are usually 
called snails, those 
without, slugs. A 
drone; sluggard; lazy, 
s 1 o w-moving person . 
[AS sniegl, a snail, lit. snail, 

creeping thing, fr. snaca = E. snake, q. v.] — Snail r - 
like. adv. In the manner of a snail; slowly. 

Snake, snak, n. A serpent, _esp. one of the smaller 
species.— v. t. [snaked (snakt), snaking.] To drag 
or draw, as a snake from a hole. (Naiit.) To wind 
round spirally, as a large rope with a smaller one, or 
with cord. [AS. snaca, Skr. naga, a, serpent; s. rt. 
sneak.]— Snake'root, rc. One of several plants of dif- 
ferent genera and species, reputed to be remedies 
for the bites of serpents. — Snak'y, -T, a. Port, to, 
or resembling a snake; serpentine; winding; sly; 
cunning; insinuating; deceitful; covered with ser- 
pents; having serpents. 

Snap, snap, v. t. [snapped (snapt), -ping.] To break 
short, as substances that are brittle; to strike with a 
sharp sound, esp. with the end of a finger jerked 
from the thumb; to bite or seize suddenly, esp. with 
the teeth ; to crack, as, to snap a whip. — v. i. To 
break short; to part asunder suddenly; to make an 
effort to bite; to make a sharp cracking sound; to 
utter sharp, harsh, angry words. — n. A sudden 
breaking of any substance; a sudden seizing, or ef- 
fort to seize, with the teeth; a crack of a whiD, or a 
similar sound; a sudden, sharp blow, esp. with the 
finger sprung from the thumb; a sudden and severe 
interval, as of cold weather; a small catch or fasten- 
ing, as of a bracelet ; a crisp kind of gingerbread, 
nut, or cake. [D. snappen; s. rt. snatch, perh. snifr, 
snuff.'] —To snap one up. To treat with sharp words; 
to interrupt suddenly or snappishly. — Snap^per, n. 
One who, or that which, etc. : the end of a whip- 
lash; a kind of fish ; a snapping-turtle. — Snap'pish, 
a. Eager to bite ; apt to snap"; sharp in reply ; apt 
to speak angrily or tartly. — Snap'pishly, adv. — 
Snap'pishness, n. — Snap'-dragon, n. (Bot.) A 
plant, the showy corollas of some species of which 
resemble the head of an animal or a mask. A play 
m which raisins or sweetmeats are snatched from 
burning brandy, and put into the mouth. — Snap'- 
ping-tur'tle, n. An Amer. fresh-water tortoise 
which snaps at everything approaching it. 
Snare, snar, n. A contrivance \>y which a bird or 
other creature may be entangled ; a trap : catch ; 
wile ; anything by which one is entangled and 
brought into trouble ; the gut or string stretched 



Snarling-iron. 




across the lower head of a drum. —v. t. [snared 
(snard), SNABING.] To catch with a snare, entangle, 
bring into unexpected evil, perplexitv, or danger. 
[Dan.; AS. snear, Ic. and Sw. mora, OHG. snarahna, 
a string, noose, MHG. snerken, to bind tightly, Ic. 
mara, to turn quickly, twist, wring; s. rt. Gr. narke, 
cramp, numbness, whence E. narcissus, narcotic, 
etc., q. v., Lithium, nerti, to thread a needle. L. »<)/•- 
viis = E. nerve, Skr. snasa, a sinew.] — Snarl, snarl, 
v. t. To entangle, complicate, embarrass, insnare; 
to form raised work upon the surface of (thin met- 
allic ware) by the repercussion of an elastic tool 
upon the inner suri..ee. — n. A knot or complica- 
tion of hair, tn-rrid, etc., difficult to disentangle ; 
embarrassing u:.ticulty j a quarrel; contention.— 
Snarl'ing-iron, -i'ern, n. A tool. 
one end of which is fixed in a 
vise, and the other end or beak 
gives blows within a piece of 
metallic ware that produce raised 
work when the shank is struck 
with a hammer. 

Snarl, snarl, v. i. [snarled (sniirld), snarling.] To 
growl, as an angry or surly dog; to gnarl; to speak 
roughly. [OD. sinarren; s. rt. sneer, snore, snort, 
gnarl.] — SnarKer, n. 

Snarl, v. t. and n. See under Snare. 

Snatch, snach, v. t. [snatched (snacht). snatch- 
ing. J To seize hastily, abruptly, or without permis- 
sion or ceremony; to seize and transport away; to 
twitch, pluck, pull, catch, grasp, gripe. — n. A hasty 
catch or seizing; a catching at or attempt to seize 
suddenly; a short period of vigorous action; a small 
piece, fragment, or quantity. [Scot, snak, a dog's 
snatch or snap of the jaws, "D. snakken, to gasp, de- 
sire, LG. snakken, to chatter, — i. e. move the jaws; 
s. rt. snap.] — Snatch'er, n. — Snatch-' 
block, n. {Nant.) A kind of block 
used in ships, having an opening in 
one side to receive the bight of a rope. 

Snath, snath, n. The handle of a scythe. 
[AS. snsed.} 

Sneak, snek, v. i. [sneaked (snekt), 
sneaking.] To creep or steal away 
privately ; to behave with meanness 
and servility. — n. A mean, sneaking Snatcn-Moek. 
fellow. [AS. snican, to creep, Ir. and Ga. snaigh, to 
crawl, sneak; s. rt. snake, snail.} — Sneak'ing, p. a. 
Marked by cowardly concealment : mean : servile; 
crouching; covetous; niggardlv.— Sneak 'ingly. adv. 

Sneer, sner, v. i. [sneered (snerd), sneering.] To 
show contempt by turning up the nose, or by a par- 
ticular cast of countenance ; to insinuate contempt 
by a covert expression ; to scoff, jeer, jibe. — n. A 
look of contempt, disdain, derision, or ridicule; an 
expression of ludicrous scorn. [Dan. snaerre, to srin 
like a dog ; s. rt. snarl.} — Sneer'er, re. — Sneer'ing- 
ly, adv. _ 

Sneeze, snez, v. i. [sneezed (snezd), sneezing.] To 
emit air, chiefly through the nose, audibly and vio- 
lently, by a kind of involuntary convulsive force, 
occasione'd by irritation of the inner membrane of 
the nose. — n. A sudden violent ejection of air, 
chiefly through the nose. [AS. fneosan, D. fniezen, 
to sneeze, AS. fnsest, a puff, blast, Sw. f'nysa, to 
snort, Dan. snuse, to sniff; s. rt. snout.] 

Snicker, snik'er, Snig'ger, v. i. To laugh slyly; to 
laugh with small, audible catches of voice, as when 

Eersons attempt to suppress loud laughter. — n. A 
all-suppressed broken laugh. [ProvG. schnickem, 
fr. schnicken, to move quickly.] 

Sniff, snif, v. i. To draw air audibly up the nose; to 
snuff. — v. t. To draw in with the breath through 
the nose; to perceive as bv sniffing; to scent, smell, 
snuff.— n. Perception bv sniffing; that which is 
taken by sniffing. [Ic. snefja, Dan. snive, to sniff, 
snuff, Sw. sm/fta, to sob; s. rt. snuff.] — Snift, v. i. 
To sniff. — Sniv'el, -1, n. Mucus running from the 
nose; snot. — v. i. [sniveled (-Id), -eling.] To run 
at the nose: to cry or whine, as children. [Freq. of 
sniff.] — Sniv'eler, n. One who cries with sniveling; 
one who weeps for slight causes. 

Snigger. Same as Snicker. 

Snip, snip, v. t. [snipped (snipt). -ping.] To cut off, 
clip suddenly, or to cut off at once with shears or 
scissors; to nip. — n. A single cut. as with shears or 
scissors; a clip: a small shred; a bit cut off. [D. snip- 
pen, G. schnippen, to snip, fr. D. snappen, G. schnap- 
pen = E. to snap.] — Snip '-snap, n. A lively, tart di- 
Ouick; brisk; short. — Snip'pet. n. A 
shr 



ill piece or shred. — Snip'pcty, - 



iculously 



sun, cube, full s moon, fdbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SNIPE 



546 



SOAH 



Snip'per-snap'per, n. A small, 




email; insignificant- 
insignificant fellow. 
Snipe, snip, n. A game bird of several species which 
frequents marshes and 
moist places, and has a 
long, straight, slender bill. 
[Ic. snipa, Dan. and OD. 
sneppe, a snipe, lit. a snap- 

Eer, snipper, OD. snabbe, a 
ird's bill; s. rt. swap.] 

Snivel, etc. See under Sniff. 

Snob, snob, n. An affected 
and pretentious person ; 
esp., a vulgar person, who 
apes gentility, or affects 
the intimacy of distin- 
guished persons ; a n u p- 
start; parvenu. [Ic. snapr, snipe, 

a dolt, idiot, charlatan, boaster, Sw. dial, snopp, a 
boy, anything stumpy, snoppa, to cut off, make 
stumpy; s. rt. snub.] — Snob'bish, a. Belonging to, 
or resembling, a snob.— Snob'bishness, -bery, -ber-Y, 
-ism, n. The quality of being snobbish; the charac- 
ter or habits of a snob. 

Snooze, snooz, n. A short sleep; nap; slumber. — v. i. 
To sleep, doze, drowse. [Bavar. pfnausen, to snore, 
Lithuan. snusu, to doze.] 

Snore, sn5r, v. i. [snored (snord), snoring.] To 
breathe with a rough, hoarse, nasal noise in sleep. — 
n. A breathing with a harsh nasal noise in sleep. 
[AS. snora, a snoring, OD. snorren, to grumble, mut- 
ter, snarren, to brawl, snarl, G. schnarren, to rattle, 
schnarchen, to snore, snort ; s. rt. snarl, sneer.] — 
Snort, sn6rt, v. i. To force the air with violence 
through the nose, so as to make a noise, as high-spir- 
ited horses; to laugh out loudly or contemptuously. 

— n. The act or noise of, etc. [Dan. snorke, G. 
schnarchen.] 

Snot, snot, n. Mucus secreted in, or discharged from, 
the nose. [ME., OFries., and LG. svotte, D. and Dan. 
snot : see Snout, following.] — Snot'ty, o. Foul with 
snot; mean; dirty. — Snout, snowt, n. The long, pro- 
jecting nose of a beast, as of swine; nose of a man, 

— in contempt ; nozzle or end of a hollow pipe.— 
v. t. To furnish with a nozzle or point. [ME. and 
LG. snute, Sw. snut, Dan. snude, a snout, muzzle, 
Ic. snyta, G. schneuzen, to blow the nose; s. rt. snipe, 
snuff, sniff.] 

Snow, sno, n. Watery particles congealed into white 
or trans- 
parent 
crystals, or 
flakes, in 
the air, and 
falling t o 
the earth. 

— v. i. 
[s n o_w e D 
( sno d ), 
snowing.] 
To fall in 
snow, — 
chiefly 
used im- 
personally. 

— v. t. To 

scatter like snow. [AS. snav), Sw. sno, Lithuan. 
snegas, L. nix, nivis, Gr. nips, niphos. It. and Ga. 
sneachd, W. nyf, snow, Skr. sneha, moisture; perh. 
s. rt. Skr. nij, Gr. nizetn, to cleanse, E. niveous.] — 
Snow'y, -T, a. White like snow, abounding with 
snow; pure; unblemished. — Snow'-ball, n. Around 
mass of snow, pressed or rolled together. — v. t. 
[-balled (-bald), -balling.] To pelt with snow- 
balls. bird, n. A bird which appears in the time 

of snow, — the popular name of various birds. — 
-blind, a. Affected with snow-blindness. — -blind / - 
ness. n. Blindness, or dimness of sight, caused by 
the light reflected from snow. — -drift, n. A bank 
of snow driven together by the wind. — -drop, n. ' A 
bulbous plant bearing white flowers, which often 
appear while the snow is on the ground. — shoe, n. 
A light shoe, or rack- 
et, for traveling on 
snow, to prevent the 
feet from sinking 
into it. — -white, a. 
White as snow ; very 
white. 

Snub, snub, 7?. A 
check or rebuke.— 




Snow Crystals. 




v.t. [snubbed (snubd), -bing.] To clip or break off 
the end of ; to check, stop, or rebuke, with a tart, 
sarcastic reply or remark; to slight designedly. [Ic. 
and Sw. snubba, to snub, check, chide, orig. to snip 
oil' the end of a thing, Ic. sneypa, a disgrace, also to 
castrate, outrage, dishonor, chide, snub; s. rt. snob 
snap, snuff\] — Snub'-nose, n. A short or flat nose. 

Snuff, snuf, n. The part of a candle-wick charred by 
the flame, whether burning or not. — v. t. [snuffed 
(snuft), snuffing.] To snip off (the top of a can- 
dle-wick). [Sw. dial, snoppa. to snip off, snuff a 
candle, Dan. snubbe, to nip off = E. snub.] — Snuff- 
ers, n. pi. An implement for snuffing candles. 

Snuff, snuf, n. Pulverized tobacco or other substance, 
snuffed up or prepared to be snuffed up into the 
nose. — v. t. [snuffed (snuft), snuffing.] To 
draw in with the breath; to inhale; to perceive by 
the nose, scent, smell. — v. i. To inhale air with vi- 
olence or with noise; to turn up the nose and inhale 
air, as an expression of contempt; to take offense. 
[Same as sniff; OD. snuffm, to blow filth out of the 
nose, D. snuf, scent, smelling, snnffelen, to smell out, 
Sw. snufva, a cold, catarrh, Sw. dial, snvffia, to snuffle; 
perh. s. rt. snap.] — Up to *nuff'. Not likely to be im- 
posed upon; knowing; acute. — Snuffy, -t, a. Soiled 
with snuff. — Snuff -box, n. A box for carrying 
snuff about the person. — Snuffle, -fl, v. i. [-fled 
(-fid), -fling.] To speak through the nose ; to 
breathe hard through the nose, esp. when it is ob- 
structed; to sniffle. — n. A sound made by the pas^ 
sage of air through the nostrils; an affected nasal 
twang; cant. — Snuf fler, n. — Snuffles, -flz, n. pi 
Obstruction of the nose by mucus. 

Snug, snug, v. i. To lie close, snuggle. — a. Closely 
pressed; concealed; compact, convenient, and com- 
fortable. [Ic. snoggr, smooth, Sw. snygg, Dan. snog,- 
neat, tidy, clean.] — Snug'ly, adv.— Snug'ness, n.— 
Snug'gle, -gl, v . i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.J To move* 
one way and the other to get a close place; to lie 
close for convenience or warmth. 

So, so, adv. In that manner or degree; as indicated,, 
implied, or supposed to be known; in like manner 
or degree, thus, with equal reason, — used correla- 
tively, following as; in such manner, to such de- 
gree, — used correlatively with as or that coming 
after; very; in a high degree; in such a degree as 
cannot well be expressed; in the same manner, in 
this or that condition, under these circumstances,, 
in this way, — with reflex reference to something 
just asserted or implied, used also with the verb to 
be, as a predicate; therefore; on this account; foi 
this reason; it is well, let it be, be it so,— used to ex 
press assent; well, the fact being so,— used as an ex 
pletive. — conj. Provided that; on condition thati 
in case that. [AS. and Goth, swa, Ic. sva, so, G. so- 
so, Goth, swa-swe, just as; s. rt. Skr. sva, one's own 
self, L. suus, one's own.] — So far forth. To such 
a degree; as far. - So forth. Further in the same oi 
a similar manner. — So that. To the end that; iv 
order that. — So-and-so. A certain person, nol 
named.— So, so. Well, well. — So'-so. Passable; 
tolerable; indifferent. — Soev'er. A word composed 
of so and ever, used generally in composition with 
who, what, ivhere, when, how, etc., to extend or em- 
phasize their sense,— sometimes used separate from 
the pronoun. 

Soak, sok, v. t. [soaked (sokt), soaking.] To cause 
or suffer to lie in a fluid till the substance has im- 
bibed what it can contain; to steep; to drench, wet 
thoroughly; to penetrate by wetting thoroughly. — 
v. i. To lie steeped in water or other fluid; to enter 
into pores or interstices. [Same as suck; AS. sucan^ 
to suck, soak, soc, gesoc , a sucking.] — Soak'er, n. 
One who soaks in a liquid; a hard drinker. 

Soap, sop, n. A compound of vegetable or animal oil 
or grease with an alkali, esp. with soda or potash: 
used in washing, cleansing, medicine, etc. — v. t. 
[soaped (sopt), soaping.] To rub or wash over 
with soap. [AS. sape, Ic. and Sw. sapa, OHG. 
seipha, soap; prob. s. rt. L. sebum, tallow; perh.I>. 
sapo, F. savon, Sp. xabon, etc., soap, are fr. the G.| 
— Soap'y, -T, a. Resembling soap; having the qual' 
ities of soap; smeared with soap. — Soap'-boil'er, n, 
One whose occupation is to make soap. — bub'ble, n, 
A hollow iridescent globe, formed by blowing a 

film of soap-suds from a pipe. stone, n. A soft 

magnesian mineral; steatite, — so called fr. its soapy 
or greasy feel. — wort, n. A plant,— so called fr. its 
bruised leaves producing a lather, like soap, when 
agitated in water. 

Soar, sor, v. i. [soared (sord), soaring.] To fly 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone. 6r ; 



SOB 



547 



SOIL 



aloft, as a bird; to mount upward on wings; to rise 
or tower in thought or imagination, — n. A tower- 
ing flight. [F. essorer, It. sorare, to soar, LL. exau- 
rare, to expose to the air, fir. L. ex, out, and L. and 
Gr. aura, a breeze = E. air, wind.] 

Sob, sob, v. i. [sobbed (sobd), -bixg.] To sigh with 
a sudden heaving of the breast, or a kind of convul- 
sive motion. — n. A convulsive sigh or catching of 
the breath in sorrow; any sorrowful cry or sound. 
[AS. siofian, to lament, OHG. sufton, to sigh, suft, a 
sigh, sob. fr. sufan, to sip = E. sup.] 

Sober, so'bgr, a. Habitually temperate in the use of 
spirituous liquors; not intoxicated; exercising cool, 
dispassionate reason; self-controlled; not proceeding 
from, or attended with, passion; serious in demean- 
or, habit, or appearance; grave; abstinent; moder- 
ate; steady; calm; dispassionate; sedate; serious; 
solemn; somber.— v. t. [sobered (-herd), -BERIXG.] 
To make sober, cure of intoxication. — v. i. To be- 
come sober. [ME. and F. sabre, L. soirrius, fr. so-, 
apart from, without, and ebrius, drunken: see Ebei- 
ety.] — Somberly, adv. In a sober manner; temper- 
ately. — So '"berness, n. — So'ber-mind'ed, a. Hav- 
ing a disposition or temper habitually sober, calm, 
and temperate. — Sobri'ety, -e-tl, n. Habitual so- 
berness or temperance as to the use of spirituous 
liquors; habitual freedom from enthusiasm, inordi- 
nate passion, or over-heated imagination; gravity 
without sadness or melancholy. [F. sobrietiT] 

Sobriquet. so'bre-ka', n. An assumed name; nick- 
name. [F.; perh. fr. sot, a fool (see Sot), and bri- 
r'.t, It. brichetto, dim. of bricco, an ass; but perh. 
soubriquet, OF. soubzbriquet, a chuck under the 
chin, hence an affront, nickname, fr. OF. soubz (= 
F- sous, L. sub), under, & briquet = E. b)-isket, q. v.] 

Soc, sok, n. (Eng. Law.) The power or privilege of 
holding a court in a district; liberty or privilege of 
tenants excused from customary burdens. [AS. soc, 
exercise of judicial power, sacu, contention, a law 
suit, fr. sacan, to contend; s. rt. sake and seek, q. v.] 
— Soc'age. -ej, n. A tenure of lands and tenements 
by a certain or determinate service, as to hold by 
fealty and twentv shillings rent. 

Sociable, so'sha-bl, a. Inclined to, or adapted for, 
society; disposed to company ; ready to converse; 
inclined to talk with others; affording opportunities 
for conversation; companionable; friendly; famil- 
iar; communicative; accessible.— n. An informal 
gathering of people for social purposes. [F. : L. 
sociabilis, fr. sociare, to associate, fr. socius, a com- 
panion ; s. rt. 'L.sequi, to follow: see Sequel.] — 
So'ciableness, -ciabil'ity, -T-tT, n. Quality of being 
sociable: inclination to company and converse.— 
So'ciably, adv. — So'cial, -shal, a. Pert, to society; 
relating to men living in society; ready or disposed 
to mix in friendly converse; consisting ki union or 
mutual converse; familiar; convivial; festive. (Bot.) 
Naturally growing in groups or masses. (Zobl.) Liv- 
ing in communities; gregarious. [L. socialis.] — So- 
cial Science. Science of all that relates to man's so- 
cial existence and well-being, including questions 
of public health, education, labor, crime, etc. — So- 
cially, -shal-ll, adv. — SocioKogy, -shT-oKo-jT, n. 
That branch of philosophy which treats of human 
society ; social science.— Socialism, -izm, n. A the- 
ory of society which advocates the substitution of 
cooperative action and common ownership for indi- 
vidual action and ownership; communism. — So'- 
cialiat, n. One who advocates socialism. — a. So- 
cialistic— Socialis'tic, a. Relating to, of the nature 
of, or like, socialism. — Sociality, -shY-al'T-tT, n. 
Quality of being social: sociableness.— So'cialize, v. 
t. [-ized (-tzd), -izixg.] To render social; to subject 
to, or regulate by, the principles of socialism. — So- 
ci'ety, -si'e-tT, n. A number of persons associated 
for any temporary or permanent objects; a partner- 
ship; the persons, collectivelv considered, who live 
in any region or at any period; the more cultivated 
portion of any community in its social relations and 
influences : companionship ; fellowship ; company. 
[F. society, L. societas.] 

Socinian, so-sin'i-an, a. Pert, to Socinus or his re- 
ligious creed. — n. One of the followers of Socinus; 
a Unitarian. — Socin'ianism, -izm, n. The tenets of 
Faustus and Laelius Socinus, Italian theologians of 
the 16th century, who denied the Trinity, the deity 
of Christ, the personality of the devil, the native 
and total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement, 
and the eternity of future punishment. 

Sock, sok, n, A covering for the foot: esp., the shoe 
worn by an ancient actor of comedy: comedy, in 



distinction from tragedy; a knit or woven covering 
for the foot, with a short leg; a short-legged st< ek- 
ing. [AS. socc, fr. L. soccun, a kind of low-heele<L 
light shoe; perh. s. rt. Gr. sattein, t<> equip, furnish.'j 
— Sock'et, n. An opening into which anything ia 
fitted; a hollow thing or place whicn holds some- 
thing else; esp., the hollow tube or place in which a 
candle is fixed in the candlestick. [Dim. of sock; 
ME. and OF. soket.) — So'cle, so'kl or sok'l, n. 
{Arch.) A plain block or plinth, forming a low ped- 
estal to a statue, column, etc.; a plain face or plinth 
at the lower part of a wall. [L. socculus, dim. of 
soccus.] 

Socratic, so-krat'ik, -ical, a. Pert, to Socrates, the 
Grecian sage, or to his manner of teaching and 
philosophizing, i. e. by series of questions leading 
to the desired result. — Socrat'ically, adv. In the 
Socratic method. 

Sod, sod, n. Earth filled with the roots of grass; turf; 
sward. — v. t. To cover with sod; to turf. [D. zode, 
sod, turf; in OD. also a seething, boiling, OD. tood, 
a well: see Seethe.] 

Soda, so'da, n. A caustic alkali; the protoxide of the 
metal sodium. [It., prop. fem. of sodo, tough, hard, 
stiff, contr.fr. solido, C soWdus = E. solid.] — Car- 
bonate of soda. The " soda " of commerce: it con- 
sists of carbonic acid and soda, and is chiefly ob-, 
tained by treating common salt first with sulphuric 
acid and then with chalk.— So'da-wa'ter, n. Water 
highly charged with carbonic acid, used as an effer- 
vescing drink. — So'dium, -dl-um, n. A yellowish- 
white metallic element, soft like wax, and lighter 
than water; the metallic base of soda. [NL.] 

Sodality, so-dal'T-tl, n. A fellowship or fraternity. 
[L. sodalitas, fr. sodalis, a comrade, companion.J 

Sodden. See Seethe. 

Sodomite, sod'om-it, n. An inhabitant of Sodom-, 
one guilty of sodomy. — Sod'omy, -om-T, n. Carnal 
copulation in an unnatural manner; copulation of a 
male with a male. 

Soever. See under So. 

Sofa, so'fa, n. ;pL -fas, -faz. A long ornamental seat, 
usually with a stuffed bottom. [Ar. suffat, svffah.] 

Soil, so'fT, n. ; pi. -fis, -fiz. One of a certain religious 
order in Persia; a dervish. [Per. sufi, or soft, prob. 
fir. Gr. sophos, wise.] — So'fism, -fizm, n. Doctrine 
or principles of the Sofis. 

Soffit, soffit, n. (Arch.) A ceiling; esp., the under 
side of the subordinate parts 
and members of buildings, such 
as staircases, archwavs, cornices, 
etc. [It. soffitta, soffitto, fr. L. 
suffixus, p. p. of svjjigere, to __ 
fasten beneath or below, fr. sub, ° ° °J| 

under, and figere, Jixum, to fix, O o &j 

fasten.] « 

Soft, soft, a. Easily yielding to Soffits, 

pressure; easily impressed or cut: not rough, rug- 
ged, or harsh to the touch; agreeable to perceive or 
feel; not harsh or offensive to the sight; pleasing to 
the eye; not harsh or rough in sound; gentle and 
pleasing to the ear; easily yielding; susceptible to 
influence ; effeminate ; not courageous or manly; 
gentle in action or motion; readily forming a lather 
with soap ; not hard ; easy ; quiet ; undisturbed. 
(Pron.) Not pronounced with an abrupt or explo- 
sive utterance, — said of certain consonants. — adv. 
Softly ; gently ; quietly. — inter j. Be soft ; hold; 
stop; not so fast. [AS. softe, sefte, OHG. samftoj 
perh. s. rt. Ic. se/a, OIc. sve/a, to soothe, soften, E. 
soporific.] — Soft'en, sof'n, v. t. [-exed (-nd), -en- 
ix G.] To make soft or more soft. — v. i. To become 
soft or more sof t. — Soft'ener, «.— Soft'-heart'ed, 
a. Having softness or tenderness of heart; gentle; 
meek. — Soft'ly, adv.— Soffness, n. Quality of 
being soft; impressibility, smoothness, fineness, del- 
icacy, etc., — said of material objects ; acceptable- 
ness to the senses, feeling, sight, hearing, etc., aris- 
ing from delicacy or from the absence of harshness, 
hardness, etc.; mildness; gentleness, — said of man- 
ners, language, temper, etc.; effeminacy; weakness; 
simplicity; susceptibility; tenderness; timorousness; 
pusillanimity. 

Soggy, sog'gT, a. [-gier; -giest.] Filled with water; 
soft with moisture; wet. [Ic. soggr, damp.] 

Soho, so-ho', interj. Ho! —a word used m calling, 
from a distant place; a sportsman's halloo. 

Soidisant, sw5-de-zawx', a. Calling himself ; self- 
styled; pretended; would-be. [F.] 

Soil", soil, v. t. [soiled (soild), soilixg.] To make 
dirty on the surface; to cover or tinge with any- 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fo~ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbON, chair, get. 



SOIL 



548 



SOLEMN 



thing extraneous ; to cover with soil or dung ; to 
manure; to foul, begrime, bespatter, besmear, daub, 
stain, tarnish, sully, defile, pollute. — n. Any foul 
matter upon another substance; dirt; foulness; spot; 
stain; tarnish. [OF. sbillier, Olt. sogliare, to sully, 
defile, OF. soil, a hog's wallowing place, Proven. 
sulhar, to soil, solh, mire, sulha, L. sucula, a young 
sow, dim. of sus, a sow; not s. rt. AS. solu, mire, 
ME. ?ulen = E. sully.'] 

Soil, soil, v. t. To feed (cattle or horses) in the barn 
or an inclosure, with fresh grass or green food cut 
for them; to purge by feeding upon green food. 
[OF. saoler, fr. saol, L. satullus, filled with food, fr. 
satur, full : see Satiate.] 

Soil, soil, n. The upper stratum of the earth; mold; 
land ; country ; dung ; compost ; manure. [OF. 
soel, suel, the threshold of a door, L. solea, sole of 
the loot, sandal, timber on which walls are built, in 
LateL. soil, ground, fr. confusion with L. solum, 
ground; s. rt. sole, exile.] 

Soiree, sw5-ra', n. An evening party. [F., fr. soir, 
evening, fr. L. serus, late.] 

Sojourn, so'jern, v.i. [-journed (-jernd),-JOURNiNG.] 
To dwell for a time; to live in a place as a tempo- 
rary resident, or as a stranger. — n. A temporary 
residence, as that of a traveler in a foreign land. 
[OF. sojourner, fr. L. sub, under, and diunare, to 
stay, fr. diurnus, daily; s. rt. diurnal, journal.] — 
Sojourner, n. —Sojournment, n. Temporary res- 
idence. 

Sol, sol, n. The sun. {Her.) The color of gold in 
the coats of sovereign princes. [L.; Ic. sal, Ir. sul, 
Skr. sura, scar, the sun, sur, to shine; s. rt. Gr. sei- 
rios, the dog-star, seiros, hot, scorching, E. sultry, 
serene, q. v.] — Solar, a. Pert, to, proceeding from, 
or produced by means of, the sun; measured by the 
progress or revolution of the sun. [L. Solaris.] — 
Sor stice, -stis, n. {Astron.) The point in the eclip- 



1NAU 
EQUINOX 
SEP.-fV.23,. 



^WINTER 
«g!^4.S0LS,TIC.E 
^DEC. 23, 




Solstice. 
A and B, equal day and night; E, long 



tic at which the sun is furthest from the equator, 
north or south, namely, the 1st point of Cancer and 
the 1st point of Capricorn, the former being called 
the summer solstice, the latter the winter solstice : 
the time of the sun's entering the solstices or sol- 
stitial points, — about June 21 and Dec. 21. [F.; L. 
snlstitium, fr. sol and sistere, to cause to stand.] — Sol- 
stitial, -stish'al, a. Of, or pert, to, a solstice ; happen- 
ing at a solstice ; esp. (with reference to the northern 
hemisphere), happening at the summer solstice. 

Sol, sol, n. (Mus.) A syllable applied in solmization 
to the 5th tone of the diatonic scale; the tone itself. 
— Sol-fa', -fa/, v. i. [-faed (-fad'), -faing, -facing.] 
To pronounce the notes of the gamut, ascending or 
descending. [It. & Sp. solfa, the gamut, from the 
syllables Ja, sol.] — Solfeg'gio, sol-fed'io, n. {Mus.) 
The system of arranging the scale by the names do, 
re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by which singing is taught, in- 
stead of by the letters A, B, C, etc. [It., f r. solfa.] — 
SoFmiza'tion, -me-za'shun, n. The act of sol-faing. 
[F., fr. solmiser, fr. the notes sol and mi.] 

Solace, sol'es, v. t. [-aced (-est), -acixg.] To cheer 
in grief, or under calamity; to relieve in affliction, 




solitude, or discomfort; to assuage, alleviate, allay, 
console, soothe, comfort. — n. Comfort in grief; al- 
leviation of grief or anxiety; that which relieves in 
distress; relief; that which cheers, comforts, or con- 
soles. [ME. solas, OF. solaz, L. solatium, fr. solari, 
-latus, to console; s. rt. L. salvare, servare, to pre- 
serve, E. serve, console.] — Sol'acement, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc. 

Solan goose, so'lan-goos. The gannet, a fish-eating, 
web-footed sea-fowl, found in great numbers upon 
almost inaccessible islands on coasts of Gr. Britain, 
Labrador, etc. [Scot, soland, Ic. and Norweg. sula.] 

Solar. See under Sol, the sun. 

Sold. See Sell. 

Solder, saw'der or sol'der, v. t. [-eeed (-erd), -er- 
ing.] To unite the surfaces of (metals) by the inter- 
vention of a more fusible metal or metallic cement. 

— n. A metal or metallic composition for uniting 
the surface of metals; a metallic cement. [OF. sou- 
dure, solder, souder, to solder, consolidate, fasten to- 
gether, L. solidare, to make solid, fr. solidus — E. sol- 
id, q. v.; s. rt. soldier.] 

Soldier, sol'jer, n. One who is engaged in military 
service, as an officer or private; esp., a private in 
military service as disting. fr. an officer; a brave war- 
rior. [OF.; LL. soldarius; OF. soulde,LL. soldum, 
pay, soldare, to pay, fr. solidus, a piece of money, in 
L. solid, q. v.; s. rt. F. sou, a coin.] — Soi'dierly, -jer- 
1T, a. Like or becoming a soldier; brave; martiaJ; 
heroic; honorable. — Sol'diery, -jer-1, n. A body of 
soldiers collectively considered; the military. 

Sole, sol, n. The bottom of the foot or of a shoe or 
boot, or the piece of leather which constitutes the 
bottom; the bottom or lower part of anything, or 
that on which anything rests in standing. — v. t. 
[soled (sold), soling.] To furnish with a sole. 
[AS.; L. solea; s. rt. soil, ground.] 

Sole, sol, n. An oblong, rough-scaled marine flat-fish 
of moderate size, much 
used for food in Great 
Britain. [F. ; L. solea, 
fr. its flatness, like the sole \ 
of the foot.] 

Sole, sol, a. Being or acting 
without another ; single ; 
only; alone; solitary. 
{Law.) Unmarried. [F. seid, OF. sol, L. solus, alone, 
prob. same word as sollus, entire, complete in itself; 
s. rt. solemn, desolate.] — Sole'ly, adv. Singly; alone; 
only. — Solo, n. (Mus.) A tune, air, or strain, played 
by a single instrument; or sung by a single voice. 
[It. = L. solus.] — Soloist, -lo-ist, n. One who sings 
or plays, etc. — Sol'itary, sSl'I-ta-rf, a. Inclined to 
be alone; destitute of associates; living alone; not 
much visited or frequented; retired; gloomy; still; 
dismal; single; individual. {Bot.) Being one only 
in a place ; separate. — n. One who lives alone or in 
solitude; a hermit; recluse. [F. solitaire, L. solita- 
rius, fr. solitas, loneliness, fr. solus.] — SoFitaire', 
-tar', n. A game which one person can play alone; 
a single diamond in a setting; a bird, now extinct, 
resembling the dodo, and whose remains are found 
in the island of Rodriguez. [F.] — Sol'itariness, n. 

— Sol'itude, -t-tud, n. A state of being alone; a 
lonely life; remoteness from society; destitution of 
company; a lonely, unfrequented place; desert. [F.; 
L. solitudo, fr. solus.] — Solil'oquy, -o-kwl, n. A 
talking to one's self; a written composition, reciting 
what it is supposed a person speaks to himself. _ [L. 
soliloquium, fr. solus and loqui, to speak.] — Solil'o- 
quize, -o-kwiz, v. i. [-quized (-kwizd), -quizing.] 
To utter a soliloquy. 

Solecism, sol'e-sizm, n. Impropriety in language, or 
a gross deviation from the rules of syntax ; any 
unfitness, absurdity, or impropriety ; barbarism. 
[Gr. soloikismos, fr. soloikizein, to speak or write in- 
correctly, from the corruption of the Attic dialect 
among the Athenian colonists of Soloi, in Cilicia.] — 
Sol'ecist, -e-sist, n. One who commits a solecism. — 
Solecist'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or involving, etc. 

Solemn, sol'em, a. Marked with religious rites and 
pomps; enjoined by religion; fitted to awaken or 
express serious reflections; affectedly grave or seri- 
ous; formal; ritual; ceremonial; reverential; devo- 
tional; devout. {Law.) Made in legal form. [ME. 
and OF. solempne, L. solemnis, solennis, fr. OL. sollus, 
all, and L. annus, a year, prop, that which takes 
place every year, used esp. of religious solemnities; 
OL. sollus is s. rt. Gr. holos, Skr. sarva, all, whole: 
see Sole, a.] — Sol'emnly, adv. In a solemn man- 
ner; with gravity; seriously; formally; truly. — Sc- 



Sole. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Qdd, tone, 5r ; 




THE POSITION OF THE EARTH 
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 





ORBITS AND 

COMPARATIVE DISTANCES 

OF THE PLANETS 



Distance of Planets 

from the Sun is noted in 

Millions of Miles 




SOL-FA 



549 



SON 



lem'nity, -nY-tY, n. A rite or ceremony performed 
with religious reverence: a ceremony adapted to im- 
awe; gravity; steady seriousness; affected se- 
riousness; appearance calculated to inspire with sol- 
emn feelings. {Law.) A proceeding according to 
due form. [ME. solempnitee.] — Sol'emnize. -em-nlz, 
v. t. [-nized (-nizd), -NiziNG.l To perform with 
solemn or ritual ceremonies and respect, or accord- 
ing to legal forms; to dignity or honor by ceremo- 
nies, celebrate, make famous."— Sol'emniza'tion, u. 
Act of, etc.; celebration. 

Sol-fa. Solfeggio. See under Sol. musical syllable. 

Solferino. sol-fer-e / 'no, it. A deep pink aniline color, 
resembling magenta, q. v. •[Name of a battle-field in 
Italy.] 

Solicit, so-lislt, v. t. To ask from with earnestness, 
make petition to ; to endeavor to obtain, seek ; to 
awake or excite to action, invite, ask. crave, suppli- 
cate, beg, implore, importune. [F. solicitor, L.souici- 
tare, fr. sollicitus, wholly (i. e., violently) moved, fr. 
OL. sollus, whole, and L. citus, p. p. of ciefe. to move, 
excite: see Solemn.] — Solic'ita'tion, n. Act of so- 
liciting ; earnest request ; excitement ; invitation. 
[F.] — Solicitor, -it-er, n. One who asks with ear- 
nestness. (Law.) An attorney or advocate; one ad- 
mitted to practice in a court of chancery or equity; 
a title sometimes given to the law officer of a city, 
town, or government. [F. soliciteur, L. sollicitator.] 
— Solic / itor-gen , eral, n. In Eng., an officer of the 
crown, associated with the attorney-general in man- 
aging the legal business of the crown and public of- 
fices. — Solicitous, -us, a. Disposed to solicit; eager 
to obtain (something desirable); anxious to avoid 
(anything evil); concerned; careful. [L. sollicitus, 
solicittts.] — Solicitously, adv. — Solicltress, ». A 
woman who solicits or petitions. — Solicitude, -I- 
tud. n. State of being solicitous; uneasiness of mind 
occasioned by the fear of evil or the desire of good; 
concern: anxiety; trouble. [F.; L. sollicitudoT] 

Solid, solid, a. Having the constituent parts so firm- 
ly adhering as to resist the impression or penetration 
of other bodies ; not hollow ; full of matter ; not 
spongy; dense; having all the geometrical dimen- 
sions; cubic; firm; compact; strong: worthy of cred- 
it, trust, or esteem. — n. A substance held in a fixed 
form by cohesion among its particles. (Geom.) A 
magnitude which has length, breadth, and thick- 
ness. [F. solide, L. solidus ; s. rt. Gr. holos, Skr. sar- 
va. whole : see Solemn; s. rt. consolidate, consols, 
solder, soklier, catholic, holocaust.] — Solid angle. 
(Geom.) An angle formed by 3 or more plane an- 
gles, which are not in the same plane, meeting in a 
point. — Solidly, adv. In a solid manner; denselv; 
compactly; firmly; truly.— Solldness. n. — Solid'- 
ify, -Y-fY, v. t. [-f'ied (-fid), -fyixg.] To make solid 
or compact. — v. i. To become solid, harden. [L. 
solidus and facere, to make.] — Solidity, -Y-tY, n. 
The state of being solid ; hardness ; denseness ; 
strength; massiveness ; fullness of matter; moral 
firmness or soundness. (Geom.) The solid contents 
of a body: volume. [F. solid M, L. soliditas.] — So- 
lid'iflcalion, n. Act of making solid. — Solidarity, 
-dar'Y-tY, n. An entire union or consolidation of in- 
terests and responsibilities: fellowship. [F. solidar- 
ity, fr. solide.] — Sol'idun'gulate, -un/gu-lat, n. One 
of a tribe of mammals having a single or solid hoof 
on each foot. [L. solidus and ungula, a hoof.] — SoF- 
idun'gulous, -gu-lus, a. Having hoofs that are not 
cloven. — Sollped, -Y-ped. n. A solidungulate. 
[Prop, solidiped, fr. L. solidifies; pes = E. foot.] 

Sclifidian, sol-T-fidl-an, n. (Eccl.) One who main- 

that faith alone, without works, is sufficient 

for justification. — a. Of, or pert. to. the Snlifidians. 

[L. solus, alone, and fides, faith.] — Solifidlanism, 

-izm, n. The tenets of Solifidians. 

Soliloquy, Solitary, Solitude. Solo, etc. See under 
Sole. 

Soliped. See under Solid. 

Solmization. See under Sol, musical note. 

Solstice, etc. See under Sol, the sun. 

Solve, solv, v. t. [solved (solvd), solving.] To loosen 
or separate the parts of; to dissipate; to clear up 
(what is obscure, or difficult to be understood); to 
obtain a required result bv mathematical process- 
es, etc. ; to explain, unfold, remove. TL. solvere, 
solutum, to solve, loosen, relax, fr. so- (see Sober), 
apart, and Z«ere = E. to loosen ; s. rt. absolve, abso- 
lute, dissolve, resolute, etc.] — Solvend'. n. A sub- 
stance to be dissolved. [L. so J r-:ndus, solvenrlum, fr. 
solvere.] — Solv'ent, a. Having the power of dis- 
solving; able, or sufficient to pay all just debts. — n. 



A fluid that dissolves any Bubstance; b menstruum- 
[L. solvens, p. pr. of solvere.] — Solv'ency 
State of being solvent; ability to pay 
claims. — Solv'er, //. I 
Solv'able. a. Capable of being sob 
explained: capable oi - Solv'atieness, 

n. — Sol'uble.-u-bl. a. Susceptible oi 
in a fluid; cap. 

solvere.] — Solubility, ». Quality of a body which 
render- it susceptible of solution. — Solu'tion, u. 
Act of separating the parts of any body; disruption; 
breach; disentanglement of any intricate problem 
or question,— used esp. in mathematics; state of 
being solved or disintegrated; disintegration; action 
of an attraction between one or more solids and a 
fluid when brought in contact, by which the former 
become themselves fluid, and are diffused through 
the latter: state of a body as thus diffused; prepara- 
tion made by dissolving a solid in a liquid. (Law.) 
Release from an obligation; e>\>.. release from a debt 
by payment. (Med.) Termination of a disease; a 
crisis." [F.; L. solatia.] — Solution of continuity. Sep- 
aration of connection or of connected substances or 
parts,— applied, in surgery, to a fracture, laceration, 
etc. — Sol'utive, -u-tiv, a. Tending to dissolve. 

Somatics, so-matlks, it. Science of the general prop- 
erties of matter; somatology. [Gr. somatikos, pert. 
to the body, f r. soma, body.] — So'matist, n. One 
who admits the existence of corporeal or material 
beings only. — Somatology, -o-ji, n. Doctrine of 
the general properties of bodies or material substan- 
ces. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 

Somber, -bre. som'ber, a. Dull ; dusky ; cloudy ; 
gloomy: melancholy; sad; grave. [F. sombre, peril, 
fr. L. "sub umbra, under shade.] — Som'brous, -brus, 
a. Gloomy; somber. 

Some, sum, a. Consisting of a greater or less portion 
or sum: a certain, — indicating a person, thing, event, 
etc., as not known individually or more specifically; 
not much: a little; moderate; about; near; more or 
less; certain; this, not that: these, not those. — dis- 
ting. fr. others; a part; portion,— used pronominally. 
[AS. and OHG. sum, Ic. sumr, Goth. sums ; s. rt. same.] 

— Some'body, n. A person unknown, uncertain, or 
indeterminate; a person of consideration. — Some''- 
how, adv. In one way or another: in some way not 
yet known.— Some'thing, n. Anything unknown or 
undetermined: a part; a portion, more or less; in- 
definite quantitv or degree. — adv. In some degree; 
somewhat. — Some'time, adv. At a past time indefi- 
nitely referred to; once; formerly: at one time or 
other hereafter. — a. Having been formerly: former. 

— Somelimes. adv. At times: at intervals: not al- 
ways; now and then: at one time. — Some 'what. n. 
More or less: a certain quantity or degree, indeter- 
minate: something. — adv. In some degree or quan- 
tity. — Somelvbere. adv. In some place unknown 
or"not specified: in one place or another. 

Somersault, sum'&r-sawTt, Som'erset, n. A leap in 
which a person turns with his heels over his head, 
and lights upon his feet. [F. soubresault. It. sopra 
salto ; sopra (= L. super), above, and salto (= L. sal- 
tus : see Salient), a leap.] 

Somnambulation, som-nam'bu-la'shun, n. Act of 
■walking in sleep. [L. somnus, sleep, and amhvlatio, 
a walking about.] — Somnam/bulic. a. Walking in 
sleep; pert, to somnambulism. — Somnam'bulism, 
-lizm, n. A state of sleep in which some of the senses 
and voluntary powers are partially awake. — Som- 
nanv'bulist, v. A sleep-walker. — Somniferous, -er- 
us, a. Causing or inducing sleep; soporific. [L.som- 
nifer, fr. somnus axL&ferre, to bring.] — Somnific, a. 
Causing sleep: tending to induce sleep. [L. facere, 
to make.] — Somnil / 'oquous, -o-kwus, a. Apt' to talk 
in sleep. [L. loqui, to speak.] — SomniKoquy. -o-kwi, 
n. A talking or speaking in sleep.— Somniloquence, 
-o-kwens, //. Act of talking in sleep. — Somnill)- 
quist, n. One who, etc. — Somnip'athy. -a-thi, n. 
Sleep from sympathy, or by the process of mesmer- 
ism. [Gr. pathos, feeling, sensation.] — Som'nolence, 
-lency, -no-len-sY, n. Sleepiness: drowsiness; incli- 
nation to sleep. (Med.} A state intermediate be- 
tween sleeping and waking. \Y.: L. somnolentia^] — 
Som'nolent, a. Sleepy; drowsy: inclined to sleep. 
[F.: L. somnolent its.] — Som'nolently. adv. 

Son, sun, n. A male child: the male issue of a parent; 
a male descendant, however distant: in pi., descend- 
ants in general: any young male person spoken of 
as a child; a native or inhabitant of some specified 

Elace; the produce of anything; Jesus Christ, the 
avior. [Dan. and Sw. son, AS., OHG., Skr. sunu, 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair get 



SONANT 



550 



Goth, and Lithuan, sunus, Gr. huios, Sw. suios, a son, 
Skr. su, to beget, bring forth: see Sun.] — Son'ship, 
n. State of being, etc.; character of a son; filiation. 

— Son'-in-law, re. ; pi. Sons'-in-law. A man mar- 
ried to one's daughter. 

Sonant, JSonata, Sonnet, etc. See under Sound. 

Soon, soon, adv. In a short time; shortly after any 
time specified or supposed; without the usual delay; 
early; readily; willingly; easily; quickly. [AS. sona, 
OS., OFries., OHG. san; prob. s. rt. so, q. v.] 

Soot, sdot, re. A black substance formed by com- 
bustion, or disengaged from fuel in the process 
of combustion and adhering to the sides of the pipe 
or chimney.— v. t. To cover or foul with soot. [AS., 
Ic, and Sw. sot, Lithuan. sodis.] — Soot r y, -I, a. 
[-IEK; -iest.] Producing, pert, to, or consisting of, or 
soiled by, soot; dusky; dark; dingy. — Sootlness, n. 

Sooth, sooth, re. Truth; reality. [AS. sodh, true, also 
a true thing, truth, Ic. sannr, Dan. sand, Skr. satya, 
true; orig. being, fr. p. pr. of the verb to be; s. rt. G. 
sind, L. sunt, Skr. santi, they are, E. are, essence, 
presence, sin, forsooth.] — Sooth'say, v. i. To fore- 
tell, predict. — Sooth'sayer, n. — Sooth'saying, n. 
The foretelling of events. [AS. sodhsegen, a true 
saying.] — Soothe, sooth, v. t. [soothed (soothd), 
soothing.] To please with blandishments or soft 
words; to flatter; to soften, assuage, calm; to grat- 
ify, please, tranquilize, pacify. {AS. gesodian, to 
prove to be true, confirm, fr. sodh.] — Sooth'er, n. 

Sop, sop, n. Anything steeped, or dipped and soft- 
ened, in any liquid, esp. in broth or liquid food, and 
intended to be eaten; anything given to pacify, —fr. 
the sop given to Cerberus, as related in mythology. 

— v.t. [sopped (sopt), -ping.] To steep or dip in 
liquid. [ME. and OD. soj>pe, Ic. soppa, a sop, sopi, 
a sup, sip, mouthful, supa, to sup; s. rt. soup.] — 
Sop'py, -pi, a. Sopped or soaked in liquid; wet. 

Sophist, sof 1st, n. One of a class of men who taught 
eloquence, philosophy, and politics in ancient 
Greece, and were noted for their fallacious but plau- 
sible mode of reasoning; a captious or fallacious rea- 
eoner. [F. sophiste, LL. sophUta, Gr. sophistes, fr. 
sophizein, to instruct, lit. to make wise, fr. sophos, 
wise; s. rt. Gr. saphes, of keen, decided taste, hence 
clear, evident, sure, L. sapere, to taste, whence sa- 
iiens = E. sapient, E. jMlosophy.] — Sophlster, n. 
In Eng. universities, a student who is advanced be- 
yond^ the first year of his residence. — Soph'omore, 
-o-mor, n. One belonging to the 2d of the 4 classes 
in an Amer. college. [Gr. sophistes and moros, fool- 
ish.] — Sophomor 'ic. -leal, -m5r1k-al, a. Pert, to, or 
resembling, a sophomore; inflated in style or man- 
ner. — Soph, re. Abbr. of sophister in Eng. universi- 
ties, of sophomore in Amer. colleges. — Sophism, 
izm, re. The doctrine or avowed mode of reasoning 
practiced by a sophist; any fallacy designed to de- 
ceive. [F. sophisme, L. and Gr. sophisma.] — Soph'- 
istry, -ist-rf, re. The practice of a sophist; fallacious 
reasoning. — Sophistic, -ical, so-fistlk-al, a. Pert, 
to a sophist, or embodying sophistry; fallaciously 
subtle. — Sophistlcally, adv. — Sophisticate, -T- 
kat, v. t. To render worthless by admixture; to per- 
vert, adulterate, debase, corrupt, vitiate. — Sophist"- 
icate, -cated, a. Adulterated; not pure; not genu- 
ine.— Sophist'ica'tion, re. Act of adulterating; a 
counterfeiting or debasing the purity of anything 
by a foreign admixture. — Sophistlca'tor, n. One 
who adulterates^ 

Soporose, sop'o-ros', Sop'orous, -o-rus, a. Causing 
sleep ; sleepy. [L. soporus, fr. sopor, Gr. hupnos, 
sleep; s. rt. Skr. svap, to sleep, AS. swej'en, a dream.] 

— Sop'oriferous, -rif'Sr-us, a. Causing sleep, or 
tending to produce it ; narcotic ; opiate ; anodyne. 
[L. soporifer, fr. sopor and ferre, to bring.] — Sop- 
orific, a. Causing sleep ; tending to cause sleep ; 
soporiferous. — re. A medicine, drug, plant, or other 
thing that has the quality of inducing sleep. [L. 
facere, to make.] 

Soprano, so-pra/no, re. (Mus.) The treble ; the high- 
est female voice. [It., treble, lit. sovereign, su- 
preme, LL. superamts= E. sovereign.] 

Sorcery, sQr'ser-i, re. Divination by the assistance or 
supposed assistance of evil spirits; magic; enchant- 
ment; witchcraft. [OF. sorcerie, fr. sorcier, LL. 
sortiarins, a sorcerer, fr. sortiare, to cast lots, fr. L. 
sortiri, to obtain by lot, sors, a lot : see Sort.] — 
Sor'cerer, re. A conjurer; enchanter; magician.— 
Sor'ceress, re. A female sorcerer. — Sor'cerous, -us, 
a. Pert, to sorcery. 

Sordid, sftr'did, a. Vile ; base ; mean ; meanly avari- 
cious ; covetous ; niggardly. [F. sordide, L. sordi- 



dus, fr. sordes, dirt; s. rt. swart.] — SorUidly, adv.— 
Sor'didness, re. 

Sordine, s6r'din, re. (Mus.) A small damper in the 
mouth of a trumpet, or on the bridge of a violin, 
violoncello, etc., to make the sound fainter. [It. 
sordina, sordino, fr. sordo, L. surdus, deaf, dull- 
sounding.] 

Sore, sor, re. A place where the skin and flesh are 
ruptured or bruised, so as to be tender or painful ; 
an ulcer; boil; inflamed spot; wound; grief; afflic- 
tion; trouble; difficulty. — a. Tender; painful; in- 
flamed ; easily pained, grieved, or vexed; violent 
with pain; severe; afflictive; distressing, —adv. In 
a sore manner; with pain; greatly; violently; deep- 
ly. [AS. and Sw. sar, OHG. ser, sore, AS. sare, 
OHG. sero, G. sehr, sorely, extremely, very, AS., 
Sw., and Ic. sar, a sore.] — Sorely, adv. In a sore 
manner; grievously; greatly. — Sore'ness, re. State 
of being sore ; tenderness ; painfulness. — Sorly, 
sSr'rY, a. [-rier ; -riest.] Grieved for the loss of 
some good; pained for some evil; melancholy; dis- 
mal; afflicted; mortified; vexed; chagrined: poor; 
mean ; vile ; worthless. [Prop, sory, fr. sore ; AS. 
and Sw. sarig, fr. sar; nots. rt. sorrow. ] — Sorlily, 
-rT-lT, adv.— Sorliness, n. 

Sorel, sor'el, re. A buck of the 3d year; a yellowish 
or reddish brown color; sorrel. [See Sorrel, a.] 

Sorghum, sSr'gum, re. A tall cereal grass of several 
species, including Indian millet (Guinea corn), 
broom corn, and Chinese sugar-cane (specifically 
called sorghum in Amer. and cultivated for its sug- 
ar-bearing juice). [NL. ; It. sorgo.} 

Sorites, so-rilez, re. (Logic.) An abridged form of 
stating a series of syllogisms, in a series of proposi- 
tions so arranged that the predicate of each one that 
precedes forms the subject of each one that follows, 
and the conclusion from all affirms the predicate of 
the last of the subject of the first proposition. [Gr. 
soreites, prop, heaped up, hence a heap of syllo- 
gisms, fr. soros, a heap.] 

Sororicide, so-ror'T-sid, re. The murder, or murderer, 
of a sister. [L. sororicida, fr. soror, a sister, and 
csedere, to kill.] 

Sorrel, sor'rel, a. Of a yellowish or reddish brown 
color.— n. A yellowish or reddish brown color. [OF. 
sor, of a sorrel color, saure, It. soro, sauro, a sorrel 
horse, LG. soor, D. zoor, sear, dried, withered.] 

Sorrel, sorlel, re. A plant of various species, having 
a sour juice, esp. a weed with sagittate leaves ana 
raceme's of reddish flowers, abounding in exhausted 
soils. [OF. sorel, an herb, the sour-dock, fr. F., AS., 
and MHG. sur = E. sour.] 

Sorrow, sorlo, re. Uneasiness or pain of mind pro- 
duced by the loss of any good, or by disappointment 
in the expectation of good; regret; unhappiness; af- 
fliction ; grief ; sadness ; mourning. — v. i. [sor- 
rowed (-rod), -rowing.] To feel pain of mind in 
consequence of evil experienced, feared, or done ; 
to grieve, be sad. [AS., Ic, Dan., and Sw. sorg, 
Goth, saurga, sorrow, saurgan, to grieve; perh. s. rt. 
Lithuan. sirgti, to be ill, suffer; not s. rt. sore, sorry.] 
— Sor'rowful, -ful, a. Full of, exhibiting, produ- 
cing, or expressing sorrow; sad; dismal; disconsolate; 
dreary; doleful; distressing. [AS. sorgful.]— Sor- 
rowfully, adv. — Sor lowfulness, re. 

Sorry. See under Sore. 

Sort, s6rt, re. A kind or species ; any number or col* 
lection of individual persons or things characterized 
by the same or like quantities; manner; form of be- 
ing or acting ; degree of any quality, pi. (Print.) 
Letters, points, marks, spaces, or quadrats of partic- 
ular kinds. — v. t. To separate (things having like 
qualities) from other things, and place in distinct 
classes or divisions ; to reduce to order from a state 
of confusion; to conjoin, put together in distribu- 
tion; to select, cull. — v. i. To be joined with oth- 
ers of the same species, agree ; to consort, associ- 
ate, conjoin ; to suit, fit ; to terminate, have success, 
fall out. [F. sorte, sort, manner, form, kind, sort, a 
lot, fate, luck, L. sors, sortis, lot, destiny, condition, 
state ; prob. s. rt. L. serere, to connect, L. and E. 
series, q. v., E. assort, consort, sorcery.]— Out of 
sorts. (Print.) With some letters, or sorts of type, 
in the font, deficient or exhausted ; hence, in ill- 
humor; unwell. — To run upon sorts. (Print.) To 
use or require a greater number of some particular 
letters or marks than the regular proportion.— Sort r - 
able, a. Capable of being sorted. — Sort'er, re. — 
Sor'tilege, -tT-lej, re. Act or practice of drawing 
lots; divination by drawing lots. [L.sors and legere, 
to gather, select.] 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, or ; 



SORTIE 



551 



SOUTH 




tiortie, sSr'te, n. (Ml.) The issuing of a body of 
troops from a besieged place to attack the hesiegers; 
a sally. [F., prop. fern, of p. p. of sortir, It. sortire, to 
sally ; prob. s. rt. L. surgere, 
to rise, E. source, resortA 

Sorus, solus, n. ; pi. -ri. (Sot.) 
One of the fruit dots, or 
small clusters of minute cap- 
sules, on the back of the 
fronds of ferns. [NL. ; Gr. 
soros.] 

So-so. See under So. 

Sot, sot, n. A person stupefied 
by excessive drinking ; an 
habitual drunkard. [OF. ; Sorus magnified. 
D. zot.\ — Sot'tish, a. Doltish ; very foolish ; dull 
or stupid with intemperance; senseless; infatuate. — 
Sot'tishly, adv. — Sot'tishness, n. , 

Sotto Voce, sot'to-vo'cha. {Mus.) In an undertone; 
with a restrained or moderate force. [It.] 

you, soo, n. ; pi. Sous, soo. A French money of ac- 
count, and a copper coin, = l-20th part of a livre, or 
of a franc, about 1 cent. [F., fr. LL. solidus, a piece 
of money: see Soldier.] 

Souchong, sob-shong', n. A kind of black tea. [Chin, 
.s'e ou chong, i. e., small, good quality.] 

Sough, suf , v. i. To whistle or sigh, as the wind. — n. 
A hollow murmur or roaring ; a buzzing ; a rumor 
or flying report. [Ic. svgr, a rushing sound, AS. 
swogan, to sound, resound, whistle ; s. rt. swoon.] 

Sought^ See Seek. 

Soul, sol, n. The spiritual, rational, and immortal 
part in man, — sometimes, in distinc. fr. the mind ; 
the moral and emotional part of man's nature, in 
distinc. fr. intellect ; the intellect only ; the under- 
standing ; the seat of real life or vitality ; the ani- 
mating or essential part; the leader; inspirer of any 
action ; any noble manifestation of the heart or 
moral nature; a human being; person; man; a pure 
or disembodied spirit ; life ; courage ; fire ; ardor. 
[AS. sawel, Ic. sala, sal. Goth, saiwala.] — Soulless, 
a. Without a soul, or without greatness or nobleness 
of mind; mean; spiritless. 

Sound, sownd, a. Entire ; unbroken ; free from im- 
perfection, defect, or decay ; healthy, not diseased, 
— said of body or mind ; firm ; strong ; vigorous ; 
founded in truth; supported by justice or law; 
weighty; solid; heavy; laid on with force; profound; 
unbroken ; undisturbed ; free from error ; correct ; 
founded in right and law ; legal ; valid. — adv. 
Soundly; heartily. [AS., Sw., and Dan. sund ; prob. 
6. rt. L. sanus = E. sane.] — Soundly, adv. Health- 
ily ; heartily ; severely ; smartly ; truly ; firmly ; 
fast: closely. — Sound 'ness, n. 

Sound, sownd, n. The air-bladder of a fish; a narrow 
passage of water; a strait between the main land 
and an isle, or connecting 2 seas, or connecting a sea 
or lake with the ocean. [AS., Ic, Dan., Sw., and G. 
sund. a swimming, power to swim, a strait of the sea 
which could be swum across, AS. swimman = E. to 
swim.] 

Bound, sownd, n. {Surg.) A probe of any kind; esp., 
a probe to be introduced into the bladder, in order 
to discover whether there is a stone in that organ.— 
v. t. To measure the depth of; esp., to ascertain the 
depth of by means of a line and plummet; to seek 
to interpret or discern the intentions or secret wishes 
of; to examine, test. (Surg.) To introduce a sound 
into the bladder of (a patient) in order to ascertain 
whether a stone is there or not. — v. i. To use the 
line and lead in searching the depth of water. [F. 
sonde, to sound, try. feel, search the depth of, sonde, 
Sp. sonda, a plummet; perh. fr. L. sub unda, under 
the wave; perh. s. rt. sound, a passage of water.] — 
Sound'ing, n. Act of one who, or that which, 
sounds, pi. (N'aut.) Any part of the ocean or other 
water wheTe a sounding-line will reach the bottom. 

Sound, sownd, n. That which is heard; a sensation 
or perception received by means of the ear, and pro- 
duced by the impulse or vibration of the air or other 
medium with which the ear is in contact; noise; 
report; the impulse or vibration which would occa- 
sion sound to a percipient if present with unimpaired 
organs; noise without signification: noise and noth- 
ing else. — v. i. To make a noise, utter a voice; to be 
conveyed in sound, be spread or published. — v. t. 
To cause to make a noise, play on; to utter audibly; 
to give a signal for by a certain sound; to celebrate 
or honor by sounds, cause to be reported; to spread 
by sound or report. [ME. soun>, F. son, L. sonus, Skr. 
, sound, F. sonner, L. sonare, -atum, to sound; 



s. rt. person, parson, assonant, consonant, resound, 
unison, etc.] — Sound'ing, p. a. Sonorous; making 
a noise; having a magnificent sound. — Sound'-, 
Sounding-board, n. A thin board which propagates 
the sound in an organ, violin, etc.; a board, or struc- 
ture witn a flat surface, suspended behind or over a 
pulpit or rostrum to give distinctness and effect to a 
speaker'6 voice.— So'nant, a. Pert, to sound; sound- 
ing. (Pron.) Uttered with intonated or resonant 
breath; intonated; vocal, not surd, — said of certain 
articulations of alphabetic sounds. [L. sonans, p. 
pr. of sonare, to sound.] — Sono'rous, -rus, a. Giv- 
ing sound when struck; giving a clear or loud sound; 
yielding sound; characterized by sound; vocalj high- 
sounding; magnificent in respect of sound. [L. so- 
norus, f r. sonor, sonoris, f r. sonare.] — Sono'rously, 
adv. — Sono'rousness. n. Quality or state of being 
sonorous. — Soniferous, -mfSr-us, a. Sounding; 
producing sound. [L. sonus and ferre, to produce.] 

— Son'oriF ic, a. Producing sound. [L. facere, to 
make.] — Son'net, n. A poem oi 14 lines, the rhymes 
being adjusted by a particular rule. — v. ?'. To com- 
pose sonnets. [F. ; It. sonctto, fr. suono, a sound, 
song, f r. L. sonus.] — Son'neteer', -er r , n. A com- 
poser of sonnets or small poems; a small poet, — usu- 
ally in contempt. — Sona'ta, -na'ta, n. (Mus.) An 
extended composition for 1 or 2 instruments, con- 
sisting usually of 3 or 4 movements. [It.] 

Soup, soop, n. A liquid food made by boiling meat, 
etc., in water, often highly seasoned ; strong broth. 
[F. soupe,J)D. sop, zop ; same as .so/7 and sup/] 

Soupcon, soop'soN, n. A very little; a taste. [F., lit. 
a suspicion.] 

Sour, sowr, a. Having an acid taste ; sharp to the 
taste; turned or coagulated, as milk; rancid: harsh 
of temper; disagreeable to the feelings; producing 
discontent; hard to bear; expressing discontent or 
peevishness; acid; tart; acrimonious; crabbed; cur- 
rish; peevish. — n. A sour or acid substance; an acid. 

— v. t. [soured (sowrd), souring.] To make acid; 
to make harsh, cold, or unkindly: to make cross, 
crabbed, peevish, or discontented; to make unhappy, 
uneasy, or less agreeable. — r. i. To become acid or 
tart, peevish or crabbed. [AS , Sw., OHG., and W. 
sur, G. sauer, sour, Lithuan. surus, salt; s. rt. sorrel.] 

— Sourly, adv. In a sour manner; acidly; peev- 
ishly; acrimoniously; discontentedly. — Sour'ness, 
n. — Sour'-crout, -krout, -krowt, n. Cabbage cut 
fine, and suffered to ferment till it becomes sour. 
[G. sauer-kraut, sour-cabbage.] 

Source, sors, n. That person or place from which any- 
thing proceeds; one who or that which originates or 
gives rise to anything; the spring or fountain from 
which a stream of water proceeds; any collection of 
water in which a stream originates ; origin ; rise; 
beginning. [F. source, OF. sors, p. p. of sourdre, to 
spring forth or up, L. surgere, to lilt or raise up, to 
spring up.] 

Souse, sows, n. Pickle made with salt ; something 
kept or steeped in pickle; esp., the ears, feet, etc., ot 
swine pickled; act of plunging suddenly into water. 

— v. t. [soused (sowst), sousing.] To plunge into 
water; to steep in pickle. — v. i. To plunge, as a bird 
upon its prey; to fall suddenly. [Same as sauce.] 

South, sowth, n. The point of compass opposite to 
the north; any particular land considered as op- 
posed to the N.; the southern part of a country; the 
southeastern U. S.— a. Lying toward the S.; situated 
at the S., or in a southern direction from the point 
of observation or reckoning.— adv. Toward the S.; 
southward: from the S. —v. t. [southed (sowthd), 
southing (sowHiIng).] To turn or move toward 
the S. (Astrnn.) To come to the meridian; to cross 
the X. and S. line,— said chiefly of the moon. [AS. 
sudh, Dan. and Sw. syd, D. zuid, south; s. rt. sun.] 

— South-east', n. The point of the compass equally 
distant from the S. and E.— South-east'', -east'erly, 
-easferu, a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, the S.-E. 

— South-south'-east, South-west', etc. See Com- 
pass.— South'erly, sutb/er-lT, South'ern. suft'era, ' 
a. Pert, to, situated in, or proceeding from, the S.; 
situated, or proceeding, toward the S. — South'erli- 
ness, n. State or quality of being southern.— South'- 
ron, -run, n. An inhabitant of the more southern 
part of a country; a southerner. — Southerner, n. 
An inhabitant or native of the S. or Southern States. 

— Southernmost, a. Furthest towards the S. — 
South'ern-wood. snrh'ern-wdod, n. A composite 
fragrant plant, allied to wormwood. — Southing, 
60wth / 'ing, n. Tendency or motion to the S.; time 
at which the moon passes the meridian. (Naviga- 



sfin, cube, full; moon, fdot; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SOUVENIR 



552 



SPARE 



tion.) Course or distance south. — Southward, 
sowth/ward or suth'erd, adv. Toward the S. — n. 
The southern regions or countries. 

Souvenir, soov-ner', n. A remembrancer; keepsake. 
[F., fr. souvenir, to remember, fr. L. subvenire, to 
come up, to come to mind.] 

Sovereign, suv'er-in or sov'rin, a. Supreme in 
power; superior to all others; chief; possessing, or 
entitled to, original authority or jurisdiction; effica- 
cious in the highest degree; effectual; controlling; 
predominant. — n. One who exercises supreme con- 
trol; a gold coin of Eng., bearing an effigy of the 
head of the reigning king or queen = £1, about 
$4.84. [ME. and OF. soverain, fr. LL. superanus, 
chief, principal, fr. super (q. v.), above.] — Sover- 
eignty, -er-in- or -rin-ti, n. Exercise of, or right to 
exercise, supreme power ; dominion. [OF. sove- 
rainte.] 

Sow, sow. n. The female of the hog kind; the large 
bar of metal cast from a smelting furnace, the small 
bars in the branch channels being called pigs. [AS. 
sugu, su, OHG. su, Dan. and Sw. so, G. sau, L. sus, 
Gt. hits, sus, a sow, Zend, hu, a boar; s. rt. Skr. su, 
to generate, produce, E. hog, q. v.] 

Sow^ so, v. t. [imp. sowed (sod), p. p. sowed or sown 
(son); sowing.] To scatter (seed) upon the earth; 
to plant in any way; to supply or stock with seed, 
scatter seed upon; to spread abroad, propagate; to 
scatter over, besprinkle, — v. i. To scatter seed for 
growth. [AS. sawan, Ic. and Sw. sa, W. hau, Lith- 
uan. seti, L. screre, to sow; perh. s. rt. Skr. sasya, 
fruit, corn.] — Sow'er, n. One who sows or scatters; 
a breeder; promoter. 

Sowce. Same as Souse. 

Soy, soi, n. A kind of sauce for fish, brought chiefly 
from Japan, said to be produced from a species of 
bean; the plant from which this sauce is obtained. 
[Japanese, name of the bean.] 

Spa, spa, n. A spring of mineral water, — so called 
from a place of this name in Belgium. 

Space, spas, n. Extension, considered independently 
of anything which it may contain; room; interval 
between any 2 or more objects; quantity of time; 
interval between 2 points of time. (Print.) Distance 
or interval between lines, or between words in the 
lines, as in books; a small piece of metal cast lower 
than a letter, used to separate words or letters. — v. 
t. [spaced (spast), spacing.] (Print.) To arrange 
the spaces and intervals in or between (words or 
lines). [F. espace, L. spatium, a space, lit. that 
which is drawn out; s. rt. Gr. spaein, to draw out, 
Skr. sphay, to swell, increase, E. span. ] — Spa'cious, 
-shus, a. Inclosing an extended space; vast in ex- 
tent; having large or ample room; roomy; ample; 
capacious. [F. spacieux.] — Spa'ciously, adv. — 
Spa'ciousness, n. 

Spade, spad. n. An instrument with broad iron blade 
and wooden handle for digging or cutting the 
ground, pi. A suit of cards, each of which bears 
one or more figures resembling a spade. — v. t. To 
dig with a spade. [ME., D., Dan., and Sw. (2 syl.), 
AS. spiedu, a spade, Gr. spathe, a blade of a sword, 
oar, plant, etc., OF. espee, F. epe'e, a sword; s. rt. 
span, paddle, epaulet.] — Spa,' dix,n. (Bot.) A fleshy 
spike of flowers, usually covered 
by a leaf called a spathe. _[L. and 
Gr.] — Spadille', -diK, n. The ace 
of spades at omber and quadrille, t 
[F., fr. Sd. espadilla, dim. of es- 
pada, a sword.]— Spathe, spath, n. 
(Bot.) Aleaf-fhaped bract wrapped 
about a spadix or other inflores- 
cence. [Gr.] — Spath'ose, spath'os, 
-ous, -us, Spatha'ceous, -tha'she-us, 
a. Having or resembling, etc. — 
Spat'ula, -u-ia, n. A thin, broad- 
bladed knife, used for spreading 
plasters, etc. [L. spatula, spathula, 
dim. of spatha.] — Spafulate, o. 
Shaped like a spatula, or like a battledoor; roundish, 
with a long, narrow, linear base. 

Spadiceous, spa-dish'us, a. Of a light red color, 
usually denominated bay. [NL. spadiceus, fr. spa- 
dix, spadicis, a date-brown or nut-brown color.] 

Span, span, n. The space from the end of the thumb 
to the end of the little finger when extended ; 9 
inches; a brief extent 'or portion of time. (Arch.) 
Extent of an arch between its abutments. (Faut.) 
A rope secured at both ends to any object, the pur- 
chase being hooked to the bight. A pair of horses 
driven together. — v. t. [spanned (spand), -ning.] 





s s, Spandrels. 



To measure by the hand with the fingers extended, 
or with the fingers encompassing trie object; to 
measure, or reach, from one side of to the other; tc 
compass. [AS. and OHG. spannan, to bind, con- 
nect, D. spannen, to span, stretch, put horses to, 
Dan. spsende, to stretch, span, strain, buckle, Gr. 
spaein, to draw, draw out; s. rt. space, spin, speed, 
spay; not s. rt. span-new, q. v.] — Span'ner, n. One 
who spans; a fireman's wrench for hose couplings.— 
Span'drel, n. (Arch.) The 
irregular triangular space 
between the curve of an 
arch and the rectangle in- 
closing it; or the space be- 
tween the outer moldings 
of 2 contiguous arches and 
a horizontal line above 
them, or another arch 
above and inclosing them. — Span '-long, a. Of the 
length of a span. — worm, n. A naked caterpillar 
(called also geometer and looper) of several genera, 
including the canker-worm, — so called from the 
way in which it spans or measures the distance over 
which it passes. 

Spangle, span'gl, n. A small plate or boss of shining 
metal, used as an ornament; anything small and 
brilliant.— ?•. t. [spangled (-gld), -gling.] To set 
or sprinkle with spangles. [AS., OD., and G., a 
metal clasp ; s. rt. Ga. spang, anything shining, 
Lithuan. spogalas, brightness.] 

Spanish, Spanish, a. Of, or pert, to, Spain, —n. The 
language of Spain. [Sp. Espana, L. Hispania, 
Spain.] — Spanish bayonet. A plant of the southern 
U. S., having stiff, sharp-pointed leaves; yucca. — S. 
brown. A species of earth used in painting, having 
a dark reddish brown color, derived fr. the sesquiox- 
ide of iron. — S. fly. A 
brilliantgreenleaf-eating 
beetle of S. Europe, used 
for raising blisters; can- 
tharides; an Amer. blis- 
tering beetle of less bril- 
1 i a n t colors. — S. grass. 
Esparto, — a plant of 
Spain and N. Africa, J 
from which paper i s -*^ 
made.— Spaniard, -yard, 
n. A native or inhabitant 
of Spain.— Spaniel, -yel, 
n. A dog of several breeds used in sports of the field, 
remarkable for sagacity and obedience; a cringing, 
fawning person. [Lit. a Spanish dog; OF. espagneul.} 

Spank, spank, v. t. [spanked (spankt), spanking.] 
To strike on the breech with the open hand; to slap. 
[LG. spakkern, to move quickly.] — Spank'er, n. 
(Naut.) The after-sail_ of a ship or bark: see Sail. 
One wno takes long strides in walking; a stout per- 
son; something larger than common. — Spanking, 
77. a. Moving with a quick, lively pace. — Spanking 
breeze. A strong breeze. 

Span-new, span'nu, a. Quite new; brand-new. [Ic. 
spannyr, fr. span, a chip, shaving, and nyr — E. 
new; cf. D. spikspeldernieuw, spick-and-spill-new, 
i. e., fresh from the workman's hands; spik, spike, 
speld, splinter, chip.] —Spick-and-span- new, a. 
Quite new, — as new as a nail just made, and a 
chip just split. 

Spar, spar, n. (Min.) Any earthy mineral that breaks 
with regular surfaces, and has some degree of luster. 
[AS. spier, spserstan.] — Sparly, -rt, a. Resembling 
or consisting of spar; havinga confused crystalline 
structure. — Spathic, -ose, -os, -ous, -us, a. Having 
the characteristics of spar; foliated or lamellar. [G. 
spath, spar; not s. rt. E. spar; prob. s. rt. spade.] — 
Spathlform, a. Resembling spar in form. [L. 
forma, form.] 

Spar, spar, n. (Naut.) A long beam, — a general term 
for mast, yard, boom, etc. [D.; prob. s. rt. spear.'] 

Spar, spar, v. i. [sparred (spard), -ring.] To con- 
tend with the fists for exercise or amusement; to 
box; to dispute, quarrel in words, wrangle. — n. A 
feigned blow; a contest at sparring or boxing. [OF. 
esparer, It. sparare, to kick (said of a horse), LG. 
sparre, a struggling, Gr. spairein, Skr. sphur, to 
struggle; s. rt. Lithuan. spirti, to kick, resist, and 
prob. L. spemere, to despise, E. spur, spurn, spear, 
sprawl, sjierm, palpable, palpitate, perh. poplar.] 

Sparable, spar'a-bl, n. A small nail used by shoe- 
makers. [Corrupt, fr. sparrow-bill.] 

spar, v. t. [spared (spard), sparing.] To 
hold as scarce or valuable; to use frugally * save; to 




Spanish Fly. 



am, tame, far, pass, or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



SPARK 



553 



SPECIES 



part with reluctantly, allow to be taken away, give 
up; to do without, dispense with; to omit, forbear; 
to save from danger or punishment; to treat ten- 
derly; to withhold from; to save or gain, as from 
some engrossing occupation or pressing necessity. 

— v.i. To be frugal; to live frugally.be parsimo- 
nious; to forbear, be scrupulous; to use mercy or 
forbearance, be tender. — a. Not abundant or plen- 
tiful; parsimonious; over and above what is neces- 
sary, or which maybe dispensed with; held in re- 
serve, to be used in an emergency; wanting flesh; 
scanty; lean; meager; thin. [ME., Dan., and Sw. 
Sjjar, AS. spasr, L. parous, spare, sparing, L. parus, 
little, Gr. sparnos, rare, lacking.] — Sparely, adv. 
In a spare manner; sparingly.— Sparging, o. bcarce; 
little; scanty; not plentiful; not abundant; saving; 
parsimonious; chary. — Sparingly, adv. — Spare- 
rib, n. A piece of a hog taken from the side, con- 
sisting of ribs with little flesh on them. 

Spark, spark, n. A small particle of fire or ignited 
substance emitted from oodies in combustion ; a 
small, 6hining body, or transient light ; that which 
may be kindled into a flame or action ; a feeble 
germ ; an elementary principle. [AS. spearca, OD. 
sparcke, a spark, Ic. sjn-aka, Dan. sprage, to crackle, 
Gr. spharagos, a crackling, Skr. sphur, to quiver, 
sphurj, to thunder.] — Sparkle, -1, n. A little spark; 
scintillation. — v. i. [spakkled (-Id), -LING.] To 
emit sparks, appear like sparks, twinkle, flash as 
with sparks, emit little bubbles, as certain kinds of 
liquids, shine, glisten, scintillate, radiate, coruscate. 

— v. t. To shine with; to emit, as light orfire. [Dim. 
of spark.] — Sparkler, n. One who, or that which, 
sparkles. — Spark'ling, p. a. Emitting sparks; glit- 
tering; brilliant; shining. 

Spark, spark, n. A brisk, showy, gay man ; lover ; 
gallant; bean. — v.i. To play the lover. [Ic. sparkr, 
lively, sprightly.] — Spark'ish, a. Like a spark ; 
airy;" gay; snowy; well-dressed; fine. 

Sparrow, spar'ro, ~n. A small bird of many species, 
feeding on insects 
and seeds. [ME. 
and OHG. sparwe, 
AS. spearica.] — 
Sparlow-hawk, n . 
A small species of 
e ho r t-w inged 
hawk. [AS. spear- 
hafoc] 

Sparrow-grass, 
sparlo-gras, n. As- 
paragusr [Vulgar 
corrupt, of aspara- 
gus.] Sparrow. 

Sparry, a. See under Spar, mineral. 

Sparse, spars, a. Thinly scattered ; set or planted 
nere and there. [L. sparsus, p. p. of sparaere, to 
strew, scatter : s. rt. Skr. sprig = E. to sprinkle, E. 
spare, asperse, disperse, etc.] — Sparse'ness, n. — 
Spar'sim, adv. Sparsely ; scatteredly ; here and 
there. [L.] 

Spartan. spartan, a. Of, or pert, to, Sparta, esp. to 
ancient Sparta; hardy; undaunted. [L. Spartanus.] 

Spasm, spazm, n. (Med.) An involuntary and abnor- 
mal contraction of one or more muscles or muscular 
fibers. A sudden, violent, and perhaps fruitless ef- 
fort. [F. snasme, L. spasmus, Gr. epasmos, fr. spasbt, 
to draw, pluck; s. rt. span, spin.] — Spasmodic, -ica!, 
-modlk-al, a. Relating to, or consisting in, spasm; 
soon relaxed or exhausted; convulsive. — Spasmod'- 
ic. 72. (Med.) A medicine good for removing spasm; 
an anti-spasmodic — Spastic, a. Relating to spasm; 
spasmodic. 

Spat. See Spit. 

Spat, spat, n. The young of shell-fish; a slight blow; 
a little quarrel or dissension. [Same as spatter.] — 
Spat'ter. v. t. [-TERED(-terd).-TEP.iNG.] Tosprinkle 
with a liquid or with any wet substance, as water, 
mud, etc. ; to injure by aspersion, defame. [Freq. 
of spit ; s. rt. spot.]— Spat lerdash'es, n. pi. Cover- 
ings to protect the legs from splashes of mud, etc. 

Spathe, Spathose. etc. See under Spade. 

Spathic. Spathose, etc. See under Spak. 

Spatula, etc. See under Spade. 

Spavin, spavin, n. (Far.) A swelling in or near some 
of the joints of a horse, bv which lameness is pro- 
duced. [OF. esparv a m, Olt. spavano, a spavin, Sp. 
esparavan, a spavin, also a sparrow-hawk, OHG. 
sparwari, a sparrow-hawk, because this disease 
makes the horse raise the infirm leg. like a sparrow- 
hawk.] — Spavined, -ind. a. Affected with spavin. 




Spawn, spawn, n. The eggs of fish or frogs when 
ejected ; any product or offspring, — in contempt ; 
buds or branches produced from underground 
stems. The white fibrous matter forming the ma- 
trix from which fungi are produced.— v. t. (spawned 
(spawnd), spawning.] To produce or deposit, as 
fishes do their eggs; to bring forth, generate, — used 
contemptuously. — v. i. To deposit ezgs, as fish or 
frogs; to issue, as off spring, — used contemptuously. 
[ME. spanen, to spawn, prob. fr. OF. espandre, It. 
spandere, to spill, shed, scatter, L. expandere, to 
spread out= E. expand.] — Spawn'er, n. The fe- 
male fish. 

Spay, spa, v. t. [spayed (spad), spaying.] To extir- 
pate the ovaries of; to castrate, — said onlv of female 
animals. [W. yspaddu, to exhaust, empty, dyspad' 
du, to geld, L. spado, Gr. s]iadon, a eunuch; fr. 
spaein, to draw out : s. rt. sjian.] 

Speak, spek, v. i. [imp. spoke (spake nearbi obsol.y, 
j>. p. spoken (spoke, colloq. or rare) ; speaking.] 
To utter words or articulate sounds, as human be- 
ings; to express thoughts hv words: to express opin- 
ions; to utter a speech, discourse, or harangue; to 
make mention; to give sound: to say, tell, talk, ar- 
ticulate, pronounce. — v. t. To utter with the mouth, 
pronounce, declare, proclaim; to talk or converse in; 
to address, accost: to exhibit, make known; to ex- 
press silently, or by signs ; to communicate. [AS. 
sprecan, later specan, OHG. sprehhan, to speak, orig. 
to make a noise, crackle; s. rt. spark, q. v.]— To 
speak a ship. (Naut.) To hail and speak to her com- 
mander. — Speak'able, a. Capable of being spoken. 
— Speak'er, n. One who speaks; esp., one who ut- 
ters or pronounces a discourse : one who presides 
over, or speaks for, a deliberative assembly, pre- 
serving order and regulating the debates ; a chair- 
man. — Speakership.^. Office of speaker. — Speak'- 
ing, n. Act of uttering words ;_discourse : public 
declamation. — Spokeslnan, spokz'man, n. ; pi. 
-men. One who speaks for another or others. — 
Speech, spech, n. The faculty of uttering articulate 
sounds or words, as in human beings ; power of 
speaking; that which is spoken: words,~as expressing 
ideas; a particular language: tongue: dialect; talk; 
common saying; a formal discourse in public; any 
declaration of thoughts; harangue: address: oration. 
[AS. sprsec, spsec, fr. sprecan, specan.] — Speeeh'ify, 
-T-fi, v. i. [-FIED (-fid), -fying/] To make a speech, 
harangue, — used derisively or humorously. [L. fa- 
cere, to make.] — Speechless, a. Destitute or de- 
prived of the faculty of speech; dumb: not speaking 
for a time; mute; silent. — Speechlessness, n. 

Spear, sper, n. A long, pointed weapon, used in war 
and hunting, by thrusting or throwing; a lance; a 
sharp-pointed instrument with barbs, used for stab- 
bing fish, etc. : a shoot, as of grass; a spire. — v. U 
[SPEAr.ED (sperd), 

SPEARING.] T O 

pierce or kill with 
a s p e a r. — v. u 
To shoot into a 
long stem, as 
some plants. TAS. 
spere, D. and G. 
speer, L. sparus; 
s. rt. spar.] 



s. rt. spar.] — K J 
Spearlnan. n. ;\v\J 
pi. -m en. O n e )\ 
armed with a *s 




ear-heads. 



spear. — Spear'- £=) 
mint. n. A plant; 
a species of mint. 
— Spear'head. n. The pointed end of a spear. 
Species, spe'shez, n.sing. 8zpl. Orig.. appearance: im- 
age. (Logic.) A conception subordinated to another 
conception, called a genus, or generic conception, 
from which it differs in containing or comprehend- 
ing more attributes, and extending to fewer individ- 
uals, (yat. Hist.) A permanent class of existing 
things, or being*, associated according to attributes, 
or properties determined by scientific observation. 
Sort; kind: variety. (Civil Laic.) The form or shape 

5 iven to materials : fashion or shape : form: figure. 
L., a look, appearance, kind, sort. fr. s/ecere, spec- 
turn, to look, see: s. rt. spy. q. v.] — Spe'cial, spesh'- 
al, a. Pert, to, or constituting, a species or sort; dif- 
ferent from others; extraordinary: uncommon: de- 
signed for a particular purpose or person : limited in 
range; confined to a definite field of action or discus- 
sion. [OF.: L. specialis, fr. species; same as espe- 
cial.] — In special. Particularly. — ^>. pleading. The 



gun, cube, full j rccon : fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



SPECIALLY 



554 



SPELL 



allegation of special or new matter as disting. f r. a 
direct denial of matter previously alleged on the 
other side; the popular denomination of the whole 
science of pleading. [The phrase is sometimes pop- 
ularly applied to the specious, but unsound, argu- 
mentation of one whose aim is victory, and not truth.] 

— Specially, adv. In a special manner; particular- 
ly; especially; for a particular purpose. — Spe'cial- 
iit, n. One who devotes himself to a specialty. — 
Spe'ciafity, spesh'T-al'T-tY, Specialty, spesh'al-ti, 
re. Particularity; a particular or peculiar case; that 
for which a person is distinguished, or which he 
makes an object of special attention. {Law.) A con- 
tract, or obligation, under seal; a contract by deed. 

— Spe'cie, -shi, n. Copper, silver, or gold coin; hard 
money. [Orig. species, coin ; It. in {specie, in cash or 
ready money.]— Spec'ify, spes'T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), 
-fying.] To mention or name, as a particular thing. 
[OF. specifier, f r. L. species and facere, to make.] — 
Specific, -ical, spe-sif 'ik-al, a. Pert, to, characteriz- 
ing, or constituting a species; tending to specify or 
make particular; definite; limited; precise. (Med.) 
Exerting a peculiar influence over any part of the 
body; dependent on contagion, — said of diseases.— 
Specific, n. (Med.) A remedy which exerts a spe- 
cial action in the prevention or cure of a disease; a 
remedy supposed to be infallible. [OF. specifique, L. 
specificus.] — Specific gravity. (Physics.) See Grav- 
ity, under Grave, a.— S. name. (Nat. Hist.) The 
name which, appended to the name of the genus, 
constitutes the distinctive name of the species. — 
Specifically, adv. In a specific manner; according 
to the nature of the species; definitely; particularly. 

— Specif icalness, n. — Spec'ifica'tfon, n. Act of 
specifying, or determining, by a mark or limit; des- 
ignation of particulars; particular mention; a writ- 
ten statement containing a minute description or 
enumeration of particulars ; any article or thing 
specified. — Specimen, n. A part, or small portion, 
of anything, or number of things, intended to exhib- 
it the kind and quality of the whole, or of what is 
not exhibited; sample; model; pattern. [L., fr. spe- 
cere.] — Spe'cious, -shus, a. Obvious; showy; man- 
ifest; apparently risrht; superficially fair, just, or cor- 
rect; appearing well at first view; plausible; ostensi- 
ble; colorable; feasible. [OF. specieux, L. specro*us, 
fr. specere.] — Spe'ciously, adv. — Spe'ciousness, n. 
— Spec'tacle, -ta-kl, it. Something exhibited to view, 

— usually, as extraordinary, or as worthy of special 
notice; show; sight; pageant, pi. An optical instru- 
ment used to assist or correct some defect of vision. 

SF. ; L. spectaculum, fr. spectare, to look at, behold, 
r. specere. ] — Spec'tacled, -kid, a. Furnished with, 
or wearing spectacles. — Spectacular, a. Pert, to 
shows; of the nature of a show; of, or pert, to, spec- 
tacles, or glasses for the eyes. — Spectator, n. One 
who sees or beholds; one personally present at any 
exhibition ; looker-on ; observer ; witness. [L., fr. 
spectare.~] — Spectatress, -trix, n. A female looker- 
on. — Spec'ter, -tre, -ter, n. An apparition; ghost; 
something made preternaturally visible. [F. spectre, 
L. spectrum, an appearance, image.] — Spec'tral, a. 
Pert, to a specter; ghostly; pert, to a spectrum.— 
Spec'trum, n. pi. ; -tra, -tra. A visible form; some- 
thing seen; an image of something seen, continuing 
after the eyes are closed or turned away. (Opt.) An 
oblong stripe on a screen formed by the colored and 
other rays of which a beam of light is composed, sep- 
arated by the refraction of a prism or other means: 
see Light. [L.] — Spec'troscope, -skop, n. An op- 
tical instrument for analyzing spectra, esp. those 
formed by flames in which different substances are 
volatilized, so as to determine, from the nature and 
position of the spectral lines, the composition of the 
substance. [L. spectrum and Gr. skopein, to view.] 

— Spec'ulum, n. ;pl. -ula, -la. A mirror or looking- 
glass; a reflector of polished metal, esp. such as is 
used in reflecting telescopes. (Surg.) An instrument 
for dilating certain passages of the body, and throw- 
ing light within them. [L., a mirror, specula, a 
watch-tower, fr. specere.} — Spec' ular, a. Having 
the qualities of a speculum or mirror; having a 
smooth, reflecting surface. — SpeaUar iron. (Min.) 
An ore of iron occurring frequently in crystals of a 
brilliant metallic luster, — a variety of hematite.— 
Spie'geleisen, spe'gl-i-zn, n. Specular cast-iron, 
particularly rich in manganese and carbon, and used 
in the manufacture of steel by the Bessemer process. 
[G. Spiegel (=L. speculum), a mirror, and_eisere, iron, 
— fr. its bright luster.] — Spec'ulate, -u-lat, v. i. To 
Consider by turning an object in the mind, and view- 



ing it in its different aspects and relations; to medi. 
tate. (Com.) To purchase with the expectation of 
a contingent advance in value, and a consequent 
sale at a profit. [L. speculari, -latus, to spy out, ob- 
serve, fr. specula, a lookout, fr. specere.]— Spec'ula'- 
tion, n. The act of speculating; mental view of any- 
thing in its various aspects and relations; contem- 
plation. (Com.) Act or practice of buying land or 
goods, etc., in expectation of a rise of price and sell- 
ing them at an advance, as disting. fr. a regular 
trade. Conclusion to which the mind comes by spec- 
ulating; mere theory; view; conjecture; act or result 
of scientific or abstract thinking. [F. ; L. speculatio.] 

— Spec'ulatist, n. A speculator; theorist. — Spec- 
ulative, -la-tiv, a. Given to, or concerning, specula- 
tion; involving, or formed by, speculation; ideal; 
theoretical; pertaining to speculation in land, goods, 
etc. [L. speeuZaftVws.]-Spec / 'ula / tively, adv.— Spec'- 
ula'tor, n. One who speculates or forms theories. 
(Com.) One who buys goods, lands, or other things, 
with the expectation of a rise of price, and of deriv- 
ing profit from such advance. [L.] — Spec'ulatory, 
-la-to-rt, a. Exercising speculation; speculative; in- 
tended or adapted for viewing or espying. 

Speck, spek, n. A small place in anything that is dis- 
colored by foreign matter, or is of a color different 
from that of the main substance; a very small thing; 
spot; stain; flaw; blemish, — v. t. [specked (spektj, 
specking.] To stain in spots or drops; to spot. [AS. 
specca, a spot, LG. spoken, to spot with wet, OD. 
spicken, to spit; s. rt. spot, spit, spew.'] — Speckle, -1, 
n. A little spot in anything, of a different substance 
or color from that of the thing itself; a speck. — v. t. 
[speckled (-Id), -ling.] To mark with small spots 
of a different color; to variegate with spots. [Dim. 
of speck; OD. spickelen, to speckle, fr. spicken.] 

Spectacle, Specter, Speculate, Speculum, etc. See un- 
der Species. 

Speech, Speechify, etc. See under Speak. 

Speed, sped, v. i. [sped or speeded; speeding.] To 
make haste ; to attain what one seeks for, prosper, 
succeed; to have any condition, good or ill; to fare. 

— v. t. To cause to make haste ; to dispatch with 
celerity; to help forward, cause to succeed; to hasten 
to a conclusion, bring to a result ; to bring to de- 
struction, ruin. — n. The moving or causing to 
move forward with celerity; prosperity in an under- 
taking ; favorable issue ; success ; start ; advance. 
[AS. .spec?, haste, success, OS. spod, OHG. spot, suc- 
cess, D. spoed, speed, AS. spowan, OHG. spuon, to 
succeed, Skr. sphay, to increase, enlarge, sphiti, pros- 
perity ; s. rt. span, q. v.] — Speed'er, n. — Speed'y, 
-T, a. [-IER ; -iest.] Not dilatory or slow ; quick ; 
swift; nimbie; hasty; rapid in motion. [AS. sped- 
ig] — Speed'ily, adv. — Speed'iness, re. 

Speiss, spis, n. (Min.) Copper nickel, consisting of 
nickel and arsenic. [G. speise, food ; mixed metal, 
for bells, etc.] 

Spell, spel, n. The relief of one person by another in 
any piece of work; a gratuitous helping forward of 
another's work; a single period of labor; a short pe- 
riod; brief time; a period or season. — v. t. [spelled 
(speld), spelling.] To supply the place of, relieve, 



help. [AS. spelian, to supply another's room, act as 

t. D. spelen, G. r ' 

w. spel, Ic 
spiel, a game.] 



proxy for; s. rt. D. spelen, G. spielen, to play, act 
part, D. and Sw. spel, Ic, Dan., and OHG. spil, G. 



Spell, spel, n. A verse or phrase supposed to be en- 
dowed with magical power; an incantation; any 



charm. [AS. and OHG. spel, a story, narrative, Goth. 
spill, a fable, tale, myth; s. rt. gospel.] 
Arrested or bound, as by a spell 



y, narrative, ( 
Z.]-SpeU'-b 
:11 or charm. 



Spell, spel, v. t. [spelled (speld) or spelt, spell- 
ing.] To discover by characters or marks ; to read, 
esp. with labor or difficulty, — with out; to tell or 
name the letters of (a word); to write or print with 
the proper letters, — v. i. To form words with the 
proper letters, either in reading or writing. [ME. 
and D. spellen, to spell (letters^, perh. fr. AS. spell- 
ian, to declare, narrate, say, fr. spel, a story : see 
Spell, a verse, etc.; or prob. fr. D. spelle, spelde, a 
pin, ME. speal x spelder, a splinter, — with which the 
letters were pointed out; cf. Fries, spjeald, a splinter, 
letter-spjealding, spelling.] — Spelfer, n. One who 
spells; one skilled in spelling; a book containing ex- 
ercises in spelling ; spelling-book. — Spelfing, n. 
Act of naming the letters of a word, or of writing or 
printing words with their proper letters; manner of 
forming words with letters; orthography. — Spelf- 
ing-book, n. A book for teaching children to spell 
and read; a speller. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r i 



SPELT 



555 



SPIN 



Spelt, spelt, «. An inferior species of wheat, cultivated 
for food in Germany and Switzerland. [AS., D., and 
G.: prob. s. rt. split.'] 

Spelter, speller, n. Zinc. [D. spiauter, LG. spialter, 
It. peltro, pewter; pern, same as ME. spelder = E. 
splinter.] 

Spence, spens, n. A place where provisions are kept; 
a buttery ; larder ; pantry. [OF. despense, buffet, 
buttery, fr. despendre, to spend, distribute, L. dis- 
pendere, -pensum : see Spend.] 

Spencer, spen'ser, n. A short over-jacket worn by 
men or women. (Naut.) A fore-and-ait sail, abaft 
the fore and main masts, set with a gaff and no 
boom; a trysail carried at the foremast or mainmast. 
[The jacket introduced by Lord Spencer J 

Spend, spend, v. t. [spent, spending.] To weigh or 
lay out, dispose of, part with ; to bestow for any 
purpose ; to consume, waste, squander ; to pass 
(time) ; to suffer to pass away ; to exhaust of force 
or strength, waste. — v. i. To make expense, make 
disposition of money ; to be lost or wasted, be dis- 
BiDated or consumed. [AS. spendan, fr. LL. dis- 
petidere, to spend, waste, fr. L. dis-, apart, and peri- 
derm, to weigh.] — Spend'er, n. — Spend' thrift, n. 
One who spends money profusely orimprovidently; 
a prodigal ; one who lavishes his estate. — Spend'- 
ing-mon'ey, w. A sum allowed or set apart for extra 
(not necessarv) personal expenses ; pocket-money. 
[LL. spensubitis moneta.] 

Sperm, spgrm, n. Animal seed; semen; spermaceti; 
spawn of fishes or frogs. [ME. and F. sperme, L. and 
Gr. sperma, seed, fr. speirein, to sow: see Spar, to 
box ; 8. rt. spore.] — Sperm'ace'ti, -a-selT, n. A 
white, brittle, semi-transparent fatty matter obtained 
chiefly from the head of the cachalot, or spermaceti 
whale. [L. sperma ceti, lit. sperm of the whale; cetus, 
Gr.ketos,& large fish: see Cetacea.] — Sperm'-oil, 
n. Oil obtained from the cachalot.— Sperm'ary, -a- 
rf, n. (Anat.) The male spermatic gland or glands 
(testes). — Spermatic, -ical, -matlk-al, a. Pert, to, 
consisting of, conveying, or producing semen; sem- 
inal. — Spermatocele, -o-sel, n. {Med.) A swelling 
of the spermatic vessels. [Gr. kele, a tumor.] — 
Sperm / atorrhe / 'a, -a-tor-re'a, n. (Pathol.') Invol- 
untary emission of semen without copulation. 

Spew, spu, v . t. [spewed (spud), spewing.] To eject 
from the stomach, vomit ; to cast forth with abhor- 
rence.— v. i. To discharge the contents of the 
stomach, vomit. [AS. and OHG. spiwan, D. spuu- 
wen, L. spuere, Gr. ptuein; s. rt. spit, pip, puke.] 

Sphacelate, sfas'e-lat, v. i. To mortify, become gan- 
grenous, as flesh, decay or become carious, as a bone. 
[NL. sphacelare, sphacelatum, f r. Gr. sphakelos, gan- 

frene.] — Sphacelation, n. (Med.) The process of 
ecoming or making gangrenous; mortification. 

Sphene, sfen, n. (Min.) A mineral composed of silica, 
titanic acid, and lime : it is found usually in thin, 
wedge-shaped crystals. [Gr. sphen, a wedge.] — 
Sphe'noid, -noid'al, a. Resembling a wedge. [Gr. 
eidos, form.] 

Sphere, sfer, ??. (Oeom.) A body contained under a 
single surface, which, in every part, is equally dis- 
tant from a point within, called its center. Any orb 
or star. (Astron.) The apparent surface of the heav- 
ens, which seems to the eye spherical and everywhere 
equally distant ; one of the concentric and eccen- 
tric revolving spherical transparent shells, in which 
the stars, sun, planets, and moon were once sup- 
posed to be set, and by which they were carried. 
Circuit of action, knowledge, or influence ; rank ; 
order of society ; globe; circle; compass; province ; 
employment. — v. t. [sphered (sferd), sphering.] 
To place in a sphere, form into roundness. [OF. 
espere, later sphere, L. sphtera, Gr. sphaira, a hall, 
globe, lit. thing tossed about, fr. spairein, to scatter 
seed; s. rt. sperm, sparse.] — Spheloid, -roid, w. A 
body nearly spherical ; esp., a solid generated by 
the revolution of an ellipse about one of its axes. 
[Gr. eidos, form.] - Spheroid'al, -roidlc, -roidlcal, 
a. Having the form of a spheroid; approaching the 
form of a sphere.— Spheric, -ical, sferlk-al, a. Hav- 
ing the form of a sphere; globular; pert, to a sphere; 
Relating to the heavenly orbs. — Spherically, adv. 
In the form of a sphere. — Spherlcalness, Sphe- 
ricity, -ris'Y-tY, n. State or quality of being spher- 
ical ; roundness. — Spherics, n. sing. The science 
of the properties and relations of the circles, figures, 
and other magnitudes of a sphere,_produced by 
planes intersecting it. — Spher'ule, -ool, n. A little 
sphere or spherical body. [L. srheerula.] 

Sphinx, sfinks, n. (Myth.) A monster usually repre- 




Sphinx. 



sented as having the 
winged body of a lion, and 
the face and breast of a 
woman : it proposed rid- 
dles and put to death all 
who were unable to 6olve 
them. [L. and Gr., lit. the 
strangler, Gr. sphingein, to 
throttle, bind, fix, L. fin- 
gere = E. to fix.] 

Sphragistics, sfra-jis'tiks, n. 
The science of seals, their 
history, age, and distinctions. [Gr. sphragos, a seal.] 

Spice, spis, n. A vegetable production, fragrant or 
aromatic to the smell and pungent to the taste; that 
which resembles spice, or enriches or alters the 
quality of a thing in a small degree ; a small quan- 
tity. — v. t. [spiced (splst), spicing.] To season 
with spice ; to fill or impregnate with the odor of 
spices. [OF. espice, L. species, a particular sort or 
kind, a species, in LateL. spices, drugs, etc., of the 
same sort.] — Spi'cer, n. One who seasons with, or 
deals in spice.— Spi'cery, -ser-T, n. Spices in gen- 
eral; a repository of spices. — Spi'cy, -si, a. [-C1ER; 
-ciest.] Producing, pert. to. or abounding with, 
spices; pungent; racy; aromatic; fragrant; smart. 

Spick and span new. See under Span-new. 

Spicule, spik'ul, n. A minute slender granule or 
point. [L. spiculum, dim. of spicurn, spica, a point, 
dart.] — Spic'ular, a. Resembling a dart ; having 
sharp points. — Spic'ulate, v. t. To sharpen to a 
point. [L. spiculare, -latum, fr. spiculum.] 

Spider, spi'der, n. An animal of many genera of the 
class Arachnida, most 
of which spin webs 
for taking their prey 
or for habitation ; a 
frying-pan, some what 
resembling, in form, 
a spider. [ME. spith- 
re, for spinther, lit. 
the spinner, G. spinne, 
a spider, also a spin- 
ner, Dan. spinder, a 
spider, spinde, to spin, 
q. v.] 

Spiegeleisen- See un- 
der Species. 

Spigot, spig'ut, n. A 
pin or peg used to 
close the opening in a 
faucet or a small hole in a cask of liquid. [Ir. and 
Ga. spiocaid, dim. of Ir. spice = E. spike, q. v.] 

Spike, spik, n. A large nail; a pointed pin or "bar of 
iron or wood; an ear of corn or grain; a ^ 
shoot. (Bot.) A species of inflorescence, in 
which the flowers are sessile on a common 
axis, as in plantain, salvia, etc. — v. t. 
[spiked (spikt), spiking.] To fasten with 
spikes, or large nails; to set with spikes; to 
stop the vent of with a spike, nail, etc. [L. 
spica, an ear of corn, also a pike, point, 
whence Ir. nice, "W. pig, a peak, pike, Ic. 
and Sw. spik, G. spieker, a nail; s. rt. pike, 
etc.] — Spiked, spikt, p. a. Furnished with 
spikes, as corn; fastened or stopped with 
spikes. — Spik'y, -T, a. Having a sharp 
point or points; furnished or armed with 
spikes. — Spikelet, n. (Bot.) A small or 
partial spike, as in the flowers of some grasses.— 
Spike'nard, w. (Bot.) An aromatic plant; the spike- 
nard of the ancients is a species of valerian. A fra- 
grant essential oil. [Prop, spiked nard : see Nard.] 

Spile, spil, rt. A small peg or wooden pin, used to 
stop a hole; a 6take driven into the ground as a 
support for some superstructure; a pile. [LG.] — 
Spill, spil, rt. A spile; splinter; a roll of paper or 
strip of wood for lighting fires, etc.; a little pin or 
bar of iron. [ME. speld, a splinter; in AS., a torch; 
in D., a pin; in Ic, a square tablet, orig. a slice of 
board ; MHG. spelte, a splinter, G. spalten = E. to 
split.] 

Spill, spil, r. t. [spilled (spild) or spilt, spilling.] 
To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel; to lose or 
suffer to be scattered; to cause to flow out or lose; 
to shed (in battle or in manslaughter), — v. i. To 
be shed; to run over; to fall out, he lost, or wasted. 
[AS. spih/an, spillan, to destroy, spild, destruction; 
s. rt. split : see Spill, under Spile.] 

Spin, spin, v. t. [spun, spinning.] To draw out and 
twist into threads; to form (a web, etc.) by drawing 




Geometric Net of Garden 
Spider. 



Spike. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SPINACH 



556 



SPIRIT 




Spinneret of a Spider 
highly magnified. 



a viscid exudation into threads; to draw out tedious- 
ly, extend to a great length, — with out ; to protract, 
Bpend by delays; to turn or cause to whirl; to twirl. 
(Mach.) To shape (metal) by revolving as in a lathe, 
and pressing against it with a roller or hand-tool. — 
v. i. To practice spinning; to perform the act of 
drawing and twisting threads; to whirl, as a top or 
spindle ; to stream or issue in a thread or small cur- 
rent. [ME., D., and G. spinnen, AS. and Goth, spin- 
nan, to spin (thread); s. rt. Gr. spaein, to draw out, 
E. span, q. v., spider.] — Spin'ner, n. — Spin'ner, 
-neret, n. An organ with 
which spiders and some in- 
sects form their silk or 
webs. — Spin /, ning-jen / ny, 
n. A machine for spinning 
a number of threads simul- 
taneously. [See Jenny.] — 
-wheel, n. A machine for 
spinning yarn or thread, in 
which a wheel drives a sin- 
gle spindle. — Spin'dle, -dl, 
n. The long, slender rod in 
spinning-wheels by which 
the thread is twisted, and 
on which, when twisted, it is wound; an axis in a 
spinning machine to hold a bobbin; a tapering pin 
or shaft on which anything turns; an axis; arbor; 
the fusee of a watch: see Fusee; a long, slender 
stalk. — v. i. [spindled (-did), -dling.] To shoot 
or grow in a long, slender stalk or body. [AS. spinl, 
fr. spinnan, G. spindel, fr. spinnen.']— Spin'dle-legged, 
-legd, -shanked, -shankt, o. Having long slender 
legs. — shanks, n. A tall, slender person, — used 
humorously or in contempt. — Spin'ster, -ster, n. 
A woman who spins. {Law.) An unmarried woman; 
single woman. [D.") 

Spinach, Spinage, spin'ej, n. A plant whose leaves 
are used for greens and other culinary purposes. 
[It. spinace, fr. L. spina, a thorn, — some varieties 
being prickly: see Spine.] 

Spine, spin, n. (Bot.) A sharp process from the 
woody part of a plant; a thorn. (Zobl.) A rigid, 
jointed spike upon any part of an animal. The 
back-bone or spinal column of an animal. [OF. 
espine, a thorn, prickle, L. sjnna, a thorn, also the 
back-bone; s. rt. L. spica, an ear of corn: see Spike.] 

— Spi'hal, a. Pert, to the back-bone. — Spin'y, -Y, 
a. Full of opines; thorny; like a spine; slender; 
perplexed^ difficult; troublesome. — Spi'nous, -nus, 
-nose', -nos', a. Armed with spines; thorny.— 
Spinoslty, -nos'T-tY, n. State of being, etc. — Spi- 
nif' erous, -er-us, a. Producing spines. [L.ferre, to 
bear.]— Spi'nel, -nel', -nelle', spT-neK, n. A min- 
eral occurring in octohedrons of great hardness. 
[LL. sninellus, fr. L. spina, — named fr. its pointed 
crystals.]— Spinet, spin'et or spT-nef, n. An ob- 
solete instrument of music resembling a harpsi- 
chord; a virginal. [OF. espinette, It. spinetta, fr. L. 
spina, — because it was struck with a spine or 
pointed quill.]— Spin'ney, -ny, -nl, n. A small 
thicket or grove with undergrowth. [OF. espinoye, 
L. spinetum, a thorny thicket, fr. spina.] 

Spinner, Spinster, etc. See under Spin. 

Spiracle. Spirant, etc. See under Spirit. 

Spire, spTr, n. A body that shoots up or out to a point 

in a conical or pyramidal form, 

a steeple ; a stalk or blade of 

grass or other plant; a sprout. 

— v. i. To shoot up in a taper- 
ing form; to sprout, as grain in 
malting. [AS. spir, a spike (of — 
a reed, etc.), Ic. spira, a spar, ^-cr 
stilt, Dan. spire, a germ, sprout, =r^ 
Sw. spira, a scepter, pistil; perh. ^^ 
s. rt. spear, spar, prob. spike, -i^ 
spine, not spire, a coil.]— Spir'y, ssjj 
-t, a. Of the form of a pyramid; ^jgW 
pyramidical; furnished with gjj| 
spires. = : 

Spire, spir, n. A coil; a winding s 
line like the threads of a screw; =^g 
anything wreathed or con- ^g 
torted ; a curl ; twist ; wreath, -%^ 
[F. ; L. spira, Gr. speira, a coil, =j= 
wreath ; s. rt. L. sporta, Gr. sggi 
spuris, a woven basket, Lith- ~ -^ 
uan. spartas, a band.]— Spi'ral, Snire 

a. Winding round a cylinder * 

or other round body, or in a circular form, and at 
the same time rising or advancing forward; wind- 





Spirula. 
a, Spirula australis (without the shell). 
6, Shell of Spirula australis. 



ing like a screw. [F.; L. spiralis.] — n. (Geom.) A 
curve described by a point called the generatrix, 
moving along a straight line according to a mathe- 
matical law, while the line is 
revolving about a fixed point 
called the pole.— Spiral wheel. 
{Mach.) A wheel having its 
teeth cut at an angle with its 
axis, or so that they form 
small portions of screws or 
spirals. — Spi'rally, ado. — 
Spir'y,- -T, «. Of a spiral 
form ; wreathed ; curled. — « n ;„i whpM 
Spira'a, -re'a, n. A shrub or bplral Wneel - 
perennial herb of many species, including the mead- 
ow-sweet and the hard-hack. [L.] — Spir'ula, spTr'- 
oo-la, n. A ceph- s^r' 

alopod of several (Y$f~7J — - b 

species, having a 
multilocular 
shell in the form 
of a flat spiral, 
the coils of 
which do not l 
touch one an- 
other, [L., dim. 
of spira.] 
Ipirit, spirit, n. 
Air set in mo- 
tion by breath- 
ing; breath; life 
itself; life, or living substance, considered independ- 
ently of corporeal existence; the intelligent, imma- 
terial, and immortal part of man; the soul; a disem- 
bodied soul ; a supernatural apparition; specter ; 
ghost; sprite; fairy; any remarkable manifestation 
of life or energy; one who evinces great activity or 
peculiar characteristics of mind or temper; temper 
or disposition of mind; intellectual or moral state; 
in pi., animation; cheerfulness; pi. a liquid produced 
by distillation, esp., alcohol; rum, whisky, brandy, 
and other distilled liquors having much alcohol ; 
sing., intent; real meaning, — opp. to the letter, or to 
formal statement ; characteristic quality, — v. t. To 
animate with vigor, excite, encourage, inspirit; to 
convey rapidly and secretly, or mysteriously, as if 
by the agency of a spirit; to kidnap. [OF. espirit (F. 
esprit, q. v.), the spirit, soul, L. spiritus, breath, spir- 
it, fr. spirare, -atum, to breathe; s. rt. aspire, expire, 
dispirit, sprite, sprightly.] —Holy Spirit, or The Spir- 
it. (Theol.) The Spirit of God, or the third person 
of the Trinity; the Holy Ghost. — S. of wine. Pure 
alcohol, so called because formerly obtained only 
from wine. — Spirited, p. a. Animated; full of life; 
full of spirit or fire; lively; vivacious; ardent; ac- 
tive; bold; courageous. — Spiritedly, adv. — Spir '• 
itless, a. Destitute of spirits; wanting animation; 
dejected: wanting life, courage, or fire. — Spirit- 
lessly, adv. — Spirltlessness, n.— Spirltous, -us, a 
Like spirit; refined; pure; fine; ardent. — Spi'rant, 
n. (Pron.) A consonant sound uttered with per. 
ceptible expiration, or emission of breath, — said of 
/, v, th surd and sonant, and the German ch. TL, 
s/iirans, spirantis, p. pr. of sjrirare.] — Spirit- 
ism, -izm, n. Belief or doctrine of the spiritists; 
spiritualism. — Spiritist, n. One who believes in 
direct intercourse with departed spirits through 
persons called mediums; a spiritualist. — Spiritual, 
-u-al, a. Consisting of spirits; incorporeal; pert, to 
the intellectual and higher endowments of the 
mind; mental; intellectual; pert, to the moral feel, 
ings or states of the soul; pert, to the soul or its af, 
lections, as influenced by the Spirit; proceeding 
from the Holy Spirit; pure; holy; heavenly-minded; 
divine; relating to sacred things; ecclesiastical. [F. 
spirituel, L. spiritualis, fr. spiritus.] — Spiritually, 
adv. In a spiritual manner; with purity of spirit or 
heart. — Spiritualism, -u-al-izm, n. State of being 
spiritual. (Philos.) The doctrine in opposition to the 
materialists, that all which exists is spirit or soul. A 
belief in the reception of communications from dis- 
embodied spirits, by means of physical phenomena, 
commonly manifested through a person of special 
susceptibility, called a medium. — Spiritualist, n. 
One who professes a regard for spiritual things only; 
one who maintains the doctrine of spiritualism; one 
who believes in direct intercourse with departed 
spirits, through the agency of mediums. — Spiritu- 
ality, -al'i-tt, n. State of being spiritual; that which 
belongs to the church, or to a person as an ecclesias- 
tic, or to religion, as distinct from temporalities.— 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve. term ; Xxu ice ; Qdd, tone, 8r ; 



SPIRT 



557 



SPONDYL 



Spiritualize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -IZING.] To refine 
intellectually or morally; to imbue with spirituality 
or life.— Spir'itualiza'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- 
ing, etc. — Spir'ituous, -u-us, a. Having the quality 
of spirit; tenuous in substance, and having active 
powers or properties; active; pure; consisting of, or 
containing, distilled spirit; ardent: alcoholic. — Spi- 
rometer, spi-rom'e-te'r, n. An instrument for meas- 
uring the vital capacity of the lungs. 1 \..sj»'rare and 
Gr. >netron,a measure.] — Spiracle, spir'a-kl or spi'- 
ra-kl, re. {Aunt.) A small aperture in animal and 
vegetable bodies, by which air or other fluid is ex- 
haled or inhaled. Any small aperture, hole, or vent. 
[F.; L. spiracvlum, fr. spirare.] 

Spirt. Same as Spurt. 

Spiry. See under Spire, a tapering body, also under 
Spire, a coil. 

Spissitude. spis'sY-tSd, n. Thickness of soft sub- 
stances; denseness or compactness belonging to sub- 
stances not perfectly liquid nor perfectly solid. [L. 
spissitudo, fr. s,,i.«us, dense: see Inspissate.] 

Spit, spit, re. A long, pointed iron rod or bar on which 
meat is roasted; a small point of land or a long nar- 
row shoal running into the sea. — v. t. [spitted, 
spitting.] To th'-ust a spit throughput upon a spit; 
to thrust through, pierce. [AS. spitu, D. spit, MHG. 
spiz, Ic. spyla. a spit, spjot, Dan. spyd, G. spiess, a 
spear; s. rt. spud, prob. spike, spine, spire, a tapering 
body; not spade.] — Spit'ter, re. One who, etc.; a 
young deer whose antlers begin to be sharp. 

Spit, spit, v. t. [spit (spat, obs.), -ting.] To eject 
from the mouth (saliva or other matter) ; to eject or 
throw out with violence. — v. i. To throw out' saliva 
from the mouth. — re. The secretion formed by the 
glands of the mouth ; saliva. [AS. spittan, also 
spsetan (whence old imp. spat), Ic. spyta, G.spuetzen, 
spucken : s. rt. spew.] — Spit'fire. n. A violent, iras- 
cible, or passionate person. — Spif tie, -tl, rt. The 
thick, moist matter secreted by thejalivary glands ; 
saliva. [AS. spatl.] — Spittoon', -toon'', re. A vessel 
to receive spittle. 

Spital, spit'al, «. A hospital. [Abbr. fr. hospital, OF. 
ospital, hospital.]' 

Spite, spit, re. Hatred; malice; malignity; pique; ran- 
cor; malevolence; grudge; chagrin. — v. t. To be 
angry or vexed at;~to hate; to treat maliciously, in- 
jure, thwart. [Abbr. of despite, q. v.] — In spite of. 
In opposition to all efforts of; in defiance or con- 
tempt of. — To owe one a s. To entertain a mean 
hatred for him. — Spite'fol, -ful, a. Fiiled with 
spite: having a desire to vex, annoy, or injure; ma- 
lignant ; malicious. — Spite'fully, adv. — Spite'ful- 
ness, re. 

Spitz, S.-dog, spits'dog, n. A small variety of the 
Pomeranian dog, with long silky hair, erect ears, 
and a sharp nose. [G. spitz, spitzhund, fr. spitz, 
pointed, — fr. the shape of the dog's nose.] 

Splash, splash, v. t. [splashed (splasht), splashing.] 
To spatter with water, or with water and mud. — 
v.i. To strike and dash about water. — re. Water, 
or water and dirt thrown upon anything, or thrown 
from a puddle, etc. [Same as plash.] — Splash'y, -1. 
a. Full of dirty water; wet and muddy, so as to be 
easily splashed about. 

Splay, spla, a. Displayed; spread; turned outward. 
— n. A slanted or sloped surface; esp., the expan- 
sion given to doors, windows, etc., by slanting their 
sides. [Abbr. fr. display, q. v.] — Splay'-foot, re. A 
foot having the sole flattened instead of concave ; 
flat-foot. — foot, -foot'ed, a. Having the foot turned 
outward ; having a wide foot. — -mouth, n. ; pi. 
-mouths, mowthz. A wide mouth; a mouth stretched 
in derision. 

Spleen, splen, re. (Anat.) A glandular organ, situ- 
ated in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity 
to the left of the stomach ; the milt : the ancients 
supposed it to be the seat of anger and melancholy. 
Anger; latent spite; ill humor; melancholy; hypo- 
chondriacal affections. [ME., L., and Gr. splen, Skr. 
plihan.] — Spleen'ish, Spleen'y, -T, a. Angry; peev- 
ish; fretful; affected with nervous complaints: mel- 
ancholv. — Splenetic, splen'e-tik or sple-net'ik, a. 
Affecte'd with spleen; morose; gloomy; sullen; peev- 
ish; fretful. — re. One who is, etc. 

Splendor, splen'der, re. Great brightness ; brilliant 
luster; great show of richness and elegance; emi- 
nence ; brilliancy ; magnificence ; pomp ; parade. 
[L., fr. splendere, to shine.] — Splen'dent, a. Shin- 
ing ; beaming with light ; ve*y conspicuous ; illus- 
trious. [L. splendens, p. pr. of splendere.] — Splen'- 
did, a. Possessing or displaying splendor ; very 




bright; showy; magnificent; illustrious; heroic: 
brilliant : celebrated; famous. [L. spleno 
Splen'didly, adv. 
I Splenetic. See under Spleen. 

Splice, splis, v. t. [spliced (splist), splicing.] To 
unite (2 ropes or parts of a 
rope) by a particular manner 
of interweaving the strands; 
to unite, by lapping 2 ends to- 
gether, and binding, or in any ; 
way making fast. (Much.) To 
scarf. — re. The union of ropes 
by interweaving the strands. 
(Mach.) Aconnection between 
pieces of wood or metal by 
means of overlapping parts ; 
a scarfing. [OD. spassen, to 
splice (rope-ends, previously 
splitting them), fr. splijten, 
splitten = E. to split, q. v.] 

Splint, splint, re. A piece split off; splinter. (Surg.) 
A thin piece of wood, or other substance, used to 
hold or protect a broken bone when set. — v. t. To 
fasten or confine with splints, as a broken limb. 
[Sw., D., and G., a thin piece, orig. of split wood, 
Sw. splinta, to splint, splinter, split, LG. spliten, to 
split, q. v.] — Splin'ter, n. A slender fragment of 
wood, or other solid substance, rent longitudinally 
from the main body; a sliver. — v. t. [-teked (-tSrd), 
-tering.] To split or rend into long thin pieces; to 
shiver. — v. i. To be split or rent into long pieces. 
[D., a splinter, splinteri'ii, to splinter.] — Splin'tery, 
-ter-T, a. Consisting of, or resembling, splinters. [D. 
splinterig.] — Split, split, v. t. [split (splitted, 
rare); -ting.] To divide longitudinally or length- 
wise; to rive, cleave; to tear asunder by violence, 
burst, rend; to separate into parts or parties, —v. i. 
To part asunder, burst; to burst with laughter; to be 
dashed to pieces: to break faith, betray a secret. — n. 
A crack, rent, or longitudinal fissure; a breach or 
separation, as in a political party. [Dan. splitte, D. 
splijten, G. sj>leisseu, to split, D. spleet, Dan. split, a 
slit, split, Sw. split, discord.] 

Splutter, splufter, n. A bustle; stir. — i-. i. [splut- 
tered (-terd), -tering.] To speak hastily and con- 
fusedly; to sputter; to scatter drops of fluid with 
noise, as a bad pen, a hasty speaker, etc. [Freq. of 
spout, orig. sprout; s. rt. spurt, sjmtter.] 

Spoil, spoil, v. t. [spoiled (spoild), spoiling.] To 
plunder, strip by violence, rob; to seize by violence, 
take by force ; to cause to decay and 'perish ; to 
vitiate, mar ; to render useless by injury, ruin, de- 
stroy. — v. i. To practice plunder or robbery; to 
lose the valuable qualities, be corrupted, decay.— re. 
That which is taken from others by violence ; esp., 
the plunder taken from an enemy ;" pillage ; booty ; 
that which is gained by strength or effort; act or 
practice of plundering; robbery; corruption; cause 
of corruption. [F. spolier, ~L. spoliare, -atum, to de- 
spoil, fr. spolium, F. spoile, booty; peril, s. rt. Gr. 
skulon, spoil.] — Spoil^er, n. One who spoils; a plun- 
derer; pillager; robber; one who corrupts, mars, or 
renders useless.— Spoliate, -lT-at, v. t. To plunder, 
pillage, destroy. — v. i. To practice plunder, com- 
mit robbery. — Spoliation, re. Act of plundering; 
robbery; destruction; despoliation; robbery in war; 
esp., the act or practice of plundering neutrals at 
sea, under authority. [F.] — Spo'lia'tor, re. One 
who spoliates. 

Spoke, Spokesman, etc. See Speak. 

Spoke, spok, re. One of the radial arms or bars inserted 
in the hub, or nave of a wheel, and connecting it 
with the rim or felly; the round of a ladder; a con- 
trivance for fastening the wheel of a vehicle, to pre- 
vent it from turning in going down a hill. — v. t. 
[srOKED (spokt), spoking.] To furnish with spokes. 
[AS. spaca, D. speek. a spoke, spaak, a lever; s. rt. 
spike.] — Spoke'shave, re. A kind of drawing-knife 
for dressing spokes and other curved work. 

Spoliate, etc. See under Spoil. 

Spondee, spon'de, re. (Pros.) A poetic foot of 2 long 
syllables. [L. spondeiis, Gr. spondeios, fr. spondai, a 
treaty or truce, sponde, a drink-offering, libation to 
the gods, fr. spendein, to pour out, make libation, — 
because at libations slow, solemn melodies were 
used, chiefly in this meter.] — Sponda/ic, -ical, -da'- 
ik-al, o. Pert, to a spondee: consisting of spondees; 
composed of spondees in excess. 

Spondyl, -dyle, spon'dil, re. (Anat.) A joint of the 
back-bone; a vertebra. [F. spondyle, Gr. spondu- 



sfin, cube, full ; moon, f<J6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, get. 



SPONGE 



558 



SPRAY 




Sponge, spunj, n. A compound gelatinous protozoa 
of several species, hav- 
ing a horny, flinty, or 
bony skeleton, found 
adhering to rocks, 
shells, etc., underwater: ^ 
its fibrous framework 
prepared for use in art, 
surgery, etc. : it is soft, 
porous, elastic, and 
readily imbibes or parts 
with large quantities of oponge. 

fluid; one who lives upon others; a sponger; any 
sponge - like substance ; esp., dough before it is 
kneaded and formed, and while being converted 
into a light, spongy mass by the agency of the yeast 
or leaven. (Gun?) An instrument for cleaning can- 
non after a discharge. — v. t. [sponged (spunjd), 
sponging.] To cleanse or wipe with a sponge; to 
wipe out with a sponge, efface, destroy all trace of. 
— v.i. To suck in or imbibe, as a sponge; to gain 
by mean arts, by intrusion, or hanging on; to be 



converted, as dough, into a light, spongy mass by the 
agency of yeast or leaven. [OF. esponge, L. and Gr 
spongia; s. rt. L. and E. fungus, E. sj>unk, peril. Gr 



somphos = E. swampy: see Swamp.] [ — Spong'er, n. 
One who uses a sponge; a parasitical dependent; 
hanger-on. — Spon'gy, -it, a. Soft and full ot cavi- 
ties; wet; drenched; soaked and soft, like a sponge; 
having the quality of imbibing fluids, like a sponge. 
— Spon'giness, n. — Spon'ging-house, n. A bailiff's 
house to put debtors in before being taken to jail, or 
until they compromise with their creditors. 

Sponsal, spon'sal, a. Relating to marriage, or to a 
spouse. [L. sponsalis, fr. S2Jonsus, a betrothal, sj)on- 
dere, sponsum, to betroth, promise ; prob. s. rt. Gr. 
spondai, a treaty: see Spondee; s. rt. despond, re- 
spond, etc.] — Spon'sion, -shun, n. Act of becoming 
surety for another. [L. sponsio, fr. spondere.] — 
Spon'sor, n. A surety ; one who, at the baptism of 
an infant, professes the Christian faith in its name, 
and guarantees its religious education ; a godfather 
or godmother. [L.] — Spouse, spowz, n. A man or 
woman engaged or joined in wedlock ; a married 
person, husband or wife. [ME. spttse, OF. espous, 
f em. espouse, L. sponsus, sponsa, one betrothed, prop. 
p. p. of spondere; s. rt. espouse.] — Spouseless, a. 
Destitute of a spouse; having no husband or wife; 
unmarried. — Spous'al, a. Pert, to a spouse, or to 
a marriage ; nuptial ; matrimonial ; conjugal ; con- 
nubial; bridal, — n. Marriage, — generally in pi. 

Spontaneous, spon-ta'ne-us, a. Proceeding from nat- 
ural feeling, temperament, or disposition, or from a 
native internal proneness, readiness, or tendency ; 
proceeding from internal impulse, energy, or natural 
law, without external force ; produced without be- 
ing planted, or without human labor ; voluntary ; 
uncompelled ; willing. [L. spontaneus, fr. sponte, 
of one's own accord, abl. of obs. spons ; perh. s. rt. 
Skr. chhand, to please, svachhanda, spontaneous.] — 
Spontaneously, adv. In a spontaneous manner; of 
one's own accord ; by its own force or energy. — 
Spon'tane'ity, -ne'T-ti, n. Quality or state of being 
spontaneous, or acting from native feeling, prone- 
ness, or temperament, without constraint or external 
force. 

Spontoon, spon-toon', n. (Mil.) A kind of half pike, 
borne by inferior officers of infantry. [F. sponton, 
esponton. It. spontone, fr. spxmtare, to break off the 
point, blunt, fr. punta, a point, pungere, pugnere, 
p. p. punto, L. pungere, to prick, sting ; s. rt. point, 
pungent] 

Spool, spool, n. A piece of cane or reed with a knot 
at each end, or a hollow cylinder of wood with a 
ridge at each end, to wind thread or yarn upon.— 
r. t. [spooled (spoold), spooling.] To wind on 
spools. [ME., LG., Sw., and Dan. spole, G. spule, a 
spool ; perh. s. rt. Ic. spolr, a bar, E. spar.] 

Spoom, spoom, v. i. (Naut.) To be driven steadily 
and swiftly, as before a strong wind. [Prop., to 
throw up spume (q. v.), foam.] 

Spoon, spoon, n. An instrument consisting of a small 
bowl (usually a shallow oval) with a handle, used in 
preparing or partaking of food. — v. t. To take up 
or out (food, etc.) with a spoon. [AS. snon, Sw. and 
G. span, a chip, splint, shaving.] — Spoon'ey, -y, -t, 
a. Weak-minded; silly; lovesick. — n. One who is, 
etc. — Spoon'bill, n. A migratory wading bird, of 
several species, allied to the heron, and frequenting 
seacoastsand the borders of rivers, — so named from 
the shape of the bill. The white spoonbill is a Euro- 




Spoonbill. 



pean bird; the roseate 
spoonbill is found in S. 
Amer.— Spoon'fuh-ful, 
n.;pl.-FVLS. The quan- 
tity which a spoon con- 
tains, or is able to con- 
tain; a small quantity. 
— Spoon'-drift, n. 
(Naut.) A showery 
sprinkling of sea-wa- 
ter, swept from the 
tops of the waves, and 
driven upon the sur- 
face in a tempest. — 
-meat, n. Food taken 
with a spoon ; liquid 
food. 

Spore, spor, n. (Bot.) One 
of the minute grains in 
flowerless plants which perform the function of 
seeds. [Gr. sporos, a seed, fr. speirein, to sow, scat- 
ter : see Sperm.] — Sporadic, -ical, -rad'ik-al, a. 
Occurring singly or apart from other things of the 
same kind; separate; single. [ Gr. sporadikos.] 

Sport, sport, n. That which diverts and makes mirth; 
contemptuous mirth : that with which one plays or 
which is driven about; a toy; pastime; jest; amuse- 
ment; play; game; diversion; exciting out-of-door 
recreation, as hunting, fishing, horse-racing, etc.; an 
abnormal growth. — v. t. To divert, make merry,— 
used reflexively ; to represent by any kind of play ; 
to exhibit or bring out in public. — v. i. To play, 
frolic, wanton; to practice the diversions of the field; 
to trifle. [Abbr. fr. disport, q. v.] — Sportier, n. — 
Sport'ful, -ful, a. Full of sport; merry; frolicsome; 
done in jest or for mere play. — Sportive, -iv, a. 
Tending to, or provocative of, sport; gay: frolicsome; 
playful. — Sportively, adv. — Sports'man, n.; pi. 
-men. One who pursues or is skilled in the sports of 
the field; one who hunts, fishes, etc. — Sports'man- 
ship, n. Practice of sportsmen; skill in field sports. 

Spot, spot, n. A mark on a substance made by foreign 
matter; a stain on character or reputation; a small 
extent of space; any particular place; a place of a 
different color from the ground upon which it is; 
flaw; speck; blot; disgrace; fault; blemish. —v. t. 
To make visible marks upon with some foreign mat- 
ter; to mark or note so as to insure recognition; to 
blemish, tarnish (reputation, etc.) [Scot, and D. 
spat, a speck, spot; s. rt. sjiatter, spit.) — Spotted fe- 
ver. (Med.) A form of malignant typhus charac- 
terized by purple or black spots on the skin, sponta- 
neous hemorrhages, etc. — Spotless, a. Without a 
spot; esp., free from reproach or impurity; blame- 
less; unblemished; pure; immaculate; irreproacha- 
ble. — Spotlessly, adv. — Spot'lessness, n. — Spot'- 
ty, -tY , a. Full of spots ; marked with discolored 
places. —Spottiness, n. 

Spouse, Spousal, etc. See under Sponsal. 

Spout, spowt, n. A pipe or tube for conducting a fluid; 
a pipe, or a projecting mouth of a vessel, used in di- 
recting a stream of liquid poured out. — v.*. To 
throw out, as liquids through a narrow orifice, or 
pipe; to throw out (words) with affected gravity; to 
mouth. — v. i. To issue with violence, as a liquid 
through a narrow orifice or from a spout; to utter a 
speech, esp. in a pompous manner. [Prop, sprout; 
Sw. sputa, spruta, to spout, squirt, spruta, a squirt, 
syringe, fire-engine, D. spuiten, to spout, spuit, a 
spout; s. rt. spurt, sprout, splutter, sputter.]— To put, 
or shove up the spout. To pawn or pledge at a pawn- 
broker's. 

Sprain, spran, v. t. [sprained (sprand), spraining.] 
To weaken (a joint or muscle) by sudden and ex- 
cessive exertion; to overstrain. — n. An excessive 
strain of the muscles or ligaments of a joint, with- 
out dislocation. [OF. espreindre, to wring, strain, 
squeeze out, L. exprimere, to press out: see Ex- 
press.] 

Sprang. See Spring. 

Sprat, sprat, n. A small fish, allied to the herring and 
pilchard. [D. sprot, a sprat, also a sprout, the young 
of anything.] 

Sprawl, sprawl, v. i. [sprawled (sprawld), sprawl- 
ing.] To lie with the limbs stretched out or strug- 
gling; to spread irregularly, as vines, plants, or trees; 
to move, when lying down, with awkward extension 
and motions of the limbs. [Sw. sprattla, Ic. spradh- 
ka,sprita, to sprawl; s. rt. spar (q. v.), to box.] 

Spray, spra, n. A small shoot or branch; a twig; a col- 



der, sprita, to sprawl; s. rt. spar (q. v.), to box.] 
Spray, spra, n. A small shoot or branch; a twig; t 
lective body of small branches. [Dan. sprag, a spray. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 



SPRAY 



559 



SPUME 




Spread-ea 



Ic.sprek, a stick, twig; s. rt. speak, spark, sprig, perh. 
asparagus.'] 

Spray, spra, n. Water flying in small drops or parti- 
cles, as by the force of wind, the dashing of waves, 
etc. [AS. spregan, to pour, Ic. spi-sena, a jet or spring 
of water, also to spurt out; pern. s. rt. sprinkle.] 

Spread, spred, v. t. [spread, spreading.] To ex- 
tend in length and breadth, or in breadth only; to 
extend so as to cover something; to divulge; to pub- 
lish (news or fame); to cause to affect great num- 
bers; to emit, diffuse (emanations or effluvia); to 
scatter over a larger surface; toprepare, set and fur- 
nish with provisions. — v. i. To extend in length 
and breadth in all directions, or in breadth only; to 
be extended by drawing or beating ; to be made 
known more extensively; to be propagated from 
one to another. — n. Extent; compass; expansion 
of parts; a table, as spread or furnished with a meal; 
a cloth to cover a bed; coverlet. [AS. sj>rsedan, to 
spread out, extend, D. spreiden, LG. spreden, to 
spread, scatter, strew, Dan. spre'/e, to spread, scat- 
ter, disperse: s. rt. s/irawl, sprout, spirit.] — Spread'- 

er, n.— Spread'-ea'gle, n. (Her.) m m 

A figure of an eagle, with its 
wings elevated and legs extend- 
ed, — used as a device in herald- 
ry, on military ornaments, etc. 
— a. Pretentious, boastful, or 
bombastic in style. 

Spree, spre, n. A merry frolic; 
esp., a drinking frolic; carousal; 
debauch. [Ir. spre, a spark, flash 
of fire, animation, spirit, spraic, 
strength, vigor.] 

Sprig, sprig, n. A small shoot or 
twig of a tree or other plant; a youth; lad, — used as 
a term of slight disparagement. — v. t. [sprigged 
(sprigd), -ging.] To mark or adorn with represen- 
tations of small branches. [AS. spree, LG. sprikk, 
a sprig, twig, spray, q. v.] — Sprig'gy, -gT, a. Full 
of sprigs or smaH branches. 

Spright, sprit, n. A spirit; shade; soul; an incorporeal 
agent; an apparition. [Prop. sprite, q. v.]— Spright- 
ly, -IT, a. Spirit-like, or spright-like; lively; brisk: 
animated; vigorous; airy; »ay. — Sprightless, a. 
Destitute of life; dull. — SprightlineBs, n. 

Spring, spring, v. i. [imp. sprung (sprang, obsoles- 
cent); p. p. sprung; springing.] To leap, bound, 
jump; to issue with speed and violence; to start or 
rise suddenly from a covert; to fly back, start; to 
bend or wind from a straight direction or plane sur- 
face; to shoot up, out, or forth; to come to the light, 
begin to appear; to issue or proceed (from a parent 
or ancestor); to result (from a cause, motive, reason, 
or principle); to grow, thrive. — v. t. To cause to 
spring up; to start or rouse (game) ; to produce 
quickly or unexpectedly; to contrive, or to produce 
or propose on a sudden; , 
to cause to explode ; to Ct} 
burst, cause to open ; to 
crack or split; to bend or 
strain so as to weaken; to 
cause to close suddenly, as 
the parts of a trap; to in- 
sert (a beam in a place too 
short for it) by bending it 
so as to bring the ends 
nearer together, and allow- 
ing it to straighten when 
in place. — n. A leap ; 
bound; jump, as of an ani- 
mal; allying back; resili- 
ence ; elastic power or 
force; an elastic body, as 
a steel rod, plate, or coil, a 
mass or strip of India- 
rubber, etc.,— used for va- v 

rious mechanical purposes; .^^fflp^c^^a lit) 
any source of supply; esp., & 
the source from which a | 
stream proceeds; a natural 
fountain; place where wa- 
ter issues from the earth; 
that by which action, 
or motion, is produced or 
propagated: cause; origin; 
the season of the year when 
plants begin to vegetate 
and rise ; the months of 
March, April, and May. 
[ME., D., and G. springen. 





C spring: </, strut sprit 
k. India-rubber spring. 



AS. springan, to bound, leap, start forth, issue, Ic. 
and Sw. springa, to burst, split, Lithuan. sprugti, to 
spring away, escape, sprogti, to crack, split; s. rt. 
spark, speak, dayspriny, offspring, etc.] — Springier, 
n. One who springs; one who rouses game; a young 
plant. (Arch.) The impost, or point at which an 
arch unites with its support, and from which it 
seems to spring; the bottom stone of an arch, which 
lies on the impost; the rib of a groined roof. — 
Sprimg'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Resembling, or pert, 
to, a spring; elastic; light; nimble; abounding with 
springs or fountains; wet; spongy.— Spring 'iness, n. 
State of being springy; elasticity; power of spring- 
ing ; state of abounding with springs; wetness or 
sponginess, as of land. — Spring'-halt, n. (Far.) A 
kind of lameness in which a horse suddenly twitches 
up a leg. — head, n. A fountain or source. — tide, 
n. The tide which happens at, or soon after, the 
new and full moon, which rises higher than com- 
mon tides: see Tide; the time of spring; springtime. 
— Springe, sprini, n. A noose for catching a bird or 
other animal, which, being fastened to an elastic 
body, is drawn close with a sudden spring when 
touched. — Sprinkle, sprink'l, v. t. [-led (-Id), 
-i.ing.] To scatter, or disperse, in small drops or par- 
ticles, as water, seed, etc. ; to scatter on, disperse over 
in small drops or particles; to baptize by the appli- 
cation of a small quantity of water; to cleanse, pu- 
rify.— v.i. To perform the act of scattering a liquid, 
or any fine substance; to rain moderately, or with 
drops falling now and then. — n. A small quantity 
scattered ; a sprinkling; a utensil for sprinkling. 
[AS. sprengan, sprencan, to sprinkle, scatter abroad, 
1 lit. make to spring, fr. springan.] — Sprink'ler, n. — 
I Sprink'ling. n. Act of scattering in small drops or 
I parcels; a small quantity falling in distinct drops or 
parts; a moderate nuniber or quantity, distributed 
like separate drops. 

Sprit, sprit, /i. (Naut.) A small boom, pole, or spar, 
crossing the sail of a boat diagonally from the mast 
to the upper aftmost corner, which it extends and 
elevates. [AS. spreot, a pole, orig. a sprout, shoot, 
D. spriet, a sprit ; s. rt. bowsprit, sprout, q. v.] — 
Sprif-sail, -sal or -si, n. (Naut.) The sail extended 
by a sprit; a sail attached to a yard which hangs un- 
der the bowsprit. 

Sprite, sprit, n. A spirit; soul; shade; apparition. [ME. 
sprit, sprite, spryte, F. esprit, L. sjnritus = E. spirit, 
q. v.; commonly misspelled spright, q. v.] 

Sprout, sprowt, v. i. To shoot, as the seed of a plant; 
to germinate, grow like shoots of plants; to shoot in- 
to ramifications. — n. The shoot of a plant. [ME. 
and LG. spruten, OFries. spi~nta ( p. p. sp>ruten), to 
sprout; s. rt. spout, spurt, spark, speak, spring, spi-it, 
sprat, splutter, sputter.] 

Spruce, sproos, a. Neat, without elegance or dignity; 
finical: trim. — ??. (Bot.) A 
large coniferous tree of sev- 
eral species, natives of the 
colder parts of N. Amer. 
and Europe, — much used 
for timber.— ?•. t. [spruced 
(sproost), sprucing.] To 
dress with affected neat- 
ness. — r. i. To dress one's 
self with affected neatness. 
[ME. Spruce, Prussia, Prus- 
sian, corrupt, of OF. Pruce, 
G. Prussen, Prus>ia : to be 
spruce in dress was to dress 
in Prussian fashion: spruce 
beer was prob. supposed to 
mean beer of Prussia 
(whence it orig. came), but 
was confused with G. sjiros- 
sen bier, beer made from (sprossen) sprouts : the 
sprouts were chiefly those of the G. sprossenfichte, 
spruce (tree), supposed in Eng. to mean Prussian 
tree.] — Sprucely, -IT, adr. In a spruce manner; 
with affected neatness. — Spruce'neas, ??.— Spruce'- 
beer, n. A kind of beer tinctured or flavored with 
spruce. 

Sprung. See Spring. 

Spry, spri, a. Having great power of leaping or run- 
ning; nimble; vigorous. [Sw. dial, sprygg, lively, 
skittish,— said of horses, ProvE. spray, sprac, active.] 

Spud, spud, n. A sharp, narrow spade, with a long han- 
dle, used for digging up large-rooted weeds; any short 
and thick thing. [Dan. spyd, a spear: see Spit.] 

Spume, spurn, n. Frothy matter raised on liquors or 
fluid substances by boiling, effervescence, or agita- 




Norway Spruce. 



sun. cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow. oil ; ligger or ink, lien, boNboN, chair, get. 



SPUN 



560 




tion; froth; foam; scum. — v.i. [spumed (spumd), 
spuming.] To froth, foam, [L. spuma, fr. spuere, 
to spit, or perh. s. rt. Skr. sphay. to swell, E. foam: 
see Spoom.] — Spum'ous, -us, -y, -T, a. Consisting 
of froth or scum; foamy. — Spumes'' cent, -mes'sent, 
a. Resembling froth or foam. [L. spumescens, p. pr. 
of spumescere, to grow foamy, fr. spuma. J 

Spun. See Spin. 

Epunge. See Sponge. 

Spunk, spunk, n. Wood that readily takes fire; touch- 
wood; tinder made from a species of fungus; punk; 
amadou; an inflammable temper; spirit; pluck. [Ir. 
and Ga. sponc, tinder, touchwood, sponge, fr. L. spon- 
gia, sponge, pumice-stone, any porous substance; s. 
rt. sponge.] — Spunk'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Full of 
spunk; quick; spirited. 

Spun. See Spin. 

Spur, sper, n. An instrument having a little wheel, 
with sharp points, worn on a horseman's heels, to 
prick a horse in order to hasten his pace; incitement; 
instigation ; something that projects ; a snag ; the 
largest or principal root of a tree; the hard, pointed 
projection on a cock's leg. (Geog.) A Mountain 
that shoots from any other mountain, and extends 
to some distance in a lateral direction. {Carp.) A 
brace; strut. (Bot.) Any project- 
ing appendage of a flower looking 
like a spur; a seed of rye, and some 
other grasses, affected with a spe- 
cies of fungus; ergot. — v. t. 

[SPURRED (sperd), SPURRING.] To 

prick with spurs, incite to a more 
nasty pace; to urge to action, or to 
a more vigorous pursuit of an ob- 
j e c t ; to incite, instigate, impel, 
drive. — v.i. To travel with great fepurs. 

expedition, hasten, press forward. [AS. spura, 
MUG. spor, a spur; s. rt. Lithuan. spirli, to resist, 
kick, Skr. sphur, to throb, struggle, E. spurn.] — 
Spurred, sperd, p. a. Wearing spurs; having shoots 
like spurs; affected with spur or ergot. — Spur'rer, 
n. One who uses spurs. — Spur'rier, -rY-er, n. One 
■who makes spurs. — Spur'-gall, v. t. To gall or 
■wound with a spur. — n. A place galled or excori- 
ated by the spur. — roy'al, n. A gold coin, first made 
in the reign of Edward IV., and having a star on the 
reverse, resembling the rowel of a spur. — wheel, n. 
(Mack.) An ordinary cog-wheel, in which the teeth 
project outward from the periphery. 

Spurge, sperj, n. A plant of several species having an 
acrid, milky juice. [OF., fr. espurger, L. expurgate 
= E. expurgate, q. v., — the juice of the plant being 
supposed to remove warts.] 

Spurious, spu'rY-us, a. Not proceeding from the true 
source, or from the source pretended; not genuine; 
counterfeit; false; not legitimate; adulterate; sup- 
posititious; bastard. [L. spurius ; perh. s. rt. Gr. spo- 
ra, seed, offspring: see Sperm.] — Spu'riously, adv. 
— Spu'riousness, n. 

Spurn, spern, v. t. [spurned (spernd), spurning.] To 
drive back or away, as with the foot; to kick; to re- 
ject with disdain, treat with contempt. — v. i. To 
kick or toss up the heels; to manifest disdain in re- 
jecting anything. — n. A kick; disdainful rejection; 
contemptuous treatment. [AS. speornan, Ic. sper- 
na, to kick ; s. rt. L. spernere, to spurn, despise, E. 
spur.} 

Spurt, spert, v. t. To throw, drive, or force out, vio- 
lently, as a liquid in a stream, from a pipe or small 
orifice, — v. i. To gush or issue out in a stream, as 
liquor from a cask. — n. A sudden or violent gush- 
ing of a liquid substance from a tube, orifice, or 
other confined place; a jet. [AS. spritten, to shoot 
out; s. rt. spreotan = E. to sprout, q. v.] 

Spurt, spert, n. A violent exertion, —v. %. To make 
a sudden or violent effort, — said esp. of racing. [Ic. 
sprettr, a spurt, spring, bound, run, spretta, to start, 
spring, Sw. spritta, to start, startle, ProvE. sprunt, a 
convulsive struggle.] 

Sputter, spufter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
emit saliva from the mouth in small or scattered 
portions, as in rapid speaking; to throw out mois- 
ture in small, detached parts; to fly off in small par- 
ticles with some crackling or noise; to utter words 
hastily and indistinctly. — v. t. To throw out with 
haste and noise; to utter with indistinctness, —n. 
Moist matter thrown out in small particles. [Same 
as splutter (q. v.), and freq. of spout; not s. rt. spat- 
ter, spot, spit.] — Spufterer, n. 

Spy, spi, n. One who keeps a constant watch of the 
conduct of others. (Mil.) A person sent into an en- 



SQUARE 

emy's camp to inspect their works, ascertain their 
strength or movements, and secretly communicate 
intelligence to the proper officer. — v. t. [spied 
(spid), spying.] To gain sight of, discover at a dis- 
tance, or in a state of concealment; to espy, see; to 
discover by close search or examination; to view, 
inspect, and examine secretly. — v. i. To search nar- 
rowly, scrutinize. [Short for esjiy ; ME. spie, a spy, 
spien, espien, OF. espier, to espy, q. v.; s. rt. L. sj/e- 
cere, Gr. skeptenai, to look, Skr. 2>ac, spag, to spy, E. 
species (q. v.), espionage, special, especial, auspice, 
conspicuous, frontispiece, suspicious, aspect, expect, 
specter, spite, skeptic, scope, episcopal, bis/top, etc.] — 
Spy-boat. n. A boat sent to make discoveries and 
bring intelligence, —-glass, n. A small telescope for 
viewing distant terrestrial objects. 
Iquab, skwob, a. Fat ; thick ; plump ; bulky ; un- 
fledged; unfeuthered. — n. A young pigeon or dove; 
a person of a short, fat figure; a thickly stuffed cush- 
ion for the seat of a sofa, couch, or chair. [Sw. 
dial, sqvapp, a splash (onomat.), sqvabb, loose flesh, 
" %, a fat woman, sqvabbig, flabby, No 
, to tremble, shake, Ic. kvdp, jelly.] — Squab*- 



sqcabba, a fat woman, sqyabbig, flabby, Norweg. 

vapa, to tremble, shake, Ic. kvap. 
by, -bi, a. Short and thick. 



Si/r 



Squabble, skwob' bl, v. i. [-eled (-bid), -bling.] To 
contend for superiority ; to debate peevishly, dis- 
pute, wrangle, quarrel, struggle. — v. t. (Print.) 
To disarrange or partially pie, so that the letters or 
lines stand awry and need careful readjustment,— 
said of type that has been set up. — n. A scuffle; 
wrangle; brawl. [Sw. skvabbel, a squabble, fr. skvap- 
pa, to chide, fr. skvapjy, a splash : see Squab.] — 
Squab'bler, n. 

Squad, skwod, n. (Mil.) A small party of men as- 
sembled for drill, inspection, etc. ; any small party. 
[OF. esquadre, escadre, It. squadra, a squadron, q. 
v., following. J — Squad'ron, -run, n. A square body 
of troops. (Mil.) A body of cavalry comprising 2 
companies or troops, averaging from'150 to 200 men. 
(Naut.) A detachment of vessels under the com- 
mand of the senior officer. [OF. esquadron, It. 
squadrone, fr. squadra, a squadron, also a square, a 
carpenter's rule, a company of 25 men (25 being a 
square number) : see Square.] 

Squalid, skwoKid, a. Dirty through neglect; foul; 
filthy. [L. squalid us, fr. squalere, to be stiff, rough, 
parched, or dirty, Gr. skellein, to make dry or stiff, 
kelidoun, to sully, kelis, a stain, spot: see Squaloid, 
Squa.mose.] — Squal'idiy, adv. — Squal'idness, Squa- 
lid'ity, n. — Squalor, skwa'lSr or skwol'er, n. Foul- 
ness ; filthiness ; squalidity ; squaliduess. [L., fr. 
squalere.] 

Squall, skwawl, v. i. [squalled (skwawld), squall- 
ing.] To scream or cry violently, as a woman fright- 
ened, or a child in anger or distress. — n. A loud 
scream ; harsh cry ; a sudden and violent gust of 
wind, often attended with rain or snow. [Ic. skvala 
= E. to squeal, Sw. sqvala, to stream, gusli out, sqval, 
a rush of water, sqvalregn, rain-storm, Ga. sgal, a 
loud cry, sound of high wind, also to howl; same as 
squeal.] — SqualKer, n. One who squalls or cries 
aloud. — Squall'y, -T, a. Abounding with squalls ; 
disturbed often with sudden and violent gusts of 
wind. 

Squaloid, skwa'loid, a. Like, or resembling, a shark. 
?L. squalus, a shark (see Squamose), and Gr. eidos, 
form.] 

Squalor. See under Squalid. 

Squamose, skwa-mos', Squa'mous, -mus, a. Covered 
with, or consisting of, scales; 
scaly. [L. squamosus, fr. squama, 
a scale; prob. s. rt. squalid, q. v.] 

Squander, skwon'dSr, v. t. [-de red 
(-derd), -dering.] To spend lav- 
ishly or profusely, spend prodi- 
gally, waste, scatter, dissipate. 
[Scot, squatter, ProvE. sivatter, to 
throw water about (like geese in 
drinking), to scatter, waste. Daw. 
sqratte, to splash, spurt, hence to 
dissipate, squander; s. rt. squabble, 
squall, squirt.] — Squan''derer, n. 

Square, skwar, a. Having 4 equal 
sides and 4 right angles; forming 
a right angle; having a shape 
broad for the height, with rectilineal and angular 
rather than curving outlines; exactly suitable or cor- 
respondent; true; just; rendering equal justice; fair; 
honest; even; leaving no balance. (Naut.) At right 
angles with the mast or the keel, and parallel to the 
horizon; of greater length than usual, as, a square 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 



eve ( term ; in, ice j Odd, tone, or i 




SQUARROSE 

sail. — n. {Geom.) A rectilineal figure 
havins 4 equal sides and 4 right an- 
gles. That which is square, or nearly 
so, or is reckoned by squares or square 
measure; an area of 4 sides, with 
houses on each side; a solid block of 
houses: an open place formed by the 
meeting or intersection of streets. 
{Carp. & Joinery.) An instrument 
used to lay out or test square work, 
of a number or quantity multiplied 
by itself. (JUL) A square body of 
troops used to resist the charge of 
cavalry on critical occasions. Rela- 
tion of harmony or exact agreement; 
equality; level. — v. t. [squared 
(skward), squaring.] To form with 
4 equal sides and 4 right angles: to. „ n „ nfo > a 
reduce to a square, form to right an- carpenter s 
gles; to turn squarely or completely, square. 
as in dislike, anger, etc. ; to compare with, or reduce 
to, any given measure or standard: to adjust, regu- 
late, fit, accommodate; to make even, so as to leave 
no difference or balance. (Math.) . To multiply by 
itself. (Xaut.) To place at right angles with the 
mast or keel. — v. i. To accord or agree exactly, 
conform, suit, fit ; to take a boxing attitude. [OF. 
esquarrd, square, esquarre, a square, squareness, It. 
squadra, a square, carpenter's rule, also a squadron 
(q. v., under Squad), fr. L. quadrare, to square, 
make four-cornered: see Quadrate.] — Square meas- 
ure. The measure of a superficies or surface, which 
depends on the length and breadth taken conjointly. 

— S. number. See Square, n. — 5. root of a quantity. 
(Math.) That number or quantity which, multiplied 
by itself, produces the given quantity. — Three s., 
five s., etc. Having 3 or 5 equal sides. — On, or upon 
the s. In an open, fair manner; honestly, or upon 
honor.— To s. the circle. (Math.) To determine the 
exact contents of a circle in square measure : the 
solution of this famous problem is now generally 
admitted to be impossible. — Squarely, adv. In a 
square form or manner.— Squareness, ».— Square'- 
rigged, -rigd, a. (Xaut.) Having the chief sails ex- 
tended by yards, suspended by the middle, and not 
by stays, gaffs, booms, or lateen yards. 

Squarrose, skwor-ros / ', a. (]¥at. Hist.) Ragged, or full 
of loose scales or pro- 
jecting parts ; rough ; 
jagged. [L. squarrosus, 
scurfy, scabby.] 

Squash, skwosh, v. t. To 
beat or press into pulp, 
or a flat mass; to crush. 

— n. Something soft 
and easily crushed, esp. 
an unripe pod of peas ; a sudden fall of a heavy, soft 
body. [OF. esquacher, to crush, Sp. acachar, to 
squat, cower, L. coactare, to constrain, force, press; 
s. rt. cogent, squat.] 

Squash, skwosh, n. A cucurbitaceous plant, of many 
species, allied to the pumpkin ; its edible fruit. 
[Mass. Indian asq, pi. asquash, raw, green, imma- 
ture, applied to fruit or vegetables used when green, 
or without cooking ; askutasquash, vine-apple!] 

Squat, skwot, v. i. To sit upon one's heels or with the 
buttocks near but not touching the ground, as a hu- 
man being; to stoop or lie close to escape observation, 
as a partridge or rabbit; to settle on another's land 
without title.— a. Sitting on one's heels; sitting close 
M the ground; cowering ; short and thick, like the 
figure of an animal squatting. — n. The posture of 
©ne that sits on his heels, or close to the ground. 
[ME. sqitatten, OF. esquatir, to flatten, crush : see 
Squash, to beat into pulp.] — Squafter, n. One who 
squats or sits close ; one who settles on new land with- 
out a title. 

Squaw, skwaw, n. A wife: woman, — in the language 
of Indian tribes of the Algonquin family. [Massa- 
chusetts squa, eshqua, Narragansett squaws.] 

Squeak, skwek. v. i. [squeaked (skwekt), squeaking.] 
To utter a sharp, shrill cry, usually of short dura- 
tion ; to make a sharp noise, as a pipe or quill, a 
wheel, a door, etc.— n. A sharp, shrill sound sud- 
denly uttered, either of the human voice or of any 
animal or instrument. [Sw. sqvaka, to cry like a 
frog, OSw., to cry out. HG. qnieken, to squeak, 
squeal: onomat: s. rt. squeal, quack, cackle, etc.] — 
Squeak'er. n. — Squawk, skwawk, v. i. [squawked 
(skwawkt), squawking.] To utter a shrill, abrupt 
scream or noise: to squeak harshly. 



561 



SQUIRT 




Squarrose Leaves. 



Squeal, skwel, v. i. [squealed (skweld), squealing.] 
To cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound, as cer- 
tain animals do, indicating want, displeasure, or 
pain. — ft. A shrill, sharp, and somewhat prolonged 
cry. [Sw. sqvala: see Squall.] 

Squeamish, skwem'ish, a. Having a stomach that is 
easily turned; nice to excess in taste; easily disgust- 
ed; fastidious; dainty; over-nice; scrupulous. [ME. 
sweem, vertigo, dizziness, Ic. swimi, a swimming in 
the head, Sw. svimning, AS. sivima, a swoon: prob. 
confused with qualmish, but not s. rt.J — Squeam'- 
ishly, adv. — Squeam'ishness, n. 

Squeeze, skwez, v. t. [squeezed (skwezd), squeez- 
ing.] To press between 2 bodies, press closely ; to 
oppress with hardships, burdens, and taxes; to "force 
between close bodies; to compel, or cause to pass; to 
compress, hug, pinch, gripe, crowd.— v. i. To urge 
one's way, pass by pressing, crowd. — n. Act of one 
who squeezes; compression; a fac-simile impression 
from an inscription, taken in pulp or some other 
soft substance. [AS. cwisan, to squeeze, crush ; 
prob. s. rt. Goth, kwistjan, to destroy, G. quetschen, 
to squash, bruise, Skr.ji, to overpower.] — To squeeze 
through. To pass through by pressing and urging 
forward. 

Squelch, skwelch, v. t. To crush, put down. [Prob. 
fr. ProvE. quelch, a blow, quell, to crush.] 

Squib, skwib, ». A little pipe, or hollow cylinder of 
I paper, filled with powder, or combustible matter, 
which, being ignited, flies through the air with a 
trail of sparks and bursts with a crack; a sarcastic 
speech; petty lampoon; brief, witty essay. [ME. 
squibbe, a ball or dart of fire, sqtappen, swippen, to 
move swiftly, dash; s. rt. sweep, swoop, swift: squib 
was in modern times applied to a writer of lampoons, 
i. e., a flashy fellow, one who made a noise but did 
| little harm, later to the lampoon itself.] 

Squid, skwid, n. A slender, cephalopodous mollusk, 
allied to the cuttle-fish, — often used as bait by fish- 
ermen, — called also Calamary. [Same as squirt,— 
fr. its ejecting a dark liquid.] 

Squill, skwil, n. (Bot.) A lily-like plant, having a 

bulbous root, of acrid and emetic properties. (Zool.) 

A crustaceous sea-animal, called also sea-onion. (En- 

tom.) An insect having a long body covered with a 

crust, the head broad and squat. [ME. and F. 

squille, the sea-onion, also a prawn, shrimp, L. 

squilla, Gr. skilla, a squill, prob. for schidnos, fr. 

i schizein, to split ; s. rt. schism.] 

! Squinancy, skwin'an-sT, n. The quinsy. [Obsol. 

J spelling of quinsy, q. v.] 

. Squint, skwint, a. Looking obliquely or askance; not 
having the optic axes coincident,— said of the eyes: 
looking with suspicion. — v. i. To look obliquely; 
to give a significant look ; to have the axes of the 
eyes not coincident; to run obliquely, slope; to have 
an indirect reference or bearing. — v. t. To turn to 
an oblique position; to cause to look with non-coin- 
cident optic axes. — n. Act, or habit, of squinting: a 
want of coincidence of the axes of the eyes. (Arch.) 
An oblique opening in the wall of a church. [ProvE. 
squink, to wink, Sw. svinka, to shrink, flinch, AS.swi- 
can, to defraud, escape, avoid.] — Squint'-eye, n. An 
eye that squints. — eyed, -id, a. Having eyes that 
squint ; oblique ; indirect ; malignant ; looking ob- 
liquelv. or by side glances. 

Squire, "skwir, n. Same as Esquire, q. v. — v. t. 
[squired (skwTrd), squiring.] To attend as a 
squire, or as a beau, or gallant, for aid and protec- 
tion.— Squireen'', -en', n. One half squire and half 
farmer, — used humorously. 

Squirm, skwerm, v. i. or t. [squirmed (skwermd), 
squirming.] To move, or cause to move, with writh- 
ing and contortions, as a worm or eel when injured 
or alarmed ; to climb, by embracing and clinging 
with the hands and feet, 
as to a tree ; to wriggle. 
[Lithuan. kirm, Skr. kr-irni, 
a worm: see Crimson.] 

Squirrel, skwe r'rel or 
s k w T r'rel, n. (Zool.) A 
small rodent, having a 
bushy tail, and very nim- . 
ble in running and leap- 
ing on trees. [OF. escurel, 
LL. scurellus. dim. of L. 
sciurus, Gr. skiouros, a 
squirrel, lit. shadow-tail, 
fr. skia, a shadow, and 
oura, tail.] 

Squirt, skwert, v. t. To squirrel. 




sun, cube, full ; moon, f<36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



STAB 



562 



STAIR 



eject or drive out of a narrow pipe or orifice, in a 
stream. — v. i. To throw out liquid from a narrow 
orifice, in a rapid stream. — n. An instrument with 
which a liquid is ejected in a stream with force; a 
small, quick stream. [ProvE. squitter, to squirt, also 
a diarrhoea, Sw. dial, skvittar, to sprinkle all around, 
Sw. sqvatta, to squirt ; s. rt. squander.] — Squirt'- 
er, «. 

Stab, stab, v. t. [stabbed (stabd) -bing.] To pierce 
with a pointed weapon ; to kill by the thrust of 
a pointed instrument ; to injure secretly or by ma- 
licious falsehood or slander. — v. i. To give a 
wound with a pointed weapon ; to give a mortal 
wound.— n. The thrust of a pointed weapon ; a 
wound with a sharp-pointed weapon ; an injury 
given in the dark. [Ir. stobaim, 1 stab, Ga. stob, to 
thrust a stake in the ground, stab, thrust, also a 
stake, pointed iron or stick; s. it. staff, stub.] 

Stabat Mater, sta'bat-ma'ter. A celebrated Latin 
hymn, beginning thus. [L., the mother stood.] 

Stable, sta'bl, a. Firmly established ; not easily 
moved, shaken, or overthrown ; steady in purpose; 
firm in resolution ; not subject to be overthrown or 
changed; fixed; constant; abiding; strong. [OF. es- 
table, L. stabilis, fr. stare = E. to stand.] — Sta'bly, 
-blT, adv. In a stable manner ; firmly ; fixedly ; 
steadily. — Sta'bleness, Stability, n. State of be- 
ing stable or firm ; strength to stand without being 
moved or overthrown ; steadiness or firmness of 
character, resolution, or purpose. [L. stabilitas.] — 
Stab'lish, v. t. To establish, q. v. 

Stable, sta'bl, n. A house, shed, or building, for 
beasts to lodge and feed in; esp. a building with 
stalls for horses.— v. t. [stabled (-bid), bling.] To 
put or keep in a stable. — v. i. To dwell or lodge in 
a stable. [OF. estable, L. stabulum, fr. stare, to stand: 
see Stable, a.] — Sta'bling, n. Act or practice of 
keeping cattle in a stable; accommodation or shelter 
for norses or cattle. 

Staccato, stak-ka'to, a. (Mas.) Disconnected ; sep- 
arated; distinct, — a direction to perform the notes 
of a passage in a short, distinct, and pointed man- 
ner,— often indicated by heavy accents written over 
or under the notes. [It., p. p. of staccare, for dis- 
taccare, = E. to detach.] 

Stack, stak, n. A large pile of hay, grain, straw, etc. ; 
a number of funnels or chimneys standing to- 
gether ; the chimney of a locomotive or steam-vessel. 
— v. t. [stacked (stakt), stacking.] To lay (hay 
or grain) in a conical or other pile ; to make into a 
large pile. [Sw., a rick, heap, stack, stacka, to 
stack ; s. rt. stake.] — Stack of arms. (.Mil.) A num- 
ber of muskets or rifles set up together, 
with the bayonets crossing one another, 
forming a conical pile. — Stack'-stand, 
w. A foundation or frame, usually of 
timber on props, to support a stack of 
hay or grain; a staddle. 

Staddle, stad'dl, n. Anything which 
serves for support; esp., the frame or sup- 
port of a stack of hay or grain ; a small 
tree of any kind, esp. a forest tree. [AS. 
stadhol, stadhel, a foundation, firm seat ; 
s. rt. stead, steady.] 

Stadium, sta'dT-um, n. ; pi. -dia, -dt-a. 
measure of length = 606 ft. 9 in. Eng.; a race-course. 
(Med.) A stage or period of a disease. [L. ; Gr. sta- 
dion, lit. that which stands fast, a standard of length, 
fr. stadios (= E. stable), fr. histanai = E. to stand.] 

Stadtholder, stafhold-Sr, n. Formerly, the chief mag- 
istrate of the United Provinces of Holland ; or the 
governor or lieutenant-governor of a province. [D. 
stadhouder, fr. stad, a city, town, and houder, a 
holder.] 

Staff, staf, n. ; pi. Staves (stavz) or Staffs (stafs). 
A pole or stick ; a stick carried in the hand for sup- 
port or defense; a support. (Jfos.) The 5 lines and 
the spaces on which music is written. A pole or 
stick borne as an ensign of authority; a pole erected 
in a ship, or elsewhere, to hoist and display a flag 
upon. (Mil.) An establishment of officers in va- 
rious departments attached to an army, or to the 
commander of an army ; a corps of executive of- 
ficers connected with some large establishment, who 
act in carrrying out its designs. [PI., in this sense, 
Staffs only.] [ME., D., and Sw. staf, AS. stsef; 
6. rt. stub, stab, stand.] — Stave, stav, n. A thin, nar- 
row piece of wood, of which casks, etc., are made; 
a stanza; verse; portion of a song or poem. — v. t. 
[staved (stavd) or stove (stov), staving.] To 
thrust through with a staff; to break ahole in, burst; 




Greek 




Stag. 



cause the contents of to be lost; to push, as with a 
staff; to delay, put off, drive away, — with off; to 
pour out ; to render solid by compressing with a 
pointed or edged tool. [Dan., a stave, stav, a staff.] 

Stag, stag, n. The red deer of Europe and Asia, esp. 
the adult male; male of the hind; a hart; a male of 
the bovine ge- 
n u s, castrated 
at such an age 
that he never 
gains the full 
size of an ox. 
[Ic. steggr, the 
male of several 
animals.] 

Stage, staj, n. A 
platform slight- 
ly elevated, on 
which an orator 
may speak, a 
play be per- 
formed, etc. ; 
a scaffold ; sta- 
ging ; floor for 
scenic perform- 
ances ; theater ; 
dramatic pro- 
fession; the 
drama, as acted 
or e x h i bited ; 

place where anything is publicly exhibited ; scene 
of any noted action or career; place appointed for a 
relay of horses ; distance between 2 places of rest on 
a road ; a single step or degree of advancement in 
any pursuit, or of progress toward an end or result; 
a coach or large vehicle running from station to sta- 
tion for the accommodation of the public. [OF. 
estage, a story of a house, a lodging house, Proven. 
estatge, a dwelling place, It. staggio, a prop, fr. L. 
stare, to stand; s. rt. stable. ] — Sta/ger, n. One who 
has long acted on the stage of life ; a person of skill 
derived from long experience ; a horse used in 
drawing a stage. — Sta'ging, n. A structure of 
posts and boards to support workmen in building, 
etc.; the business of managing or traveling in stage- 
coaches. — Stage'-coach, n. A coach that runs reg- 
ularly from one stage to another, for the conven- 
ience of passengers. — driv'er, n. One who drives 
a stage or stage-coach. — play, n. A dramatic or 
theatrical entertainment. — struck, a. Fascinated 
by the stage ; eager to become an actor. — whis'- 
per, n. A pretended whisper, like an actor's, meant 
to be heard by others than those to whom it is pro- 
fessedly addressed ; an aside. 

Stagger, stag'ger, v. i. [-gered (-gSrd), -gering.] To 
move to one side and the other in standing or walk- 
ing; to reel, vacillate; to cease to stand firm, begin 
to give way; to begin to doubt and waver in pur- 
pose; to hesitate. — v. t. To cause to reel; to make 
less steady or confident. [Ic. stakra, to stagger, freg.. 
of staka, to punt, push, stjaki, a punt-pole; s. rt. 
stake.] — Stag'geringly, adv. — Stag'gers, -gerz, n. 
pl. A disease of horses and other animals, attended 
by reeling or sudden falling. 

Staging. See under Stage. 

Stagnate, stag'nat, v. i. To cease to flow, be motion- 
less ; to cease to be brisk or active. [L. stagnare, 
-natum, fr. stagnum, a piece of standing water = E. 
tank.] — Stag'nant, a. Inclined to stagnate; mo- 
tionless; impure from want of motion; not active; 
dull; not brisk. [L. stagnans, p. pr. of stagnare.] — 
Stag'nancy, -nan-st, n. State of being, etc. — Stag- 
nation, n. Condition of being stagnant; cessation 
of flowing or circulation, as of a fluid; cessation of 
action, or of brisk action; state of being dull. 

Staid, Staidness. See under Stay. 

Stain, stan, v. t. [stained (stand), staining.] To 
discolor by the application of foreign matter; to 
color (wood, glass, etc.) by processes affecting the 
material itself; to tinge with a different color; to im- 
press with figures, in colors different from the 
ground; to paint, dye, blot, soil, sully; to spot with 
guilt or infamy, bring reproach on, disgrace, taint. 

— n. A discoloration from foreign matter; a natural 
spot of a color different from the ground; taint of 
guilt; cause of reproach; pollution ; blemish ; tar- 
nish; shame. [Abbr. of distain, q. v.] — Stain'er, n. 

— Stainless, a. Free from any stain, from the re- 
proach of guilt, or from sin; spotless; faultless. 

Stair, star, n. One step of a series, for passing to a 
different level; a series of steps, as for passing from 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



STAKE 



563 



STAND 




Stalactites. 



one story of a house to another, — commonly in pi. 
[AS. staegr, a stair, step, fr. stigan, to climb, D. stei- 
ger, a stair, stegel, a stirrup, steg, a narrow bridge, 
fr. stijgen, to mount, Sw. steg, a round of a ladder, 
stege, a ladder, G. steg, a path; s. rt. Goth, steigan, 
Gr. steichein, Skr. stigh, to ascend, E. stile, stirrup.) 
—Pair of stairs. A set or flight of stairs. [See Pair.] 
— Stair'caae, n. A flight of stairs with their sup- 
porting framework, casing, balusters, etc. — Stair'- 
way, n. A flight of stairs or steps. 

Stake, stak, n. A stick, pointed at one end so as to 
be easily driven into the ground ; a piece of wood or 
timber set upright in the ground; esp., the piece of 
timber to which a martyr was affixed while he was 
burning; martyrdom, esp. by fire; thatwhichis laid 
down as a wager, — v. t. [staked (stakt), staking.] 
To fasten, support, or defend with stakes; to mark 
the limits by stakes; to put at hazard upon the issue 
of competition, or upon a future contingency; to 
wager. [OD., Sw., and G. stake, AS. staca, a stake, 
pin, G. stechen = E. to stick into; s. rt. stack.] — At 
stake. In danger; hazarded; pledged. 

Stalactite, sta-lak'tit, n. (Min.) A pendent cone or 
cylinder of carbonate 
of lime, resembling an 
icicle in form. [Gr. 
stalaktos, trickling, fr. 
stalazein, to drop, 
drip, stagon, stagma, 
a drop.] — Stalac'tic, 
-tical, Stal'actit'ic, 
-tit'ical, a. Having 
the form or character- 
istics of a stalactite. — 
Stalag'mite, -mit, n. 
A deposit of earthy 
or calcareous matter, 
made by calcareous water dropping on the floors of 
caverns. [Gr. stalagma, a drop, fr. stalazein.'] — 
Stal'agmit'ic, -mitlcal, a. Having the form or char- 
acteristics of a stalagmite. 

Stale, stal, a. Vapid or tasteless from age; not new; 
not freshly made; having lost the life or graces of 
youth; decayed; worn out by use; trite; common; 
having lost its novelty and power of pleasing. — n. 
Old vapid beer; urine, esp. of beasts. — v. i. To 
make water, discharge urine, — said esp. of horses 
and cattle. [Sw. stalta, to stale (said of cattle), also 
to put into a stall, stall-feed, fr. stall, a stable: see 
Stall.] — Stale'ness, n. 

Stale-mate, staKmat, n. (Chess-playing.) The posi- 
tion of the king, when, being required to move, 
though not in check, he cannot move without being 
placed in check. [Perh. fr. ME. stale, theft, stealth, 
a trap, AS. stalu, theft: see Steal: for -mate, see 
Checkmate, under Check.] 

Stalk, stawk, n. The stem or main axis of a plant; 
the petiole, pedicel, or peduncle of a plant; stem of 
a quill. — v. i. [stalked (stawkt), stalking.] To 
walk with high and proud steps; to walk behind 
something as a screen, for the purpose of taking 
game. — v. t. To approach under cover of a screen, 
or by stealth. [AS. stxl, Dan. stilk, a stalk, AS. 
stealc, lofty, high, Gr. stelechos, a trunk, stem of a 
tree, steleon, a handle, stele, a column; AS. stselcan, 
to walk warily, Dan. stalke, to stalk, i. e., to walk as 
if on lengthened legs or stalks, or with lifted feet 
and noiselessly ; s. rt. stilt, still.] — Stalk'er, n. One 
who stalks; a kind of fishing-net. — Stalk'y, -T, a. 
Hard as a stalk; resembling a stalk.— Stalk'ing- 
horae. n. A horse, or figure resembling a horse, be- 
hind which a fowler conceals himself from the sight 
of the game which he is aiming to kill; a pretense; 
a mere pretext. 

Stall, stawl, n. A stand: station; a narrow division 
of a stable, to accommodate a single horse, etc., 
having a manger, crib, or rack at one end; a stable; 
place for cattle; a small apartment or slight shed in 
which merchandise is exposed for sale; the seat of 
an ecclesiastical dignitary in the choir of a church; 
a reserved seat in a theater.— v. t. [stalled (stawld), 
stalling.] To put into a stall or stable, keep in a 
stable; to plunge into mire so as not to be able to 
proceed. [ME., D., and OHG. stal, AS. steal, stall, 
place, station, Dan. staid, a stable, Lithuan. stalas, 
a table, Skr. sthala, firm ground, a place raised and 
drained, a terrace, Gr. stele, a column, stellein, to 
place, set; 8. rt. stat$m,;stable, stale, stare, stand, q. 
v., stud, q. v.] — StalFMe, -ej, n. Right of erecting 
stalls in fairs; rent pai'dfor a stall. [OF. estallage, 
fr. estal = E. stall.] — Stall'-feed, v. t. [-fed, -feed- 



ing.] To feed and fatten in a stable, or on dry 
fodder. — Stallion, staKyun, n. A horse not cas- 
trated, used for raising stock. [OF. estalon, because 
kept in a stall and not made to work.] 

Stalwart, stawl'wert, a. Brave; bold; sturdy; stout; 
strong; redoubted; daring. [AS. stselwyrdhe, ser- 
viceable (orig. said of ships).] 

Stamen, sta'men, n. A thread; esp., a warp thread. 
(Hot.) The male organ of flowers for secre- * 
ting and furnishing the pollen or fecundating O. 
dust. — Stam'ina, -T-na, n. sing, and pi. The 18\ 
fixed, firm part of a body which supports it or \lft 
gives it its strength and solidity ; whatever ^T 
constitutes the principal strength or support 'V 
of anything. [L. stamen, pi. stamina, a warp gta . 
in a loom, a thread, lit. that which stands up, men " 
fr. stare = E. to stand, q. v.] — Stam'inal, 
-T-nal, a. Pert, to or consisting in stamens or stam- 
ina.— Stam'inate, -i-nat, a. (Bot.) Furnished with, 
or producing stamens. — Stamin , eal. -eous, -e-us, a. 
Consisting of stamens or threads. (Bot.) Of, pert, 
to, or attached to, the stamens. [L. stamineus.] 

Stammer, starn'mgr, v. i. [-mered (-merd),-M eking.] 
To hesitate or falter in speaking, speak with stops 
and difficulty, stutter.— v. t. To utter, or pronounce, 
with hesitation, or imperfectly. — n. Defective ut- 
terance, or involuntary interruption of utterance; a 
stutter. [ME. and D. stameren, to stammer, AS. 
stamer, OHG. stam, stammering, disposed to come 
to a stand-still; s. rt. stumble.] — Stam'merer, n. 

Stamp, stamp, v. t. [stamped (stampt), stamping.] 
To strike, beat, or press forcibly with the bottom of 
the foot; to impress with some mark or figure; to 
impress, imprint, fix deeply; to coin, mint, form: to 
cut out into various forms with a stamp. (Metal.) 
To crush by the downward action of a kind of heavy 
hammer. — v.i. To strike the foot forcibly down- 
ward. — n. Act of stamping; any instrument for 
making impressions on other bodies; mark made by 
stamping; impression; that which is marked: thing 
stamped; an official mark set upon things chargea- 
ble with duty to government, as evidence that the 
duty is paid; a stamped or printed device, issued by 
the government, and required by law to be affixed 
to certain papers, as evidence that the government 
dues are paid; an instrument for cutting out mate- 
rials, as paper, leather, etc., into various forms ; a 
character or reputation, good or bad, fixed on any- 
thing; current value derived from suffrage or attes- 
tation ; authority ; make ; cast ; form ; character. 
(Metal.) A kind of hammer, or pestle, for beating 
ores to powder. [ME. and D. stampen, AS. stempen, 
to pound, impress, Gr. stembein, to stamp, Skr. 
stambh, to make firm, block up; s. rt. stand, stop.] — 
Stamp'er, n. An instrument for pounding or stamp- 
ing. — Stamp'-act, n. An act of the British Parlia- 
ment, in 1765, imposing a duty on all paper, vellum, 
and parchment used in the British American colo- 
nies, and declaring all writings on unstamped mate- 
rials to be null and void. — Stampede', -ped', n. A 
sudden fright seizing upon large bodies of cattle or 
horses, and leading them to run for many miles; any 
sudden flight in consequence of a panic. — v. I. To 
disperse by causing sudden fright, as a herd, troop, 
or teams of animals. [Sp. estampido, a crash, sound 
of anything bursting, fr. estampar, to stamp.] 

Stanch, stanch, v. t. [stanched (stancht), stanch- 
ing.] To stop the flowing of (blood); to dry up. —v. 
i. To stop, cease to flow. — a. Strong and tight; 
sound; firm; firm in principle; constant and zealous; 
hearty: steady. [OF. estancher, to stanch (blood), 
slake or quench (hunger, thirst, etc.), LL. stancare, 
to stanch (blood), starcca, a dam: theadj.fr. F. p. p. es- 
tanche", stopped, stayed, Sp. stanco, water-tight (said 
of a ship); s. rt. stagnant.]— Stanch'er, n. One who, or 
that which, stanches or stops the flowing, as of blood. 

— Stancb/ness, n. The state of being stanch; sound- 
ness; firmness in principle; closeness of adherence. 

— Stanchion, stan'shun, n. A prop or support; a 
small post: one of 2 upright bars between which the 
head of a cow, etc., is confined when in the stall. 
[OF. estancon, a prop, stay.] 

Stand, stand, ?;. i. [stood (stot>d), standing.] To re- 
main at rest in an erect position; to rest on the feet, 
neither lying nor sitting; to continue upright, fixed 
by the roots or fastenings; to remain firm on a foun- 
dation; to occupy (its place); to be situated or loca- 
ted; to cease from progress, stop, pause, halt; to re- 
main without rum or injury, endure ; to find en- 
durance, strength, or resources; to maintain one's 
ground, be acquitted; to maintain an invincible or 



sQn, cube, full 5 moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



STANDARD 



564 



STARBOARD 



permanent attitude; to be fixed, steady, or firm; to 
adhere to fixed principles, maintain moral rectitude ; 
to have or maintain a position, order, or rank; to be 
in some particular state; to be. (Naut.) To hold a 
course at sea. {Law.) To be or remain as it is, con- 
tinue in force; to appear in court. — v. t. To endure, 
sustain, bear; to resist, without yielding or receding; 
to withstand; to yield to, abide by, admit. — n. A 
place, or post, where one stands; a station in a city 
for carriages; a stop; halt; an erection for spectators; 
something on which a thing rests or is laid; any 
frame on which vessels and utensils may be laid; 
place where a witness stands to testify in court; act 
of opposing; resistance. [AS., OHG., and Goth, stan- 
dan, Ic. standa, D. staan, L. stare, Gr. histenai (imp. 
esten), Skr. stha, to stand; s. rt. understand, with- 
stand, stable, establish, stage, stamen, constable, stay, 
arrest, contrast, obstacle, obstetric, rest, state, station, 
statute, estate, armistice, constitute, destitute, inter- 
stice, solstice, superstition, circumstance, constant, ex- 
tant, instantaneous, stanza, substance, assist, exist, 
stagnate, stanch, tank, stolid, sterile, destine, obsti- 
nate, predestinate, stop, stupid, stevedore, etc. (pre- 
ceding fr. F. and L.), also stoic, statics, stereoscope, 
apostasy, ecstasy, metastasis, system, stole, epistle, 
apostle, stethoscope, etc. (preceding fr. Gr.), also, fr. 
various sources, staple, step, stab, stub (q. v.), stump, 
staff, stamp, stiff, stifle, stall, still, stale, stalk, stilt, 
stout, stem, stammer, stumble, stead, steady, stud, 
steed, stithy, stare, steer, steel, stool, stow, store, sto- 
n/0 — To stand by. To be near, be present; to main- 
tain, defend, support. — To s.for. To offer one's self 
as a candidate ; to side with, support, maintain, or 
profess or attempt to maintain; to be in the place of. 
(Naut.) To direct the course toward. — To s. in 
hand. To be conducive to one's interest, be service- 
able or advantageous. — To s. out. To project, be 
prominent; to persist in opposition or resistance. — 
To s. to. To ply, urge, persevere in using; to remain 
fixed in a purpose or opinion; to adhere to (a con- 
tract, assertion, promise, etc.) ; to maintain the 
ground; to be consistent with. — To s. up for. To 
defend, justify, support or attempt to support. — To 
s. fire. To receive the fire of arms from an enemy 
without giving way. — To s. it. Stoutly to endure; to 
maintain one's ground or state. — To s. one's ground. 
To maintain one's position. — To s. trial. To sus- 
tain the trial or examination of a cause. — To be at 
a s. To stop on account of some doubt or difficul- 
ty; to be perplexed, be embarrassed. — To make a s. 
To halt for the purpose of offering resistance to a 
pursuing enemy. — Stand'er, n. — Stand'ing, p. a. 
Established, by law, custom, etc. ; settled ; perma- 
nent ; not temporary ; not flowing ; stagnant ; not 
movable; fixed; remaining erect; not cut down. — 
n. Act of stopping or coining to a stand; state of be- 
ing erect upon the feet; stand; duration or exist- 
ence; continuance; possession of an office, charac- 
ter, or place; power to stand; condition in society; 
reputation ; rank. — Stand'ish, n. A stand or case 
for pen and ink. [Fr. staiul and dish.] — Stand'- 
point, n. A fixed point or station; a basis or funda- 
mental principle; point of view. — still, n. A stand- 
ing without moving forward ; a stop. 

Standard, stand'ard, n. A flag, ensign, or banner 
around which men rally or which the}' follow; a staff 
with a flag or colors; that which is established by 
authority as a rule for the measurement of weight, 
quantity, extent, value, quality, etc.; a specimen 
weight or measure sanctioned by government; that 
which is established as a rule or model; criterion; 
test. (Coinage.) Proportion of weight of fine metal 
and alloy established by authority. A standing tree 
or stem; a tree not dwarfed by /SfW<^V 
grafting upon a stock of a small- /^^V'^H^W 
er species; an upright support. xH^'^W'Tilm. 
(Bot.) The upper petal or ban- <& v \ 

ner of a papilionaceous corol.— o. / v ! 
Having a fixed or permanent val- ^. \\ S I 

ue; not of the dwarf kind. [OF. \. / 

estandart, a banner, also a stand- ^^£%i^M^^^ 
ard measure, OD. standaert, a [f^^^~^ 
standard, trophy, pillar, column, w*^^- 
fr. OHG. standan = E. to stand, j 
q. v.]— Stand'ard-bear'er, n. An _,. , , ,t> 4 \ 
officer who bears a standard. Standard. (Bot.) 

Standing, Standish, Stand -point, etc. See under 
Stand. 

Stanhope, stan'hop or stan'up, n. A light, 2-wheeled, 
or sometimes 4-wheeled, carriage, without a top,— 
" from Lord Stanhope. 



Stannary, stan'na-ri, a. Of, or pert, to, tin-mines or 
tin-works. — n. A tin-mine or tin-works ; in Eng., 
certain royal rights or prerogatives in respect to tin- 
mines in a district. [L. stannum, tin.] — Stan'nic, a. 
( Chem.) Of, pert, to, or obtained from, tin. — Stan- 
niferous, -er-us, a. Containing or affording tin. [L. 
ferre, to bear.] — Stan'nous, -nus, a. Of, pert, to, or 
containing, tin. 

Stanza, stan'za, n. (Poet.) A combination or arrange- 
ment of lines standing together as a division of a 
song or poem, and agreeing in meter, rhyme, and 
number of lines with other stanzas of the same 
poem ; a verse. [It. stanza, a room, habitation, a 
stanza, i. e., a stop, fr. L. stans, p. pr. of stare = E. 
to stand, q. v.] 

Staple, sta'pl, n. Orig., a settled mart or market; an 
emporium; a principal commodity or production of 
a country or district; the principal element; chief 
ingredient ; the thread or pile of wool, cotton, or 
flax; a loop of metal formed with 2 points, to be 
driven into wood, to hold a hook; unmanufactured 
material; raw material. — a. Pert, to, or being a 
market or staple for, commodities ; established in 
commerce; settled; regularly produced or made for 



market; chief; principal. [ME. and OD. staple, AS. 
stapul, a prop or support, Dan. stabel, a hinge, pile, 
Sw. and G. stapel, a pile, heap, staple or emporium, 



OF. estaple, a staple, mart, market, store-house, LG. 
stapel, a heap of goods arranged in order; AS. sta- 
pan, to step, tread firmly; not fr. stable, established, 
out s. rt.] — Sta'pler, n. A dealer in staple commod- 
ities; one employed to assort wool according to its 
staple. 

Star, star, n. One of the innumerable luminous 
bodies seen in the heavens; that which resembles 
the figure of a star, as an ornament worn on the 
breast to indicate rank or honor; the figure of a stai 
[thus *] used in writing or printing, as a reference 
to a note in the margin, and for other purposes, an 
asterisk; a person of brilliant and attractive quali- 
ties, esp. on public occasions; a distinguished theat- 
rical performer, etc. — v. t. [starred (stard), 
-ring.] To set or adorn with stars, or bright, radi- 
ating bodies. — v. i. To be bright, or attract atten- 
tion, as a star; to shine like a star; to figure promi- 
nently, esp. as a theatrical performer. [AS. steorra, 
OHG. sterro, L. stella, astrum, Gr. aster, Cornish 
and Armor, steren, Skr. tara, stri, a star, lit. a strew- 
er, or spreader, of light; s. rt. L. sternere, Skr. stri, 
to spread, E. strew, aster, stellar, stare, straw, stra- 
tum, street, structure.] — Star'less, a. Having no 
stars visible, or no starlight. — Star'light, n. The 
light proceeding from the stars. — a. Lighted by 
the stars, or by the stars only. — Star'ry, -rt, a. 
Abounding with, or adorned with, stars; consisting 
of, or proceeding from, the stars; stellar; shining 
like, or resembling, stars. — Star'-chanv'ber, n. An 
ancient court of criminal jurisdiction in England, 
which sat without the intervention of a jury, and 
was abolished during the reign of Charles I., on ac- 
count of its tyr- 
anny and injus- 
tice, — so called 
fr. its being held 
in a chamber 
whose ceiling was 
decorated with 
stars. — Star / '- 
finch, n. A bird, 
the red - start. — 
-fish, n. A prickly 
radiate marine an- 
imal of many spe- 

c i e s. fort, n. 

(Fort.) A fort 
having projecting 
exterior angles. — 
-gaz'er, n. One 
who gazes at the stars; in 
contempt, an astronomer. 
— gaz'ing, n. Act or prac- 
tice of observing the stars 
with attention; astrology. 

Starboard, star'bord or 
-berd, n. (Naut.) The 
right hand side of a ship 
or boat, to a person look- 
ing forward. — a. Pert, to the right hand side of a 
ship; being or lying on the right side. [AS. steor- 
bord, fr. steoran, to steer, and bord, a board, plank, 
border. — opp. to bsecbord, the larboard: the steers- 




Star-fort. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, 



ic, or ; 



STARCH 



565 



STATE 




Starling. 



man orig. stood on the right side of the shin, and 
used a paddle (or board) for a helm.] 

Starch, starch, a. Stiff; precise; rigid, —n. A white 
granular substance, chiefly of vegetable origin, used 
for stiffening cloth, etc. — v. t. [starched (starcht), 
starching.] To stiffen with starch. [Same as stark, 
q- v.] — Starched, starcht, p. a. Stiffened with 
starch; stiff; precise; formal. — Starch'ednes3, n. 
State of being starched; stiffness in manners; for- 
mality.— Starchier, n— Starch'ly, adv. In a starch 
manner; formally. — Starch'ness, n. — Starch/y, -I, 
a. Consisting of, or resembling, starch; stiff. 

Stare, star, v. i. [stared (stard), staking.] To look 
with fixed eyes wide open; to fasten an earnest look 
on some object; to gaze, look earnestly, — v. t. To 
look earnestly at, gaze at. — n. Act of staring ; a 
fixed look with eyes wide open. [AS. starian, Ic. 
stara, to stare; s. rt. G. sturr, stiff, inflexible, fixed, 
staring, Skr. sthira, fixed, firm, £. sterile, stereo- 
scope, not s. rt. star.] — Starrer, n. 

Stark, stark, a. Stiff ; strong ; rugged ; mere: sheer; 
pure ; downright ; unmistakable. — adv. Wholly ; 
entirely; absolutely. [ME., Sw., and G. stark, AS. 
stearc, strong, stiff, Lithuan. stregti, to stiffen, 
freeze, G. strecken, = E. to stretch ; s. rt. strong, 
starch, stretch.] 

Starling, startling, n. A blackish omnivorous bird, 
about the size of a blaek- 
bird, common in Eu- 
rope: it is sociable, and 
builds about houses, old 
towers, etc. [AS. stser.] 

Starry. See under Star. 

Start, start, v. i. To move 
suddenly, or spasmodi- 
cally, from any sudden 
feeling or emotion; to 
shrink, wince; to set out, 
begin. — v. t. To cause 
to move suddenly, alarm, 
startle, rouse; to produce 
suddenly to view or no- 
tice; to bring within pur- 
suit; to move suddenly 
from its place, dislocate. 
(Naut.) To quicken or give a start to by punishing 
with a rope's end.— n. A sudden spring, 'leap, or mo- 
tion, occasioned by surprise, fear, pain, etc.; a star- 
tle; shock; a convulsive motion, twitch, or spasm; a 
wanton or unexpected movement; a sally; act of set- 
ting out; outset; a projection; push; horn; tail. [ME. 
sterten, D. storten, to precipitate, spill, fall, rush, OD. 
steerten, to fly, run away, LG. steerten, to flee, steerd, 
OD. steert, a tail.] — Start'er, n.— Start'ing-post, n. 
A post, stake, barrier, or place, from which competi- 
tors in a race start, or begin the race. — Start'-up, n. 
An upstart; a kind of high rustic shoe.— Start'le, v. 
i. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To shrink: to move suddenlv, 
or be excited, on feeling a sudden alarm.— v. t. To 
excite by sudden alarm, surprise, or apprehension; 
to start, shock, frighten, alarm, surprise. — n. A 
sudden motion or shock occasioned by an unex- 
pected alarm, surprise, or apprehension of danger. 
[ME. stertlen, freq. of sterten.] 

Starve, starv, v. i. [starved (stiirvd), starving.] To 
perish or die with cold; to perish with hunger, suf- 
fer extreme hunger or want, be verv indigent. — v. 
t. To kill with cold, or with hunger; to distress or 
subdue by famine; to destroy by want; to deprive 
of force or vigor. [ME. and D. sterven, AS. steor- 
fan, to die.] — Starvation, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc. — Starve'ling, a. Hungry; lean; pining 
with want. — n. An animal or plant made thin, 
lean, and weak through want of nutriment. 

State, stat, n. Circumstances or condition of a being 
or thing at any given time; rank; quality; condition 
of prosperity or grandeur ; dignity; appearance of 

freatness; pomp; any body of men united by ^ ro- 
ession, or constituting a community of a particu- 
lar character, having a direct or indirect representa- 
tion in the government; an estate; the civil power; 
a body politic; the whole body of people united un- 
der one government, whatever may be the form of 
the government; in the U. S., one of the common- 
wealths or bodies politic, the people of which make 
up the body of the nation, and which stand in cer- 
tain specified relations with the national govern- 
ment.— a. Pert, to the government or the public 
affairs of a state or nation. — v. t. To express the 
particulars of, represent fully in words, narrate, re- 
cite. [OF. estat = E. estate, state, fr. L. status, a 




Lion Statant. 



standing, position, fr. stare, statum = E. to stand, 
q. v.] — Sta'tus, n. State; condition ; standing ; 
rank ; position of affairs. [L.] — Sta'tus in quo, 
Sta'tus quo, -kwo. Condition in which things were 
at first, as in a treaty between belligerents, which 
leaves each party in statu quo ante bellum, that is, in 
the state in which it was before the war. — Stat'ed, 
a. Settled; established; regular: occurring at reg- 
ular times; fixed ; established. — Stat'edly, adv. At 
stated or appointed times. — State'-house, n. The 
building in which the legislature of a state holds 
its sessions; a state capitol. — room,;;. A magnif- 
icent room in a palace or great house ; ;> small 
apartment for sleeping in a ship, etc. — Sta'tant, a. 
{Her.) In a standing position. > 
-State'ly, a. [-liei: : -liest.] 
Evincing state or dignity: lofty; 
dignified; majestic: magnificent; 
grand; august.— adv. Majestic- 
ally; loftily. — State'liness, n. — 
State'ment, n. Act of stating, 
reciting, or presenting, verbally 
or on paper; that which is stated; 
a narrative ; recital. — States'- 
man, n. A man versed in public 
affairs and in the principles and 
art of government: esp., one em- 
inent for political abilities; one employed in public 
affairs. — States'manly, adv. In a manner becom- 
ing a statesman. — Statesmanship, n. The quali- 
fications or employments of a statesman.— Sta'tion, 
n. The spot or place where anything stands, esp., 
where a person or thing habituallj' stands, or is ap- 
pointed to remain for a time; a stopping-place where 
railroad trains take in passengers, etc.; place where 
the police force of any precinct is assembled when 
not on duty; post assigned; office; situation; posi- 
tion; employment; occupation; business; character; 
state ; social position ; condition of life. (Stirv.) 
The place at which an instrument is planted, and 
observations are made. (Eccl.) The fast of the 
4th and 6th days of the week, Wednesday and Fri- 
day, in memory of the council which condemned 
Christ, and of his passion; a church, among the Ro- 
man Catholics, where indulgences are to be had on 
certain days; one of the places at which ecclesiastical 
processions pause for the performance of an act of 
devotion, —v. t. [stationed (-shund), -tioning.] 
To place, set, appoint to the occupation of a post, 
place, or office. [F., a station, L. statio, a standing 
still, fr. stare.] — Sta'tional, a. Of, or pert, to, a 
station. — Stationary, -a-rl, a. Not moving, or not 
appearing to move ; stable ; fixed ; not improving ; 
not growing wiser, greater, or better. [F. station- 
naire.] — Sta'tioner, n. One who sells paper, pens, 
inkstands, pencils, and other furniture for writing. 
[Orig. one who had a station or stand in a market 
place, to sell books, etc.] — Sta'tionery, -er-T, n. The 
articles sold by stationers. — a. Belonging to a sta- 
tioner. — Sta'tist, n. A statesman; politician; one 
skilled in government. — Statis'tic, -tical, a. Pert, 
to the condition of a people, their economy, property, 
and resources; pert, to statistics.— Statistically, adv. 
In the way of statistics. — Stat'isti'cian, -tish'an, 
n. One familiar with the science of statistics. — Sta- 
tistics, n. A collection of facts arranged and classi- 
fied, respecting the condition of the people in a state, 
or any particular class or interest; the science which 
has to do with the collection and classification of 
such facts. — Sta'tive, -tiv, a. Pert, to a fixed camp, 
or military posts or quarters. [L. stativus, fr. stare.] 
— Stat'ue, stafu, n. The likeness of a living being, 
formed from stone, metal, wax, etc., by carving, 
casting, or molding. [F.; L. statna. ] — Stat'uary, 
-u-a-rT, n. Art of carving statues or images; one who 
practices the art of carving images or making stat- 
ues: a statue, or collection of statues. [F. statuaire, 
L. statuarius, a maker of statues.] — Statuesque', 
-esk', a. Partaking of, or exemplifying, the charac- 
teristics of a statue. — Stat'uette', -ef\ n. A small 
statue. [It. statuetta, dim. of It. and L. statua = E. 
statue.] — Stat'ure, -ur, n. The natural height of an 
animal body, — generally used of the human body. 
[F.; L. statura, orig. an upright posture, hence 
height or size of the body, f r. stare.] — Stat'ute, -ut, 
n. An act of the legislature of a state or country, 
declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something; 
a positive law; the act of a corporation, or of its 
founder, intended as a permanent rule or law. [F. 
statut, L. statutum, fr. statutus, p. p. of statuere, to 
set, ordain, fr. stare ; s. rt. constitute, destitute, res- 



sun. cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boN bos, chair, get. 



STAUNCH 



566 



STEARINE 



titution, etc.] — Statute of limitations. (Law.\ A 
statute assigning a certain time, after which rights 
cannot be enforced by action. — Stat'utory, -u-to-rT, 
a. Enacted by statute; depending on statute for its 
authority. — Statutable, a. Made or introduced by 
statute; made or being in conformity to statute. — 
Static, -ical, a. Pert, to bodies at rest, or in equi- 
librium; resting; acting by mere weight. [Gr. stati- 
kos, at a standstill, statos, placed, standing, fr. his- 
tenai = E. to stand. .] — Statics, n. sing. That branch 
of mechanics which treats of the equilibrium of 
forces, or relates to bodies as held at rest by the 
forces acting on them. 

Staunch. See Stanch. 

Stave. See under Staff. 

Stay, sta, v. i. [stayed or staid (stad), staying.] 
To remain, continue in a place, stop, stand still; to 
continue in a state; to wait, attend; to dwell, tarry; 
to rely, confide, trust. — v. t. To hold from proceed- 
ing, withhold, restrain, stop; to delay, obstruct; to 
stop from motion or falling; to prop, hold up, sup- 
port; to sustain with strength, satisfy in part. — n. 
Continuance in a place; abode for a time indefinite; 
sojourn; cessation of motion or progression; stand; 
stop; that which serves as a prop or support; pi. a 
bodice; corset. [OF. estayer, to prop, shore, stay, 
estaye, a prop, stay, supporter, buttress, OD. stade, 
staeye, a prop; s. rt. stead.'] -r Stay'er, n. One who, 
or that which, stays, stops, orrestrains; one who up- 
holds or supports. — Staid, stad, a. Sober, not wild, 
volatile, nighty, or fanciful; grave; composed; se- 
date. — Staid'ness, n. 

Stay, sta, n. (ITaut.) A large, strong rope, employed 
to support a mast. — v. t. (Naut.) To tack, as a 



Steak, stak, n. A slice of beef, pork, venison, etc., 
lor broiling. [Ic. steik, a steak, lit. a thing stuck on 
a stick to be roasted, steikja, to roast on a spit or 
peg, stika = E. stick.] 

Steal, stel, v. t. [imp. stole; p. p. stolen; stealing.] 
To take without right or leave; to withdraw or con- 
vey without notice, or clandestinely; to gain or win 
by address or gradual and imperceptible means; to 
accomplish in a concealed or unobserved manner; 
to filch, pilfer, purloin. — v. i. To practice theft; to 
slip in, along, or away, unperceived. [ME. and D. 
stelen, AS. and OHG. stelan ; perh. s. rt. Gr. stellein, 
to get ready, Skr. sten, to steal, stena, a thief, E. 
stall, still, stale-mate.] — To steal a march. To gain 
an advantage unobserved. — Steal'er, n. — Stealth, 
stelth, n. The bringing to pass anything in a secret 
or concealed manner; a secret or clandestine pro- 
cedure. — Stealth'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Done by 
stealth; accomplished clandestinely; unperceived; 
secret; private; sly. — Stealth'ily, adv. — Stealthl- 
ness, n. 

Steam, stem, n. The elastic, aeriform fluid into which 
water is converted, when heated to the boiling point; 
mist formed by condensed vapor; visible vapor; any 
exhalation. — v. i. [steamed (stemd), steaming.] 
To rise or pass off in vapor, or like vapor; to rise in 
steam-like vapor; to move or travel by the agency 
of steam. — v. t. To exhale, evaporate; to apply 




Stays and Staysails. 

a, foretopmast-stay sail ; o, maintopmast-stay sail ; c, 
tnaintop-gallant-stay sail ; d, main-royal-stay sail ; e, 
mizzen-stay sail ; /, mizzentopmast-stay sail ; g, h, 
fore, main, and mizzen-top-naast and topgallant-mast 
back stays ; i, tore-stay ; /, main-stay ; k, mizzen- 
stay. 

vessel, so that the wind, from being on one 
side, is caused to blow on the other. [AS. 
stseg, D.j Ic, Dan., Sw., and G. stag, a stay, 
prob. orig. a thing to climb up by, and s. rt. 
AS. stseger, a stair, Sw. stege, a ladder, E. 
stair.] — In stays, or hove in stays. {Naut.) 
In the act or situation of staying, or going 
about from one tack to another.— To miss 
stays. To fail in the attempt to go about. — Stay / - 
sail, n. Any sail extended on a stay. 
Stead, sted, n. Place or room which another had, or 
might have. [AS. stede, aplace, stedh, a bank, shore, 
D., Dan., and Sw. stad, G. stadt, a town, OD. stade, 
opportunity, stede, a farm ; s. rt. L. statio = E. sta- 
tion, Gr. stasis, Skr. sthiti, a standing, abode, state, 
E. stand (q. v.), homestead, bedstead, stay.] — To 
stand in stead. To be of use or great advantage. — 
Stead last, a. Firmly fixed or established ; fast fixed ; 
firm ; constant ; resolute. [AS. stedefseste ; ftest = 
E. fast.] — Steadlastly, adv. — Steadlastness, n. 
— Stead'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Firm in standing 
or position; fixed; constant in feeling, purpose, or 
pursuit ; not fickle, changeable, or wavering ; uni- 
form; regular; undeviating ; unremitted; stable. — 
v. t. [steadied (-id), -ying.] To hold or keep from 
shaking, reeling, or falling; to support, —v. i. To 
be firm; to maintain an upright position. [AS stsed- 
dig, Dan. and Sw. stadig, steady, firm, G. staetig, 
continual.] — Steadily, adv. — Steadiness, n. State 
of being steady; constancy; resolution; immutabil- 
ity; unchangeableness. 




for creating a vacuum in the con- 
denser, previous to starting the 
engine ; s, feed-pump for supply- 
ing the boilers ; t, cold water 
pump for supplying the condenser 
governor. 



i, steam-cylinder ; 6, piston ; c, 
upper steam-port or passage ; d, 
lower steam-port ; e e, parallel 
motion ; //, beam ; g, connect- 
ing rod ; h, crank ; i i, fly-wheel; 
k k, eccentric and its rod for 
working the steam-valve ; I, 
steam-valve and valve-casing ; 
m, throttle-valve ; n, condenser ; 



steam to for softening, dressing, or preparing. [AS., 
a vapor, smell, smoke, D. stoom, steamy — Steam'y, 
-Y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, steam; full of 
steam; vaporous; misty. — Steamier, n. A vessel 
propelled oy steam ; a fire-engine, the pumps of 
which are worked by steam ; a vessel in which arti- 
cles are subjected to the action of steam, as in wash- 
ing or cookery. — Steam'-boat, n. A boat, esp. one 
of large size, propelled through the water by steam- 
power. — boiler, n. A boiler for generating steam, 
or for subjecting objects to the operation of steam.— 
-engine, n. An engine moved by steam. — gauge, n. 
An instrument for indicating the pressure of the 
steam in a boilev - -pack'et, n. A packet or vessel 
propelled by steam, and running periodically be- 
tween certain ports. — ship, n. A ship propelled 
by the power ct steam. — tug. n. A steam-vessel 
used in towuv ships. — ves'sel, n. A vessel pro- 
pelled by :team 
Stearine, ste'a-rin, n. The harder ingredient of ani- 
mal fat, forming the principal part of tallow: super 
heated steam separates it into gtycerine and stearic 
acid (popularly called stearine and used for candles). 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, or ; 



STEDFAST 



567 



STEP-CHILD 




Steelyard. 



[Gr. stear, tallow, fat, suet.] — Ste'atite, -a-tit, n. 
(Min.) A soft magnesian rock having a soapy feel; 
6oap-stone. 

Stedfast._ See Steadfast. 

Steed, sted, n. A horse; esp., a spirited horse for state 
or war. [AS. steda, a stud-horse, stallion, war-horse, 
stod, a_stud, q. v., G. stute, Ic. stedda, a mare.] 

Steel, stel, n. Iron combined with a small portion of 
carbon, used in making a great variety of instru- 
ments ; an instrument made of steel, as a sword, 
knife, etc.; an instrument of steel for sharpening 
table knives upon; hardness; sternness; rigor. — v. t. 
[steeled (steld), steeling.] To overlay, point, or 
edge with steel; to make hard or extremely hard: to 
make insensible or obdurate; 
to cause to resemble steel, as 
in smoothness, polish, or oth- 
er qualities. [AS. stel, D. and 
Dan. staal, G. stahl, contr. 
fr. OHG. staked; s. rt. Skr. 
stak, to resist, Lithuan. stok- 
as, a stake.] — Steel'y, -1, a. 
.Made, consisting of, or re- 
sembling, steel: hard; firm. — Steel'yard, steK- or 
stiKvard, n. A form of balance in which the body 
to be weighed is suspended from the shorter arm of 
a lever and the poise upon the longer arm, which is 
marked with notches to indicate the weight. [Orig. 
used in the Steelyard (place where steel was sold), 
in London.] 

Steep, step, a. Ascending or descending with great 
inclination; precipitous.- n. A precipitous place, 
hill, mountain, rock, or ascent. [AS. steap, steep, 
lofty, stepan, to erect, exalt; s. rt. stoop, stoup.] — 
Steeply, adv. In a steep manner; with steepness. 

— Steep'ness, n. — Steep'y. a. Having a precipi- 
tous declivity; steep. — Stee'ple, -pi, n. A tower or 
turret of a church, etc., ending in a point; a spire. 
[AS. stypel, fr. steap.] — Stee'ple-chase, n. A race 
between a number of horsemen, to see which can 
first reach some distant object (as a church steeple) 
in a straight course. 

Steep, step, v. t. [steeped (stept), steeping.] To 
boak in a liquid, macerate; to extract the essence of 
by soaking, esp. in a warm liquid. [Ic. steypa, to 
make to stoop, overturn, pour out liquids, cast met- 
als, fr. stupa, to stoop. Dan. stobe, to cast (metals), 
bteep (corn), stob, steeped corn.] — Steep'er, n. A 
vessel, vat, or cistern, in which things are steeped. 

Steer, ster, n. A young male of the bovine genus; 
esp., a castrated taurine male from 2 to 4 years old. 
[AS. steor, D. and G.stier, L. taiatis, for staurus, Gr. 
tauros, for stauros, Ir. and Ga. tarbh, a bull, lit. 
strong, full-grown; s. rt. Skr. stkula, great, powerful, 
coarse, AS., Dan., and Sw. stor, large, E. stand, q. 
v.] — Stirk, sterk, n. A young ox or heifer. [AS. 
styric] 

Steer, ster, v. t. [steep.ed (sterd), steering.] To 
control the career of. direct, guide, govern, — ap- 
plied esp. to a vessel in the water. — v. i. To direct 
and govern a ship or other vessel in its course; to be 
directed and governed: to conduct one's self. [AS. 
steoran, styran, Ic. and Sw. styra, to steer, Goth. 
stiurjan, to establish, confirm, Ic. styri, a rudder, 
OHG. stiu? a. a staff, prop, paddle, rudder ; 8. rt. 
starboard, stern.]— Steer'age, -ej, n. Act or prac- 
tice of directing and governing in a course. (Naut.) 
The manner in which a ship is affected by the helm; 
an apartment in the space between decks forward of 
the great cabin; an apartment in a ship for an infe- 
rior class of passengers. That by which a course is 
directed. — Steers'man, sterz'man, n. One who 
steers; the helmsman of a ship. 

Steeve, stev, v. i. (Ship-building.) To make an angle 
with the horizon, or with the' line of a vessel's keel, 

— said of the bowsprit. [Prob. corrupt, of staff or 
stave; OD. steve. a staff.] 

Steganography, steg-a-nog'ra- 
fl, n. The art of writing in 
ciphers, or characters not in- 
telligible except to the per- 
sons who correspond with 
each other. [Gr. steganos, cov- 
ered (fr. stegein, to cover), 
and graphein, to write.] 

Stellar steKlar, -lary, -la-rT, a. 
Pert, to stars; astral; full of 
stars; set with stars; starrv. 
[L. stellaris, fr. stella = E. a Stellate Leaves. 
star, q. v.] — Stel'late, -lated, 
a. Resembling a star; radiated. (Bot.) Arranged 





in the form of a star. — Stellif'erous, -lit '5r-us, a. 
Having, or abounding with, stars. [L. stellifer, fr. 
stella and ftrre, to bear.] — Stel'liform, -ll-form, a. 
Like a star; radiated. [L. forma, a form.] — Stel'- 
lular, a. Having the shape of Little stars; radiated. 
[L. stellula, dim. of stella.] 

Stem, stem, n. The principal body of a tree, shrub, 
or plant of any kind; a little branch which connects 
a fruit or flower with a main branch; the stock of a 
family; a descendant; progeny. <Naut.) A curved 
piece of timber to which the 2 sides of a ship are 
united at the fore end; the forward part of a vessel; 
the leading position; lookout. (Mus.) The short, 
perpendicular line added to the body of a note. 
(Gram.) That part of an inflected word which re- 
mains unchanged (except by euphonic variations) 
throughout a given inflection. — v. t. [stemmed 
(stemd), -Ming.] To oppose, or cut, as with the 
stem of a vessel; to make progress against, as a cur- 
rent; to oppose; to check (a stream or moving force.) 
[AS. stsefn, stemn, D. statu, stem of a tree, prow of a 
vessel, also race or stock of people, fr. AS. stsef = E. 
staff, q. v., Ic. stafn, prow, also stem, of a ship, G. 
vorder stev en, fore-stem, prow,- hinter Steven, hind- 
stem, stem-post; Ic. stemma, G. stemmen, to dam up 
(with stems of trees).] — Stem'-wind'er, n. A watch 
which is wound up or regulated by a mechanism 
connected with the stem, and not by a key. 

Stench, stench, n. A bad smell; offensive odor; stink. 
[AS. stenc, a strong 
smell (bad or sweet), 
stincan = E. to stink.] 
— Stench'-trap, n. A 
contrivance to pre- 
vent stench from ris- 
ing from openings of 
sewers, etc. 

Stencil, sten'sil, n. A 
thin plate of metal, 
leather, or other ma- 
terial, used in paint- Stench-trap, 
ing, marking, etc.; the pattern is cut out of the plate, 
which is then laid flat on the surface to be marked, 
and the color brushed over it. — v. t. [stenciled 
(-sild), -ciling.] To paint or color with stencils. 
[Prob. fr. OF. estinceller, to sparkle, powder, set 
with sparkles, — term in heraldry; s. rt. tinsel.] 

Stenography, ste-nog'ra-fY, n. The art of writing in 
short-hand, by using abbreviations or characters for 
whole words. [Gr. stenos, narrow, close, and gra- 
phein, to write.] — Stenographer, n. One skilled in 
stenography. — Sten'ograph'ic, -ical, -graflk-al, a. 
Of, or pert, to, etc. — Stenographist, n. A stenog- 
rapher. 

Stentorian, sten-to'rY-an, a. Extremely loud; able to 
utter a very loud sound. [Gr. Stentor, a Greek her- 
ald at Troy, spoken of by Homer, having a very 
loud voice: Gr. stenein, to make a noise, Skr. stan, 
to thunder.] 

Step, step, v. i. [stepped (stept), -ping.] To advance 
or recede by a movement of the feet; to walk a lit- 
tle distance; to walk gravely, slowly, or resolutely; 
to advance, come, or enter (with in or into). — v. t. 
To set, as the foot; to fix the foot of (a mast) in its 
step; set erect, — n. An advance or movement made 
by one removal of the foot; a pace; one remove in as- 
cending or descending; a stair; space passed by the 
foot in walking or running: a small space or dis- 
tance; gradation: degree; act of advancement; pro- 
gression; decisive gam or advantage; a print of the 
foot; footprint; track; trace; vestige: gait; manner 
of walking; proceeding; measure; action: the round 
or rundle of a ladder. (Mus.) A degree, — a name 
sometimes given to one of the larger diatonic de- 
grees or intervals of the scale, as between 1 and 2. 
pi. A portable frame-work of stairs. (Kaut.) A 
block of wood, or a solid platform on the keelson, 
supporting the heel of the mast; a piece of wood 
in which another is fixed upright. (Mach.) A kind 
of bearing in which the lower extremity of a spin, 
die or a vertical shaft revolves. [AS. stdpan, to go- 
advance, D. stap, G. stapfe, a footprint, footstep.] 
— Step'ping-stone, n. A raised stone to keep the feet 
above the water or mud; a means of progress or fur- 
ther advancement. 

Step-child, step'child, n. Orig. a bereft or orphan 
child; the child of one's husband or wife by a for- 
mer marriage. [AS. steopcild ; steop, orphaned (not 
s. rt. step ; perh. s. rt. stooji ; s. rt. OHG. stivfan, to 
deprive of parents or of children), and did = E. 
child.] — step '-broth er, n. A son of a step-father or 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boN'boN, chair, get. 



STEPPE 



568 



STICK 




Stereography. 
, tetrahedron ; 6, hex- 
ahedron or cube; c, oc- 
tahedron ; d, dodeca- 
hedron ; e, icosahe- 
dron. 



mother by a former marriage. — -daughter, n. — fa'- 
ther, n. A man married to one's mother after the 
death of one's own father. — moth'er, n. — sis'ter, 
n. — son, n. 

Steppe, step, n. One of the vast plains in S. E. Eu- 
rope and Asia, generally elevated, and free from 
wood. [Russ. stepe.] 

Stercoraceous, ster-ko-ra'shus, a. Of, or pert, to, 
dung, or partaking of its nature. [L. stercus, ster- 
coris, dung.] 

Stere, star, n. The metric unit for solid measure, 
commonly used for bulky articles, being equal to 1 
cubic meter = 35.3166 Eng., or 31.31044 Amer. cubic 
feet. [F., fr, Gr. stereos, solid, stiff, hard ; s. rt. 
strenuous. ] — Stereog'raphy, -ra-f I, n. Art of delin- 
eating the forms of solid 
bodies on a plane; a branch 
of solid geometry which 
shows the construction of all 
solids which are regularly 
defined. [Gr. stereos and gra- 
phein, to write.] — Ste'reo- 
graph'ic, -ical, ste're-o-graf- 
lk-al, a. Made or done ac- 
cording to the rules of stere- 
ography ; delineated on a 
plane.— Stereometry, -e-trY, 
n. Art of measuring solid 
bodies, and finding their solid 
contents. [Gr. metron, a 
measure.] — Stereop r ticon, 
-tY-kon, n. A kind of magic 
lantern so arranged as" to 
throw greatly magnified pho- 
tographic views on a screen, 
with stereoscopic effect._[Gr. optikon, pert, to sight.] 

— Ste'reoscope, -re-o-skop, n. An optical instrument 
for giving to pictures the appearance of solid forms, 
as seen in nature. [Gr. skopein, to view.] — Stereo- 
scopic, -ical, -skSp'ik-al, a. Pert, or adapted to, or 
produced by, the stereoscope; having the appearance 
of solid forms. — Stereofomy, -ot'o-mT, n. The sci- 
ence or art of cutting solids into certain figures or 
sections, as arches, etc. [Gr. temnein, to cut.] — Ste'"- 
reotype, -re-o-tip, n. A plate of type-metal, present- 
ing a facsimile of the surface of a page of type or an 
engraving; art of making plates of type-metal which 
shall be facsimiles of pages of type. — v. t. [stereo- 
typed (-tipt), -typing.] To make stereotype plates 
for (a book, etc.) [Gr. tupos, an impression, type.] 

— Ste'reotyp'er, n. One who makes stereotype 
plates or works in a stereotype foundry. — Ste'reo- 
typog'raphy, -ti-pog'ra-fY, n. Art or practice of 
printing from stereotype plates. [Gr. stereos, tuptos, 
and graphein, to write.] 

Sterile, ster'il, a. Proaucing little or no crop; bar- 
ren; unfruitful; not fertile ; producing no young; 
destitute of ideas or sentiment. (Bot.) Bearing only 
stamens. [OF.; L. sterilis, barren, Gr. stereos, hard, 
stiff, sterile, G. starr, rigid: see Stare and Stere.] 

— Sterility, -riKY-tY, n. Quality or condition of 
being sterile ; barrenness ; unproductiveness ; un- 
fruitrulness. 

Sterling, sterling, a. Belonging to, or relating to, 
the British money of account, or to the British coin- 
age ; genuine ; pure ; of excellent quality. [ME. 
starting, sterling, fr. Easterling, the popular name 
of German traders in England, whose money was 
of the purest quality.] 

Stern, stern, a. Fixed, with an aspect of severity and 
authority; severe of manner; rigidly steadfast; aus- 
tere; rigorous; harsh; cruel; unrelenting; immov- 
able. [AS. styme; prob. s. rt. D. stuursch, stern, 
austere, sour, Ic. stura, gloom, despair, E. stand.] — 
Sternly, adv. — Sternness, n. 

Stern, stern, n. (Naut.) The hind part of a ship or 
other vessel, or of a boat: see Ship. The hinder 
part of anything. [ME. Sterne, a rudder, Ic. stjorn, 
a steering ; s. rt. steer, v. t.] — Stern' - board, n. 
(Naut.) The backward motion of a vessel; a loss 
of way in making a tack. — chase, n. A chase in 
which" 2 vessels sail on the same course, one follow- 
ing in the wake of the other. —-chase, -chas'er, n. 
A cannon placed in a ship's stern, pointing back- 
ward, and intended to annoy a ship in pursuit of 
her. — post, n. A straight piece of timber, erected 
on the extremity of the keel to support the rudder 

and terminate the ship behind. sheets, n. pi. 

That part of a boat between the stern and the after- 
most seat of the rowers, —-way, n. The movement 
of a ship backward, or with her stern foremost. 



Stermim, ster'num, n. (Anat.) A flat, symmetrical 
bone on the median line of the chest in front: the 
breast- bone. [L. ; Gr. sternon, breast, chest.] — 
Stern'al, a. Pert, to, etc. 

Sternutation, ster-nu-ta'shun, n. The act of sneez- 
ing. [L. stemutatio, fr. sternutare, freq. of ster- 
nuere, Gr. ptarnusthai, to sneeze.] — Sternu'tative, 
-ta-tiv, -tatory, -ta-to-rY, a. Having the quality of 
exciting to sneeze. — Sternu/tatory, n. A substance 
that provokes sneezing. 

Stertorious, ster-to'rY-us, Ster'torous^to-rus.a. Char- 
acterized by a deep snoring, which accompanies in- 
spiration in some diseases, esp. apoplexy; hoarsely 
breathing; snoring. [L. stertere, to snore.] 

Stethoscope, steth'o-skop, n. An instrument used to 
distinguish sounds in the human chest, so that the 
operator may judge of the regular action or condi- 
tion of the heart, lungs, etc. [Gr. stethos, the chest, 
and skopein, to examine.] 

Steve, stev, v. t. To stow (cotton or wool) in a ship's 
hold. [Sp. estivar, to stow (cargo), L. stipare, to 
crowd or press together, Gr. steibein, to tread or 
stamp on; s. rt. step, stamp, stop, stand, stipend, stip- 
ulation, constipate, costive.) — Ste'vedore', -ve - dor', 
n. One who loads and unloads vessels in port. [Sp. 
estivadorJ] 

Stew, stu, v. t. [stewed (stud), stewing.] To cook 
by boiling slowly, in a moderate manner, or with a 
simmering heat; to seethe. — v. i. To boil in a slow, 
gentle manner; to be cooked in heat and moisture; 
to worry, fret. — n. A house for bathing, sweating, 
cupping, etc. ; a house of prostitution ; brothel ; a 
dish that has been cooked by stewing; esp. a dish of 
meat cut in pieces and cooked in gravy with or with- 
out vegetables; a state of agitating excitement; con- 
fusion. [OF. estuve, Pg. and Sp. estufa, a stove, hot- 
house, OHG. stupa, a room for bathing: s. rt. stove.] 

Steward, stu'ard, n. A man employed to manage do- 
mestic concerns, superintend other servants, collect 
rents, keep accounts, etc. (Naut.) A head waiter 
and storekeeper on board a ship or other vessel. A 
fiscal agent of certain bodies. [AS. stiweard, orig. 
one who looked after farm animals, fr. stigo = E. 
sty. and iveard, a guardian, keeper = E. ward.] — 
Stew'ardess, n. A female waiter in charge of the la- 
dies' cabin on shipboard.— Stewardship, n. The of- 
fice of a, steward. 

Stibial, stib'T-al, a. Like, or having the qualities of, 
antimony; antimonial. [L. stibium, antimony.] 

Stich, stik, n. A verse, of whatever measure or num- 
ber of feet; a :inc- in the Scriptures; a row or rank 
of trees. [Gr. sticlios, a row, line, steichein, to as- 
cend.] 

Stick, stik, n. A small shoot, or branch, of a tree or 
shrub, cut off: a rod: staff; any stem or branch of a 
tree, of any size, cut for fuel or timber; a piece of 
wood, esp. a long, slender piece ; anything shaped 
like a stick. (Print.) An instrument of adjusta- 
ble width in which type is arranged in words and 
lines: see Composing-stick. A thrust; stab. — v. t. 
[stuck; sticking.] To cause to enter, as a pointed 
instrument; to pierce, stab, kill by piercing; to fas- 
ten or cause to remain by piercing ; to set, fix in; to 
set with something pointed; to fix on a pointed in- 
strument ; to attach by causing to adhere to the 
surface. (Print.) To compose or arrange in a com- 
posing-stick. — v. i. To hold to, by cleaving to the 
surface, as by tenacity of attraction ; to adhere : to 
remain where placed; to cling, be united closely; 
to be hindered from proceeding, stop; to be embar- 
rassed or puzzled, hesitate ; to cause difficulties or 
scruples; to adhere closely in friendship and affec- 
tion. [AS. stician, D. steken, to stick, G. stecken, to 
stick, set, plant, stick fast, remain, AS. sticca, a 
stick, peg, nail ; s. rt. sting, stitch, stagger, stack, 
stake, steak, stock, stoker, distinguish, extinct, in- 
stinct, prestige, stimulate, stijle, stigma.] — Golil-stick. 
A title of the colonels of the 2 regiments of Life 
Guards in England, who attend the sovereign on 
state occasions.— Silver-stick. A title given to the 
field-officer of the Life Guards when on duty at the 
palace. — To stick at. To hesitate. — To s. by. To 
adhere closely, be constant, be firm in supporting, 
be troublesome by adhering. — To s. oxd. To pro- 
ject; to be prominent.— To s. to. To be firm, be 
persevering. — Stick'y, -Y, a. [-ier; -iest.] Inclined 
to stick; having the quality of adhering to a surface; 
adhesive ; gluey; viscous ; viscid ; glutinous; tena- 
cious. — Stickiness, n. — Stick '-lac, n. Lac in its 
natural state, incrusting small twigs.— Stickle'back, 
-1-bak, n. A small nest-building fish, of several spe- 



fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, ice ; Qdd, tone. 6r i 



STIOKLE 



569 



STIPE 




cies, — so called from the 
spines which arm its back, 
ventral fins, and other 
parts. [AS.s7(ce?,aprickle, 
sting (fr. stician), and E. 
back.] 

Stickle, stik/1, v. i. [-led 
(-Id), -ling.] To take part Stickleback, 

with one side or the other; 

to contend, contest, or altercate, in a pertinacious 
manner on insufficient grounds; to stand for one's 
rights. [ME. styckyll, to part combatants or settle 
disputes, stightlen, to dispose, order, govern, subdue, 
AS. stihtiaii, to order, govern, dispose ; s. rt. stand, 
stop.] — Stickler, n. One who stickles; one who 
arbitrates a duel ; a second ; an umpire; one who 
pertinaciously contends for some trifling thing. 

Stiff, stif, a. Not easily bent ; not flexible or pliant ; 
not liquid or fluid: thick and tenaciousv inspissated; 
impetuous in motion; not easily subdued; tirm in 
resistance or perseverance; rigfd; inflexible; stub- 
born; obstinate; pertinacious; rigorous; not natural 
and easy; formal in manner. (Naut.) Bearinga press 
of canvas without careening much. [AS stif,D.stijf; 
s. rt. Lithuan. stiprus. strong, L. stipes, a stem, trunk 
of a tree, Skr. sihapaya, to establish, E. staff, stifle, 
stand, q. v.] — Stiffen, stif'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), 
-ENLVG.J To make stiff, make less pliant or flexible; 
to inspissate, make more thick or viscous, —v. i. To 
become stiff, become more rigid or less flexible: to 
become more thick, or less soft, be inspissated; to 
become less susceptible of oppression, grow more 
obstinate. — Stiffly, adv. In a stiff manner; firmly; 
strongly; rigidly; obstinately.— Stiffness, rc.— Stiff- 
necked, -nekt, a. Stubborn; inflexible; obstinate; 
contumacious. 

Stifle, stf fl, v. t. [-fled (-fld), -fling.] To stop the 
breath, choke, oppress with foul air, etc., suffocate, 
smother; to extinguish, deaden, quench; to suppress 
the manifestation or report of, conceal, repress, de- 
stroy. — n. (Far.) The joint on the hind leg of a 
horse next to the flank, and corresponding to the 
knee in man: see Horse. A disease in the knee-pan 
of a horse or other animal. [Ic. stifla, to dam up 
(water), block up, choke, Norweg. stirla, to stop, 
hem in, stiffen, f req. of stiva, to stiffen ; s. rt. stiff, 
stevedore, OF. estiver, L. stipare, to compress, pack 
tight.] 

Stigma, stig'ma, n. ; E. pi. -mas, -maz, L. pi. -mata, 
-ma-ta. A mark with a burning iron; a brand; any 
mark of infamy. (Bot.) The 
upper vascular part of the pis- 
til, which receives the pollen. 
[Gr., a prick, mark, brand, 
stizein = E. to stick.'] — Stig- 
mat'ic, -ical, a. Marked with 
a stigma, or with something 
reproachful to character: im- 
pressing with infamy or re- 
proach. — Stig'matize, v. t. 

[-TIZED (-tlzd), -TIZIXG.] To „,. , 

mar* with a stigma or brand; 8 ' btl ? ma - (•»<>*■> 
to set a mark of disgrace on, characterize by a mark 
or term of reproach. [F. stigmatiser, Gr. stigmatiz- 

Stile, stil, n. A pin set on the face of a dial to form a 
shadow; a style. [See Style.] 

Stile, stil, n. A step, or set of steps, for passing a fence 
or wall. [AS. stigel, a step, ladder, fr. stigan, to as- 
cend.] 

Stiletto, stt-lefto, n. ; pi. -tos, -toz. A small dagger 
with a round, pointed blade; a pointed instru- 
ment for making evelet holes in working mus- 
lin. — r. t. [STILETTOED (-tod), -TOING.] To 

stab or pierce with a stiletto. [It., dim. of stilo, 
L. stilus = E. style, q. v.] 
Still, stil, v. t. [stilled (stild), stilling.] To 
stop (noise, motion, or agitation) ; to make 
quiet ; to quiet (tumult, agitation, or excite- 
ment) ; to calm, allay, lull, pacify, appease, 
subdue, suppress, silence, check, restrain, —a. 
Uttering no sound : silent ; not disturbed by Sti- 
noise or agitation : motionless ; quiet ; calm ; lett0 - 
serene; inert; stagnant. — n. Freedom from noise- 
silence. — adv. To this time; until and durin? the 
time now present; habitually; always; uniformly: 
by an additional degree; with repeated and added 
efforts: notwithstanding what has been said or done: 
in spite of what has occurred; nevertheless, — some- 
times used as a conjunction : after that. [AS. and 
Dan. stille, G. still, still, hushed, AS. stillan, D. stillen, 





to rest, be quiet. Sw. Mill a, G. stillan, to still, quiet, 
stellen. to place, lit. to put in a (AS. steal, D. stat, Sw., 
G., and E. stall, q. v.) place.]— Stilf ness, ».'— Stilf y, 
a. Still; quiet; calm.— adv. Silently; without noise; 
calmly: quietly; without tumult. — Stilf-birth. n. 

A thing born without life. born, a. Dead at the 

birth ; abortive. burn, adv. To burn in the pro- 
cess of distillation. — -life, n. (Painting.) The class 
or style of painting which repre>ents objects not hav- 
ing animate existence, as fruits, flowers, dead game 
or animals, etc. 
Still, stil, /(. An apparatus used in the distillation of 
liquors, etc.; a dis- 
tillery.— v. i. audi. To 
distill. [Contr. fr. '/('.-■- 
till.]— Stillatftious. tf 
-tish'us, a. Falling in 
drops, drawn bv a still, -r- 
[L. stillatitius,' 'fr. .-7(7- " 
lave, to drop, stilla, a 

drop.]-Stiflatory,-to- ftis^^Ssi lp5|f";7 
rT, //. An alembic ; a 
vessel for distillation ; 
place where distilla- 
tion is performed ; a 

StilSiK.' A piece of Simple form of Still, 
wood constructed to 6, retort or boiler ; e, d. head and 
raise the foot above the neck i «. end of neck where it 
ground in walking : a J 0ln3 » h « worm ! f> cock • 0> 
root which rise* above "orm-tub. 
the surface of the ground. — v. t. To raise on stilts, 
elevate : to raise bv unnatural means. [D. Melt, 
G. stelze, a stilt, OHG. stela, a prop, crutch : s. rt. 
stalk, stand.] — Stilt'ed, a. Artificially elevated ; 
pompous. 

Stimulate, stim'u-lat, v. t. To excite, rouse, or ani- 
mate to action or more vigorous exertion by some 
pungent motive, or by persuasion; to ineite,"impel, 
urge, instigate, irritate, exasperate, incense. (Med.) 
To produce a transient increase of vital activity in. 
[L. stimulare, -latum, to prick or <road on, to incite, fr. 
stimulus, a goad; s. rt. stick.] — Stinfulant, a. Serv- 
ing to stimulate. (Med.) Producing increased vital 
action in the organism, or any of its parts.— n. That 
which stimulates, provokes, or excites. (Med.) An 
agent which produces a transient increase of vital 
activity in the organism, or any of its parts. — Stim- 
ula / tion, n. Act of stimulating, or state of being 
stimulated. (Med.) An exaltation of organic action. 
[F.] — Stim'ula'tive, -tiv, a. Having the quality of 
stimulating. — n. That which stimulates or rouses 
into more vigorous action. — Stim'ula'tor, n. One 
who, etc. — Stdm'ulus. n.; pi. -li. A goad; some- 
thing that rouses the mind or spirits; an incitement 
to action or exertion. (Med.) That which produces 
a transient increase of vital action. [L.] 

Sting, sting, n. A sharp-pointed poison-bearing weap- 
on in the head or hinder part of the body of certain 
insects and animals; the thrust of a sting into the 
flesh; anything that gives acute pain; the point of 
an epigram, or other pointed, sarcastic saying. — v. t. 
Tstung (stang is obsolete), stinging.] To pierce 
with a sting; to pain acutely [AS. stingan, Ic. and 
Sw. stinga, to sting, AS., Dan., and Sw. sting, a sting.] 

— Sting'er. n. — Sting'aree', -a-re', Sting'-ray, n. 
A fish of the ray family, whose long, flexible tail is 
armed with a serrated spine with which it inflicts 
ugly wounds. — Stin'go, stin'go, n. Old beer; sharp 
or strong liquor. — Sting'y, -T, a. Having power to 
sting or produce pain. 

Stingy, stin'jT, a. [-gier; -giest.] Extremely close 
and covetous; meanly avaricious: niggardly. [Peril, 
fr. sting, meaning keen: perh. fr. FrovE. skingi/, 
niggardly, skinch, to give scant measure, pinch, 
spare, kinch. schinch, a small bit, F. chiche, niggard- 
lv, chic, a small bit.] — Stin'giness, n. 

Stink, stink, v. i. [stank or stunk, stinking.] To 
emit a strong, offensive smell. — n. A strong smell; 
disgusting odor. [AS. stincan, to stink, to be fra- 
grant, also to rise as dust or vapor; s. rt. stench.] — 
Stink'ard, n. A mean, stinking, paltry fellow. 
(Zool.) A carnivorous animal allied to the skunk, 
found in Java and Sumatra. 

Stint, stint, v. t. To restrain within certain limits; to 
bound, confine, limit; to assign a certain task iu 
labor to. — n. Limit ; bound ; restraint : extent ; 
quantity assigned ; proportion allotted. [AS. stvn- 
tan, to b'lunt, dull, fr. stnnt, dull, stupid: see Stunt.1 

— Stint'er, n. 

Stipe, stip, n. (Bot.) The base of a frond, as of a 



sun. cube, full ; moon, fotit ; cow f oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get, 



STIPEND 



570 



STOIC 





fern ; stalk of a pistil ; trunk of a 
tree; stem of a. fungus or mushroom 
when any exists. [L. stipes, Gr. 
stupos, a stock, post, branch.]— Stip" 
tile, -01, -ula, -u-la, n. An appenc 
age at the base of petioles or leaves v 
usually resembling a small leaf in 
texture and appearance. [L. stipula, 
dim. of stipes ; s. rt. stubbie.'] — Stip'- Stipe, 

ulate, -u-lat, a. Furnished with stip- 
ules. 

Stipend, sti'pend, n. Settled pay or com- 
pensation for services, whether daily 
or monthly wages, or an annual sal- 
ary. [L. stipendium, fr. stips, stipis, a 
gift, small coin, and pendere, to weigh 
or pay out.] — Stipend'iary, -Y-a-rT, a. 
Receiving wages or salary. — n. One 
who, etc. 

Stipple, stip'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), v 
-pling.] To engrave by means of ,^> 
dots. — n. A mode of engraving in - 
imitation of chalk drawings, in which 
the effect is produced by dots instead 
of lines. [D. stippelen, to make points, s s > Btl Puies. 
spot, dot, dim. of stippen, to dip, point, dot, stip, 
stippel, a dot; s. rt. stab.'] 

Stipule, Stipulate.a. See under Stipe. 

Stipulate, stip r u-lat, v. i. To make an agreement or 
covenant with any person or company to do or for- 
bear anything; to "bargain; to contract. [L. stipulari, 
-latus, to conclude a money transaction, lit. to make 
fast, fr. OL. stipulus, fast, firm; s. rt. stipes, a post: 
see Stipe.] — Stipulation, n. Act of stipulating; a 
contracting or bargaining; that which is stipulated; 
covenant; agreement ; contract; engagement. [F.; 
L. stipulatio.] — Stip'ula'tor, n. 

Stir, stgr, v. t. [stirred (sterd), -ring.] To change the 
place of in any manner; to agitate; to cause the par- 
ticles (of a liquid, etc.) to change place (by motion 
of something passing through); to bring into debate, 
agitate ; to incite to action, instigate, prompt ; to 
move, rouse, animate, stimulate, excite, provoke.— ?;. 
i. To move one's self, change one's position; to be in 
motion, be active; to become the object of notice or 
conversation ; to rise in the morning. — n. Agita- 
tion; tumult; bustle; public disturbance or commo- 
tion; seditious uproar; agitation of thoughts. [AS. 
styrian, to move, stir; s. rt. Ic. styrr, a stir, disturb- 
ance, D. and OHG. storen, to disturb, L. sternere, to 
strew, scatter, £. stratum, strew, storm, sturgeon.] — 
Stir'rer, n. One who stirs, or is in motion; one who 
puts in motion; a riser in the morning; an exciter; 
instigator. 

Stirk. See under Steer, n. 

Stirrup, stur'rup or sttr'rup, n. A. kind of ring, for 
receiving the foot of a rider, and attached to a strap 
fastened to the saddle. (Mach.) Any piece resem- 
bling, in shape and functions, the stirrup of a sad- 
dle. [AS. stirap, stigrap, lit. a rope to climb by (the 
orig. stirrup having been a looped rope), fr. stigan, 
to climb, and rap, a rope.] 

Stitch, stich, v. t. [stitched (stich'v), stitching.] To 
form stitches in; esp., to sew in such a manner as to 
show on the surface a continuous line of stitches; 
to sew or unite together, — v. i. To practice stitch- 
ing. — n. A single pass of a needle in sewing; the 
loop or turn of the thread thus made; a single turn 
of the thread round a needle in knitting; a space 
between 2 double furrows in plowed ground; an 
acute lancinating pain, like the piercing of a needle. 
[AS. stice, a pricking sensation, stician, to prick, 
pierce, G. stick, a prick, stitch, stechen, to prick, 
sticken, to stitch.] 

Stithy, stith'I, n. An anvil; a smith's shop; smithy. 
[Ic. stedhi, an anvil, AS. stadhol, a foundation, basis, 
also firm (adj.); s. rt. stead.] 

Stiver, sti'ver, n. A Dutch coin and money of ac- 
count = 2 cents. [D. stuiver.] 

Stoat, stot, n. The ermine, — so called when of a red- 
dish color, as in summer. [ME. stot, a stoat, a horse 
or stallion, a bullock, a male animal, D. stooter, a 
stallion, lit. a thruster, fr. stooten, to push, thrust; 
s. rt. stutter.] 

Stock, stok, n. The stem or main body of a tree or 
plant; the fixed, strong, firm part; the stem or firm 
branch in which a graft is inserted; something fixed, 
eolid, and senseless; a post; one as dull and lifeless 
as a post; the principal supporting part ; part in 
which others are inserted, or to which they are at- 
tached; the wood to which the barrel, lock, etc., of 




Stocks. 



a tire-arm are secured; a long, rectangular piece of 
wood, which is an important 
part of several forms of gun- 
carriage; the wooden handle 
or contrivance by which bits 
are held in boring; a brace; 
block of wood which consti- isu-stocfc. 

tutes the body of a plane; the cross-bar at the upper 
end of the shank of an anchor, which cants the 
^anchor fluke down; block in which an anvil is fixed; 
an adjustable handle for holding dies for cutting 
screws ; the original progenitor, also, the race or 
line of a family ; lineage ; family ; money invested 
in business ; capital of a bank or other company ; 
money funded in government securities; pi. prop- 
erty consisting of shares in joint-stock companies, 
or in the obligations of a government for its funded 
debt. (Book-keeping.) The account which is debited 
with all the sums contributed or added to the capital 
of the concern, and credited with whatever is at 
any time withdrawn. Supply provided ; store ; 
goods regularly on hand; whole amount of goods on 
hand; raw material. 
(Agric.) Domestic 
animals or beasts 
collected, used, or 
raised on a farm. A 
kind of stiff, wide 
band or cravat for 
the neck. pi. A 
frame, with holes 
in which the feet or 
the feet and hands 
of criminals were 
confined, pi. The 
frame or timbers on 
which a ship rests 
while building. 
(Bot.) A flowering, 
cruciferous plant, 
several species of 
which are cultivated for ornament. (Cookery.') 
The essence extracted from meat ; broth. — v. t. 
[stocked (stokt), stocking.] To lay up for future 
use, as merchandise, etc.; to provide with material 
requisites; to store, fill, supply; to put into a pack, 
as cards. — a. Used or available for constant ser- 
vice or application, as if constituting a portion of a 
stock or supply ; standard ; permanent ; standing. 
[ME. stok, AS. stocc, a trunk of a tree, post; s. rt. 
stick, stake.]— Dead stock. (Agric.) The implements 
of husbandry, and produce stored up for use,— 
disting. f r. live stock, or the domestie animals on a 
farm. — To take s. To make an inventory of stock 
or goods on hand. — To take s. in. To accept ap 
truth, feel confidence in. — Stock'y, -t, a. Thick 
and firm; stout; rather thick than tall or corpulent 

— Stock , account / , n. An account on a merchant's 
ledger, one side of which shows the original capital 
or stock and subsequent additions thereto, the other 
side showing the amounts withdrawn. — bro'ker, 
n. A broker who deals in the purchase and sale of 
shares or stocks. — dove, n. The wild pigeon of 
Europe, so called because at one time believed to be 
the stock of the domestic pigeon, or else from its 

breeding in the stocks of trees. exchange 7 , n. 

The building or place where stocks are bought and 
sold; transactions of all kinds in stocks; an associa- 
tion or body of stock-brokers. — fish, n. Fish dried 
in the sun without being salted, — so called from its 
hardness. — holder, n. A proprietor of stock in the 
public funds, or in the funds of a bank or other 
company. — -job'ber, n. One who speculates in 
stocks for gain. — -jol/bing, n. 
Act or art of dealing in stocks. — 
-still, a. Still as a fixed post; per- 
fectly still. — Stockade^ -ad', n. 
(Mil.) A line of posts or stakes 
set in the earth as a fence or bar- 
rier. An inclosure or pen made 
with posts and stakes. — v. t. To 
surround or fortify with sharp- 
ened posts fixed in the ground. — 
Stocking, n. A close-fitting cov- Stockade, 
ering for the foot and leg, usually 

knit or woven. [Dim. of stock, abbr. fr. nether- 
stock, the lower portion of the hose formerly worn, 

— the upper portion having been called upperstocks ; 
stock = stump, trunk.] — Stockinet', -T-net/, n. An 
elastic knit fabric of which stockings are made. 

Stoic, sto'ik, n. A disciple of the philosopher Zeno, 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, or 



STOKER 



571 



STORE 




Stoloniferous Stem. 



who taught that men should be unmoved by joy or 
grief, and submit without complaint to the unavoid- 
able necessity by which all things are governed: a 
person not easily excited; an apathetic person. [Gr. 
Stoikos, a Stoic, lit. pert, to a colonnade, fr. stoa, a 
roofed colonnade, porch, esp. a porch in Athens 
where Zeno and his successors taught; 6. rt. stand, 
f r. the upright position of the columns.] — Stoic, -ic- 
al, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, the Stoics or their . 
doctrines ; unfeeling ; manifesting indifference to 
pleasure or pain. — Stoically, adv. — Stolcalness, 
n. — Stoicism, -I-sizm, n. Ihe opinions and max- 
ims of the Stoics; real or pretended indifference to 
pleasure or pain. 

Stoker, stok'gr, n. One employed to tend a furnace 
and supoly it with fuel, esp. that of a locomotive, or 
marine steam-engine. [D., one who lights tires, stok- 
en, to kindle a tire, fr. OU. stock, a stick.] 

Stole. See Steal. 

Stole, stol, n. A long, loose garment reaching to the 
feet. (Bom. C'ath. Ch.) A narrow baiid of silk or 
stuff, worn on the left shoulder of deacons, and 
across both shoulders of bishops and priests, pendent 
on each side nearly to the ground. [AS. and Gr., 
equipment, a robe, stole, Gr. ste/lein, to equip, set in 
order; s. rt. stall.]— Groom of the stole. The first 
lord of the bed-chamber, in the household of the 
king of England. 

Stole, stol, Stolon, n. (Bot.) A lax, trailing stem 
given off at the summit of the root, and taking root 
at intervals; a 
sucker. [F. stolon, 
L. stolo, -loni*.] — 
Stol'oniferous, 
-er-us, a. Produ- 
cing or putting 
forth stoles. [L. 
ferre, to bear.] 

Stolid, stol 'id, a. 
Hopelessly insen- 
sible or stupid; 
dull; foolish. [L. stolidus, stock-like, dull, stupid; 
s. rt. L. stultus, foolish, E. stultify, stout, stock, stand.} 
— Stolidity, a. State or quality of being stolid ; dull- 
ness of intellect; stupidity. 

Stomach, stum'ak, n. (Anat.) A simple, compound, 
or complex cavity or receptacle for food, with mus- 
cular membranous walls: it is one of the principal 
organs of digestion. Appetite; inclination; liking; 
desire.— v. t. [stomached (-akt), -aching.] To re- 
sent ; to receive or bear without repugnance, brook. 
[F. estomac, Gr. stomachos, dim. of stoma, the mouth; 
prob. s. rt. Gr. stenein, to groan, sigh, Skr. stan, to 
sound, E. stun.] — Stom'acher, -a-cher, n. An orna- 
ment or support to the breast, worn by women. — 
Stomachic, -ical, sto-maklk-al, a. Of, pert, to, 
strengthening to, or exciting the action of, the stom- 
ach. — Stomachic, n. (Med.) A medicine that 
strengthens the stomach and excites its action. 

Stomp, stomp, v. i. To stamp with the foot. 

Stone, ston, n. A mass of concreted earthy or mineral 
matter; a fragment or small mass of rock; material 
for building, etc., obtained from rock; a precious 
stone ; gem ; a monument erected to preserve the 
memory of the dead. (Med.) A calculous con- 
cretion in the kidneys or bladder; the disease arising 
from a calculus. A testicle ; the nut of a drupe 
or stone fruit ; a weight which is legally 14 pounds, 
but in practice varies with the article weighed. [The 
stone of butchers' meat or fish is reckoned at 8 lbs. ; 
of cheese, 16 lbs. ; of hemp, 32 lbs. ; of glass, 5 
lbs.] Torpidness and insensibility. — v. t. [stoned 
(stond), stoning.] To pelt, beat, or kill with stones; 
to free from stones ; to wall or face with stones. 
[AS. stan, D. steen, G. stein, Gr. stia.] — Stone age. 
A supposed prehistoric age of the world, when 
stone and bone were used as materials for weapons 
and tools, — called also the flint age; succeeded by 
the bronze age. — Philosopher's s. A pretended sub- 
stance formerly supposed to have the property of 
turning any other substance into gold. — Bocking-s. 
A large stone so balanced upon another stone that it 
can be set in motion, or made to oscillate, by a slight 
force. — To leave no s. unturned. To use all practi- 
cable means to effect an object. — Ston'y, -i, a. Re- 
lating to, made of, abounding in, or resembling, 
stone; converting into stone; petrifying; inflexible; 
hard ; cruel ; obdurate. — Stonlness, n. — Ston'y- 
heart'ed, a. Hard-hearted ; cruel ; unfeeling. — 
Stonier, n. One who beats or kills with stones; one 
who walls with stones. — Stone'-coal, n. Hard coal; 



anthracite coal. — cuVter, n. One whose occupa- 
tion is to cut or hew stones. — fruit, n. Fruit whose 
seeds are covered with a hard shell enveloped in the 
pulp, as peaches, cherries, plums, etc.; a drupe.— 
-mar'ten, /*. The common European or beech mar- 
ten: its fur. See Marten.— -ware. n. A species of 
potter's ware of a coarse kind, glazed and baked.— 
-work, n. Mason's work of stone. — Stone's '-cast, 
-throw, n. The distance which a stone may be 
thrown by the hand. 

Stood. See* Stand. 

Stock, stook, n. A small collection of sheaves set up 
in the field, — in Eng., 12 sheaves ; a shock. — v. t. 
[stocked (stobkt), stooking.] To set up (sheaves 
of grain) in stooks. [LG. stake, a heap, bundle, G. 
stauche,a. truss, bundle of flax.] 

Stool, stool, n. A seat without a back, intended for 
one person; the seat used in evacuating the contents 
of the bowels; a discharge from the bowels. [AS. 
stol, a seat, throne, Dan. and S\v. stol, D. stoel, G. 
stvhl, a chair, seat; s. rt. stand, stoic, stud.] — StooK- 
pig'eon, n. A pigeon used as a deei >y to draw others 
within a net; a person used to decoy others. 

Stool, stool, n. The root or stem of a tree or plant, cut 
off near the ground, from which shoots spring up; 
also, the set of shoots thus produced. [L. stolo : see 
Stole.] 

Stoom. See Stum. 

Stoop, stoop, r. i. [stooped (stoopt), stooping.] To 
bend the body downward and forward: to incline 
forward in standing or walking: to bend by com- 
pulsion; to descend from rank or dignity: to come 
down on prey, as a hawk; esp., to come down from 
a height with closed wings: to swoop; to alight from 
the wing ; to sink. — a. Act of stooping: habitual 
bend of back and shoulders ; descent from dignity 
"or superiority; condescension; the fall of a bird on 
its prey ; a swoop. [AS. stupian, OD. stuypen, to 



bow, Sw. stupa^to fall, tilt; s. rt. steep.] 
Stoop, stoop, n. The steps of a door: often, 



porch 
with a balustrade and seats on the sides. [D. stoep, 
fr. OD. stoepen, to sit.] 

Stoop, stoop, n. A vessel of liquor; a flagon. [Same 
as stoiip, q. v.] 

Stop, stop, v. t. [stopped (stopt), -ping.] To close (an 
aperture) by filling or by obstructing; to obstruct, 
render impassable; to arrest the progress of; to hin- 
der from acting or moving; to regulate the sound of 
(musical strings) by pressing them against the finger- 
board; to punctuate. — v. i. To cease to go forward; 
to cease from any motion or course of action ; to 
spend a short time, stay, tarry. —?i. let of stopping 
or state of being stopped; hindrance of progress, of 
operation, or of action; that which stops or obstructs; 
any contrivance by which the sounds of a musical 
instrument are regulated; a mark of punctuation. 
[AS. stoppian, D. stojjpen, G. stop/en, to fill, stuff, 
cram, It. stuppare, LL. stupare, to stop up with 
tow, cram, fr. L. stupa, Gr. stupe, flax, oakum, tow, 
Skr. stumb, to stop; s. rt. estop, stub, stupid, stump, 
stand.] — Stop'-cock, n. A 
faucet ; a cock or valve for 
checking or regulating the 
flow of water, gas, etc.. 
through or from a pipe. — \ 
-gap, n. That which closes or 
fills up an opening, gap, or 
chasm ; a temporary expedi- 
e n t . — Stop'page, -pej, n. 
Act of stopping or arresting progress, motion, or 
action; state of being stopped. — Stop'per, n. One 
who, or that which, stops, closes, shuts, or hinders ; 
that which closes or fills a vent or hole in a vessel. 
(Xaut.) A short piece of rope having a knot at one 
or both ends, with a lanyard under the knot, used to 
secure something. — v. t. [stoppered (-perd), -Pek- 
ing.] To close or secure with a stopper.— Stop'ple, 
-pi, n. That which stops or closes the mouth of a 
vessel; a stopper. 

Storage. See under Store. 

Storax, stolaks, n. A fragrant resin from the Orien- 
tal liquid-ambar and styrax, used in medicine and 
perfumery. [L. storcac, styrax, Gr. sturax, the gum 
of the tree sturax.'] 

Store, stor, n. A source from which supplies may be 
drawn; a great quantity, great number; a place of 
deposit for large quantities; store-house: magazine; 
any place where goods are sold, whetl er by'whole- 
sale or retail; pi. articles, esp. of food, accumulated 
for some specific object. — v. t. [stored (stord), 
I storing.] To collect as a reserved supply ; to 




Stop-cock. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fofjt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



STORK 



572 



STRAIT 



accumulate, furnish, supply ; to stock or furnish 
against a future time ; to deposit in a store, ware- 
house, or other building, for preservation. [ME. 
stor, stoor, provision, stock, OF. estor, a nuptial gift, 
estoire, LL. staurum, provision, instaurare, to pro- 
vide necessaries, OF. estorer, to build, make, also to 
store; s. rt. Gr. stauros, an upright pole or stake, 
Skr. stathavara, fixed, immovable, fr. stha = E. to 
stand, also E. restore, story of a house, etc.] — In 
store. In a state of accumulation or of readiness. — 
To set s. by. To value greatly. — Store '-house, n. A 
building for keeping goods of any kind, esp. provis- 
ions; a magazine; warehouse. room, n. A room 

in which articles are stored. — Stor'age, -ej, n. Act 
of depositing in a store or warehouse for safe keep- 
ing; the safe keeping of goods in a warehouse; price 
for keeping goods in a store. 

Stork, st6rk, n. A large migratory wading bird, of 
several species, allied to the 
heron: it feeds upon fish, rep- 
tiles, etc.. builds its nest upon 
tops of chimneys, etc., and is 
noted for affection to its 
young and its parents. [D., 
Dan., Sw., G., and OHG. ; 
prob. same as Gr. torgos, a 
large bird ; prob. s. rt. stark, 
stalk, stand.'] 

Storm, st6rm, n. A violent dis- 
turbance of the atmosphere, 
producing wind, rain, snow, 
hail, or thunder and light- 
ning ; a fall of rain or snow : 
a violent agitation of human 



society ; a civil, political, 
domestic commotion; tumul- 




Stork. 
{Mil.) A violent as- 
[stormed (stSrmd) 



tuous force; adversity; distres 
sault on a fortified place. — v. t. 

storming.] {Mil.) To attack and attempt to take by 
scaling the walls, forcing gates or breaches, etc. — 
v. i. To raise a tempest ; to blow with violence ; to 
rain, hail, snow, etc., esp. in a violent manner,— 
used impersonally ; to rage, fume. [AS., D., Dan., 
and Sw. storm, G. sturm, lit. that which lays low ; 
s. rt. L. sternere, to strew, prostrate, E. strew, star, 
stir.] — Storm'-beat, a. Beaten, injured, or impaired 
by storms. — Storm'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Charac- 
terized by, or proceeding from, storm ; agitated with 
furious winds; boisterous; proceeding from violent 
agitation or fury ; violent ; passionate ; rough. — 
Storm'iness, n. 

Storthing, stdr'ting, n. The Parliament of Norway, 
elected once in 3 years, but holding annual sessions. 
[Norw. storting, fr. stor, great, and ting, court, court 
of justice.] 

Story, sto'rl, n. A narration or recital of that which 
has occurred ; history ; esp., the relation of an inci- 
dent or minor event; a short narrative; tale; a ficti- 
tious narrative, less elaborate than a novel ; a false- 
hood. — v. t. [storied (-rid), storying.] To make 
the subject of a story or tale; to narrate or describe. 
[OF. estoire, estore, same as histoire, L. historia = E. 
history, q. v.] — Sto'ried, -rid,_p. a. Told in a story; 
having a history ; interesting from the stories pert, 
to it. — Sto'iy-teU'er, re. One who tells stories; a 
narrator of a series of incidents or fictitious tales. 

Story, sto'rl, n. A set of rooms on the same floor or 
level; a loft; floor. [OF. estoree, a thing built, prop, 
p. p. of estorer, to build, store, q. v.] — S. post, n. A 
vertical_post, supporting a floor or wall. 

Stoup, stoop, re. A flagon. {Eccl.) A basin for holy 
water at the entrance of Rom. 
Cath. churches. [AS. steap, Ic. 
staup, G. stavf, a cup, D. stoop, a 
gallon ; s. rt. Ic. steypa, to pour, 
cast, found : see Steep, v. t.] 

Stout, stowt, a. Strong ; lusty; 
vigorous; robust; bold; intrepid; 
valiant ; brave ; big in stature ; 
large. — re. A strong kind of 
beer. [ME. and OD. ; AS. and 
LG. stolt, OF. estout, stout, bold, 
rash, G. stolz, proud, L. stolidus, 
firm = E. stolid, q. v. ; s. rt. 
stall.] — Stoutly, adv. — Stouf- 
ness, n._ 

Stove, stov, n. Orig., a house or room artificially 
warmed ; a hot-house for plants ; an apparatus in 
which fire is made for warming a room or house, or 
for culinary or other purposes. [OD. and LG., a hot- 
house, bath, OHG. stupa, a heated room, Ic. stofa, 




Stoup. 



a bathingroom, eldsto, a fireplace, hearth ; perh. s. 
rt. stow.] 

Stove. See Stave. 

Stover, sto'ver, n. Fodder, and other provision for 
cattle. [OF. estover, estovoir, necessity, provisions.] 

Stow, sto, v. t. [stowed (stod), stowing.] To plr.ce 
or arrange in a compact mass ; to fill, by packing 
closely. [AS.; OFries. and Ic. sto, a place, Lithuan. 
stoiva, the place in which one stands, f r. stoti, to 
stand ; s. rt. bestow, perh. stove.] — Stow'age, -ej, n. 
Act or operation of placing in a suitable position, or 
the suitable disposition of several things together ; 
room for the reception of things to be reposited; state 
of being laid up. — Stow'away, n. One who con- 
ceals himself on a vessel about to sail, to obtain a 
free passage. 

Strabismus, stra-biz'mus, n. {Med.) An affection of 
one or both eyes, in which the optic axes cannot be 
directed to the same object ; squinting. [Gr. stra- 
bismos, fr. strabizein, to squint, strabon, distorted, 
strephein, to twist, turn.] 

Straddle, strad'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To 
stand or walk with -the legs far apart. — v. t. To 
stand or sit astride of. — re. Act of standing, sitting, 
or walking with the feet further apart than usual ; 
position, or distance between the feet, of one who 
straddles. {Stock Exch.) A contract which gives 
the holder the privilege of calling for stock at a 
fixed price, or of delivering it at the same price to 
the party who signs the contract. [ProvE., fr. 
stride.] 

Straggle, strag'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To 
wander from the direct course or way ; to rove ; to 
wander at large without any certain direction or ob- 
ject ; to spread apart;; to escape or stretch beyond 
proper limits, as the branches of a plant ; to occur 
at intervals or apart from one another. [ProvE. 
strackling, a loose, wild fellow, fr. ME. straken, to 
go, roam, AS. stricaii, to go ; s. rt. strike, stroll, 
struggle ; not fr. stray.] — Strag'gler, n. One who 
straggles; a vagabond. 

Straight, strat, a. [straighter; straightest.] Pass- 
ing from one point to another by the nearest course; 
direct; not deviating or crooked. {Bot.) Not much 
curved. According with justice and rectitude ; up- 
right ; even or uniform in quality ; without excep- 
tion or reservation. — adv. Immediately; directly; 
in the shortest time. [AS. streht, p. p. of streccan = 
E. to stretch, q. v. ; not the same as strait, but s. rt.] 
— Straight'en, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To 
make straight, reduce to a straight form.— Straight'- 
ener, n. — Straightforward, a. Proceeding in a 
straight course ; not deviating. — Straight'ly, adv. 
In a right line ; not crookedly. — Straight 'nesa, 
n. Quality or state of being, etc. ; rectitude. — 
Straight 'way, adv. Immediately; without loss of 
time; without delay. 

Straight, Straighten. Sometimes written for Strait, 
Straiten. 

Strain, stran, v. t. [strained (strand), straining.] 
To draw with force, stretch ; to put to the utmost 
strength, exert to the utmost ; to harm by over-ex- 
ertion, injure by drawing or stretching, sprain; to 
make tighter ; to make uneasy or unnatural, force, 
constrain; to filter. — v. i. To make violent efforts; 
to be filtered. — re. A violent effort ; esp., an inju- 
rious tension of the muscles, or hurtful over-exer- 
tion; a continued course of action; a particular por- 
tion of a tune ; esp., one with a peculiar interest or 
expression : the subject or theme of a poem or dis- 
course; style ; turn ; tendency ; inborn disposition; 
family ; family blood. [ME. streinen, OF. estraivdre, 
L. stringere, sirictum, to draw tight ; s. rt. Gr. stran- 
gos, twisted, strangizein, to press out, Lithuan. stregti, 
to become stiff, freeze into ice, AS. streccan = E. to 
stretch, also E. constrain, distrain, strait, stringent, 
strict.] — Strain'er, n. One who strains; that through 
which any liquid passes for purification. 

Strait, strat, a. Narrow; close; not broad ; difficult ; 
distressful. — n. { Geog.) A narrow pass or passage, 
either in a mountain or in the ocean, — chiefly in pi. 
Distress; difficulty; distressing necessity. [ME. streit, 
OF. estreit, narrow, close, strict, L. strictvs, strict, 
prop. p. p. of stringere: see Strain and Strict.] — 
Strait'ly, adv. In a straight manner ; narrowly ; 
closely; strictlv; rigoroi'.slv: intimately. — Strait '- 
ness, n. State 6r quality of being strait; narrowness; 
strictness; rigor; distress; difficulty; want; scarcity. 
- Straifen, -n, v. t. [-ened (-nd) -ening.] To make 
strait, narrow, confine; to make tense or tight: to dia» 
tress, press with poverty or other necessity.— Strait'- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare; end, eve. tSrm; In, Ice; dad, tone, dr; 



STRAZL 



573 



STREAM 




Stramonium. 

Leaf, Flower, and Fruit. 



jack'et,/?. A strait-waistcoat. — laced, -la*t,a. Bound 
tightly with stays ; strict in manners or morals. — 
-waisVcoat, n. A dress used for restraining maniacs, 
or those laboring under violent delirium, and having 
long sleeves which are tied behind the back, so that 
the arms cannot be extricated from them. 

Strake, strak, n. An iron band by which the felloes 
of a wheel are secured to each other. (Ship-build- 
ing.) A continuous range of planks on the bottom 
or sides of a vessel, reaching from the stem to the 
stern; a streak. [See Streak.] 

Stramineous, stra-min'e-us, a. Consisting of straw ; 
chaffy ; like straw ; straw-colored. [L. stramineus, 
fr. stramen, straw, fr. sternere, stratum, to spread 
out, strew.] 

Stramonium, stra-mo'nY-um, Stramony, strarn'o-ni, 
n. (Bot.) A poisonous 
Ii Ian t having rank 
leaves, and large trum- 
pet-shaped flowers, — a 
species of Datura, — 
used in medicine as a 
narcotic; thorn-apple. 
[NL. stramonium, Russ. 
durmdn.] 

Strand, strand, n. The 
shore or beach of the sea 
or ocean, or of a large 
lake. — v. t. To drive or 
run aground on a shore 
or strand, as a ship. — 
v. i. To drift or be driv- 
en on shore; to run 
aground. [AS., D., Dan., 
Sw., and G. strand, Ic. 
strond, margin, edge, D. 
stranden, to reach the 
strand; perh. s. rt. stra- 
tum.^ 

Strand, strand, n. One of the twists of which a rope 
is composed. — v. t. To break one of the strands 
of (a rope). [D. streen. streng, G. straehne, a skein, 
hank; s. rt. G. Strang, skein, cord = E. string.] 

Strange, stranj, a. Belonging to another country; not 
domestic ; belonging to other persons ; not before 
known, heard, or seen; not according to the common 
way; causing surprise; exciting curiosity; new; out- 
landish; wonderful; astonishing: odd; queer; eccen- 
tric; particular. [OF. estrange, L. extraneus, that is 
without, fr. extra (q. v.), outside; s. rt. estrange, ex- 
traneous.] — Strangely, adv. — Strangeness, n. — 
Stran'ger, n. One who is strange; a foreigner; one 
whose home is at a distance from the place where he 
is, but in the same country; one who is unknown or 
unacquainted, or not familiar; one not admitted to 
fellowship; a guest; visitor. (Law.) One not privy 
to an act, contract, or title. [OF. estrangier.] 

Strangle, stran'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To 
destroy the life of by stopping respiration, suffocate, 
choke; to suppress. [OF. estrangler,~L. strangulare, 
Gr. strangaloein, -gahzein, to strangle, fr. strangale, a 
halter, strangos, twisted : see Strain and Stretch.] 
— Stran'gler, n. — Strangles, -glz, n. (Far.) A tu- 
mor or swelling in a horse's throat. — Stran'gula''- 
ted, a. (Surg.) Having the circulation stopped in 
any part by compression. — Stran'gula'tion, n. Act 
of strangling; suffocation. (Med.) Inordinate com- 
pression or constriction. — Stran'gury, -gu-rT, n. 
(Med.) A painful discharge of urine, drop Dy drop. 
[L. stranguria, Gr. strangouria, fr. strangx, a drop, 
that which oozes out (fr. strangos), and ouron = E. 
urine.] — Strangu'rious, stran-gu'rT-us, a. Labor- 
ing under strangury; of the nature of strangury. 

Strap, strap, n. A long, narrow slip of cloth, leather, 
or other material, of various forms and for various 
uses; an instrument for sharpening a razor; a strop. 
(Carp.) An iron plate for connecting 2 or more tim- 
bers, to which it is screwed by bolts. (Mach.) A 
band or strip of metal, usually curved, to clasp and 
hold other parts. (Xaut.) A piece of rope formed 
into a circle, used to retain a block in its position.— 
v. t. [strapped (strapt), -pixg.] To beat or chas- 
tise with a strap; to fasten or bind with a strap; to 
sharpen by rubbing on a strap, or strop, as a razor. 
[ME. strope, AS. stropp, a noose, loop, L. struppus, 
a strap, thong, fillet, Gr. strophos, a twisted band, 
cord, fr. strepkein, to twist : see Strophe.] — Strap- 
pa'do, n. A military punishment, which consisted 
in drawing an offender to the top of a beam, and 
letting him fall. — v. t. To punish or torture by the 
strappado. [It. strappata, a pull, the strappado, fr. 



strappare, to pull, wring, HG. strap/en, to pull 
tight, prob. fr. L. struppus.j 

Strapping, strap'ping, a. Tall ; lusty ; bouncing. 
[Armor, strajia, to make a noise, It. strappare, to 
tear away violently.] 

Strata, pi. of Stratum. 

Statagem, strat'a-jem, n. A plan or scheme for deceiv- 
ing an enemy; any artifice. [OF. stratageme, L. and 
Gr. stratagema, lit. the device of a general, fr. strat- 
egos, a general, fr. stratos, an army, and agein, to 
lead. J— Strat'eget'ics, -jet'iks, n. (Mil.) Science 
of military movement ; generalship. — Strate'gic, 
-gical, -te'jik-al, a. Pert, to strategy; effected by ar- 
tifice. [Gr. strategia, generalship.] — Strategic point. 
Any point or region in the theater of warlike opera- 
tions which affords to its possessor an advantage 
over his opponent. — Strat'egist, n. One skilled in 
strategy, or the science of directing great military 
movements.— Strat'egy, n. Science of military com- 
mand, or science of directing great military move- 
ments; generalship. 

Stratum, stra'tum, n. ; pi. -ta, -ta. (Geol.) A layer of 
earth or rock of any kind, formed by natural causes, 
esp. when it is one of a series of layers. A bed or 
layer artificially made. [L., prop. neut. of p. p. of 
sternere, Gr. stomunai, to spread out : see Star.] 

— Strat'ify, strat'T-fi, v. t. [-pied (-fid), -fyixg.J 
To form or deposit in layers, as substances in the 
earth; to lay in strata. [L./acere, to make.] — Strat'- 
ifica'ticn, n. State of being formed into layers in 
the earth; act of laying in strata; process of being 
arranged in strata or layers. — Strat'iform, a. Hav- 
ing the form of strata. [L. forma, form.] 

Straw, straw, n. The stalk or stem of certain species 
of grain, pulse, etc.; a mass of the stalks of certain 
species of grain when cut, and after being thrashed; 
anything proverbially worthless. [AS. streaw, strea, 
D. stroo, OHG. strou, L. stramen, straw, litter, stru- 
ere, to heap up, Goth, straujen = E. to strew, q. v. ; 
s. rt. star, q. v.]— Man of straw. An image of 
straw, etc., resembling a man; an imaginary person. 

— S. bail. Worthless bail, as being given by irre- 
sponsible persons. — S. bid. A bid for a contract, 
which the bidder is unable or unwilling to fulfill.— 
To be in the s. To be brought to bed, as a pregnant 
woman, beds having been formerly made of straw. 

— Straw'y, -T, a. Pert, to, ,nade of or like, straw. 

— Straw'-col'or, n. The color of dry straw; a del- 
icate, yellowish color. — Swaw'b&rry, n. A plant 
and its fruit, of many 
varieties. [AS. strea- 
berige, — fr. the resem- 
blance of its runners 
to straws.] 

Stray, stra, v. i. 
[strayed (strad), 
straying.] To wan- 
der, as from a direct 
course, from compa- 
ny, or from the proper 
limits, or from the 
path of duty or recti- 
tude; to deviate, err, 
swerve, depart ; to go 
astray; to go at large, 
roam, rove. — a. 
Having gone astray; 
strayed ; wandering. 

— n. Any domestic 
animal that wanders 
at large, or is lost ; an 
e stray. [OF. estraier, 
to stray, Proven, es- 
tra'Her, one who roves about the streets, fr. estrada, 
O F. estree. It. strada, L. strata = E. street, q. v.] 

Streak, strek, n. A line or long mark, of a different 
color from the ground ; a stripe. (Shiji-building.) A 
uniform range of planks on the side or bottom, reach- 
ing from the stem to the stern.— v. t. [streaked 
(strekt), streaking.] To form streaks or stripes in; 
to stripe. [Same as strake; ME. streke, strike, AS. 
strica, Sw. strek, a line, AS. strican, to go, Sw. stn/ka 
= E. to stroke, strike.] — Streaked, strekt or strek'ed, 
a. Marked or variegated with stripes of a different 
color. — Streak^y, -X, a. Having streaks; striped; 
variegated with lines of a different color. 

Stream, strem, n. A river, brook, or other course of 
running water; a current of fluid, as of water in the 
ocean, or of melted metal, or a flow of air or gas: an 
issuing in beams or rays, as of light; anything issu 
ing from a source, and moving with a continued sue* 




Strawberry- 
Leaf, Flower, and Fruit. 



siin, cube, full ; moon. f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or hjk, then, boNDON, chair, get. 



STREET 



574 



STRIKE 



of parts; drift; tendency; current of affairs 
or events; a number of individuals moving on with- 
out interval. — v.i. [stkeamed (strenid), stream- 
ing.] To issue in a stream, flow in a current, as a 
fluid or whatever resembles fluids ; to pour out or 
emit an abundant stream (of tears) ; to issue in 
streaks or rays, radiate; to extend, stretch in a long 
line. — v. t. To send forth in a current or stream; to 
pour. [AS.; D. stroom, Sw., Dan., and G. strom, Ir. 
sroth, Lithuan. srowe, a current, flow, Skr. sru, Gr. 
rheein, to flow ; s. rt. rheum, rhythm, ruminate, ca- 
tarrh.] — Streamer, n. An ensign or flag; pennon; 
an auroral stream or column of light shooting up- 
ward from the horizon. — Stream'let, n. A small 
stream; rivulet; rill. — Stream'y, -I, a. Abounding 
with streams or running water; flowing with a cur- 
rent. 

Street, stret, n. A paved way or road; a city road; 
main way, disting. fr. a lane or alley. [AS. street, 
L. strata" {via), paved (way), fr. stemere, stratum, to 
spread, pave: see Stray.] — Streef-walk'er, n. A 
common prostitute who offers herself to sale in the 
streets. 

Strength, Strengthen, etc. See under Strong, 

Strenuous, stren'u-us, a. Eagerly pressing or urgent; 
zealous; earnest; valiant; intrepid. [L. strenuus ; s. 
rt. Gr. strenes, strong, stereos, firm: see Stere.] — 
Stren'uously, adv. — Stren'uousness, n. 

Stress, stres, n. That which bears with force or 
weight, or the force or weight itself ; that which con- 
strains; pressure; urgency; importance; violence. 
(Mech.) Force exerted in any direction or manner 
between contiguous bodies or parts of bodies. [Abbr. 
of distress, q. v., under Distrain.] 

Stretch, strech, v. t. [stretched (strecht), stretch- 
ing.] To draw out, extend, esp. in length; to extend 
in breadth, spread, expand; to reach out, put forth; 
to make tense, render tight; to strain; to exaggerate; 
to extend too far. — v. i. To be drawn out in length 
or in breadth, or both; to be extended, spread; to be 
extended, without breaking, as elastic substances: 
to strain beyond the truth, exaggerate. {Naut.) To 
direct a course, sail; to make violent efforts in run- 
ning.— n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; reach; ef- 
fort; struggle; strain; extent to which anything may 
be stretched ; any extended portion or division. 
(Navt.) Reach or'extent of progress on one tack; a 
tack; course; direction. [AS. streccan, fr. strsec, 
strec, strong, violent, same as stearc = E. stark, q. 
v.; s. rt. string, strong, strain, strait, straight, strin- 
gent, strangle, strict.] — Stretch/ er, n. One who, or 
that which, stretches. (3Iaso>iry.) A brick or stone 
laid with its longer dimension in the line of direc- 
tion of the wall. A piece of timber in building. 
(Naut.) A narrow piece of plank for rowers to brace 




Stretcher, 
their feet against. A litter or frame for carrying 
sick, wounded, or dead persons. _ 

Strew, stroo or stro, v. t. [strewed (strood or strod); 
strewing.] To scatter, spread by scattering; to scat- 
ter loosely; to cover by scattering something over. 
[AS. stremcian, fr. stream =E. stravj, q. v.; s. rt. Ic. 
stra, Sw. stro, G. streuen, to strew, L. strilere, to heap 
up, stemere, to scatter, E. stratum, star.] 

Stria, stri'a, n. ; pi. Stride, -e. (flat. Hist.) A small 
channel, or thread-like line, in the surface of a shell, 
a crvstal, or other object. IT,., a furrow, streak.] — 
Stri'ate, -at, -ated, a. Formed with small channels; 
finelv channeled. 

Stricken, Strickle. See under Strike. 

Strict, strikt, a. Strained; drawn close; tight; tense; 
not relaxed: exact: accurate; rigorously nice; gov- 
erned or governing bv exact rules; observing exact 
rules; rigorous; rigidly interpreted; exactly limited; 
restricted; severe" [I,, strictus, p. p. of stringere, to 
draw or bind tight, to compress, urge; s. rt. stress, 



strain (q. v.), strait, astringent, constrain, restrain, 
etc.] — Strictly, adv. — Stricfness, «.— Strict'ure, 
strik'chur, n. A touch of adverse criticism; critical 
remark; censure. {Med.) A drawing; a morbid con- 
traction of any passarge of the body. [L. strictura, 
prop. fern, of fut. p. of stringere.] — Strin'gent, 
-jent, a. Binding strongly ; urgent. [L. stringens, 
p. pr. of stringere.] — Stringency, -jen-sf, n. State 
or quality of being, etc.; severe pressure. 

Stride, strld, n. A step, esp. one that is long, meas- 
ured, or pompous; space covered by a long step. — 
v. i. [imp. strid, strode (strod); p.p. strid, strid- 
den; striding.] To walk with long steps; to strad- 
dle. — v. t. To pass over at a step. [ME. striden, to 
stride, walk with long steps, LG. striden, AS. stri- 
dan, to stride, also to strive, OS. stridian, OFries. 
str-ida = E. to strive, OS. and OFries. strid = E. 
strife.; s. rt. straddle, astride, bestriile.] 

Stridor, stri'dOr, n. A harsh, shrill, or creaking noise. 
[L., fr. stridere, to make any harsh, grating, or 
creaking sound.] — Stri'dent, a. Characterized by 
harshness: grating. [I,. st>-idens, p. pr. of stridere.] 
— Strid'ulous, strTd'u-lus, a. Making a small, 
harsh sound, or a creaking. [L. stridulus.] 

Strife, strif, n. Exertion or contention for superior- 
ity, intellectual or physical; contention in battle; 
struggle for victorv; that which is contended against. 
[OF. estrif, Ic. stridh, OS., OFries., Dan., and Sw. 
strid, OHG. strit, OL. stlis, L. lis, strife ; s. rt. stride, 
litigate.] — Strive, strTv, v. i. limp, strove (strov); 
p.p. striven (striven); striving.] To make efforts, 
use exertion, labor hard; to struggle in opposition; 
to contend reciprocally, vie, emulate, endeavor, aim. 
[OF. estrirer, fr. estrif.] — StriV'er, n. 

Strigose, stri-gos', Stri'gous, -gus, a. {Bot.) Set with 
stiff, lanceolate bristles ; hispid. [L. strigosus, fr. 
stringere, to scrape.] 

Strike, strik, v. t. limp, struck; p. p. struck, strick- 
en (strook, obs.); striking: struck is more com- 
monly used, in the p. p., than stricken.] To touch 
or hit with some force, give a blow to; to give (a 
blow); to impel with or as with a blow; to stamp 
with a stroke, coin; to cause to enter or penetrate; 
to graze in successive hits or touches; to punish, 
smite; to cause to sound by one or more beats; to 
lower, let or take down; to impress strongly; to af- 
fect in some particular manner by a sudden impres- 
sion or impulse; to produce by a sudden action; to 
make and ratify; to level (a measure of grain, salt, 
etc.) bv scraping off with a straight instrument what 
is above the level of the top.— v. i. To make a quick 
blow or thrust; to hit, dash, clash; to sound by per- 
cussion, with blows, or as if with blows; to make an 
attack; to touch; to be stranded; to pass with a quick 
or strong effect, penetrate; to quit work in order to 
compel an increase, or prevent a reduction, of wages, 
etc.; to lower a flag or colors in token of respect, or 
to signify a surrender of the ship to an enemy; to 
break forth, commence suddenly.— n. An instru- 
ment with a straight edge for leveling a measure of 
grain, salt, etc.; act of combining and quitting work 
in order to compel an employer to pay a certain scale 
of wages, etc. {Geol.) The horizontal direction 
of the out-cropping edges of tilted rocks. In games 
of ball, a ball hit at and missed by the batsman; also 
a good ball not struck at. [AS. strican, to go, pro- 
ceed, advance, strike, D. strijken, G. streichen, to 
smooth, rub, stroke, spread, strike: see Streak.] — 
To strike hands with. To make a compact or agree- 
ment with. — To s. off. To separate by a blow or any 
sudden action. {Print.) To impress, print.— To s. 
out. To produce by collision, force out; to blot out, 
efface, erase; to devise, invent, contrive — To s. sail. 
To take in sail; to cease to advance. — To «. up. To 
cause to sound; io begin to sing or play. — Strik'er, 
n. — Strick'en, striken, p. a. Struck ; smitten ; 
brought under influence or control; worn out; ad- 
vanced; whole, entire, — said of the hour as marked 
by the striking of the clock. — Strick'le, -i, n. An 
instrument to strike grain to a level with the meas- 
ure; an instrument for whetting scythes; a rifle.— 
Stroke, strok, n. A blow; the striking of one body 
against another; a hostile blow or attack; a sudden 
attack of disease or affliction ; calamity; fatal attack; 
the sound of the clock; a dash in writing or print- 
ing; the touch of a pen or pencil; a masterly effort; 
an effort suddenly or unexpectedly produced; series 
of operations. (Aaut.) The sweep of an oar in row- 
ing; the strokesman. {Steam Eng.) The entire move- 
ment of the piston from one end to the other of the 
cylinder. — t;. t. [stroked (strokt), stroking.) To 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; Odd, tone. Sr ; 



STRING 



575 



STRUMA 



rub gently with the hand: esp., to rub gently in one 
direction, soothe ; to make smooth. [AS. strac, a 
blow, fr. strican, to strike, stracian, to stroke, fr. 
sti-ac.] — Strok'er, n. One who strokes; one who 
pretends to cure by stroking.— Strokes'man, n. The 
man who rows the aftermost oar, and whose stroke 
is to be followed by the rest. 

String, string, n. A small or slender rope, line, or 
cord ; a ribbon ; thread on which anything is 
filed ; line of tilings ; cord of a musical instru- 
ment; nerve or tendon of an animal body; series of 
things connected or following in succession ; num- 
ber of points made in a game of billiards. (Shi/>- 
building.) The highest range of planks in a ship's 
ceiling.— 17. t. [imp. strung ; p. p. strung, rarely 
stringed (strfngd); stringing.] To furnish with 
strings; to put in tune the strings of (a stringed in- 
strument) : to put on a string or thread ; to make 
tense, strengthen ; to deprive of strings, strip the 
strings from. [ME. and D. streng, AS. strenge, a 
cord, fr. strung, D. streng = E. strong; s. rt. Gr. 
strangale, a halter, E. strain, strict, etc.] — Stringed, 
6tringd, a. Having strings. — String'y. -X, a. Con- 
sisting of strings or small threads ; fibrous : fila- 
mentous ; capable of being drawn into a string, or 
strings; ropy; viscid.— String'iness, n.— String'er. n. 
One who strings; one who makes or provides strings, 
esp. for bows. (Railroad Engin.) A longitudinal 
sleeper. A streak of planking carried round the in- 
side of a vessel on the under side of the beams; a 
long horizontal timber in a frame, to tie uprights, 
support a floor, etc. — String'-halt, n. (Far!) A 
sudden and convulsive twitching of the hinder leg 
of a horse, — corruptlv called spring-halt. 

Stringent, Stringency. See under Strict. 

Strip, strip, v. t. [stripped (stript), stripping.] To 
pull or tear off (a covering) ; to deprive of a cover- 
ing, skin, peel; to deprive, bereave, make destitute; 
to uncover, unsheathe; to press out the last milk of, 
at a milking. — v. i. To take off clothes or covering, 
undress, —n. A narrow piece, comparatively long. 
[AS. strypan, D. stroopen, to strip, plunder, strip- 
pen, to whip, strip off leaves, strepen, to stripe, OD. 
stroopen, to skin, flay ; s. rt. G. streifen, L. stringere, 
to graze, E. strike.] — Strip'ling. n. A youth just 
passing from boyhood to manhood; a lad. — Strip'- 
pings. n.pl. The last milk drawn from a cow at a 
milking. — Stripe, strip, n. A line, or long, narrow 
division of anytning, of a different color or appear- 
ance from the ground; a long, narrow piece attached 
to something of a different color; any linear varia- 
tion of color, texture, or appearance; a stroke or 
blow, esp. one with a rod, strap, or scourge ; a long, 
narrow discoloration of the skin made by the blow 
of a lash or rod.— v. t. [striped (stript). striping.] i 
To make stripes, form with lines of different colors, 1 
variegate with stripes. [LG., a strip, stripe, stripen, i 
to stripe, OD. strijpe,a. stripe, fr. stroop en.]— Striped, J 
stript, a. Having stripes of different colors. 

Strive. See under Strife. 

Strobile, strob'il, re. (Bot.) A multiple fruit in the 
form of a cone or head, 
as that of the hop or 
pine ; a cone : see 
Pericarp. (Physiol.) 
An individual produ- 
cing, non-sexually, 
sexual individuals dif- 
fering from itself also 
in other respects, as 
the tape-worm. [F. ; 
Gr. strobi/os, fr. streph- 
ein, to twist.] 

Stroke, etc. See under 
Strike. 

Stroll, strol, v. i. 
[strolled (strold), 
strolling.] To wan- 
der on foot, ramble 
idly or leisurely, rove, 
roam, range, stray.— 
n. A wandering on Strobile of Zamia. 

foot; a walking idly and leisurely: a ramble. [Dan. 
stryge, G. straucheln, Swiss utrolchen, to wander 
about, rove, Sw. strykel, G. stretcher, a stroller; s. rt. 
strike, straggle, struggle.] — Stroll'er, n. One who 
strolls; a vagabond; vagrant. 

Strong, strong, a. [stronger (stron'ger), stron- 
gest.] Having physical active power, or great 
physical power to act : vigorous ; having physical 
passive power ; having ability to bear or endure : 




able to sustain attacks; not easily subdued or taken; 
having great military or naval force : having great 
wealth, means, or resources ; reaching a certain de- 
gree or limit, in respect to strength or numbers; 
moving with rapidity: violent: impetuous: naturally 
secure against the att;:c<cs of disease: sound: robust; 
adapted to make a deep or effectual impression on 
the mind or imagination; ardent; zealous; earnestly 
engaged; flavins virtues of great efficacy : or having 
a particular quality in a great degree; full of spirit; 
intoxicating ; affecting the bight forcibly ; bright ; 
vivid ; affecting the taste or smell powerfully ; not 
of easy digestion: solid; well established; not easily 
overthrown or altered; violent; vehement; earnest; 
having great force, vigor, power, etc., as the mind, 
intellect, or any faculty : comprising much in few 
words; energetic. (Stock Exchange.) Tending to 
higher prices. [AS. and Sw. strung, D., Dan., and 
G. streng ; s. rt. stark, etc.] — Strong verbs. ( Gram.) 
Verbs which form their past tenses and passive par- 
ticiples, not by adding -ed and -t, but by vowel 
changes, or ablaut, q. v.; as break, broke; get, got.— 
Strong'hold, n. A fastness ; fort or fortress ; forti- 
fied place ; place of security. — Strong'ly, adv. In 
a strong manner; with strength: with great force or 
power ; firmly ; forcibly ; eagerly. —"Strength, n. 
Quality or state of being strong {capacity for exer- 
tion or endurance, whether physical, intellectual, 
or moral ; quality of bodies by which they endure 
the application of force without breaking or yield- 
ing ; power of resisting attacks ; effective power in 
an institution or enactment ; legal or moral force ; 
one who, or that which, is regarded as embodying 
force, strength, or firmness : alnount or numbers 01 
any body, aso' an army, navy, etc. : vigor of style, 
force of expression.— said of a literary work ; inten- 
sity or degree of the distinguishing and essential 
element ; vehemence ; force. [AS. strengdhu, fr. 
Strang.] — Strengtb/en, v. t. [-ened (-nd 1, -ening.] 
To make strong or stronger, add strength to; to fix 
in resolution ; to cause to increase in power or se- 
curity ; to invigorate, confirm, establish, fortify, 
animate, encourage, —v. i. To grow strong or stron- 
ger. — Strength'ener, n. 

Strontia, stron'shl-a. -tian, -shT-an, n. (Jlin.) An in- 
fusible grayish white earth, the oxide of strontium: 
the nitrate of strontia is used in red fireworks. [Fr. 
Strontian, in Argyleshire, where it was first found.] 

Strop, strop, n. A strip of leather, or of wood covered 
with leather or other suitable material, for sharpen- 
ing razors, etc. (y~aut.) A piece of rope spliced 
circularly, and put round a block for hanging it. — 
v. t. [stropped (stropt), -ping.] To draw over a 
strop with a new to sharpen. [Same as strap, q. v.] 

Strophe, stro'fe. n.; pi. -phes, -fez. (Anc. Poet.) 
That part of a choral ode which was sung in turning- 
from the right to the left of the orchestra. [Gr., a 
turning, twist, trick, esp. the turning of the cnorus, 
dancing to one side of the orchestra, hence, the strain 
sung during that evolution, or, the strophe answered 
by the antuiro; he, q. v., fr. strephein, to turn; s. rt. 
apostrophe, cata.-V-ophe, epistrophe, perh, strap.} 

Strove. See Strive. 

Strow. Same as Strew. 

Struck. See Strike. 

Structure, struk'ci.ur. n. Act of building: manner 
of building ; form'; construction ; arrangement of 
parts, organs, or constituent particles: manner of or 
ganization: a buildinn of any kind: edifice. [F.; L. 
struct ura, orig. fern, of fut."p. of xtruere, structum, 
to build, orig. to heap together; s. rt. Goth. straujan, 
G. streuen= E. to strew, lay, E. construe, construct, 
destroy, instruct, obstruct, superstructure, etc.] — 
Struc'tural, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Straggle, strug'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld). -gling.] To 
strive, or to make efforts with contortions of the 
body ; to use great efforts, labor hard : to be in 
agony, labor in any kind of difficultv or distress; 
to contend, endeavor. — n. Great la"bor ; forcible 
effort to obtain an object, or to avoid an evil: con 
tention ; strife : contortions of extreme distress ; 
agony. [Freq. of strike; ME. strogelen, to struggle; 
s. rt. Ic. strokka. to churn, i. e., keep on striking, fr. 
st'-juka. to stroke, strike, beat., E. strangle, stroll.] — 
Strug 'gler. n. 

Strum, strum, v. i. and t. To thrum: to play (on a 
piano, etc.) in a coarse, noisy way. [Onomat.; same 
as thrum.]_ 

Struma, stroo'ma n. (Med.) Same as Scrofula, q. 
v., — sometimes applied to bronchocele or goitre. 
(Bot.) The swelling or protuberance of anv organ. 



sun, cube, full ; moon. fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. 



STRUMPET 



576 



STUN 



[L.] — Strumose / \ -mos>, Stru'moU3, -mus, a. Scrof- 
ulous; having struma, or swellings in the glands. 

Strumpet, strunfpet, n. A prostitute; harlot. [OF. 
strupe, stupre, concubinage, L. stuprum, dishonor, 
violation. It. strupare, to ravish.] 

Strung. See String. 

Strut, strut, v. i. To walk affectedly with a lofty, 
proud gait and erect head. — n. Affectation of dig- 
nity in walking. (Arch.) A piece of timber oblique- 
ly placed from a king- or queen-post to strengthen a 
rafter or a horizontal piece ; a brace : see Frame 
or Queen-post. (Mach.) Any part of a machine or 
structure, of which the principal function is to hold 
things apart. [Dan. striate, strude, G. strotzen, to 
strut in walking, LG. strutt, rigid, stiff, ProvE. 
sti-unt, to strut, also a bird's tail.] — Strufter, n. 

Strychnia, strik'nt-a, -nine, -mn, n. (Chem.) A white, 
crystalline vegetable alkaloid, having an intensely 
bitter taste; it is a very energetic and deadly tetanic 
poison, obtained from nux vomica, but in minute 
doses is a valuable medicine. [Gr. struchnos, night- 
shade, a family of poisonous plants.] 

Stub, stub, n. The stump of a tree, esp. of a small 
tree, or shrub; the part of a leaf left in a check- 
book, etc., after the check is removed, to preserve 
memoranda concerning the check; anything short 
and thick ; a short remnant, as of a cigar. — v. t. 
[stubbed (stubdX -bing.] To grub up by the roots, 
extirpate; to strike (the toes) against a stump, stone, 
or other fixed object. [ME. and Sw. stubbe, AS. styb, 
Dan. stub, a stump of a tree; s. rt. Ga. stob, a stub, 
stake, Lithuan. stebas, a pillar, mast of a ship, Gr. 
stupos, a stump, L. stipes, Skr. stnmba, a post, starrib, 
to make firm, set fast, E. stipulate, stand, q. v.] — 
Stub'bed, a. Short and thick. — Stub'bedness, n. — 
Stub'ble, -bl, n. The stumps of wheat, rye, barley, 
oats, or buckwheat, left in the ground. [OF. es- 
touble, D. and G. stoppel, L. stipula, dim. of stipes.] 
— Stub'born, a. Unreasonably obstinate; not to be 
moved or persuaded by reasons ; persevering ; 
steady; constant; stiff; not flexible; enduring with- 
out complaint; hardy; firm; not easily melted or 
worked; obdurate; headstrong; stiff; refractory; in- 
tractable; rugged; contumacious- heady. [ME. sto- 
burn, stiborn, fr. AS. styb, a stub.] — Stub'bornly, 
adv.— Stub'bornness, n.— StuKby, -bl, a. Abound- 
ing with stubs; short and thick; short and strong. — 
Stub'-nail, n. A nail broken off; a short, thick nail. 

Stucco, stuk'ko, n. Plaster of any kind used as a 
coating for walls; esp., a fine plaster, used for inter- 
nal decorations and nice work; work made of stuc- 
co. — v. t. [stuccoed (-kod), stuccoing.) To over- 
lay with stucco or fine plaster. [It.; OHG. stucchi, 
a crust, G. stueck, a piece, patch; s. rt. stock.\ 

Stuck. See Stick. 

Stud, stud, n. (Arch.) An upright scantling, small 
timber, or joist between the main posts of a frame. 
A kind of ornamental nail with a large head; a kind 
of ornamental button or catch for a shirt. (Mach.) 
A short rod, fixed in and projecting from something; 
a boss or protuberance, — v.t. To adorn with studs or 
knobs; to set thickly with studs, shining ornaments, 
etc. [ME. stode, a boss, projection, AS. studu, a 
post; s. rt. stub.] — Stud'-bolt, 
n. A bolt with threads on 
both ends, to be screwed into 
a fixed part at one end and 
receive a nut upon the other; 
a standing-bolt. — Stud'ding, ^ 
»:. Material for studs or joists; -""Z^ZziZzziZvlw 
studs. — S t u d'tting - sail, w . Stud-bolt. 

(JVaia.) A light sail set on a 

projecting spar outside of a principal or square sail 
in free winds to increase a vessel's speed: see Sail. 

Stud, stud, n. A collection of breeding horses and 
mares; or the place where they are kept. [AS., Ic, 
and Dan. stod, a stud, Buss, stado, a herd, drove, 
Lithuan. stodas, a drove of horses, stoti, to stand; s. 
rt. stand, stall, steed, q. v.] — Stud'-book, n. A reg- 
ister of pure-bred horses of any one breed. 
Study, stud'T, n. Application of the mind to books, 
arts, science, or any subject, to learn what is not be- 
fore known; thoughtful attention; meditation; con- 
trivance; any particular branch of learning that is 
studied; any object of attentive consideration; an 
apartment devoted to study or to literary employ- 
ment. (Fine Arts.'" A work undertaken for improve- 
ment in an art, and often left incomplete; a sketch 
from nature, to be used in the composition of more 
finished works.— v. i. To fix the mind closely upon 
a subject; to muse; to apply the mind to books or 




ft. stufa, a stove, hot-house: see 



learning ; to endeavor diligently. — v. t. [studied 
(-id), -ying.] To apply the mind to; to consider at- 
tentively; to con over, commit to memory. [OF. es- 
tudie, estude, L. studium, prob. for spudium, Gr. 
spoude, eagerness, zeal, study, L. studere, to study, 
be eager, Gr. speudein, to be eager, hasten; prob. s. 
rt. speed.')— Stu'dent, n. One engaged in study; one 
who studies or examines; a scholar; one devoted to 
books; a bookish mau. [L. students, p. pr. of studere.) 

— Stud'ied, -id, p. a. Closely examined; well con- 
sidered; well versed in any branch of learning; qual- 
ified by study; premeditated. — Stu'dious, -dl-us, a. 
Given to study; given to thought, or to the exami- 
nation of subjects by contemplation; contemplative; 
eager to discover something, or to effect some object; 
diligent; attentive to; careful; planned with study; 
favorable to study. — Stu'diously, adv.— Stu'dious- 
ness, n. — Stu'dio, -dl-o, n. ; pi. -os, -oz. The work- 
shop ofan artist. [It., study, school.] 

Stufa, stoo'fa, n. A jet of steam issuing from a fis- 
sure in the earth, fit 
Stove and Stuff.1 

Stuff, stuf, n. Material to be worked up in any pro- 
cess of manufacture ; woven material ; cloth not 
made into garments; a textile fabric made entirely 
of worsted; refuse or worthless matter; foolish or 
irrational language; nonsense. — v. t. [stuffed 
(stuft), stuffing.] To fill by crowding, load to ex- 
cess; to thrust, crowd, press; to fill by being put 
into; to fill with seasoning; to obstruct, as any of 
the organs; to fill the skin of (animals) for the pur- 
pose of preserving as a specimen; to form or fashion 
by stuffing; to crowd with facts, cram the mind of. 

— v. i. To feed gluttonously. [OF. estoffe, It. stoffa, 
G. stof, stuff, matter, L. stupa, flax, oakum, tow, 
etc. (for stuffing things), OF. estoff'er, to stuff, make 
with stuff, fill, G. stop/en, to fill, stuff, quilt, LL. 
stupare, to stop up with tow, etc., cram, OF. estouf- 
fer, to stifle, choke, stop the breath; perh. s. rt. Gr. 
tuphos, smoke, mist, cloud, Sp. tufo, warm vapor 
from the earth, E. stufa, q. v.] — Stuffy, -I, a. An- 
gry and obstinate ; sulky ; ill-ventilated ; close. — 
Stuffiness, n. — Stuffing, n. That which is use 
for filling anything; seasoning formeat.- 
box, n, An arrangement for rendering 
a joint tight where a movable rod passes 
into a vessel of some kind, as the cylin- 
der of a steam-engine. 

Stultify, stuf tY-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fy- 
ing.J To make foolish; to make a fool 
of. (Law.) To allege or prove to be in- 
sane, for avoiding some act. [L. stultus, 
foolish, and facere, to make.] 

Stum, stum, n. Unfermented grape-juice 
or wine ; must; wine revived by new 
fermentation, from the admixture of 
must. — v. t. To renew (wine) by mix- 
ing must with it, and raising a new fermentation. 
[D. stom, must, stoommen, to adulterate, drug wine.] 

Stumble, stum'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
trip in walking or moving in any way upon the 
legs; to walk in a bungling or unsteady manner; to 
slide into a crime or an error; to err; to fall or light 
by chance. — n. A trip in walking or running ; 
blunder; failure. [Ic. and Norw. stumra, Sw. stam- 
bla, to stumble; same as stammer. ] — Stum'bler, n. 

— Stuufbling-block, -stone, n. A block or stone 
that causes stumbling; any cause of stumbling or 
error. 

Stump, stump, n. The part of a tree or plant remain- 
ing in the earth after the stem or trunk is cut off; 
part of a limb or other body remaining after a part 
is amputated or destroyed; a fixed or rooted rem- 
nant of something; a stub; a rod, or frame of rods, 
used in the game of cricket; a short, thick roll of 
leather or paper, cut to a point, and used to shade or 
color a crayon or pencil drawing, pi. Legs. — v. t. 
[stumped (stumt), stumping.] To strike (anything 
fixed and hard) with the toe; to cut off a part of, re- 
duce to a stump; to challenge; to travel over, deliv- 
ering speeches for electioneering purposes; to knock 
down (the stump or wicket in cricket-playing). 
[Sw. and Dan.; same as stub, q. v.] — Stump-orator. 
One who harangues the populace from the stump 
of a tree, or other elevation. — To take the s. To 
make public addresses for electioneering purposes, 

— Stump'y, -t, a. Full of stumps; short and thick; 

Stun, stun, v. t. [stunned (stund), -ning.] To maki 

senseless or dizzy with a blow on the head; to over 

I come ; esp., to overpower the sense of hearing of 




am, fam«, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



STUNG- 



577 



SUB- CONTRARY 



to surprise completely. [AS. stunian, to make a din, 
stun, a din; s. rt. stentorian, q. v.] — Stun'ner, n. One 
who. or that which, stuns, — often vulgarly applied 
to whatever overpowers by astonishment. 

Stung. See Sting. 

Stunl. See Stink. 

Stunt, stunt, v. t. To hinder from growth, prevent 
the growth of. — n. A check in growth, or that which 
has been checked in its growth; a stunted animal or 
thing. [A.S., dull, stupid, useless, not well devel- 
oped; OS., cut short; same as sfi'nt.] 

Stupe, stup, n. {Med.) Cloth or flax dipped in warm 
medicaments and applied to a hurt or sore; fomen- 
tation. [L. stupa, stujjpa, Gr. stupe, tow: see Stuff.] 

Stupefy, stu'pe-n, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To 
make stupid, blunt the faculty of perception or un- 
derstanding in, deprive of sensibility. [F. stupefier, 
to stupefy, fr. L. stupefactus, stupefied, fr. stupere, 
to be amazed (s. rt. G. etaphon, I was astonished, 
Skr. stamb, stubh, to stupefy, £. stand, q. v.), and/a- 
cere, to make.] — Stupefac'tion, n. Act of stupefy- 
ing; a stupid or senseless state; insensibility; stupid- 
ity. — Stupefac'tive, -tiv, a. Causing insensibility ; 
deadening or blunting the sense of feeling or under- 
standing. — Stu'pefi'er, n. — Stupendous, -dus, a. 
Astonishing; wonderful; amazing; esp., of astonish- 
ing magnitude or elevation. [L. stupendus, astonish- 
ing, p. rut pass, of stupere.]— Stupendously, adr.— 
Stupen'dousness, n.~ Stu'pid, a. Very dull; want- 
ing in understanding; grossly foolish; in a state of 
stupor, — said of persons; resulting fron:, or evin- 
cing, stupidity,— said of things; simple; in^nsible; 
sluggish ; senseless ; doltish ; sottish ; du" ; iieavy. 
[F. stupide, L. stupidus, fr. stupere.] — Stupidity, 
-T-tT, n. State or quality of being stupid; extreme 
dullness of perception or understanding. [F. stupid- 
ity, L. stupiditas.) — Stu'pidly, adv. — Stu'pidness, 
n. — Stu'por, n. Great diminution or suspension oi 
sensibility ; numbness ; intellectual insensibility ; 
morar stupidity. [L.] 

Stupration, stu-pra'shun, n. Violation of chastity by 
force ; rape. [L. stuprare, -pratum, to ravish, stu- 
prum, rape.] 

Sturdy, ster'di, a. [-dier; -diest.] Foolishly obsti- 
nate; characterized by strength or force; stiff; stout; 
strong; robust; vigorous. [OF. estourdi, stunned, 
giddy, thoughtless, rash, p. p. of estourdir, to stun, 
astonish, amaze, perh. fr. L. torpidus, torpid, q. v.] 
— Stur'dily, adv. — StUT'diness, n. 

Sturgeon, ster'jun, n. A large cartilaginous fish, sev- 
eral species of 
which are 
found in N. 
Europe, in 
the Black and 
Caspian Seas 
and their t rib- 



sturgeon. 



utaries, in the lakes of North America, etc. [OF. 
esturgeon, LL. stiirio, OHG. sturo, lit. a stirrer, G. 
stoeren, to wallow in the mud, AS. styria, a sturgeon, 
fr. styrian = E. to stir, q. v.] 

Stutter, stut'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -terixg.] To 
hesitate in uttering words, stammer. — n. The act 
of stuttering. [Freq. of obs. E. stut, ME. stoten, to 
stutter, Ic. stauta, to beat, strike, also to read stut- 
teringly, G. stossen, L. tundere, Skr. tud. to strike ; 
8. rt. contuse, obtuse, pierce, stoat.] — Stufterer, n. 

Sty, sti, n. (Med.) An inflamed tumor on the edge 
of the eyelid. [AS. stigend, a tumor on the eyelid, 
fr. stigan, to rise; s. rt. sty for swine.] 

Sty, sti, n. A pen or inclosure for swine ; a place of 
bestial debauchery. — v.t. To shut up in a sty. [AS. 
stigo, Dan. and Sw. dial, sti, a sty, G. steige, a stair, i 
stile, hen-roost, chicken-coop, AS. stigan, Sw. stiga, j 
G. steigen, Gr. steichein, to climb ; s. rt. sty (on the ; 
eye), stile, stirrup, stair, acrostic, distich, vestige.] 

Stygian, stij'i-an, a. Of } or pert, to, Styx, fabled by | 
the ancients to be a river of hell over which the . 
shades of the dead passed, or the region of the dead; I 
hellish; infernal, ft. Stygius, fr. Gr. Stux, the Styx , 
river, lit. the Hateful, fr. stugein, to hate.] 

Style, stil, n. An instrument used by the ancients in 
writing on tablets covered with wax: a sharp-pointed 
tool used in engraving ; a pointed surgical instru- 
ment ; mode of expressing thought in language, 
whether oral or written; choice of words; mode of 
presentation, esp. in music or any of the fine arts ; 
regard to what is deemed elegant and appropriate, 
esp. in literary composition or in social demean- 
or ; fashion; mode or phrase by which anything is 
formally designated ; the title : official designation. 



(Chron.) A mode of reckoning time. — v.t. [styled 
(stlld), styling.] To give a title to in addressing ; 
to call, name, designate, characterize. [Prop, stile; 
ME. and F. stile, L. stilus, an iron-pointed instru- 
ment for writing on wax tablets, manner of writing, 
lit. that which pricks; s. rt. stimulate, stigma, stick, 
q. v. ; not s. rt. style, in botany and dialing.] — [In 
chronology, the Old Style follows the manner of 
computing the months and days established by Ju- 
lius Caesar, according to which every 4th year con- 
sists of 366 days, and the other years of 365 days. 
This is about 11 minutes in a year too much. Pope 
Gregory XTTT . reformed the calendar by retrenching 
10 days in Oct. 1582, in order to bring back the vernal 
equinox to the same day as at the time of the coun- 
cil of Nice, a. n. 325. This reformation was adopted 
by act of Parliament in G. Britain in 1751, by which 
act 11 days in Sept. 1752, were retrenched, and the 3d 
day was reckoned the 14th. This mode of reckoning 
is called New Style, according to which everv year 
divisible by 4 (unless it is divisible by 100 without 
being divisible by 400), has 366 days, and any other 
year 365 days.] — Styl'et, n. A small poniard or dag- 
ger ; stiletto. — Styl'ish, a. Given to, or fond of, 
the display of style; highly fashionable; modish; 
genteel. — Styl'ist, h. One attentive to style; a critic 
of style; a master or model of style. 

Style, stil, n. The pin or gnomon of a dial. (Bot.) The 
cylindrical and tapering portion of the pistil be- 
tween the ovary and the stigma: see Anther. [Gr. 
stulos, a pillar; s. rt. stand ; not s. rt. style, a writing 
instrument.] — Sty Oar, a. Of or pert, to the style oi 
a dial. 

Styptic, stip'tik, n. (Med.) A medicament which 
>erves to arrest hemorrhage when applied to the 
bleeding part. — often used svnonymously with as- 
tringent.— Styp'tic, -ticaL, a. Producing contraction ; 
having the quality of restraining hemorrhage; as- 
tringent. [I . styptique, Gr. stuptikos, astringent, fr. 
stuphein, to contract, draw together: s. rt. Gr. sttiphos, 
a stump, E. stub, q. v.] — Styptidty, -tis'I-tl, n. 
Quality of being styptic; astringency. 

Suasion, swa'zhun, n. Act of persuading; persuasion. 
[F. ; L. suasio, fr. suadere, suasum. to advise, per- 
suade; s. rt. suavis, sweet.] — Sua'sive. -siv, a. Hav- 
ing power to persuade ; influencing the mind or 
passions ; persuasive. — Sua'sory, -so-rt, a. Tending 
to persuade. — Suave, swav, a. Pleasant: agreeable; 
gracious. [F.; L. suavis.]— Suavity, swav'T-tl, n. 
That which is sweet or pleasing to the mind: agree- 
ableness ; softness ; pleasantness ; gentleness. [F. 
suavite'.] 

Subacid, sub-as'id, a. Moderately acid or sour. [F. 
and L. sub- (= E. up ; s. rt. L. super, Skr. upari = E. 
over, q. v. = Gr. huper, q. v., under Hyperbaton, 
also L. subter, supra, E. sum, supreme, soprano, 
sovereign, supine), under, also from below, hence 
upward, and E. acid.] 

Subalpine, sub-aKpin, a. Approximately alpine ; be- 
longing to a region on any high mountain next be- 
low alpine. 

Subaltern, sub-awl'tern, a. Ranked or ranged below; 
subordinate ; inferior. — n. One holding a subor- 
dinate position : a commissioned military officer be- 
low the rank of a captain. [F. subalteme, L. subal- 
ternus, fr. sub and alter, another.] — Sut/alter'nate, 
a. Succeeding by turns ; successive ; subordinate ; 
inferior. 

Subaqueous, sub-a'kwe-us, a. Being under water, or 
beneath the surface of water. ( Geol.) Formed in or 
under water. 

Subastral, sub-as'tral, a. Beneath the stars or heav- 
ens: terrestrial. 

Subastringent, sub-as-trin'jent, a. Astringent in a 
small decree: moderately astringent. 

Subaudition, sub-aw-dish'un, n. Act of understand- 
ing something not expressed. [L. subauditio, fr. 
subaudire, to understand or supply a word omitted, 
fr. sue and trudire, to hear.] 

Sub-base, -base, sub'bas, n. (Mus.) The deepest pedal 
stop, or the lcwast tones of an organ ; the funda- 
mental base. 

Subchanter, sub-chant-'er, n. An underchanter ; a 
deputy of the precentor of a cathedral. 

Subcommittee, sub-kom-mu'te, a. An under com- 
mittee; a part or division of a committee; a small 
committee appointed from the members of a larger 
committee. 

Sub-contrary, sub-kon'tra-rY, a. Contrary in an in- 
ferior degree- (Geom.) Having, or being, in a con- 
I trary order —aid of a section of an oblique cone with 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 



SUBCUTANEOUS 



578 



SUBMIT 



a circular base cut by a plane not parallel to the base, 
bat inclined to the axis, so that the section is a cir- 
cle, — applied also to 2 similar triangles when so 
placed as to have a common angle at the vertex, the 
opposite sides not being parallel. (Logic.) Charac- 
terizing the relation of opposition between the par- 
ticular "affirmative and particular negative; also, ap- 
plied to the relation between 2 attributes which 
coexist in the same substance, yet in such a way 
that the more there is of one, the less there is of 
the other, — n. (Logic.) A sub-contrary proposi- 
tion ; a proposition inferior or contrary in a lower 
degree. 

Subcutaneous, sub-ku-ta'ne-us, a. Situated under 
the skin; pert, to or acting upon what is under the 
skin; hypodermic. 

Sub-deacon, sub-de'kn, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) One be- 
longing to a clerical order next below that of deacon. 

Subdean, sub-den', n. An under dean; a dean's sub- 
stitute or vicegerent.— Subdean'ery, -er-T, n. Office 
and rank of subdean. 

Subdivide, sub-dl-vid', v. t. To divide the parts of 
into more parts ; to divide again (what has already 
been divided). — v. i. To be subdivided. — Subdi- 
vis'ion, -vizh'un. n. Act of subdividing, or separa- 
ting a part into smaller parts ; part of a thing made 
by "subdividing. 

Subdominant, sub-dom'Y-nant, n. (Hits.) The 4th 
tone above the tonic, — so called as being under the 
dominant. 

Subduct, sub-dukt', v. t. To withdraw, take away ; 
.to subtract by arithmetical operation. [L.subducere, 
-ductum, fr. sub and ducere, to lead, draw.] — Sub- 
duc'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; arithmetical subtraction. 
— Subdue. -du', v. t. [-dued (dud'), -duing.] To 
bring under, cunquer by force or the exertion of 
superior power, and bring into permanent subjec- 
tion; to overpower so as to disable from further re- 
sistance ; to overpower and destroy the force of ; to 
overcome by discipline, bring under, tame; to over- 
come by persuasion, or other mild means; to reduce 
to tenderness; to make mellow, break (land), destroy 
(weeds). [ME. so luen, later subduen, OF. souduire, 
to seduce, fr. L. subducere.] — Subdu'er, n. 

Suberic, su-ber'ik, a. (Chem.) Of, pert, to, or ex- 
tracted from, cork. [L. suber. the cork-tree.] 

Subfamily, sub'iam'T-li, n. (Nat. Hist.) A subordi- 
nate family ; a division of a family. 

Subgenus, siib'je'nus, n. (Nat. Hist.) A subdivision 
of a genus, comprehending one or more species. 

Subito, su'bt-to, adv. (3Ius.) In haste ; quickly ; 
rapidly. [It. and L.] 

Subjacent, sub-ja'sent, a. Lying under or below ; 
being in a lower situation, though not directly be- 
neath. [L. suhjacens, p. pr. of subjacere, to lie un- 
der, fr. sub and jacere, to lie, cast, throw, put.] — 
Sub'ject, a. Placed or situate under; placed under 
the power and dominion of another ; exposed ; dis- 
posed ; liable ; obnoxious ; tributary. — n. That 
which is placed under the authority, dominion, or 
influence of something else; esp., one brought under 
the authority of a ruler; that which is brought under 
any physical operation or process, or under thought 
or examination, or is taken up for discussion ; per- 
son treated of. (Logic and Gram.) That of which 
anything is affirmed or predicated ; that which is 
spoken of. That in which any quality, attribute, 
or relation, whether spiritual or material, inheres, 
or to which any of these appertain; substance; that 
substance or being which is conscious of its own op- 
erations: the thinking agent or principal. (JIus.) The 
principal melody or theme of a movement. (Anat.) 
A dead body for the purposes of dissection. [L. sub- 
jectits, lying tinder, subjected, p. p. of subjicere, to 
throw, lay, place, or bringunder, fr. sub and jacere, to 
throw.] — Subject'', v. t. To bring under the control, 
power, dominion, or action of; to subdue, enslave; to 
expose, make liable; to submit, make accountable; to 
make subservient ; to cause to undergo. — Subjec'- 
tion. n. Act of subjecting or bringing under the 
dominion of another; state of being subject. [OF.; 
L. suhjectio.] — Subjective, -iv, a. Of, or pert, to, a 
subject ; pert, to, or derived from, one's own con- 
sciousness, — disting. fr. external observation. [L. 
subject ivus.~\ — Subjectively, adv. In a subjective 
manner ; in relation to the subject. — Subject'ive- 
ness, n. The state of being subjective.— Suhjectiv'- 
ity, -iv'Y-ti, n. State of being subjective; that which 
is treated in a subjective manner. — Sub'ject-maV- 
ter, n. The matter or thought presented for con- 
sideration in some statement or discussion. 



Subjoin, sub-join', v. t. To add after something else 
has been said or written ; to annex, unite, coalesce. 
[OF. suhjoindre, L. subjungere, -juHctum,ir.jungere = 
E. to join, q. v.] — Subjunc'tion, -junk'shun, n. Act 
of subjoining, or state of being subjoined. — Sub- 
junc'tive, -tiv, a. Subjoined or added to something 
before said or written. — n. (Oram.) The subjunc- 
tive mode. [L. subjunetivus.] — Subjunctive mode. 
(Gram.) That form of a verb which expresses con- 
dition, hypothesis, contingency, and is subjoined or 
added as subordinate to some other verb, and often 
connected with it by if, that, though, lest, unless, ex- 
cept, until, etc. 

Subjugate, sub'ju-gat, v. t. To subdue and bring 
under the yoke of power or dominion ; to compel to 
submit to the absolute control of another ; to con- 
quer, vanquish, overcome. [L. subjugare, -gatum, 
fr. sub and jugum, a yoke.] — Subjugation, n. Act 
of subjugating or bringing under the power or ab- 
solute control of another. 

Subjunction, Subjunctive. See under Subjoin. 

Sublapsarian, sub-lap-sa'ri-an, a. Of, or pert. to. 
the Sublapsarians, or their opinions. — n. One of 
that class of Calvinists who consider the decree of 
election as contemplating the apostasy as past, and 
the elect as chosen from beings already in a fallen 
and guilty state. [L. sub and lapsus, fall.] 

Sublet, sub-let', v. t. To underlet; to lease, as a lessee 
to another person. 

Sublime, sub-lim', a. lifted up high in place; distin- 
guished by lofty or noble traits; eminent; awaken- 
ing or expressing the emotion of awe, adoration, 
veneration, heroic resolve, etc.; elevated by joy; 
elate, — n. A grand or lofty style, —v. t. [sublimed 
(-limd'), -liming.] To bring to a state of vapor by 
heat, and condense again by cold; to sublimate; to 
exalt, heighten, improve; to dignify, ennoble. — v. i. 
To be brought or changed into a state of vapor by 
heat, and then condensed by cold, as a solid sub- 
stance. [F.; L. sublimis, lofty, raised on high, perh. 
lit. reaching to the lintel of a door, tall, high, fr. sub 
and limen, a threshold: see Limit; L. sublimare, -ma- 
tum, to elevate.] — Sublime'ly, adv.— Sublime'ness, 
n. — Sublim'ity, -lim'I-tT, n. State of being sub- 
lime; elevation of place; lofty height; nobleness of 
nature or character; eminence; an elevated feeling 
of astonishment and awe, at the contemplation of 
great scenes and objects, or of exalted excellence; 
loftiness of sentiment or style; grandeur: magnifi- 
cence. [F. svhlimiU, L. sublimitas.] — Sub'limate, 
-lT-mat, v. t. To bring by heat into the state of va- 
por, which, on cooling, returns again to the solid 
state; to refine and exalt, heighten, elevate. — n. 
(Chem.) The product of a sublimation, — a. Brought 
into a state of vapor by heat, and again condensed, 
as solid substances. — Sublima'tion, n. Act of sub- 
limating, or state of being sublimated; act of height- 
ening or improving; exaltation; elevation. 

Sublunar, sub-lu'nar, Sub'lunary, -lu-na-rT, a. Situ- 
ated beneath the moon; terrestrial; earthly; pert, to 
this world. 

Submarine, sub-ma-ren', a. Being, acting, or grow- 
ing, under water in the sea. 

Submediant, sub-me'dT-ant, n. (Mus.) The 6th tone 
of the scale; the predominant. 

Submerge, sub-merj', v. t. [-merged (-merjd'), -mer- 
ging.] To put under water, plunge; to cover or over- 
flow with water, drown. — v. i. To plunge, as into 
water or other fluid; to be completely included or 
incorporated. [F. submerger, L. submergere, fr. sub 
and mergere, mersum, to plunge: see Merge.] — 
Submer'gence, -Jens, n. Act of, or state of being, 
etc. — Submerse', -mersed', -merst', a. (Bot.) Be- 
ing or growing under water, as the leaves of aquatic 
plants. — Submer'sion, n. Act of submerging, or 
putting under water or other fluid, or of causing to 
be overflowed; state of being put under water or 
other fluid. 

Submit, sub-mit', v. t. To yield, resign, or surrender 
to power, will, or authority; to leave or commit to 
the discretion or judgment of another or others; to 
refer, —v. i. To yield one's person to the power of 
another; to yield one's opinion to the opinion or au- 
thority of another; to acquiesce in the authority of 
another; to be submissive, yield without murmur- 
ing, surrender, acquiesce, comply. [L. submittere, 
-missvm, fr. sub and mittere, to send.] — Submis'sion, 
-mish'un, n. Act of submitting: act of yielding to 
power or authority; obedience; state of being sub- 
missive; acknowledgment of inferiority or depend- 
ence; meekness; resignation; acknowledgment of a 



fame, f iir, pass or oDera, fare ; end, eve, term j in, Ice ; odd, tone, or : 



SUBMULTIPLE 



579 



SUBSTRUCTION 



fault; confession of error. (Law.) An agreement 
by which parties engage to submit any matter of 
controversy between them to the decision of arbitra- 
tors. [L. submissio.] — Submis'sive, -siv, a. Inclined 
or ready to submit; obedient: compliant; yielding; 
obsequious; subservient; humble; modest; passive. 
— Submis'sively, adv. — Submi3'siveness, n. 

Submultiple, sub-muKtl-pl, n. (Math.) A number 
or quantity which is contained in another an exact 
number of times, or is an aliquot part of it. 

Snbnascent, sub-nas'sent, a. Growing underneath. 
[L. subnuscens, p. pr. of su'niasci, to grow under, fr. 
sub and nasci, to be born, arise.] 

Subordinate, sub-or'dT-nat, a. Placed in a lower class 
or rank; holding a lower position; inferior in order, 
nature, dignity, power, importance, etc. — re. One 
who stands in order or rank below another, —v. t. 
To place in a lower order; to make, or consider as, 
of less value or importance; to subject or subdue. 
[L. sub Ordinem, under the rank or order; ordo, -di- 
xit «= E. order.'] — Subor'dinately, adv. — Subordi- 
nation, re. Act of subordinating, placing in a lower 
order, or subjecting; state of being subordinate; in- 
feriority of rank or dignity; subjection ; place of 
rank among inferiors. — Subordinacy, -dT-na-sT, n. 
State of being subordinate, or subject to control. 

Suborn, sub-Srn', v. t. [-orned ,(-6rnd), -orning.] 
{Law.) To procure or cause to take a false oath 
amounting to perjury. To procure privately, or by 
collusion or bribery (false testimony, etc.). [F. sub- 
orner. L. svbornare, fr. sub and ornare, to furnish, 
provide.] — Suborna'tion, n. (Law.) Act of suborn- 
ing: crime of procuring a person to take such a false 
oath as constitutes perjury. Crime of procuring one 
to do a criminal or Dad action. [F.] — Suborn'er. n. 

Suboval, sub-o'val, a. Somewhat oval; nearly oval. 

Subpoena, -pena, sub-pe'na, re. (Law.) A writ com- 
manding the attendance in court of the person on 
whom it is served, as a witness, etc., under a penal- 
ty. — v. t. [-naed (-nad), -naing.] (Law.) To 
serve with a writ of subpoena; to command attend- 
ance in court by a legal writ, under a penalty in 
case of disobedience. [L. subpoena, under penalty: 
see Penal.] 

Subrector, sub-rek'ter, re. A rector's deputy or sub- 
stitute. 

Subreption, sub-rep'shun, re. Act of obtaining a fa- 
vor by surprise or unfair representation. [L. s-ub- 
reptio. fr. subripere, -reptum, to snatch or take away 
secretly; fr. sub and rapere, to snatch away.] 

Subsalt, sub'sawlt, re. (Chem.) An oxysalt contain- 
ing a less number of equivalents of the acid than of 
the base, or in which the latter is a suboxide: a hal- 
oid salt, or analogous compound, in which the num- 
ber of equivalents of the electro-negative constitu- 
ent is lessthan that of the electro-positive constituent. 

Subscribe, sub-skrlb', v. t. [-scribed (-sknbd"), 
-scribing.] To write underneath, sign with ones 
own hand, bind one's self by writing oneis name 
beneath; to attest by writing one's name beneath; 
to promise to give, by writing one's name. — v. i. 
To give consent to something written, by signing 
one's name; to assent, agree; to promise to give a 
certain sum by setting one's name to a paper; to en- 
ter one's name for a newspaper, book, etc. [L. sub- 
scribers f r. sub and scribere, to write.] — Subscrib''- 
er, re. — Subscript, -skript, n. Anything underwrit- 
ten. — a. Written below or underneath. — Sub- 
scrip"' tion, re. Act of subscribing; that which is sub- 
scribed: a paper to which a signature is attached; 
signature attached to a paper; consent or attesta- 
tion given by underwriting the name ; sum sub- 
scribed; amount of sums subscribed. [OF.] 

Subsellium, sub-seKlf-um, n. ; pi. -lf-a. (Eccl. Arch.) 

A small shelving seat in the 

stalls of churches or cathe- 
drals; a miserere. [L. sella, 
a seat.] 

Subsequent, sub'se-kwent. a. 
Following in time; eoming 
or being after something el se 
at any time; following in or- 
der of place. [L. svbsequens, 
p. pr. of subsequi; seqni, to 
follow.]— Subsequently, 
adv. — Sub'sequence, -quen- 
cy, -kwen-sT, n. State of be- 
ing subsequent, or of com- 
ing after something. 

Subserve, sub-serv",?'. t. [-served (-servd'), -serving.] 
To serve in subordination or instrumentally; to be 




Subsellium. 



subservient to, help forward, promote. — v. i. To be 
subservient or subordinate. [L. subservire, fr. sub 
and servire, to serve.]— Subserv'ient, -T-ent, a. Fitted 
or disposed to subserve; useful in an inferior capaci- 
ty; subordinate ; inferior; submissive. — SubserV- 
ience, -iency, -T-en-sT, n. Condition of being subserv- 
ient ; use or operation that promotes some purpose. 
Subside, sub-sid' - . v. i. To sink or fall to the bottom; 
to fall into a state of quiet, become tranquil, abate; 
to tend downward, descend, sink. [L. sid>*idere, fr. 
sub and siilcre, to sit down, settle, fr. sedere = E. to 
sit, q. v.] — Subsid'ence, -ency, -en-sf, n. Act or pro- 
cess of sul»icliii-. M-ttliug, or falling: act of sinking 
or gradually descending; act of becoming tranquil. 

— Sub'sidy, — i-di. n. Support; aid; esp., extraordi- 
nary aid in money rendered to a sovereign, or to a 
friendly power; money paid by one prince or nation 
to another, to purchase the service of auxiliary 
troops; money paid by government to aid a private 
enterprise (line of steamers, etc.) of advantage to the 
state. [F. subside. L. subsidium, orig., troops sta- 
tioned in reserve, lit. that which i-its behind or in re- 
serve, fr. sub and sedere.] — Subsidiary, -T-a-rT, a. 
Furnishing a subsidy ; serving to help ; assistant ; 
auxiliary, — re. One who. or that which, contributes 
aid ; an assistant ; auxiliary. [L. subddiarius.] — 
Subsidize, -sf-diz, v. t. [-d'izeij (-dizd), -dizixg.] 
To purchase the assistance of by the payment of a 
subsidy. 

Subsist, sub-sist', v. i. To be, have existe'ice, inhere; 
to continue; to be supported, live. — v. t. To sup- 

Eort with provisions, feed, maintain. [F. subsister, 
i. subsistere, fr. sub and sktere, to stand, be fixed, fr. 
stare = E. to stand, q. v.] — Subsisfence, -ens, n. 
Real being; state of being subsistent ; inherency; 
means of support : provisions, or that which pro- 
cures provisions. [F.] — Subsist'ent, a. Having real 
being; inherent. 

Subsoil, sub'soil, n. The bed or stratum of earth im- 
mediately beneatli the surface soil. 

Sub-species, sub-spe'shez, re. A subordinate species; 
division of a species. 

Substance, sub'stans, n. That which underlies all out- 
ward manifestations: substratum: that which con- 
stitutes anything what it is; nature: real or existing 
essence : the most important element in any exist- 
ence; the characteristics of anything; the matter as 
disting. from the form of a thing; essential or im- 
portant part; purport; anything which has a material 
form; body; matter; estate; property. [F.; L. sub- 
stantia, fr. substare, to be under or present, to stand 
firm, fr. sub and stare, to stand.] — Substantial, 
-stan'shal, a. Belonging to substance; actually ex- 
isting; not seeming or imaginary; real; true; corpo- 
real ^material; having good substance; strong; stout; 
solid ; possessed of goods or estate ; moderately 
wealthy. [F. substantial, L. substantialis.] —Substan- 
tiality, -she-al'T-tY, re. State of being substantial; 
corporeity; materiality.— Substantially, adv. In a 
substantial manner; reau v; solidly; trulv; essential- 
ly; competently. — Substa,: '.'tialness, re. — Substan'- 
tials^-shalz, n. pi. Essenti il parts.— Substantiate, 
-sht-at, v. t. To make to exist; to establish by proof 
or competent evidence, verify.— Sub'stantive, -stan- 
tiv, a. Betokening, or expressing existence. — n. 
(Gram.) A noun; the part of speech which desig- 
nates something that exists, or some object of 
thought, either material or immaterial. [F. substan- 
tif, L. substantirus, self-existent.] — Substantively, 
adv. In a substantive manner; in substance: essen- 
tially. (Gram.) As a substantive name, or noun. — 
Substantiv'al, -tlv'al, a. Of, pert, to, or in the na- 
ture of a substantive. 

Substitute, sub'stf-tut, v. t. To put in the place of 
another, exchange. — re. One who, or that which, 
is substituted or put in place of another. [F. substi- 
tnt, L. substitutus, a substitute, prop. p. p. of L. sub- 
stituere, fr. sub and statuere, to put, place.] — Sub- 
stitution, re. Act of substituting or putting one 
person or thing in the place of another; state of be- 
liv,' substituted for another person or thing. ( Theol.) 
The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously. [F.] 

— Substitutional, a. Of, or pert, to, substitution. 
Substratum, sub-stra'tum, re. ; pi. -stra'ta, -ta. That 

which is laid or spread under; a layer of earth lyin" 
under another. (Agric.) The subsoil. (MetaphT) 
The permanent subject or cause of phenomena; sub- 
stance. [L., neut. of p. p. of gubsternere, to strew 
under, fr. sub and sternere, to strew.] — Sub'strate, 
-strat. a. Having verv slight furrows. 
Substruction, sub struk'shun, n. Under-building; 



sun, cube, full ; mo~on. foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



SUBSTYLE 



580 



SUCH 




foundation. —SubBtruct'ure, -chur, n. An under- 
structure ; a foundation. 
Substyle, sub'stll, n. A right line, on which the style 

or gnomon of a dial is erected. 
Subsultory, sub-sul'to-rY, a. Bounding; leaping; mov- 
ing by sudden leaps or starts. [L. subsilire, -sultum, 
to spring up, fr. sub & salire, saltum, to leap, spring.] 
Subtangent, sub-tan'jent, n. {Geom.) The part of the 
axis contained between the ordi- e 

nate and tangent drawn to the 
same point in a curve. 
Subtend, sub-tend', v. t. To ex- ' "I- 
tend under, or be opposite to. 
[L. subtendere, -tensum, fr. sub 

and tendere, to stretch, extend.] S ^ 

— Subtense, -tens', ?z. {Geom.) t . narabola . 

The line subtending or stretch- ' 5 ?to JSIfTt' 
ing across ; the chord. tangent to curve at 

Subterfluent, sub-ter'flu-ent, -flu- a c d, ordinate to 
ous, -us, a. Running under or asia from c;dt, sub- 
beneath. [L. subterfluens, p. pr. tangent, 
of subterfluere, to flow benea'th, from svhter (com- 
par. form of sub: see Subacid), under, beneath, and 
ff.uere, to flow.] 
Subterfuge, sub'tSr-fuj, n. That to which a person re- 
sorts for escape or concealment ; a shift : evasion ; 
prevarication; quibble; excuse. [F.; LL. subterfu- 
gvtm. fr. L. subterfugere, to flee secretly, escape, fr. 
subter and fugere, to flee. 
Subterranean, sub-ter-ra'ne-an, -neous, -ne-us, a. Be- 
ing or lying under the surface of the earth; situated 
within the earth, or under ground. [L. subterraneus, 
fr. stib, under, and terra, the earth.] 
Subtile, sub'til, a. Thin; not dense or gross ; rare ; 
delicately constituted or constructed ; nice ; fine ; 
delicate ; acute ; piercing ; characterized by acute- 
ness of mind ; refined ; sly ; crafty , insinuating ; 
shrewd ; artful ; cunning. [ME. sotil, sotel, sontU, 
OF. sutil, soutil, later subtil, L. subtilis, fine, thin, 
slender, precise, prob. lit. finely woven, fr. sub and 
tela, a web, fr. texere, to weave: see Text.] — Sub'- 
tilely, adv. In a subtile manner; thinly; finely; art- 
fully: cunningly; craftily. — Subtleness, -til'ity, 
n. Quality of being subtile; subtilty. [OF. sotiUete" 
al*o subtihte', L. subtilitas.] — Sub'tiliza'tion, n. Act 
of making subtile, fine, or thin. (Chem.) The op- 
eration of making so volatile as to rise in steam or 
vapor. Refinement; extreme acuteness. — Sub'til- 
Ize, v. t. T-ized (-izd), -izing.] To make thin or 
fine, make less gross or coarse; to refine. — v. i. To 
refine in argument, make very nice distinctions. — 
Sub'tilty, n. State or quality of being subtile; thin- 
ness; fineness; refinement; extreme aci\teness; sly- 
ness; cunning; artifice. — Subt'le, sut'l, a. [-ler; 
-lest.] Sly in design; artful; cunning; insinuating; 
cunningly devised. — Subtleness, Subtlety, -l-tY,ra. 
Quality of being subtle, or sly; cunning; craftiness; 
artfulness ; acuteness of intellect ; shrewdness. — 
Subtly, adv. In a subSJfc manner; slyly; artfully; 
nicely; delicately. 
Subtonic, sub-ton'ik,n. (I?ff0n.) An elementary sound 
or element of speech raving a partial vocality; a 
vocal or sonant consom it. 
Subtract, sub-trakt', v. t. To withdraw or take a 
part from the rest; to deduct. [L. subtrahere, -trac- 
tum, fr. sub and trahere, to draw.] — Subtraet'er, n. 
— Subtrac'tion, n. Act or operation of subtracting 
or deducting. (Math.) The taking of a lesser num- 
ber or quantity from a greater of the same kind or 
denomination. — Subtrac'tive, -tiv, a. Tending or 
having power to subtract. (Math.) Preceded by the 
sign minus. — Sub'trahend', -tra-hend', n. {Math.) 
The sum or number to be subtracted or taken from 
another. [L. subtrahendus, p. fut. pass, of subtra- 
here.'] 
Sub-treasury, sub-trezh'u-rY, n. A subordinate treas- 
ury or place of deposit, as for the income derived 
from various sources of revenue in a district remote 
from the capital of a state or nation. 
Suburb, sub'erb, n. An out-lying part of a city or 
town ; a smaller place immediately adjacent to a 
large city; pi. the region on the confines of any city 
or large town; outskirts. [L. suburbium, fr. sub and 
urbs, a city.]— Subur'ban, a. Pert, to, inhabiting, or 
being in, the suburbs of a city. — n. A dweller in 
the suburbs of a city. 
Sub-variety, sub-va-n'e-tY, n. A subordinate variety 

or division of a variety. 
Subvene, sub-ven', v. i. [-vened (-v5nd'), -vening.] 
To come under or happen. [L. sub and venire, to 
come] — Subven'tion, -vgn'shun, n. Act of coming 



under; a government aid or bounty. [LL. subventio, 
fr. L. subvenire, to assist, fr. sub and venire.) 

Subvert, sub-vert', v. t. To overthrow from the 
foundation, ruin utterly ; to pervert, as the mind, 
and turn it from the truth ; to overturn, invert, re- 
verse, corrupt, confound. [F. subvertir, L. subver- 
tere, -versum, fr. sub and vertere. to turn.] — Sub- 
vert'er, n. — Subvert'ible, a. Capabe of being sub- 
verted. — Subversion, -shun, n. Act of subverting, 
or state of being subverted; entire overthrow ; utter 
ruin. — Subversive, -siv, a. Tending to subvert or 
overthrow and ruin. 

Succedaneous.etc. See under Succeed. 

Succeed, suk-sed', v. t. To follow in order, take the 
place of ; to come after, be subsequent or conse- 
quent, follow, pursue, — v. i. To come next in 
order ; to come in the place of another ; to ascend 
the throne after the removal or death of the occu- 
pant; to obtain the object desired, have a prosper- 
ous termination ; to be received with general favor. 
[F. succeder, L. succet/ere, -cessum, fr. sub and cedere, 
to go, go along.]— Succeed'er, n. One who succeeds; 
one who follows or comes in the place of another; a 
successor. — Success', n. Act of succeeding, or 
state of having succeeded; favorable termination of 
anything attempted; prosperous issue. [OF. succes, 
L. successus.] — Success'ful, -ful, a. Resulting in, 
assuring, or promotive of success ; accomplisning 
what was proposed; happy; prosperous; fortunate; 
auspicious; lucky. — Successfully, adv. — Success'- 
fulness, n. — Succession, -sesh'un, n. Act of suc- 
ceeding; a following of things in order of time or 
place, or a series of things so following; sequence; 
a series of persons or things according to some es- 
tablished rule oi precedence; an order of descend- 
ants; lineage; race; power or right of acceding to 
the station or title of a father, or other predecessor; 
the right to enter upon the possession of the prop- 
erty of an ancestor, or one near of kin, or preceding 
in an established order. [F. ; L. successio.] — Suc- 
ces'sional, a. Pert, to, or existing in, a regular 
order or succession; consecutive. — Successive, a. 
Following in order or uninterrupted course; coming 
after without interruption or interval. [F. succe*- 
sif, L. successivus.] — Successively, adv. In a suc- 
cessive manner; in a series or order. — Successive- 
ness, n. — Successor., n. One who succeeds or fol- 
lows; one who takes the place and part which an- 
other has left.— Suc'ceda'neous, -ne-us, a. Pert, to, 
or acting as, a succedaneum; supplying the place of 
something else. [L. succedaneum. ,] — Suc'ceda'neum, 
n. ; pi. -sea, -ne-a. That which is used for something 
else; a substitute. [L., neut. of succedaneus.] 

Succinct, suk-sinkt', a. Orig., girded or tucked up; 
bound; compressed into a narrow compass; short; 
brief; concise; compendious; terse. [L. succinctus, 
p. p. of succingere, to gird below, tuck up, fr. sub 
and cingere, to gird.] — Succinct'ly, adv. — Suc- 
cinct'ness, n. 

Succinic, suk-sin'ik, a. (Chem.) Of, pert, to, or 
drawn from, amber. [L. succinum, amber.] — Suc'- 
cinous, -sl-nus, a. Of, or resembling, amber. 

Succor, suk'kgr, v. t. [-coked (-kerd), -coring.] To 
help or relieve when in difficulty, want, or distress; 
to aid, assist, deliver, comfort. — n. Aid; help; as- 
sistance ; esp., assistance that delivers from diffi- 
culty, want, or distress; person or thing that brings 
relief. [OF. sucurre, soucourre, L. succurrere, fr. 
sttb and currere, to run.] — Suc'corer, n. 

Succory, suk'ko-rY, n. A plant of several species, chic- 
ory: the bleached leaves are used as salad. [Corrupt, 
fr. chicory, q. v.] 

Succotash, suk'ko-ta6h,n. Green corn (unripe maize) 
cut from the cob, and beans, boiled together. [Narra- 
ganset Ind. msickquatash, corn boiled whole.] 

Succulent, suk'ku-lent, a. Full of juice; juicy. [L. 
succulentus, fr. succus, sucus, juice; prob. s. rt. Gr. 
apo*, juice = E. sap, also E. opium, q. v., and suck.] 

— Suc'culence, -lency, -len-sY, n. The condition of 
being succulent; juiciness. 

Succumb, suk-kum', v. i. [-cumbed (-kumd'), -cumb- 
ing.] To yield, submit, sink unresistingly. [L. suc- 
cumbere, f r. sub and cumbere, for cubare, to lie down.] 

Succussion, suk-kush'un, n. Act of shaking; a shake. 
{Med.) A mode of ascertaining the existence of 
a liquid in the thorax, by shaking the body. [L. 
succussio, fr. succutere, to shake below, fr. sub and 
quatere, to shake.] 

Such, such, a. Of that kind, of the like kind, like, 

— followed by as before the thing to which it re- 
lates; of that particular quality or character spect- 



rin, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice j 5dd, tone, or j 



SUCK 



581 



SUGAR 



fied; the same that, — with as. [ME. swulc, sivilch, 
AS. swylc, swelc, Goth, swaleiks = siva leiks = E. so 
like; cf. Which.] 

Suck, suk, v. t. [sucked (sukt), sucking.] To draw 
up, in, or out, as a liquid, by the action of the mouth 
and tongue ; to draw milk from, with the mouth ; to 
draw in or imbibe, by any process which resembles 
sueking ; to inhale, absorb ; to draw or drain ; to 
draw in, as a whirlpool ; to ingulf. — v. i. To draw 
by exhausting the air, as with the mouth, or with a 
tube ; to draw the breast ; to draw in, imbibe. — n. 
Act of drawing with the mouth ; milk drawn from 
the breast by the mouth. [AS. sucan, sugan, OHG. 
sugan, W. sugno, to suck, W. sug, L. sucus, succus, 
juice, sugere, suctum, to suck ; s. rt. Skr. su, to gen- 
erate, to press out, soma, juice, E. son, succulent, 
opium, sap.] — Suck'er, n. One who, or that which, 
sucks; the piston of a pump; a pipe through which 
anything is drawn; a round piece of leather used by 
boys; anything which adheres by atmospheric pres- 
sure. (Bot.) The shoot of a plant from the roots or 
lower part of the stem. (Ichth.) A N. Amer. fresh- 
water fish of several species, of the carp family, 
having a toothless, retractile, sucking mouth; the 
lump-sucker or lump-fish. — v. t. [suckered (-erd), 
-ering.] To strip off the suckers or shoots from. — 
Suckle, -1, v. t. [-led (-Id), ling.] To give suck to, 
nurse at the breast. — Suck'ling, n. A young child 
or animal nursed at the breast. — Suc'tibn, -shun, n. 
Act of sucking or drawing (fluids) by exhausting 
the air. fF., fr. L. sugere?] — Sucto'fial, -rT-al, a. 
Adapted for sucking; living by sucking; capable of 
adhering by suction. 

Sudatory, su'da-to-rl, n. A sweating-bath ; vapor 
bath. — a. Sweating ; perspiring. [L. sudatonus, 
f r. sudare, to sweat, f r. sudor = E. sweat, q. v.] — Su- 
doriferous, -if er-us, a. Producing or secreting 
perspiration. [L. sudor and ferre, to bear.] — Su- 
dorific, a. Causing sweat. — n. {Med.) A medicine 
that produces sweat. [L.facere, to make.] — Sudor- 
ip/a-rous, -ip'a-rus, a. (Phi/s.) Producing sweat. 
[Li. parere, to bring forth.] — Sudoriparous glands. 
Minute subcutaneous glands which secrete the 
sweat: they communicate with the pores by deli- 
cate spiral tubes. 

Sudden, sud'den, a. Happening without previous 
notice : coming unexpectedly ; hastily prepared or 
employed; quick ; rapid ; abrupt ; unlooked-for. — 
n. An unexpected occurrence; surprise. [ME. and 
OF. so lain, L. svbitaneus, subitus, sudden, oiig. p. p. 
of subire, to go or come stealthily, fr. sub and ire, to 
go.] — Sud'denly, adv. — Sud'denness, n. 

Sudoriferous, etc. See under Sudatory. 

Suds, sudz, n. sing. Water impregnated with soap. 
[Lit., things sodden, fr. seethe, q. v. ; cf. Ic. sodh, 
water in which meat has been boiled.] — Sud'sy, a. 
Full of, or containing, suds. 

Sue, su, v. t. [sued (>ud), suing.] To follow up, 
prosecute, endeavor to win. {Law.) To seek jus- 
tice or right from, by legal process ; to prosecute 
judicially; to proceed with (an action) and follow it 
up to its proper termination. (Naut.) To leave 
high and dry on shore. — v. i. To seek by request, 
make application, petition, plead ; to prosecute, 
make legal claim. (Naut.) To be left high and dry 
on the shore, as a ship. [ME. suen, sewen, OF. sevre, 
suir, F. suivre, It. seguire, LL. sequere, L. sequi, to 
follow; s. rt. sequence, suit, suite, ensue, pursue.'] — 
To sue out. (Laio.) To petition for and take out, 
apply for and obtain. 

Suet, su'et, n. The harder and less fusible fat of an 
animal about the kidneys and loins. [OF. seu, suis, 
It. sevo, L. sebum, serum, tallow, suet, greaso ; prob. 
s. rt. L. sapo = E. soap. q. v.l— Surety, -ev-T, a. 
Consisting of suet or resembling it. 

Suffer, suffer, v. t. [-fered (-lerd), -fering.] To 
feel or endure with pain, annoyance, etc.; to under- 
go; to endure without sinking; to be affected by; to 
allow ; not to forbid or hinder ; to permit, endure, 
support, sustain, tolerate. — v. i. To feel or un- 
dergo pain of body or mind ; to undergo punish- 
ment ; to be injured. [OF. soffrir, svffrir, L. suf-\ 
ferre, f r. sub and ferre = E. to bear.] — Suf ferable. "a. 
Capable of bein? suffered or permitted : allowable ; 
tolerable. — Suf ferableness, n. — Suf ferably, adv. 
— Sufferance, -ans, n. State of suffering ; pain en- 
dured ; submission under difficult or oppressive cir- 
cumstances ; negative consent by not forbidding or 
hindering. [OF^soffrance, sou ffr a nee.]— Sufferer, n. 
One who suffers, or endures suffering; one who per- 
mits or allows. — Suffering, n. The bearing of I 



pain, inconvenience, or loss; pain endured; distress, 
loss, or injury incurred. 

Suffice, suf-'fiz'or -fls r , v. i. [-ficed (-flzd' or -fist'), 
-ficing.] To be enough or sufficient. — v.t. To sat- 
isfy, content, be equal to the wauts or demands of. 
[L. mfficere, to hold out, be sufficient, fr. svb and 
faeere, to make.] — Sufif cient, -flsh'ent, a. Ade- 
quate to suffice; equal to the end proposed; possess- 
ing adequate talents or accomplishments ; of com- 
petent power or ability ; enough ; full ; ample ; fit; 
responsible. [L. sufficient, p. pr. of sufficere^] — Suf- 
ff ciently, adv. — Sufffciency, -en-si. n. State of be- 
ing sufficient, or adequate to the eud proposed; qual- 
ification for any purpose; ability ; capacity ; adequate 
substance or means ; competence ; ample stock or 
fund. 

Suffix, suf fiks, n. A letter or syllable added to the 
end of a word ; an affix ; postfix. — Suffix , , v. t. 
[-fixed (-nksf), -fixing.] To add or annex to th. 
end, as a letter or syllable to a word. 

Suitocate, suf fo-kat, v. t. To choke or kill by stop 
ping respiration; to stifle, smother ; to destroy, ex- 
tinguish. — v. i. To become choked, stifled, or 
smothered. [L. suff'ocare, -catum, fr. sub and fauj , 
faucis, pi. fauce<, the throat.] — Suffoca'tion, n. Act 
of suffocating, choking, or stifling; condition of be- 
ing suffocated. [F.] — Suf foca'tive, -tiv, a. Tend- 
ing or able to suffocate. 

Suffossion, suf-fos'shun, n. A digging under; an un- 
dermining. [L. suffosio, fr. suffodere, suffossum, to 
dig under, f r. sub and fodere, to dig.] 

Suffrage, suf frej, n. A voice given in deciding a 
controverted question, or in the choice of a man for 
an office or trust ; vote ; testimonial ; attestation ; 
united response or prayer. [F.; L. suffragium, a vote, 
suffragari, to vote for, support, perh. fr. sub and 
frangere, to break, — a vote having been cast bv a 
fragment of tile, etc.] — Suffragan, -fra-gan, a. 
Assisting. — n. {Eccl.) A bishop considered as an 
assistant, or as subject, to his metropolitan; an assist- 
ant bishop. [L. suffragans, p. pr. oi suffragari.] 

Suffumigate, suf-fu'mi-gat, v. t. To apply fumes or 
smoke to the parts of (the body, in medicine). — 
Suffu'miga'tion, n. Operation of smoking any- 
thing, esp. the parts of the body ; fumigation. 

Suffuse, suf-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] To 
overspread, as with a fluid or tincture. [L. suffun- 
dere, suffusion, fr. sub and fundere, to pour.] — Suf- 
fu'sion, -zhun, n. Act or operation of suffusing, as 
with a fluid or color ; state of being suffused ; that 
which is suffused. [F.] 

Sugar, shotjg'er, n. A sweet, granular substance of 
several kinds and qualities, obtained from certain 
vegetable products, as the sugar-cane, maple, beet, 
sorghum, etc.; that which resembles sugar in taste, 
appearance, etc.; as sugar of lead, that is, acetate of 
lead, which is like sugar in appearance, and tastes 
sweet; compliment or flattery employed to disguise 
or render acceptable something obnoxious, —v. t. 
[sugared (-erd), -aring.] To impregnate, season, 
cover, sprinkle, or mix with sugar; to disguise bv 
flattery or soft words ; to compliment, sweeten. 
[ME. and F. sucre, Sp. azucar, Ar. sakkar. Per. 
shakar, sugar, Skr. garkara, gravel, also claved or 
candied sugar; prob. s. rt. Skr. karkara, hard (see 
Cancer), L. calcuhi< (q. v.), a pebble, calx (q. v.): 
fr. the Per. are Gr. sakchar, L. saccharum, sugar 




Sugar-mill. 



siin, cube, full; moon, f<3ot; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. 



SUGGEST 



582 



SUMMERSAULT 



whence E. saccharine, q. v.]— Sug'ary, -er-T, a. Re- 
sembling or containing sugar; sweet. — Sug / ar-can / - 
dy, n. Sugar clarified and concreted or crystallized. 
cane, n. A large jointed species of grass or cane 

• whose juice yields sugar. loaf, n. A mass of re- 
fined sugar, usually in the form of a truncated cone. 

ma'ple, n. A species of maple from whose sap 

sugar is made by boiling; rock-maple; sugar-tree.— 
-mill, n. A machine for pressing out the juice of the 

sugar-cane. plum, n. A species of candy made 

up in small balls or disks. 

Suggest, sng-jest / ' or sud-jesf, v. t. To introduce indi- 
rectly to the thoughts, cause to be thought of: to pro- 
pose with diffidence or modesty ; to hint, allude, refer 
to, insinuate. [L. suggerere, -gestum, fr. sub and gere- 
re, to carry, to bring.]— Suggest'er, n.— Suggestion, 
-jes'chun, n. Act of suggesting ; thiug suggested ; 
a diffident proposal or mention; hint; first intima- 
tion; prompting; presentation of an idea; a secret 
incitement, [i .] — Suggestive, -iv, a. Containing 
a suggestion, hint, or intimation. 

Suicide, su'i-sld, n. Act of designedly destroying one's 
own life, committed by a person of years of discre- 
tion and of sound mind; self-murder: one guilty of 
self-murder. [F., the slayer, also the slaying, of one's 
self (see Featkicide, under Fraternal), fr. L.smi, 
of one's self (s. rt. Skr. sa, Gr. ho, he, E. she), and L. 
aedere, to kill.] — Suicid'al, a. Partaking, or in the 
nature of, the crime of suicide. — Su'icidism, -t-si- 
dizni, n. State of being suicidal, or self-murdering. 

Suit, sut, n. Act of suing; process by which one en- 
deavors to gain an end or object; endeavor; attempt 
to win a woman in marriage; courtship. (Law.) An 
action or process for the recovery of a right or claim; 
prosecution of right before any tribunal. A retinue; 
company of attendants or followers; the individuals 
collectively considered which constitute a series, as 
of rooms, buildings, cards, etc. ; a number of things 
used together, and in a degree necessary to be united, 
in order to answer the purpose; a set. — v. t. To fit, 
adapt, make proper; to be fitted to, become; to 
please, make content. — v. i. To agree, accord, com- 
port, tally, correspond, match, answer. [ME. and 
F. suite, a chase, pursuit, suit at law, train of a great 
person, fr. L. secta, a following, sect, in LL., a suit 
at law, suit of clothes, series, order, set; s. rt. L. se- 
qui, to follow: see Sect.] — Suifable, a. Capable of 
suiting ; likely to suit ; proper ; fitting ; becoming ; 
correspondent. — Suitableness, n. — Suit'ably, adv. 
— Suite, swet, n. The retinue or attendants of a dis- 
tinguished personage; a connected series or succes- 
sion (of objects); a set; series; collection. [F.] — 
Suit'or, 11. One who sues ; a petitioner ; an appli- 
cant; one who solicits a woman in marriage; a woo- 
er; lover. (Law.) One who sues or prosecutes a de- 
mand in court; a party to a suit, whether plaintiff, 
defendant, petitioner, or appellant. 

Sulcate, sul'kat, Sul'cated, a. (Nat. Hist.) Scored with 
deep, broad channels longitudinally ; furrowed ; 
grooved. [L. sidcatus, p. p. of stdcare, to furrow, 
sidcu*, a furrow.] 

Sulk, sulk, v. t. To be sulky, f Fr. sulky, q. v., follow- 
ing.] — Sulk'y, -T, a. 
[-ieu ; -i est. j Sullen ; 
sour ; obstinate ; mo- 
rose; doggedly keeping 
up ill -feeling. — n. A 
light 2 - wheeled car- 
riage for a single rider. 
[Prop, sulken ; AS. sol- 
ecu, slothful, re m iss, 
besolren, stupefied.] — 
Sulk'ily, -T-lT, adv. — Sul&lness 
A sulky mood or humor. 

Sullen, sul'len, a. Gloomy; dismal: mischievous; ma- 
lignant; gloomily angry and silent; cross; affected 
with ill humor; obstinate: intractable; heavy; dull; 
sluggish. [ME. and OF. solnin, lonely, solitary, 
f r. X. solus = E. sole.] — Sul'lenly, adv. — Sul'len- 
ness, n. 

Sully, suKlT, v. t. [-lied (-lid), -lying.] To soil, dirt, 
spot, tarnish, darken; to stain, injure (purity of rep- 
utation).— v. i. To be soiled or tarnished. — n. Soil; 
tarnish; spot. [AS. sylian, to defile, fr. AS., Dan., 
and MHG. sol, mire, mud; not s. rt. soil.] 

Sulphur, suKfer, n. A simple mineral substance, of a 
yellow color, brittle, insoluble in water, burning with 
a blue flame and a peculiar suffocating odor. [L., 
perh. fr. Skr. culvari, sulphur.] — Sul'phate, -fat, n. 
(Chem.) A salt formed by sulphuric acid in combi- 
nation with any base. — Sul'phurate, -fu-rat, a. Be- 




Skeleton Sulky. 
■ Sulks, n. pi. 



longing to, or resembling sulphur. — Sulphura'tion, 
n. The subjecting a thing to the action of sulphur, 
esp. of sulphurous gas. — Sul'phurator, -fu-ra-ter, n. 
Au apparatus for impregnating with, or exposing to 
the action of, sulphur, — esp. for fumigating or 
bleaching by the fumes of burning sulphur. — Sul- 
phu'reous, -re-us, a. Consisting of, having the qual- 
ities of, or impregnated with, sulphur. — Sul'phuret, 
-fu-ret, n. A combination of sulphur with another 
element, or with a body which may take the place of 
an element. — Sul'phuret'ed, a. Having sulphur in 
combination ; containing, or combined with, sul- 
phur.— Sulphu'ric, a. Of, pert, to, or obtained from, 
sulphur. — Sulphuric acid. A very powerful corro- 
sive acid, the ordinary form being a hydrated triox- 
ide of sulphur; oil of vitriol. — Sul'phurous, -fer-us, 
rt. Of, pert, to, resembling, or containing sulphur. 

— Sulphurous acid. Hydrated dioxide of sulphur. 

— SuKphury, -fSr-i, a. Partaking of, or having the 
qualities of smpkur. 

Sultan, suKtaii or sul-tan', n. The emperor of the 
Turks; the grand seignior. [Ar., victorious, also, a 
ruler, prince.] — Sulta'na, -ta'na or -ta-nal, Sul'tan- 
ess, n. The wife of a sultan. 

Sultry, sul'trt, a. [-tkiek; -teiest.] Very hot, burn- 
ing, and oppressive; close, stagnant, and oppressive, 
as air. [Orig. sweltry ; ME. swelten, to die, swoon, 
faint, As. sweltan, Goth, swiltan, to die, prob. con- 
fused with AS. swelan, G. schwelen, to burn, schwuel, 
sultry.] — Sul'trinesa, n. 

Sum, sum, n. The aggregate of 2 or more numbers, 
magnitudes, quantities, or particulars; a quantity of 
money or currency; any amount, indefinitely; the 
principal heads or thoughts, when viewed together; 
the amount; substance; compendium; height; com- 
pletion; a problem to be solved, or example to be 
wrought, in arithmetic. — v. t. [sukmed (sumd), 
-Ming. J To bring together into one whole; to cast 
up (a column of figures); to bring or collect into a 
small compass; to comprise, condense, comprehend, 
compute. (Falconry.) To supply or furnish with 
feathers full grown. [ME. and NormF. summe, L. 
summa, sum, chief part, amount, orig. fein. of sum- 
mits, highest, chief, principal, for supinus, fr. sub : see 
Subacid; s. rt. Gr. hupatos = E. upmost, also E. su- 
preme, sovereign, soprano.] — Sum'mary, -ma-rT, a. 
Formed into a sum ; summed up ; reduced into a 
narrow compass, or into few words ; rapidly per- 
formed; quickly executed; brief; concise; compen- 
dious; succinct, —n. An abridged account; an ab- 
stract, or compendium, containing the sum or sub- 
stance of a fuller account. [F. sommuire, L. summa- 
rium.] — Sum'marily. -ma-rl-li , adv. In a summary 
manner; briefly; concisely; in a short way or meth- 
od; without delay.— Summa'tion, n. Act of sum- 
ming, or forming a cum, or total amount; an aggre- 
gate. [F. sommation.] — Sum'marize, -rlz, v. t. To 
reduce to a summary, present briefly. 

Sumac, -mach, soo'- or shoo - ' mak, n. A plant or shrub 
of many species, used in tanning, dyeing, and med- 
icine. [F. sumac, Sp. zumaque, Ar. summaq.] 

Summary, Summation, etc. See under Sum. 

Summer, suni'mer, n. The warmest period of the 
year; N. of the equator, th° months of June, July, 
and August. — v. i. [summered (-merd), -mering.] 
To pass the summer. [AS. sumor, sumer, G. sommer, 
sama, a year.] — Indian 



Zend hama, summer, Sk 
summer. In the U. 
S., a period of warm 




weather late in au- 
tumn.— S.-complaint. 
(Med.) Diarrhea oc- 
curring in summer, 
— often applied also ■ 
to dysentery and to 
cholera infantum.— 
S u m'm e r-d u c k, n. 
A handsome Amer. 
species of wild duck, 
somet iraes domesti- 
cated; the wood 

duck. fal'low, n. 

Land uncropped. and 

repeatedly plowed, etc., during the summer, to kill 

the weeds and pulverize the soil. house, n. A 

house, shelter, or apartment in a garden, to be used 
in summer; house for summer residence. 

Summer, surn'mer, n. (Arch.) A large stone or beam 
placed horizontally on columns, piers, posts, etC| 
lintel: girder. [See Sumpter.] 

Summersault, -set. See Somersault. 



Summer-duck 



am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve. term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, or t 



SUMMIT 



583 



SUPERFETATION 



Summit, surn'mit, n. The top; highest point; highest 
degree; utmost elevation. [F. soinmet, som, the top, 
esp. of a hill, fr. L. swmmum, highest point: see Sum.] 

Summon, sum'mun, v. t. [-moned (-mund), -hon- 
ing.] To call, cite, or notify to appear; to give no- 
tice to, or command to appear, us in court; to cull 
up, excite into action orexeition. (JUL) To call 
upon to surrender. [Partly ir. AS. samnian, som- 
nian, to collect together, fr. saman, sam. together; 
partly ir. OF. somoner, later semondre, to bid, invite, 
summon, cite, L. summonere, to give a hint, fr. sub 
and monere, to warn.] — Sum'moner, //. — Sum'- 
mons, n. ; pi. -monses, -munz-ez. The command of 
a superior, to appear at a place named, or to attend 
to some public duty. (Law.) A warning or citation 
to appear in court at a day speciried. (Mil.) A call 
or invitation to surrender. [Alii, somouns, F. sem- 
once, semonse, fern, of p. p. of setnondre.] 

Sumpter, sum'tei-, n. An animal, esp. a horse, that 
carries packs or burdens, — chiefly in composition. 
[ME. somer, also sumpter; soiner is fr. OF. somier, 
sommier, a pack horse, fr. somme, saume, LL. salma, 
L. and Gr. sagma, a pack, burden, saddle, Gr. sat- 
tein, to pack, load, fasten, Skr. sanj,sajj, to adhere; 
ME. sumpfer is fr. OF. sommetier, me driver of a pack 
horse; s. rt. seam, a. weight, summer, a stone or beam.] 

Sumptuary, suiu'choo-Sr-I, a. Relating to expense; 
regulating expense or expenditure. [L. sumptuarius, 
fr. sicmptus, expense, cost, orig. p. p. of sumere, 
sianptum, to take, use, spend, fr. sub and emere, to 
buy, orig. to take.]— Sumptuary laws. Such as re- 
strain or limit the expenses of citizens in apparel, 
food, furniture, etc. — Sumpt'uous, -chu-us, a. In- 
volving large outlay or expense; costly; splendid; 
magnificent; princely. [F. somptueux, L. sumptvo- 
sus, fr. suinptits.]— Sumpfuously, adv. — Sumpfu- 
ousness, a. 

Sun, sun, n. The luminous orb, whose light consti- 
tutes day, and its absence night; the central body 
round which the earth and planets revolve; any 
heavenly body which forms the center of a system 
of orbs; the sunshine; whatever resembles the sun 
in splendor or importance. — v. t. [sunned (sund), 
-king.] To warm or drv in the light of the sun. 
[ME. and G. sonne (2 syl.), AS. sunne, Ic, OHG., 
and Goth, sunna; s. rt. Ic. and L. sol, Skr. snrya, 
the sun, Skr. sunu=E. sun, also son, q. v.; s. rt. 
south.] — Sun and 
planet wheels . 
(Mach.) Aeon- 
trivance for con- 
verting the recipro- 
cating motion of a 
beam into rotatory 
motion: it consists 
of a toothed wheel 
(the .s«n wheel) se- 
cured to the axis 
of the large wheel 
it is. to drive, and 
the planet wheel, at- 
tached to the end 
of the connecting- 
rod, and circling round the central wheel, impart- 
ing to the large wheel double its own velocity.— 
Sun'ny, -nT, a. [-niee; -niest.] Pert, to, proceed- 
ing from, or like, the sun; exposed to the rays of, or 
colored by, the sun. — Sun'less, a. Destitute of the 
sun or its rays. — Sun'burn, v. t. [-burned or 
-burnt; sunburxing.] To burn, discolor, or scorch 
by the sun. — n. The discoloration produced bv the 
heat of the sun. — Sun'day. n. The 1st day of' the 
week; the Lord's day. [AS. sunnan dug. day of the 
sun.] — Sun'day-school, n. A school held on Sun 




Sun and Planet Wheels 

iun wheel ; b, planet wheel ; c 
necting-rod. 



day for religious instruction, 
set. — Sun'fish, n. A large, 
soft-finned sea-fish, of nearly 
circular form and shining sur- 
face; also a small fresh-water 
fish of the perch family; also 
a species of shark. — Sun'- 
flower. n. A plant of several 
species whose flower is a large 
disk with yellow petals, and 
turns toward the sun ; heli- 
an t h u s. — Sun 'rise, -rising, 
n. First appearance of t h e 
sun above the horizon in the 
morning ; time of such ap- 
pearance; the east.— Sun'set, 
-setting, n. Descent of the 



Sun'down, n. Sun- 




Short Sun-fish. 



sun below the horizon : time when the sun sets ; 
evening; the west. — Sun'shine, n. The light of th« 
sun, or the place where it shines; state of being 
warmed and illuminated by the rays of the sun, or 
as if bv its ravs ; anything haviug a warming or 
cheering influence. — Sun'shiny, u. Bright with 
the rays of the .-un; clear, warm, or pleasant; bright 
like the sun. — Sun'-beam, n. A beam or ray of the 
sun. — bon'net, a. A bonnet projecting in front of 
the face, worn as a protection against the rays of 
the sun, esp. one made of thin cloth, starched.— 
-dew, *i. A plant whose leaves have small, bristle- 
like glands, which exude clear drops, glittering Jike 
dew. — dial. /<. An instrument to show the time 
of day by the shadow of a gnomon or style on a 
plate. — stroke, n. (Med.) Any affection produced 
by the action of the sun on some region of the body; 
esp., a sudden prostration of the physical powers, 
with symptoms resembling those ot apoplexy, occa- 
sioned by exposure to excessive heat. 

Sunder, sun'der, v. t. [-dered (-derd), -dering.] To 
disunite by rending, cutting, breaking, etc.: to part, 
separate, divide, sever. — n. A separation into parts; 
a division or severance. [AS. sinidritm, to put asun- 
der, fr. sundor, asunder.]— Sun'dry, -drl, o. Sev- 
eral: divers; more than one or two. [AS. syndrig.] 
— Sun'dries, -driz, n. pi. Many different or Bmall 
things; sundry things. 

Sung. See Sing. 

Sunk. See Sink. 

Sup, sup, v. t. [suited (supt), -ping.] To take into 
the mouth with the lips, as a liquid; to sip. — v. i. 
To eat the evening meal, take supper. — w. A small 
mouthful, as of liquor or broth; a Little taken with 
the lips; a sip. [AS. supan, LG. supen, whence OF. 
soper, super, to sup, sip, eat a meal ol bread sopped 
in gravy, etc.; s. rt. sop, sip, sob, soup, tuck.] — Sup'- 
per, n. Lit., that which is supped: a meal taken at 
the close of the day. [ME. and OF. .-ioper ; cf. Din- 
ner, under Dine.] — Sup'perless. «. Without sup- 
per. 

Superable, su'pgr-a-bl, a. Capable of being overcome 
or conquered. [L. superabilis, fr. superare, to go 
over, surmount, fr. super, above, over. ir. sujjerus, 
upper = E. superior, a compar. form of sub, q. v., 
under Subacid.] 

Superabound, su'per-a-bownd', v. i. To be very abun- 
dant or exuberant. — Su'perabun'dance, »~. State 
of being superabundant; more than enough. — Su- 
perabundant, a. Abounding to excess: more than 
is sufficient. — Su perabun'dahtly, adv. 

Superadd, su-per-ad'', v. t. To add over and over; to 
add or annex (something extrinsic). — Su'peraddi'- 
tion, -dish'un, u. Act of adding to something, or of 
adding something extraneous; that which is added. 

Superannuate, su-per-an'nu-at, v. t. To impair or dis- 
qualily by old age and infirmity. [L. super and an- 
nus, a yea"r.] — Su'peran'nua'tion, n. State ot being 
superannuated, or too old for office or business, or 
of being disqualified by old age; decrepitude. 

Superb, su-perb', a. Grand ; magnificent ; stately ; 
rich ; elegant ; showy ; pompous. [F. superbe, L. 
superbus, fr. super, above, over.] — Superb'ly, adv. 

Supercargo, su-per-kar'go, n. A person in a merchant 
ship, who manages the sales and superintends the 
commercial concerns of the voyage. 

Supercilious, su - per-sil'T-us, a. Lofty with pride; 
haughty ; dictatorial ; manifesting haughtiness, or 
proceeding from it; overbearing. [L. superciliwn, 
an eyebrow, hence pride, haughtiness — expressed 
by raising the eyebrows, fr. suj/er and cihum, an 
eyelid, 1 it. covering, fr. celare, to hide, cella = E. 
cell.)— rjupercil'iously, adv. — Superciliousness, n. 

Superdommant, su-per-dom r T-nant, n. (Mas.) The 
6th tone cf the scale; that which is next above the 
dominant; the sub-mediant. 

Supereminent, su-per-em'i-nent, a. Eminent in a 
superior degree; surpassing others in excellence.— 
Superem'inently, adv. — Superem'inence. -inency, 
-nen-sT, n. State of being supereminent ; distin- 
guished eminence. 

Supererogate. su-per-Pr'o-gat. r. i. To do more than 
duty requires. [L. supererogare. -gatum, to spend 
or pay out over and above, fr. super and erogare, to 
expend public money, after procuring permission, 
fr. e, out, and rogare, to ask.] — Superer / oga / 'tion, 
n. Act of supererogating ; perfoimance of more 
than duty or necessity requires.— Supererog'atory, 
-e-rog'a-to-rT, a. Performed to an extent not en- 
joined or not required by duty or necessity. 

Superfetation, su / per-fe-ta , shun, n. A second con* 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f<3ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbos, chair, get. 



SUFEEFICIES 



584 



SUPINE 



ception after a prior one. and before the birth of the 
first, by which two fetuses ar" growing at once in 
the same womb. [L. superfetare, -tatum, fr. super 
undfetare, to bring forth.] 

Superficies, su-per-nsh' r ez or -fish'T-ez, n. The sur- 
face; exterior part or face of a thing. (Civil Law.) 
Everything on the surface of a piece of ground, or 
of a building, so closely connected by art or nature 
as to constitute a part of it. [L., upper face, fr. su- 
•>er and faciei = E. face ; same as F. surface.] — Su- 
perficial, -fish/al, a. Lying on, or pert, to, the sur- 
iace; shallow; not deep; reaching or comprehend- 
ing only what is obvious or apparent; not profound; 
shallow. [F. superficiel, L. superficial is.] — Suioer- 
fi'ciaily, adv. — Superfi'cialness, -fi'cial'ity, -1-aF- 
T-ti, n. State of being superficial ; shallowness ; 
slight knowledge; sciolism. [OF. superficinlite.] 

Superfine, su'per-fin, a. Very fine, or most fine; sur- 
passing others in fineness. 

Superfluous, su-pgr'flu-us, a. More than is wanted 
or sufficient ; unnecessary ; useless ; exuberant; re- 
dundant. [L. superfluus, overflowing, f r. superfluere, 
to overflow, fr. super and ftiiere, to flow.] — Su- 
per'fluously, adv. — Super 'fluousness, Superfluity, 
n. A greater quantity tiian is wanted; state of be- 
ing superfluous; something beyond what is wanted; 
superabundance ; excess ; redundancy. [F. super- 
fluiU, L. superfluitas.] 

Superheat, su-per-hef, v. t. (Steam Eng.) To heat 
(steam) un; . it acquires the properties of a gas. 

Superhumfiju, su-per-hu'man, a. Above or beyond 
whatisnuman; divine. 

Superimpose, su'per-im-poz'',^. t. To lay or impose 
on something else. 

Superincumbent, su'pgr-in-kum'bent, a. Lying, or 
resting, on something else. 

Superinduce, su'per-in-dus'', v. t. To bring in, or 
upon, as an addition to something. — Su'perinduc''- 
tion. n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Superintend, su'per-in-tend'', v. t. To have or exer- 
cise the charge and oversight of; to take care of 
with authority. — Su'perintend'ence, -ency, -en-sT, 
n. Act of superintending, care and oversight for 
the purpose of direction ; inspection ; oversight ; 
care; direction; control; guidance. — Su'perintend''- 
ent, n. One who, etc.; inspector; overseer; man- 
ager; director; curator. 

Superior, su-pe'11-er, a. More elevated in place; 
higher; upper; higher in rank or office ; surpassing 
others in the greatness, goodness, or value of any 
quality; beyond the power or influence of. (Bot.) 
Belonging to the part of an axillary flower which 
is toward the main stem ; pointing toward the apex 
of the fruit, — said of the radicle. — n. One more 
advanced in age, more elevated in rank or office, or 
who surpasses others in dignity, excellence, or qual- 
ities of any kind; the chief of a monastery, convent, 
or abbey. (Print.') A small letter or figure used as 
an exponent, or as a mark of reference, or for other 
purposes, — so called from its position, standing 
above or near the top of the line, as a or 1. [L. su- 
perior, compar. of superus. being above, fr. super, 
above, over; s. rt. sub: see Subacid.] — Supe'rior'- 
ity, -Sr'T-tT, n. State or quality of being superior; 
preeminence ; excellence ; predominancy ; preva- 
lence ; ascendency; odds ; advantage. [F. superi- 
ority, L. superioritas.] 

Superlative, su-per'la-tiv, a. Most eminent; surpass- 
ing all other; supreme. (Gram.) Expressing, as a 
iorm of the adjective or adverb, the highest degree 
of the quality, as among the objects that are com- 
pared. — n. That which is highest or most eminent. 
( Gram.) The highest degree of comparison of ad- 
jectives and adverbs; a word in the superlative de- 
gree. [F. superlatif, L. superlativus, f r. superlatus, 
p. p. of superferre, f r. super, over, and ferre, latum, 
to carry : see Tolerate.] — Superlatively, adv. — 
Super'lativeness, n. 

Supernal, su-per'nal, a. Being in a higher place or 
region; relating to things above; celestial; heaven- 
ly. [F. supemel, L. supe^nus, f r. super.] 

Supernatant, su-per-na'tant, a. Swimming above; 
floating on the surface. [L. supernatans, p. pr. of 
supernatare, to swim above, fr. super and natare, to 
swim.] 

Supernatural, su-per-nach'ur-al, a. Being beyond, or 
exceeding, the powers or laws of nature ; caused by 
an agency or power above merely physical laws; mi- 
raculous ; preternatural.— Supernafuralism, -izm, 
ru State of being supernatural; doctrine of a divine 
and supernatural agency in the production of the 



miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and 
in the grace which renews and sanctifies men. — 
Supernat'uralist, n. One who holds the principles 
of supernaturalism. — Supernafurally, aav 

Supernumerary, su-pgr-nu'mSr-a-ri, a. Exceeding 
the number stated or prescribed; exceeding a neces- 
sary, usual, or required number or quantity. — n. 
A person or thing beyond what is necessary or usual; 
esp., a person employed to be in readiness to fill the 
place of another, as of an officer killed in battle, an 
actor upon the stage, etc. _ [F. super-numeraire, L. 
supernumerarius, excessive in number, fr. super am.. 
Humerus = E. number.] 

Superposition, su'per-po-zish'un, n. State of being 
placed or situated above or upon something; that 
which is, etc. 



iperroyal, su-per-roi'al, a. Larger than royal,— 
denoting the largest species of printing paper. 

Supersalt, su'per-sawlt, n. (Chem.) A salt with a 
greater number of equivalents of acid than of the 
base. 

Supersaturate, su-per-safu-rat, v. t. To add to beyond 
saturation. 

Superscribe, su-per-skrib / ', v. t. [-sceibed (-skribd'), 
-scribing.] To write or engrave on the top, out- 
side, or surf ace ; to write the name or address of a 
person on the outside or cover of. — Super3crip'- 
tion, -skrYp/shun, n. Act of, etc.; matter super- 
scribed. [F. ; LL. superscripts.] 

Supersede, su-per-sed', v. t. To come or be placed in 
the room of; to displace, replace; to set aside, ren- 
der unnecessary, suspend, overrule, succeed. [OF. 
superseder, -ceder, to leave off, refrain, desist from, 
lit. to sit upon, fr. super and sedere = E. to sit, q. v.; 
s. rt. surcease.] — Supersedeas, -de-as, n. (Law.) A 
writ or command to suspend the powers of an officer 
in certain cases, or to stay proceedings under anoth- 
er writ. [L., suspend, set aside, stay, 2d person pres. 
subj. of supersedere.]— Supersed'ure, -se'jur, n. The 
act of superseding. 

Superstition, su-per-stish'un, n. An excessive rever- 
ence or fear of that which is unknown or mysteri- 
ous ; belief in a false, irrational, or idolatrous relig- 
ious system or religious veneration for unworthy 
objects; an ignorant or irrational worship of the Su- 
preme Deity; excessive exactness or rigor in relig- 
ious opinions or practice ; worship of false gods; false 
religion; belief in the direct agency of superior pow- 
ers, in certain extraordinary or singular events, or in 
omens and prognostics; fanaticism. [F.; L. supersti- 
tio, orig. a standing still over or by a thing, hence, 
amazement, wonder, esp. of the divine or supernatu- 
ral, f r. superstare, to stand over, fr. super and stare, 
to stand.] — Supersti'tious, -stish'us, a. Pert, to, or 
proceeding from, evincing, or addicted to, supersti- 
tion; full of idle fancies and scruples in regard to re- 
ligion; scrupulous beyond need. — Supersti'tiously, 
adv. — Supersti'tiousness, n. 

Superstratum, su-pgr-stra'tum, n. ; pi. -stra'ta, -ta. 
A stratum or layer above another, or resting on some- 
thing else. 

Superstruction, su-pSr-struk'shun, n. Act of building 
upon; that which is built upon some foundation; a 
superstructure. [L. superstruere, -structum, fr. super 
and struere, to build.] — Superstructure, -struk'- 
chur, n. Any material structure or edifice built on 
something else; esp., the building raised on a foun- 
dation; anything erected on a foundation or basis. 

Supersubstantial, su'per-sub-stan'shal, a. Being more 
than substance. 

Supervene, su-pSr-ven', v. i. (-vened (-vend'), -ven- 
ing.] To come upon as something extraneous; to 
take place, happen. [L. supervenire, to come over or 
upon, fr. super and venire, to come.] — Superven'- 
ient, -yent, a. Coming upon as something addition- 
al or extraneous. — Superven'tion, -ven'shun, n. 
Act of, etc. 

Supervise, su-per-vlz', v. t. [-vised (-vlzd'), -vising.] 
To oversee for direction, superintend, inspect. [L. 
super and visere, to look at attentively, to view, sur- 
vey, intens. form of videre, visum, to see.] — Super- 
vision, -vizh'un, n. Act of overseeing; inspection; 
superintendence. — Supervisor, n. One who super- 
vises; an overseer; inspector; superintendent. — Su- 
pervisory, a. Pert, to, or having, supervision. 

Supine, su'pin, n. (Gram.) A verbal noun; or a sub- 
stantival modification of the infinitive mood, in Lat- 
in. [L. supinum, fr. supinus, bent or thrown back- 
ward; s. rt. L. sub, super: see Subacid.]— Supine', 
o. Lying on the back, or with the face upward; 
leaning backward, or inclining with exposure to the 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, ice ; Odd, tone, on 



SUPPER 



585 



SURCOAT 



sun; negligent; heedless; listless; careless; drowsy. 

— Supine'ly, adv. In a supine manner; carelessly; 
indolently ; drowsily ; in a heedless, thoughtless 
state. — Supine'ness, n. — Supination, n. Act of ly- 
ing, or state of being laid, with the face upward. 

Supper, etc. See under Sup. 

Supplant, sup-plant', v. t. To remove or displace by 
stratagem; to displace and take the place of; to over- 
throw, undermine. [F. supplanter, L. supplantare, 
to put something under the foot, trip up, overthrow, 
f r. sub and planta, sole of the foot.] — Supplanta'- 
tion, n. Act of, etc. — Supplant'er, n. 

Supple, sup'pl, a. Easily bent; pliant; flexible; com- 
pliant; not obstinate; bending to the humor of oth- 
ers; obsequious; nattering; fawning; 6oft. — v. t. 
[suppled (-pld), -plinq.] To make soft and pliant, 
render flexible, make compliant or submissive. — v. i. 
To become soft and pliant. [F. souple. soupple, L. 
supplex, bending the Knees, fr. sub and plicare, to 
f old.] — Sup'plenesB, n. — Sup'pliant, -pll-ant, a. 
Asking earnestly and submissively; manifesting en- 
treaty; expressive of humble supplication; beseech- 
ing; beggiag; imploring. — n. A humble petitioner; 
one who entreats submissively. [F. suppliant, p. pr. 
of supplier, L. supplicare, -catum, to entreat, fr. sup- 
plex.] — Sup'pliantly, adv. — Sup'plicant, n. One 
who supplicates; a petitioner who asks earnestly and 
Bubmissively.— Sup'plicate, -plT-kat, v. t. To entreat 
for, seek by earnest prayer; to address in prayer, be- 
seech, beg, implore, importune, solicit, crave. — v. i. 
To petition with earnestness and submission, im- 
plore.— Supplica'tion, n. Act of, etc.; humble pe- 
tition; earnest request: prayer; solicitation; craving. 
[F. ; L. supplicatio.] — Sup'plicatory, -plf-ka-to-rl, 
a. Containing supplication; submissive. 

Supply, sup-plisv. t. [-plied (-plld'), -plying.] To fill 
up, as any deficiency happens; to furnish with what 
is wanted ; to serve instead of; to fill; to bring or fur- 
nish, provide, administer, contribute, yield, accom- 
modate. — n. Sufficiency of things for use or want ; 
the food, etc., which meets the daily necessities of 
an army or other large body of men ; store,— chiefly 
in pi. [F. supplier, to supply, L. supplere, to fill up, 
f r. sub and plere, to fill.] — Suppli'er, n. — Supple- 
ment, n. That which fills up, completes, or perfects 
something to which it is added; something added to 
a book or paper to make good its deficiencies or cor- 
rect its errors. — v. t. To fill up or supply by addi- 
tions; to add to. [F.; L. supplementum, fr. supplere.] 

— Supplemental, -ary, -a-rf, a. Added to supply 
what is wanted; additional. — Sup'pletive, -ple-tiv, 
-tory, -to-rt, a. Supplying what is lacking; filling up 
deficiencies; supplemental. 

Support, sup-port', v. t. To keep from falling, sus- 
tain; uphold, prop up, bear the weight of; to endure 
without being overcome, exhausted, or changed 
in character ; to keep from fainting or sinking ; to 
assume and carry successfully (the part of an ac- 
tor) ; to furnish with the means of sustenance or 
livelihood; to carry on, enable to continue; to veri- 
ty, make good; to defend successfully; to uphold by 
aid or countenance; to attend as an honorary assist- 
ant. — n. Act or operation of supporting, upholding, 
or sustaining; that which upholds, sustains, or keeps 
from falling; that which maintains or preserves from 
being overcome, failing, yielding, sinking, giving 
way, etc.; stay; prop; assistance; favor; patronage; 
aid ; help ; succor ; nutriment ; sustenance ; food. 
[F., a support, supporter, L. sup- 
portare, to carry, bring, convey, in 
XL., to endure, sustain, fr. L. sub 
andportare, to carry.] — Support'- 
able, a. Capable of being support- 
ed, borne, or sustained ; endurable ; 
tolerable; capable of being main- 
tained.— Support'er, n. One who, 
or that which, supports. (Her.) A 
figure on either side of the es- 
cutcheon, and exterior to it. 
(Surg.) A band or truss for sup- 

g$rf or^an?™ 11 0r """ °^ » «. Sorters. 
Suppose, sup-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] 
To imagine or admit to exist, for the sake of argu- 
ment or illustration ; to assume to be true ; to be of 
opinion, think, conjecture; to receive as true; to re- 
quire to exist or be true ; to imply by the laws of 
thought or of nature. — v. i. To make supposition ; 
to think, believe, imagine. [F. supposer, fr. sub (= 
Jj. sub : see Subacid) and poser, to place; not fr. L. 
zxmere, to place : see Pose.] — Suppos'able, a. Ca- 




pable of being supposed, or imagined to exist.— Sup- 
pos'al, n. Position without proof; supposition.— 
Suppoa'er, n. 

oaition, sup-po-zish'un, n. Act of supposing; that 
ichis supposed; hypothesis; surmise; conjecture. 
[F.; L. sup2J0sitio, ong. a substitution, fr. supponere, 
suppositum, to put in the place of another, to substi- 
tute: see Position; not fr. suppose.] — Supposi'tion- 
al, -po-zish'un-al, a. Hypothetical. — Suppos'itl''- 
tious, -poz'i-tish'us, a. Put by trick in the place or 
character belonging to another; spurious; counter- 
feit. — SuppoB'iti'tioualy, adv. In a supposititious 
manner; spuriously.— Suppos'lti'tiousness, n.— Sup- 
poa'itive, -I-tiv, a. Including or implying supposi- 
tion.— Suppos'itively, adv. 

Suppress, sup-pres', v. t. [-pressed (-presf), -press- 
ing.] To overpower and crush, put down; to keep 
in, restrain from utterance or vent; to retain without 
disclosure or making public ; to conceal, hinder 
from circulation; to restrain or 6top by remedial 
means ; to repress, overwhelm, conceal/stifle, stop, 
6mother. [L. supprimere, -pressum, fr. sub and pre- 
mere,pressum, to press.] — Suppression, -presh'un, 
n. Act of suppressing, or state of being suppressed; 
stoppage or obstruction of excretions or discharges, 
or of a cutaneous eruption. (Gram.) Omission. [F.] 
— Suppressive, -iv, a. Tending to suppress; sub- 
duing ; concealing. — Suppressor, n. One who sup- 
presses. [L.] 

Suppurate, sup'pu-rat, v. i. To generate pus. [L. 
suppurare, suppuratum, f r. sub, under, and pus, puris, 
matter, pus, q. v.] — Suppuration, n. Process of 
suppurating, or forming pus, as in a wound or ab- 
scess; matter produced by suppuration. [F.; L. sup- 
puratio.] — Suppurative, -tiv, a. Tending to sup- 
purate; promoting suppuration. —n. (Med.) A med- 
icine that promotes suppuration. 

Supralapsanan, su'pra-lap-sa'rT-an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) 
One of that class of Calvinists, who believed that 
God's decree of election determined that man should 
fall, in order that the opportunity might be furnished 
of securing the redemption of a part of the race. [L. 
supra (contr. fr. supera, prop. abl. fern, of superus, 
above, f r. super, sub : see Subacid), above, beyond, 
and lapsus = E. (apse.'] 

Supranaturalism. Same as Supernaturalism. 

Supreme, su-prem', a. Holding the highest place in 
government or power; highest, greatest, or most ex- 
cellent; utmost; greatest possible. [F.; L. supremus, 
euperl. of superus, that is above, upper, fr. super, 
above.] — Supreme'ly, adv. In a supreme manner; 
in the highest degree; to the utmost extent; thor- 
oughly ; perfectly. — Suprem'acy, -prem'a-sY, n. 
State of being supreme, or in the highest station of 
power ; higher authority or power. [OF. suprima- 
tie.] 

Sura, su'ra, n. One of the U4 chapters of the Koran. 
[Ar., a step, degree.] 

Sura, su'ra, n. (Hind. Myth.) One of the good spirits 
who have drunk the soma — wine of immortality. 
[Skr., wine.] 

Sural, su'ral, a. (Anat.) Being in, or pert, to, the 
calf of the leg. [L. sura, calf of the leg.] 

Surbase, ser'bas, n. (Arch.) A cornice or series of 
moldings on the top of a pedestal, etc. ; a border or 
molding above the hase. 

Surcease, ser-ses', v. i. To cease, stop, leave off.— v. t. 
To stop, cause to cease.— n. Cessation; stop. [Prop. 
sursis or sursise, and same as supersede ; F. sursis, p. 
p. of surseoir, L. supersedere = E. supersede, q. v. ; 
not fr. cease.] 

Surcharge, ser-charj', v. t. To overload, overburden, 
overcharge. (Law.) To overstock ; esp., to put 
more cattle into (a common) than the person has a 
right to do, or more than the herbage will sustain. 
(Equity.) To show an omission in for which credit 
ought to have been given. — n. An excessive load 
or burden ; a load greater than can be well borne; 
an extra or overcharge. [F., fr. sur(= L. super: 
see Superable), over, and charge, a load = E. 
charge.] — Surchar'ger, n. 

Surcingle, Bgr'sin-gl, n. A belt, band, or girth, which 

S asses over a saddle, or over anything laid on a 
orse's back, to bind it fast. (Eccl.) The girdle of a 
cassock. [F. sur and L. cingulum, a belt : see Cinc- 
ture.] 
Surcoat, sSr'kot, n. A short coat worn over the other 

garments ; esp., the long and flowing drapery of 
nights, anterior to the introduction of plate armor; 
a short robe worn by females, at the close of the 11th 
century, over the tunic. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, don don, chair, set. 



SURD 



586 



SURRENDER 



Sura, serd, a. Deaf. {Math.) Not capable of being 
expressed in rational numbers; radical. (Pron.) Ut- 
tered with simple breath; not sonant: unintonated; 
toneless; atonic— n. (Math.') A quantity which can- 
not be expressed by rational numbers. [L. surdus, 
deaf, irrational; s. rt. absurd.'] 

Sure, shoor, a. Certainly knowing and believing; con- 
fident beyond doubt ; certain to find or retain; cer- 
tain not to fail or disappoint expectation; infallible; 
safe ; firm ; steady ; stable ; strong ; indisputable ; 
positive. — adv. Certainly; without doubt; doubt- 
less ; surely. [ME. and OF. sur, also OF. segur, L. 
securus = E. secure.] — To be sure, or be sure. Cer- 
tainly; without doubt. — To make s. To make cer- 
tain; to secure so that there can be no failure of the 
purpose or object. — Sure'-foot'ed, a. Not apt to 
stumble or fall. — Surely, adv. In a sure or certain 
manner; certainly ; infallibly; undoubtedly; without 
danger of falling; steadily. — Cure'ness, v. State of 
being sure; certainty. — Sure'ty, -ti, «. State of 
being sure; "" \~.inty; security; that which makes 
sure ; grouni. of confidence or security ; security 
against loss or damage. (Law.) One who engages 
to answer for another's appearance in court, or for 
his payment of a debt, or for ti e performance of 
some act; a bondsman; bail. [ME. and OF. seurte.] 
— Suretyship, n. State of bein;; surety ; obligation 
of a person to answer for the debt, default, or mis- 
carriage of another. 

Surf, serf, n. The swell of the sea which breaks upon 
the shore, or upon sand-banks or rocks. [Orig. suffe, 
prob. same as sough, q. v.] — Surf'-boat, n. A boat 
so constructed as to pass safely through, surf. — 
S. duck. n. 




Surf Duck. 

n. The exterior part of anything that has length and 
breadth; superficies; outside; outward or external 
appearance. (Geom.) A magnitude that has length 
and breadth without thickness; superficies [Same 
as E. and L. superficies; F., fr. sur and face = E. 
face, q. v.] 
Surfeit, ser'nt, v. t. To overfeed, and produce sick- 
ness or uneasiness; to fill to satiety and disgust; to 
cloy. — v. i. To be fed, or to feast/till the system is 

E pressed, and sickness or uneasiness ensues. — n. 
ccess in eating and drinking; fullness and oppres- 
sion of the system, occasioned by excessive eating 
and drinking ; disgust caused by excess ; satiety. 
[OF. sorfait, excess, prop. p. p. of sorfaire, to aug- 
ment, exaggerate, fr. sor (= F. sur, L. super), and 
faire, L. facere, to make, deem.] — Sur'feiter, n. 
One who surfeits or riots; a glutton. 

Surge, serj, n. A large wave or billow; a great, rolling 
swell of water, —v. i. [surged (serjd), surging.] 
(Naut.) To let go (a portion of a rope) suddenly ; 
to slack (a rope) suddenly from its hold round a pin, 
windlass, etc.— v. i. To swell, rise high and roll, as 
waves. (Naut.) To slip back. [L. surgere, to rise: 
see Source.] 

Surgeon, ser'jun, n. One whose profession is to cure 
diseases or injuries of the body by manual opera- 
tion. [Corrupt, of chirurgeon, q. v., under Chiro- 
graph.] — Sur^geoncy, -jun-sT, n. Office oremploy- 
ment of a surgeon. — Sufgery, -jer-T, n. Art of 
healing by manual operation ; that branch of med- 
ical science which treats of manual operations for 
the healing of diseases or injuries of the body ; a 
place where surgical operations are performed, or 
medicines prepared. — Sur'gical, -jik-al, a. Of, or 
pert, to, surgeons or surgery. 

Surloin, serloin, n. A loin of beef, or the upper part 
of the loin : see Beef. [F. surlonge, fr. sur and 
longe, loin.] 

Surly, ser'fi, a. [-lier ; -liest.] Gloomily morose; 
ill-natured; abrupt; rude; sour; crabbed; cross and 
rude; rough ; dark ; tempestuous. [ME. syrlie, sir- 
like, i. e., magisterial, arrogant.] — Surlily, -IT-IT, 
adv. — Sur'liness, n. 



ser-miz', v. t. [-mised (-mizd'), -mising.1 
To imagine without certain knowledge, infer, sup- 
pose.— n. The thought or imagination that some- 
thing may be, on feeble or scanty evidence; conjec- 
ture ; supposition ; suspicion ; doubt. [OF., accusa- 
tion, prop. fern, of p. p. of surmettre, to impose, ac- 
cuse, fr. sur and mettre, to put, L. mittere, to send.] 
— Surmis'er, n. 
Surmount, ser-mownf, v. t. To rise above, or higher 
than ; to overcome, conquer, vanquish, subdue ; to 
surpass, exceed. [F. surmonter, fr. sur and monter = 
E. to mount.] — Surmountable, a. Capable of being 
surmounted. — Surmount' er, ™ 



£7 



Wmm 



To go beyond in anyt 

excel, outdo, outstrip. fF. surpasser, fr. sur and 



C, 



Sur mo unfed, a. (Arch'.) s ^M 
Rising higher than a semicircle, 
as an arch or dome. (Her.) Hav- 
ing one figure laid over another ; 
placed over or upon, as one tinc- 
ture over another. 

Surmullet, ser-mul'let, re. A fish 
allied to the perch. [F. surmulet, 
fr. saur, saure, brownish-yellow, 
red, and rivulet, a mullet.] 

Surname, ser'nam, n. A name or appellation added 
to, or over and above, the baptismal or Christian 
name, as William Smith ; an appellation added to the 
original name. — Surname', v. t. [-named (-namd'), 
-naming.] To name or call by an appellation added 
to the original name. 

Surpass, ser-pas', v. t. [-passed (-pasf), -passing.] 
'thing good or bad ; to exceed, 
TF. .• 
passer = E. to pass.] — Surpass'able, a. Capable of 
being surpassed. — Surpassing, p. a. Excellent in 
an eminent degree; exceeding others. 

Surplice, ser'plis, n. (Eccl.) A white garment worn 
over another dress by the clergy of 
certain churches. [F. surphs, LL. 
superpellicium, fr. sujier and pel- 
licium, )>elliceum, a robe of fur : 
see Pelisse.] — Sur'plice-fees, n. 
pi. Fees paid to the Eng. clergy 
for occasional duties. 

Surplus, ser'plus, n. That which 
remains when use is satisfied ; ex- 
cess beyond what is prescribed or 
wanted. [F., fr. sur and F. and L. 
lus, more.] — Sur'plusage, -ej, n. 
urplus ; excess. (Law.) Matter 
in pleading not necessary or rel- 
evant to the case, and which may 
be rejected. 

Surprise, sgr-priz', v. t. [-prised 
(-pnzd'), -prising.] To come or 
fall upon suddenly and unexpect- 
edly ; to strike with wonder or as- surplice, 
tonishment by something sudden, unexpected, or 
remarkable ; to throw the mind of into disorder by 
something suddenly presented to the view or to the 
mind ; to confuse. — n. Act of coming upon una- 
wares, or of taking suddenly and without prepara- 
tion. (Laiv.) State of being surprised, or taken 
unexpectedly. A moderate degree of sudden won- 
der and astonishment ; amazement. [OF., a sur- 
prise, prop. fern, of p. p. of surprendre, to take by 
surprise, take napping, f r. sur and prendre, L. pre- 
hendere, to take.] — Surpris'er, n. — Surprising, 
p. a. Exciting surprise: wonderful; extraordinary; 
astonishing. — Surprisingly, adv. In a surprising 
manner or degree. — Surpris / 'al, n. Act of surpris- 
ing, or coming upon suddenly and unexpectedly ; 
or state of being surprised. 

Surrebut, sSr-re-but', v. i. (Laiv.) To reply, as a 
plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter. — Surrebutter, 
n. The plaintiff's reply in matters of fact to a de- 
fendant's rebutter. 

Surrejoin, ser-re-join', v. I. (Law.) To reply, as a 
plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.— Surrejoin'der, 
n. The answer of a plaintiff, in matters of fact, to a 
defendant's rejoinder. 

Surrender, ser-ren'der, v. t. [-dered (-d§rd), -der 
ing.J To give or deliver up possession of upon 
compulsion or demand; to yield to the possession 01 
another, give up, resign. (Law.) To give up, as a 
principal by his bail, a fugitive from justice by a 
foreign state, etc. To yield to any influence, pas- 
sion, or power,— used reflexively. — v. i. To give 
up one's self into the power of another; to yield.— 
n. Act of surrendering ; the act of yielding or re. 
signing one's person, or the possession of something, 
into the power of another. [OF. surrendrt, fr. sur 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; odd, tone, dr ; 



SURREPTION 



587 



SUTTEE 



and rendre = E. to render.'] — Surren'derer, n. 
{Law.) One who makes a surrender. 

Surreption, ser-rep'shun, n. Act or process of getting 
in a surreptitious manner. [L. surrepere, -reptutn, 
to creep under, steal upon. fr. sub and repere, to 
creep; s. rt. reptile.]— Surrepti'tious, -tish'us, a. 
Done, produced, or obtained by stealth, in an un- 
derhanded manner, fraudulently, or without proper 
authority. [L. surreptitius.] — Surreptitiously, adv. 

Surrogate, sgrlo-gat, n. A deputy ; delegate ; sub- 
stitute ; in Eng., the deputy of an ecclesiastical 
judge; in some of the D. S., an officer who presides 
over the probate of wills and testaments. [L. sur- 
rogatus, p. p. of surrogare, to substitute, fr. sub and 
rogare. to ask, propose.] 

Surround, ser-rownd', v. t. To inclose on all sides ; 
to lie or be on all sides of; to encompass, encircle, 
environ, invest, hem in, fence about.— Surrounding, 
n. An encompassing, pi. Things or conditions 
■which surround or environ; external or attending 
circumstances. 

Sursolid, ser-solld, n. (.Math.) The 5th power of a 
number. 

Surtout, sSr-toot', n. A man's coat worn over his 
other garments ; an overcoat, esp. when long and 
fitting closely. [F., fr. sur and tout, all.] 

Surveillance, "se^-vaKyoxs, n. Watch ; inspection, j 
[F., fr. surveUler, to watch over, fr. sur and veiller, j 
L. rigUare, to watch.] 

8urvey. ser-va', v. t. [-veted (-vad'), -veyixg] To 
inspect or take a view of, as from a high place ; to 
view with a scrutinizing eye; to examine with ret- i 
erence to condition, situation, and value ; to deter- 
mine the form, extent, position, etc. (of a tract of 
land, a coast, harbor, etc.), by means of linear and 
angular measurements. [OF. surveoir, fr. sur and 
veoir, L. videre, to see.] — Sur'vey, n. A general 
view, as from an elevated place ; a particular view ; 
examination; esp.. an official examination of all the 
parts or particulars of a thing, with a design to as- 
certain the condition, quantity, or quality : opera- 
tion of findirg the contour, dimensions, position, or 
Other particulars of any part of the earth's surface ; 
a measured plan and description of any line or por- 
tion of count'-y ; a district for the collection of the 
customs. — Surveying, n. That branch of applied 
mathematics which teaches the art of determining ! 
the area of anv portion of the earth's surface, with | 
an accurate delineation of the same on paper. — Sur- j 
vey'or, -er, a. An overseer ; superintendent ; one ; 
who views and examines for the purpose of ascer- 
taining the condition, quantity, or quality of any- 
thing; one who measures land, or practices the art i 
of surveying. (Customs.) An officer who ascertains 
the contents of casks, and the quantity of liquors 
subject to duty ; a gauger : in the U. $., an officer 
who ascertains the weight and quantitv of goods 
subject to duty.— Survey 'orship, n. Office of a sur- 
veyor. 

Survive, ser-vlv', v. t. [survived (-vivd'), -vivtng.] 
To live beyond the lite or existence of, or beyond j 
some specified time, event, or catastrophe, outlive, ] 
live longer than. — v. i. To remain alive, continue ! 
to live. [F. survivre, fr. fur (L. super) and vivre (L. i 
vivere), to live.] — Surviv'ai, n. A living longer 
than, or beyond the life of, another person, thing, 
or event. — Survival of the fittest. See Darwinism, 
also Natural Selection, under Nation. — Sur- 
viv , or, -5r, n. One who survives or outlives another 
person or thing, or a term, event, or catastrophe. — 
SurviV'orship, n. State of being a survivor. (Lavj.) 
Right of a joint tenant, or other person who has a 
joint interest in an estate, to take the whole estate , 
upon the death of the other. 

Susceptible. sus-seplY-bl, a. Capable of admitting 
anything additional, or any change, affection, or in- 
fluence ; capable of impression ; impressible : ten- 
der ; having nice sensibility. [F.; L. susceptibilis, 
fr. L. suscipere, to undertake, suffer, admit, fr. sus, 
subs, for sub and capere, to take.] — Susceptibility. 
-T-tT, a. State or quality of being susceptible; ca- 
pability of receiving impressions, or of being af- 
fected ; capacity for feeling or emotional excite- 
ment; sensibility; feelins; emotion. — Suscep'tive. 
-tiv, a. Capable of admitting i readilv admitting. 
[L. susceptivus.] — Susceptivlty, -tiv'l-tT, n. Ca- 
pacity of admitting. — Susciplent, -sip'I-ent, a. 
Receiving; admitting, — re. One who takes or ad- 
mits. [L. suscipiens, p. pr. of suscipere.] 

Suspect, sus-pekf, v. t. To imasine to exist, often 
upon weak evidence, or no evidence at all: to im- 



agine to be guilty upon slight evidence, or without 
proof; to hold to be uncertain; to mistrust, distrust, 
surmise, doubt. — v.i. To imagine guilt; to have a 
suspicion. — n. A suspected or doubtful person. 

{F.: L. suspect us, p. p. of suspicere, to look under, 
ook ui) to. mistrust, fr. sub and specere, to look.] — 
Suspect'able, a. Capable of being suspected; open, 
or liuiile to, suspicion or distrust. — Suspect'ed- 
ness, n.— Suspecfer, n. — Suspicion, -pish/un, n, 
Act of suspecting; imagination of the existence of 
something without proof, or upon slight or no evi. 
dence: iealousy; mistrust; diffidence'; doubt. [.ME. 
suspicion, OF. suspezion, L. sus/dcio.] — Suspi'cious 
-pish'us, a. Inclined to suspect; indicating suspi. 
cion or fear; liable to suspicion; adapted to raise 
suspicion: given to suspicion. [ME. snspeciow.] — 
Suspi'ciously, adv. — Suspiciousness, n. 
luspend, suspend', v. t. To attach to something 
above: to make todepeud; to cause to cease for a 
time, hinder from proceeding; to hold in a state 
undetermined? to debar from any privilege, from 
the execution of an office, or from the enjoyment of 
income: to cause to cease for a time from operation 
or effect; to interrupt, intermit, stay. — v. i. To 
cease from operation or activity; esp., to stop pay- 
ment, or be unable to meet obligations or engage- 
ments. [F. suspendre, L. suspendere. -pensum, fr. sub 
and pendere, to hang.] — Suspend'er, n. One who, 
or that which, suspends, pi. Straps for holding up 
pantaloons: braces: gallowses. —Suspense', -pens', 
n. A state of uncertainty; indetermination; inde- 
cision; cessation for a time; stop. [F. suspens, L. 
suspensus, doubtful, hesitating, p. p. of suspendere.] 
— Suspense account. (Book-kee)Ang.) An account 
in which receipts or disbursements are tempora- 
rily entered, until their proper position on the 
books is determined. — Suspension, -shun, n. Act 
of suspending, or state of being suspended; esp., 
temporary delay, interruption, or cessation, as of 
labor, judgment, payment, punishment, etc.; a con- 
ditional withholding, interruption, or delay. [F.; L. 
Suspension bridge. A bridge supported 




cured in the ground below. — Suspen'sory. -so-rT, 
a. Suspended: hanging: depending; fitted or serv- 
ing to suspend; suspending. — n. That which sus- 
pends or holds up, as a truss; esp., a bandage for 
suspending the scrotum. 

Suspicion, etc. See under Suspect. 

Suspire, sus-pir", v. i. To fetch a long, deep breath; 
to sigh. [L. suspirare, to breathe out, sigh. fr. sub 
and spirare. to breathe.] — Suspir'al. n. A breath- 
ing-hole; vent; ventiduct: a spring of water pass- 
ing under ground toward a cistern or conduit.— 
Suspira'tion, n. Act of sizhing: a sigh. 

Sustain, sus tan', v. t. [-taixed i-tand'), -taixixg.] 
To keep from falling; to bear: to keep from sink- 
ing in despondence; to maintain, keep alive, nour- 
ish; to aid, vindicate, comfort, or relieve; to endure 
without failing or yielding: to suffer, undergo; to 
allow the prosecution of, sanction; to prove, estab- 
lish by evidence, be conclusive ot as evidence. 
(Mus.) To continue, as the sound of notes through 
their whole length. [OF. sustenir, L. sustinere, fr. 
sub and tenere. to hold.] — Su3tain'able, a. Capable 
of being sustained. — Sustain'er, ??. — Sus'tenance, 
-te-nans, n. Act of sustaining ; support: mainte- 
nance; that which supports life: food: provisions. 
[OF.] — Sustentalion, n. Preservation from fall- 
ing ; support; use of food or provisions ; mainte- 
nance of life. [L. sustentatio, fr. sustentare. to sup- 
port, maintain, intens. form of sustinere.] 

Sutler, sutler, n. A person who follows an army, 
an i sells to the troops provisions, liquors, etc. [D. 
zoetelaar, soeteler, a small trader, esp. in camps, fr. 
zaeteten, to undertake low offices, LG. suddeln, to 
sully, suddeler, a dirty fellow, scullion, sutler; s. rt. 
suds, seethe.] 

Suttee, sut-tel n. In India, a widow who immolates 
herself on the funeral pile of her husband; the sac- 
rifice of burning a widow on the funeral pile of her 
husband. [Skr. sati, f. of sat, existing, real, true, 
good, p. pr. of sat, to be.] — Sutteelsm, -izm, ru 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, gei- 



SUTTLE 



588 



SWEAR 



The practice of self-immolation among widows in 
Hindostan. 

Buttle, suftl, n. (Com.) The weight when the tare 
has been deducted, and tret is yet to be allowed. 
[Fr. subtile.] 

Suture, su'chur, w. Act of sewing; the line along 
which 2 things or parts are sewed together, or are 
united so as to form a seam, or that which resem- 
bles one. (Surg.) A stitch to hold together the lips 
or edges of a wound. (Anat.) The seam or joint 
which unites the bones of the skull. [F. ; L. sutura, 
fr. suere, sutura = E. to sew.] — Su'tural, a. Of, or 
relating to, a suture or seam. 

Suzerain, su'ze-ran, n. A superior lord, to whom 
fealty is due. [F., fr. sus, L. susum, sursum, above; 
cf. sovereign, fr. L. super.} — Suzerainty, -tT, n. Do- 
minion or authority of a suzerain; paramount au- 
thority. [F. suzerainete.] 

Swab, swob, n. A mop for cleaning decks, etc.; a bit 
of sponge, cloth, etc., fastened to a handle for 
cleansing the mouth; a cleaner for the bore of a gun. 

— v.t. [swabbed (swobd), -bing.] To clean with a 
mop or swab. [D. zwabber, the drudge of a ship, 
zwabberen, to swab, do dirty work ; s. rt. swap, 
?woop.] — Swab'ber, n. One who uses a swab to 
clean a deck, etc. ; an inferior officer on ships of war, 
whose business it is to see that the ship is kept clean. 

Swaddle, swod'dl, v. t. [-dled (-did), -dling.] To 
bind, as with a bandage ; to swathe (an infant). — 
n. Clothes bound tight round the body. [AS. swed- 
hil, a swaddling-band, fr. swedhian = E. to swathe, 
q. v.] — Swad'dling-band, -cloth, n. A band or cloth 
wrapped round an infant. 

Swag, swag, v. i. [swagged (swagd), -ging.] To sink 
down by its weight; to lean. — n. A swaying, irreg- 
ular motion, as of a heavy body, or of one sagging 
or pendent from its weight ; a burglar's booty. 
[ProvE. swag, to hang loose and heavy, swing about, 
sag, Norweg. svaga, to sway; s. rt. G. schwanken, to 
stagger, reel, falter, E. swing, sway.] — Swag'gy, -gf, 
a. Inclined to swag; sinking, hanging, or leaning 
by its weight.— Swag'ger, v. i. [-gered (-gerd), -gee- 
ing.J To boast or Drag noisily, bluster, bully. — n. 
Boastfulness or insolence of manner. — Swag'gerer, 
n. A blusterer; bully; boaster. 

Swage, swaj or swej, n. A tool, variously shaped or 
grooved on the end or face, used by workers in met- 
als, for shaping their work. — v. t. To shape by 
means of a swage; to fashion, as a piece of iron, by 
dra wing it into a groove or mold having the required 
shai>e. 

Swain, swan, n. A rustic; esp., a country gallant or 
lover. [Ic. si-einn, Dan. svend, OHG. suein, a boy, 
lad, servant, LG. sween, a swineherd; s. rt. AS. swidh, 
Ic. svinner, strong, swift, E. boatswain, coxswain; 
not s. rt. swine.] 

Swallow, swoKlo, n. A small migratory swift-flying 
insectivorous bird of several 
species, with long wings and 
a long, forked and pointed 
tail. [AS. swalewe, prob. lit. 
a mover to and fro; s. rt. Gr. 
saleuein, to move to and fro, 
toss like a ship at sea, OD. 
swollen, to toss, beat against 

— said of waves.] — SwaK- 
low-tailed, -tald, a. Like a 
swallow's tail in form, hav- 
ing narrow and tapering or 
pointed skirts. 

Swallow, swol'lo, v. t. 

[-LOWED (-lod), -LOWING.] 

To take or appear to take through the esophagus 
into the stomach; to draw into an abyss or gulf; to 
receive or embrace (opinions or belief) without ex- 
amination or scruple; to appropriate; to occupy, em- 
ploy; to seize and waste, exhaust; to retract, recant. 

— n. The gullet or esophagus; the throat; as much 
as is, or can be, swallowed at once. [AS. swelgan, to 
swallow, G. schwelgen, to eat or drink immoderately; 
s. rt. groundsel.] 

Swam. See Swim. 

Swamp, swomp, n. Low ground filled with water ; 
land wet and spongy, but not usually covered with 
water, esp. soft, wet land covered with trees or 
bushes.— v. t. [swamped (swompt), swamping.] To 
plunge, whelm, or sink in a swamp, or as in a swamp. 
(Naut.) To overset, sink, or cause to become filled, 
as a boat, in water. To plunge into inextricable diffi- 
culties. JDan. and Sw. sump, G. sumpf, a swamp, 
Dan. ana Sw. svamp, MHG. swamp, G. schwamm, a 




Swallow. 




sponge, fungus; s. rt. Gr. somphos, spongy, damp? 
sponggos, a sponge, E. fungus, sw im.] — Swamp'y, -T, 
a. Consisting of swamp; like a swamp. 

Swan, swon, n. A large migratory web-footed bird of 
several species, like the goose, 
but more graceful, having a 
longer neck and beak, and t>e- 
ing generally larger and strong- 
er. [AS. and OHG.] -Swan's'- 
down, n. The down of the 
swan, esp. the dressed skin of ' 
the swan with the down adher- 
ing; a fine, soft, thick cloth of 
wool mixed with silk or cotton; 
a sort of twilled fustian, like 
moleskin. — Swan'skin, n. A »wan. 

species of flannel of a soft texture, thick and warm. 

Swap, swop, v. t. [swapped (swopt), -ping.] To ex- 
change, barter. — n. An exchange; barter. [Orig., 
to strike, hence strike a bargain; s. rt. sweep, swoop, 
swab.] 

Sward, swawrd, n. The grassy surface of land; turf, 
— v. t. To cover with sward. [AS. sweard, D. zwoord, 
the skin of bacon, Ic. svordr, skin, hide of the wal- 
rus, sward or surface of the earth, G. schwarte, rind, 
bark, skin.] 

Sware. See Swear. 

Swarm, swawrm, n. A large number of small animals 
or insects, esp. when in motion; a great number of 
honey bees which emigrate from a hive at once, un- 
der the direction of a queen; a like body of bees 
united and settled permanently in a hive; any gTeat 
number or multitude. — v. i. [swarmed (swawrmd), 
swarming.] To collect and depart from a hive by 
flight in a body, as bees; to appear or collect in a 
crowd ; to throng together ; to be crowded, be 
thronged; to abound, be filled, as with a number or 
crowd of objects; to climb (a tree) by embracing it 
with the arms and legs, and scrambling; to shin. 
[AS. swearrn, MHG. swarm, lit. that which hums — 
fr. the noise made by a swarm of bees, G. schwirren, 
to whiz, sweren, to hum, buzz, Skr. svri, to sound,. 
L. susurrus, a hum, whisper: for the sense of climb- 
ing, see OFries. swerva, to creep, under Swerve.] 

Swart, swawrt, Swarth, swawrth, Swartb/y, -T, o. Be- 
ing of a dark hue; moderately black; tawny. [AS. 
sweart, OHG. swarz, Goth, swarts, black; s. rt. L. 
sordes, dirt, sordidus, dirty, E. sordid.] — Swartb/i- 
ly, adv. In a swarthy manner ; with a tawny hue ; 
duskily. — Swartb/iness, n. 

Swash, swosh, n. A swaggering fellow; impulse of 
water flowing with violence; a dashing of water; a 
narrow channel of water lying within a sand-bank, 
or between that and the shore. — v. i. To bluster, 
make a great noise; to dash or flow noisily, as water; 
to splash. [Sw. dial, svasska, to make a squashing 
noise, as when walking with water in one's shoes, 
Sw. svassa, to speak or write bombast; s. rt. sway, 
swing, swagger.] 

Swath, swawth, n. A band or fillet; a line of grass or 
grain cut and thrown together by the scythe; the 
whole sweep of a scythe, or the whole breadth from 
which grass or gram is cut by it. [AS. swadhu, a 
foot-track, trace, D. zwad, G. schwad, LG. sioad, a 
row of mown grass, LG. sivade, a scythe; s. rt. Nor- 
weg. svada, to strip off, svad, smooth, slippery, E. 
swathe.] 

Swathe, swath, v. t. [swathed (swathd), swathing.] 
To bind with a swathe, hand, bandage, or rollers. — 
n. A bandage. [AS. swedhian, to enwrap, swadhu, 
a shred, bandage, as much grass as is mown at once; 
s. rt. swaddle.] 

Sway, swa, v. t. [swayed (swad), swaying.] To move 
or wield with the hand; to influence or direct by 
power and authority, or by moral force; to cause to 
incline to one side; to bias, direct, influence, swing, 
move, wave. (Naut.) To hoist, raise. — v. i. To 
bear rule, govern; to have weight or influence; to 
be drawn to one side by weight. — n. Power exerted 
in governing; influence, weight, or authority that 
inclines to one side; preponderation; rule; domin- 
ion; empire; control; influence; ascendency; swing 
or sweep of a weapon. [Same as swag, q. v.] 

Sweal, swel, v. i. [swealed (sweld), swealing.] To 
melt and run down, as the tallow of a candle. [See 
Sultry.] 

Swear, swgr, v. i. [imp. swore, formerly sware; p. p. 
sworn (sworn), swearing.] To affirm or utter a 
solemn declaration, with an appeal to God for the 
truth of what is affirmed; to promise upon oath. 
(Law.) To give evidence on oath. To use the name 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



SWEAT 



589 



SWIM 



of God or sacred things profanely; to use profane 
language or oaths, curse, — v. t. To utter or affirm 
with a solemn appeal to God for the truth of the 
declaration. (Law.) To cause to take an oath; to 
administer an oath to. To declare or charge upon 
oath. [AS. swerian ; s. rt. swarm, answer , forsworn.] 

— Swear'er, n. One who swears; esp., one who uses 
profane language. 

jjiweat, swet, n. The fluid or sensible moisture ex- 
creted from the skin of an animal; perspiration; state 
of one who sweats; labor; toil; drudgery; moisture 
issuing from or condensed upon the surface of any 
substance. — v. i. [sweat or sweated; sweating.] 
To excrete sensible moisture from the skin, perspire; 
to toil, labor, drudge; to emit or appear to emit 
moisture, as green plants in a heap. — v. t. To cause 
to excrete moisture from the skin; to emit or suffer 
to flow from the pores; to exude. [AS. swat, Dan. 
sved, Skr. sveda, L. sudor, Gr. hiaros, sweat, AS. 
swsetan, Skr. svid, to sweat : see Sudatory.] — 
Sweat'er, n. — Sweat'y, -t, a. [-ier; -iest.J Moist 
with, or consisting of, sweat; laborious; toilsome; 
difficult. — Sweat/inesB, n. 

Swedish, Swedish, a. Of, or pert, to, Sweden. — n. 
The language of the Swedes. 

Sweep, swep, v. t. [swept, sweeping.] To brush, 
or rub over with a brush, broom, or besom, for re- 
moving loose dirt; to drive or carry along or off by 
a long, brushing stroke, or force, or by flowing on 
the earth ; to drive, destroy, or carry off many at a 
stroke, or with celerity and violence; to move over 
in strides or with a train; to carry with a long, swing- 
ing, or dragging motion; to strike with a long stroke. 
(Aaut.) To draw or drag over; to pass rapidly over, 
as with the eye or other instrument of observation. 

— v. ft. To pass with swiftness and violence, as 
something broad, or brushing the surface of any- 
thing; to pass over or brush along with celerity and 
force ; to pass with pomp ; to move with a long 
reach ; to include or comprehend many individuals 
or particulars in a single act or assertion. — n. Act 
of sweeping ; compass of a stroke, of any turning 
body or motion, or of anything flowing or brushing; 
violent and general destruction ; direction and ex- 
tent of any motion not rectilinear; one who sweeps; 
a sweeper ; the pole moved on a fulcrum or post, 
used to raise and lower a bucket in a well ; in the 
game of casino, the combining and removing of all 
the cards on the table ; in whist, the winning of all 
the 13 tricks. [AS. swapan, to sweep, also to swoop, 
q. v.") — Sweep'er, n. — Sweep'ings, n. pi. Things 
collected by sweeping; rubbish. — Sweep'stakes, n. 
sing, or pi. The whole money or other things staked 
or won at a race ; one who wins all. — Sweep'y, -T, 
a. Passing with speed and violence over a great 
compass at once. 

Sweet, .-wet, a. Having a taste or flavor resembling 
that of honey or sugar; pleasing to the smell, fra- 
grant ; pleasing to the ear, soft, melodious, harmo- 
nious ; pleasing to the eye, beautiful; fresh; not 
salt; not changed from a sound or wholesome state; 
mild; soft; gentle; sugary; saccharine; dulcet; lus- 
cious. — n. That which is sweet to the taste, — used 
chiefly in pi. ; that which is sweet or pleasant in 
odor, a perfume; that which is pleasing or grateful 
to the mind; a darling, — a term of endearment. 
[AS. swete, OS. swoti, Goth. siUis, L. suavis, Gr. he- 
dus, Skr. svadu, sweet, svad, to taste, eat, please.] — 
Sweet'iah, a. Somewhat sweet. — Sweetly, adv. 

— Sweet'ness. n. — Sweefheart, n. A lover or mis- 
tress. — Sweeting, n. A sweet apple ; a darling, — 
a word of endearment.— Sweefmeat, n. Any article 
of confectionery made principally of sugar ; fruit 
preserved with sugar, as peaches, pears, melons, nuts, 
orange peel, etc. — Sweet'-bread, n. The pancreas 
of an animal, used for food. — bri'er, n. A shrubby 
plant of the rose kind, cultivated for its fragrant 
smell. — fern, n. A small N. Amer. shrub, having 
sweet-scented or aromatic leaves resembling fern- 
leaves. — oil, n. Olive-oil. — pota'to, n. A trailing 
plant of the convolvulus family; its sweetish starchy 
tubers, used for food. — -will 'iam. n. A species of 
pink of many varieties. — Sweefen, -n, v. t. [-ened 
(-nd), -ening.] To make sweet to the taste; to make 
pleasing to the mind; to make mild or kind: to make 
less painful; to increase the agreeable qualities of; 
to make delicate; to make pure and salubrious by 
destroying noxious matter; to make warm and fer- 
tile: to restore to purity. — v. i. To become sweet. 

— Sweet'ener, n. 

Swell, swel, v. i. [imp. swelled; p. p. swelled (swol- 



len or swoln is less usual); swelling.] To grow 
larger by matter added within, or by expansion of 
the inclo'sed substance; to increase in size or extent 
by any addition; to rise or be driven into waves or 
billow's ; to be puffed up or bloated ; to be inflated ; 
to belly,- to be turgid or bombastic ; to bulge out ; 
to be elated, rise into arrogance; to grow upon the 
view; to become larger in amount; to act in a pom- 
pous, ostentatious, or arrogant manner; to strut. — 
v. t. To increase the size, bulk, or dimensions of; to 
aggravate, heighten; to raise to arrogance. (Mus.) 
To augment in force or loudness, as the sound of a 
note. — n. Act of swelling; gradual increase; aug- 
mentation in bulk; elevation, rise, — said of height; 
force, intensity, power, — said of sound; increase of 
power in style, or increase of rhetorical force ; a 
gradual ascent or elevation of land ; a wave or bil- 
low; esp., a succession of large waves; the fluctua- 
tion of the sea after a storm. (Mus.) A gradual 
increase and decrease of the volume of sound; — 
generally indicated thus -<0— . A showy, dash- 
ing, boastful person ; a person of high rank, fash- 
ion, or importance. — a. Stylish; fashionable; aris- 
tocratic. [AS. swellan, Sw. svalla, to swell, svall, 
the swell of the sea, agitation; s. rt. Gr. salos, tossing, 
restless motion, salax, a sieve, solos, a quoit, seuein, 
to drive, hurl, seiein, to toss, agitate, Skr. sv, to cast, 
send, impel, L. salum, the tossing sea, E. swoop, 
swat/, swing, swim, svxdlow, sill.) — Swell'ing, n. 
Protuberance ; prominence ; a tumor ; a rising or 
enlargement by passion. — Swell'-mob, n. Well- 
dressed thieves, taken collectively. 

Swelter, swelfer, v. i. [-eked (-erd), -ering.] To be 
overcome and faint with heat; to he ready to perish 
with heat. — v. t. To oppress with heat. [Sec Sul- 
try.] 

Swept. See Sweep. 

Swerve, swerv, v. i. [swerved (swervd), swerving.] 
To wander from any line prescribed, or from a rule 
of duty; to deviate; to climb or move forward by 
winding or turning. [AS. sweorfan, Ic. sverfa, to 
rub, tile, D. zeverven, to swerve, wander, rove, riot, 
revel, O Fries, swerva, to creep, Dan. svirre, to whirl 
round, svire, to revel, riot, sva'rbe, to turn in a lathe; 
s. rt. swarm, q. v.] 

Swift, swift, a. Moving with celerity or velocity ; 
ready; prompt; coming without delay; quick; nim- 
ble ; rapid; expeditious, —n. A reel, tor winding 
yarn, thread, etc.,— chiefly in pi. (Ornith.) A small 
insectivorous bird, of several species, like che swal- 
low, but having a shorter bill, longer sickle-shaped 
wings, and bolder and more rapid flight: the Amer. 
swiit is popularly called " chimney swallow." 
(Zobl.) The common newt or eft; a species of lizard. 
[AS., rapid, swipe, a whip, swifan. Ic. sripta, to move 
quickly, Ic. svipa, to swoop, flash, whip, lash; s. rt. 
swoop, swivel.] — Swiftly, adv. — Swiffness, n. 

Swig, swig, v. t. & i. To drink by large draughts.— n. 
A large draught. [AS. swilgan, swelgan, to swallow, 
devour.] 

Swill, swil, v. t. [swilled (swild). swilling.] To 
drink grossly or greedily, — v. i. To drink greedily 
or swinishly, drink to excess. — n. Large draughts 
of liquor; the wash, or mixture of liquid substances, 
given to swine. [AS. swilian, to wash; s. rt. scul- 
lery.] — Swill'er, n. One who swills, or drinks vora- 
ciously. 

Swim, swim, v. u [imp, swam ; p. p. swum ; swim- 
ming.] To be supported by water or other fluid; to 
float : to move progressively in water by means of 
the hands and feet, or of fins ; to be borne along by 
a current ; to glide along with a smooth motion, or 
with a waving motion ; to l>e overflowed or drenched; 
to abound, have abundance. — v. t. To pass or move 
over, or on, by swimming; to immerse in water that 
the lighter parts may swim ; to cause or compel tc 
swim, make to float. — n. Act of swimming; a glid- 
ing motion, like that of one swimming; the time or 
distance one swims, or can swim; the air-bladder of a 
fish; the sound. [AS. sioimman; s. rt. Skr. su, to 
impel, E. stoell.] — Swirn'mer, n. — Swirn'mingly, 
adv. In an easy, gliding manner, as if swimming; 
smoothly; successfully; without obstruction. 

Swim, swim, v. i. To be dizzy or vertiginous. [AS. 
swima, a swimming in the head, swoon, Sw. svimma, 
to be dizzy, svindel, G. schwindel, dizziness, schwin- 
den, to decay, dwindle, fail, schicindeln, to be dizzy, 



act thoughtlessly, cheat.] — Swin'dle, -dl, v. t. [-dled 

To cheat and defraud grossly, or 

with deliberate artifice. — n. Act or process of de- 



_ ;iessiy 
(-did), -DLiNG.J To cheat and defraud 
with deliberate artifice, — n. Act or pr< 
frauding bv systematic imposition. — Swin'dler, n 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get. 



SWINE 



590 



SYLLOGISM 



One who swindles ; a cheat ; sharper. [G. schwin- 
dler, an extravagant projector, swindler, fr. schwin- 
deln.] 

Swine, swin, n. sing. Stpl. A pachydermatous animal; 
the hog: the male is called boar, the female sow, and 
the young, pig. [AS. and OHG. swin, Goth, swein, 
a pig, L. sus = E. sow, q. v.]— Swinish, a. Befitting 
swine; like swine; gross; hoggish; brutal.— Swine - 
herd, n. A keeper of swine. — pox, n. (Med.) A 
variety of the chicken-pox, with acuminated vesicles 
containing a watery fluid. 

Swing, swing, v. i. [swung: swinging.] To move to 
and fro, as a body suspended in the air; to wave, vi- 
brate; to practice swinging. (Naut.) To move or 
float; to turn round an anchor; to be hanged. — v. t. 
To cause to wave, or vibrate, as a body suspended 
in the air; to move to and fro, flourish/brandish. — 
n. Act of swinging; vibratory motion; oscillation; 
motion from one side to the other; a line, cord, or 
other thing suspended and hanging loose, upon 
which anything may swing; a suspended loop of 
rope, etc., for persons to swing in; influence or pow- 
er of a body put in motion; unrestrained liberty or 
license ; free course ; tendency. [AS. swing an, to 
scourge, fly, flutter, flap with the wings, G. schwin- 
gen, to swing, soar, brandish, swingle or beat flax; s. 
rt. sway.] — Swinge, swinj, v. t. To beat soundly, 
whip, chastise. [AS. swengati, to shake, toss,fr.swi/i- 
gan; sweng, a stroke, blow.] — Swingeing, a. Huge; 
very large. — Swin'gel, swin'gl, n. That part of a 
flail which falls on the grain in thrashing; swiple. 
[AS. swingele, a scourging, G. schwinge, a swingel.J 
— Swin'gle, swin'gl, v. t. To clean (flax) by beat- 
ing it with a swingle; to cut off the tops of (weeds) 
without pulling up the roots. — n. A wooden instru- 
ment like a large knife, used for cleaning flax; swin- 
gle-staff ; swingling knife. — Swin'gle-tree, n. A 
whiffle-tree.— Swing'-tree, n. The bar of a carriage 
to which the traces are fastened; the whiffle-tree or 
whipple-tree ; swingle-tree. — Swiple, swipl, n. 
Same as Swingel. 

Swipe, swlp, n. A sweep, q. v. 

Swirl, swerl, n. A whirling motion; an eddy, as of 
water, wind, or snow; a whirl; gyration. [Norweg. 
svirla, to swing, whirl, f req. of sierra, to turn round, 
orig. to make a humming noise; s. rt. swarm.'] 

Swiss, swis, n. sing. & pi. A native or inhabitant of 
Switzerland; the people of Switzerland. — a. Of, or 
pert, to, Switzerland. 

Switch, swich, n. A small, flexible twig or rod; a cue 
of false hair, 
or of some 
substance 
(j u t e, etc.) 
made to re- 
semble hair. 
(Railroads.) 
A movable 
part of 2 op- 
posite rails, 

for transfer- „ . , ... 

rin°- a car Safety Switch. 

from one track to another. (Elec.) A mechanical 
device for shifting an electric current to another 
circuit; a shunt.— v. t. [switched (swicht), switch- 
ing.] To strike with a small twig or rod; to beat, 
lash. (Railroads 8r Elec.) To shunt, transfer by 
a switch. [OD. sivick, a scourge, whip, D. zwanken, 
to bend; s. rt. sway.] — Switch'man, n. ; pi. -men. 
One who tends a switch on a railroad. 

Swivel, swiv'l, n. A fastening which allows the thing 
fastened to turn freely on its axis. (Mech.) A ring, 
link, or staple, that turns round 
on a pin or neck. (Mil.) A 
small cannon fixed in a swivel, 
or in a socket, or turning ona „ . . , , . 
pivot, -v.i. To turn on a sta- Swivel and chain, 
pie, pin, or pivot. [AS. swifan, to revolve ; s. rt. 
swift.] 

Swob, swob, n. & v. Same as Swab. 

Swollen, Swoln, swoln. See Swell^ 

Swoon, swoon, v. i. [swooned (swoond), swooning.] 
To sink into a fainting fit, faint. — n. A fainting fit; 
syncope. [AS. swogan, to move or sweep noisily 
(said of the wind), to sigh, sough, geswowung, a 
swooning; s. rt. sough.] 

Swoop, swoop, v. t. [swooped (swoopt), swooping.] 
To fall on at once and seize; to catch while on the 
wing; to catch up with a sweep. — v. i. To descend 
with closed wings from a height upon prey, as a 
hawk; to stoop. — n. A falling on and seizing, as of 




a rapacious fowl on his prey. [AS. swapan, to sweep 
along, rush, Ic. sveipa, to sweep, swoop; s. rt. Skr. 
su, Gr. seuein, to drive, E. sway, swmg, sweep, swift, 
swivel.] 

Swop. Same as Swap. 

Sword, sord, n. A weapon having a long, strong, and 
usually sharp-pointed blade, for cutting or thrust- 
ing; the emblem of judicial vengeance or punish- 
ment, or of authority and power; destruction in bat- 
tle; the military power of a country. [AS. sweord, 
MHG. swerte, lit. the wounder, MHG. swerde, pain, 
G. scfiwer, painful; s. rt. Skr. svri, to hurt, kill.] — 
Sword'ed, a. Girded with a sword. — Swords'man, 
n. ; pi. -MEN. A soldier; fighting man; one skilled 
in the use of the sword. — Sword'-belt, n. A belt to 
suspend a sword by. — fish, n. A large edible fish, 
allied to the mackerel, and having the upper jaw 
elongated into a sword-shaped process: it is from 10 
to 20 feet in length. — knot, n. A ribbon tied to the 
hilt of a sword. — play'er, n. A fencer; gladiator. 

Swore, Sworn. See Swear. 

Swound, swownd, n. A swoon. 

Swum. See Swim. 

Swung. See Swing. 

Sybarite, sib'a-rlt, n. A person devoted to luxury 
and pleasure. [L. Sybans, a city in Italy, noted for 
the effeminacy and voluptuousness of its inhabi- 
tants.] — Sybaritic, -ical, -ritlk-al, a. Pert, to, or 
resembling, the Sybarites; luxurious; wanton. 

Sycamine, sik'a-min, n. The mulberry-tree. [L. syc- 
aminus, Gr. sukaminos, the mulberry-tree, prob. fr. 
Heb. shiqmah, pl.jhiqmin, the sycamore.] 

Sycamore, sik'a-mor, n. A large tree allied to the 
common fig, found in Egypt 
and Syria : in America, t'h e 
plane tree, or buttonwood, is 
called by this name; in Eng. a 
large species of maple. [L. *yc- 
omorus, Gr. sukomoros, fr. silic- 
on, a fig, and moron, a mulberry, 
blackberry.] 

Sycophant, sik'o-fant, n. Orig., 
an informer in Athens, w h o 
sought favor by denouncing ' 
those who stole figs, or exported 
them contrary to law; a base 
parasite; mean flatterer; esp., a 
flatterer of princes and great 
men. [L. sycophanta, Gr. sukophantes, lit. a fig-show- 
er, f r. sukon, a fig, and phaineia, to show.] — Syc'o- 
phancy, -fan-si, n. Character or characteristic of a 
sycophant ; obsequious flattery; servility. — Syco- 
phantic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or like, a sycophant; ob- 
sequiously flattering; parasitic. 

Syenite, si'e-nit, n. (Min.) A crystalline rock com- 
posed of quartz, hornblende, and feldspar, taking 
its name from Syene, in Upper Egypt, where it is 
found: it differs from granite only in containing 
hornblende in the place of mica. — Syenitlc, -nlt'- 
ik, a. Relating to, or like, syenite. 

Syllable, silla-bl, n. An elementary sound, or com- 
bination of elementary sounds, uttered together, or 
at a single effort or impulse of the voice, and consti- 
tuting a word or a part of a word; in writing and 
printing, a part of a word separated from the rest, 
and capable of being pronounced by a single im- 
pulse of the voice; a small part of a sentence or dis- 
course; a particle. [OF. siltabe, later syllable, L. syU 
laba, Gr. sullabe, lit. that which holds together, i. e., 
so much of a word as forms one sound, fr. sun (orig. 
xun, prob. for kun = L. cum, with; cf. Gr. koinos = 
L. communis = E. common), together, and lambanem, 
to take, seize.] — Syllabic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or con- 
sisting of, a syllable or syllables. — Syllablcally, 
adv. — Syllabicate, -Y-kat,'r. t. To form into syl- 
lables, syllabify.— Syllab'ica'tion, Syllabification, 
n. Act or method of dividing word:, into svllables. 

— Syllabify, -T-fi, v.t. [-fied (-lid), -fying.] To 
form or divide into syllables. — Syllabus, n. ; E. pi. 
-buses; L. pi. -bi. A compendium containing the 
heads of a discourse; an abstract. [LateL.] — Syl- 
lep'sis, n. (Rhet.) The use of words in a literal 
and metaphorical sense at the same time. (Gram.) 
The agreement of a verb or adjective with one, 
rather than another, of 2 nouns, with either of which 
it might agree in gender, number, etc. [L. and Gr.] 

— Syllep'tic, -tical, a. Of, pert, to, or containing, 
syllepsis. 

Syllabub. Same as Sillabub. 

Syllogism, sillo-jizm, ?i. (Logic.) The regular logical 
form of every argument, consisting of 3 proposi- 




Svcamore. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve. tSrm ; In, ice j Odd, tone, or ; 



SYLPH 



591 



SYNOD 



tions, of which the first 2 are called the premises, 
and the last the conclusion. [ME. and OF. siloaiine, 
L. syllogismus, Gr. sullogismos, a reckoning all to- 
gether, reasoning, fr. sullogizesthai. to reckon to- 
gether, sum up, reason, fr. sun and logizesthai, to 
reckon, fr. logos, a word, reason.] — Syllcgis'tic. 
-tical. -jis'tik-ul, a. Of, or pert. to. a syllogism; con- 
sisting of a ?vlIogism, or of the form of "reasoning 
by syllogisms. — Syllogis'tically, adv. In the form 
of a syllogism ; by means ot svllogisms. — Syllo- 
gize, v. i. "[-gized (-jlzd;, -gizi.ng.] To reason by 
syllogism-. 

Syiph, sill', ». An imaginary being inhabiting the 
air; a fairy; a slender, graceful woman. [F. sylphe, 
a sylph, Gr. sQphe, a grub, beetle, moth.]i— Sylphld, 
n. A little sylph: young sylph. [F. sulphide.] 

Sylva, sil'va. «. / pi. -v.e. -ve. The forest tree? of any 
region or country. {Bot.) A work containing a 
botanical description of the forest trees of any re- 
gion or. country. {Poet.) A collection of poetical 
pieces of various kinds. [Prop, silva, q. v.]— Syl'- 
van, a. Of, or pert, to, a sylva; forest-like; rural; 
rustic: abounding in forests or in trees; woody. — 
n. A fabled deity of the wood; a satyr; faun; a 
rustic. [L. Silvanus.] 

Symbol, sim'bol. a. The sign or representation of 
something mora, or intellectual by the images or j 
properties of natural things ; a letter or character | 
which is significant; emblem; figure: type. (Math.) 
Any character used to represent a quantity, an 
operation, a relation, or an abbreviation. [F. sym- 
bole, L. symbolum, Gr. sumbolon,a token, pledge, fr. 
sumballein, to throw or bring together, compare, in- 
fer; fr. sun and ballein. to throw.] — Symbolic, n. 
(Tlieol.) That branch of historic theology which 
treats of creeds. — Symbolic, -ical, a. Of," pert, to, 
or in the nature of, a symbol ; representative.— ' 
Symbolically, adv. In a symbolical manner ; by 
signs: typically. — Symbolics, n. Same us Sym- 
bolic, h. — Sym'bolism, -izm, n. A system n sym- 
bols or representations. (Chem.) A combining to- ; 
gether of parts or ingredients. (Theol.) The science '■ 
of creeds: symbolic."— Sym'boliza'tion, n. Act of 
symbolizing: lesemblance in properties. — Sym'bol- 
ize, v. i. f-iZED (-Izd), -izing.] To have a resem- I 
blance of qualities or properties. — r. t. To make 
to agree in properties or qualities; to make repre- 
sentative of something; to represent by a symbol. 
— Symbol'ogy, -o-jT, n. Art of expressing by sym- - 
bols. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 

Symmetry, siin'me-trt, n. A due proportion of the 
Beveral parts of a body to each other ; union and ] 
conformity of the members of a work to the whole. , 
[F. symmetric L. and Gr. symmetria, fr. Gr. summe- i 
tros, of like measure with, fr. sun and matron, a ( 
measure.] — Symmetrical, a. Involving or exhib- : 
iting symmetry: proportional in its parts. (Math.) 
Having corresponding parts or relations. — Sym- 
metrically, culv. — Sym'metrize, -me-tiiz, v. t. 
[-trizeu (-trTzd), -TRIZING.] To reduce to sym- 
metry. 

Sympathy. Bim'pa-thT, n. Feeling corresponding to 
that which another feels; fellow-feeling; agreement 
of affection? or inclinations, or a conformity of nat- 
ural temperament, which makes 2 persons pleased 
with each other; pity: commiseration. (Med.) The 
reciprocal influence exercised by the various parts j 
of the body on one another. [F. h/mpathie. Gr. sum- j 
pat/ieia. fr. mm and pathein, to suffer, experience, j 
feel: see Pathos.] — Sympathetic, -ical. a. In- 
clined to or exhibiting svmpathv. (Med.) Produced | 
by sympathy. — Sympathetically, adv. — Sympa- 
thize, »■. i'. [-THiZED(,-thIzd^.-THiziNO.] To have a 
common feeling, as of bodily pleasure or pain; to 
feel in consequence of what another feels. 

Symphony. sim'fo-nT, n. A consonance or harmony 
of sounds, ag-eeable to the ear. (Mus.) An elaborate ! 
instrumental composition for a full orchestra, con- 
sisting usually of 3 or 4 contrasted vet inwardly re- 
lated movements: an instrumental passage at the 
beginning or end. or in the course of. a vocal com- 
position." [L. and Gr. symphtmia, music, Gr. sum- 
phonos, agreeing in sound, harmonious, fr. sun and 
phone, sound.] — Sympho'nious, -nl-us, a. Agree- 
ing in sound: accordant: harmonious. 

Symphysis. sim'fl-sis, ?>. (Anat.) Union of bones by 
cirtilage; connection of bones without a movable 
joint; coalescence of parts previously separate; the 
point of union: insertion or attachment of parts, as 
tendons. [L.and Gr.,fr.Gr.sunandpAuein,togro'W.] 

Symposium. sim-po'zY-um. »■: il. -sia. -zT-a. A 



drinking together; merry feast: convivial meeting, 
[L.; Gr. Suinposion, fr. sumpinein. to drink together, 
fr. sun and pinein, to drink.] — Sympo'siac a. Of, 
or pert, to, drinking together and men;, -making. — 
it. A conference or conversation, as of philosophers 
at a banquet. 
Symptom, simp'tum, n. (Med.) A perceptible change 
in the body or its functions, which indicates dis- 
ease: one of the phenomena which indicate the ex- 
istence and nature of a disease. That which indi- 
cate? the existence of something else; mark: sign; 
token: indication. [F. symptome, L. and Gr. symp- 
toma, a casualty, fr. Gr. sumpiptein, to fall together, 
fall in with, fr. sun and piptein, to fall.] — Symptom- 
atic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, symptoms; indicating 
the existence of something; according to symptoms. 

— Symptomatlcally, adc. By means of symptom.-. 
Synaeresis, -eresis, sin-er'e-sis, n. (Gram.) A contrac- 
tion of 2 syllables into one, or of 2 vowels into a 
diphthong. [Gr. sunairesis, fr. sun and hairesis, a 
taking, fr. hairein, to take; s. rt. heresy.] 

Synagogue, sin'a-gog. n. A congregation or assembly 
of Jews for worship ; a Jewish place of worship. 
[F.; Gr. sunagoge, fr. sun and agogc. a bringing, fr. 
agein, to bring, drive.] — Synagoglcal, -gojlk-al, 
a. Of, or pert, to, a synagogue. 

Synalepha, -loepha. sin-a-lela, n. (Gram.) A cutting 
off or suppression of a rowel or diphthong at the end 
of a word, when the next word begins with a vowel. 
[L. ; Gr. sunaloiphe, lit. a melting together, fr. suti 
and aleiphein, to anoint with oil, blot out, efface; s. 
rt. Skr. lip, to anoint.] 

Synarthrosis, ?in-ar-thro , sis, n. (Anat.) Union of 
bone? without motion; close union. [Gr.: fr. sunar- 
thro'in. to join together, fr. sun and arthron, a joint.] 

Syncarpous. sin-kiir'pus, a. Composed of several 
carpal? consolidated into one. [Gr. sun 
and kar) os, a fruit.] 

Synchronal. sin'kro-nal. -chronical, 
-kronlk-al, -chronous. ?in r kro-nus, o. 
Happening at the same time; simulta- 
neous. [Gr. .sungchronos, fr. sun and 
chronos, time.] — Synchronism, -kro- 
nizm, n. Concurrence of 2 or more 
events in time: simultaneousness : the 
tabular arrangement of historical 
events and personages, according to 
their dates. — Synchronize, -niz, v. i. 
[-xized c-nizd), -xizixg.] To agree in 
time, be simultaneous. 

Syncope, sin'ko-pe, n. (Mus.) Same as Syxcopatiox, 
q. v.. below. (Gram.) An elision or retrenchment 
of one or more letters, or a syllable, from the middle 
of a word. (Med.) A fainting or swooning. A sud- 
den pause or cessation; suspension: temporary stop. 
TL. : Gr. sungkope, lit. a cutting short, fr. sun and 
koptein, to cut.] — Syn'copate. -pat, r. t. To contract 
(a word,' by taking one or more letters or syllables 
from the middle. (Mus.) To commence (a tone) on 
an unaocented part of a measure, and continue into 
the following unaccented part. — Syncopa'tion, n. 
Contraction of a word by taking a letter, letters, or a 
syllable, from the middle. ( Mus.) Performance of 
a" passage by svncopating the notes. 

Syncretism, sin^kre-tizm.n. Attempted union of prin- 
ciples or parties irreconcilably at variance with each 
other. [Gr. sungkretismos, fr. sungkretizein, to make 
2 parties join against a third, fr. sun and kretizein, to 
behave like a Cretan, i. e., to lie.] 

Syndic, sin'dik, n. An officer of government, invested 
with different powers in different countries ; one 
chosen to transact business for ethers. [F., a censor, 
controller of manners, Gr. somdikos, a syndic, also 
helping in a court of justice, fr. sun & dike, justice.] 

— Syndicate, -dT-kat, n. A council, or body of syn- 
dics; an association of persons authorized to'promote 
some object, discharge a trust, or transact a business. 

Syndrome, sin'dro-me, n. (Med.) The concourse or 
combination of symptoms in a disease. [Gr., fr. sun 
and dromos, a course, running.] 

Synecdoche, sin-ek'do-ke, n. (Rhet.) A figure or trope 
by which the whole of a thing is put for a part, or a 
part for the whole. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. sun and eh- 
dechesthai, to receive.] — Syn ecdochlcal. -doklk- 
al, a. Expressed by synecdoche: implying a synec- 
doche. — Syn'ecdochlcally. adv. 

Synod, sin'od, n. (Ecel. Hist.) A council or meeting 
of ecclesiastics to consult on matters of religion. A 
meeting, convention, or council. [F. si/node, L. syno- 
dvs, Gr. swiodos, lit. a coming together, fr. sun and 
hodos, a wav. a coming.] — Synodic, -ical. a. Of, or 




sun. cube, full ; moon. fo"bt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboK- chair, aet. 



SYNONYM 



592 



TABERNACLE 



pert, to, a synod; transacted in a synod. (Astron.) 
Pert, to conjunction, esp. to the period between 2 
successive conjunctions. — Synod'ically, ad v. In a 
synodical manner; by the authority of a synod. 

Synonym, sin'o-nim, re. One of 2 or more words in the 
same language which are the precise equivalents of 
each other, or which have very nearly the same sig- 
nification, and therefore are liable to be confounded 
together. JF. synonime, L. synonyma, neut. pi. of syn- 
onymus, Gr. sunonumos, of like meaning or name, fr. 
sun and onoma = E. name.] — Synonim r ic, n. ( Gram.) 
The science, or scientific treatment, of synonymous 
words. — Synon'ymist, -I-mist, n. One who collects 
and explains synonymous words. — Synon'ymize, 
v. t. [-mized (-mizd), -mizing.] To express in dif- 
ferent words of the same meaning. — Synon'ymous, 
-I-mus, a. Expressing the same thing ; conveying 
the same idea; identical; interchangeable; pert, to 
synonyms. — Synon'ymousiy, adv.— Synon'ymy, -T- 
mi, n. Quality of being synonymous. (Rhet.) A 
figure by which synonymous words are used to am- 
plify a discourse. 

Synopsis, sin-op'sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. A general view, 
or a collection of heads or parts so arranged as to 
exhibit a general view of the whole ; conspectus; 
abridgment ; compendium ; epitome; abstract. [L. 
and Gr., f r. Gr. sun and opsis, a view, sight.] — Syn- 
op'tic, -tical, a. Affording a general view of the 
whole, or of the principal parts of a thing. — Synop'- 
tically, adv. In such a manner as to present a gen- 
eral view in a short compass. 

Synovia, sin-o'vT-a, n. (Anat.) A fluid secreted within 
the synovial capsules of the joints, serving as a lubri- 
cating fluid to the latter. [Gr. sun and L. ovum, Gr. 
oon, an egg.] — Syno'vial, a. Of, or pert, to, the syn- 
ovia, or lubricating fluid of the joints. 

Syntax, sin'taks, n. (Gram.) The construction of sen- 
tences; due arrangement of words or members of 
sentences in their mutual relations, according to es- 
tablished usage. [L. and Gr. syntaxis, f r. Gr. sun and 
taxis, order, fr. tass".in, to arrange.] — Syntactic, 
-tical, a. Of, or pert, to, syntax; according to the 
rules of syntax. 

Synthesis, sin'the-sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. Composition, 
or the putting of 2 or more things together. (Chem.) 
The uniting of elements to form a compound. (Log- 
ic.) The combination of separate elements of thought 
into a whole. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. sun and thesis (q. 
v.), a placing.] — Synthefic, -ical, a. Pert, to syn- 
thesis; consisting in synthesis or composition.— Syn- 
thetically, adv. By synthesis. 

Syphilis, sifT-lis, n. (Med.) A dangerous contagious 
and hereditary venereal disease. [Fr. Syphilus, a 
shepherd in a Latin poem " Syphilus, sive morbus 
Gallicus," fr. Gr. sus, hog, swine, and philos, dear, 
loving.] — Syphilitic, a. Of, pert, to, or infected 
with syphilis. 

Syphon. Same as Siphon. 

Syren. Same as Sieen. 



Syriac, sir'Y-ak, re. The language of Syria; esp., the 
ancient language of that country. — o. Of, or pert, 
to, Syria, or its language. 

Syringe, sir'inj, re. A small hand-pump, squirt, or 
portable hydraulic instrument for injecting fluid 
into animal bodies, etc.: usually a cylinder and pis- 
ton or an elastic tube and bulb with tubular metallic 
or glass nozzle. — v. t. [syeinged (-injd), syein- 
ging.] To inject by means of a syringe; to wash and 
cleanse by injections from a syringe. [F. syringue, 
L. and Gr. syrinx, a reed, pipe, tube; s. rt. swarm.] 

— Syringa, si-rin'ga, re. A large bushy shrub hav- 
ing a profusion of white fragrant flowers; mock or- 
ange. (Bot.) The lilac, q. v. [Gr. surinx, suringos, a 
pipe, because formerly used for pipe-stems.] — Syr'- 
ingot'omy, -gofo-mT, re. (Surg.) The operation of 
cutting for the fistula. TGr. temnein, to cut.] 

Syrtis, ser'tis, re. A quicksand. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr 
surein, to draw along.] 

Syrup. Same as Sieup. 

System, sis' tern, re. An assemblage of objects arranged: 
in regular subordination, or after some distinct meth- 
od, usually logical or scientific, or as parts of a com- 
plex whole; the whole scheme of created things re- 
garded as forming one complete plan or whole; the 
universe; regular method or order. (Mus.) An in- 
terval compounded, or supposed to be compounded, 
of several lesser intervals. (Physiol.) The totality 
of parts in the body, performing the same, or anal- 
ogous or connected functions ; the body as a func- 
tional unity or whole. [L. and Gr. systema, fr. Gr. 
sun and stenai=E. to s tan d.]— Systematic, -ical, a. 
Of, pert, to, or consisting in, system; methodical; 
proceeding according to sj^stem or regular method. 
[Gr. sustematikos.] — Systematically, adv. — Sys'- 
tematist, re. One who forms a system, or reduce* to 
system. — Systematize, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tiz- 
ING.] To reduce to system, arrange methodically. 

— Sys'tematiz'er, re. — Sys'temize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), 
-izing.] To systematize. — Sys'temizer, n. 

Systole, sis'to-le, re. (Gram.) The shortening of a 
long syllable. (Physiol.) The contraction of the heart 
and arteries for expelling the blood and carrying on 
the circulation. [Gr., fr. sustellein, to draw together, 
contract, fr. sun and stellein, to equip, set in order; 
s. rt. stall, stole.] 

Systyle, sis'til, re. (Arch.) The arrangement of col- 
umns in such a manner that they are 2 diameters 
apart; an edifice, having a row of columns set close 
together around it, as in the Parthenon at Athens. 
[Gr. sustulos, fr. sun & sitdos, a column; s. rt. style, gno- 
mon of a dial; not s. rt. style, a writing implement.] 

Syzygy, siz'T-jY, re. (Astron.) The point of an orbit, 
as of the moon or a planet, at which it is in conjunc- 
tion or opposition, — commonly used in pi. [Gr. suzu- 
gia, union, conjunction, suzugos, conjoined, fr. sun 
and zeugnunai, to yoke.] 

Szekler, zek'ler, re. One of a Uralo- Altaic race in Tran- 
sylvania, akin to the Magyars. 



T, te, the 20th letter of the Eng. 
alphabet, is a simple conso- 
nant, allied to both D and i\ 7 , 
all 3 of these letters being den- 
tal elements. When t is fol- 
lowed by h, as in think and 
then, the combination really 
forms a distinct sound, for 
which we have no single 
character : this combination 
has 2 sounds, — surd or whis- 
pered, as in think, and sonant 
or vocal, as in then. — To suit 
or fit to a T. To suit exactly, 
answer perfectly, — perh. so 
used with reference to a car- 
penter's T-square.— T'-cloth. 
A cotton fabric made in Eng. 
for the China and India mar- 
ket.— a T being stamped on 
each piece. 

Tabard, tab'Srd, re. A sort of 
tunic or mantle formerly 
worn over the armor, cover- 




ing the body before and behind, and reaching below 
the loins, but open at the sides, from the shoulders 
downward; a herald's coat. [OF.; Sp. and Pg. ta- 
hardo ; perh. s. rt. tapestry.} — Tab'arder, re. One 
who wears a tabard. 

Tabasheer, tab-a-sher', re. A concretion in the joints 
of the bamboo, etc., consisting chiefly of pure silex, 
used in the E. Indies as a medicine. [Per. tabshir, 
clay.] 

Tabby, tab'bY, a. Having a wavy or watered appear- 
ance; blinded; brindled; diversified in color. — re. A 
kind of waved silk, usually watered ; a mixture or 
lime with shells, gravel, or stones, and water, form- 
ing a kind of artificial rock; a cat of a tabby color; 
any cat. — v. t. [tabbied (-bid), tabbying.] To wa- 
ter, or cause to look wavy by the process of calender- 
ing. [F. tabis, Sp. tabi, OSp. and JLL. attabi, Ar. uta- 
bi, a kind of silk, orig. the name of a quarter of Bag- 
dad where the silk was made.] 

Tabefy, etc. See under Tabes. 

Tabernacle, tab'er-na-kl, re. A slightly built or tempo 
rary habitation; a tent; the portable structure used 
by the Jews during the exodus and for more than 30* 
years thereafter as a place of worship; the Jewish tern- 



5m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; in, ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ; 



TABES 



593 



TA'EN 



pie; a place of worship; any small cell, or like place, 
in which some holy or precious thins is deposited or 
kept; thehuman body. — v. i. [tabekxacled (-kid), 
-CLIXG.] To dwell or reside for a time. [F.; L. tab- 
ernaculvm, dim. of taherna. a hut, shed ; s. rt. tav- 
ern.] — Feast of Tabernachst. A Jewish festival last- 
ins 7 days, during which the people dwelt in booths 
formed of the boughs of trees, in commemoration of 
the habitation of their ancestors in similar dwellings 
during their pilgrimage in the wilderness. — Taber- 
nac'ular, a. Pert, to a tabernacle, or to the Jewish 
tabernacle. 

Tabea, ta'bez, n. (Med.) Progressive emaciation of 
the whole body, accompanied with hectic fever, and 
with no well-marked local symptoms. [L. tahere, 
Gr. tekein, to waste away, languish.] — Tabid, a. Re- 
lating to, or wasted by, tabes. [L. tabidus.] — Tab'- 
Idness. n.— Tab'efy, -e-fi, v. i. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] 
To wa*te gradually, lose flesh. [L. tabe/acere, fr. 
tabes and facere, "to make.] — Tabefac'tion, n. A 
wasting away by disease. 

Table, ta y bl, n. A smooth, flat surface like the side of 
a board : a thin, flat, smooth piece of anything ; a 
slab, leaf, or flat superficies, of wood, stone, metal, or 
other material, on which anything is cut or written; 
a tablet ; memorandum book ; that which is cut, 
drawn, or written on a smooth, flat surface : an in- 
scription ; drawing ; painting ; a condensed state- 
ment which may be comprehended by the eye in a 
single view ; the presentation of many particulars 
in one connected group; a scheme: schedule; synop- 
sis; index; an article of household furniture to eat, 
work, or write upon ; food placed on a table to be 
partaken of; fare ; the company assembled round a 
table.— v. t. [tabled (-bid), tabling.] To form into 
a table or catalogue: to tabulate. (Carp.) To scarf . 
(Parliamentary Usage.) To lay on the table, that is, 
to postpone the consideration "of, till called for, or 
indefinitely, by a formal vote. (Presbyterian Church.) 
To enter upon the docket. [F.; L. tabula, a plank, 
flat board, table ; s. rt, Skr. tan. to stretch, extend, 
E. thin, toffrail.] — The Lord's Table. The com- 
munion of the Lord's Supper. — To lay on the t. 
(Parliamentary Usage.) To lay (a report, motion, 
etc.) on the table of the presiding officer, — that is, 
to postpone, by a vote, the consideration of. — To 
turn the tables. To change the condition or fortune 
of contending parties, — a metaphorical expression 
taken from the vicissitudes of fortune in gaming. — 
Ta'ble-beer, n. Beer for the table, or for common 
use. — book, n. A memorandum book ; tablet. — 
-cloth, n. A cloth for covering a table. — land. n. 

Elevated flat land : a plateau. spoon, n. One of 

the larger or largest spoons used at the table. — 
-spoon'ful, n. ; pi. -spoox'fuls. As much as a table- 
spoon will hold. talk, n. Conversation at table, 

or at meals. — tip'ping. -turn'ing, n. Certain move- 
ments of tables or other objects, attributed by some 
to the agency of departed spirits, by others"to the 
development of latent vital or spiritual forces, but 
more commonly ascribed to the muscular force of 
persons in connection with the objects moved.— Ta'- 
bling, n. A forming into tables. (Carp.) The let- 
ting of one timber into another by alternate scores 
or projections. — Table-d'hote, ta'bl-dot, n. A com- 
mon table for guests at a hotel ; an ordinary. [F., 
literally table of the landlord.] — Tablet, n. A 
small table or flat surface; a small, flat piece of any- 
thing on which to write, paint, draw, or engrave. 
pi. A pocket memorandum-book. (Med.) A solid 
Kind of confection, commonly made of dry ingredi- 
ents, usually with sugar, and formed into little flat 
squares, — lozenge, troche. [F. tablette, dim. of ta- 
ble.] — Tableau', -lo', n. ; pi. Tableaux', -loz'. A 
striking and vivid representation ; esp., the repre- 
sentation ef some scene by means of persons grouped 
in the proper manner, placed in appropiate postures, 
and remaining silent and perfectly still. [F., dim. 
of table.'] — Tablature. -la-chur, n. (Paint.) A 
painting on a wall and ceiling : a picture in general. 
(Mus.) An ancient mode of indicating musical 
sounds by letters instead of notes. [F.] — Tab'u- 
lar, a. Having the form of, or pert, to, a table, in 
any of the uses of the word. [L. tabularis, fr. tabitr 
la.'] — Tab'ulato, v. t. To reduce to tables or synop- 
ses; to shape with a flat surface. [LL. tabulare.] 

Taboo, fa-boo', n. A political or religious interdict 
concerning something declared sacred or accursed, 
formerly of grea: force among the inhabitants of 
the islands of the Pacific ; a total prohibition of in- 
tercourse with or approach to anything. — v. t. 



[tabooed (-bood'), -booixg.] To forbid, forbid the 
use of, interdict approach or use. [Polynesian word.] 

Tabor, ta'ber, it. A small drum used as an accom- 
paniment to a pipe or fife. [ME. and OF. tabour, 
F. tcanbaur, 8p. i"mbor, Ar. tambur, a lute, guitar, 
drum, Pers. twnimk, a trumpet, bagpipe, tambal, 
tabir, a drum ; s. rt. tambourine.] — Tab'oret, n. A 
small tabor. — Tab'orine, -o-ren, -orin, -o-rin, n. A 
small, shallow drum ; a tabor. — Tab'ouret, -oo-ret, 
n. A seat without arms or back, cushioned and 
stuffed; a stool ; an embroidery frame. [F., dim. of 
OF. tabour, fr. its resemblance to a drum.] — Tab'- 
ret, n. A small tabor; taboret. 

Tabu. See Taboo. 

Tabular. Tabulate. See under Table. 

Tacamahac, tak'a-ma-hak, Tac'amaha'ca, -ha'ka, n. 
A tree of X. Amer., balsam poplar; a tree of Mada- 
gascar, etc.; an aromatic yellowish resin from Mad- 
agascar and the W. Indies. 

Tachometer, ta-kom'e-t?r, n. An instrument for 
measurmgvelocity, as of running water or of ma- 
chines. [Gr. tachos, speed (fr. taehus, quick), and 
metron, a measure.] — Tachyg'raphy, -kig'ra-ft. n. 
The art or practice of rapid writing ; stenography ; 
shorthand writing. [Gr. graphein, to write.] 

Tacit, tas'it, o. Implied, but not expressed : silent. 
[L. tucitus, fr. tacere, to be silent.] — Tacitly, adv. 
In a tacit manner ; silently ; by implication. — Tac'- 
iturn, -T-tern, a. Habitually silent; not free to con- 
verse : not apt to talk or speak ; reserved. [F. taci- 
turne.] — Taciturnity, -T-tY, n. Habitual silence or 
reserve in speaking. [F. tacitumite.] 

Tack, tak, n. A small, short, sharp-pointed nail, usu- 
ally having a broad head. (Xaut.) A rope to con- 
fine the foremost lower corners of the courses and 
stay-sails, when the wind crosses the ship's course 
obliquely; also, a rope to pull the lower corner of a 
studding-sail to the boom: the part of a sail to which 
the tack is usually fastened: the course of a ship in 
regard to the position of her sails. — Tack. v. t. 
[tacked (takt). tackixg.] To fasten or attach ; to 
attach, unite, or secure m a slight or hasty manner; 
to join as with stitches or tacks: to add. append. 

— v. t. and i. (Saut.) To change the course of a ship 
by shifting the tacks and position of the sails and 
rudder. [Ir. taca, stang, Ga. tacaid, staing, a tack, 
peg. pin; s. rt. stake, take, attach : the sailor's tack is 
the rope which attaches the sail to the windward 
side of the ship.] — Hard tack. A large kind of hard 
crackers, used for food by sailors and soldiers. 

Tackle, tak'l, n. An apparatus of ropes, pulleys, etc., 
for raising or lowering heavy weights ; apparatus 
by which a thing is grasped, moved, or operated; 
appurtenances for sport or work. (Ifaut.) The rig- 
ging and apparatus of a ship. — v. t. [tackled (-Id), 
-lixg.] To harness, seize, lay hold of. [ME. and 
D. takel. Sw. tackel, tackle, a"pulley, D. takelen, to 
rig, — lit. that which takes or grasps, fr. Ic. and 
OSw. taka, to seize, grasp, hold; s. rt. take, perh. 
tack; W. tacl, an instrument, tool, is perh. fr. the 
E.] — Tackling, n. Furniture of the masts and 
yards of a ship ; instruments of action; the straps 
and fixtures by which a horse draws a carriage : 
harness. 

Tact, takt, n. Peculiar skill or faculty ; nice percep- 
tion ; ready power of appreciating and doing what 
is required by circumstances. [L. tactus, fr. tan- 
gere, tactum, to touch.] — Tac'tile, -til, a. Capable 
of being touched ; pert, to the organs, or the sense, 
of touch. [L. tactilis, fr. tungere.] — Tactil'ity, -T- 
tT, n. State of beins tactile; perceptibility by touch. 

— Tac'tion, -shun, "n. Act of touching; touch; con- 
tact. [L. tactio.] — Tact'ual, -u-al, a. Pert, to the 
sense, or the organs, of touch ; consisting in, or de- 
rived from, touch. 

Tactics, tak'tiks, n. The science and art of disposing 
military and naval forces in order fox battle, and 
performing military and naval evolutions. [Gr. tak- 
tika, military tactics, prop. neut. pi. of taktikos, fit 
for arransins. fr. taktos, arranged, fr. tassein, to ar- 
range, order.]— Tac'tic, -tical, a. Of, or pert, to, 
the art of military and naval dispositions for battle, 
evolutions, etc. — Tacti'cian, -tish'an, n. One 
yersed in tactics: a maneuverer: adroit manager. 

Tactile. Taction, etc. See under Tact. 

Tadpole, tad'pol, n. The young of a frog or toad, in 
its first state from the spawn; a polliwog. [= toad- 
poll, a toad that seems all poll, head.] 

Tsedium. te'dY-um, n. "Weariness ; tedium. [L. : see 
Tedium.] 

Ta'en, tan. A contr. of taken. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get. 



TAFFEREL 



594 



TALC 



Tafferel. See Taffrail. 

Taffeta, taf f e-ta, -ty, -tT, n. A fine, smooth stuff of 
silk, having usually a remarkably wavy luster. [F. 
taffetas, Per. tdftah, orig. twisted, woven, fr. tdftan, 
to twist, spin.] 

Taffrail, taf 'ral, n. (Naut.) The upper part of a ship's 
stern, which is fiat like a table on the top, and 
sometimes ornamented with carved work; the rail 
around a ship's stern. [D. tqfereel, a panel, picture, 
dim. of taf el = E. table.] 

Taffy, taffi, n. A kind of candy made of molasses 
boiled down and poured out in shallow pans. [Scot. 
taffie.] 

Tag, tag, n. A metallic point at the end of a string; 
any slight appendage, as to an article of dress; a di- 
rection-card, or label; something mean and paltry; 
the rabble; the catch-word at the end of an actor's 
speech; cue; a play in which one person runs alter 
and touches another, and then in turn runs away to 
avoid being touched.— v. t. [tagged (tagd), -ging.] 
To fit with a point or points; to fit (one thing to an- 
other).— v. i. To follow closely, as it were an ap- 
pendage. [Sw. tagg, LG. takk, a point, tooth = E. 
tack.] — Tag'-rag, n. or a. The lowest class of peo- 
ple ; rabble, — also written tag-raff or rag-tag and 
bobtail. 

Taglia, tiil'ya, n. (Mech.) A peculiar combination 
of pulleys. [It. tagha, a cutting, a pulley, fr. tagli- 
are, to cut.] 

Tail, tal, n. Any long, flexible, terminal appendage; 
the part of an animal which terminates its 
body behind; the back, lower, or inferior 
part of anything; the side of a coin opposite 
to that which bears the head oreffigy; what- 
ever resembles, in shape or position, the tail 
of an animal, as a catkin. (Bot.) A downy 
or feathery appendage to certain seeds, 
formed of the permanent elongated style; 
any elongated, flexible, terminal part, as a 
petiole or peduncle. [AS. tsegl, G. zagtl, a 
tail, Ic. and Goth, tagl, hair.] — Tail'-piece, 
n. An appendage. (P)-int.) An ornament 
placed at the bottom of a short page to fill 
up the space, or at the end of a book. — race, 
n. The stream of water which runs from 
the mill after it has been applied to move 
the wheel. 

Tail, tal, n. (Laio.) Limitation; abridgment. 
— a. Limited: abridged; reduced; curtailed. 
[F. taille, a cutting, also a tally, taiUer, to 
cut, L. talea, a thin rod, cutting, slip, layer; Seed, 
b. rt. detail, entail, retail, talhj^] — Estate in with its 
tail. An estate limited to certain heirs, and Tails. 
from which the other heirs are precluded. — To t. v 
or on. (Arch.) To fasten by one 
of the ends into a wall or some 
other support. — TaiKage, -ej, n. 
A share; hence, a tax or toll; tal- 
lage. [F. taillage, fr. tattler.] — 
Tai'lor, -ler, n. One whose occu- 
pation is to cut out and make 
men's garments.— v. i. [tailored 
(-lerd), tailoring.] To practice 
making men's clothes. [F. taiileur, 
fr. tattler.] — Tailoress, n. A 
woman who makes garments forj 
men or boys. — Tai'lor-bird, n. 
A bird of several species and gen- 
era, found in the E. Indies and 
Italy, which constructs nests by 
stitching together leaves of plants. 

Taint, tant, r. t. To imbue or im- 
pregnate, as with some extraneous j 
matter which alters the sensible 
qualities of the substance; to im- 
pregnate with something odious, 
noxious, or poisonous ; to stain, 
sully, tarnish, contaminate, pol- 
lute, infect, disease, vitiate, poi- 
son. — v. i. To be infected or cor- 
rupted; to be affected with incipi- 
ent putrefaction. — n. Tincture; 
stain ; infection ; corruption ; a 
blemish on reputation. [F. teint, 
teinct, a tincture, dye, stain, fr. 
teindre, L. tingere = E. to tinge; 
perh. confused with attaint.] — 
Taint 'lire, tan'chur, n. Taint ; Nest ot Tailor-bird, 
tinge: defilement; stain. 

Take, tak, v. t. [imp. took (t<36k); p. p. taken (tak'n); 
taking.] To lay hold of, seize with the hands, or 




otherwise; to get into one's hold or possession; to 
obtain possession of by force or artifice, capture; to 
come upon or befall, attack, seize; to captivate, in- 
terest, charm; to make selection of, choose, have re- 
course to; to employ, use, demand, require; to form 
a likeness of, delineate; to assume, acquire (shape); 
to permit to one's self, enjoy or experience (rest* 
revenge, delight, shame) ; to form and adopt (a 
resolution); to accept (something offered); to par- 
take of, swallow; to undertake readily, surmount, 
leap; to submit to, tolerate, endure; to admit (some- 
thing presented to the mind); to receive in thought, 
understand, interpret, suppose; to admit, receive, 
bear, agree with; to convey, move, remove, conduct, 
transfer, recover, assume, etc. — v. i. To catch, fix, 
be fixed; to have the intended or natural effect; to 
please, gain reception; to move or direct the course, 
betake one's self, go.— n. The quantity of fish cap- 
tured at one haul or catch. (Print.) The quantity 
of copy taken in hand by a compositor at one time. 
[ME. taken, Ic. and OSw. taka, to seize, grasp, Goth. 
tekan, L. tangere, to touch; s. rt. stake, stick, tack, 
tag, attach, attack, detach, contact, intact, tact, tan- 
gent, q. v.] — To take advantage of. To catch by 
surprise, make use of a favorable state of things to 
the prejudice of. — To t. aim. To aim. — To. t. arms. 
To commence war or hostilities. — To t. breath. To 
stop (from labor) in order to breathe or rest. — To t. 
care. To be careful. — To t. care of. To have the 
charge or care of. — To t. down. To reduce, bring 
lower, depress; to swallow; to pull down, pull to 
pieces; to record, write down; to attack, make an at- 
tack upon. — To t. effect. To have the intended ef- 
fect, be efficacious. — To t.fire. To become ignited 
or inflamed. — To t. heart. To gain confidence or 
courage. — To t. heed. To be careful or cautious. — 
To t.in. To inclose, fence; to encompass or embrace, 
comprise; to draw into a smaller compass, contract, 
furl; to cheat, circumvent, deceive ; to admit, re- 
ceive; to understand, comprehend.— To t.in hand. 
To undertake, attempt to execute. — To t. in vain. 
To use unnecessarily, carelessly, or profanely.— To 
t. leave. To bid farewell. — Tot. notice. To observe 
with particular attention ; to show by some act that 
observation is made.— To t. oath. To swear in a 
judicial manner.— To t. off'. To remove (from the 
surface, top, or outside); to cut off; to destroy; to 
invalidate; to withdraw, call or draw away; to swal- 
low; to purchase, take in trade; to copy, reproduce, 
imitate, mimic. — To t. out. To remove from within 
a place, separate, deduct ; to draw out, clear or 
cleanse from. — To t. a paper, etc. To receive reg- 
ularly, on subscription. — To. t. part. To share, ' 
partake. — To t.part with. To unite with, join with, 

— To t. place. To happen, come to pass. — To t. 
root. To live and grow, as a plant; to be established, 
as principles. — To t. advantage of. To use any ad- 
vantage offered by, employ to advantage; to catch 
by cunning, use circumstances to the prejudice of. 

— To t. the air. To walk or ride in the open air. — 
Tot.the.neld. (Mil.) To encamp; to commence the 
operations of a campaign. — To t. to heart. To be 
sensibly affected by; to feel sensibly. — To t. up. To 
lift, raise; to buy or borrow; to begin; to engross, 
employ; to seize, catch, arrest; to admit, believe; to 
reprimand; to begin where another left off; to occu- 
py, fill; to assume, carry on or manage for another; 
to comprise, include; to adopt, assume; to receive, 
accept, or adopt for the purpose of assisting; to fav- 
or; to collect; to exact (a tax); to pay and receive.— 
Tot. upon one's self. To assume, undertake; to ap- 
propriate to one's self, allow to be imputed to one's 
self.— To t. after. To learn to follow, copy, imitate; 
to resemble. — To t. on. To be violently affected.— 
To t. to. To apply to, be fond of; to resort to, be- 
take to. — To t. up with. To be contented to receive; 
to receive without opposition. — Take'-off, n. ; pi. 
-Offs. An imitation, esp. in the way of caricature. 

— Tak'er, v. One who takes, receives, or appre- 
hends. — Taking, p. a. Alluring; attracting. — n. 
Act of gaining possession; agitation; excitement: 
distress of mind. — Takingly, adv. In an attractive 
manner. — Tak'ingness. n. 

Talbot, tawl'but, n. A sort of dog, noted for quick 
scent and eager pursuit of game. 

Talbotype, taKbo-tip, n. A process of taking pictures 
by the camera obscura on chemically prepared pa- 
per. [Invented by H. F. Talbot.] 

Talc, talk, n. (Min.) A soft magnesian mineral, of a 
soapy feel, and usually of greenish, whitish, or gray- 
ish colors. [F. ; Sp. talco, Ar. talq.] — Talck'y, -t. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; odd, tone, Or ; 



TALE 



595 



TAME 



Talcose'', tal-kos', Talc'ous, -us, a. Pert, to, com- 
posed of, or resembling, talc. 

Tale, tal, n. That which is told; an oral relation: a 
reckoning by count ; enumeration ; number reck- 
oned or stated ; a written rehearsal of what has oc- 
curred ; anecdote; story; fable; incident; legend; 
narrative. [AS. taiu, Ic. talu, a number, narrative, 
Ic. tal, Dan. tale, a speech; prob. s. rt. Skr. dri, to 
consider, E. till, tell ; not s. rt. talk.] — Tale'-bear'er, 
n. One who officiously tells tales. — bear'ing, //. 
Act of informing officiously; communication of se- 
crets maliciously. 

Talent, taKent, n. Among the ancient Greeks, a weight 
and denomination of money : the Attic talent = 
nearly 57 lbs. avoirdupois, or as silver money = 
about $1180; among the Hebrews, as a weight = 
about 93f lbs. avoirdupois ; as money, from about 
$1645 to $1916 ; intellectual ability, natural or ac- 
quired; a special gift, esp. in business, art, etc., — a 
metaphorical use of the word, prob. originating in 
the parable of the talents, Matt. xxv. [F., a talent 
in money, also will, desire, L. talentmn, Gr. talanton, 
a balance, weight, sum of money, Gr. tlan, L. tol- 
erare, to endure, L. tollere, Skr. tul, to lift, weigh, 
E. tolerate.] — Tal'ented, a. Furnished with talents 
or skill. _ 

Tales, ta'lez, n. pi. (Law.) A supply of persons from 
those in or about the court-house to make up any 
deficiency in the number of jurors regularly sum- 
moned, being like, or such, as the latter. [L., pi. of 
talis, such.] — Talesman, talz'man, n. ; pi. -men. A 

Eerson called to make up the deficiency in the num- 
er of jurors when a tales is awarded. 

Talisman, taKiz-man, n. ; pi. -mans. A magical figure 
cut or engraved under certain superstitious observ- 
ances of the configuration of the heavens, to which 
wonderful effects are ascribed; something that pro- 
duces extraordinary effects, esp. in averting evil: a 
charm. [Sp., a magical character, also a doctor 
of the Mohammedan law, fr. Ar. tilism, tilsam, a 
magical image, pi. talasim, tilsamat, fr. Gr. telesma, 
tribute, tax, Late Gr., an initiation, incantation, fr. 
telein, to perform, to pay tax, to initiate, esp. in the 
mysteries ; s. rt. Skr. tara, a passage, also a spell 
against demons.] — Talisman'ic, -leal, a. Pert, to, 
or having the properties of, a talisman ; magical. 

Talk, tawk, v. i. [talked (tawkt), talking.] To 
converse familiarly ; to speak, as in familiar dis- 
course; to confer, reason ; to prate, speak imperti- 
nently, —v. t. To speak freely, use for conversing 
or communicating; to mention in talking, utter; to 
consume or spend in talking. — n. Familiar con- 
verse; mutual discourse; report; rumor; subject of 
discourse; conversation; colloquy; discourse; chat; 
conference ; communication. [Perh. fr. Sw. tolka, 
Ic. tulka, to interpret, plead one's case, Ic. tulkr, 
Dan., Sw., D., and MHG. tolk, fr. Lithuan. tulkas, 
an interpreter, tulkanti, to interpret, — if so, the only 
Lithuan. word in Eng.; or perh. fr. G. tah/en, talken, 
to dabble in water, also to tattle, talk foolishly, LG. 
talk, a daw, a tattling woman.] — Talk'er, n. One 
who talks; esp., one noted for power of conversing 
agreeably; a loquacious person; a boaster; braggart. 

— Talk'ative, -a-tiv, a. Given to much talking; gar- 
rulous ; loquacious ; prating. — Talk'ativeness, n. 

Tall, tawl, a. High in stature ; long and comparativelv 
slender, — said of upright objects; lofty. [W. and 
Corn, tal, tall, high, Ir. talla, fit, proper, just.] — 
TalPness, n. 

Tallage, taPlej, -liage, -lT-ej, n. (0. Eng. Law.) A 
certain rate or tax, paid by barons, knights, and in- 
ferior tenants, toward the public expenses. [Same 
as tallage, q. v., under Tail; s. rt. tally.] 

Tallow, taKlo, n. The suet or fat of animals of the 
sheep and ox kinds; the fat of some other animals, 
or the fat obtained from certain plants, or from other 
sources, resembling that of animals of the sheep and 
ox kind. — v. t. [tallowed (-lod), -lowing.] To 
grease or smear with tallow; to fatten. [ME. and 
OD. talgh, LG., Dan., and Sw. talg, tallow.] — TaP- 
low-chand'ler, n. One who makes or sells tallow 
candles. — Tal'lowish, a. Having the properties or 
nature of tallow ; resembling tallow. — Tal'lowy, 
-lo-t, a. Having the qualities of tallow: greasy. 

Tally, taPTr, n. A piece of wood on which notches or 
scores are cut, as the marks of number; esp. one of 2 
pieces with notches exactly corresponding; one thing 
made to suit or correspond to another; a match; mate. 

— v. t. [tallied (-lid), -lying.] To score with cor- 
respondent notches, make to correspond. (Navt.) To 
pull aft, as the sheets or lower corners of the main 



and foresail, —v. i. To be fitted, suit, cov ,0Krim& 
[ME. and F. faille, a cutting, cut, tally, fr. »\ tailter. 
to cut, L. talea, a strip of wood: see Tail, limitation. * 
— Tal'lyman. n. ; /•/. -men. One who keeps the tally; 
one who keeps a tally-shop. — Tal'ly-shop, n. A shop 
at which articles are sold to customers on account, 
the account being kept in corresponding books, one 
called the tally, kept by the buyer, the other the 
counter-tally, kept by the seller. 

Tallyho. tal'lT-ho, interj. & n. The huntsman's cry to 
urge on his hounds. 

Talmud, tal'mud, n. The whole body of tue Hebrew 
laws and traditions, with authoritative comment* 
and explanations, as collected, in 2d cent, and since, 
in the Mishna and Gemara. [Chald., instruction, 
doctrine, fr. lamad, to learn, hmmad, to teach, tal 
mid, a scholar.] — Talmud'ic, -ical, a. Of, pert, to, 
or contained in, the Talmud. — TaPmudist, n. Ono 
versed in the Talmud.— Talmudist'ic, a. Of, or pert, 
to, the Talmud; resembling the Talmud; Talmudic. 

Talon, tal'un, n. The claw of a bird of prey. (Arch.] 
A kind of molding ; ogee : see Molding. [F.; LL 
talc, fr. L. talus, the ankle, heel.l-Ta'lus, n. (Anat.) 
That bone of the foot which articulates with the le?: 
astragalus. (Arch. & Fort.) The slope or inclination 
of a work. ( Geol.) A sloping heap of broken rock! 
at the foot of a precipice. [L.] 




Tamandua, or Little Ant-bear. 

Tamandua, ta-man'du-a, n. A .pecies of .ant-eater oi 
tropical Amer., about the si; e of a full-grown cat 
and having a prehensile tail the little ant-bear. 

Tamarack, tam'a-rak, n. Tin black larch, a conifer 
ous tree having deciduous leaves; hackmatack. 

Tamarind, tam'a-rind, n. A leguminous tree, culti 
vated in tropical countries for its shade and fruit i 
one of the preserved seed-pods of the tamarind, 
which abound with an acid pulp of refrigerant and 
laxative properties. [F.; Sp tamarindo, fr. Ar. tamr- 
hindi, i. e., Indian date ; tamr is fr. Heb. tamar, a 
palm tree ; hindi fr. Per. Hind, India, fr. Skr. sindhu, 
the river Indus : see Indian.] 

Tamarisk, tam'a-risk, n. A free or shrub of several 
species. [F. tamaris, L. tawariscus, Skr. tamalaka, 
a tree with dark bark, tamas, darkness, tarn, to dark- 
en, choke; s. rt. dim, q. v.] 

Tambac, tam'bak, n. An alloy of copper, zinc, etc.; 
tombac; aloes-wood. [Malay tambaga, copper.] 

Tambour, tam'taoor, n. A kind of small flat drum ; 
tambourine ; a small circular frame, resembling a 
drum, for working embroidery upon; a species of 
embroidery in which threads of sold and silver are 
worked in leaves, flowers, etc. (Arch.) The vase on 
which the leaves of the Corinthian and Composite 
capitals are placed ; the wall of a circular temple 
surrounded with columns; the 
circular vertical part above or 
below a cupola: a lobby or ves- 
tibule, inclosed with folding 
doors. [F. : see TABOP.O-Tam'- 
bourine'', -en', n. A shallow 
drum, with only one skin, 
played on with the hand, and 
having bells at the sides; a live- 
ly French dance, formerly in 
vogue in operas. [F. tamhouriu, 
dim. of tambour.] 

Tame, tarn, a. Having laid aside, or become changed 
from, native wildne^s and shvness; accustomed to 
man; crushed: subdued; spiritless; deficient in ani- 
mation; dull: flat. — r. t. [tamed (tamd), taming.] 
To reduce from a wild to a domestic state; tore- 
claim, domesticate; to subdue, conquer. [AS., D., 
Sw., and Dan. tarn, tame, L. domare, Gr. damaein, 
Skr. dam, to tame; s. rt. daunt, indomitable.] — 
Tame'ly, adv. In a tame manner; with unresisting 




Tambourine. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot/t ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TAMIL 



596 



TAPIOCA 



submission; meanly; servilely. — Tame'ness, n.— 
Tameable, a. — Tam'er, n. 

Tamil, ta'mil, w. The language of the Carnatic and 
of most of Ceylon, — a member of the Dravidian 
family of languages. 

Tamis, tam'is, Tam'my, -ml, n. A kind of woolen 
cloth highly glazed, often used for straining sauces. 
[Corrupt, f r. OF. estamine, name of this stuff, fr. L. 
stamineus, consisting of threads, f r. stamen, a thread, 
stamen, q. v.] 

Tamp, tamp, v. t. To fill up (a hole bored iD a rock 
for blasting), esp. by driving in something with fre- 
quent strokes; to drive in or down by frequent gen- 
tle strokes. [F. tamponner, taper, to bung, stop, fr. 
tampon, tapon, D. tap, a bung, stopple: see Tap, to 
draw off liquor.] — Tam'pon, Tam'pion, -pl-un, 
Tom'pion, n. The stopper of a cannon or other piece 
of ordnance; a plug to stop the upper end of an or- 
gan-pipe. {Surg.) A plug to stop hemorrhage. [F. 
tampon.] 

Tamper, tam'per, v. i. [-peeed (-pgrd), -pering.] To 
meddle, try little experiments, adulterate. [ A modif . 
of temper, q. v.] 

Tan, tan t v. t. [tanned (tand), -ning.] To impreg- 
nate with tannin by steeping in an infusion of bark, 
in order to convert into leather, as the skins of ani- 
mals; to make brown by exposure to the rays of the 
sun; to flog. — v. i. To become tanned, — n. The 
bark of the oak, and some other trees, bruised and 
broken by a mill, for tanning hides ; a yellowish- 
brown color, like that of tan; a browning of the skin 
by exposure to the sun. [i ., oak bark for tanning, 
Armor, tann, an oak, tan, G. tanne, a fir-tree.] — 
Tan'-yard, n. A place where leather is tanned. — 
Tan'ner, n. One whose occupation is to tan hides. — 
Tan'nery, -ner-I, n. The house and apparatus for 
tanning. — Tan'nic, a. (Chem.) Of, pert, to, or de- 
rived from, tan. — Tan'nin, n. (Chem.) The astrin- 
gent principle of oak bark, nut-galls, etc. [F. tannin.'] 
— Taw'ny, -nt, a. [-nier; -niest.] Of a dull yel- 
lowish-brown color, like things tanned or sunburnt 
persons. [ME. tanny, F. tanne", tawny, p. p. of tan- 
ner, to tann 

Tandem, tan'dem, adv. One after another, — said of 
horses harnessed and driven one before another, in- 
stead of side by side. [L., at length.] 

Tang, tang, n. A strong or offensive taste; esp., a taste 
of something extraneous to the thing itself; relish; 
taste; something that leaves a sting or pain behind; 
a projecting part of an object by means of which it 
is secured to a handle, or to some other part; any- 
thing resembling a tongue in form or position. [OD. 
tanger, sharp or tart on the tongue, lit. pinching, fr. 
tang, a pair of pincers, nippers = E. tongs, Ic. long, 
a smitlvs tongs, tangi, a spit of land, the end of a 
tool which goes into the haft, tengja, to fasten.] 

Tangent, tan'jent, n. (Geom.) A right line which 
touches a curve, but which, „ „ 

when produced, does not 
cut it. — a. Touching. 
(Geom.) Touching at a sin- 
gle point. [L. tangens, p. 
pr. of tangei'e, to touch; s. 
rt. tack, tact, taste.]— Tan'- 
gency, -jen-sY, n. State or 
quality of being tangent; a 
contact or touching. — Tan- 
gential, -jen'shal, a. Of, 
or pert, to, a tangent; in the direction of a tangent.— 
Tan'gible, -jY-bl, a. Perceptible by the touch; pal- 
pable; capable of being possessed or realized; read- 
ily apprehensible by the mind. [F.; L. tangibilis, fr. 
tangere.] — Tangibil'ity, n. Quality of being, etc. 

Tangle, tan'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld). -gling.] To unite 
or knit together confusedly; to interweave or inter- 
lock, as threads; to insnare, entrap. — v. i. To be 
entangled or united confusedly. — n. A knot of 
threads, or other things, so interwoven as not to be 
easily disengaged. (Bot.) An edible seaweed, hav- 
ing long, nbbon-shaped fronds. [Sw. and Dan. 
tang, Ic thongull, seaweed, kelp; s. rt. thong.] 

Tank, tank, n. A large basin or cistern. [Pg. tanque, 
L. stagnum, a pool, pond; s. rt. stagnate.] 

Tankard, tank'ard, n. A large vessel for liquors, or a 
drinking vessel, with a cover. [OF. tanquard, OD. 
tanckaert, perh. same as L. cantharus, Gr. kantharos, 
a large can or pot.] 

Tanner, Tannic, Tannin, etc. See under Tan. 

Tansy, tan'zl, n. (.Bot.) An extremely bitter plant 
of many species, used for medicinal and culinary 
purposes. [OF. tanasie, athanasie, Pg. and Olt. an- 




anasia, tansy, fr. Gr. athanasia, immortality, fr. a 
priv. and thneskein, to die.] 

Tant, tant, n. A small spider, with 2 eyes, and 8 long 
legs, and of an elegant scarlet color. 

Tantalize, tan'ta-liz, v. t. [-lized (-lizd), -lizing.] 
To tease or torment with a prospect of good that can 
not be realized; to disappoint, tease, irritate, pro- 
voke. [Fr. Tantalus, a Phrygian king in fabulous 
history, who was condemned to stand up to his chin 
in water, with a tree of fair fruit over his head, both 
of which, as he attempted to allay his hunger or 
thirst, fled from his approach; lit. enduring; s. rt. tal- 
ent, tolerate.] — Tan'talism, -lizm, n. The punish- 
ment of Tantalus; a teasing with vain hopes. — Tan'- 
taliza'tion, n. Act of tantalizing. — Tan'taliz'er, n. 
— Tan'talus, n. A genus of wading birds, including 
the wood-pelican or ibis, a bird of the size of the 
stork, but more slender, inhabiting marshes, and 
feeding on reptiles. 

Tantamount, tan'ta-mownt', a. Equivalent in value 
or signification; equal. [F. tant (L. tantus), so much, 
as much, and E. amount, q. v.] 

Tantivy, tan-tiv't or tan'tY-vY, adv. Swiftlv; speed- 
ily; rapidly, — a hunting term. [Said to be fr. the 
note of a hunting-horn.] 

Tantrum, tan'trum, n. A whim or burst of ill-humor; 
an affected air. 

Tap, tap, v. t. [tapped (tapt). -ping.] To strike with 
something small, or with a very gentle blow; to put 
a new sole or heel on (a shoe or boot). — n. A slight 
blow with a small thing; the piece of leather fas- 
tened upon the bottom of a boot or shoe, in repairing 
the sole or heel. — v.i. To strike a gentle blow. [F. 
taper, tapper, Ic. tapsa; prob. onomat. ; s. rt. dab, 
tip-] — Tap'pet, n. (Mach.) A small lever or pro- 
jection intended to tap or slightly touch something 
else, to change or regulate motion. 

Tap, tap, v. t. To pierce (a tree, cask, tumor, or any- 
thing containing a pent-up fluid) so as to let out a flu- 
id; to draw from in any analogous way. — n. A hole 
or pipe through which liquor is drawn ; a faucet ; a 
plug or spile for stopping a hole pierced in a cask; 
hquor measured out, as through a tap; a place where 
liquor is drawn for drinking; a bar. (Mech.) A con- 
ical screw grooved longitudinally, for cutting 
threads in nuts. [D. and Dan., a tap, plug for a 
cask, Sw. tapp, a tap, handful, 
wisp; s. rt. top, tuft, tamp.] — Tap r - 
bolt, n. A bolt, with a head on one 
end, to be screwed into some fixed 
part, instead of passing through it 
and receiving a nut. — root, n. 
(Bot.) The root of a plant which 
penetrates the earth directly down- i 
ward.— Tap'ster, n. One who draws ; 
ale, etc. 

Tape, tap, n. A narrow piece of woven _. . 
fabric used for strings, etc. [AS. Tap-bolt. 
tseppe, a tape, fillet, fr. L. tapete, cloth; s. rt. tapes- 
try, q. v.J — Tape'-worm, n. (Med.) A broad, flat, 
many-jointed worm, often many feet in length, 
found in the intestines of man and other vertebrate 
animals; taenia. 

Taper, tamper, n. A small wax-candle, or a small light. 
[AS.; Ir. tapar.a, taper, W. tampr, a torch; perh. s. 
rt. Skr. tapas, fire, tap, to shine, glow.] 

Taper, tamper, a. Regularly narrowed toward the 
point; conical; pyramidical — v. i. [tapered (-perd), 
tapering.] To diminish or become gradually small- 
er toward one end. — v. t. To make or cause to ta- 
per. — n. A gradual diminution of thickness in an 
elongated object. [Fr. taper, a candle, — i. e. shaped 
like a taper.] 

Tapestry, tap'es-tri, n. A kind of woven hangings of 
wool and silk, often enriched with gold and silver, 
representing various figures.— v. t. To adorn with, 
or as if with, tapestry. [F. tapisserie, fr. tapisser, to 
carpet, cover with tapestry, fr. tapis, a carpet, L. 
tapete, tapetis, carpet, tapestry, Gr. tapes, carpet, 
rug, Per. tabastah, a fringed carpet, cushion ; s. rt. 
tape, tippet, tabard.] — Tapestry carpet. An elegant 
kind of two-ply or ingrain carpet, in which the warp 
or weft is printed before weaving, so as to produce 
the figure in the cloth. 

Tapeti, tap'e-ti, n. ; pi. -tis, -tiz. An animal of the 
hare kind, — the Lepus Braziliensis, a rodent mam- 
mal of S. Amer. 

Tapioca, tap-Y-o'ka, n. A coarsely granular farina- 
ceous substance obtained by heating moistened cas- 
sava: when soaked in water it forms a jelly-like 
mass, used for puddings, etc. [Braz. tipioka.] 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In. ice ; 5dd, t5ne, 6r ; 



TAPER 



597 



TASSEL 




Tapir, ta'pgr, n. 
A hooted, pach- 
ydermatoue 

mammal of S. 
Amer. and Su- 
matra, allied to 
the hog and rhi- 
noceros, and 
having a short 
pro Doscis. 
[Braz. tapj/'ra 

Tapis, ta'pis t 
ta-pe r , n. Ca 
peting ; tape: 
try ; formerly, Tapir, 

the cover of a council-table. [F.: see Tapestry.] — 
Upon the tapis. On the table, or under consideration. 

Tappet. See under Tap, to strike lightly. 

Tapster. See under Tap, to draw liquors. 

Tar, tar, n. A thick, viscid, impure, resinous sub- 
stance, of a dark color, oDtained by destructive dis- 
tillation of wood, coal, etc., or jy burning resinous 
wood without flame in a close" pit; a sailor, — so 
called from his tarred clothes. —v. t. [tarred 
(tiird), -ring.] To smear with tar. [AS. teoru, D. 
teer, LG. taer, tar, Lithuan. dai~wa, resinous wood; 
s. rt. tree.) — Tar'ry -rt, a. Consisting of, covered 
with, or like, tar. — Tarpau'lin, -paw'lin, -ling, n. 
Canvas covered with tar or a composition to render 
it waterproof; a hat covered with painted or tarred 
cloth; a sailor. [Fr. tar and pall (q. v.), to cover.] 

Tarantass, tar-an-tas', n. A low, springless, 4-wheeled 
Russiau carriage, drawn by 3 horses, and trans- 
formed into a sledge by substituting runners for 
the wheels. [Russ.] 

Tarantula, ta-ran'tu-la, n. A large brown spider: its 
bite produces an effect about 
equal to the sting of a wasp. [Fr. 
Taranto, in Italy.] 

Tarboosh, tar-boosh', n. A red cap 
worn by Turks, etc.; a fez. [Per. 
sar-posh, head-dress.] 

Tardy, tar'dt, a. [-dier; -diest.] 
Moving with a slow pace or mo- 
tion ; not in season ; late ; slow ; 
dilatory; tedious ; reluctant. [F. 
tardif, L. tardus; s. rt. L, 




(terere tempus, to waste time), E. trite, retard.) 
Tar'dily, -dl-ll, adv. In a tardy 



Tarantula. 
terere, to rub, waste 
trite, reU 
. manner; slowly. 
— Tar 'diness, n. 

Tare, tar. n. A weed growing among wheat and other 
grain ; the darnel. (Bot.) A plant of several species, 
which are troublesome weeds; a leguminous plant 
of several species, cultivated in Europe for fodder; 
vetch. [ProvE., eager, brisk, hence, quick-growing; 
s. rt. AS. teran = E. to tear.) 

Tare, tar, n. (Com.) Allowance or abatement of a 
certain weight or quantity from the weight or quan- 
tity of a commodity sold in a cask, chest, bag, etc., 
which the seller makes to the buyer. [F. tare; Sp., 
Pg., and It. tara, Ar. tarha. tare, orig. loss, detri- 
ment, fr. tarh, throwing awav.] 

Target, tar'get, n. A kind of" small shield or buck- 
ler; a mark for marksmen to fire at in their practice. 
[AS. and OF. targe, Ic. and It. targa, Sp. tarja, OD. 
and G. tartsche, Ir. and Ga. targaid, Ar. darkat, a 
shield; perh. s. rt. Skr. dark, to hold fast.] — Tar- 
geteer, -ier, -er', n. One armed with a target or 
shield. 

Targum, tar'gum, n. A Chaldee or Aramaic version 
(translation or paraphrase) of a portion of the Old 
Testament Scriptures. [Chald. targum, interpreta- 
tion, fr. targem, to interpret; s. rt. Ar. tarjuman, an 
interpreter = E. dragoman.) 

Tariff, tar'if, n. (Com.) Properly, a list or table of 
goods with the duties or customs to be paid for the 
same,, either on importation or exportation; a list of 
duties or customs to be paid on goods imported 
or exported. [F. tariffe, arithmetic, accounts, Sp. 
tarifa, a list of prices, book of rates, fr. Ar. ta'rif, 
information, explanation, definition, fr. a'rafa, to 
know, to inform, explain.] 

Tarlatan, tarla-tan, n. A kind of thin, transparent 
muslin, used for ladies' dresses, etc. 

Tarn, tarn, re. A small lake among the mountains; a 
bog; marsh; fen. [Ic. and Ndrw. tjorn.) 

Tarnish, tar'nish, v. t. [-nished (-nisht), -xishing.] 
To diminish or destroy the 'uster or purity of; to 
sully, stain, dim. — v. i. To lose luster, hecome 
dull. — n. State of being soiled or tarnished; soil; 
blemish. [F. se ternir, to grow pale, wan, or discol- 




Taro. 
rt. AS. tirian = E. 



ored, MHG. ternen, to obscure, darken, AS. dernan, 
to hide, derne, OS. derni, OFries. dem, hidden, se- 
cret; 8. rt. Gr. thalamus, secret chamber, den, dark- 
est part of a ship.] 

Taro, ta'ro, n. A tropical plant having leaves like a 
water-lily and thick, od- 
long roots, which are 
cooked and eaten. 

Tarpaulin. See under Tar. 

Tarragon, tar'ra-gon, n. A 
plant used in France for 
perfuming vinegar. [Sp. 
taiagontia, Per. tarkhun, 
dragon-wort, fr. Gr. dra- 
kon = E. dragon.) 

Tarras. See Trass. 

Tarry, tar'rT, r. «. [-ried 
(-rid), -rying.] To stay be- 
hind, remain in arrear; to 
delay, put off going or 
coming ; to stay, remain, 
abide, await, loiter. — n. 
Stay ; stop ; delay. [ME. 
tarien, to irritate, confused 
with tar gen, to delay; tar- 
gen, OF. targer, tarder, L. 
tardare, to delay, tardus = 

E. tardy, q. v. ; ME. tarien, 
terien. AS. tergan, OD. ter- 
gen, G. zergen, to irritate, vex; 

to tire.) — Tar'riance, -rl-ans, n. Act of tarrying; 
delay; lateness. 

Tarry. See under Tar. 

Tarsus, tar'sus, n. (Anat.) That part of the foot be- 
tween the leg and metatarsus: it contains 7 bones of 
heel, instep, and ankle: see Skeleton. [Gr. tarsos.) 

Tart, tart, a. Sharp to the taste; acidulous; keen; 
severe. [AS. teart, fr. teran, to tear; c» bitter, fr. 
bite.) — Tart'ly, adv. In a tart manner; sourly; 
sharply. — Tart'ness, n. The quality of being, etc.; 
acrimony; poignancy; severity; asperity; acerbity; 
harshness. 

Tart, tart, n. A small open pie or flat piece of pastry, 
containing jelly or conserve. [ME. and OF. tarte, 

F. tourte, orig. tort, a tart, fr. L. torta, fem. of p. p. 
of torquere, to twist: see Torture.] 

Tartan, tar'tan, n. Woolen cloth, checkered with 
threads of various colors, much worn in Scotland. 
[F. tiretaine, linsey-woolsey, Sp. tiritana, a sort of 
thin silk, fr. tiritar, to shiver with cold.] 

Tartar, tar'tiir, n. (Chem.) An acid concrete salt, 
deposited from wines completely fermented: when 
pure, it is called cream of tartar, and when crude, 
argal or argol. A concretion which often incrusts 
the teeth. [F. tartre, LL. tartarum, fr. Ar. durd, 
dregs, sediment, tartar of wine, mother of oil.] — 
Tartar-emetic. (Chem.) A double salt, consisting of 
tartaric acid in combination with potassa and pro- 
toxide of antimony. — Tarta'reous, -re-us, a. Con- 
sisting of, or resembling, tartar, or partaking of its 
properties. — Tartar'ic, -t&r'ik, a. Of, pert, to, or 
obtained from tartar. — Tartaric acid. An acid ob- 
tained from tartar, soluble, white, and crystalline. 

— Tar'tarize, -tar-iz, v. t. [-ized (-Tzd), -izing.] To 
impregnate with tartar, refine by means of the salt 
of tartar. — Tartrate, -trat, n. A salt formed by 
the combination of tartaric acid with a base. 

Tartar, tar'tar, n. A native or inhabitant of Tartary. 

— To catch a Tartar. To lay hold of or encounter 
a person who proves too strong for the assailant. 

Tartarus, tar r ta-rus, n. (Or. Myth.) The infernal re- 
gions ; the place of punishment for the spirits of 
the wicked. [L.; Gr. Tartaros, fr. tartanzein. to 
shiver with cold.] — Tartarean, -re-an, a. Of, or 
pert, to, Tartarus; hellish. 

Tartuffe, tar - toof, n. A hypocritical devotee, — a 
nickname derived from the name of the hero in a 
comedy of the same name, by Moliere. 

Task, task, n. Business or study imposed by another; 
undertaking; burdensome employment; a lesson; 
fixed portion of study imposed by a teacher; toil; 
drudgery. — v. t. [tasked (taskt), tasking.] To 
impose a task upon; to oppress with severe or ex- 
cessive burdens. [OF. tasqve, LL. tasca, same as 
taxa = E. tax, q. v.)— To take to task. To reprove, 
reprimand. — Tasfer, n. One who imposes a task. 

— Task' mas'ter, n. One who imposes a task, or 
burdens with labor; an overseer. 

Tassel, tas'sel, n. A pendent ornament, attached to 
cushions, curtains, etc., ending in loose threads; the 
pendent flower or head of some plants. — v. i. [tas- 



siin, cube, full ; moon. fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TASTE 



598 



TEA 



seled (-seld), -seling.] To put forth a tassel or 
flower. — v.t. To adorn with tassels. [OF., a fas- 
tening, clasp, It. tassello, a collar of a cloak, LL. 
tassellus, a tassel, L. taxillus, a small die, button, dim. 
of talus, a die ; s. rt. Skr. taksh, to hew, make.] 

Taste, tast, v. t. To try by the touch of the tongue ; 
to perceive the relish or flavor of by taking a small 
quantity into the mouth; to eat a small quantity of; 
to become acquainted with by actual trial ; to expe- 
rience, undergo; to partake of, participate in,— usu- 
ally with an implied sense of relish or pleasure.—?;, i. 
To try food with the mouth; to eat or drink a little; 
to excite a particular sensation, by which the qual- 
ity or flavor is distinguished ; to have a particular 
quality or character; to have perception, experience, 
or enjoyment ; to partake, —n. Act of tasting ; a 
particular sensation excited by the application of a 
substance to the tongue ; the sense hy which the 
savor of bodies is ascertained, having "its principal 
seat in the tongue ; intellectual relish ; nice percep- 
tion, or the power of perceiving and relishing ex- 
cellence in human performances; critical judgment; 
discernment; manner, with respect to what is pleas- 
ing ; style ; a small portion given as a specimen; a 
bit; a kind of narrow ribbon. [F. taster, It. tastare, 
to taste, handle, feel, touch. It. tasta, a taste, proof, 
trial, touch, tent for a wound, LL. taxta, a tent or 
probe for wounds, fr. L. taxare, to feel, handle, fr. 
tangere, to touch ; s. rt. tack, tact, tangent.] — Tast'- 
able, a. Capable or worthy of being tasted; savory; 
relishing.— Taste'ful, -ful, a. Having a high relish; 
savory ; having, or exhibiting, good taste ; tasty.— 
Taste'fully, adv. — Taste'fulness, n. — Taste'less, 
a. Having no taste ; insipid ; having no power of 
giving pleasure. — Taste 'lessness, n. — Tast'er, n. 
One who tastes; one who first tastes food or liquor.— 
Tast'y,-T, a. [-iek ; -iest.] Having a good taste, or 
nice perception of excellence ; being in conformity 
to the principles of good taste ; elegant. — Tasfily, 
-1-lT, adv. In a tasty manner; with good taste. 

Tatouay, tat'oo-i, n. A S. Amer. armadillo, having a 
round, pointed, naked tail. 




Tatouay. 

Tatter, tafter, v. t. and i. To rend or tear into rags ; 
to be in tatters or rags.— n. A rag, or a part torn 
and hanging to the thing. [Ic. toturr, Norw. totra, 
LG. ialiern, rags, tatters ; prob. s. rt. totter.] — Tat'- 
terdemal'ion, -de-maKyun, n. A ragged fellow ; 
ragamuffin. [E. tatter and OF.maillon, long clothes, 
swaddling clothes.] 

Tatting, tafting, n. A kind of lace edging woven or 
knit from common sewing thread, with a peculiar 
stitch. 

Tattle, tat'tl, v. i. [-tled (-tld), -tling.] To prate, 
use many words with little meaning ; to tell tales, 
communicate secrets. — n. Idle talk or chat; trifling 
talk; prate; gossip. [Onomat.; D. tateren, to stammer, 
OD. tateren, to speak shrilly, LG. tateln, to gabble 
as a goose, tattle, titetatlen, to tittle-tattle, It. tat- 
tamelare, to prattle ; s. rt. twaddle.] — Tat'tler, n. — 
Tat'tlery, -ler-T, n. Idle talk or chat. 

Tattoo, tat-too'', n. (Mil.) A beat of drum at night, 
giving notice to soldiers to repair to their quarters 
or tents. [D. taptoe, fr. tap, a tap, drinking house, 
and toe, put to, closed, — i. e., the signal for closing 
drinking houses.] — Devil's tattoo. A beating or 
drumming with the fingers, or foot, as from listless- 
ness, fatigue, etc. 

Tattoo, tat-too'', v. t. [-tooed (-tood'), -tooing.] To 
color indelibly (the flesh) by pricking in fluids or 
dye-stuff s. — n. Indelible marks made by punctur- 
ing the skin and introducing a pigment. [Tahitian 
tatau, tattoo marks, fr. ta. a mark, design.] 

Taught, Taut, tawt, a. Tightly drawn or strained. [A 
form of tight, q. v.] 

Taught. See Teach. 

Taunt, tant, a. (Navt.) Very high or tall, as the masts 



of a ship. [OF. tant, L. tantus, of such size, so great 
m extent.] 

Taunt, tant, v. t. To reproach with severe or insult- 
ing words; to revile, upbraid, deride, ridicule, mock, 
censure, —n. Upbraiding words; bitter or sarcastic 
reproach ; insulting invective. [OF. tanter, tenter, 
L. tentare, to try, prove, attack, disquiet, influenced 
by F. tancer, to chide, rebuke, fr. L. tenere = tentare ; 
s. rt. tempt.] — Taunt 'er, n. — Tauntingly, adv. In 
a taunting manner ; insultingly : scoffingly. 

Taurus, taw'rus, n. (Astron.) The Bull, one of the 
12 signs of the zodiac; the 2d zodiacal constellation. 
[L.; Gr. tauros: see Steer, a young ox.] — Tau'rine, 
-rin, a. Relating to a bull ; of, or relating to, the 
common bull, ox, and cow. [L. taurinus.] — Tau'ri- 
form, -ri-f6rm, a. Having the form of a bull. [L. 
tauriformis ; forma, form?) 

Taut. See Taught, a. 

Tautog, taw-tog', n. A food fish found on the coast 
of New Eng. ; the blackfish. [PI. of taut, the Indian 
name.] 

Tautology, taw-toKo-ji, n. A repetition of the same 
meaning in different words. [L. and Gr. tautologia, 
fr. Gr. tauto (contr. fr. to auto or to auton), the same, 
and legein, to say.] — Tautolog'ic, -ical, -loj'ik-al, a. 
Involving tautology, having the same signification. 
— Tautol'ogist, -o-jist, n. One who uses different 
words or phrases, in succession, to express the same 
sense.— TautoKogize, -o-jiz, v. i. [-gized (-jTzd), 
-gizing.] To repeat the same thing in different 
words. — Tautoph'ony, -tof'o-nl, n. Repetition of 
the same sound. [Gr. phone, sound.] — Tautophon'- 
ical, a. Repeating the same sound. 

Tavern, tav'ern, n. A public house where entertain- 
ment and accommodation for travelers are provided; 
inn; hotel. [ME. and F. taverne, L. taberna, a hut 
made of boards, shed, tavern; s. rt. tent, table, q. v.] 

Taw, taw, v. t. [tawed (tawd), tawing.] To dress 
and prepare in white (the skins of sheep, lambs, 
goats, and kids, for gloves, etc.) by imbuing them 
with alum, salt, and other materials. — n. A large 
marble; a game at marbles. [AS. tawian, to prepare, 
taw, Goth, tatijan, to do.] — Taw'er, -yer, n. One 
who taws; a dresser of white leather. 

Tawdry, taw'drT, a. [-drier ; -driest.] Very fine 
and showy in colors, without taste or eleirance. 
[Corrupt, ir. St. Audrey or Auldrey = St. Ethi-lreda, 
and orig. implying, bought at the fair of St. Audrey, 
where laces and gay toys were sold.] — Taw'drily, 
-drl-li, adv. — Taw'driness, n. 

Tawny. See under Tan. 

Tax, taks, n. A charge, esp. a pecuniary burden im- 
posed by authority ; a, levy made upon property for 
the support of a government ; the sum laid upon a 
specific thing, as upon polls, lands, houses, income, 
etc.; a sum imposed on the members of a society, to 
defray its expenses; a task exacted from one under 
control ; a disagreeable or burdensome duty or 
charge, —v. t. [taxed (takst), taxing.] To sub- 
ject to pay a tax or taxes, lay a burden upon, ex- 
act money from for the support of government ; to 
assess, fix, or determine judicially, as the amount 
of cost on actions in court ; to charge, censure, ac- 
cuse. [F. taxe, a taxation, taxef, L. taxare, to rate, 
assess, fr. tangere, to touch ; s. rt. tact, tangent, 
task.] — Tax'able, a. Capable of beinjr taxed; liable 
by law to the assessment of taxes. {Law.) Capable 
of being legally charged by a court against the 
plaintiff or defendant in a suit. — Tax'ably, adv. — 
Taxa'tion, n. Act of laying a tax, or of imposing 
taxes; act of assessing a bill of cost. — Tax'er, n. — 
Tax'pay'er, n. One who is assessed and pays taxes. 

Taxidermy, taks'Y-der'ml, n. Art of preparing and 
preserving the skins of animals and stuffing and 
mounting them, so as to represent their natural ap- 
pearance. [Gr. taxis, order, arrangement (s. rt. tech- 
nical), and derma, a skin; s. rt. tear.] — Taxider'niic, 
a. Pert, to the art of preparing and preserving skins 
of animals. — Taxlder'mist, n. One skilled in tax- 
idermy. 

Tea, te, n. The dried leaves of a shrub or small tree, 
a native of China and Japan; a decoction or infusion 
of tea leaves in boiling water, used as a beverage, 
esp. when mixed with milk or cream and sugar; any 
infusion or decoction, esp. when made of the dry 
leaves of plants; an extract, as of beef; the evening 
meal, at which tea is usually served; supper. [F. 
the', G. thee, fr. Chin, te, ts'a, ch'a.] — Tea'-cup, n. 
A small cup for drinking tea from. — ket'tle, n. A 
covered kettle, with a nose or spout, in which water 
is boiled for making tea, etc.— pot, n. A vessel with 



am. fame, far, pas* or -*pera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; in, Tee ; Sdd, tone, 



TEACH 



599 



TELEGRAPH 



a spout in -which tea is made and from which it is 

poured into tea-cups. spoon, n. A small spoon 

used in drinking tea and other beverages. ta'ble, 

n. A table on which to set tea turniture. — urn, n. 
A vessel to hold hot water for tea. 

Teach, tech, v. t. [tacgut (tawt), teaching.] To im- 
part the knowledge of, inculcate as true or impor- 
tant, exhibit impressively, tell ; to direct as an in- 
structor, guide the studies of; to admonish, counsel. 
fAS. txcan, to show, teach, tsecen, a token, q. v.] — 
Teach'able, a. Capable of being taught: readily re- 
ceiving instruction; docile. — Teach'ableness, «.— 
Teach'' er, n. One who teaches or instructs : an in- 
structor; tutor; one who instructs others in religion; 
a preacher; minister of the gospel. — Teach 'ing. n. 
Act or business of instructing; education; breeding. 

league, teg, n. An Irishman, — in contempt. [W. 
taeoa. taeaivg, rustic, rude, a vassal, peasant, clown.] 

Teak, tek, n. A tree of the E. Indies and of Africa, 
which furnishes excellent ship timber ; the timber 
of the tree. [Malabar tekka, Tamil tekku.] 

Teal, tel, n. A small, handsome, migratory, fresh-wa- 
ter duck of 




A number of animals moving together; two or more 
horses, oxen, or other beasfs harnessed together to 
the same vehicle for drawing; a number of persons 
associated for a game, contest, etc. — v. t. To haul 
with a team. [AS., a family, LG. room, a progeny, 
team, bridle, MHG. zoum, a rein, zowjan, to make, 
cause, prepare = E. taw ; s. rt. teem.] — Team'ster, 
n. One who drives a team. 

Tear, ter, n. A drop of the limpid fluid secreted by 
the lachrymal glands, and appearing in the eyes, or 
flowing from them: something in the'f orm of a trans- 
parent drop of fluid matter ; a solid, transparent, 
tear-shaped drop, as of some balsams or resins. [AS.; 
Ic. and Sw. far, MHG. zaher, zar, OL. dacrima, L. 
lacrima, Gr. daknt, W. dagr, a tear ; s. rt. Gr. dak- 
nein, Skr. dac, to bite.] — Tear 'ful, -ful, a. Abound- 
ing with tears; weeping: shedding tears. — Tear'- 
less, a. Shedding no tears ; without tears. 

Tear, tar, v. t. [imp. tore (tare, obs.) ; p. p. torn ; 
tearing.] To separate by violence, pull apart by 
force, make a rent in, lacerate, wound; to divide bv 
violent measures, shatter, rend, disorganize; to pull 
with violence, drag, move violently. — v. i. To move 
and act with turbulent violence, rush with violence, 
rage, rave. — n. A rent, fissure. [AS. teran (imp. 
tser, p. p. toren"), to rend, lacerate, Goth, gatairan, 
to break, destroy, Lithuan. dirti, Gr. derein, to flay, 
Zend, dar, to cut, Skr. dri, to burst open, tear asun- 
der; s. rt. tire, tarry, tart, epidermis, darn.] — Tea.T'- 
er, n. 

Tea3e, tez, v. t. [teased 
(tezd), teasing.] To 
comb or card (wool or 
flax); to scratch (cloth 
in dressing)for the pur- .. 
pose of raising a nap; ^0 
to harass, annov, dis- v 
turb, or irritate, by pet- 
ty, importunate, or im- 
pertinent requests, or 
by jests and raillery. 
[AS'. tzs*an, to pluck, 
pull, OD. teesen, SlHG. 
zeisen, to tease (wool), 
G. zaaisea, to pull, drag 
= E. to tause.] —Teas- 
er, n. One who teases 
or vexes ; an inferior 
kind of stallion led up 
to a mare, to ascertain 
whether she is in heat, 
-lea'sel, te'zl, n. 
tjjot.) A plant, of 
which one species 
(fuller's thistle) bears 
& large bur used for 




Common Teasel. 



raising a nap on woolen cloth. The bur of the plant; 
anv contrivance intended as a substitute for teasels 
in "dressing cloth. — v. t. [teaseled (-zld), del- 
ing.] To subject (woolen cloth) to the action of 
teasels. [AS. taesl, fr. tassan, lit. an instrument to 
tease with.] 

Teat, tet, n. The small projecting organ, in female 
mammals, through which their young draw the milk 
from the breast or the udder ;" nipple ; pap : dug. 
[AS. tit, OD. title. G. zitze, Sp. teta, Ic. tata.^ 

Teatotal. See Teetotal. 

Teasle. Same as Teasel, under Tease. 

Technic, tek'nik, -nical, a. Of, or pert, to, the useful 
or mechanic arts, to any science, profession, busi- 
ness, etc.; specially appropriate to or characteristic 
of any urt, science, or business. [F. ttchniqw:. Gr. 
technucos, pert, to the arts. tr. tecfine, art, tekton. a 
carpenter ; s. rt. Skr. taksh, to form, prepare, cut 
wood, takstian, a carpenter, E. text, q. v.] — Tech'- 
nic, -nique'. -nek', it. Method of performance in 
any act; execution.— Tectonic, tek-ton'ik, a. Of, 
or pert, to, bunding or construction. [Gr. tektonikos, 
fr. tekton, a carpenter.] — Tech'nicarity, -nT-kal'i- 
tt. n. State or quality of being technical; that which 
is technical, or peculiar to any trade, profession, sect, 
etc. — Tech/nically, adv< — Tecb/nicalnes8, n.— 
Tecb/nics, n. The doctrine of arts in general; such 
branches of learning as respect the arts; in pi., tech- 
nical terms or objects. — Technology, -noKo-jT, n. 
A description of, or treatise on, the useful arts: an 
explanation of technical terms; a collection and ex- 
planation of terms peculiar to an art or science. [Gr. 
logo*, discourse.]— Technolog'ic. -ical, -no-loj'ik-al, 
a. Of, or pert. to. technology.— Technologist, -nol'- 
o-jist, n. One who discourses or treats of arts, or of 
the terms of art. 

Techy, tech'!, a. Peevish: fretful. [ME. tecche, tache, 
OF. tache, a spot, blemish, habit, vice, freak, Armor. 
tnch. a tack, nail, hence mark made by a nail, dent, 
scratch; not fr. touch.] 

Ted, ted, v. t. To spread, or turn, as new-mowed grass 
from the swath, and scatter it for drying. [Ic. tedhja, 
to spread manure, tadh, manure, MHG. z':t>en, to 
scatter.] — Ted'der, n. A machine for stirring and 
spreading hay when drying. 
■ Tedder, ted'der, n. A tether. [See Tether.] 
j Te Deum. te-de'um. An ancient Christian hymn, 
sung in churches, — beginning with the words." " Te 
Deumlaudamus" — We praise thee, O God. [L.] 

Tedious, te'dl-us or ted'yus, a. Involving tedium ; 
tiresome from continuance, prolixity, or slowness 
which causes prolixity: irksome: sluggish; dilatory; 
tardy. [L. tsedionis, fr. tsedium, irksomeness, fr. 
tsedet, it irks one.] — Te'diously. adv. — Te'diou«- 
ness, n. — Te'dium, -dl-um, n. Irksomeness; weari- 
someness. [L.] 

Teem. tem. v. i. [teemed (temd), teeming.] To bring 
forth, as an animal ; to produce fruit, as a plant : to 
bear; to be pregnant, conceive: to be full, be stocked 
to overflowing, be prolific. — v. t. To produce, bring 
forth. [ME. temen. AS. tyman, fr. team, progeny = 
E. team. q. v.] — Teem'er, n. One who teems, or 
brings_forth young. 

Teens, tenz, n. pi. The years of one's age having 
the termination -teen, beginning with 13 and ending 
with 19. [See Ten.] 

Teeth. Teething. See Tooth. 

Teetotal, te-to'tal, a. Entire; total. — Teeto'taler, n. 
One pledged to entire abstinence from all intoxica- 
ting drinks, — cant words formed in En<r. by Rich- 
ard Turner, a temperance orator, about 1833, by re- 
duplicating the initial letter of the adj. total — Tee- 
to'talizm, -izm, n. Principle of total abstinence. 

Tegument, teg'u-ment, n. A cover or covering ; the 
covering of a living body, or of some port or orjran 
of such a body. [L. tegttmentum, fr. tegere. Gr. steg- 
ein, Skr. sthag, to cover; s. rt. thatch, detect, pro- 
tect, tile, toga, integument.] — TegumeBt'ary. -a-rT. a. 
Pert, to, or consisting of, teguments. — Teg'ular, a. 
Pert, to, or resembling, a tile, or arranged like tiles. 
[LL. tegidaris, fr. tegrda, a tile, fr. tegere.] 

Teil. tel, T.-tree, n. The lime-tree or linden. [OF. 
teil. bark of a lime-tree, L. tilia, a lime-tree, also its 
bark.] 

Telary, teKa-rt, a. Of, or pert, to, a web. [LL. tela, 
ris, fr. L. tela, a web, for texela, fr. texere. to weave.] 

Telegraph, teKe-graf, n. An apparatus, or a process, 
for communicating intelligence rapidly between dis- 
tant points by means of preconcerted visible or audi- 
ble signals representing words or ideas, or esp. by 
means of marks, sounds, or visible tokens produced 



sun, cube, full; moon, foot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TELIC 



800 



TEMPORAL 




by electric- 
ity which 
has been 
trans- 
mitted 
through a 
wire; a 
telegraph- 
ic c o m- 
munica- 
tion ; tele- 
gram. — v. 
t. [tele- 
graph ED 
(-graft), 

• GRAPH- 
ING.] To 
Convey or 
a nnounce 
by t e 1 e - 

fraph. [Gr. tele, telon, afar, and graphein, to write.]— 
eKegraph'er, n. A telegraphic operator; telegraph- 
ist. — Telegraphic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, the tele- 
graph ; made, or communicated by, a telegraph. — 
Telegraphist, te-leg'ra-fist or tel'e-graf'ist, n. One 
who operates on a telegraph; a telegraphic operator; 
telegrapher. — Teleg'raphy, -ra-ff, w. Science or art 
of constructing, or of communicating by means of, 
telegraphs. — TeKegram, n. A message sent by tele- 
graph; a telegraphic dispatch. [Gr. gramma, a writ 
ten character, fr. graphein.'] — Telephone, -e-fon, n. 
An instrument for transmitting sounds, esp. articu- 
late speech, to a distance, by means of electricity and 
telegraphic wires. [Gr. tele and phone, sound.] — 
Telephonic, -fonlc, a. Conveying sound to a great 
distance; iar-sounding; of, or pert, to, the telephone 
— Tel'escope, -e-skop, n. An optical instrument for 



Morse's Telegraph. 




Astronomical Telescope. 

A B, object-glass ; C D, converging eye-glass ; F G, distant 

object ; H K, image of the object ; eye at E. 

viewing distant objects, as the heavenly bodies. — v. 
i. To run into one another, like the slides of a pock- 
et telescope, — said esp. of colliding railroad cars. 
[Gr. skopein, to view.] — Tel'escop'ic, -ical, -sk5p'- 
lk-al, a. Pert, to, or performed by, a telescope; seen 
or discoverable only by a telescope; able to discern 
objects at a distance ; far-seeing; having the power 
of extension by joints sliding one within another, 
like the tube of a pocket telescope. 

Telic, tel'ik, a. {Oram.) Denoting the final end or 
purpose. [Gr telikos, fr. telos, the end.] — Teles'tich, 
te-les'tik, n. A poem in which the final letters of 
the lines make a name, — the reverse of an acrostic. 
[Gr. telos and stichos, a line, verse.] 

Tell, tel, v. t. [told (told), telling.] To enumerate, 
number, count; to express in words, say, communi- 
cate; to command; to utter or recite in detail, give 
an account of; to make known, publish, betray, di- 
vulge; to give instruction to, teach; to ascertain by 
observing, find out, discover, discern, distinguish. — 
v. i. To give an account, make report; to produce a 
marked effect. [ME. and D. tellen, AS. tellan, fr. 
talu, D., Dan., and Sw. tal, a tale, q. v.] — Tell'er, n. 
One who tells, relates, or communicates; a recount- 
er; enumerator; a narrator or describer; in the Eng. 
Exchequer, one of 4 officers who receive and pay 
moneys due to the crown; an officer of a bank, who 
receives and pays out money over the counter; one 
appointed to count votes given in a public meeting, 
assembly, etc. — TelK-tale, a. Telling tales; bab- 
bling. — n. An officious informer; one who tells that 
which prudence should suppress. {Mach.) A ma- 
chine or contrivance for indicating or recording 
something. 

Tellurik, tel-lu'rik, a. Pert, to, or proceeding from, 
the earth; pert, to, or containing, tellurium. [L. tel- 
lus, telluris, the earth.] — Telia' rium, -rT-um, n. 
(Chem.) A metal of a silver-white color, and in its 
chemical properties closely resembling sulphur and 
selenium. 

Temerity, te-mer , Y-tT, n. Unreasonable contempt of 
danger; extreme venturesomeness; rashness. [F. te- 



I merits, L. temeritas, fr. temere, by chance ori<* i n 
the dark, blindly ; s. rt. Skr. tamos, darkness" E 
dim.] ' 

Temper, tem'per, v. t. [-pered (-perd), -pering.] To 
mingle in due proportion; to modify, as by adding 
| some new element ; to soften, mollify, assua-e • to 
I bring to a proper degree of hardness. {Fouadi'nn ) 
I o moisten to a proper consistency. {Mus.) Toad- 
just, as the mathematical scale to the actual sc.-de 
or that in actual use. — n. Due mixture of different 
qualities; just combination; constitution of bodv; 
temperament; disposition of mind; constitution bf 
the mind, esp. with regard to the passions and affec- 
tions; calmness or soundness of mind; moderation; 
heat of mind or passion; proneness to anger; state of 
a metal or other substance, esp. as to its hardness 
produced by some process of heating or cooling. [F! 
temperer, L. temperare, -atum, to moderate, regulate' 
qualify, temperies, a tempering, right admixture; s! 
rt. L. tempus, time, fit season, E. temporal, tamper, 
distemper.] — Tem'perament, n. Internal constitu- 
tion; temperature; act of tempering or modifying; 
adjustment (of clashing rules, interests, passions, 
etc.) {Mus.) A system of compromises in the tun- 
ing of organs, piano fortes, etc., whereby the tones 
generated with the vibrations of a ground-tone are 
mutually modified and in part canceled, until their 
number is reduced to the actual practicable scale of 
12 tones to the octave. {Med.) The peculiar physi- 
cal and mental character of an individual; natural 
organization or constitution. — Tem'perance, -per- 
ans, n. Habitual moderation in regard to the indul- 
gence of the natural appetites and passions; sedate- 
ness; sobriety; abstinence from violence, excess, or 
improper indulgence ; abstinence from, or modera- 
tion in, the use of intoxicating liquors. [F.; L. tern, 
perantia. ] — Tem'perate, -per-et, a. Moderate; not 
excessive; moderate in the indulgence of the appe- 
tites and passions; not marked with passion; not vio- 
lent; abstemious; sober; calm; cool; sedate. [L. tern- 
peratvs, p. pr. of temperare.] — Temperate zone. 
{Geog.) The space on the earth's surface between 
the tropics and polar circles, where the heat is less 
than in the tropics, and the cold less than in the po- 
lar circles: see Zone. — Tem'perately, ado.— Tem/- 
perateness, n.— Tem'perature, -a-chur, n. Constitu- 
tion; state; degree of any quality. {Physics.) Con- 
dition with respect to heat or cold; degree of heat or 
cold. [F.] 
Tempest, tem'pest, n. A storm of extreme violence; 
any violent tumult or commotion; agitation; pertur- 
bation. [OF. tempeste, L. tempestas, a portion of 
time, a season, weather, storm, fr. tempus, time: see 
Temporal.] — Tempestuous, -u-us, a. Involving, 
resembling, or pert, to, a tempest; turbulent; vio- 
lent ; stormy. [F. tempestueux, L. temnestuosus.] — 
Tempesfuously, adv. — Tempest 'uousness, n. 
Template. See Templet. 

Temple, tem'pl, n. An edifice in honor of some deity, 
or for his worship. {Jewish Antiq.) The edifice erect- 
ed at Jerusalem for the worship of Jehovah. A place 
of public Christian worship; church; place in which 
the divine presence specially resides; m London, an 
edifice once occupied by the order of Knights Tem- 
plars, and now appropriated to the chambers of 2 
inns of court. [AS. tempel, L. templum, a temple, 
Gr. temenos, a sacred inclosure, piece of ground cut 
off for religious purposes, temnein, to cut ; s. rt. con- 
template, q. v.] — Tem'piar, n. One of a religious 
military order, first established at Jerusalem in 1118 
to protect pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land; a 
student of law, so called from having apartments in 
the Temple at London, which orig. belonged to the 
Knights Templars. 
Temple, tem'pl, n. The flat portion of the head be- 
tween the forehead and ear: see Skeleton. [OF. 
temples, L. tempora, the temples, prob. same word as 
L. tempus (pi. tempora), season, time : see Tempo- 
ral.] — Tem'poral, a. {Anat.) Of, or pert, to, the 
temnles. [F.; L. temjioralis.] 
Templet, tem'plet, n. A mold used by bricklayers 
and masons in cutting or setting out their work; a 
thin mold or pattern used by machinists, millwrights, 
etc. {Arch.) A short piece of timber or large stone 
in a wall to receive the impost of a girder, beam, 
etc., to distribute the weight orpressure; wall-plate. 
[L. templum, piece cut off: see Temple, an edirice.] 
Temporal. See under Temple, part of the head. 
Temporal, tem'po-ral, a. Of, or pert, to, time, that is, 
to the present life, or this world; secular; civil or po- 
litical; transient; fleeting; transitory. — n. Anything 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare : end. eve, term ; tn. Ice ; Qdd, tone, 6r ; 



TEMPT 



601 



TENDER 



temporal or secular; a temporality. [OF.; L. tempo- 
ralis, fr. tempus, temporis, time: see Temper.] — 
Temporality, -T-tf, n. (Eng. Law.) State or qual- 
ity of being temporary, pi. That which pertains 
to temporal welfare; esp., revenues of an ecclesiastic 
proceeding from lands, tenements, or lay-fees, tithes, 
etc. [LL. tempor alitor, church revenues. 1 — Tem'- 
porally, adv. In a temporal manner.— Tem'porary, 
-ra-ri, a. Lasting for a time only; existing or con- 
tinuing for a limited time. [L. temporarius.] — 
Tem'porarily, -ra-rT-lT, adv. In a temporary man- 
ner.— Tem'porariness.w.— Tem'porize, v. i. [-rized 
(-rlzd), -rizing.] To comply with the time or oc- 
casion; to humor or yield to the current of opinion 
or to circumstances. [F. temporiser.]— Tem'poriza'- 
tion, n. 

Tempt, temt, v. t. To endeavor to accomplish or 
reach; to try; to endeavor to persuade, incite, insti- 
gate; to put to trial, test, prove; to lead, or endeavor 
to lead, into evil, entice, allure, decoy, seduce. [OF. 
tempter, later tenter, L. temp tare, for tentare, to nan- 
die, touch, feel, assail, tempt, freq. of tenere, tentum, 
to hold; 8. rt. tent, a roll of lint, taunt, attempt, ten- 
tacle, tenable, q. v.] — Tempfable, a. Liable to be, 
or capable of being, tempted.— Tempta'tion, n. Act 
of tempting ; enticement to evil ; state of being 
tempted; that which tempts; an allurement. [OF.; 
L. tentatio.] — Tempt'er, n. One who tempts or en- 
tices; Satan or the Devil, regarded as the great en- 
ticer to evil.— Tempfress, n. A woman who entices. 
[F. tenteresse.] 

Fen, ten, a. Twice 5; 9 and 1. — n. The number con- 
sisting of 9 and 1; the sum of 5 and 5; a symbol rep- 
resenting ten units, as X or 10. [AS. ; D. tien, Goth. 
taihun, OHG. zehan, L. decern, Gr. deka, Skr. dacan; 
8. rt. decade (q. v.), December (q. v.), etc., duodeci- 
mal, dodecagon, dime, thirteen, fourteen, etc., twenty, 
thirty, etc., perh. dismal, q. v.] — Ten/fold, a. Ten 
times more, or 10 times as many. — Ten'-pins, n. A 
game in which it is sought to knock down 10 wooden 
pins with balls. — Tenth, a. Next in order after the 
9th; being one of 10 equal parts into which anything 
is divided. — n. One of 10 equal part*; the 10th part 
of anything; tithe. (Afus.) The interval between 
any tone and the tone represented on the 10th de- 
gree of the staff above it. [AS. teodha.] — Tentb/ly, 
-It, adv. In the 10th place. — Tithe, tith, n. A 10th; 
the 10th part of anything, esp. of the increase or in- 
come accruing from real or personal estate, crops, 
stock, personal industry, etc., devoted to religious 
or charitable uses or collected by law for support of 
an established church; a small part or proportion. — 
V. t. [TITHED (tithd), tithing.] To tax to the 
amount of a tenth. [AS. teodha, the tenth.] — Tith'- 
ing, n. Act of levying or taking tithe; that which is 
taken as tithe; a tithe. (Anglo-Sax. Law.) A num- 
ber or company of 10 householders dwelling near 
each other, and sureties for each other's good behav- 
ior; a decennary.— Tith'ing-man, n. ; pi. -men. (An- 
glo-Sax. Law.) The chief man of a tithing. (Law.) 
A peace officer; under constable. A parish officer an- 
nually elected to enforce observance of the Sabbath. 

Tenable, ten'a-bl, a. Capable of being held, main- 
tained, or defended against an assailant. \F., fr. 
tenir = Ij. tenere, to hole?, retain, orig. to stretch, ex- 
tend; s. rt. abstain, appertain, contain, continue, dis- 
continue, entertain, impertinent, lieutenant, retinue, 
tend, tendon, tendril, tenement, tenet, tenon, tenor, ex- 
tenuate, tempt, q. v., etc.] — Ten'ableness, n.— Te- 
na'ciottfl, -na'shus, a. Holding fast, or inclined to 
holdfast; apt to retain; retentive; apt to adhere to 
another substance ; adhesive ; holding stoutly to 
one's opinion or purpose; obstinate; stubborn. [L. 
tenax, tenacis, fr. tenere.'] — Tena'ciously, adv. — 
Tena'ciousness, n.— Tenacity, -nas'Y-tY, n. Qual- 
ity of being tenacious; retentiveness; adhesiveness; 
that quality of bodies which keeps them from part- 
ing without considerable force; cohesiveness. [F. 
tenacity, L. tenacitas.] — Ten'ant, n. (Law.) One 
who has the occupation or temporary possession of 
lands or tenements, whose title is in another; a 
dweller; occupant, —v. t. To hold or possess as a 
tenant. [ME. and F., fr. F. p. pr. of tenir = L. ten- 
ere.'] — Ten'ancy, -an-sY, n. (Law.) A holding, or 
a mode of holding, an estate; tenure; the temporary 
possession of what belongs to another. —Ten' ant- 
able, a. Fit for occupation. — Ten'antless, a. Hav- 
ing no tenants; unoccupied. — Ten'antry, -rY, n. 
The body of tenants. — Ten'ement, -e-ment, n. A 
house or lands depending on a manor; a dwelling 
house; a building for a habitation; a portion of a 



dwelling-house, used by one family; often, in mod 
ern usage, an inferior dwelling house rented to poor 
persons. (Law.) Any species of permanent prop 
erty that may be held, so as to create a tenancy, ai. 
lands, houses, rent, an office, a peerage, etc. [F.; 
LL. tenementum, fr. L. tenere.] — Tenemental, a. 
Of, or pert, to, a tenement; capable of being held by 
tenants. — Ten'et, n. Any opinion, principle, dog. 
ma, or doctrine, which a person holds or maintains 
as true. [L. tenet, he holds, fr. tenere.] — Ten'ure, 
-yer, n. Act or right of holding (property, esp. real 
estate). (Eng. Law.) The manner of holding lands 
and tenements of a superior. The consideration, 
condition, or service which the occupier of land 
gives to his lord or superior for the use of his land; 
manner of holding in general. [F.; LL. tenura, fr. 
L. tenere.] 

Tench, tench, n. A European fresh-water fish, of the 
carp family, very tenacious of life. [OF. tenche, L. 
tinea.] 

Tend, tend, v. t. To accompany as an assistant or pro- 
tector; to care for the wants of, watch, guard; to be 
attentive to, note carefully, attend to. [Abbr. fr. 
attend, q. v.] — Tend'ance, -ans, n. State of attend- 
ing or waiting; attendance. — Tend'er, n. One who 
tends or takes care of another. (Nuut.) . A small 
vessel employed to attend a larger one, for supply- 
ing her with provisions, etc. A car attached to a lo- 
comotive, to carry fuel and water. 

Tend, tend, v. i. To move in a certain direction; to be 
directed, as to any end or purpose; to aim, exert ac- 
tivity or influence; to act as a means, contribute. 
[F. tendre. L. tendere, tensum, to stretch, extend, di- 
rect, tend; s. rt. L. tenere, to hold: see Tenable.] — 
Tend'ency, -en-sY, n. Direction or course toward 
any place, object, effect, or result; disposition; in- 
clihntion; proneness; drift; scope; aim. — Ten'der, 
n. (Laic.) An offer, either of money to pay a debt, 
or of service to be performed, in order to save a pen- 
alty or forfeiture. Any offer for acceptance; a pro- 
posal for performing a service advertised for; thing 
offered. — v. t. [tendered (-derd), -derino.] To 
offer in payment or satisfaction of a demand, for 
saving a penalty or forfeiture; to offer in words, ex- 
hibit or present for acceptance. [F. tendre.] — Ten'- 
don, n. (Anat.) A hard, insensible cord or bundle 
of fibers, by which a muscle is attached to a bone or 
other part which it is to move. [F., fr. L. tendere.] 
— Ten'dinous, -dY-nus, «. Pert, to, or partaking of 
the nature of, a tendon; full of tendons; sinewy. — 
, tens, a. Stretched; strained to stiffness; rig 



id; not lax. [L. tensus, p. p. of tendere.] — Tense'- 
ness, n. — Ten'sile, -sil, a. Of, or pert, to, tension or 
extension; capable of extension. — Ten'sion, -shun, 
n. Act of stretching or straining; state of being 
stretched or strained to stiffness, or bent or strained; 
high intellectual effort; strong excitement of feel- 
ing; the degree of stretching to which a wire, cord, 
beam, etc., is strained by c rawing it in the direction 
of its length. (Mech.) The force Dy which a bow or 
string is pulled when forming part of any system in 
equilibrium or in motion. (Physics.') Expansive or 
elastic force. [L. tensio.] — Ten'sion-rod, n. An iron 
rod used to strengthen timber or metal frame-work, 
roofs, etc. — Ten'sity, -sY-tY, n. State of being tense, 
or strained to stiffness; tension. — Tent, n. A pavil- 
ion or portable lodge of canvas or other coarse cloth 
or of skins, stretched and sustained by poles. [ME. 
and F. tente, LL. tenia, prop. fem. of p. p. of L. ten- 
dere.] — TemVed.p. a. Covered or furnished with 
tents.— Ten' ter, n. A machine or frame for stretch- 
ing cloth, by means of hooks, so that it may dry even 
and square. — v. t. To hang or stretch on tenters. 
[ME. and F. tenture, L. tentura, a stretching.]— To 
be on the tenters. To be on the stretch; to be in dis- 
tress, uneasiness, or suspense.— Ten' ter-hook, n. A 
sharp hook used in stretching cloth on a tenter; any- 
thing that strains or tortures. 
Tender, ten'der, a. Easily impressed, broken, bruised, 
or injured; not firm or hard; sensible to impression 
and pain ; easily pained ; not hardy, or able to endure 
hardship; not yet strong and mature; weak and fee- 
ble; susceptible of the softer passions, as love, com- 
passion, kindness; easily excited to pity, forgiveness, 
or favor: exciting kind concern; precious; careful ta 
save inviolate; or not to injure; unwilling to cause 
pain; apt to give pain; adapted to excite feeling or 
sympathy; expressive of the softer passions. [ME. 
and F. tendre, I tener, tender, orig. thin, fine; s. rt. 
L. tenuis = E. :nin.~)— Ten'der-heart'ed, a. Having 
great sensibility; susceptible of impressions or influ- 



sfln, cube, full ; moon, f6t>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. then, boNboN. chair, get. 



TENEBR.E 



602 



TERM 




ence. — -loin, n. A tender part of flesh in the hind 
quarter of beef. — Ten'derly, adv. In a tender man- 
ner ; with tenderness ; mildly ; e^j. 
gently ; softly ; kindly. — Ten'- j, 
derness, n. — Ten'dril, n. (got.) ' 
A filiform, spiral shoot of a plant 
that winds round another body 
for the purpose of support. [F. 
tendrillon, fr. tendre: not fr.E. 
tenere, to hold, nor tendere, to 
stretch, but s. rt.: see Tenable 
and Tend, v. £.] 

Tenebrse, ten'e-bre, n. (Rom. Cath. 
Ch.) An office for the Wednes- 
day, Thursday, and Friday of Tendrils 
Holy Week, commemorating the 
sufferings and death of Christ. [L., darkness; s. rt. 
Skr. tamas, darkness, E. dim. timid.] — Tene'brious, 
te-ne'brt-us, Ten'ebrous, -e-brus, a. Dark; gloomy; 
dusky; obscure. 

Tenement, Tenet. See under Tenable. 

Tennis, ten'nis, n. A play in which a ball is driven 
continually, or kept in motion by striking it with 
rackets or with the open hand. [ME. tenets, tenyse, 
perh. fr. OF. tenies, pi. of tcnie, a fillet, hair-lace, 
referring to the string over which the ball is driven; 
or perh. fr. F. tenez, hold or take it, fr. tenir, L. te- 
nere, to hold.] 

Tenon, ten'un, n. The end of a piece of wood cut 
into form, for insertion into a cavity in another 
piece called a mortise, in order to unite the 2 pieces: 
see Mortise.— v. t. To fit (the end of a piece of 
timber) for insertion into a mortise. [F., fr. tenir, 
L. tenere, to hold; s. rt. tenw le.) — Ten'on-saw, n. 
A saw with a thin blade usually stiffened by a brass 
or steel back, for cutting tenons. 

Tenor, tender, n. Stampfcharacter; the general drift, 
course, or direction of thought ; general spirit or 
meaning; purport; intent. (Mus.) The higher of the 
2 kinds of voices usually belonging to adult males; 
the part of a tune adapted to this Voice ; one who sings 
the tenor, or the instrument that plays it. {Law.) An 
exact copy of a writing, set forth in the words and 
figures of it. [F. teneur, the tenor part m music, the 
general drift, etc., of a matter, L. tenor, fr. tenere, to 
hold,— that is, a holding on in a continued course: 
see Tenable.] 

Tense, tens, n. (Gram.) One of the forms which a 
verb takes to indicate the time of the action or 
event signified. [F. temps. L. tempus, time, tense, j 

Tense, a., Tensile, Tension, etc. See under Tend, v. i. 

Tent, Tenter, etc. See under Tend, v. i. 

Tent, tent, n. (Surg.) A roll of lint or linen, used to 
dilate an opening in the flesh, or to prevent the 
healing of a wound, —v. t. To probe; to search as 
with a tent. [ME. and F. tente, a tent, probe for a 
wound, F. tenter, to tempt, try, prove, — E. tempt, 
a. v., L. tentare. to handle, touch, feel, test : see 
Tempt, Tenable.] — Ten'tative, -ta-tiv, a. Trying; 
essaying; experimental. [L. tentativm.} — Teh'ta- 
cle, -ta-kl, n. (Zool.) A filiform process or organ, 
proceeding from the head of an invertebrate ani- 
mal, as a polyp, snail, insect, crab, etc., being an or- 
gan of feeling, prehension, or motion. [NL. tentac- 
ulum, fr. L. tentare.} — Tentac'ular, a. Pert, to 
tentacles; in the nature of a tentacle or tentacles. 

f enth, etc. See under Ten. 

Tenuous, ten'u-us, a. Thin; slender; small: minute; 
rare; subtile; not dense. [L. tenuis = E. thin, q. v.] 

— Tenuity, -nu'T-tl, n. Smallness in diameter; 
thinness, applied to a broad substance, and slender- 
ness, applied to one that is long; rarity: rareness; 
thinness, as of a fluid. [F. tenuite", L. tenuitas.] — Ten'- 
uiros / 'ter,-u-i-ros / 'ter, ^^^^ 

n. One of a tribe of __ •sr^^tifesi^^SiS'- 
insessorial or perch- 
ing birds, including 
those which have a 
long, slender bill. 

Tenure. See under 
Tenable. 

Tepefy, tep'e-fi, v. t. 

f-FIED (-fld),-FYING.] 

To make moderately 
warm. — v. i. To be- 
come moderately 

warm. [L. tep era cere; Tenuirosters. 

facere to make.] - head of fork . tailod bee-eater ; 6, 
.Cep'eiac'tion, n. Act European nuthatch; c, kingfisher. 

or operation of, etc. 

— Tepid, tepid, a. Moderatelv warm : lukewarm. 




a, b, Terebratulae. 




[L. tepidus, fr. tepere, Skr. tav, to be warm, tapas, 
fire.] — Tepid'ity, Tep'idnes*, n. State or quality 
of being tepid; moderate warmth; lukewarmness. 

Teraphim, tSr'a-fim, «. pi. Household deities or im- 
ages; images for magical rites or household oracles. 
[Heb.] 

Teratology, ter-a-tol'o-jT, n. Science of malforma- 
tions and monstrosities. [Gr. teras, -atos, a wonder, 
monster, and logos, discourse.] 

Terce, ters, n. Same as Tierce, q. v. — Terce'-ma'jor, 
n. (Card-playing.) A sequence of the 3 best cards. 

— Ter'cet, -set, n. (Mus.) A third. (Poet.) A triplet; 
group of 3 lines. [F.] 

Terebinth, ter'e-binth, n. The turpentine-tree. [L. 
terebinthus, Gr. terebinthos ; s. rt. turpentine.} — Ter- 
ebin'thine, -thin, a. Of, or pert, to, turpentine. 

Terebration, ter-e-bra'shun, n. Act of terebrating or 
boring. [L. terebratio, fr. terebrare, -bratum, fr. 
terebra, a borer, gimlet, f r. terere, to rub.] — Tere- 
brafula, -u-la, n. ; pi. 
-l.e, le. A deep sea bi- 
valve mollusk, of many 
species, chiefly fossils, 
having one of the valves 
perforated for the trans- 
mission of a tendinous 
ligament, by which the 
animal fixes itself to a 
submarine body. [NL.] 

— Tere'do, n. A worm- 
like marine mollusk 
which bores into sub- 
merged wood; the ship- 
worm. [L.] — Terete', 
-ret', a. (Bot.) Cylin- 
drical and slightly taper- 
ing; columnar, as some 
stems of plants. [L. teres, 
teretis, rounded off, prop, 
rubbed off, fr. terere.} 

Tergeminous, ter-jem'T-nus, a. Threefold. [L. tergenv- 
inns, fr. ter, thrice, and geminus, twin-born.] 

Tergiversation, ter'jt-ver-sa'shun, n. A shifting; 
shift ; subterfuge ; evasion ; fickleness of conduct; 
change. [F.; L. tergiversatio, fr. tergiversari, -satus, 
to turn one's back, shift, fr. tergum, the back, and 
versare, intens. form of vertere. to turn: see Verse.] 

Term, term, n. A bound or boundary: the extremity 
of anything; a limit; the time for which anything 
lasts; "any limited time; in colleges, etc., time dur- 
ing which instruction is given to students. (Law.) 
The whole duration of an estate, as for the term of 
a life, or for a term of years ; a space of time 
granted to a debtor for discharging his obligation; 
time in which a court is held or open for the trial 
of causes. (Logic.) One of the 3 component parts 
of a syllogism, each one of which is used twice. A 
word or expression ; one that denotes something 
peculiar to an art. (Alg.) A member of a compound 
quantity, pi. (Law.) In contracts, propositions 
stated or promises made: conditions.— v. t. [termed 
(termd), terming.] To apply a term to, name, call, 
denominate. [ME. and F. terme, a time, day, word, 
speech, L. terminus, a boundary line, limit, OL. ter- 
men, Gr. terma, a limit, Skr. tir, to pass over, cross, 
fulfill; s. rt. conterminous, determine, exterminate, 
'predetermine, enter, thrum.} — To bring to terms. To 
make to submit or agree. — To make t. To come to 
terms, make an agreement; to agree. — Term'er, 
-or', n. (Law.) One who has an estate for a term 
of years or for life. — Ter'minus, -mt-nus, n. ; pi. 
-mini. Lit., a boundary; border; any post or stone 
marking a boundary; the extreme point at either 
end of a piece of railroad ; the station - house at 
either end. [L.] — Terminate, -mt-nat, v. t. To 
set a term or limit to; to limit; to put an end to, 
complete, finish, end, bound. — v. i. To be limited 
in space by a point, line, or surface; to stop short, 
cease; to come to a limit in time; to end, close. [L. 
terminare, -natum.} — Terminable, a. Capable of 
being terminated; limitable. — Terminal, a. Pert, 
to, or forming, the end or extremity. (Bot.) Growing 
at the end of a branch or stem. [L. terminalw.] — 
Termina /, tion, n. Act of terminating, ending, or con- 
cluding; limit or end in space or extent; bound: end 
in time or existence; effect; consequence; conclu- 
sion; result. (Gram.) The end or ending of a word. 
[F.; L. terminatio.} — Termina'tional, a. Of, pert. 
to, or forming, a termination. — Ter'minative, -tiv, 
a. Tending or serving to terminate; terminating; 
determining; absolute; definitive. — Ter'miner, n. 



am. fame, far, Dass or opera, fare ; end. eve. term ; In, ice ; 6dd, t6ne, 6r ; 



TERMAGANT 



bU3 



TEST 




Termite. 



A determining-, as, in oner and terminer : see Oyer. 
[F., to limit.] — Terminology, -nol'o-jl, ». Tne 
doctrine of terms; a treatise on terms; the terms 
actually used in any business, art, science, etc.; no- 
menclature. [Gr. logos, discourse.] 

Termagant, ter'ma-gant, n. A boisterous, brawling, 
turbulent woman. [Orig. a fabled deity of the Mo- 
hammedans, extremely vociferous and tumultuous 
in the ancient moralities, farces, and puppet shows.] 
— Ter'magancy, -gan-sT, n. State or quality of being 
termagant; turbulence; tumultuousness. 

Termes, tei-'mez, «., pi. -mites, -mi-tez, Ter'mite, pi. j 
-mixes, -mitz. A voracious om- ^.^ 

nivorous neuropterous insect, £ a 

somewhat resembling the ant, 
mostly found within the tropics, 
and very destructive to trees and 
wood-work ; white ant. [L. 
termes, tarmes, gen. tarmitis, a 
wood-worm.] 

Terminal, Terminate, Terminus, 
etc. See under Term. 

Tern, tern, n. A long-winged 
aquatic fowl, allied to the gulls. 
[Dan. terne, tserne, Ic. therna, 
sea-swallow, maid-servant.] 

Ternary, tSr'na-ri. a. Proceeding by threes; consist- 
ing of 3. — n. The number 3; 3 things taken to- 
gether. [L. temarius, fr. terni, by threes; s. rt. ter, 
thrice, tres=E. three, q. v.] 

Terra, ter'ra, n. The earth; earth. [It. and L. ; s. rt. 
Gr. tarsos, a frame for drying things upon, a broad 
flat surface, tersesthai, to become dry, L. torrere, to 
parch, Ir., YV., and Ga. tir, land, Skr. trish, to thirst, 
Goth, thaursus, G. duerr, dry, E. thirst, torrid.] — 
Terra cotta. Baked clay ; a kind of pottery made 
from fine clav, sand, etc., hardened by heat, and 
used for statues, vases, etc. [It. ; cotta = L. cocta, 
fern, of p. p. of coquere. coctum = E. to cook.] — Ter'- 
race, -res, n. A raised level space or platform of 
earth, esp. on a hillside or slope, supported on one 
or more sides by a wall or bank of turf, etc. ; the 
flat roof of a house. [F. ; It. terraccia, terazza, 
fr. terra.] — Terra'queous, -ra'kv e-us, a. Consist- 
ing of land and water, as the globe or_ earth. [L. 
terra and aqva, water.] — Terrene', -ren', a. Of, 
or pert, to, the earth : earthy : earthly : terrestrial. 
[L. terrains, fr. terra.] — Terres'trial, -trt-al. a. Of, 
pert, to, existing on, representing, or consisting of, 
the earth ; pert, to the present state ; sublunary ; 
consisting of, or belonging to, land, — dieting, from 
water. [L. terreslris.] — Torres 'trially. a ilv." After 
a terrestrial or earthly manner. — Ter'rier, -rl-gr, n. 
A dog. of several species, 
u s u a 1 1 y small, w h i c h 
goes into the ground 
after animals that bur- 
row. [F., the hole of a 
fox, badger, etc., LL. ter- 
rarium, a mound, bur- 
row, fr. L. terra.] — Ter- 
ritory, -rf-to-rt, n. The 
extent of land within 
the bounds, or belong- 
ing to the jurisdiction, 
of anv state, city, or 

other "body ; a tract of land belonging to, or under 
the dominion of, a prince or state, lying at a dis- 
tance from the parent country or from the seat of 
government ; in the U. S., a portion of the country 
not yet admitted as a State into the Union, but or- 
ganized with a legislature, under a governor and 
officers appointed by the President and Senate of 
the U. S. [OF. territoire, L. territorium. fr. terra.] 
— Territo'rial, -rY-al, a. Of, or pert. to. territory or 
land; limited to a certain district. — Terre'-plein, 
tar'plan, n. {Fort.) The top, platform, or hori- 
zontal surface of a rampart, on which guns are 
placed: see Casemate. JTF., fr. terre (=L. terra) 
and plain = L. planus = E. plane.] 

Terrapin, ter r ra-pin, n. A kind of turtle or tortoise, 
living in fresh or tidal water, delicious at food. [F. 
terravene.] 

Terror, ter'rSr, n. Extreme fear : fear that agitates 
the body and mind; violent dread; the cause of ex- 
treme fear; alarm ; fright : consternation : dread; 
dismay. [L.. fr. terrere.tr, frighten: s. rt. Skr. tras, 
to tremble, be afraid, trassa, terror, E. deter.]— Ter- 
rorism, -izm, n. A state of being terrified, or a state 
impressing terror. — Ter 'rorist. n. (Fr. Hi*t.) An 
agent or partisan of the revolutionary tribunal of 




1793-94.— Ter'rible, -rY-bl, a. Adapted to excite ter- 
ror, awe, or dread ; fearful; frightful ; formidable; 
dreadiul; horrible: shocking; awful; excessive ; ex- 
treme ; severe. [F. ; L. terribilis, from terrere, to 
frighten.] — Ter'ribleness, n. — Ter'ribly, -rl-bll, 
adv. In a manner to excite terror : violently; very 
greatly. —Terrific, a. Causing terror: adapted to 
excite great fear or dread. [L. terrijicus, fr. terrere 
and r'acere^to make.] — Ter'rify. v. i. [-fied (-lid), 
-fyixg.] To alarm or shock with fear ; to frighten, 
alarm. 

Terry. ter'rY, n. A heavy silk and worsted material 
used in upholstery ; heavy red poplin for ladies' 
dresses. 

Terse, ters, a. Elegantly concise : compact, with 
smoothness, grace, or elegance. fL. tersus, p. p. of 
tec/ere, to rub orwipeoff.] — Tersely, adv.— Terse'- 
ness, n. 

Tertial, ter'shal, n. (Ornith.) One of the quills or 
large feathers near the junction of the wing with 
the body. [L. tertius, third, because they are feath- 
ers of the 3d row; s. rt. three, q. v.]— Ter'tian. -slian, 
o. Occurring every 3d day. — n. (Med.) A disease 
or fever whose paroxysms return every od day. [F. 
tertiane, L. tertiana, a tertian fever, fern, of ter- 
tianus, fr. tert ius .] — Ter'tiary, -shY-a-rt, a. Of the 
3d formation, order, or rank : third. [L. tertia- 
rius.] — Ter'tiate, -shT-at, v. t. To do or perform 
for the 3d time ; to examine the thickness of (ord- 
nance) to ascertain its strength. [L. tertiare, -at urn.] 

— Ter'za-ri'ma, tert'za-re / 'ma, n. A complicated 
system of versification, copied bv the early Italian 
poets from the troubadours. [It., a 3d or triple 
rhyme.] 

Tessellate. tes'sel-lat, v. t. To form into squares or 
checkers ; to lay with checkered work. [L. lesseL 
lore, fr. tessella, a little cube, dim. of tessera, a 
square piece of stone, wood, etc. ; prob. not fr. Gr. 
tesseres, four : peril, for tensera, a thing shaken, die, 
and s. rt. Vedic Sicr. tarns, to shake.] —Tes'sella'- 
ted. p. a. Formed in little squares or mosaic work; 
checkered. (Bot.) Spotted like a chessboard. — 
Tes'sella'tion, n. Mosaic work, or the operation of 
making it. 

Test, test, n. (Metal.) A cupel, in which metals are 
melted for trial and refinement. Examination by 
the cupel ; any critical trial. ; means of trial ; that 
with which anything is compared for proof of its 
genuineness; a standard; ground of admission or ex- 
clusion ; judgment ; distinction : discrimination ; 
Criterion ; experience ; proof; experiment. (Chera.) 
A substance employed to detect any unknown con- 
stituent of a compound, by causing it to exhibit 
some characteristic property ; a re-agent. — v. t, 
(Metal.) To separate (gold or silver) from lead, 
in a test. To put to the proof, prove the truth or 
genuineness of by experiment, or by some fixed 
principle or standard. (Chem.) To examine or try 
by the application of test-paper, or some re-agent. 
[OF. ; It. and LL. testa, a goldsmith's melting-pot, 
L. testa, a brick, baked earthenware, also a skull, 
shell of a fish, bone ; s. rt. terra, q. v.}— Test-act. 
(Eng. Law.) An oath and declaration against tran- 
substantiation, which all officers, civil and military, 
were formerly obliged to take within 6 months after 
their admission.— Testa'cea^-tr 'she-a, -ceans. -shano, 
n. pi. Marine animals covered with shells, esp. mol- 
lusks; shell-fish. [L. testaceum, a shelled animal, fr. 
testacens, lit. covered with tiles, fr. testa.] — Testa'- 
ceous. -shus, a. Consisting of a hard shell, or hav- 
ing a hard, continuous shell. [L. testaceus.] — Tes~ 
taceous animals. (Zobl.) Animals having a strong, 
thick, entire shell, as oysters and clanw, disting. fr. 
crustaceovs animals, whose shells are more thin and 
soft, and consist of several pieces jointed, as lob- 
sters. — Testu'do, n. (Zobl.) The tortoise. Among 
the ancient Romans, a cover or screen which a body 
of troops formed with their shields or targets, by 
holding them over their heads when standing close 
to each other. (Med.) An encysted tumor, sup- 
posed to resemble a tortoise in form. [L., fr. testa, 
a shell.] — Testu'di-nal, -dY-nal, a. Pert to, or re- 
sembling, the tortoise. — Testu'dinate, -nat, -na'ted, 
a. Shaped like the back of a tortoise; roofed; 
arched : vaulted. — Tes'tudln'eous, -din'e-us, a. 
Resembling the shell of a tortoise. [L. testudineus.] 

— Tes'ter, n. A flat canopy, over a pulpit, tomD, 
etc.: a square canopy over a' bed, consisting of some 
species of cloth, supported by the bedposts; an old 
French silver coin, worth about Vi cents. [OF. tes- 
ton, a coin which was stamped with the head of the 



sun, cube, full; moon, f<56t: cow. oil-- linger or ink, then, bo.vbox, chair, get. 



TESTAMENT 



604 



THAN 



W* 



sovereign, fr. teste, a head, I . testa; tester, a cano 
is ME. testere, a head-piece, helmet, fr. OF. teste. 
Testoon', -toon', n. An Italian silver coin : the 
toon of Rome is worth about 30 cents. [It. testone, 
Sp. and OF. teston: see Tester.] — Tes'ty, -tT, a. 
[-IEK ; -iest.] Fretful ; peevish ; petulant ; easily 
irritated. [F. testre, heady, headstrong, testy, fr. 
OF. teste.] — Test'ily, adv. — Test'iness, n. 
Testament, tes'ta-ment, n. {Law.) A solemn, authen- 
tic instrument in writing, by which a person declares 
his will as to the disposal of his estate and effects af- 
ter his death; a will. One of the 2 general divisions 
of the canonical books of the sacred Scriptures, — 
the Old and the New Testament, — often limited, in 
colloquial language, to the latter. [F.; L. testamen- 
tum, fr. testari, to be a witness, to make one's last 
will, fr. testis, a witness; s. rt. attest, contest, detest, 
protest, intestate.']— Tesfable, a. {Law.) Capable 
of being devised, or given by will. [L. testabilis, fr. 
testari, to testify, publish one's last will.] — Testa- 
ment'al, a. Of, or pert, to, a testament; testament- 
ary. — Testament'ary, -a-rT, a. Of, or pert, to, a will 
or testament ; bequeathed by will; given by testa- 
ment ; done, appointed by, or founded on, a will. — 
Tes'tate, a. {Law.) Having made and left a will. 
[L. testatus, p. p. of testari.] — Testa'tor, n. A man 
who makes and leaves a will or testament at death. 
[L.] — Testa'trix, n. A woman who, etc. [L.] — 
Tes'tify, -tT-fi, v. i. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] To make 
a solemn declaration, verbal or written (and in law 
under oath or affirmation), to establish some fact; to 
give testimony, bear witness. — v. t. To bear wit- 
ness to, support the truth of by testimony, affirm or 
declare solemnly, or under oath. [F. testifier, L. tes- 
tificare, fr. testis and facere, to make.] — Tes'tifica''- 
tion, n. Act of testifying, or giving testimony or ev- 
idence. — Tes'tifi/er, n. — Tes'timony, -tt-mo-ni, n. 
A solemn declaration or affirmation made to estab- 
lish or prove some fact ; affirmation ; declaration ; 
open attestation; profession; witness; proof; mani- 
festation. (Jewish Antiq.) The 2 tables of the law. 
The whole divine revelation ; the Scriptures. [L. 
testimonium, fr. testari.] — Testimo'nial, -nT-al, n. A 
writing or certificate which bears testi- 
mony in favor of one's character or good 
conduct. — a. Relating: to, or contain- 
ing, testimony. [F. (n.) ; L. testimoni- 
ally (a.).] — Tes'ticle, -tT-kl, n. (Anat.) 
One of the glands which secrete the 
seminal fluid in males. [F. testicule, 
L. testiculvs, dim. of testis, a testicle, — 
same as testis, a witness (of manhood).] 

— Testic'ulate, -u-lat, a. (Bot.) Shaped 
like a. testicle; ovate and solid; having 2 
testicle-shaped tubers, as some orchids. 

Tester, Testoon, Testudo, Testy, etc. See 
under Test. 

Tetanus, tet'a-nus, n. (Med.) A painful 
and usually fatal disease, resulting generally from 
a wound, of which the principal symptom is persist- 
ent spasm of the voluntary muscles; lockiaw. [L.; 
Gr. tetanos, lit. stretched, teinein, to stretch.] 

Tetchy. See Techy. 

JSte, tat, n. False hair: a kind of wig of false hair. 
[F.; OF. teste, the head : see Tester, under Test.] 

— Tete-a-tete, tafa-tat', n. Private interview or 
friendly conversation; a form of sofa for 2 persons, 
so curved that they are brought face to face while 
sitting on different sides of the sofa. [F., head to 
head.] 

Tether, teth'er, n. A rope or chain by which a beast 
is confined for feeding within certain limits; a ted- 
der. — v. t. [tethered (-erd), -ering.] To confine 
(a beast) with a rope or chain, for feeding within 
cert-iin limits. [Ga. teadhair, a tether, taod, a halter, 
chain, cable, taodan, a cord, Skr. tantu, a thread, 
tan, to stretch.] 

Tetrad, tefrad, n. The number 4; a collection of 4 
things. [Gr. tetras, tetrados, fr. 
tettares, Attic form of tessares = 
E.four, q. v.] — Tet'rachord, -ra- 
k6rd, n. (Anc. Mus.) A series of 
4 sounds, of which the extremes, 
or first and last, constituted a 
fourth. [Gr. tetrachordon; chorde 
= E. chord.}— Tefragon, n. ( Ge- 




D 



om.) A plane figure, having 4 an- 

from'eacn other 9u<\ oT l-4th of a Tetragons. 



gles; a quadrangle. (Astrol.) An / // 
aspect of 2 planets with regard to [_ / [__ 



the earth, when they are distant 



7 





circle. [F. tetragone, Gr. tetragonos, four-angled, 
square; gonia, an angle, corner, fr. gonu= E./cnee' 
q. v.] — Tetrag'onal, a. Of, or pert, to, a tetragon; 
having 4 angles or sides. (Bot.) Having prominent 
longitudinal angles, as a stem. — Tefrahe'dral, a. 
Having, or composed of, 4 sides. — 
TeVrahe'dron, n. (Geom.) A solid 
figure inclosed by 4 triangles. [Gr. 
hedra, a base ; s. rt. sit, q. v. J — Tet'ra- 
hex'ahe'dron, n. (Crystallog.) A sol- 
id bounded by 24 equal faces, 4 corre- 
sponding to each face of the cube. „, 
[Gr. tetra ; hex = E. six; and hedra.] Tetrahedron. 

— Tetram'eter, n. (Anc. Poet.) A verse consisting 
of 4 measures, — that is, in iambic, trochaic, and an- 
apestic verse, of 8 feet; in other kinds of verse, of 4 
feet. [Gr. metron, measure.] — 
Tet'rapet'alous, -al-us, a. (Bot.) 
Containing 4 distinct petals or flow- 
er leaves. [Gr. petalon, a leaf.] — 
Tetraphyllous, te-traf 'il- or tet'ra- 
fil'lus, a. (Bot.) Having 4 leaves; ! 
consisting of four distinct leafs or 
leaflets. [Gr. pJiullon, a leaf.] — 
Tetraptote, tefrap- or te-trap'tot, 
n. ( Gram. ) A noun that has 4 cases 
only. [Gr. i-totos, falling, a case, 
piptein, to fall.] — Te'trarch, to'frark, n. {Rom. 
Antiq.) A Roman governor of the fourth part of a 
province; any pettj'king or sovereign. [Gr. tetrarch- 
es ; archein, to be first, rule.] — Tetrarch'ate, -at, n. 
The fourth part of a province under a Roman te- 
trarch ; office or jurisdiction of a tetrarch. — Te- 
trarch'ical, a. Of, or pert, to, a tetrarchy. — Tet'- 
rarchy, -rark-Y,». Atetrarchate.— Tetras'tfch, -tras'- 
tik, n. A stanza, epigram, or poem, consisting of 4 
verses. [Gr. tetrastichon ; siichos, a row, verse.] — 
Tet'rastyle, -ra-stll, n. (Ave. Arch.) A building 
with 4 columns in front. [Gr. tetrastidon ; stulos, a 
column.] — Tet'rasyFlable, -sil'la-bl, n. A word con- 
sisting of 4 syllables. [Gr. tetrasullabos ; sullabe, syl- 
lable.] — Tet'rasyllab > ic, -ical, a. Consisting of, or 
having, 4 syllables. 

Tetter, tefter, n. A vesicular disease of the skin ; 
herpes ; a cutaneous disease. — v. t. [tettered 
(-terd), -terikg.] To affect with tetter. [AS. teter, 
OHG. zittaroch.) 

Teutonic, tu-ton'ik, a. Of, or pert, to, the Teutons, a 
people of ancient Germany; of, or pert, to, the peo- 
ples of German origin, or to their descendants, often 
including nil of Scandinavian or Anglo-Saxon ances- 
try. [L. Teutonicus, fr. Goth, thiuda, a people, na- 
tion: see Dutch.] 

Tew, tu, v. t. [tewed (tud), tewing.] To work at. 
prepare by working; to work hard, fatigue; to beat 
or dress (leather, hemp, etc.); to taw. [See Taw.] 

Text, tekst, n. A discourse or composition on which 
a note or commentary is written; body of a page or 
work, as disting. fr. footnotes, supplementary mat- 
ter, etc. ; the original words of an author, disting. 
fr. a paraphrase or commentary ; a verse or pas- 
sage of Scripture quoted as the subject of a dis- 
course, or in proof of a doctrine. [ME. and F. texte, 
L. textus, texture, structure, context, orig. p. p. of 
iexere, textum, to weave, compose; s. rt. Skr. taksh, 
to cut wood, prepare, form ; E. technical, context, 
pretext, subtle, pentateuch, toil, a snare.] — Text'- 
book, n. A volume, as of some classical author, on 
which a teacher lectures or comments ; any man- 
ual of instruction ; a school-book. hand, n. A 

large hand in writing, — so called because it was the 
practice to write the text of a book in a large hand, 
and the notes in a smaller hand. — Text'ual, -u-al, 
a- Pert, to, or contained in, the text. — Texfua- 
rist, -uary, n. One well versed in the Scriptures. 

— Text'uary, a. Contained in the text ; textual ; 
serving as a text; authoritative. — Text 'ile, -il, a. 
Woven, or capable of being woven; formed by weav- 
ing. [L. textilis, f r. texere.] — Texto'rial, -ri-al, a. 
Of, or pert, to, weaving. [L. textorius, fr. textor, a 
weaver, fr. texere.] — Texfure, teks'chur, n. Act of 
weaving; that which is woven; a fabric formed by 
weaving ; the disposition or connection of threads, 
filaments, or other slender bodies interwoven; the 
disposition of the several parts of any body in con- 
nection with each other. [F.; L. textura.] 

Than, than, conj. A particle expressing comparison, 
used after certain adjectives and adverbs which ex- 
press comparison or diversity: it is usually followed 
by the object compared in the nominative case : some- 
times, however, the object compared is placed in the 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; 



THANATOPSIS 



605 



THEISM 



objective case, and than may then be considered aa 
a preposition. [Orig. same as then : AS. thonne, than, 
perh. orig. same as thonc, ace. of the demoust. prou.: 
see That; D. dan, G. denn, than, then, Goth. Uiuu, 
then, when, L. ton, then.] 

Thanatopsis, than-a-top'sis, n. A view of, or medi- 
tation on, death. [Gr. thunatos, death, & opsis, view.] 

Thane, than, n. A dignitary under the Anglo-Saxons 
and Danes in Eng. : after the Conquest, this title 
was disused, and baron took its place. [AS. thegen, 
thegn, a thane, lit. mature, fr. thihan, to grow up, be 
strong, G. degen, a warrior; perh. 6. rt. Gr. teknon, a 
child.] 

Thank, thank, v. t. [thanked (thankt), thanking.] 
To express gratitude to for a favor or tor kindness 
bestowed.—/;.; />l. Thanks, generally in pi. Ex- 
pression of gratitude; acknowledgment expressive 
of a sense of iavor or kindness received. [AS. thane, 
thonc, thought, grace, favor, thanks ; s. rt. think.] — 
Thank'ful, -ful, a. Impressed with a sense of kind- 
ness received,'and readv to acknowledge it; grateful. 

— Thank'fuUy, adv. — Thank'fulness, n. — Thank'- 
lesa, a. Not acknowledging favors, or expressing 
thankfulness for them; unthankful; ungrateful.— 
Thank'lessness, n.— ThanksgiVer, n. One who gives 
thanks, or acknowledges a kindness. — Thanksgiv- 
ing, n. Act of rendering thanks, or expressing grati- 
tude for favors or mercies ; a public celebration of 
divine goodness; a day set apart for such celebration. 

— Thank'-wor'thy, a. Deserving thanks ; worthy 
of gratitude; meritorious. 

That, that, pron. or conj. ; — pi. Those (thoz), when 
used as a pron. A pronoun referring usually to 
something before mentioned or understood, or to 
something more remote, and used, as a demons, pron. , 
pointing out a person or thing before mentioned, or 
supposed to be understood ; as a relative pron., 
equivalent to who or which, serving to make definite 
a person or thing alluded to before: in such cases it 
is used both in the singular and plural; also, refer- 
ring to an entire sentence or paragraph, and not 
merely to a word; as a conj., having much of the 
force of a demons, pron.; also, introducing a clause, 
a9 the object of the preceding verb ; introducing a 
reason or purpose, and sometimes a result. [AS. 
thset, orig. neut. of demons, pron. and used as neut. 
of def. article, Skr. tat, it, that, Lithuan. and Russ. 
ta, that (pron.), D. dat, G. doss, that (conj.) ; s. rt. 
there, than, then, they, their, the, thence, this, thus.] — 
In that. For the reason that; because, — a phrase 
denoting some particular attribute, cause, or reason. 

Thatch, thach, n. Straw, rushes, etc., used to cover 
the roofs of buildings, or stacks of hay or grain. — v. 
t. [thatched (thaclit), thatching.] To cover with 
straw, reeds, or some similar substance. [AS. thsec, 
thatch, theccan, to thatch ; s. rt. Gr. tegos, stegos, a 
roof, stegein, L. tegere, Skr. sthag, to cover, W. ty, a 
house, toi, to thatch; s. rt. tegument, tile, deck, tight.] 

— Thatch'er, n. 

Thaumaturgus, thaw-ma-ter'gus, n. A miracle-work- 
er. [Gr. thaumalourgos, wonder-working, fr. thauma, 
a wonder, and ergon, work, ergein, to work.] — Thau- 
matur'gic, -gical, -ter'jik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, thau- 
maturgy ; exciting wonder. — Thau'matur / gy, -jT, n. 
Act of performing something wonderful; magic; leg- 
erdemain. 

Thaw, thaw, v. i. [thawed (thawd), thawing.] To 
melt, dissolve, or become fluid, as ice or snow ; to 
become so warm as to melt ice and snow; to become 
warm or genial. — v. t. To cause to melt or soften, 
as ice, snow, hail, or frozen earth. — n. The melting 
of ice or snow; liquefaction by heat of anything con- 
gealed by frost. [AS. thawian, thawan; perh. s. rt. 
AS. toya, water, tu, to become strong, swell, perh. 
Gr. tekein, to melt, L. tabes, moisture, Russ. taiate, 
to thaw.] 

The, the, definite or definitive article. A word placed 
before nouns, and used to designate or specify a gen- 
eral conception, or to limit a meaning more" or less 
definitely; also to personify or individualize a spe- 
cies. [AS. the, se : see That.] — Before adjectives in 
the compar. and superl. degree the is used to heighten 
or make more complete the contrast. [Herethe = 
AS. thy, thi, instrumental case of the.] 

Thearchy. See under Theism. 

Theater, -tre, the'a-ter, n. Among the ancients, an 
edifice in which spectacles or shows were exhibited; 
in modern times, a house for the exhibition of dra- 
matic performances; a playhouse; any room adapted 
to the exhibition of any performance before an as- 
sembly as for public lectures, anatomical demon- 



strations before a class, etc.: that which resembles* 
theater in form, use, etc. [F. theatre, Gr. theatron, 
fr. thta.it/tai, to see, view, thca. view, sight, spectacle; 
s. rt. amphitheater, theodolite, theory.] — Theafric, 
-rical, a. Of, or pert, to, a theater, or to scenic rep- 
resentations ; resembling the manner of dramatic 
performers. — Tneat'rically, adv. — Theatricals, 
n. pi. Dramatic performances, 
Theban, the'ban, n. A native or inhabitant of 
Thebes; a wise man. — a. Of, or pert, to, Thebes. — 
Theban year. (Anc. Citron.) The Egyptian year of 
iJu.5 days and hours. — The'baine, -ba-"in, n. 
(Chem~) One of the constituents of opium, — a va- 
riety of opium being named from Thebes, in Egvpt. 
— The'baid, -ba-id.x. A Latin epic poem on Theues, 
by Statius: the district about 'fhtbes, in Egvpt. 
Thebeth, te'beth. n. The loth month oi the Jewish 
sucred year, and 4th of the civil,— parts of Dec. 
and Jan. 
Thee, the, pron. ; objective case of Thou. 
Theft. See under Thief, 

Theine, the'in, n. (Chem.) A bitter, fusible, and 
volatile principle, obtained from tea and coliee. [F., 
| fr. the", tea, q. v.] 

! Their, thar, a. pron. Of them, — employed in the 
sense of a pronominal adj., denoting of or belonging 
to, or the possession by 2 or more: when standing 
alone, it has the form {heirs, and may be the nomi- 
native to a verb, or the object of a verb or preposi- 
tion. [1c. theirra, of them, gen. pi. of hann, hon, 
that, he, she, it: see That.] 
Theism, the'izm, n. Belief or acknowledgment of the 
existence of a God, as opp. to atheism. [Gr. theos, a 
god; s. rt. Gr. thessasthai, to pray, perh. tithemi, I 
place, set; prob. not s. rt. L. deus, a god.] — The'ist, 
n. One who believes in the existence of a God; 
esp., one who believes in a personal God. — TheiBf 
ic, -ical, a. Of, or pert, to, theism, or to a theisfe 
according to the doctrine of theists. — The'archy, 
-ar-kl, n. Government by God ; theocracy. [Gr. 
theos and archein, to be first, rule.] — Theoc'racy, 
-ra-sT, n. Government of a state by the immediate 
direction or administration of God; the state thus 
governed. [Gr. theokratia; kratein, to be strong, 
rule, kratus, strong = E. hard.] — Theocratic, -ical, 
a. Of, or pert, to, a theocracy; administered bv the 
immediate direction of God. — Theog'ony, -og'o-rii, 
n. The generation of the gods ; that branch of 
heathen theology which taught the genealogy of 
their deities. [L. and Gr. theogonia ; Gr. gone, gonos, 
race, birth, genein, to beget.] — Theol'ogy, -o-jT, n. 
Science of the existence, character, and attributes of 
God, his laws and government, the plan of salvation, 
the doctrines we are to believe, and the duties we are 
to practice; divinity. [ME. and F. theologie, L. and 
Gr. theologia; Gr. logos, discourse.] — Natural theol- 
ogy. The knowledge of God from his works, by the 
light of nature and reason. — Theolo'gian, -jT-an, n. 
One well versed in theology; a prolessor of divinity; 
a divine. — Theologie, -ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Of, or 
pert, to, divinity, or the science of God and of divine 
things.— Theologically, adv. According to the prin- 
ciples of theology. — Theol'ogist, n. One versed in 
theology. — TheoVogize, v. t. [-gized (jizd), -giz- 
ixg.] To render theological. — v. i. To frame a 
system of theology ; to theorize or speculate upon 
theological subjects. — The'ologue, -log, n. Same as 
Thlologist. — Theom'achy, -a-kT, n. A fighting 
against the gods: opposition to the divine will. [Gr. 
machesthai, to fight, mache, a battle.]— Theop'athy, 
-a-thT, n. Capacity for religious affections or wor- 
ship. [Gr. pathos, feeling, pathein, to suffer.] — 
Theoph'any, -of 'a-nT, n. A maniiestation of God 
to man by actual appearance. [Gr. theojihaineia ; 
nhavnesthai; to appear.] — Theos'ophy, -os'o-fl, n. 
Supposed intercourse with God and superior spirits, 
and consequent attainment oi superhuman knowl- 
edge by physical processes; also, a direct, asdisting. 
fr. a revealed, knowledge of God, supposed to be 
attained by extraordinary illumination. [Gr. theo- 
sophia; sophia, wisdom, sophos, wise.]— Theosophlc, 
-ical, a. Of, or pert, to, theosophy. — Theos'ophism, 
-o-fizm,n. Belief in theosophy: "pretension to direct 
divine illuminaHon.— Theos'o'phist, w. One addicted 
to theosophy.— The'urgy, -er-j 1 , n . Among the Egyp- 
tian Platonists, an imaginary science supposed to 
have been revealed to men by the gods themselves 
in very ancient times; also, the ability, by means of 
certain acts, words, and symbols, to move the gods 
to impart to us secrets which surpass the powers of 
reason, and to render themselves visible ; that spe- 



sfln, cube, full; moon, f'dot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



THELPHUSIAN 



606 



THICK 




Thelphusian. 



cies of magic in which eftects are produced by su- 
pernatural agency. [Gr. tkeuuryia ; ■-.rutin, tu worn.] 

— Theur'gic, -gical, -er'jik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, 
theurgy.— The'urg!3t, -er-jist, n. One who pretends 
to, or is addicted to, theurgy. 

Thelphusian,thel-fu'sl-an, n. (Zobl.) A decapod crus- 
tacean resem- 
bling the land- 
crab, which lives 
in the earth near 
river banks, etc. 
[Gr. thele, a nip- 
ple, and phvsan, 
to breathe.] 

Them, &em, pron. ; 
obj. ca.<e of they. 
Those persons or 
things; those. 
[See The y.] — 
Themselves', 
-selvz', pron. ;pl. 
of himself, herself, or itself q. v. 

Theme, them, n. A subject or topic on which a per- 
son writes or .-peaks; a short dissertation, usually on 
some assigned topic. {Gram.) A radical verb, or 
the verb in its primary, absolute state, not modified 
by inflections, as the infinitive mode in English. 
[F.; L. and Gr. thema, that which is laid down, the 
subject of an argument, fr. Gr. tithenai, to place, 
Skr. dJta, to put; s. rt. antithesis, apothesis, paren- 
thesis, etc., apothecary, anathema, epithet, thesaurus, 
treasure.] — The'sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. A position ; 
or proposition which a person advances and offers to I 
maintain, or which is actually maintained by argu- | 
ment; a theme: esp., a subject or proposition for a ! 
school or university exercise, or the exercise itself: I 
an essay upon a specific theme. (Mus.) The unac- ! 
cented part of the measure. (Pros.) The depression j 
of the voice in pronouncing the syllables of a word: I 
the part of the foot upon which such a depression 
falls. [L. and Gr., fr. tithenai.] 

Then, then, adv. At that time, referring to a time 
specified, either past or future; soon afterward, or 
immediately: afterward; therefore; for this reason; 
at another time. — conj. In that case ; in conse- 
quence; therefore. [Orig. same as than; AS. thsenne, 
thanne.] — By then. By the time that. — Till t. Until 
that time. 

Thence, thens, adv. From that place; from that time; 
for that reason. [ME. thennes (2 syl.), then*, AS. 
thanan, ihananne, OHG. dannan, thence; s. rt. that: 
see Hence.] — Therxe'forth, adv. From that time. 

— Thencefor'ward, adv. From that time onward. 
Theocracy, etc. See under Theism. 

Theodolite, the-od'o-lit, n. An instrument, variously 
constructed, used, esp. in trigo- 
nometrical surveying, for the 
accurate measurenieht of hori- 
zontal angles, and also usually 
of vertical angles. [A bad com- 
pound: perh. fr. Gr. tkeomai, I 
see, hodos, a way, and Utos, 
smooth, even, plain: or perh. fr. 
theomai and dolichos, long.] 

Theogony, Theology, etc. See un- 
der Theism. 

Theorbo, the-6r'bo, n. (Mus.) A 
musical instrument made like a 
large lute, but with 2 heads, to 
each of which some of the 
strings were attached. [F. the"- 
orbe, te'orbe. It. tiorba.] 

Theorem, the'o-rem, n. That 
which is considered and estab- 
lished as a principle ; a rule. 
(Math.) A statement of a prin- 
ciple to be demonstrated. [L. and Gr. theorema, a 
spectacle, subject for contemplation, principle, the- 
orem, Gr. thebrein, to look at, theoros, a spectator; s. 
rt. theater, theodolite-] — The'oremat'ic, -ical, Theo- 
rem'ic, a. Of, pert, to, or comprised in, a theorem; 
consisting of theorems. — The'ory, -o-rl, n. A doc- 
trine, or scheme of things, which terminates in spec- 
ulation or contemplation, without a view to practice; 
speculation; an exposition of the general principles 
of any science: the science disting. fr. the art; the 
philosophical explanation of phenomena, either 
physical or moral. [F. theorie, L. and Gr. fheoria, 
fr. Gr. theorem.]— Theoretic, -ical, a. Pert, to, 
depending on, or confined to, theory; speculi+ive; 
terminating in theory or speculation ; unr>rnc f ical. 




Theodolite. 



— Theoretically, adv. — The'orist, n. One who 
forms theories; one given to theory: a theonzer. — 
The'orize, v. i. [-Rized v-rizd), -hizi.ng.] To form 
a theory or theories; to speculate. — The'oriz'er, n. 

Theosophy, etc. See under Theism. 

Therapeutic, ther-a-pu'tik, -tical, a. Of, or pert, to, 
the healing art; curative. — Therapeu'tics, n. That 
part of medicine which respects the discovery and 
application of remedies for diseases. [F. therapeu- 
tique, healing, Gr. therapeatikos, taking care of, tend- 
ing, therapeutes, one who waits on a great man, ther- 
apeuein, to wait on, attend, serve, therapon, a ser- 
vant; s. rt. Skr. dhri, to maintain, support, E.jirm.] 

There, thar, adv. In, at, or to that place ; thither ; 
therein; at that point. [There is used to begin 
sentences, or before a verb, without adding essen- 
tially to the meaning.] [AS. thser, ther ; s. rt. thui : 
see 1-1 ere, Where.] — Thereabout', -bouts', adv. 
Near that place; near that number, degree, or quan- 
tity ; nearly. [AS. thsere, dat. fem. of def. art., 
and about.] — Thereafter, adv. After that; after- 
ward.— Thereat', adv. At that place; at that occur- 
rence or event; on that account. — Thereby', adv. 
By that; by that means; in consequence of that. — 
Therefor', adv. For that, or this, or it. — There'fore, 
ther'- or thar'for, conj. & adv. For that or this rea- 
son, referring to something previously stated : for 
that; consequently; by consequence; in return or 
recompense for this or that. — Therefrom', thar- 
from', adv. From this or that. —Therein', adv. In 
that or this place, time, or thing ; in that particular. 
— There'into', adv. Into that, or that place. — There- 
of, -of or -ov', adv. Of that or this. —Thereon', 
adv. On that or this. —Thereout', adv. Outofthator 
this. — Thereto', adv. To that or this. — Thereun'to, 
ailv. Unto that or this; thereto.— Thereupon', adv. 
Upon that or this ; on account of that ; in conse- 
qucnceof that; immediately; without delay. —There- 
with', -with' or -with', adv. With that or thi;. 

Thermal, ther'mal, a. Of, or pert, to, heat; warm. 
[Gr. thermos, hot, warm, therme, Skr. gharma, heat; 
s. rt. E. glow.]— Thermal unit. (Physics.) A unit 
chosen for the comparison or calculation of the quan- 
tity of heat, — usually the amount of heat necessary 
to raise the temperature of 1 lb. of water 1° centi- 
grade: in France the thermal unit is the calorie, q. v., 
under Caloric] -Thefmo-elec'tric, a. Of, or pert, 
to, thermo-electricity.— Ther'mo-e'lectric'ity, -tris'- 
I-tT. n. Electricity developed by the action of heat. 

— Thermom'eter, n. An instrument for 
measuring temperature, founded on the 
principle that changes of temperature in 
bodies are accompanied by proportional 
changes in their volume or dimensions, 
usually a glass bulb and graduated tube 
containing mercury or alcohol: the Fah- 
renheit thermometer marks freezing ! * 
">'2°, boiling 212°: the Centigrade marks 
freezing 0°, boiling lfK) '; Reaumur, 
freezing 0°, boiling 80°. [Gr. metron, 
a measure.] — Ther'momet'ric, -rical, 
a. Of, pert, to, or made hv means of, 
a thermometer. — Ther'moscope, -mo- 
skop, n. Any instrument forindicating 
changes of temperature without indi- 
cating the degree of heat bv which it is 
affected. [G r. sJcopein, to view.] 

Thesaurus, the-saw'rus, ??. A treasury or 
storehouse, — often applied to a compre- 
hensive volume, like a dictionary or cy- 
clopedia. [L = E. treasure, q. v.] 

These, thez, pron. ; ///. of This." 

Thesis. See under Theme. 

Thespian, thes'pT-an, a. Of, or pert, 
to, dramatic acting. [Gr. Thespis, the 
founder of the Greek drama.] 

Theurgy, etc. See under Theism. 

Thew, thu, n. [Chiefly used in pi.] Mus- 
cle ; strength ; nerve ; brawn. [AS. 
theaw, OS. than, OHG. dau, habit, cus- | 
torn, behavior; s. rt. Skr. tu, to be strong, »?— =*=^s ^8 
increase, Lithuan. tukti, to grow fat.] p.hronhpif/i 

They, fha .pron pi ■ poss. Theirs, obj. T tr™meter. 
Them. The plural of he, she, or it,— de- 
noting more than one person or thing. [They is 
sometimes used indefinitely, as our ancestors used 
won, and as the French use on.] [ME., nom. thai, 
poss. thair, dat. and ace. thaim or tham, aiso nom. 
they, poss. here, hire, or Mr, dat. and ace. hem, Ic. 
their, they : see That.] 

Thick, thik, a. Dense ; not thin ; inspissated : not 



am, fame, far, .Dass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, t5ne. 6r ; 



THIEF 



607 



THITHER 



transparent or clear : turbid, muddy, or misty : 
abundant, close, or crowded in space"; frequently 
recurring; measuring in the third dimension other 
than length and breadth, or in general dimension 
other than length, — said of a solid body; having 
more depth or extent from one surlace to its oppo- 
site than usual ; not having a good articulation ; 
somewhat deaf ; dull ; intimate ; very friendly ; fa- t 
miliar. — n. The thickest part, or the time when 
anything is thickest— adv. Frequently; fast; quick; 
Closely ; to a great depth, or to a thicker depth than I 
usual. [AS. thicce, OS. thikki, D. dik; perh. s. rt. 
Litliuan. tankus, thick, Skr. tanch, to contract.] — 
Through thick and thin. Through whatever is in , 
the way; through all obstacles or impediments.— 
Thick'ish, a. Somewhat thick. — Thick'ly, adv.— 
Thick'ness, n. — Thick'set, a. Close planted ; hav- 
ing a short, thick body: stout. — /;. A close or thick i 
hedge; a kind of stout, twilled cotton cloth.— Thick'- 
skinhed, -skind, a. Having a thick skin; not sensi- I 
tive ; dull ; obtuse. — -skull, n. Dullness, or a dull 
person; a blockhead.— Thick'en. thik'n, v. t. [-ened 
(-nd), -en inc.] To make thick, render dense, in- 
spissate, make close; to fill up interstices in; to make 
more frequent. — v. i. To become thick, become 
more dense, be inspissated, become consolidated, con- 
crete ; to become dark or obscure ; to become close, j 
or more close or numerous ; to crowd, press ; to be- j 
come quick and animated. [AS. thiccian, to make I 
thick.] — Thick'ening, -n-ing, n. Something put into I 
a liquid or mass to make it thicker. — Thickset, n. \ 
A wood or collection of trees or shrubs closely set. 
[AS. thiccet.] 

Thief, thet, a. ; /il. Thieves, thevz. One who secretly, I 
unlawfully, and feloniously takes the goods or per- j 
sonal property of another ; robber ; pilferer. [AS. 
theof. D. die/, OHG. diu/j.] — Thieve, thev, v. i. To 
practice theft, steal. [AS. getheojian.] — Thiev'ery, I 
-e"r-T, n. The practice of stealing; theft; that which | 
is stolen. — Thiev'ish, a. Given to stealing; ad- 
dicted to theft; like a thief ; acting by stealth : sly: ! 
secret; partaking of the nature of theft. — Thiev'- 
ishly, adv. — Thiev'ishness, n.— Theft, n. Act of 
stealing. (Laiv.) The private, unlawful, felonious i 
taking of another person's goods or movables, with 
intent to steal them. IAS. thiefdhe.] 

Thigh, thi, n. {Anal.) The thick, fleshy portion of 
the leg. between the knee and the trunk. [AS. thcoh, \ 
theo. OHG. deoh, theoh, the thigh ; s. rt. Lithuan. 
taukas, fat, tukti, to become fat, E. tumid, the"-.] 

Thill, thil. n. A shaft of a cart, gisr. or other carriage. 
[AS. thille. a thin strip of wood, MUG. dille. OHG. ! 
'lUlu. Ihili. a board, plank.] 

Thimble, thim'bl, n. A kind of indented metallic cap 
or cover, or sometimes a ring, for the finger, used in 
sewing to protect the finger from the needle. (Jkch.) \ 
Any thimble-shaped appendage or fixture. (JTaitf.) 
An iron ring with a groove round its circumference, , 
to receive the rope which is spliced about it. [AS. 
thumel, a thumb- stall, thmna, a thumb, q. v.] — 1 
Thim , ble-ber / ry, n. A raspberry, esp. a species of 

black raspberry. rig, n. A sleight-of-hand trick 

played with 3 cups, shaped like thimbles, and a 
small ball. — v. t. To cheat by means of small cups 
or thimbles, and a pea or small ball placed under 
one of the thimbles, and quickly shifted to another. 

Thin, thin, «. [thinner: -nest.] Having little thick- 
ness or extent from one surface to the opposite; rare, ! 
not dense, — applied to fluids or soft mixtures: not I 
close: not crowded; not filling the space: not abun- i 
dant; not full or well grown: slim: small; slender; j 
lean; gaunt; fine: not full: slight; flimsy; not suf- 
ficient for a covering, —adv. Not thickly or close- 
ly; in a scattered state. — v. t. [thinned (thind). 1 
-XING.] To make thin in anv of its sense?-, make 
rare or less thick, attenuate, make less close, crowded, : 
or numerous; to rarefy, make less dense. — v. i. To 
grow or become thin. [AS. thynne. OHG. dunni, W. ' 
teneu, L. tenuis, Gr. tanao*. Skr. tana, thin, slim, tan, 
L. tendere, to stretch: s. rt. tenuity, attenuate, exten- 
uate, tenable, q. v.. tend.] — Thin'ly. ailv. — Thin'- 
ness,.rc. — Thin'-skinned. a. Having a thin skin; sen- 
sitive; irritable. 

Thine, thin, pronominal a. Belonging or relating to 
thee; thv. — formerly used for thy hefore a vowel. j 
[Thine is used when "the substantive to which it be- ! 
longs is separated from the pronoun, or when the 
noun is not expressed.] [ME. thin (before a vowel) j 
or thi, AS. and Ic. thin, orig. gen. of thi> = E. thou, 
q. v.] — Thy. thi, .pron. Of or belonging to thee; the 
possessive of thee, — used in solemn style and in po- I 



etry. — Thyself', pron. An emphasized form of the 
personal pronoun of the 2d person.— used as a sub- 
ject with thou, to express distinction with empha- 

Thing, tiling, n. An inanimate object : any lifeless 
material; whatever exists or is conceived to exist, as 
a separate being; a transaction or occurrence; event; 
deed: a portion or part: something; a diminutive or 
slighted object; any object viewed as merely exist- 
ing: t ,l. clothes; furniture: appurtenances. "[AS., a 
thing, also a cause, sake, office, reason, council; Ic. 
thing, D. ding, a thing, an assembly, meeting, coun- 
cil. Dan. and Sw. ting, a thing, an assize, G. ding, a 
thing; s. rt. anything, nothing, hustings, q. v., think.] 
— Thing. Ting. n. In ancient Scandinavia, a meet- 
ing to debate on public affairs; hustings. 

Think, think, v. i. [thought (thawt). thinking.] To 
employ any of the intellectual powers except sense 
and perception; to call anything to mind, remem- 
ber; to reflect upon any subject, consider, deliberate; 
to form an opinion, judge; to purpose, intend, de- 
sign; to presume, venture ; to expect, guess, cogi- 
tate, ponder, meditate, imagine, suppose, believe. — 
v. t. To conceive, imagine; to plan or design, plot, 
compass; to believe, consider, esteem. [AS. thencan, 
thencean (imp. thohte), Dan. tsenke, G. denken, OL. 
tongere, to mink. Lithuan. tiketi, to believe ; s. rt. 
thank, thing.] — Think'er, n. One who thinks: esp., 
one who thinks in a particular manner.— Think'ing, 
p. a. Having the faculty of thought: cogitative: ca- 
pable of a regular train of ideas. — )). Imagination; 
cogitation : judgment. — Think'ingly. adv. By 
thought. — Thought, thawt, n. Act of thinking; ex- 
ercise of the mind in any way except sense and 
perception ; reflection ; meditation ; serious consid- 
eration: that which is thought : an opinion : con- 
clusion: judgment; a conceit: a fancy; design; pur- 
pose; intention: a small degree or quantity. [AS. 



Full of thought: era- 



thoht .] - Thought'ful, -ful, 

ployed in meditation; having the mind directed to 
an object; promoting serious thought: iavorable to 
musing or meditation. — Thought'fully, adv. — 
Thought'fulness. «. — Thought'less. a. Lacking or 
free from thought; careless: negligent. — Thought- 
lessly, adv. — Thoughtlessness, n. 

Third, etc. See under Three. 

Thirst, tluist, n. The desire, uneasiness, or suffering, 
occasioned by want of drink: eager desire alter any- 
thing. — v. i. To experience a painful sensation of 
the throat, or fauces, for want of drink ; to have a 
vehement desire. [AS. thurst, thirst, thyrstan, to 
thirst, Skr. tarsha, thirst, trish, to thirst, Ir. tart, 
thirst, drought, Gr. tersesthai. to become dry, L. 
torrere, to parch, terra (q. v.), dry ground; s. rt, ro>- 
rid, te<t. toast, tureen.]— Thirst'y.-T. a. [-ier; -iest.] 
Feeling a distressing sensation irom want of drink; 
deficient in moisture; dry: parched: having a vehe- 
ment desire of anything. — Thirst"' ily, -l-ll, adv. — 
Thirst'iness. n. 

Thirteen. Thirty, etc. See under Three. 

This, tliis. pron. : pi. These, thez. A pronoun, used as 
a demonstrative, 
denoting some- 
thing that is pres- 
ent or near in place 
or time, or some- 
thing just men- 
tioned, or that is 
just about to be . 
mentioned : also 
denoting the last 
part, as a period of 
time : also as op- 
posed or correla- 
tive to that, and 
sometimes as o p- 
posed to other. 
[AS. thes. OHG. 
deter, this, AS. 
tha.<. those, thus*, 
these: see That.] 

Thistle, this'sl, n. 
A prickly plant of 
many species and several genera, having winged 
seeds: most of the species are troublesome weeds, 
but some are cultivated as flowers. [AS. thistel, 
OHG. distil; prob. s. rt. OHG. thinsan, Lithuan. 
tasyti, to pull, tear, E. thin.] — This'tly, -If, a. Over- 
grown with thistles. 

Thither, rhith'er, adv. To that place, — opp. to hith- 
er; to that point, end. or result; there. [AS. thider. 




Thistle. 



stin, cube, full; moon, f 6"bt ; cow, oil; linger or ink, tien. boxbox. chair, get. 



THOLE 



608 



THREE 




thyder, Goth, thatro, Skr. tatra ; s. rt. that.] — 
Thitherward, adv. Toward that place. [AS. thi- 
derweard.] 

Thole, thol, T.'-pin, n. A pin inserted into the gun- 
wale of a boat, to keep the oar in place when used in 
rowing. [AS. thol, a thole, Ic. thollr, a fir tree, any 
tree, peg, thole ; cf . axleiree, swinyletree, etc.] 

Thomsonianism, tom-so'nl-an-izm, n. (Med.) A med- 
ical system, which maintains that the human body 
is composed of 4 elements, earth, air, fire, and water; 
and that metals and minerals, being extracted from 
the earth, tend to carry all down into the earth who 
use them ; that the tendency of vegetables is to 
spring up from the earth, and therefore to uphold 
man from the grave, — so called from the founder, 
Dr. Samuel Thomson, of Mass. 

Thong, thong, n. A strap of leather, used for fasten- 
ing anything. [AS. thwang, orig. a twisted string, 
etc.; s. rt. twinge.'] 

Thoral, tho'ral, a. Of, or pert, to, a bed. [L. thorns, 
torus, a couch, bed.] 

Thorax, tho'raks, n. (Anat.) The portion of the trunk 
between the neck and ab- 
domen ; the chest. (En- 
tom.) The 2d general seg- 
ment of insects. [L. and 
Gr., a breast - plate, the 
part of the body covered 
by a breast-plate, orig. a 
defender; s. rt. Skr. dha- 
raka, a trunk for clothes, 
dhri, to maintain, keep, E. 
firm.]— Thoracic, -ras'ik, 
a. Of, or pert, to, the tho- j 
rax or breast. 

Thorn, th6rn, n. A sharp, J 
ligneous, or woody shoot 
from the stem of a tree or 
shrub; a spine, — popular- 
ly t but incorrectly, a 
prickle ; a tree or shrub 
armed with spines, or 
sharp, ligneous shoots, — 
incorrectly applied to a 
bush with prickles; any- 
thing troublesome ; trou- 
ble; care. [AS. and Ic, 
lit. a piercer; s. rt. trite.] 
— Thorn r y, -T, a. [-iek ; 
-IEST.] Full of thorns or 
spines ; sharp ; pricking ; 
troublesome ; vexatious ; 
harassing. — Thorn'back, i 

which has prickles on its back. — Thorn'-hedge, n 
A hedge or fence consisting of thorn. 

Thorough, thur'o, a. Passing through or to the end; 
complete; perfect. — prep. Same as Through,— 
(obs.) [A later form of through, q. v.] — Thorough- 
ly, -o-li, adv. In a thorough manner; fully; en- 
tirely ; completely. — Thoroughness, n. — Thor'- 
oughfare, n. A passage through; a passage from 
one street or opening to another: an unobstructed 
way ; a frequented street. — Thorough - base, n. 
(Mus.) Representation of chords by figures placed 
under the base, — sometimes used as synonymous 
with harmony. — brace, n. A leather strap support- 
ing the body of a carriage, and serving the purpose 
of a spring. — bred, a. Of pure or unmixed breed; 
bred from the best blood, as horses; completely bred 
or accomplished. — go'ing, a. Going through, or 
to the endor bottom; very thorough; complete.— 
-paced, -past, a. Perfect in what is undertaken ; 
complete; going all lengths. — wort, -wert, n. A 
N. Amer. plant found in low or wet grounds, and 
valued for its medicinal properties; boneset. 

Those, thoz, pron. ; pi. of that. See This. 

Thou, thow, pron. [nom. thou; poss. thy or thine; 
obj. thee; pi. nom. you or ye; poss. your or yours; 
obj. you.] The second personal pronoun, in the 
sing, number, denoting the person addressed,— 
used in the solemn or poetical style. [AS., Ic, and 
Goth, thu, Dan., Sw., G., Ir., Ga., L., and Per. tu, 
Gr. su, tu, Skr. tvam ; s. rt. thine, thy.] 

Though, tho, adv. & conj. Granting; admitting; not- 
withstanding; however, — used in familiar language 
at the end of a sentence. [ME. thogh, AS. theah, 
theh, Ic. tho, OHG. doh, Goth, thauh ; s. rt. although, 
that.] — As though. As if; of the same kind, or in 
the same manner, that it would be, if. 

Thought, Thoughtful, etc. See under Think. 

Thousand, thoW'zand, a. Consisting of ten hundred; 



Thorax. 

n, spine; a, a, a, intercostal 
muscles ; b, chest muscles ; 
d, thoracic muscles; e, clav- 
icle ; /, third rib ; g, ster- 
num, or breast-bone; h, dia- 
phragm ; i, j, ribs ; k, I, 
false ribs; m o, base of dia- 
phragm. 

A fish of the ray kind, 



being 10 times 100; consisting of a great number in- 
definitely. — n. The number of ten hundred ; in- 
definitely, a great number; a symbol representing 
one thousand units, as, 1000, M, or CIO. [AS. thus- 
end, Ic. thusund, thushundradh : see Hundred ; 
pern. Ic. thus- = Skr. tuvi-, for tui-, much, very, 
many.]— Thousandth, -zandth, a. Next in order 
after 999. — the ordinal of thousand ; constituting 
one of 1,000 equal parts into which anything is di- 
vided. — n. The quotient of a unit divided by 1,000; 
one of 1,000 equal parts. 

Thrall, thrawl, n. A slave; bondman; slavery; bond- 
age ; servitude. — v. t. To enslave, inthrall. [Ic- 
thrsell, OHG. drigil, a serf, slave, lit. one who runs 
on errands; s. rt. AS. thrag, Gr. trochos, a course, 
Goth, thragjan, Gr. trechein, to run.] — Thrall 'dom, 
-dum, n. Condition of a thrall; state of servitude. 

Thrash, thrash, v. t. [thrashed (thrasht), thrash- 
ing.] To beat out or separate the grain or seeds 
from with a flail, thrashing-machine, etc.; to beat 
soundly, drub. — v. i. To practice thrashing ; to 
labor, drudge; to beat about. [ME. threschen, thre- 
aten, AS. therscan, thirscan ; same as thresh.] — 
Thrash'er, n. One who or that which thrashes 
grain, etc.; the fox-shark or sea-fox, a large species 
of shark. — Thrashing-floor, n. A floor or area on 
which grain is beaten out. 

Thread, thred, n. A very small twist of flax, wool, 
cotton, silk, or the like, drawn out to considerable 
length; a filament, as of a flower, or of any fibrous 
substance, as of bark; a line of gold or silver; some- 
thing continued in a long course or tenor; the prom- 
inent spiral part of a screw or nut. — v. t. To pass 
a thread through the eye of (a needle); to pass or 
pierce through, as a narrow way or channel. [AS. 
thrsed, a thread, thrawan, to twist, throw, G. draht, 
drath, thread, wire, drehen, OHG. drajcm, to twist; 
same as thrid.] — Thread'bare, -bar, a. Worn to the 
naked thread; having the nap worn off; worn out; 
trite; hackneyed; used till it has lost novelty or in- 
terest. — Thread'y, -T, a. Like thread or filaments; 
slender; containing or consisting of thread. 

Threat, thret, n. Declaration of an intention or de- 
termination to inflict punishment, loss, or pain on 
another ; menace ; denunciation. [AS., a crowd, 
crush, or throng of people, a calamity, trouble, 
pressure, hence a threat, rebuke, orig. imp. of thre- 
otan, to press, afflict, vex, urge; s. rt. L. trudere, to 
push, crowd, press upon, Gr. truein, to afflict, vex, 
trauma, a wound, trume, a hole, thing made by bor- 
ing, trusis, distress, AS. threa, a throe, affliction, E. 
throe, trite, abstruse, extrude, intrude, obtrude, etc.] 

— Threafful, -ful, a. Full of threats ; having a 
menacing appearance. — Threat'en, -n, v. t. [-eked 
(-nd), -ening.] To hold up to, as a terror, the ex- 
pectation of evil; to menace; to exhibit the appear- 
ance of something evil or unpleasant as approach- 
ing to or toward. — v. i. To use threats or menaces. 

— Threafener, n. — Threatening, p. a. Indicating 
a threat or menace; indicating something impend- 
ing; imminent. 

Three, thre, a. Two and one. — n. The sum of 2 and 
1; the number next above 2; a symbol representing 
three units, as 3 or iii. [AS. threo, thri, Dan. and 
Sw. tre, Ir., Ga., W., Russ., and Skr. tri, L. tres, Gr. 
treis, three; s. rt. triad, trinity, tierce, tertian.] — 
Threefold, a. Consisting of 3, or thrice repeated.— 
Threepence, thrip'ens, n. A small silver coin of 3 
times the value of a penny. — Threepenny, thrip r - 
en-nt, a. Worth 3 pence only ; worth but little ; poor; 
mean. — Three'-cor'nered, a. Having 3 corners or 
angles. — deck'er, n. (Naut.) A vessel of war car- 
rying guns on 3 decks. — ply, a. Consisting of 3 
distinct webs inwrought together in weaving, as 
cloth or carpeting. — sid'ed, a. Having 3 sides, esp. 
3 plane sides. — Thrice, thrls, adv. Three times; re- 
peatedly; earnestly; emphatically; very. [ME. thries 
(2 syl.), AS. thriwan, thrice, fr. thri, three.] — Third, 
therd, a. The next after the 2d; coming after 2 of 
the same class; constituting or being one of 3 equal 
parts into which anything is divided. — n. The quo- 
tient of a unit divided by 3; one of 3 equal parts; the 
60th part of a second of time. (Mm.) The interval 
of a tone and a semitone, embracing 3 diatonic de- 
grees of the scale, — called also, third sound.— pi. 
(Law.) The 3d part of the estate of a deceased hus- 
band, which, by some local laws, the widow is enti- 
tled to enjoy during her life. [Forthrid, ME. thridde, 
AS. thridda, fr. thri.]— Third estate. In Eng. the 
commons, or the commonalty, who are represented 
in Parliament by the Commons; in France, the body 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, Sr i 



THRENODY 



609 



THRUSH 



of the people, exclusive of the nobility and titled 
classes; the commons, — so called previously to the 
Revolution of 17«9.— Third'ly, adv. In the 3d place. 

— Thir'teen, ther'ten, a. One more than 12; 10 and 
3. — n. The sum of 10 and 3; a symbol representing 
thirteen units, as 13, or xiii. [AS. threotyne, f r. thn, 
m., threo x f. and neut., and tyn, ten, 10.] — Thir'- 
teenth, -tenth, a. Next in order after the 12th; be- 
ing one of 13 equal parts into which anything is di- 
vided. — n. The quotient of a unit divided by 13; 
one of 13 equal parts. (Miis.) The interval compris- 
ing an octave and a sixth. — Thir'ty, -tT, a. Three 
times 10; one more than 29. — n. The sum of 3 times 
10. or 20 and 10; a symbol representing thirty units, 
as 30, or xxx. [AS. thirtig.} — Thir'tieth, -tT-eth, a. 
Next in order after the 20th: being one of 30 equal 
parts into which anything is divided. — n. The quo- 
tient of a unit divided by 30; one of 30 equal parts. 

Threnody, thren'o-dl, n. A song of lamentation; a 
short funereal poem ; dirge. [Gr. threnodia, fr. 
threnos, a wailing, lamenting (s. rt. drone), and ode 
= E. ode} 

Thresh, thresh, v. t. To thrash. [See Thrash.] — 
Thresh'old, -old, n. The door-sill; the plank, stone, 
or piece of timber which lies at the bottom or under 
a door; entrance; gate; door; the place or point of 
entering or beginning; outset. [AS. therscold, thers- 
cwald, lit. the piece of wood which is beaten (by 
persons entering), fr. therscan — E. to thrash (q. v.), 
and ivald, wood.] 

Threw. See Throw. 

Thrice. See under Three. 

Thrid, thrid, v. t. To slide through, by a narrow pas- 
sage; to pass, asa thread through the eye of a needle; 
to thread. [Same as thread.] 

Thrift, etc. See under Thrive. 

Thrill, thril, n. A drill; a warbling; trill; a breathing 
place or hole; a thrilling sensation.— v. t. [thrilled 
(thrild), thrilling.] To perforate by turning a 
pointed instrument; to bore, drill; to pierce, pene- 
trate, affect, as if by something that pierces or pricks, 
or that causes a tingling sensation.— v. i. To pierce, 
as something sharp: to penetrate; to cause a tingling 
sensation that runs through the system with a slight 
shivering; to feel a sharp, shivering sensation, run- 
ning through the body. [AS. thyrlian, to pierce 
through, thyrel, a hole, thur/i = E. through ; s. rt. D. 
drillen = £. to drill, fr. OD. drille, a hole, also E. 
nostril.} 

Thrive, thrlv, v. i. [thrived (thrTvd); p. p. thrived 
or thriven; thriving.] To prosper by industry, 
economy, and good management of property ; to 
prosper in any business; to grow vigorouslv of lux- 
uriantly, as a plant; to flourish. [Ic. thrifa.'to grasp, 
grip, seize, thrifask, to seize for one's self, thrive, 
thrift, prosperity = E. thrift.} — Thriv'er, n— Thrift, 
7i. A thriving state or condition; economical man- 
agement in regard to property; success and advance 
in the acquisition of property; vigorous growth, as 
of a plant. — Thriffy, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Given 
to, or evincing, thrift; using economy and good 
management of property; thriving by industry and 
frugality; increasing in wealth; growing: rapidly or 
vigorously, as a plant; thriving. — Thriftily, -T-lT, 
adv. In a thrifty manner; frugally; successfully; 
prosperously. — Thrift'iness, n. — Thrift'less, a. 
Not thrifty ; not showing industry, frugality, or 
good management; profuse; extravagant; not thriv- 
ing. 

Throat, throt, n. (Anat.) The portion of the neck 
anterior to the spinal column, with its cavities or 
passages and blood-vessels; the gullet or the wind- 
pipe; entrance; a passage from the external opening 
to the internal cavity of any thing or place; a neck. 
[AS. throtp. G. dronsel, throat, throttle; s. rt. stream.] 

— Throftle, throftl, n. The windpipe or trachea; 
weasand. — v. i. To have the throat obstructed, so 
as to endanger suffocation; to choke, suffocate; to 
breathe hard, as when nearly suffocated. — v. t. To 

frasp or compress the throat of, so as to obstruct 
reathing; to choke, strangle. 

Throb, throb, v. i. [throbbed (throbd), -bing.] To 
beat, as the heart or pulse, with more than usual 
force or rapidity: to palpitate.— n. A beat, or strong 
pulsation; a violent beating of the heart and arter- 
ies; a palpitation. [S. rt. Russ. trepete, palpitation, 
trembling, fear, trepetate. to throb, palpitate with 
joy. L. trepirtw, alarmed: see Trepidation.] 

Throe, thro, n. Extreme pain; violent pang; anguish; 
agony; esp., the anguish of travail in childbirth, or 
parturition. [AS. thred, for thredw, chiding, men- 



ace, affliction, fr. threbwan, to suffer, afflict; 8. rt. 
trite, threat.} 

Throne, thron, w. A chair of state, commonly a royal 
seat; sovereign power and dignity: one invested with 
power or authority. — v. t. [throned (thiond), 
throning.] To place on a royal seat, enthrone; to 
place in an elevated position, exalt. [ME. and OF. 
trone, Gr. thronos, a seat, chair, lit. a support; s. rt. 
Skr. dhri, to bear, hold, support, dharani, the earth.] 

Throng, throng, n. A multitude of living beings press- 
ing or pressed into a close body or assemblage; 
crowd. — v. i. [thronged (throngd), thronging.] 
To crowd together; to press into a close body, as a 
multitude of persons.— v. t. To crowd, or press (per- 
sons). [AS. yethrang, a throng, thringun, to crowd, 
press.] 

Throstle, thros'l, n. The song-thrush; mavis. [AS. 
a thrush, q. v.] 

Throstle, thros'l, n. A machine for spinning wool, cot- 
ton, etc., which makes a singing noise: its motion is 
continuous, — drawing, twisting, and winding at 
the same time, instead of the alternate action of the 
mule. 

Throttle. See under Throat. 

Through, throo, prep. From end to end of, or from 
side to side of; between the sides or walls of; with- 
in; by means of ; by the agency of; over the whole 
surface or extent of; among or in the midst of; from 
beginning to end; to the end or conclusion. — adv. 
From one end or side to the other; from beginning 
to end; to the end; to the ultimate purpose. [AS. 
thurh, Goth, thairh, through; s. rt. AS. thyrel, Goth. 
thairko, a hole, L. terere, to bore, trans, across, Skr. 
trios, through, over, fr. tri, to pass over, E. thrill, 
trite; same as thorough.]— To fall through. To be 
given up, as a project or plan, before being brought 
to an issue; to be abandoned: to fail.— Throughout', 
prep. Quite through; in every part of; from one ex- 
tremity to the other of. — adv. Inevery part. 

Throw, thro, v. t. [imp. threw (throo); p. p. thrown 
(thron); throwing.] To tiing or cast in a winding 
direction; to hurl; to fling or cast in any manner; to 
propel, project, send; to wind or twist 2 or more fila- 
ments of (silk, etc.) so as to form one thread. {Pot- 
tery.) To form or shape roughly on a potter's wheel. 
To venture at dice; to divest or strip one's self of; 
to put off; to put on, spread carelessly; to overturn, 
prostrate in wrestling.— v. i. To perform the act of 
casting; to cast; esp. to cast dice. — n. Act of hurl- 
ing or flinging ; a driving or propelling from the 
hand, or from an engine; a cast of dice; mariner in 
which dice fall when cast: the distance which a mis- 
sile is or may be thrown; a turner's lathe. [AS. 
thrawan, to twist, whirl, hurl; s. rt. L. torquere, G. 
drehen, D. draaijen, to twist, Skr. tarku, a spindle, 
E. thread, throng, torture.]— To throw away. To 
lose by neglect or folly; to spend in vain; to reject. 
— Tot. back. To retort, cast back (a reply); to re- 
ject, refuse.— To t. by. To lay aside or neglect as 
useless. — To t. down. To subvert, overthrow, de- 
stroy; to bring down from a high station, degrade.— 
Tot. in. To inject (a fluid); to deposit with others; 
to add without enumeration or valuation; to give up 
or relinquish.— To t. off. To expel, clear from: to 
reject, discard. — To t. on. To cast on, load. — To t. 
one's self down. To lie down.— To t. one's self on or 
upon. To resign one's self to the favor, clemency, 
or sustaining power of. — To t. md. To cast out, re- 
ject or discard, expel; to utter, give utterance to, 
speak. — To t. up. To resign, give up: to discharge 
from the stomach. — Throw'er, n. One who throws; 
one who throws or twists silk; a throwster; one who 
shapes vessels on a potter's wheel. — Throw'ster, n. 
One who throws, twists, or winds silk. 

Thrum, thrum, n. One of the ends of weavers' threads; 
a tuft; any coarse yarn.— v. t. [thrummed (thrumd), 
-Ming.] To furnish with thrums; to insert tufts in. 
[Ic. thromr, edge, verge, brim, OD. drom, thread on 
a shuttle, G. trumm, end, thrum, stump of a tree; s. 
rt. L. terminus, Gr. ierma, end, E. term.} 

Thrum, thrum, r. i. To play rudely or monoto- 
nously on an instrument with the fingers, —v. t. 
[thrummed (thrumd), -MiNO.J To play (an instru- 
ment) in a rude or monotonous manner. [Ic. thru- 
ma, to rattle, thunder, Sw. trumma, to beat, drum; s. 
rt. drum, q. v.] 

Thrush, thrush, n. A small, plainly-colored migratory 
singing bird, of many species, including the song 
thrush, robin, mocking-bird, etc. [AS. thrysce, also 
throstle, OHG. drown, MHG. trostet, L. t urdtis, Lith- 
uan. strazdas, a thrush; perh. s. rt. Gr. strizein, to 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



THRUSH 



610 



TICK 




twitter, L. s t r i x , a 
screech-owl, sturnus = 
E. starling.] 
Thrush, thrush, n. 
{Far.) An inflamma- 
tory and suppurating 
affection in the feet of 
the horse and some 
other animals. (Med.) 
Small ulcers in the 
mouth, fauces, and 
esophagus, white, like 
curdled milk, or black, 
and ending in black or 
white sloughs. [Dan. Inrush. 
troske, thrush on the tongue, tor, AS. ilnjrr, dry; s. 
rt. thirst.] 
Thrust, thrust, v. t. [thrust, thrusting.] To push 
or drive with force ; to impel. — v. i. To make a 
push, attack with a pointed weapon ; to enter by 
pushing, squeeze in; to push forward, press on, in- 
trude. — n. A violent push or driving, as with a 
pointed weapon or with the hand or foot; attack; as- 
sault. (Arch.) A horizontal, outward pressure, as 
of an arch against its abutments. [Ic. thrysta, to 
thrust, compress, force, compel; s. rt. L. triiaere, to 
thrust, perh. Sw. trut, a snout, E. thread, throw, 
threat, trite.] — lb thrust one's self. To obtrude, 
intrude, enter where one is not invited or not wel- 
come. — To t. through. To pierce, stab. — Thrust'- 
er, n. 
Thud, thud, n. A sound as of a heavy stroke upon 
the ground; a stroke, or blow, causing a blunt, dull, 
and hollow sound. [AS. thoden, a whirlwind: see 
Thump.] 
Thug, thug, n. One of a Hindoo sect of robbers and 
assassins who practiced murder stealthily (esp. by 
strangling) and from religious motives. [Hind, thag, 
a deceiver, robber, fr. thagnu, to deceive.] 
Thumb, thum, n. The short, thick finger of the hu- 
man hand, or the corresponding member of other 
animals. — ?;, t. [thumbed (thumd), thumbing.] To 
handle awkwardly; to play with the fingers; to soil 
or wear with the thumb or the fingers, — v. i. To 
play with the thumbs, or with the thumbs and fin- 
gers; to thrum. [AS. thuma, lit. the thick finger; s. 
rt. tumid, a. v.] — Thumb'-screw, n. A screw having 
the head flattened in the direction of its length, so 
that it may be turned by the thumb and fore finger; 
an instrument of torture for crushing the thumb. — 
-stall, n. A kind of thimble or ferrule of iron, horn, 
or leather, for protecting the thumb. 
Thummim, thum'mim, n. pi. Perfections, — a Hebrew 
word. [The urim and thummim were worn as orna- 
ments in the breastplate of the high priest when he 
attended the altar, but what they were has never 
been ascertained.] [Heb. tummim, pi. of torn, perfec- 
tion, tamam, to be perfect.] 
Thump, thump, n. The sudden fall of a heavy weight; 
the sound made by the sudden fall of a heavy body, 
as of a hammer, etc.; a sudden blow with anything 
blunt or heavy, — v. t. [thumped (thumt), thump- 
ing.] To strike or beat with something thick or 
heavy, or so as to cause a dull sound. —v. i. To 
strike or fall with a heavy blow. [Ic. dumpa, to 
thump; perh. s. rt. Gr. tuptein, to strike, tumpanon, 
a drum = E. tympanum.] — Thump'' er, n. 
Thunder, thuu'der, n. The sound following a flash of 
lightning; a thunder-bolt; any loud noise; an alarm- 
ing or startling threat or denunciation.— v. i. [thun- 
dered (-derd), -dering.] To sound, rattle, or roar, 
as an explosion of electricity; to make a loud noise, 
esp., a heavy sound, of some continuance. — v. t. To 
emit with noise and terror; to publish (a threat, de- 
nunciation, etc.). [AS. thunor, D. donder, OHG. tho- 
nar, thunder, lc. Thorr, Thor, the god of thunder, 
also thunder ; s. rt. L. tonare, to thunder, Skr. tan, 
to sound, Gr. stenein, Lithuan. steneti, to groan, E. 
stun.] — Thun^derer, n. One who thunders, — an ep- 
ithet applied by the ancients to Jupiter. — Thun'- 
derous, -us, a. Producing thunder; making a noise 
like thunder; sonorous. — Thunderstruck, p. a. As- 
tonished; amazed; struck dumb by something sur- 
prising or terrible suddenly presented to the mind or 
view. — Thursday, therz'da, n. The 5th day of the 
week; the dav after Wednesday and before Friday. 
[AS. thunres dag, fr. thunres, genitive of thunor, and 
dag, dav, Ic. fhorsdagr, Thor's day, Thursday, D. 
Donderdag.] — Thun'der-bolt, n. A shaft of light- 
ning; a daring or irresistible hero; ecclesiastical de- 
nunciation ; fulmination. clap, n. A burst of 



thunder; sudden report of an explosion of electrici- 
ty. — show'er, n. A shower accompanied with thun- 
der. storm, n. A storm accompanied with light- 
ning and thunder. — struck, a. Struck by lightning; 
greatly astonished. — tube, n. A fulgurite, q. v. 

Thurible, thu'rl-bl, n. A censer of metal, for burning 
incense, held in the hand or suspended by chains, 
used in solemn services of the Eom. Cath. Church. 
[L. thuribulum, fr. thus, thuris, frankincense, ir. Gr. 
thuos, a sacrifice, an offering, fr. thuein, to sacifice; 
s. rt. li.fumus, Skr. dhuma, smoke, E. fume, rhi/mc.] 
— Thurif erous, -rif'er-us, a. Producing or bearing 
frankincense. [L. thuri/er, fr. thus and ferre, to 
bear.] — Thu'rifica'tion, n. The act of fuming with 
incense, or of burning incense. [L./acere, to make.] 

Thursday. See under Thunder. 

Thus, thus, adv. In this or that manner; on this wise; 
to this degree or extent; so. [AS., OS., and OFries.; 
s. rt. this.] 

Thwack, thwak,?\ t. [thwacked (thwakt), thwack- 
ing.] To strike with something flat or heavy ; to 
bang, beat, thrash, thump. — n. A heavy blow with 
something flat or heavy; a thump. [AS. thaccian, to 
stroke, Ic. thjokka, to thump; same as whack.] 

Thwart, thwawrt, a. Across something else ; trans- 
verse.—?;, t. To move across or counter to; to cross; 
to cross (a purpose), oppose, frustrate, defeat. — v. i. 
To move or go in an oblique or crosswise manner.— 
n. (Naut.) A seat or bench placed athwart a boat, 
for the rowers to sit upon. [AS. thweorh, perverse, 
transverse, Ic. thverr, across, Sw. tvar, cross, un- 
friendly, Goth, thwairhs, cross, angry; s. rt. L. terere, 
to bore, E. torture, trite.] — Thwart '-ships, adv. 
(A T ai<t.) Across the ship. 

Thy. See under Thine. 

Thyine wood, thi'in-wdod. A precious wood, men- 
tioned Rev. xviii., thought to be from a tree which is 
a native of Barbary, and allied to the pines. [Gr. 
thuinos, pert, to the tree thuia, an African tree with 
sweet-smelling wood, fr. thuein, to sacrifice, smell: 
see Thurible.] — Thyme, tlm, n. (Bot.) A fragrant 
plant: the garden thyme is a warm pungent aromat- 
ic, used to give a relish to seasoning, soups, etc. [F. 
thym, L. thymus, Gr. thumos, fr. thuein.] — Thynry, 
-T, a. Abounding in thyme; fragrant. 

Thyroid, thi'roid, a. Resembling a shield. [Gr. thu- 
eoeides, shield-shaped, fr. thureos, a shield (fr. thu- 
a, a door), and eidos, form.] — Thyroid cartilage. 



(Anat.) A cartilage constituting the anterior, supe- 
rior, and largest part of the larynx, popularly called 
Adam's apjjte. 




Tiara. 



Tiara, te-a'ra, n. A form of head-dress resembling a 
hat with a high crown, worn by 
the ancient Persians; the pope's 
triple crown. [L. and Gr. a Per- 
sian head-dress, prob. fr. Per. 
taj, a crown, diadem, crest.] 

Tibia, tib'f-a, n. (Anat.) The 
shin-bone ; the larger of the 2 
bones which form the 2d seg- 
ment of the leg: see Skeleton. 
[L., the shin-bone, also a pipe or 
flute, orig. made of bone.]— Tib'- 
ial, a. Pert, to the large bone of 
the leg; pert, to a pipe or flute. 

Tic, tik, n. (Med.) A local and 
habitual convulsive motion of 
certain muscles; esp., such a motion of some of the 
muscles of the face ; twitching : vellicatibn. [F., a 
twitching, LG. tukken, to twitch, D. tik,ji touch, 
pat; s. rt. tickle.] — Tic '-douloureux, -doo-loo-rqo / \ n. 
(Med.) Neuralgia in the face; a painful affection of 
a nerve, coming on in sudden attacks, usually in the 
head or face. [F. douloureux, L. dolorosus, painful, 
dolor, pain.] 

Tick, tik, n. Credit; trust. [Contr. of ticket, — f r. old 
phrase to buv things on ticket.] 

Tick, tik, n. (Entom.) A small parasitical blood-suck- 
ing insect, that infests sheep, dogs, goats, cows, etc. 
[GD. and LG. teke, G. zecke,& tick ; s. rt. Ic. tola, 
Goth, tekan, to touch, E. take, tickle.] 

Tick, tik, n. The cover or case of a bed, etc., for con- 
taining feathers, wool, straw, etc. ; a bed-tick ; tick- 
ing. [LL. techa, teca, a linen case, tick, L. thecu , G r. 
theke, a case, fr. tithenai, to put, place; s. rt. thane.] — 
Tick'ing, n. A strong, closely-woven cloth oi linen 
or cotton used for making ticks for beds, mattresses. 
pillows, etc. 

Tick, v. i. [ticked (tiki), ticking.] To make a small, 
sharp noise, as a watcn or clock; to beat, click. — n. 
A distinct, quick beat, as of a watch or clock ; any 



am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve. term ; fa. Ice ; 5dd. tone. 6r ; 



TICKET 



611 



TIGHT 



small mark to direct attention to something else, or 
to serve as a check. [Onomat.] 

Ticket, tik'et, n. A small piece of paper serving as a 
notice, certificate, or distinguishing token of some- 
thing ; a certificate of right of admission to a place 
of assembly, or to be carried in a public conveyance; 
a label to show the character or price of goods in a 
parcel; a certificate or token of a share in a lottery, 
etc.; in U. S. politics, a list of candidates to be voted 
for at an election; a set of nominations. — v. t. To 
distinguish by a ticket ; to put a ticket on (goods, 
etc.); to furnish with a ticket. [OF. etiquet, a little 
note, bill, ticket, f r. G. sticken = E. to stick ; hence 
etiquette and tick, credit.] 

Tickle, tiki, v. t. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To touch light- 
ly, so as to cause a peculiar thrilling sensation, 
which commonly causes laughter; to please by slight 
gratification, — v. i. To feel titillation; to excite the 
sensation of titillation. [ME. tikelen, to tickle, tikel, 
ticklish, easilv moved, unstable, D. tik, a touch : see 
Tic] — Tick'ler, n. — Tick'lish, a. Sensible to slight 
touches ; easily tickled ; standing so as to be liable 
to totter and fall at the slightest touch; difficult; 
nice; critical. — Ticklishness, n. 

Tidbit, tid'bit, Tit'bit, n. A delicate or tender piece 
of anything eatable. [Prob. AS. tit, a teat, q. v.] 

Tide, tid, n. Orig., time, season; the alternate rising 
and falling, twice each lunar day, of the waters of 
the ocean, and of boys, rivers, etc., connected there- 
with. [The flow or rising of the water is called/oorf- 
tide. and the reflux, ebb'-tide: see also Spring-tide 




jring and Neat) Tides. 



and Neap-tide.] Stream; current ; tendency or di- 
rection of causes, influences, or events; course; cur- 
rent; favorable concurrence of causes or influences. 

— c. /. To drive with the tide or stream. — v. i. To 
pour a tide or flood. (Xaut.) To work in or out of 
a river or harbor by favor of the tide, and anchor 
when it becomes adverse. [AS., Dan., and Sw. tid, 
Ic. tidh, OHG. zit, time, hour ; s. rt. Skr. day, Gr. 
dainitnai, to allot, dusasthai, to divide, E. time, be- 
tide.] — Tid'al, a. Of, or pert, to, or resembling the 
tides; periodically rising and falling, or flowing and 
ebbing. — Tidal ware. An unexpected tide-like 
wave, rising violently to an extraordinary height 
and sweeping over districts above high-water mark. 

— Tide'-lock. n. A lock situated between an en- 
trance-basin, and a canal, harbor, or river, and form- 
ing a communication between them, being fur- 
nished with double gates, so that craft can pass 
either way at all times of the tide ; — called also 

guard-lock. wait'er, n. An officer who watches 

the landing of goods, to secure the payment of du- 
ties.— Tides'-man, Hdz'man, a. ; pi. -men - . An officer 
who remains on board of a merchant ship till the 
goods are landed, to prevent evasion of the duties. 

— Ti'dings, n. pi. Account of what has taken 
place, and was not before known ; news ; advice ; 
information ; intelligence. [ME. tiding, tithing, Ic. 
tidhindi, Dan. tidende, G.zeitung, tidings, news, AS. 
tidan, Ic. tidha, to happen, fr. tidh, tide, time.] — 
Ti'dy, -di, a. [-dier; -diest.] Arranged in good 
order: neat; kept in proper and becoming neatness, 
or habitually keeping things so. — n. A cover for 
the back of a chair, arms of a sofa, etc. ; a child's 
pinafore. [Dan. and Sw., tidig, timely fr. tid, G. 




Tie. (Mus.) 



zeitig.]— Ti'dily, -di-li, adv. In a tidy manner; with 
neat simplicity. — Ti'diness, n. 
Tie. li, r. t. [tied (tid), tying.] To fasten with a band 
or cord and knot; to bind; to fold and make fast, knit, 
complicate ; to knot ; to unite so as not to be easily 
parted; to fasten; to hold or constrain by authority 
or moral influence; to restrain, confine. (Mas.) To 
unite (notes) by a cross. line, or by a curve line drawn 
over them. — n. A knot; fastening; bond; obliga- 
tion, moral or legal; a knot of hair; an equality in 
numbers, as of votes, etc., which prevents either 
party from being victorious. (Arch. & Eng.) Any 
part, as a beam, rod, etc., for holding 2 bodies or 
parts together. (Mus.) A line 
drawn across the stems of notes, 
or a curved line written over or 
under the notes, signifying that 
they are to be slurred, or closely 
united in the performance. [AS. 
teag, teah, a rope, Ic. taug, a 
string, tie, AS. teolian, Goth, tiu- 
kan, to pull, draw = E. tug, tow, L. ducere, to draw.] 

— Ti'er, n. One who, or that which, ties; a child's 
apron without sleeves, and covering the upper part 
of the body; a pinafore; tire. 

Tier, ter, n. A row or rank, esp. when 2 or more rows 
are placed one above another. [F. tire, a pull, 
stretch, reach, stroke, hit, tirer, to draw, drag, 
stretch, fling, Sp. and Pg. tira, a strip of cloth; s. rt. 
AS. teran, Goth, tairan = E. tear, also E tirade, re- 
tire.] — Tiers of a cuble. The ranges of windings of 
a cable, laid one within another when coiled. 

Tierce, ters or ters, n. A cask whose content is 1-Sd 
of a pipe, or 42 wine gallon*; also, a liquid measure 
of 42 wine, or 35 imperial, gallons ; a cask for 
packing salt provisions for shipping, containing 336 
pounds. (Mus.) A third: see Third, under Three. 
(Card-playing.) A sequence of 3 cards of the same 
suit. A particular sort of thrust in fencing. (Rom. 
Cath. Ch.) The 3d hour of the day, from 8 to 9 
A. m. ; the service appropriate to it. [F., fern, of 
tiers, L. tertius, the third: see Three.] — Tier'cel, 
Tierce'let, terslet, , n. A male hawk or falcon. [LL. 
tertiolus, fr. L. tertius, — because the 3d_in the nest 
is said to be a male.] — Tierceroon', ters-roon', n. 
The offspring of a mulatto and a white. — Tier'- 
cet. ter'- or ter' set, n. (Poetry.) A triplet; 3 lines 
rhyming together. — Tiers- .tat. te-arz'a'ta', n. The 
3d estate, or commonalty, in France, answering to 
the commons in Great "Britain, — disting. fr. the 
nobles and clergy. [F.] 

Tiff, tit, n. Liquor, or rather a small draught of liquor; 
a fit of anger or peevishness. [ProvE., a draught of 
drink, tilling, eating or drinking at unusual hours.] 

— Tiffin, it. The Anglo-Indian word for lunch. 
Tiger, ti'ger, n. A fierce and rapacious carnivorous 

animal, of fawn color striped with black, found in 
the warmer parts of Asia, 
chiefly in India, and the 
Indian islands : a fierce, 
blood - thirsty person ; a 
servant in livery, who 
rides with his master or 
mistress ; a kind of growl 
or screech, after cheering. 
[F. tigre, L. and Gr. tigris, 
said to be named fr. its 
swiftness, Zend, tighri, 
Per. tri, an arrow, Skr. «s*j^ s ^t < * 
tigmata, flying swiftlv.]— ., , „, 
American tiger. The bengal liger. 
jaguar. — Ti'ger-cat, n. A carnivorous animal re- 
sembling the tiger, but of smaller size, as the oce- 
lot. ■ lil/y, n. A species of lily having spotted 

flowers. — Ti'gress, n. The female of the tiger. — 
Ti'grish, a. Resembling a tiger. 
Tight, tit, a. Firmly held together ; compact; close, 
so as not to admit the passage of fluid; not leaky: 
close so as not to admit the entrance of air ; fitting 
close to the body; not ragged; whole; neat; not slack 
or loose; taut, —applied to a rope extended or stretched 
out ; somewhat intoxicated ; pressing or stringent. 
[Ic. thettr, tight, not leaking, Dan. tkt, tight, close, 
dense, taut, water-tight, Ic. thetta, Dan. tzette, to 
tighten; s. rt. G. dicht, D. dight, compact, L. tectus, 
covered, Gr. stektos, roofed, E. thatch, taut.]— Tight' - 
ly, -IT, adv. In a tight manner ; closelv. — Tight- 
ness, n. — Tights, n. pi. Tight-fitting flesh-colored 
clothes worn by actors, etc. — Tight'en, tlt'n, ». t. 
[-ened (-nd). -eking.] To draw tighter, straighten, 
make more close in any manner. 




sQn, cube, fulli moon, fot>t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TIKE 



612 



TIME 



Tike, tlk, n. A countryman or clown; a dog ; cur. [Ic. 
and Sw. tik, a bitch.] 

Tile, til, n. A plate or thin piece or arch of slate-stone 
or of baked clay, used for covering the roofs of build- 
ings, for floors, for drains, etc. — v. t. [tiled (tild), 
tiling.] To cover with tiles; to cover, as tiles. [AS. 
tigele, L. teoula, lit. that which covers, fr. tegere, to 
cover : see Tegument.] — Til'er, n. A man who 
covers buildings with tiles ; a doorkeeper at a lodge 
of freemasons.— Til'ery, -er-Y, w. A place where tiles 
are made or burned. 

Till, til, n. A money-box in a shop ; a drawer. [Lit. 
a drawer, that which may be pulled in and out, 
ME. tillen, to draw, pull, D. tillen, to heave, lift up, 
LG. tillen, to lift, move.] — Till'er, n. The lever 
used to turn the rudder of a ship or boat ; a helm. 
[Lit., a puller, fr. ME. tillen.} 

Till, til, prep. To the time of ; until ; up to the time, 

— that is to the time specified in the sentence or 
clause following. [ME., Ic, and Dan. til, to ; same 
as until; not s. rt. to.] — Till now. To the present 
time. — T. t/ien. To that time. 

Till, til, v. t. [tilled (tild), tilling.] To plow and 
prepare for seed, and to dress crops of ; to cultivate. 
[AS. tilian, to labor, strive after, till land, til, good, 
excellent, profitable, tiklli, cultivation, crop.] — 
Till'able, a. Capable of being tilled ; fit for the 
plow ; arable. — Till'' age, -ej, n. The operation, 
practice, or art of tilling ; a place tilled or culti- 
vated ; cultivation ; culture ; husbandry ; farming; 
agriculture.— TiU/er, n. One who tills; a husband- 
man ; cultivator. (Agric.) The shoot of a plant, 
springing from the root of the original stalk ; the 
sprout or young tree that springs from the root or 
stump. — v. i. [tillered (-lerd), -lering.] To put 
forth new shoots from the root, or round the bottom 
of the original stalk. — Tilth, n. State of being 
tilled or prepared for a crop; culture. [AS. tildh.] 

Tiller, a helm. See under Till, a money-box. 

Tilt, tilt, n. A covering over head ; a tent ; the cloth 
covering of a cart or wagon ; a small awning ex- 
tended over the stern-sheets of a boat. — v. t. To 
cover with a tilt, or awning. [AS. teld, a covering, 
tent ; perh. s. rt. Gr. deros, a skm, Skr. dara, a cave, 
shell. E. tear.] 

Tilt, tilt, v. t. To raise one end (as of a cask) for dis- 
charging liquid from; to tip; to point or thrust, as a 
lance; to hammer or forge with a tilt-hammer, or tilt. 

— v. i. To run, or ride, and thrust with a lance ; to 
fight with rapiers; to rush, as in combat; to play un- 
steadily ; to ride, float, and toss ; to lean ; to fall, as 
on one side. — n. A thrust, as with a lance ; a mili- 
tary exercise on horseback, in which the combatants 
attacked each other with lances ; a tournament ; a 
tilt-hammer ; inclination forward. [ME. tilten, to 
totter, fall, fr. 
AS. tealt, un- 
steady, tot- 
tering ; s. rt. 
totter.] — 
Tilt'er, n. 
One who prac- 
tices the ex- 
ercise of push- 
ing a lance on 
horseback; 
one who ham- 
mers with a 
tilt, or tilt- 
hammer.— 
Tilt'-ham'- 
mer, ». A 
heavy ham- 
mer, used in 
iron-w o r k s , 
which is lift- 
ed or tilted by projections, cams, or wipers on the 
axis of a wheel; a trip-hammer. 

Tilth. See under Till, to plow. 

Timber, tim'ber, n. That sort of wood which is 
proper for buildings or for tools, utensils, furniture, 
carriages, fences, ships, etc. ; the body or trunk of a 
tree ; material for any structure ; a single piece or 
squared stick of wood for building, or already 
framed; wooded land; wood prepared for building 
purposes, as beams, boards, planks, etc.; growing 
trees which would furnish building material. ( Naut?) 
A curving piece of wood, branching outward from 
the keel and bending upward in a vertical direction; 
a rib. — v. t. [timbered (-herd), -Bering.] To fur- 
nish with timber. [AS.; Ic. timbr, D. and Sw. tim- 




Tilt-Hammer. 
, wheel ; b, upright shaft ; c, fly-wheel j 
d e, frame- work ; / i, lever ; g, cushion ; 
h, anvil. 




Timbers in a Roof. 
a, a,, wall-plate; b, b, tie-beam ; c, e, king-post ; d, d, struts ; 
e, e, principal rafters ; /, /, pole-plate ; g, g, purlin ; h, h, 
ridge-piece ; i, i, common rafters. 

mer, timber, G. zimmer, a room, also timber, Goth. 
timrjan, to build, timrja, a builder; s. rt. dome, dom- 
icile, domestic.] — Tim'bered, -bird, p. a. Furnished 
with timber; covered with growing timber. 

Timbre, tim'ber, n. (Her.) A rank or row, as of 
ermine; also, the crest on a coat of arms. (Jfus.) 
The quality of tone distinguishing voices or instru- 
ments. A quantity of small skins, varying from 40 
to 120. [F., a clock bell, a stamp.] 

Timbrel, tim'brel, n. An instrument of music ; a 
kind of drum, tabor, tambourine, or tabret. [F., a 
clock bell, OF. tymbre, a timbrel, L. tympanum , Gr. 
tumpanon,a, drum.] — Tim'breied, -breld, a. Sung 
to the sound of the timbrel. 

Time, tim, n. The measure of duration, relative or 
absolute; the present measured, finite state of suc- 
cessive existence, opp. to eternity; the present life; 
a particular period or part of duration, whether past, 
present, or future; a specified moment, hour, day, 
etc.; a proper season; opportunity; leisure; hours 
and days one has at his disposal; the period at which 
any definite event occurred, or person lived; an age; 
period; allotted period; hour of death or of parturi- 
tion; performance or occurrence of an action or 
event, considered with reference to repetition ; pi. 
State of things at a particular period. (Mus.) Meas- 
ure of sounds; relative duration of sound or rest; 
style or rate of movement. (Phren.) One of the 
perceptive faculties: see Phrenology. — v. t. [timed 
(timd), timing.] To adapt to the time or occasion; 
to regulate as to time; to ascertain the time, dura- 
tion, or rate of; to measure, as in music or harmony. 

— v. i. To keep or beat time; to proceed in time. 
[AS. tima, Dan. time; s. rt. tide.] — Apparent time. 
The time of day reckoned by the sun, or so that 12 
o'clock at the place is the instant of the transit of 
the sun's center over the meridian. — At times. At 
distinct intervals of duration; now and then. — Com' 
mon time. (Mil.) The ordinary time of marching, 
in whieh 90 steps, each 28 inches in length, are taken 
in one minute. — Quick t. Time of marching in 
which 110 steps, of the same length as in common 
time, are taken in one minute. — In t. In good sea- 
son; sufficiently early; after a considerable space of 
duration; in the course of events; eventually; final- 
ly.— Mean solar t. or mean t. Time regulated by the 
average or mean motion of the sun ; time as indica- 
ted by a uniformly-going clock once rightly adjusted. 
—T. of day. Greeting; salutation appropriate to the 
time of the day, as good-morning, good-evening, etc. 

— T. out of memory, or t. immemorial. (Law.) Time 
beyond memory; time to which memory does not ex- 
tend.— To kill t. To busy one's self with something^ 
which occupies the attention, so as to make the time 
pass without tediousness. — To lose t. To delay ; to 
go too slow. — True t. Mean time as kept by a uni- 
lormly-going clock. (Astron.) Apparent time as reck- 
oned from the transit of the sun*s center over the 
meridian.— Time'ly, -It, a. [-lier; -liest.J Being in 
good time ; sufficiently early ; seasonable. — adv. 
Early; soon; in good season.— Time'liness.n — Tim • 
ist, n. (At us.) A performer who keeps good time.— 
Time '-keep 'er, n. A clock, watch, or chronometer* 



Sm, fame, f ar» pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; la, ice ; 5dd. tone, or ; 



TIMID 



613 



TIRO 



a person who marks, regulates, or keeps account of 
time. — lock, n. A. lock having clock-work attached, 
which, when wound up, prevents the bolt being 
withdrawn until a certain interval of time has 
elapsed. — piece, n. A clock, watch, or other in- 
strument, to measure the progress oi time ; a chro- 
nometer. — -serv'er, n. One who adapts his opin- 
ions and manners to the times: one who obsequious- 
ly complies with the ruling power. — -serv'ing, a. 
Obsequiously complying with the spirit oi the times, 
or the humors of men in power. — n. An obsequious 
compliance with the spirit of the times, or the hu- 
morr- of men in power, which implies a surrender of 
one's independence, sometimes of integrity; tempo- 
rizing. — ta'ble, n. A tabular statement of the time at 
which, or within which, something is to take place. 
Timid, timid, a. Wanting courage to meet danger; 
fearful ; afraid ; cowardly ; pusillanimous ; faint- 
hearted; shrinking; retiring. [F. tinride, L. Hmidus, 
fr. timor, fear, timere, to fear; s. rt. Skr. tamas, dark- 
ness, tarn, to become breathlesSjStaring, or immova- 
ble. Vedic 1am, to choke; s. rt. intimidate, tcnebrie.] 

— Timid''ity, -T-tT, n. Quality or state of being, etc. 
[F. timidite, L. t imiditas.'] — Timidly, adv. — Tim r - 
orous, -o-rus, a. Fearful of danger; timid; destitute 
of courage ; indicating fear; full of scruples. [Fr. 
L. timor .] — Tim'orously, ail v. — Tim'orousness, n. 

Timothy, tim'o-thi, T. -grass, n. A species of grass 
much valued for hay ; herds-grass. [Fr. Timothy 
Hanson, who carried it to Eng. fr. Amef. about 1780.] 

Tin, tin, n. (Chem.) A white, soft, non-elastic metal, 
very malleable. Thin plates „_" iron covered with 
tin; money. — v. t. [tinned (tin- 1 ), -ning.] Tocover 
with tin or tinned iron, or to overlay with tin-foil. 
[AS., D., Ic, and Dan., tin, G. zinn ; prob. s. rt. G. 
zain, an ingot; not s. rt. L. starmum, W. ystaen. Corn, 
and Armor, stean, F. e'lain, tin.] — Tin'ner. n. One 
who works in tin mines or in tin ware. — Tin'man, 
n. A manufacturer of, or dealer in, tin ware. — 
Tin'ny, -nT, a. Pert, to, consisting of, abounding 
with, or like, tin. —Tin' type, -tip, n. A ferrotype, 
q. v., under Fekreous. — Tin'-foil, «. Tin reduced 
to a thin leaf. 

Tincal, tink'al, n. Crude borax. [Malay tingkal, Hind. 
and Per. tinkar.] 

Tinct, Tincture, etc. See under Tinge. 

Tinder, tin'der, n. Something very inflammable, used 
for kindling fire from a spark. [AS. tyndre, tinder, 
tendan, to kindle. J— Tin'der-box, n. A box in which 
tinder is kept. 

Tine, tin, n. The tooth or spike of a fork ; prong ; 
tooth of a harrow or drag. [AS. tind, Ic. tindr, a 
spike, tooth of a rake or harrow; s. rt. tooth.] 

Ting, ting, Tink, tink, n. A sharp sound, as of a bell ; a 
tinkling. [Onomat. : same as Tingle and Tinkle.]— 
Tin'gle,ting'gl,i>. i. [-GLED(-gld),-GLiNG.] To feel 
a kind of thrilling sensation, as in hearing a shrill 
6ound; to feel a sharp, thrilling pain; to have a sharp, 
thrilling sensation, or a slight pricking sensation. 
[ME. tinglen, freq. of ting or tink.] |— Tink'er, tinker, 
n. A mender of brass kettles, pans, and other metal 
ware.— v. t. To mend or solder (metal wares) ; to 
mend. — v. i. To busy one's self in mending old 
vessels; to be occupied with small mechanical works. 
[ME. tinkere, a tinker, because he makes a finking 
sound, tinken, to ring, tinkle, OD. tingetangen, to 
tingle, L. tinnire, to ring, tintinnvm, a tinkling, tin- 
tinnabulum, a bell. J — Tin'kle, tinkl, v. i. To emit 
small, quick, sharp sounds, as little bells, etc. ; to 
clink; to resound with a small, sharp sound. — v. t. 
To cause to clink, or make sharp, quick sounds.— n. 
A small, sharp, quick sound, as that made by strik- 
ing metal. — Tin'tinnab'ulary, -u-la-rT, a. Having 
or making the sound of a bell. [See Tinker, above.] 

— Tin'tinnab'ula'tion, n. A tinkling sound, as of 
bells. — Tin'tinnab'ulous, -u-lus, a. Of, pert, to, or 
resembling, the tinkling of a bell; having a tinkling 
sound. 

Tinge, tinj, v. t. [tinged (tinjd), tingeing.] To im- 
bue or impregnate with something foreign ; esp., to 
color slightly, dye, stain, —n. A slight degree of 
some color, taste, or something foreign, infused into 
another substance or mixture, or added to it: color; 
dye ; taste. [L. tingere, tinctum, to dye, stain, Gr. 
tengein, to wet, moisten, stain ; prob. s. rt. Vedic 
Skr. tug, to sprinkle.] — Tin'ger, n. One who, or that 
which, tinges. — Tinct, tinkt, n. Stain; color: tinge; 
tincture. — Tincto'rial, -to'rT-al, a. Of, or relating 
to, color; serving to color. [L. tinctorius, fr. tinctor, 
a dyer, f r. tingere. ] — Tinct'ure, tink'chur, n. A 
tinge or shade of color. (Her.) One of the metals, 



colors, or furs used in armory. The finer and more 
volatile parts of a substance, separated by a solvent. 
(Med.) A solution (usually with some color) <>l the 
active principles of a medicinal substance, esp. one 
made with alcohol. Slight taste or quality added to 
anything.— v. t. [tinctured (-churd), -TUBING.] 
To tinge; to impregnate with some extraneous mat- 
ter; to imbue the mind of; to communicate a portion 
of anything foreign to. — Tint, n. A slight coloring 
distinct from the principal color; a feeble dye: an 
added or modified color; shade; hue. — v. t. lo give 
a slight coloring to; to tinge. 

Tingle, Tinker, Tinkle, etc. See under Ting. 

Tinner, Tinny, etc. See under Tin. 

Tinsel, tin'sel, n. A shining material used for orna- 
mental purposes; something very shining and gaudy, 
or having a false luster, and more gay than valuable; 
a kind of ornamental lace. — v. t. [tinseled (-seld), 
-SELING.] To adorn with tinsel, deck out with cheap 
but showy ornaments. [F. etincelle, OF. estincelle, 
L. scintilla, Gr. spinther, a spark ; perh. s. rt. AS. 
scinan, to shine.] 

Tint. See under Tinge. 

Tintinnabulary, etc. See under Ting. 

Tiny, ti'nT, a. [-nier ; -niest.] Very small ; little ; 
puny. [Perh. fr. ME. teen, anger, peevishness.] 

Tip, tip, n. The pointed end or extremity of anything; 
the end. — v. t. [tipped (tipt), tipping.] To form a 
point upon ; to cover the tip, top, or end of. [D.. 
Dan., Sw., and W.; G. zipfel, the tip or narrow end 
of anything, a little bit; same as lop.] — Tip'staff, n. 
An officer who bears a staff tipped with metal ; a 
constable; astaff tipped withmetal.— Tip'toe, ?*. The 
end of the toe. — Tip'top, n. The highest or utmost 
degree; the best. — a. Very excellent ; perfect. — 
Tip'pet, n. A narrow covering for the neck, made 
of fur or cloth. [LL. liripipium, also timpa, the long 
tip of a monk's hood, which could be wrapped round 
the neck, fr. D. timp, or tip, a tip.] — Tip'ple, -pi, v. 
i. [-pled (-pld), -PLiNG.] To drink spirituous or 
strong liquors habitually; esp., to drink frequently, 
without absolute drunkenness. — v. t. To drink 
(strong liquors) in luxury or excess. — n. A drink 
composed of strong liquors. [Bavarian zipfeln, to 
tipple, fr. zipfelein, a small portion of anything, fr. 
zip/, zipfel, a tip, little bit, Norweg. tipla, to keep on 
drinking in small quantities, tij/pa, to drip, fall in 
drops.] — Tip'pler, n. One who habitually indulges 
in the excessive use of spirituous liquors; often one 
who does so without absolute drunkenness. — Tip'- 
sy, -sT, a. Affected with strong drink, but not abso- 
lutely or completely drunk; fuddled; intoxicated; 
staggering, as if from intoxication. 

Tip, tip, v. t. To strike slightly, or with the end of 
anything small ; to tap ; to bestow a gift or douceur 
upon ; to give to ; to lower one end of, or to throw 
upon the end; to incline.— v. i. To fall on or toward 
one side; to throw off, 1-..1 headlong, die. [A form 
of tap; Sw. tippa, to tap, tip, touch lightly, strike 
gently.]— To tip the wink. To direct a wink, or to 
wink to another for notice. 

Tirade, tt-rad', n. A strain of censure or invective; a 
series of violent declamation. [F., a long speech in 
a play, also a draught, pull. It. tirata, a drawing, 
fr. tirare, to pull, draw, snatch; s. rt. tier.] 

Tire, tir, n. A row or rank ; a head-dress; attire ; ap- 
parel ; a child's apron, covering the breast and hav- 
ing no sleeves; a tier. [Abbr. of attire ; OF. attirer, 
to adjust, decorate, fr. a tire, in order ; tier — Here, 
Proven, tiera, a row, also adornment, G. zier, orna- 
ment; not s. rt. tiara.] — Tire' -wom'an, n. A woman 
who makes head-dresses ; a dresser in a theater. — 
Tir'ing-room, n. The room or place where players 
dress for the stage. 

Tire, tir, n. A band or hoop of iron, used to bind the 
fellies of wheels. [Perh. same as preceding.] 

Tire, tir, r. t. [tired (tird), tiring.] To exhaust the 
strength of, by toil or labor; to exhaust the attention 
or patience of; to jade, weary, fatigue, harass, sati- 
ate. — v. i. To become weary, be fatigued, have the 
strength fail, have the patience exhausted. [AS. 
teorian, to be tired or weary, to fatigue, fr. tearan, 
to tear; perh. s. rt. Skr. das, to be exhausted.] — 
Tired'ness, tird'nes, re. State of being wearied ; 
weariness. — Tire'some, -sum, a. Fitted or tending 
to tire, exhausting the strength or patience; wean- 
some; fatiguing; tedious. — Tire'someness, n. 

Tire, tir, v. i. To seize, pull, and tear prey, as a bird 
does; to be fixed on. [AS. tirigan, to provoke, vex, 
irritate, fr. teran, to tear: see Tire, to exhaust.] 

Tiro, ti'ro, n. A beginner ; tyro, q. v. [L., a recruit, 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fciot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TIRONIAN 



614 



TOCSIN 




novice; perh. s. rt. Gr. tcren, tender, soft, delicate 
teirein, to rub, E. trite.'] 

Tironian, ti-ro'nT-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Tiro, the 
learned 1'reedman and amanuensis of Cicero. — Ti- 
ronian notes. The short-hand of Roman antiquity. 

Tiaic, tiz'ik, n. Consumption; morbid waste; phthisis. 
[See Phthisis.] 

Ti3sue, tish'shoo, n. A woven fabric: esp., cloth inter- 
woven with gold or silver, or with figured colors. 
(Anat.) The texture of anatomical elements of 
which any part of the bodv is composed. A con- 
nected series. — 1\ t. [tissued (-shood), -suing.] To 
form tissue of, interweave. [P. tu.su, orig. p. p. of 
tisser, tistre, ~L.te.rere, to weave; s. rt. text.]— Tissue- 
paper. Very thin, gauze-like paper. 

Tit. tit, n. Same as Teat. 

Tit, tit. n. A small horse ; in contempt, a woman ; a 
small bird : titmouse ; tomtit. [Ic. tittr, a tit, bird, 
orig. anything small, titlingr, a sparrow.] — Tif- 
lark, n. A small migratory 
bird of the wagtail family. 
— Tit'mouse, n. ; pi. -mice. 
A small perching bird of 
many species ; the tit, or 
tomtit: the black-cup tit- 
mouse is the chick-a-dee. 
[ME. titmose, titmase, fr. 
tit and AS. mate, a name 
for several small birds; not 
fr. mouse.] — Tit for tat. 
An equivalent. [Corrupt, 
of tip/or tap : see Tip.] 

Titan, Titanic, ti-tan'ik, a. 
Pert, to the Titans, giants 
of mythology; enormous in 
size or in strength. [L. 
and Gr. Titan, the sun-god, brother of Helios; s. rt. 
Skr. titha, fire.] — Tita'nium, -nT-um, u. (Chem.) 
A metal of a deep-green color, found in various parts 
or the world. 

Titbit. SeeTiDri 

Tithe, etc. See un'ier Ten. 

Titillate, tit'il-lat, v. i. To tickle. [L. titillare, titil- 
latum.] — Titilla'tion, n. Act of tickling, or state of 
being: tickled ; any pleasurable sensation. [F. ; L. 
titillatio.] 

Title, ti'tl, a. An inscription put over anything as a 
name by which it is known; the inscription in the 
beginning of a book, containing the subject of tiie 
work, the author's, or publisher's, name, etc. (Civil 
& Canon Laws.) A chapter or division of a book. An 
appellation of dignity, distinction, or preeminence 
given to persons; a name; designation. {Law.) That 
which constitutes a just cause of exclusive posses- 
sion; right ; the instrument which is evidence of a 
right. — v. t. [titled (-tld), titling.] To call bv a 
title, name, entitle. [OF.; L. titulus; prob. s. rt. Gr. 
time, honor.] — Ti'tle-page, n. The page of a book 
which contains its title. — Tit'ular, -u-lar, a. Exist- 
ing in title or name only; nominal; having the title 
to an office or dignity without discharging its ap- 

Sropriate duties. [F. titulaire.] — Tit'ularly, adv. 
'ominally. — Tit'ulary, -u-la-rT, n. A person in- 
vested with a title, in virtue of which he holds an 
office or benefice, whether he performs the duties of 
it or not. — a. Consisting in a title ; titular ; of, or 
pert, to, a title. 

Titter, tit'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -teeing.] To 
laugh with the tongue striking against the root of 
the upper teeth. — w. A restrained laugh; giggle. 
[ME. titeren, to chatter; cf. tattle, twitter.} 

Tittle, tit'tl, n. A small particle ; minute part ; jot ; 
iota. [Same as title, F. titre, LateL. titulus, Sp. tilde, 
a stroke over a letter, accent mark ; not s. rt. tit.] 

Tittle-tattle, tiftl-tat' tl, n. Idle, trifling talk; empty 
prattle. [Reduplic. of tattle.] 

Titular, etc. See under Title. 

Tizri, tiz'rt, n. The 1st month of the Jewish civil, 
and 7th of the sacred year, — parts of Sept. and Oct. 

Tmesis, me'sis, n. (Rhet.) A figure by which a com- 
pound word is separated, by the intervention of 1 or 
more words. [L. and Gr., fr. Gr. temnein, to cut.] 

To, too (when emphasized, or standing alone, but tot) 
when not emphatic), prep. It primarily indicates ap- 
proach and arrival, motion in the direction of a 
place or thing, access, — opp. to from ; also, motion, 
course, or tendency toward a time, state, condition, 
aim, etc. : it connects transitive verbs with their in- 
direct object, and adjectives, nouns, and neuter 
or passive verbs with a following noun which lim- 
its their action : as sign of the infinitive, to orig. 



governed the infinitive as a verbal noun, and con- 
nected it as indirect object with a preceding verb or 
adjective, but it has come to be the almost constant 
prefix to the infinitive : in many phrases, to is used 
elliptically and denotes or implies extent, limit, de- 
gree of comprehension ; also, effect, end, conse- 
quence; also, apposition; connection; antithesis: op- 
position; also, accord, adaptation; comparison; ad- 
dition ; union ; also, accompaniment. [AS., prep., 
al*o sign of the gerund, as disting. fr. the infinitive; 
same as too.] — To-day, to-night, to-morrow, are pe- 
culiar phrases derived from our ancestors: to, in the 
2 tirst, has the force of this, — this day, this night : in 
the last, it is equivalent to in or on, — in or on the 
morrow. — To and fro. Backward and forward. — 
To the face. In presence of ; not in the absence of. 

— To wit. To know : namely. — To is often used 
adverbially to modify the sense of verbs ; as, to 
co'ne to; to heave to. 

Toad, tod, n. A small batrachian reptile, of many 
species, somewhat like a frog, but having a warty 
and thick body, and avoiding the water except at 
the breeding season: it is useful in gardens by feed- 
ing on noxious insects. [AS. tadige. iodic ; s. rt. 
tadpole.] — Toad' - eat'er, n. A fawning, obsequi- 
ous parasite ; a mean sycophant ; a toady. [Said 
to be from a practice among mountebanks' boys of 
eating toads (vulgarly supposed to be poisonous), 
that their masters might seem to effect a cure.] — 
-stone, n. (3fin.) 
A variety of trap- 
rock, of 'a brown- 
ish-gray color. 
[Perh. fr. G. todt 
stein, dead stone, 

— i. e., stone 
which contains no 
ores.] A precious 
stone f o r m e r 1 y 
supposed to be 
contained in the 
head of a toad: bu- 
fonite. — stool, n. 
A poisonous fun- 
gus of many spe- 
c i e s, some of 
which resemble 
mushrooms.— Toad-stool. 
Toad'y, -T, n. A toad-eater: flatterer; sveophant. — 
v. t. [toadied (-id), toadying.] To 'fawn upon 
with mean servility or sycophancy. [Abbr. fr. toad- 
eater.] 

Toast, tost, r. t. To brown the surface of (a slice of 
bread, cheese, etc.) by the heat of a fire : to warm 
thoroughly.— n. Bread sliced, heated, and browned 
by the fire, sometimes put into miik or melted but- 
ter, and, formerly, into liquor. [OF. tostie, a toast 
of bread, L. tosta, fern, of p. p. ot torrere, to parch: 
see Torkid.] 

Toast, tost, v. t. To name when a health is drunk; to 
drink to the health of, or in honor of. — n. A lady 
in honor of whom persons are invited to drink; the 
name of any person, esp. a person of distinction, in 
honor of whom health is drunk: anything consid- 
ered worthy to be commemorated in a similar way; 
a sentiment. [Perh. fr. the piece of toasteil bread 
formerly put into a glass of liquor; perh. a corrupt, 
of the G. drinking cry stoss an ! knock (glasses).] — 
Toaat'-mas'ter, n. One who, at public dinners, an- 
nounces the toasts, and directs or times the cheering. 

Tobacco, to-bak'ko, n. A large-leaved Amer. plant, 
of several species, whose active principle is a dead- 
ly narcotic poison; the dried leaves of the plant pre- 
pared for smoking, chewing, etc. [Sp. tahaco, orig. 
the Haytian name of the tube or pipe in which the 
Indians or Caribbees smoked the plant, transferred 
by the Spaniards to the herb itself.] — Tobac'conist, 
». A dealer in, or manufacturer of, tobacco. 

Toboggan, to- bog'gan, n. A sled made of a board 
turned up at both ends, used for coasting down 
hills in Canada, also to be drawn by dogs over soft 
or deep snow. — v. i. To ride on, etc. [Corrupt, of 
Amer. Ind. odabagan,a sled.] 

Tocology, to-koKo-jT, n. {Med.) Science of obstetrics 
or midwifery. [Gr. tokos, a birth (fr. tiktein, to 
bring forth), and logos, discourse.] 

Tocsin, tok'sin, n. An alarm-bell, or the ringing of a 
bell for the purpose of alarm. [OF. toquesing, an 
alarm-bell, fr. toquer, to clap, knock (a form of 
toucher = E. to touch), and sing, L. signum, a sign, 
mark, also a signal, signal-bell; s. rt. sign.] 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; odd tone, 6r : 



TOD 



615 



TON 



Tod, tod, n. A bush; thick shrub ; a quantity of 
wool, — 28 pounds; a fox. [Ic. toddi, a tod of wool, 
a bit, piece, G. zotte, a tuft of hair, rag, anything 
shaggy, — the fox so called fr. his bushy tail.T 

To-day, too-da'', n. The present day. — adv. On this 
day; on the present day. [See To.] 

Toddle, tod'dl, v. i. To walk with short, unsteady 
steps, as a child. [Scot, lottle, Sw. tulta, G. zotteln; 
same as totter.} - Tod'dler, n. One who toddles; an 
infant or young child. , 

Toddy, tod'dt, n. A juice drawn from various kinds 
of the palm in the E. Indies; a spirituous liquor 
prepared from it ; a mixture of spirit and water 
sweetened. [Hind, tari, tadi, the juice of the pal- 
myra tree, Hind, and Pers. tar, a palm tree.] 

To^do, too - dob', n. Bustle ; stir ; commotion ; ado. 

Toe, to, n. One of the 5 members which form the ex- 
tremity of the foot; the fore part of the hoof of a 
horse, and of other hoofed animals; the member of 
a beast's foot corresponding to the toe in man. 
(Steam Eng.) An arm arranged to raise a lifting- 
rod. —v. t. [toed (tod), toeing.] To touch or 
reach with the toes; to come fully up to. [AS., Ic, 
and Sw. ta, OHG. zeha, toe, finger; s. rt. digit.] 

Toffy. Same as Taffy. 

Toga, to'ga, n. The loose outer garment worn by the 
ancient Romans, consisting of a broad piece of 
cloth, wrapped around the body. [L., fr. tegere, to 
cover.] — To'gated, -ga-ted, To'ged, -ged, a. Dressed 
in, or wearing, a gown. [L. togatus.] —Tog "gery, 
tog'ge'r-Y, n. Clothes; garments; articles of dress. 

Together, too-geth'er, adv. In the same place; in the 
same time ; contemporaneously; in company; uni- 
tedly, in or into union ; into junction; in concert. 
[AS. togsedere. fr. to, to, and gador, together; s. rt. 
gather.]— Together with. In union with; in com- 
pany or mixture with. 

Toggery. See under Toga. 

Toggle, tog'gl, n. (Naut.) A short wooden pin fixed 
in a loop or eye of a rope, bolt, etc., to hold it in 
place in another loop, etc.; 2 rods or plates hinged 
together; a button. [D. tokkelen, to touch.]— Tog'gle- 
jofnt, n. An elbow or knee joint, consisting 
of 2 bars so connected that they may be 
brought into a straight line, and made to 
produce greit end-wise pressure. 

Toil, toil, v. i. [toiled (toild), toiling.] 
To exert strength with pain and fatigue of 
body or mind ; to labor, work hard. — n. 
Labor with pain and fatigue; labor that op- 
presses the body or mind: drudgery; work, 
exertion; task; travail. [ME., a tussle, strug- 
gle, perh. fr. OF. touilter, to mix, mingle, 
confuse, entangle, begrime, soil ; perh. fr. 
OD. tuylen, to till or manure land.] — Toil''- J-.oggle- 
er, rt. — Toil'some, sum, a. Attended with joint, 
toil, or fatigue and pain ; laborious ; wearisome. — 
Toil'someness, n. 

Toil, toil, n. A net or snare ; any thread, web, or 
string spread for taking prey. [F. toiles, pi., toils, 
nets, fr. toile, cloth, canvas, L. tela, any woven 
stuff, a web, fr. texere, to weave.] — Toilet, -lette, 
-let. n. A covering spread over a table in a cham- 
ber or dressing-room; a dressing-table; mode of 
dressing, or that which is arranged in dressing; at- 
tire ; dress ; a bag or case for night-clothes. [F. 
toilette, fr. toile, cloth, linen.] — To make one's toilet. 
To adjust one's dress with care. 
'oifle, toiz, n. A fathom or long 
containing French feet, or about 6.39459 Eng. feet! 
[F. toise; It. tesa, tension, L. tendere, tensum, to 
stretch, extend; s. rt. tend, tense.] 

Tokay, to-ka r , n. A kind of wine produced at Tokay, 
in Hungary, made of white grapes, and having a 
remarkable aroma. 

Token, to'kn, n. Something intended or supposed to 
represent or indicate something else; a sign; mark; 
indication; a memorial of friendship; souvenir; a 
piece of metal intended for currency, and issued by 
a private part, r, redeemable by the issuer in lawful 
money. (Pri't t.) Ten quires of paper. [AS. tacen, 
fr. tihan, teon, :o accuse, criminate, point out, D. tee- 
ken x a sign, mark, miracle; s. rt. L. inclicare =E. to 
indicate, also E. betoken, addict, index, diction, teach.] 

Told. See Tell. 

Tolerate, tol'Sr-at, v. t. To suffer to be or to be done 
without prohibition or hindrance; not to restrain. 
[L. tolerare, -atum, to endure; s. rt. L. tollere, Skr. 
tul, to lift, Gr. tlenai, to suffer, AS. thohan, to en- 
dure, E. atlas, talent, extol, elate, collate, prelate, 
translate, ablative, superlative, etc.] — Tol'erable, a. 



Capable of being borne or endured ; su 
fit to be tolerated; sufferable; moderately" good or 
agreeable; not contemptible; passable. [F.; L. tofe- 
rabilis.] — Tol'erableness, n. — Tol'erably, adv. In 
a tolerable manner; supportably; moderately well; 
passably ; not perfectly. — Tol'erance, -Sr-ans, n, 
The endurance of offensive persons or opinions ; 
toleration. [F.; L. tolerant ia.] — Tol'erant, a. In- 
clined to tolerate; forbearing; indulgent. [L. tote- 
rans, p. pr. or tolerare.] — Tolera'tion, n. Act of 
tolerating; allowance of that which is not wholly 
approved; the allowance eft religious opinions and 
modes of worship in a state, when contrary to or 
different from those of the established 'hureh or 
belief; freedom from bigotry and severity, esp. in 
respect to matters of religion. [F.; L. toleratio.] 

Toll, tol, n. A tax paid for some liberty or privilege, 
esp. for the privilege of passing over a bridge or on 
a highway; a portion of grain taken by a miller as 
a compensation for grinding ; tax ; custom; duty; 
impost. [ME. and D. tol, AS. toll ; prob. s. rt. AS. 
talian, to reckon, E. tale, and not fr. L. telonium, 
Gr. telonion, a toll-house, custom-house, fr. telos, a 
tax, duty, toll.] — Toll'er, -man, n. A tax-gatherer. 
— TolKbooth, n. Orig. a place where goods were 
weighed to ascertain the duties or toll; a prison.— 
Toll'-bridge, n. A bridge where toll is paid for pass- 
ing it. — gath'erer, n. The man who takes or gath- 
ers toll. — house, n. A house for a receiver of tolls. 

Toll, tol, v. i. [tolled (told), tolling.] To sound 
or ring (a bell) with strokes uniformly repeated at 
intervals, as at funerals. — v. t. To cause (a bell) 
to sound, with strokes slowly and uniformly re- 
peated ; to strike, or to indicate by striking (the 
hour). — n. The sounding of a bell with strokes 
slowly and uniformly repeated. [ME. tollen, to 
pull, entice, draw; perh. s. rt. Ic. tnukla, to grope 
for, feel, handle; perh. AS. fortyllan, to allure.] — 
Toll'er, n. 

Tolu, to-loo', n. A fragrant, sweetish resin, or oleo- 
resin, produced by a tree of S. Amer.; balsam of 
Tolu. [Said to have been first brought from Santi- 
ago de Tolu, in New Granada.] 

Tomahawk, tom'a-hawk, n. a war-hatchet used by 
the Amer. Indians, — orig. 
made of stone, but after- 
wards of iron.— v. t. [tom- 
ahawked (-hawkt), -HAWK- 
ING.] To cut or kill with a 
tomahawk. [Algonquin tom- 
ehagen.] 

Tomato, to-ma/to, n. A plant 
of many varieties ; its acid, 
juicy fruit, eaten either raw 
or cooked ; love-apple. [Sp. 
and Pg. tomate, Mex. tomatl.] 

Tomb, toom, n. A chamber, 
vault, or structure with walls Tomahawks, 

and roof, for reception of the dead: a pit in which 
the dead body of a human being is deposited ; a 
grave ; a sepulchre ; monument. — v. t. [tombed 
(toomd), tombing.] To place in a tomb, bury, in- 
ter, entomb. [ME. & OF. tumbe, L. tumba, Gr. tum- 
bos.} — Tomb'less, a. Destitute of a tomb or sepul- 
chral monument. — Tomb'stone, n. A stone erect- 
ed over a grave, to preserve the memory of the de- 
ceased; a monument. 

Tombac, -bak, tom'bak, n. A red or yellow alloy of 
copper and zinc for cheap jewelry : white tombac 
contains arsenic. [Malay, tambaga, copper.] 

Tomboy, tom'boi, n. A rude, boisterous boy; also, and 
more commonly, a wild, romping girl; hoyden. [Fr. 
Tom. short for'E., L., and Gr. Thomas, prop, name 
(fr. Heb. thoma, a twin), and E. boy; cf. Jack.] — 
Tom'cat, n. A male cat, esp. when full grown or of 
large size. — Tom'cod, n. A small fish, abundant on 
the Amer. coast soon after frost commences ; frost- 
fish.— Torn'rig, n. A rude, wild, wanton girl; a tom- 
boy.— Tom'tit, n. A little bird; the titmouse. 

Tome, torn, n. A ponderous volume; a book. [F.;L. 
tomus, a volume, Gr. tomos, a section, volume, fr. 
temnein, to cut; s. rt. L. tondere, to shear, E. tonsure, 
anatomy, atom, entomology, epitome, phlebotomy, etc.] 

To-morrow, too-mor'ro, n. The day after the present; 
the next day. — adv. On the day after the present 
day; on the morrow. [Fr. to and morrow : see To.] 

Tompion, tom^pT-un, n. The stopper of a cannon. 
[See Tampion, under Tamp.J 

Ton, toN or ton, n. The prevailing fashion or mode; 
vogue. [F.: see Tone.] 

Ton, tun, n. ( Com.) The weight of 20 hundred gross, 




etin, cube, frll , m6"cn, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TONE 



616 



TOP 



or 2240 pounds: in the U. S. the ton is commonly es- 
timated at 2000 pounds, this being sometimes called 
the short ton ; a certain weight or space (about 40 
cubic feet) by which the burden of a ship is esti- 
mated; a quantity of timber, consisting of 40 solid 
feet, if round, or 54 feet, if square. [Same as tun ; 
AS. tunn-i, D. ton, Ic., Sw., LL., Ir., and Ga. tunna, 
F. tonr iim. tonneau, a barrel; prob. s. rt. L. Una, 
tinuv. u, wine-vessel.] — Ton'nage, Tun'nage, -nej, n. 
The weight of goods carried in a boat or ship; the 
ciuical content or burden of a ship in tons; amount 
of weight which one or several ships may carry; a 
duty or impost on ships, estimated per ton, or a duty, 
toll, or rate payable on goods per ton transported on 
canals; the whole amount of shipping estimated by 
tons. — Tun, n. A large cask; a certain measure for 
liquids, as for wine, consisting of 2 pipes or 4 hogs- 
heads, or 252 gallons; a large quantity, — used pro- 
verbially. — v. t. [tunned (tund), -king.] To put 
into tuns or casks. — Tun'nel, n. A vessel with a 
broad mouth at one end, and a pipe or tube at the 
other, for conveying liquor into casks, bottles, or 
other vessels; a flue for the passage of smoke; an ar- 
tificial arch or passage under ground or through a 
hill, etc., for a railroad, etc. (.Mining.) A level pas- 
sage driven across the measures, or at right angles to 
the veins which its object is to reach. — v. t. [tun- 
neled (-neld), -neling.] To form into a tunnel, or 
like a tunnel; to catch in a tunnel net; to cut a tun- 
nel through (a hill or mountain) or under (a river, 
etc.). [OP. tonnel, orig. a chimney or flue, later ton- 
neau,^ ton, hogshead, etc.] 

Tone, ton, n. A sound considered with relation to its 
pitch, timbre, strength, or volume. (Rhet.) Inflec- 
tion or modulation of the voice, esp. as expressing 
sentiment, emotion, or passion. A whining or af- 
fected style of speaking. (Mus.) A musical sound; 
the larger kind of interval between contiguous 
sounds in the diatonic scale, the smaller being called 
a semitone ; the peculiar quality of sound in any 
voice or instrument, (died.) Healthy and vigor- 
ous state of the body, or of any of its organs or 
parts. State of mind; temper; mood; tenor; charac- 
ter; spirit: drift; general or prevailing character or 
style as of morals, manners, or sentiment, in refer- 
ence to a scale of high and low. (Paint.) Prevail- 
ing color of a picture, or its general effect, —v. t. 
[toned (tond), toning.] To utter with an affected 
tone: to tune. [Same as tune; F. ton, L. tonus, a 
sound, Gr. tonos, a thing stretched, rope, sinew, tone, 
note, fr. teinein, Skr. tan, L. tendere, to stretch; s. rt. 
tend, atonic, barytone, monotone, etc.] — To tone down. 
To give a lower tone or sound to; to diminish or 
weaken the striking characteristics of ; to soften. 
(Paint.) To bring the colors of into harmonious re- 
lations as to .ight and shade. — Toneless, a. Hav- 
ing no tone unmusical. —Tonic, tSn'ic, a. Of, or 
relating to, tones or sounds; increasing tension ; 
hence, increasing strength. (Med.) Increasing 
strength, or the tone of the animal system. — n. 
(Med.>- A medicine that increases the strength, and 
gives vigor of action to the system. (Mus.) The 
key-tone, or first tone of the scale. [Gr. tonikos, 
stretching.] 

Tongs, tongz, n. pi. An instrument, consisting of 2 
long shafts joined at one end, used for handling fire, 
heated metals, etc. [AS. tange, D., Dan., and Sw. 
tang, G. zange, lit. a biter, nipper; s. rt. Gr. daknein, 
Skr. dag to bite, damca, a tooth, damcaka, a crab, 
lit. a pincher, OHG. zanger, biting, E. tang, q. v.] 

Tongue, tung, n. (Anat.) A muscular organ, attached 
by one end to the floor of the mouth, serving as 
the instrument of taste and deglutition, and in man 
of articulation also. Speech; discourse; fluency of 
speech ; manner of speaking ; power of articulate 
utterance; a language; words or declarations only; 
a nation, as disting. by language; that which is con- 
sidered as resembling an animal's tongue, in posi- 
tion or form, as, the tongue of a buckle, a tongue of 
land, etc. — v. t. [tongued (tungd), tonguing.] 
(Mus.) To modulate or modify (notes) with the 
tongue, in playing the flute, etc.; to join by means 
of a tongue and groove, —v. i. (Mus.) To use the 
tongue in forming the notes, as in playing the flute 
and some other wind instruments. [AS. and Dan. 
tunge, D. tong, OHG. zunga, OL. dingna, L. lingua 
(whence F. langue), Ir. and Ga. tfi.anga, the tongue; 
s. rt. lingual, lingo, language.'] — To hold the tongue. 
To be silent, keep one's peace. — Tongued, tungd, a. 
Having a tongue. — Tongue'less, a. Having no 
tongue ; speechless ; mute. — Tongue'-tled, -tid, a. 



Destitute of the power of distinct articulation; hav- 
ing an impediment in the speech ; unable to speak 
freely, from whatever cause. 

Tonic. Seejinder Tone. 

To-night, too-nlt', n. The present night, night after 
the present day. — adv. On this night. [See To.] 

Tonnage. See under Ton. 

Tonneau, ton-no', n. (Automobiles.) Orig., a form of 
afterbody with the entrance at the rear ; now, an 
afterbody with sides closing in the seat or seats and 
entered by a door at the rear or on each side ; also, 
the entire body of an automobile having such ah 
after part, or the automobile itself. 

Tonsil, ton'sil, n. (Anat.) One of 2 almond-shaped 
glandular bodies in the sides of the throat or fauces. 

Tonso'rial, -rT-al, a. Of, or pert, to, a barber, or to 
shaving. [L. tonsorius, f r. tonsor, a shearer, barber, 
f r. tondere.] — Ton'sure, -shur, n. Act of clipping 
the hair, or of shaving the crown of the head ; or the 
state of being shorn. (Rom. Cath. Church.) The 
round bare place on the heads of priests and monks, 
as a mark of their order, and of their rank in the 
church. [F. ; L. tonsura.] 

Tontine, ton-ten', n. An annuity paid to subscribers 
to a loan, the share of each subscriber increasing as 
others die. [So called from its inventor, Tonti an 
Italian, in the 17th century.] 

Too, too, adv. Over ; more than enough ; likewise ; 
also; in addition. [Same as to.] 

Took. _See Take. 

Tool, tool, n. An instrument, used in the manual arts, 
to facilitate mechanical operations; any instrument 
used by a craftsman or laborer at his work; an im- 
plement; any instrument of use or service; a person 
used as an instrument by another person, — a term 
of opprobrium. — v. t. [tooled (toold), tooling.] 
To shape, form, or finish with a tool. [AS. and Ic. 
tol; s. rt. taw.] — Tool'ing, n. Ornamented work or 
finish, made with a tool. 

Toot, toot, v. i. To make a peculiar noise by contact 
of the tongue with the root of the upper teeth at the 
beginning and end of the sound; to sound a horn in a 
similar manner. — ?>. t. To cause (&, horn) to sound, 
the note being modified at the beginning and end as 
if by pronouncing the letter t ; to b.'ow, sound. [OD. 
tvyten, to sound a cornet, D. toethoren, a buglehorn, 
Ic. thjota, to whistle, sough, resound, blow a horn.] 
— Toot'er, n. 

Tooth, tooth, n. ; pi. Teeth. (Anat.) One of the series 
of small enameled bones with 
which the jaws of vertebrate 
animals are armed for biting, 
chewing, tearing, etc. Taste ; 
palate ; any projection corre- 
sponding to the tooth of an 
animal, in shape, position, or 
office; a narrow projecting 
piece; a tine ; a cog. — v. t. 

[TOOTHED (tOOtht), TOOTH- 
ING.] To furnish with teeth; 
to indent, cut into teeth. [AS. 
todh, pi. tedh and todhas, OS., 
D., Dan., and Sw. tand, OHG. 
zand, L. dens, Lithuan. dan- 
tis, Skr. danta. Per. dandan, a 
tooth.] — In the teeth. Direct- 
ly ; in direct opposition ; in xeem. 
front. — To cast in the teeth. «. »> incisors ; 6, canins, 
To retort reproachfully.— cuspid, or dog tooth; 
Tooth and nail. As it were £ c ,' a ^ c . u T d ' ! ' "L * r 
by biting and scratching; with Urs> or ' gre ' at i ft rg> °" 




ones utmost power. —To show 
the. teeth. To threaten.— To the teeth. In open op- 
position; directly to one's face. — To set the teeth on 
edge. To cause a disagreeable tingling sensation in 
the teeth, as by grating sounds, or by the touch of 
certain substances, as keen acids. — Tooth'ache. n. 
Pain in a tooth. — Toothed, tootht, p. a. Having 
teeth or jags. (Pot.) Having projecting points, re- 
mote from each other, about the edge: dentate.— 
Toothless, a. Having no teeth. — Tooth'some, a. 
Grateful to the taste; palatable. — Tooth'-draw'er, 
n. One who extracts teeth with instruments.— -pick, 
-pick'er, n. An instrument for cleaning the teeth of 
substances lodged between them. — pow'der, n. A 
powder for cleaning the teeth; a dentifrice. — Teeth, 
teth, v. i. [teethed (tethd), teething.] To breed 
or form teeth.— Teeth'ing, n. The process by which 
first teeth make their way through the gums; denti- 
tion. 
Top, top, n. The highest part of anything; the upper 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Yn, ice ; Sdd, tone, Sr ; 



TOPARCH 



Wl? 



TORSION 




end, edge, or extremity; the upper side or surface; 
the utmost degree; the highest rank; the most hon- 
orable position; the chief person; the crown of the 
head, or the hair upon it; the 
head. (Naut.) A sort of plat- 
form, surrounding the head 
of the lower mast, and pro- 
jecting on all sides: see Ship. 
A child's toy, commonly pear- 
shaped, made to spin on its 
point. — v. i. [topped (topt), 
-ping.] To rise aloft, be emi- 
nent; to predominate; to ex- 
cel, rise above others. — v. t. 
To cover on the top ; to tip, T T) T p. (Xaut.) 
cap; to rise above; to rise to 

the top of; to outgo, surpass; to take off the top or 
upper part of; to crop; to perform eminently. [AS., 
D., Dan., and W., a top (summit), Ic. to)/pr, tuft, 
lock of hair, crest, top, G. zopf, a tuft of hair, pigtail, 
top of a tree, zap/en, a peg, tap, fir-cone, Norw. topp, 
a top, bung, OD., a top (summit, also child's toy), 
G. topf, the toy.] — To top off. To complete by put- 
ting on, or finishing, the top or uppermost part of; 
to complete, finish, adorn. — Top'mast, n. (Naut.) 
The 2d mast, next above the lower mast, and below 
the top-gallant mast: see Ship.— Top'most, a. High- 
est ; uppermost. — Top'ping, p. a. Rising above ; 
surpassing; assuming superiority ; proud. — Top'- 
boots, n. pi. Boots with tops of bright-colored leather, 
to be worn over the trowsers, as for riding. — cloth, 
n. (Naut.) A piece of canvas used to cover the ham- 
mocks which are lashed to the tops in action. — gal'- 
lant, n. See Topmast. — -heav'y, a. Having the top 
or upper part too heavy for the lower. — knot, n. A 
crest of feathers on the head of a bird; a knot or bow, 
etc., on the head, as of a woman. — sail, n. (Naut.) 
A sail extended across the topmast, above which is 
the top-gallant sail : see Sail. — Top 'pie, -pi, v. i. 
[-pled (-pld), -PLING.1 To fall forward, pitch or 
tumble down, be top-heavy. — Top'sy-tur'vy, -sY- 
ter'vY, adv. In an inverted posture; upside down. 
[Perh. for top side t'other way ; perh. for top side turf 
way, — i. e., toward the ground.] 

Toparch, to'park, n. The ruler or principal man in a 
place or country; governor of a toparchy. [Gr. to- 
parchos, fr. topos, a place, and archein, to rule.] — 
To'parchy, -t, n. A smali state, consisting of a few 
cities or towns; a petty country governed by a to- 
parch.— Top^iary, a. Shaped by clipping or cutting. 
[L. topiarius, belonging to ornamental gardening, fr. 
topia (ooera), ornamental gardening, fr. Gr. topos.] 
— Topic, n. (Rhet. & Logic.) One of the various gen- 
eral forms of argument to be employed in probable 
as disting. fr. demonstrative reasoning ; also a pre- 
pared argument, or point of argument, of a sort ap- 
plicable to a great variety of cases ; an argument or 
reason ; the subject of any distinct portion of a dis- 
course, argument, or literary composition; the main 
subject of the whole; a matter treated of; a point; 
head ; pi. a treatise on, or a system or scheme of, 
forms of argument or oratory. (Med.) An external 
local remedy, applied as a plaster, poultice, etc. — 
Topic, -icai, a. Of, or pert. to. a place ; limited ; 
local ; pert, to, proceeding from, or consisting of, 
a topic or topics : not demonstrative, but merely 
probable. [F. topiques, topics, L. Topica, the title of 
a work by Aristotle, Gr. topikos, local, also concern- 
ing (topoi) commonplaces, fr. topos.] — Topically, 
adv. In a topical manner ; with application to, or 
limitation of, a particular place or topic. — Topog / '- 
raphy, -ra-fT, n. The description of a particular 
place, city, town, manor, parish, or tract of land ; 
esp. the exact and scientific delineation and descrip- 
tion in minute detail of any place or region. [F. 
topographie, L. and Gr. topographia ; Gr. graph ein, 
to write.] — Topog'rapher, -ra-fer, n. One skilled in 
the science of topography. — Top'ographlc, -ical. a. 
Of, or pert, to, topography ; descriptive of a place. — 
Topographically, a/lv. In a topographical manner. 

Topaz, to'paz, n. (Min.) A mineral occurring in 
rhombic prisms, generally yellowish and pellucid : 
it is highly valued as a gem. [F. topase, Gr. topazos; 
perh. s. rt. Skr. tapa, illuminating.] 

Tope, t5p, v. i. [toped (topt), toping.] To drink 
hard; to drink spirituous liquors to excess. [F. toper, 
to cover a stake at dice, etc., It. lopa, a term at dice, 
also in drinking, signifying the acceptance of a 
pledge.] — To'per, n. One who drinks to excess ; a 
drunkard; sot. 

lophet, to'fet, n. A place lying E. or S.-E. of Jeru- 



salem, in the valley of Hinnom, where fires wer* 
continually kept to burn dead carcasses, and where 
all the filth of the city was poured; hence, in sym- 
bol, hell. [Heb., lit., a place to be spit upon, an 
abominable place, f r. tu)>h, to spit out.] 

Topiary, Topic, Topography, etc. See under Toparch. 

Topple, Topsy-turvy. See under Top. 

Toque, tok, Toquet, to-ka', n. A kind of bonnet or 
head-dress. [£. toque, toquet, W. toe, fr. tociaw, 
tvjciaw, to curtail, clip, dock, trim.] 

Torch, torch, n. A mass or stick of, or receptacle con- 
taining, some combustible substance to be carried in 
the hand or on a staff when ignited; a large candle 
or flambeau. [ME. and F. torche. It. torcia, fr. tor- 
ciare, L. torquere, tortum, to twist; 8. rt. torture, tor- 
merit.] — Torch'-bear'er, n. One who carries a torch. 
— -light, n. The light of a torch. 

Tore. See Tear. 

Toreutic, to-rulik, a. (Sculp.) Highly finished or pol- 
ished, — applied prop, to figures in hard wood, ivory, 
and the like. [Gr. toreutos, elaborate, toreuma, em- 
bossed work.] 

Torment, tSr'ment, n. Extreme pain; anguish; the 
utmost degree of misery, either of body or mind ; 
that which gives pain, vexation, or misery. — Tor- 
ment', v. t. To put to extreme pain or anguish; to 
distress, afflict ; to tease, vex, harass. [OF., fr. L. 
tormentum, an engine for hurling missiles, an instru- 
ment of torture, torture, prop, an instrument with 
which anything is turned and twisted, fr. torquere, 
to twist: see Torture.]— Torment'er, -or, n. One 
who, or that which, torments or tortures. 

Torn. See Tear. 

Tornado, tSr-na'do, n. : pi. -does, -d5z. A violent 
wind or tempest disting. by a whirling, progressive 
motion; a hurricane. [Sp. tornar, It. &L. tornare, to 
turn. — i. e., a whirling wind: see Turn.] 

Torpedo, tor-pe'do. h. (k-hth.) A fish allied to the ray, 
which can give elect] 
shocks; cramp-fish. A ma- 
chine used for destroying ' 
ships by blowing them up; 
a small ball or pellet, which 
explodes when thrown up- 
on a hard object ; a shell 
which explodes when trod 
upon. [L., name of the 
fish, also numbness, fr. tor- Torpedo. 

pere, to be stiff, numb, or torpid, prob. orig. to grow 
fat and sluggish, and s. rt. Gr. trephein, to feed, ter- 
pein, to fill full, Skr. trip, to be sated, E. sturdy.] — 
Torpes'cent, -pes'sent, a. Becoming torpid or numb. 
[L. torpescens, p. pr. of torpescere, to grow stiff, numb, 
or torpid, incept, of torpere.] — Tor'pid, a. Having 
lost motion, or the power of exertion and feeling; 
numb ; dull ; stupid ; sluggish ; inactive. [L. tor- 
pidvs.] — Torpidity, -Y-tT, n.— Tor'pidness, -pitude, 
-pt-tud. n. State of being torpid; numbness; dull- 
ness: inactivity; sluggishness; stupidity. — Tor'por, 
n. State of being torpid; loss of motion, or of the 
power of motion; numbness; inactivity; dullness; 
laziness; sluggishness; stupidity. [L.] — TorporiF- 
ic, a. Tending to produce torpor. [L. torpor and 
facere, to make.] 

Torrent, torlent, n. A violent stream, as of water, 
lava, etc.; a violent or rapid flow; strong current. 
[F. ; L. torrens, -rentis, orig. burning, roaring, boiling, 
p. pr. of torrere, to dry by heat, to burn; s. rt. ten-ace, 
thirst.] — Tor'rid, a. Parched; dried with heat; vio- 
lently hot: burning or parching. [F. torride, L. tor- 
rir his.]— Torrid zone. (Geog.) That space or belt 
of the earth included between the tropics, where the 
heat is always great: see Zone. — Tor 'reify, -re-fi, v. 
t. [-fied (-fid), -fting.] To dry by a tire, parch. 
(Metal.) To roast or scorch, as metallic ores. [L. 
torrefacere ; facere, to make.] — Torrefac'tion, n. 
Operation of torrefying, or state of being torrefied. 

Torsion, tor'shun, n. Act of turning or twisting. 
(Mech.) That force with which a thread, wire, or 
rod of any material, returns, or tends to return, to a 
state of rest after it has been twisted, [F.; L. toisio, 
fr. torquere, torsi, tortum, to twist; s. rt. torch, tor- 
ment, contort, distort, tart, throe, throw, throng, trav- 
ail, travel, trepan, trepidation, trope, trophy, trow- 
sers, trousseau, truss, perh. troubadour, trover.] — 
Tort, n. (Law.) Any wrong or injury; a wrongful 
act, for which an action will lie; a form of action, 
in some States, for a wrong: or injury. [L. tortus, p. 
p. of torquere.] — Tortile, -il, a. Twisted; wreathed; 
coiled. [L. tortilis.] — Tor'tious, -shus, a. Injuri- 
ous ; done wrongfully. (Law.) Implying tort, or 



-* 



sun, cuuc, iuii i moon, foot ; cow, oil i linger or ink, tiien, DONboK, chair, get. 



TORSO 



olty 



TOW 



injury for which the law gives damages. — Tort'ive, 
-iv, a. Twisted; wreathed. — Tort'ure, t6r'chur,?i. 
Extreme pain; anguish of body or mind; pang; ago- 
ny ; torment ; esp. severe pain inflicted judicially. 
either as a punishment for a crime, or for the pur- 
pose of extorting a confession. — r. t. To put to tor- 
ture, pain extremely, punish with torture. [F.; L- 
tortura.] — Tort'urer, n. — Tort'uous, -u-us, a. Bent 
in different directions; 
wreathed; twisted; 
winding: deviating 
from rectitude; errone- 
ous; wrong; deceitful. 
[F. tortueux, L. tortuo- 
sus.] — Tor'toise, -tis, n. 
(Zobl.) A reptile in- 
closed in a case formed 
by 2 leathery or scaly 




Tortoise, 
shields, and havins 



horny 



jaws in the place of teeth : the name is sometimes 
restricted to the land tortoises, the term turtle being 
applied to the marine species. (Antiq.) A defense 
used by the ancients; a testudo. [F. tortue, Sp. and 
LL. tortuga, fr. L. tortus, because of its twisted feet.] 
— Tor'toise-shell, n. The horny plates forming the 
shell of a tortoise, esp. of the hawk's-bill turtle, used 
for making combs, etc. 

Torso, t6r'so, /(. ; E. pi. -sos; It. pi. -si, -se. (Sculp.) 
The trunk of a statue, mutilated of head and limbs. 
[It., a stamp, trunk, L. thyrus, Gr. tliursos, a stalk, 
stem of a plant, rod.] 

Torus, to'rus, n. (Arch.) A large semicircular mold- 
ing used in the bases of columns: see Molding. [L., 
an elevation, protuberance.] 

Tory, to'rf, n. (Eng. Politics.) A member of the con- 
servative party, as opposed to the Whig or progres- 
sive party. (Amer. Hist.) One who, in the time of 
the Revolution, favored the claims of Great Britain 
against the colonies. — a. Of, or pert, to, the tories. 
[An Irish word, denoting a robber, lit. a pursuer, Ir. 
and Ga. toir, a pursuit.]— To'ryism, -izm, n. The 
principles of the tories. 

Toss, tos, v. t. [tossed (tost, less prop, tost), toss- 
ing.] To throw with a jerk of the hand, esp. with 
the palm up, throw upward; to lift or throw up with 
a sudden or violent motion; to cause to rise and fall; 
to agitate, make restless. — v. i. To roll and tumble; 
to be in violent commotion; to be tossed, — n. A 
throwing upward, or with a jerk; a throwing up of 
the head with a jerk. [W. tosio, to jerk, toss, tos, a 
jerk, toss.]— 7b toss off. To drink hastily.— To t. 
for. To gamble for.— To t. up. To throw a coin into 
the air, and wager on what Side it will fall. — Toss'- 
pot, n. A toper; an habitual drunkard. 

Tot, tot, n. Anything small, — used as a term of en- 
dearment. , , 

Total, to'tal, a. Full; complete; not divided: whole; 
entire; integral. — n. The whole; the whole sum or 
amount. [F.; LL. totalis, fr. L. totus, all, whole.] — 
Totality, -f-ti, n. The whole sum; whole quantity 
or amount. [F. totality.'] — To'tally, -It, adv. In a 
total manner; wholly; entirely; fully; completely. 

Tote, tot, v. t. To carry or bear. 

Totem, to'tem, n. A picture of a bird, beast, etc., 
used among the N. Amer. Indians as a designation 
of a family. „ m 

Totter, tot'ter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To 
shake so as to threaten a fall, appear as if about to 
fall when standing or walking; to shake, reel, lean, 
be unsteadv. [For toiler, freq. of tilt ; AS. tealtrian, 
to totter, vacillate, fr. tealt, unstable, OD. tovteren, 
to tremble.] — Tot'tle, -tl, ?;. £. [-TLED(-tld),-TLiNG.] 
To walk in a wavering, unsteady manner; to toddle. 

Toucan, too'kan, n. An omnivorous climbing bird of 
tropical Amer., of sev- 
eral species, remarka- 
ble for the enormous 
size of its light, cellu- 
lar bill. [F. ; Pg. & 
Braz. tucano.] 

loach, tuch, i>. * . 
[touched (tucht), 
touching.] To come 
in contact with; to ex- 
tend the hand, foot, 
etc., so as to reach or 
rest on; to perceive by 
the sense of feeling ; to come to, reach, attain to : 
to relate to, concern ; to handle, speak of, or deal 
with gently or slightly; to meddle or interfere with: 
to affect the senses or the sensibility of ; to move; 
to mark or delineate slightly; to make an impression 




Toucan. 



on; to strike (an instrument of music); to perform 
(a tune), play ; to influence by impulse ; to afflict 
or distress. — v.i. To be in contact; to treat any- 
thing slightly in discourse, — n. Act of touching, or 
state of being touched; contact; the sense of feeling 
or common sensation, one of the 5 senses ; power 
of exciting the affections; an emotion or affection; 
personal reference or application; a stroke; animad- 
version; censure; reproof; a single stroke on a draw- 
ing or picture; feature; lineament; act of the hand 
on a musical instrument ; musical notes ; a small 
quantity intermixed ; a little ; a hint ; suggestion ; 
slight notice; examination or trial by some decisive 
standard; test; proof. (Mus.) Particular or charac- 
teristic mode of action; also, the manner of touch- 
ing, striking, or pressing the keys of a pianoforte. 
[F. toucher, Sp., Pg., and Proven, tocar, OD. tocken, to 
touch, OHG. zucchen, to draw quickly, twitch, Goth. 
tiuhan, L. ducere, to draw; s. rt. tuck, tow, duke, toc- 
sin.] — To touch up. To repair, or to improve by 
slight touches or emendations. —To t. and go. (Naut.) 
To touch bottom, as a ship in sailing, without much 
decrease of speed. To almost meet with an accident 
or collision, have a close shave. — To t. at. To come 
or go to, without tarrying. — Touch'able, a. Capa- 
ble of being touched ; tangible. — Touching, p. a. 
Affecting; moving; pathetic. — prep. Concerning; 
relating to; with respect to. — Touch'-hole, n. The 
vent of a cannon or other species of fire-arms, by 
which fire is communicated to the powder. — T.-me- 
not, n. A plant of the genus Impatiens ; the squirt- 
ing-cucumber. — stone, n. (Min.) A variety of ex- 
tremely compact silicious schist, used for ascertain- 
ing the purity of gold and silver by the streak im- 
pressed on the stone. Hence, any test or criterion. 
— wood, n. A soft white substance into which wood 
is changed by the action of certain fungi, used like 
tinder for taking, holding, and communicating fire; 
spunk. 

Touchy, touch'' I, a. Peevish; irritable; irascible: apt 
to take fire. [Corrupt, of techy, q. v.; not fr. touch.]— 
Touchiness, n. 

Tough, tuf , a. Having the quality of flexibility witlr- 
out brittleness ; not easily broken; able to endure 
hardship; firm; strong; not easily separated; tena- 
cious; ropy; stiff; rigid; not flexible; stubborn; un- 
manageable; severe; violent. [AS. toh, LG. taa, tau ; 
perh. s. rt. Goth, tahjan, to rend, Skr. dame, dac, to 
bite, E. tongs.] — Tough'en, -n, v. i. [-ened (-nd), 
-ening.] To grow tough, or tougher. — v. t. To 
make tough or tougher. — Tough'ness, n. The qual- 
ity of being tough; flexibility, with a Arm adhesion 
of parts; strength cf constitution or texture; viscos- 
ity; tenacity; clamminess. 

Toupee, too-pe', Toupet. -pa', n. A little tuft; a curl 
or artificial lock of hair ; a small wig. [F. toupet, 
dim. of OF. top, a tuft; s. rt. E. top.]. 

Tour, toor, n. A going round; a journey in a circuit; a 
lengthy excursion : a roving journey for pleasure and 
sightseeing; pilgrimage. (Mil.) Anything done suc- 
cessively, or by regular order: a turn. — v. i. [toured 
(toord), touring. j To make a tour. [F., a turn, 
round, compass, walk, fr. tourner, OF. torner — E. 
to turn, q. v.] — Tour'ist, n. One who makes a tour, 
or travels for pleasures or sight seeing. — Tourna- 
ment, toor'na-ment, Tour'ney, -nt, n. A mock-fight 
or military sport, in which a number of combatants 
were engaged; encounter; contest of skill. — Tour'- 
ney, v. i. To en-rage in tournaments ; to tilt. [F. 
tournay, OF. tornoiement, fr. tournoier, to joust, fr. 
torner'.] — Tour'niquet, toor'ni-ket, n. A surgical in- 
strument or bandage which is tightened or relaxed 
with a screw, and used to check the flow of blood, as 
from wounds, by external pressure. [F., fr. tour- 
ner.] — Tournure', toor-noor', n. Turn ; contour ; 
figure; a part of the dress of a lady used for expand- 
ing the skirt; a bustle. [F.] 

Tourmaline, toor'ma-lin, n. A mineral occurring usu- 
ally in 3-sided or 6-sided prisms, terminated by 3- 
sided pyramids. [Fr. toumamal, its name in Ceylon.] 

Touse, towz, v. t. & i. To pull, haul, tear, dishevel. 
[ME. tosen, to tease wool: see Tease.] — Tous'er, n. 
One who touses. — Tow'ser, n. A name for a dog. — 
Tou'sle, -zl, v. t. To put into disorder, tumble. 

Tout-ensemble, too-tiiN-saN'bl, n. Anything regarded 
as a whole. (Fine Arts.) The general effect of a 
work as a whole. [F., all together.] 

Tow, to, v. t. [towed (tod), towing.] To drag (a 
boat or ship) through the water by means of a rope. 
— n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; that which is, 
etc. [AS. teohan, Ic. and OFries. toga, MHG. zogen. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; liii ice , oadj tone, iir ; 



TOW 



619 TRACK 



aw, pull, Ic. tog, a cord, tow-rope; s. rt. L. 
to draw, E. tie, tug: see Touch.] — Tow': 



'In- 



to draw 

cere, to araw, K. tie, tug: see touch. j — Towage 
-ej, n. Act of towing; price paid tor towing. — Tow'- 
boat, n. A boat which is towed; a steamer used tor 

towing other vessel*; steam-tug. line, n. A small 

hawser, used to tow a ship, etc. path, n. A path 

for men or horses that tow boats, as along a canal. 

Tow, to, n. The coarse and broken part of flax or hemp. 
[AS., orig. the operation of spinning, later the mate- 
rial used; s. rt. taw.] 

Toward, toward, To'wards, -ardz, prep. In the direc- 
tion of; with direction to, in a moral sense; with re- 
spect to: ijregarding; nearly; about. — adv. Near; at 
hand; in a state of preparation. — To'ward, -ward, 
a. Ready to do or learn; not froward; apt. [AS. 
toweard, future (adj.), toweardes, towards ( pre}).), 
fr. to and weard, becoming, tending to, f r. weorthan, 
to become; s. rt. worth, afterward, forvjard, inward, 
eastward, etc.] — To'wardly, a. Ready to do or 
learn; apt; docile; tractable; compliant with duty. 
— To'wardness, To'wardliness, to'' ward-, n. 

Towel, tow'el, n. A cloth used for wiping the hands, 
etc., after washing; a wiper for dishes, etc. [F. tou- 
aille, LL. toaeida, D. dwaal, OHG. twahilla, tr. twa- 
han, to wash.] 

Tower, tow'Sr, n. A lofty building much higher than 
broad, standing alone or forming part of another ed- 
ifice, as of a church, castle, etc.: a citadel; fortress; 
hence, a defender; a high head-dress formerly in 
vogue. — v. i. [towered (-erd), -ering.] To be 
lofty or very high; to soar. [OF. tur, L. turns, Gr. 
tursis, a tower, Ga. torr, a lofty hill, mound, tower, 
castle.] — Tow'ering, p. a. Very high; elevated; ex- 
treme ; violent ; surpassing. — Tow'ered, -erd, -ery, 
-er-Y, a. Adorned or defended by towers. 

Town, town, n. Orig., a collection of houses inclosed 
by fences or walls; any collection of houses larger 
than a village, esp. when not incorporated as a city; 
in Eng., any number of houses to which belongs a 
regular market, and which is not a city or the see of 
a bishop; the body of inhabitants resident in a town; 
a township; the court end of London; the metropo- 
lis or its inhabitants; any city or large place in or 
near which one may be. [AS. tun, D. tuin, a fence, 
hedge, Ic. tun, an inclosure, homestead, dwelling- 
house; s. rt. Ir. and Ga. dun, a fortress, perh. Ir. dur, 
L. durus, firm, strong, lasting, E. dure.] — Town'- 
ship, n. The district or territory of a town; a territo- 
rial district with certain municipal powers. — Towns' r - 
man, townz'man, n. An inhabitant of a town; one 
of the same town with another. — Town'-clerk, n. 
An officer who keeps the records of a town, and en- 
ters all its official proceedings. cri'er, n. A public 

crier. — hall,n. A public room or building for trans- 
acting the business of a town. — house, n. The house 
where the public business of the town is transacted 
by the inhabitants ; a house in town, in opp. to a 
house in the country. — meet'ing, n. A legal meet- 
ing of the inhabitants of a town or township for the 
transaction of business. — talk, n. The common talk 
of a place, or the subject of common conversation.— 
Townsfolk, -fok, n. The people of a town; esp., the 
inhabitants of a city. 

Towser. See under Touse. 

Toxicology, toks-Y-kol'o-jY, n. The department of 
medical science which treats of poisons, their effects, 
antidotes, and recognition. [Gr. toxikon, poison, 
orig. for arrows (f r. toxon, a bow, lit. piece of shaped 
wood; s. rt. tcchnic, q. v.), and logos, discourse.] — 
Tox'icolog'ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, toxicol- 
ogy. — Toxicol'ogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc. — 
Toxin, toks'in, n. A poisonous product formed by 
disease-producing bacteria, as a toxic proteid or 
poisonous ptomaine. [Gr. toxikon, poison.] 

Toy, toi, n. A plaything for children; a bawble; a 
thing for amusement, but of no real value; trifle; 
matter of no importance; wild fancy; folly; trifling 
opinion or behavior ; amorous dalliance. — v. i. 
[toyed (toid), toyixg.] To dally amorously, trifle, 
play, wanton. [D. ting, tools, implements, refuse, 
trash, speeltuig, playthings.] 

Trace, tras, n. A mark left by anything passing; a 
footprint; track; a mark, impression, or visible ap- 
pearance of anything left when the thing itself 
no longer exists; vestige; token; one of the 2 straps, 
chains, or ropes, by which a carriage or sleigh is 
drawn by horses. — v. t. [traced (trast), tracing.] 
To walk' over, pass through; to draw or delineate 
with marks; esp., to copy (a drawing) by following 
the lines and marking them on a sheet superimposed; 
to follow by footsteps or tracks, or some mark that 




Flowing Tracery. 



has been left by a person or thing which has pre- 
ceded; to follow"the trace or track of; to follow with 
exactness. [F., a trace, print of the toot, path, tract, 
tracer, to trace, follow, pursue, trasser, to delineate, 
score, trace out, fr.L. traiierc, tractum, to draw, orig. 
to dragviolently: 
trace lor a horse 
is fr. OF. trays, 
F. traits, pi. of 
trait, a trace (for 
a horse) ; s. rt. 
train, treat, ab- 
stract, attract, 
distract, suht ract, 
etc., maltreat, 
portray, retreat.] 
— Tra'cer, n. — 
Trace'able, a. 
Capable of being I 
traced. — T r a ' - 1 
eery, -ser-Y, 
(Goth. Arch.) An 
ornamental d i - 
vergency of the 
mullionsof a window, into arches, curves, etc.: the 
subdivisions of groined vaults, etc.— Tract, trakt, n. 
Something drawn out or extended ; a region, or 
quantity of land or water, of indefinite extent; a 
written discourse or dissertation, generally not of 
great extent ; esp., a short treatise on practical re- 
ligion ; continued or protracted duration ; length ; 
extent. [L. tractus, a drawing out, the course of 
a river, a tract or region, prop. p. p. of trahere.] — 
Tract'able, a. Capable of being easily led, taught, 
or managed; docile; manageable; capable of being 
handled; practicable; feasible. [L. tractabilis, fr. 
tractare, -tatvm, to handle, freq. of trahere.] — 
Tract'ableness, -ability, -Y-tY, n.— Tracfably, adv. 
In a tractable manner. — Tract'ate, ii. A treatise; 
a tract. [L. tractatus, p. p. of tractare.] — Tractile, 
-il, a. Capable of being drawn out in length; duc- 
tile. — Tractil'ity, -Y-tY, n. Quality of being tract- 
ile; ductility.— Trac'tion, n. Act of drawing, or 
state of being drawn; attraction: a drawing toward. 
[F.] — Tractive, -iv, a. Serving to draw;" pulling; 
attracting. — Tract'or, n. That which draws, or is 
used for drawing. j)l- (Med.) Two small, pointed 
bars of brass and steel, which, being drawn over 
diseased parts of the body, were, at one time, sup- 
posed to give relief through the agency of electricity 
or magnetism. — Tract'ory, -o-rY, Tract'rix, n. 
(Geom.) The curve described on a plane by a heavy 
point attached to a string and drawn along by mov- 
ing the other end of the string. 

Trachea, tra^ke-a, L. pron. -ke'a, n. ;pl. -cse-M, -ke-e, 
L.pron.-ke'e. (Anat.) 
The windpipe, a car- 
tilaginous and mem- 
branous pipe convey- 
ing air to the lungs; 
the weasand : see 
Lung. The air-tubes 
of the body in insects 
and similar animals. 
[L. trachea, -clna, Gr. 
trac/ieia,lit.the rough, 
fr. the rings of carti- 
lage which compose it, 
fem. of trachus, rough, 
rugged, harsh.]— Tra'- 
cheot'omy, -ke-ofo- 
111Y, n. (Surg.) Oper- 
ation o f making an 
opening into the wind- 
pipe. [Gr. temnein, to 
cut.] — Tra'chyte, 
-kit, n. A nearly com- 
pact, feldspathic, vol- 
canic rock, breaking 
with a rough surface. 

Track, trak, n. A mark 
left by something that Trachea. 

has passed along; im- a, larynx; 6, trachea; e, bron- 
prcssion left b y the ohial divisions ; d, one of the 

foot, either of man or lungs ; e, bronchial ramifica- 

beast; trace; vestige; tions. 
footprint ; a road ; beaten path ; course followed ; 
way. (Railroads.) The permanent wav ; line of 
rails, — v. t. [tracked (trakt), -ixg.] 'To follow 
when guided by a. trace, or by footsteps; to draw 
or tow (a vessel, sledare, etc.) [F. trac, a track, 




sun, cube, full; moon, fot»t; cow, oil; linger or ink, tnen, boNboN, chair, get. 



TRACT 



620 



TRAIN-OIL 



beaten path, OD. trek, a draft, trekken, to draw, 
pull, tow, travel, MHG. trecken, OHG. trechen, to 
scrape, shove, draw; not s. rt. L. trahere, to draw, E. 
trace, etc.] — Track'age, -ej, n. A drawing or tow- 
ing (of a boat, sledge, etc.) — Track'er, n. One who, 
or that which, etc. (Mus.) In the organ, a light 
strip of wood, connecting (in part) a key and a pal- 
let, to communicate motion by pulling. — Track'- 
less, a. Having no track; marked by no footsteps. 
Tract, Tractable, Traction, etc. See under Trace. 

Trade, trad, n. Act or business of exchanging com- 
modities by barter; business of buying and selling 
for money; commerce; traffic; business which a per- 
son has learned, and which he carries on or at which 
he works ; esp., mechanical employment ; occupa- 
tion ; handicraft ; instruments of any occupation ; 
custom; habit; a company of men engaged in the 
same occupation, pi. The trade- winds. — v. i. To 
barter, or to buy and sell; to traffic, bargain; to 
buy and sell or exchange property, in a single in- 
stance. — v.t. To sell or exchange in commerce; to 
barter, exchange. [ME. tred, trod, lit. a footmark, 
hence path, way of life, fr. AS. tredan, to tread, q. 
v.] — Trad'er.w. One engaged in trade orcommerce; 
a trafficker; merchant. — Trade'-mark, n. A distin- 
guishing mark or device used by a manufacturer on 
his goods or labels, the legal right in which is recog- 
nized by law. — sale, n. An auction by and for the 
trade, especially that of the booksellers. — wind, n. 
A wind in or near the torrid zone, which blows from 
the same quarter throughout the whole or half of 
the year, — so called because of great advantage to 
navigators, and hence to trade. — Trades 'man, n. 
One who trades; a shop-keeper; any mechanic or 
artificer.— Trades'-un'ion, n. A combination among 
workmen for the purpose of maintaining their 
rights and privileges, with respect to wages, hours 
of labor, customs, etc. 

Tradition, tra-dish'un, n. Act of delivering into the 
hands of another; delivery; unwritten or oral hand- 
ing down of opinions, practices, rites, and customs, 
from father to son, or from ancestors to posterity; 
knowledge or belief transmitted without the aid of 
written memorials. [L. traditio, fr. tradere, tradi- 
tion, to give up, transmit, fr. trans (q. v.), over, and 
dare, to give; s. rt. traitor, treason, betray.] — Tra- 
ditional, a. Of, pert, to, or derived from, tradition; 
communicated from ancestors to descendants by 
word only. — Traditionally, adv. — Traditionary, 
-a-ri, a. Of, pert, to, or derived from, tradition; 
traditional. — TradFtioner, -tionist, n. One who 
adheres to tradition. — Trad'itive, tracKf-tiv, a. 
Transmitted or transmissible from father to son, or 
from age to age, by oral communication. 

Traduce, tra-dus' v. t. [-duced (-dust'), -ducing.] 
To represent as blamable; willfully to misrepresent; 
to calumniate, vilify, defame, depreciate, decry, 
slander. [L. traducere, to lead along, exhibit as a 
spectacle, disgrace, divulge, convict, fr. trans, across, 
over, and ducere, to lead.] — Tradu'cer, n. — Tra- 
duc'tion, n. Derivation from one of the same kind; 
propagation; transmission from one to another; tra- 
dition; a translation into another language; act of 
transferring; conveyance; transportation. — Tradu'- 
cianism, -shan-izm, n. (Theol.) Doctrine that hu- 
man souls are produced by the act of generation, — 
opp. to creationism, q. v. 

Traffic, traffik, n. Commerce, either by barter or by 
buying and selling; trade; business of a given street, 
place, etc.; passing to and fro of goods and passen- 
gers on a road, railroad, canal, etc. — v. i. [traf- 
ficked (-fikt), -ficking.] To pass goods and com- 
modities from one person to another for an equiva- 
lent in goods or money; to barter, trade, —v. t. To 
exchange in traffic. [F. trafiquer, to traffic, trade, 
Sp. traficare, trafagar, Pg. traficar, to traffic, cheat, 
OPg. trasfegar, to decant, pour from one vessel into 
another, also to traffic, Catalan trafag, a decanting, 
also traffic; perh. fr. L. trails, across, and LL. vicare, 
to exchange, fr. L. vicis, a change.] — Trafficker, n. 

Tragacanth, trag'a-kanth, n. The concrete juice or 
gum of several species of shrubby or herbaceous 
plants, found in Asia Minor, Persia, etc. [Gr. traga- 
kantha, fr. tragot, a he-goat (fr. trogein, to gnaw, 
nibble; s. rt. trout, q. v.), and akantha, a thorn.] 

Tragedy t trai'e-di, n. A dramatic poem representing 
some signal action performed by illustrious persons, 
and generally having a fatal issue ; a fatal and 
mournful event; any event in which human lives 
are lost by violence. [ME. and F. tragedie, L. tra- 
gcedia, Gr. tragodia, fr. tragodos, lit. a goat-singer, 



fr. tragos, a he-goat (see Tragacanth), and odos, 
a singer (see Ode), — perh. f r. the oldest tragedies 
being exhibited when a goat was sacrificed, or be- 
cause a goat was the prize, or because the actors 
were clothed in goat-skins.] — Trage'dian, tra-je'- 
dl-an, n. A writer of tragedy ; a tragic actor or act- 
ress. — Trag'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or of the nature 
of, tragedy ; fatal to life ; calamitous ; mournful ; 
expressive of tragedy, loss of life, or of sorrow. [F. 
tragique.] — Trag'ically, adv. — Trag'icalness, n. — 
Trag / i-com' r edy, -i-kom'e-dT, n. A composition par- 
taking of the nature both of tragedy and comedy. — 
Trag'i-com'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to tragi-comedy; par- 
taking of a mixture of grave and comic scenes. 
Trail, tral, v. t. [trailed (trald), trailing.] To hunt 
by the track; to draw along the ground; to drag. 
(Mil.) To carry (a fire-arm) with the breech near 
the ground and the upper part inclined forward, the 

§iece being held by the right hand near the mid- 
le; to tread down (grass) by walking through. — 
v. i. To be drawn along behind a person or thing; 
to be drawn out in length; to grow to great length,, 
esp. when slender and creeping upon the ground, as 
a plant. — n. Scent left on the ground by an animal 
pursued; anything drawn to length; anything drawn 
behind in long undulations; a train; the entrails of 
a fowl, esp. of game. (Mil.) That part of the stock 
of a gun - carriage which rests on the ground when 
the piece is unlimbered. [F. trailler, to wind a yarn, 
also to trail a deer, OF. traail, LL. trahale,,a reel. 
also in LL. a sledge, L. traha, tragula, a sledge, fr. 
L. trahere, to draw; s. rt. trace, track, train.] 
Train, tran, v. t. [trained (trand), training.] To 
draw along, trail; to draw by persuasion, artifice, 
etc., to entice, allure; to teach and form by prac- 
tice; to exercise, discipline; to break, tame, and ac- 
custom to draw, us oxen. (Hort.) To lead or direct, 
and form to a wall or espalier; to form by growth, 




grfrfrrm 



Fan Training. 

and lopping, or pruning. — ?', i. To do duty in a 
military company. — ??. That which draws along;, 
esp., persuasion, artifice, or enticement; that which 
is drawn along in the rear of or after something; 
that which is in the hinder part or rear; that part 
of a gown which trails behind the wearer; the after 
part of a gun-carriage: the tail of a bird; a number 
of followers; a retinue; a succession of connected 
things; series; regular method; process; course; a 
line of gunpowder, laid to lead fire to a charge, or 
to a quantity intended for execution; a continuous 
or connected line of cars or carriages on a railroad. 
[F., a retinue, the hinder part of anything, traine, 
a sled, drag-net, trainer, to trail, drag, draw,LL. tra- 
hinare, L. trahere, to draw: see Trail.] — Trains- 
able, a. Capable of being trained. — Train'er, n. 
One who trains; esp., one who trains or prepares 
men, horses, etc., for athletic exercises; a militia- 
man when called out for exercise or discipline. — 
Train '-band, n. A band or company of militia.— 
-bear'er, n. One who holds up a train, as of a robe. 
Train-oil, tran'oil, n. Oil from the blubber or fat of 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 



t5ne, 6r; 



TRAIPSE 



621 



TRANSFER 



whales. [OD. traen, whale-oil, also a tear, liquor 
pressed out by tire, D. traan, whale-oil, a tear, Dan. 
and Sw. tran, G. thrun, train-oil, blubber, G. 
thraenc, a tear; 6. rt. tear, q. v.] 

Traipse, traps, v. i. To walk or run about sluttishly or 
thoughtlessly. [G. trapsen, trappsen, to tread noisily, 
to walk stamping.] 

Trait, trat, n. A stroke; touch; a distinguishing or 
marked feature or peculiarity. [F.; L. tractus,ir. 
trahere, to draw: see Trace.] 

Traitor, tra'ter, n. One who violates his allegiance 
and betrays his country; one guilty of treason; one 
who betrays his trust; a betrayer. [OF. traitor, L. 
traditor, fr. tradere, traditum, to hand over, deliver, 
betray, fr. tran." (q. v.) and dare, to give: see Tradi- 
tion.'] —Trai'toress, -tress, n. A woman who be- 
trays.— Trai'torous, -ter-us, a. Guilty of treason; 
treacherous; penidious; iaithless: consisting in, or 
partaking of, trea.-ou.— Trai'torously, adv. — Trai'- 
torousness, n. — Trea'son, tre'zn, n. The offense 
of attempting to overthrow or betray the sovereign 
or the government of the state to which the offender 
owes allegiance; the levying of war against, or ad- 
hering to or aiding the enemies of, one's country; 
disloyalty; treachery. [ME. traison, OF. traison, fr. 
trdir, F. trahir, to betray, fr. L. tradere.] - Trea'- 
sonable, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, treason; involv- 
ing the crime of treason, or partaking of its guilt; 
treacherous ; traitorous ; perfidious ; insidious. — 
Trea'sonableness, ».— Treasonably, adv. 

Tr?oect, tra-jekf, v. t. To throw or cast through. [L. 
trajicere, -jectum, fr. trans (q. v.) and jacere, to 
throw.] — Trajec'tion, n. Act of trajecting; a throw- 
in" or casting through or across; also, emission. — 
Trajecfory, -o-rT, n. The curve which a moving 
body describes in space. 

Tram, tram, «. A coal wagon used in some parts of 
England, esp. at Newcastle ; one of the rails or 
tracks of a tram-road; in Eng., a car on a horse- 
railroad. [ProvE., a coal-wagon, Lowl. Scot., the 
shaft of a cart, beam, bar, OSw., a piece of a tree 
cut into logs, OHG. tram, dram, OD. drom, a beam, 
LG. traam, the handles of a wheelbarrow or sledge.] 
— Tram'-road, -way, n. A road prepared for easy 
transit of trains or wagons, by forming the wheel- 
tocks of beams of wood, blocks of stone, or plates 
of iron; in Eng., a horse-railroad. 

Trammel, tram'mel, n. A kind of long net for catch- 
ing birds or fishes; a kind of shackles for regulating 
the motions of a horse ; 
whatever impedes ac- 
tivity, progress, or free- 
dom ; an iron hook, 
used for hanging ket- 
tles and other vessels 
over the fire. (Mech.) 
An instrument for 
drawing ellipses ; also, 

another name for Trammel. (Mech.) 

beam-compasses, — v.t. 

[trammeled (-meld), -meling.] To confine, hamper, 
shackle. [F. tramail, a net for birds, OF. trameau, 
a net for Dirds or fish, LL. tramacula, a trammel, 
net.] — Trarn'meler, n. One who, or that which, 
trammels or restrains; one who uses a trammel-net. 

Tramontane, tra-mon'- or trarn'on-tan, a. Lying or 
being beyond the mountain ; foreign ; barbarous. 
[F. tramontaine, It. tramontano, L. transmontanus, 
fr. trans (q. v.) and mons, montis, mountain.] 

Tramp, tramp, r. t. [tramped (tramt), tramping.] 
To tread forcibly and repeatedly; to trample. — ?;, t. 
To travel, wander, stroll. — n. A foot-journey; a 
foot-traveler; a tramper; a sturdy homeless vagrant, 
living by begging and stealing. '[ME., LG., and G. 
trampen, to stamp, Dan. trampe, to trample on; s. rt. 
D. and LG. trappen, to t>-ead, Sw. trappa, G. treppe, 
a flight of stairs, E. trip, Gr. tmpein, to tread grapes, 
Lithuan. trepli, to stamp.] — Tramp'er, n. One who 




stroller; vagrant.— Tram'ple, -pi, v. t. 
[-pled (-pld), -plixg.] To tread under foot; esp., 
to tread upon with pride, contempt, triumph, or 
scorn; to prostrate by treading; to treat with pride, 
contempt, and insult.— v. i. To tread in contempt; 
to tread with force and rapidity. [Freq. of tramp; 
LG. and G. trampeln, fr. trampen!] — Tram'pler, n. 

Tram-road, Tram-way. See under Tram. 

Trance, trans, n. A state in which the soul seems to 
have passed out of the body into another state of be- 
ing; an ecstasy. (.Med.) Total suspension of mental 
power and voluntary moMon, pulsation and breath- 
ing continuing; catalepsy. [F. transe, fright, L. tran- 



situs, a passage, fr. transire, to pass over; trans (q. v.) 
and ire, to go; s. rt. transient.] 

Tranquil, trank'wil, a. Quiet; calm; undisturbed; 
peaceful: not agitated. [F. trunquille,'L. tranquiUus, 
calm, quiet, still, fr. trans (q. v.), surpassingly, and 
rt. ot Gr. keintai, Skr. ci, to lie dowu; s. rt. quiet, 
cemt. -tcri/.] — Tran'quilize, -quillize, -llz, o. t. [-ized 
or -lized (-lizd), -izing or -lizing.] To render 
tranquil, allay when agitated, quiet, compose, still, 
soothe, appease, calm, pacify.— Tran'quiliz'er, -quil- 
liz'er, u. — Tranquillity, -h-tT, n. State or quality 
of being tranquil; a calm state; freedom from dis- 
turbance or agitation ; quietness. [F. tranquillity, 
L. trauquillitas.] — Tran'quilly, adv. — Tran'quil- 
ness, n. 

Trans-, tranz, inseparohle prefix, signifying across, 
over, beyond, through, completely, from one to an- 
other, complete change. [L., prefix and prep., prop, 
p. pr. of obs. trure, to cross, go beyond; s. rt. Skr. 
tri, to pass over, cross, fulfill.] 

Transact, trans-akt', v. t. To do, perform, manage. — 
V. i. To conduct matters; manage. [L. transigere, 
-actum, fr. trans and ugere, to lead, act.] — Transac- 
tion, n. The doing or performing of any business; 
management of any affair; that which is done; an 
affair ; proceeding ; action ; process. [F.; L. trans- 
actio.] — Transact'or, n. One who, etc. [L.] 

Transalpine, trans-alp'in, a. Lying or being beyond 
the Alps in regard to Rome, that is, on the X. or W. 
of the Alps, — opp. to Cisalpine. [F. transalpin, Jj. 
transalpine ; Alpinus, Alpine, of the Alps.] 

Transatlantic, trans-at-lan'tik, a. Lying or being be- 
yond the Atlantic; crossing the Atlantic. 

Transcend, Iran-send', v. t. To rise above, surmount; 
to pass over, go beyond, surpass, outgo, excel, ex- 
ceed. [L. transcendere ; scandere, to climb.] — Tran- 
scendence, -ency, -en-sY, n. State of being tran- 
scendent ; superior excellence ; supereminence. — 
Transcend'ent, a. Very excellent; superior or su- 
preme in excellence; surpassing others. (Kantian 
Philos.) Transcending or going beyond the bounds 
of human knowledge. — Transcend'ently, adv. — 
Transcend'entness, n. — Tran'scendent'al, a. Su- 
pereminent; surpassing others; abstrusely specula- 
tive; vague and illusive. (Kantian Philos.) Of, or 
pert, to, that which can be determined a priori, in 
regard to the fundamental principles of all human 
knowledge. — Transcendental quantity. (Math.) A 
quantity which cannot be represented by an alge- 
braic expression of a finite number of terms.— Tran'- 
scendent'alism, -izm, n. (Kantian Philos.) The 
transcending or going beyond empiricism, and as- 
certaining a priori the fundamental principles of 
human knowledge. [The word is also sometimes 
used for that which is vague and illusive in philoso- 
phy.]— Tran'scendent'alist, n. A believer in, etc. 
— Tran'scendenfally, adv. 

Transcribe, tran-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skrTbd''), 
-scribing.] To write over again, or in the same 
words; to copy. [L. transcribere, -scriptum ; scribere, 
to write.] — Transcriber, n. One who transcribes; 
a copyist. — Tran'seript, n. That which has been 
transcribed; a written copy; a copy of any kind; an 
imitation. — Transcription, n. Act of transcribing 
or copying. (Mus.) A kind of free translation of a 
vocal into a piano-forte or an orchestral work. 

Transelementation, trans-d'e-men-ta'shun, n. (Eccl.) 
Transubstantiation. [L. elementum, element.] 

Transept, tran'sept, n. (Arch.) Any part of a church 
that projects at right angles to tlie body (i. e., the 
high central portion of either nave or choir), and is 
of equal, or nearly equal, height to this; in a cruci- 
form church, one of the arms of the cross. [L. sep- 
tum, an inclosure, fr. sepire, to inclose, spepes, a hedge; 
s. rt. Gr. sekos, a pen, inclosure, sattein, to pack, fill 
full.] 

Transfer, trans-f^r', v. t. [-ferred (-ferd'), -fer- 
R1NQ.] To convey from one place or person to an- 
other; to pass or hand over; to make over the posses- 
sion or control of; to remove from one surface to an- 
other; to convey (a right or title); to sell, give, alien- 
ate, estrange, sequester. [L. transferre; ferre, to 
bear.] — TransTer, n. Act of transferring, or of be- 
ing transferred; conveyance of right, title, or prop- 
erty, either real or personal, from one person to an- 
other: that which is transferred. — Transfer'able, 
-fer'rible, n. Capable of being transferred or con- 
veyed from one rlace or person to another; negotia- 
ble, ps a note, bill of exchange, etc. — Transferee', 
w. The person to whom a transfer is made.— Trans / '- 
ference, -fer'rence, -fCr'rens, n. Act of transferring; 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f6t>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TRANSFIGURE 



GZ2- 



TRANSPARENT 



transfer. — Transferrer, n. One who makes a trans- 
fer. 

Transfigure, trans-fig'ur, v. t. [-ured (-tird), -uring.] 
To change the outward form or appearance of; to 
transform; esp., to change to something very eleva- 
ted and glorious. [F. transfigurer , L. transftgurare, 
-atum ; Jigurare, to shape, ir.figura, form, figure.] — 
Transfig / ura / 'tion, n. A change of form; esp., the 
supernatural change in the personal appearance of 
our Savior on the mount; a feast on August Gth, in 
commemoration of this miraculous change. [F.] 

Transfix, trans-fiks /r , v. t. [-fixed (-fiksf), -fixing.] 
To pierce through, as with a pointed weapon. [L. 
trasfigere, -fixum ; figere, to fix, fasten.] 

Transform, trans-form', v. t. [-formed (-f6rmd'), 
-forming.] To change the form of, metamorphose; 
to change into another substance, transmute. ( The- 
ol.) To change the disposition and temper of, from a 
state of enmity to God and his law into a disposition 
and temper conformed to the will of God. (Matli.) 
To change into another form without altering the 
value, or changing the area or volume. [F. trans- 
former, L. transformare, -matum ; formare, to form.] 
— Transformation, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; 
change of form or condition; metamorphosis; trans- 
mutation. [F.] — Transforming, p. a. Effecting, or 
able to effect, a change of form or state. 

Transfuse, trans-fuz', v. t. [-fused (-fuzd'), -fusing.] 
To pour (liquid) out of one vessel into another. 
{Med.) To transfer (blood) from the veins or arte- 
ries of one animal to those of another. To cause to 
pass from one to another. [L. transfundere, -fusum ; 
fundere, to pour, pour out.] — Transfus'ible, a. Ca- 
pable of bemg transiused. — Transfusion, -zhun, n. 
Act of transfusing, or pouring (liquid) out of one 
vessel into another. {Med.) Act of transferring the 
blood of one animal into the vascular system of an- 
other by means of a tube. 

Transgress, trans - gres', v. t. [-gressed (-gresf), 
-gressing.] To overpass (a rule prescribed as the 
limit of duty); to break or violate (a law, civil or 
moral). — v. i. To offend by violating a law; to sin. 
[L. transgredi, -gressus ; gradi, to pass, walk.] — 
Transgres'sion, -gresh'un, n. Act of transgressing; 
violation of a law or known principle of rectitude; 
fault; offense; crime; infringement; misdemeanor; 
misdeed ; affront. [F. ; L. transgressio.] — Trans- 
gress'ive, -iv,a. Disposed to transgress; faulty; cul- 
pable. — Transgress'or, n. One who, etc.; a sinner. 

Tranship. See Transship. 

Transient, tran'shent, a. Passing, as it were, over 
or across a space or scene viewed, and then disap- 
pearing; of short duration; not permanent or sta- 
tionary; hasty; momentary; imperfect; transitory; 
fleeting; evanescent. [L. transiens, p. pr. of transire, 
-itum, to go or pass over; ire, to go; s. rt. trance.'] — 
Tran'siently, adv. — Tran'sientness, n. — Tran'sit, 
n. Act of passing; passage through or over; act or 
process of causing to pass ; conveyance; a line of 
passage or conveyance through a country. (Astron.) 
The passage of a heavenly body over the meridian 
of a place, or through the field of a telescope; the 
passage of a smaller body across the disk of a 
larger; a transit-instrument. [L. transitu*, a pass- 
ing over, prop. p. p. of transire.] — Tran'sit-in'stru- 
ment, n. A kind of 
telescope, used in con- 
nection with a clock 
for observing the exact 
moment when a heav- 
enly body passes the 
meridian of the place 
of ob-ervation ; a kind 
of portable theodolite 
used by surveyors r.nd 
engineers for measur- 
ing longitudinal and 
vertical angles.— 
Transition, -sizh'un 
or -zish'un, n. Pas- 
sage from one place or 
smte to another; 
chnnge. (Mas.) A pass- 
ing directly from one 
key to another. (EJiet.) 
A passing from one 
subject to another. [L. 
tronsitio.] — Transi- 
tion al. -sizh'un- or 
-zish'un-. a. Containing, involving, or denoting tran- 
sition. — Tran'sitive, a. Effected by transference 




of signification. [L. transitivus.] — Transitive verb, 
(Gram.) A verb which is or may be followed by an 
object.— Transitively, adv.— Tran'sitory, -sl-to-rl, 
a. Continuing only for a short time ; speedily van- 
ishing or ceasing to be ; transient ; fleeting ; evanes- 
cent; shortlived. [F. transitoire, L. trayisitorins.] — 
Transitorily, adv. In a transitory manner; of short 
continuance. — TranSitoriness, n. 

Transilience, tran-sil'T-ens, -iency, -I-en-sT, n. A leap 
across or from thing to thing. [L. transiliens, p. pr. 
of transilire, tojeap across or over; salire, to leap.] 

Translate, trans-laf, v. t. To remove from one place 
to another; to cause to remove from one part of the 
body to another; to change to another condition, 
position, office, or form; to transform; to remove as 
by death ; to render into another language, inter- 
pret, explain, or recapitulate in other words. [L. 
transferre, -latum; s. rt. tolerate, q. v.] — Transi- 
tion, n. Act of translating, removing, or transfer- 
ring; removal; state of being translated or removed; 
act of rendering into another language; interpreta- 
tion; that which is translated; a version. (Mech.) 
Motion in which all the points of the moving body 
have the same velocity or move in parallel straight 
lines. fF.; L. translation — Translator, n. 

Transliterate, trans -lifer -at, v. t. To express by 
means of different, and usually simpler, alphabetic 
characters; to express a word, etc., of one language 
in the alphabetical characters of another language. 
[L. litera, a letter, literate, literallv.] 

Translocation, trans-lo-kaShun, n. Removal of things 
reciprocally to each other's places; substitution; in- 
terchange of place. [L. locatio, a placing.] 

Translucent, trans-luSent, a. Transmitting rays of 
light without permitting objects to be distinctly 
seen ; pellucid ; clear. [L. transhicens, p. pr. of 
transluccre, to shine through; lucere, to shine.] — 
Translu'cence, -sens, Translucency, -sen-sT, n. State 
of being translucent ; clearness ; partial transpar- 
ency. 

Transmarine, trans / ma-ren r , a. Lying or being be- 
yond the sea. [L. transmarinvs ; marinus, marine, 
i'r. mare, the sea.] 

Transmigrate, trans'mY-grat, v. i. To pass from one 
country or jurisdiction to another for the purpose 
of residence; to migrate; to pass from one oody or 
state into another. [L. transmigrate, -gratum; mi- 
grare, to migrate.] — Trans'migra'tion, n. Act of 
transmigrating ; esp., the passing of the soul into 
another body after death, esp. a body of one of the 
lower animals; metempsychosis. — Trans 'migra'tor, 
n. One who transmigrates. — Transmigrant, a. Mi- 
grating or passing from one place or state to another. 

Transmit, trans-mif, v. t. To cause to pass over or 
through; to send from one person or place to an- 
other; to suffer to pass through. [L. transmittere, 
•missum; rnittere, to send.] — Transmitter, n.— 
Transmit'tible, -misSible, a. Capable of being 
transmitted or passed from one to another; capable 
of being passed through any substance. [F. trans- 
missible.]— Transmission, -mish'un, n. Act of , or 
state of being, etc. (Law.) The right possessed by 
an heir or legatee of transmitting to his successor or 
successors any inheritance, legacy, right, or priv- 
ilege, to which he is entitled.— -TransmiBSive, -siv, 
a. Capable of being transmitted. 

Transmute, trans-mut', v. t. To change from one na- 
ture, form, or substance, into another; to transform. 
[L. tramntutare; mutare, to change.] — ^ransmut'- 
er, n. — TransmutSble, a. Capable of being trans- 
muted or changed into a different substance. — 
TransmutSbly, adv. — Transmuta'tion, n. Act of, 
or state of being, etc. (Gcom.) Change or reduc- 
tion of one figure or body into another of the same 
area or solidity, but of a different form. 

Transom, tranSum, n. (Arch.) A horizontal bar 
across a mullioned window ; see Mullion ; a lintel 
separating a door from a fan- 
light or transom window above 
it. (yaut.) A beam or timber 
across the stern-post of a ship.' 
(Gun.) The piece of wood or 
iron connecting the cheeks oi 
some gun-carriages. [Prob. cor- 
rupt, of L. transtrum, a tran- 
som, that which is across, fr. 
trans.] — Transom window. 
(Arch.) A window divided into 2 parts by a tran- 
som; a window above the transom of a door. 

Transparent, trans-parSnt, a. Having the property 
of transmitting rays of light, so that bodies can be 




a,a, a, Traiisoms. 



am. fame, far, p&6S or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term j In, Ice » Odd, tone. 6r ; 



TRANSPICUOUS 



625 



TRASH 



distinctly seen through; pellucid; clear; bright; lim- 
pid; lucid; diaphanous. [F., fr. L. trans and parere, 
to appear.] — Transparently, ad>\ — Transpar'ent- 
neas. h. —Transparency, -eu-si, n. Quality or con- 
dition of bein.' transparent; that which is transpar- 
ent; esp., a picture on thin cloth, glass, porcelain, 
etc., to be viewed by natural or "artificial light, 
which shines through it. 

Transpicuous, tran-spik'u-us, a. Transparent ; per- 
vious to the Bight. [L. tratupicere, to see or look 
through; specere, spicere, to look, see.] 

Transpierce, trans - pers', v. t. [-piesced (-persf), 
-piercing.] To pierce through, penetrate, per- 
meate. [F. transi ercer.] 

Transpire. trans-pir', v. t. [-pired (-plrd'), -piking.] 
To emit through the excretones of the skin; to send 
off in vapor. — v. i. To pass off in insensible per- 
spiration; to escape from secrecy, become public; 
to happen or come to pass. [L. spirare, to breathe.] 

— Transpiration. ». Cutaneous exhalation. [F.] 
Transplace, trans-plas', v. t. To remove, put in a 

new place. 

Transplant, trans-plant', v. t. To remove and plant 
in another place; to remove and settle or establish 
for residence in another place. — Transplanta'tion, 
n. State of being transplanted. — Transplanter, n. 

Transport, trans-port'', c. t. To carry or convey from 
one place to another; to remove; to carry into ban- 
ishment, as a criminal; to carry away with vehe- 
ment emotion; to ravish with pleasure or ecstasy. 
[F. transporter, L. transportare ; ,,orture, to carry.] 

— Trans'port, a. Transportation; carriage; convey- 
ance: a vessel employed for transporting, esp. for 
carrying soldiers, warlike stores, etc., from one 
place to another, or to convey convicts to the place 
of their destination ; vehement emotion ; passion; 
ecstasy; rapture: a convict transported of sentenced 
to exde. — Transport'able. a. Capable of being 
transported. — Transportation, n. Act of trans- 
porting from one place to another; removal; con- 
veyance; state of being transported. — Transport' - 
edly, adv. In a transported manner: as if trans- 
ported. — Transporter, n. — Transporting, p. a. 
Carrying away with vehement emotion; passionate; 
ecstatic. 

Transpose, trans-poz r , v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -pos- 
ing.] To change the place or order of; to substitute 
one for the other of. (Alg.) To bring (any term of 
an equation) from one side over to the other, without 
destroying the equation. (Mus.) To change the key 
of. [F. transpose:- : see Pose, an attitude.] — Trans- 
pos'al, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Transposition. trans-po-zisii r un, p. "Act of transpos- 
ing, or state of being transposed; esp., (Alg.) the 
bringing of any terrn'of an equation from one side 
over to the other, without destroying the equation ; 
(3lus.) a change in the composition, bv which the 
whole is removed into another key. [F. : see Posi- 
tion; not fr. transpose.] — Transposi'tional, -zish'- 
un-al, a. Of, pert, to, or involving, transposition. 

Transship, trans-ship'", v. t. To transfer from one 
ship or other conveyance to another. — Transship' 1 '- 
ment, n. Act of transshipping, or transferring 
(goods) from one ship or conveyance to another. 

Transubstantiate, tran-sub-stan'shi-at, v. t. (Rom. 
Cath. Theol.) To change (the sacramental bread 
and wine) into the flesh and blood of Christ. [LL. 
transubstantiare, -at urn, fr. L. trans and substantia, 
substance.] — Tran'substan'tia'tion, n. A change 
into another substance. (Rom. Cath. Theol.) The 
doctrine that the bread and wine in the eucharist is 
converted into the body and blood of Christ. [F.] 

Transude, tran-sud'', v. i. To pass through the pores 
or interstices of a membrane or other substance, as 
perspiration or other fluid. [L. trans and sudare, to 
sweat.] — Transuda / 'tion, n. The act or process of 
transuding. ( Chem.) Same as EXOSMOSE, q. v. 

Transvectioh. trans-vek'shun, n. Act of conveying 
or carrying over. [L. transvectio, fr. transvehere, to 
carry across; vehere, to carry.] 

Transverse, trans-vers', a, living or beingacross, or 
in a crosswise direction. — n. (Geom.) The longer 
axis of an ellipse. [L. transversa, p. p. of transver- 
tere, -versum, to turn or direct across ; rertere, to 
turn.] — Transversely, adv. — Transversal, a. 
Running or lying across. — n. (Geom.) A straight 
or curved line which intersects any system of other 
lines. — Traverse, -ers. a. Lying across; being in a 
direction across something else. — n. Anything that 
traverses or crosses; something that thwarts, crosses, 
Or obstructs; a barrier, movable screen, or curtain. 



(Arch./ A gallery or loft of comm. in -.cation in a 
1 church or other large building. (Fort.) A work 
thrown up to intercept an enfilade, or reverse fire, 
' along any line of work or passage exposed to such 
i a fire. (Law.) A formal denial of some matter of 
fact alleged by the opposite party in any stage of 
the pleadings. (Xaut.) The series of zigzag courses 
made by a ship in passing from one place to another. 
(Geom.) A line lying across a figure or other lii.es. 
(Gun.) The turning a gun so as to make it point in 
any dosired direction.— v. t. (traversed (-erst), 
-eesino.] To lay in a crow direction; to cross; to 
thwart, obstruct; to wander over,cross in traveling; 
to pass over and view. (Gun.) To turn to the one 
side or the other, in order to point in any direction. 
(Carp.) To plane in a direction across the grain of 
the wood. (Law Pleadings.) To deny formally 
(what the opposite party has alleged). — v. i. To 
use the posture or motions of opposition or counter- 
action, as in fencing ; to turn, as on a pivot : to 
swivel. [F. trovers, fern, traverse, crosswise, athwart, 
traverser, to thwart, cross, fr. L. transvertere.] — 
Traverse jury. (Law.) A jury that tries cases; a 
petit jury. — To t. a yard. (Xaut.) To brace it aft. 
— Traverser, n. One who, or that which, traverses 
or moves, as an index on a scale. (Law.) One who 
traverses or denies. (Railroads.) A platform for 
shifting cars, etc., from one track to another. — 
Traverse sail'ing. (Xaut.) The method of find- 
ing the resulting course ana distance from a series 
of zigzag or traverse courses and distances actually 
passed over by a ship. 
Trap, trap. n. A contrivance that shuts suddenly or 
with a spring, used for taking game; an ambush; 
stratagem: a wooden instrument shaped somewhat 
like a shoe, used in the game of trap ball; a bent pipe 
or other contrivance, near the upper end of a drain- 
pipe, arranged to allow the passage of water, while 
Ereventing the escape of offensive effluvia : see 
TENCH-TRAP.— V. t. [TRAPPED (trapt), TRAPPING.] 

To catch in a trap : to insnare, take by stratagem. 



pan', v. t. [-panned (-pand') 
-panning.] To insnare, catch by 




[AS. treppe, F. and OD. trappe, OHG. trapo, LL. , 

It. trappa, a trap, lit. that on which an animal trips; 

s. rt. tramp, trip, Sw. trappa, D. trap, a stair.] — 

Trap'-door, n. A door, as in a floor or roof, which 

shuts close, like a valve. — Trap-door spider. A 

spider which forms a habitation 

in the ground consisting of a 

cylindrical tube closed at the top —* 

by a circular door joined by 

hinge to the tube.— Trapan', tr tt - > - ^s^^^ki i 

itratagem. — n. A snare; strat- fc 
agem. [OF. trappan, a snare for fc—^ 
animals, fr. trappe.] — Trapan'- 
ner, n. 

Trap, trap, v. t. To adorn. [OF. U- 
trap, F. drop. Sp. and Pg. trapo, 
LL. trapus, cloth.]— Traps, n. pi. Nest of Trap- 
Small or portable articles for door Spider, 
dress, furniture, or use; goods; 
furniture; luggage.— Trap'pings. n. pi. That which 
serves to trap or adorn; ornaments; external decora- 
tions; esp., ornaments put on horses. 

Trap, trap, n. (Min.) A heavy, igneous rock, as ba- 
salt, less ancient than the granites and older than 
the recent volcanic rocks. [Sw. trapp, fr. trappa, 
Dan. trappe, G. treppje, stairs, because the rocks of 
this class often occur in large tabular masses, rising 
above one another, like steps : see Trap, for taking 
game.]— Trap'pean, -pe-an, a. Pert, to, or of the 
nature of, etc. 

Trapan. See under Trap, for taking game. 

Trapezium, tra-pe'zT-um, n. ; E. pi. 
-ziums : L. pi. -zia, -zT-a. (Geom.) 
A plane figure contained under 4 
right lines, of which no 2 are parallel. 
[L.; Gr. trapezinn. dim. of trapeza, a 
table, for tetrapeza, a 4-footed table.] Trapezium 
— Trapeze', -pez', n. A trapezium ; 
a rod, or frame of rods, suspended by cords, used in 
performing gymnastic exercises. [F~] — Trapezoid, 
-e-zoid, n. ( Geom.) A plane, 4-sided 
figure, having 2 of the opposite sides 
parallel to each other. [Gr. eidos, 
form.] 

Trappings. See under Trap, to adorn, trapezoid. 

Trash, trash, n. That which is worthless; stuff which 
is good for nothing: esp., loppings of trees, bruised 
canes, etc. [Ic. trots, rubbish, leaves and twigs for 



ZZA 



s-::n, cube, full ; moon, fo"ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TRASS 



624 



TREMBLE 



fuel; s. rt. Sw. krasa, Dan. krase — E. to crash.'] — 
Trash^y, -1, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Like trash ; waste; 
rejected; worthless; useless. 

Trass, tras, n. (Min.) A volcanic earth resembling 
puzzolana, used as a cement; or a coarse sort of 
mortar, durable in water, and used to line cisterns, 
etc. [G. trass, tarrass, fr. L. terra, earth.] 

Traumatic, traw-mafik, a. {Med.) Pert., or applied 
to, wounds; adapted to the cure of wounds; vul- 
nerary ; produced by wounds. — n. A medicine 
useful in the cure of wounds. [F. traumatique, Gr. 
traumatikos, fr. trauma, -matos, a wound.] 

Travail, trav'il, v. i. [-ailed (-ild), -ailing.] To 
labor with pain, toil; to suffer the pangs of child- 
birth. — n. Labor with pain; severe toil; parturi- 
tion. [F.; It. travaglio, Sp. trabajo, toil, labor, orig. 
an obstacle, impediment, Olt. travaglio, a pen for cat- 
tle, Sp. trabar, to join, fetter, fr. L. trabs, trabes (= 
OF. traf, Pg. and Olt. trave), a beam, piece of tim- 
ber; s. rt. Gr. trapex, a beam to turn anything with, 
trephein, to turn, E. torture.] — Trav'el, v. i. [-eled 
(-eld), -eling.] Togo or march on foot; to walk; 
to pass by riding, or in any manner, to a distant 
place ; to journey ; to pass, go, move. — v. t. To 
journey over, pass. — n. Act of traveling from 
place to plate; a journey, pi. An account, by one 
who travels, of occurrences and observations made 
during a journey. [Same as travail.] — Trav'eled, 
-eld, p. a. Gained or made by travel; having gained 
knowledge or experience by traveling; knowing. — 
Trav'eler, n. One who, or that which, travels; a com- 
mercial agent who travels for the purpose of receiv- 
ing orders for merchants, making collections, etc. 
(Naut.) An iron ring sliding on a rope or spar. 

Traverse, etc. See under Transverse. 

Travertine, trav'Sr-tin, n. (Min.) A white concre- 
tionary limestone, deposited from water, holding 
lime in solution. [F. travertin, L. lapis Tiburtinus, 
from Tibur, a town of Latium, now Tivoli.l 

Travesty, trav'es-tT, n. A burlesque translation or 
imitation of a work; a parody. — v. t. [travestied 
(-tid), -tying.] To translate or parody so as to ren- 
der ridiculous or ludicrous. [I. travesti, p. p. of 
travestir, to change one's clothes, fr. tra- (= L. 
trans) and vestir, L. vestire, to clothe, vestis, cloth- 
ing: 6ee Vest.] 

Trawl, trawl, n. A trawl-net; a long line, sometimes 
extending a mile or more, having short lines with 
baited hooks attached to it, used for catching cer- 
tain fish. — v. i. To take fish with a trawl. [OF. 
trauler, to go hither and thither, F. trdler, to drag 
about; not s. rt. trail.] — Trawl'er, n. One who- or 
that which, trawls. — Trawl'-net, n. A kino of 
purse-shaped drag-net for catcrung fish that K ve uear 
the bottom of the water. 

Tray, tra, n. A small trough or wooden vessel, for va- 
rious domestic uses; a waiter or salver. [AS. treg, a 
tray, trig, troth = E. trough.] 

Treachery, trech'gr-Y, n. Violation of allegiance, or 
of faith and confidence; treasonable or perfidious 
conduct. [F. tricherie, a cheating, trickery, tricher, 
to cheat, trick, MHG. trechen, to push, draw, pull, 
entice, D. trekken, to draw, pull, trek, a draught, 
also a trick; s. rt, track, trickJ)— Treach'erous, -5r- 
us, a. Like a traitor; involving treachery; traitor- 
ous to the state or sovereign; betraying a trust; 
faithless; perfidious; false; insidious; plot^ng. — 
Treacherously, adv. — Treacb/erousness, n. 

Treacle, tre'kl, n. A medicinal compound formerly 
used as a preventive of, or cure fcr, the effects of 
poison or the bites of venomous animals; a viscid, 
uncrystallizable sirup, which drains from the sugar- 
refiner's molds: the word is used in Eng. for molas- 
ses. [ME. and F. triacle, fr. L. theriaca, an antidote 
against the bite of snakes or against poison, fr. Gr. 
therion, a wild or poisonous animal, dim. of ther, 
wild beast; s. rt. deer.] 

Tread, tred, v. i. [imp. trod; p. p. trod, trodden; 
treading.] To set the foot; to walk or go; to cop- 
ulate, as birds, —v. t. To step or walk on; to beat 
or press with the feet; to crush under the foot; to 
trample; to copulate with, feather, cover, — said of 
the male bird. — n. A step or stepping; act of copu- 
lation in birds; manner of stepping; gait. (Arch.) 



Horizontal part of a step, on which the foot is 

§ laced. (Fort.) Top of the banquet on which sol- 
iers stand to fire. (Mach.) The part of a wheel, 




Tread-null. 



that bears upon the road or rail; the part of a rail 
upon which car-wheels bear. [ME. and D. treden, 
AS. tredan; s. rt. tramp, Gr. tranai, dramein, Skr. 
dram, to run: see Dromedary.]— To tread on or 



upon. To follow closely. — To t. upon the heels of. 
To follow close upon. — Tread'er, n. — Tread'le, -1, 
n. The part of a loom, or other machine, which is 
moved by the f oot. — Tread'-mill, n. A mill worked 
by persons tread- 
ing on steps upon 
the periphery of a 
wide horizontal 
wheel : it is used 
chiefly as a means 
of prison disci- 
pline. 

Treason, etc. Sec 
under Traitor. 

Treasure, trezVer, n. 
Wealth accumula- 
ted; esp., a stock 
or store of money 
in reserve; a great quantity of anything collected 
for future use; that which is very much valued.— 
v. t. [treasured (-erd), -uring.] To collect and 
lay up (money or other things) for future use; to 
hoard. [ME. and OF. tresor, it. and Sp. texoro, L. 
thesaurus, Gr. thesauros, a treasure, store, hoard, fr. 
rt. of tithemi, I place, lay up: see Theme.] — Treas'- 
urer, n. One who has the care of a treasure or treas- 
ury ; one who has charge of collected funds. — 
Treas'ure-trove, -trov, n. Any money, bullion, etc., 
found hidden, the owner of which is not known. 
[OF. trove 1 , trouve", p. p. of trover, to find.] — Treas ,r - 
ury, -er-Y, n. A place or building in which stores of 
wealth are reposited; esp., a place where public rev- 
enues are deposited and kept; the place of deposit 
and disbursement of any collected funds; that de- 

Eartment of a government which has charge of the 
nances; a repository of abundance. 

Treat, tret, v. t. To behave to, conduct one's self to- 
ward; to manage; to use; to handle in a particular 
manner, in writing or speaking ; to entertain with 
food or drink, esp. the latter, as a compliment or ex- 
pression of regard; to manage in the application of 
remedies; to subject to the action of. — v. i. To dis- 
course ; to handle a subject in writing or speaking ; 
to negotiate, come to terms of accommodation ; to 
give an entertainment of food or drink, esp. the lat- 
ter. — n. An entertainment given as an expression 
of regard; something given for entertainment; some- 
thing which affords much pleasure. [F. traiter, to 
treat, L. tractare, to handle: see Trace.] — Treaf- 
er, n. — Treatise, -tis, n. A written composition on 
a particular subject, in which the principles of it are 
discussed or explained. [ME. and OF. tretis. 1 — 
Treat'ment, n. Manner in which a subject is treat- 
ed; manner of mixing or combining, of decompos- 
ing, etc.; manner of using; behavior toward a per- 
son; usage; manner of applying remedies to cure; 
remedial course pursued. — Trea'ty, -tt, n. Act of 
treating for the adjustment of differences; negotia- 
tion ; a formal agreement, league, or contract be* 
tween 2 or more independent nations or sovereigns. 
[F. trait e, prop. p. p. of traiter.] 

Treble, etc. See under Triad. 

Tree, tre, n. (Bot.) A plant which is woody, branched, 
and perennial, like a shrub, but of larger size, gen- 
erally exceeding 10 feet in height, and of a single 
stock instead of a cluster. Something constructed 
in the form of, or considered as resembling, a tree; a 
piece of timber, or something usually made of tim- 
ber, — used in composition ; across. — v. t. [treed 
(tred), treeing.] To drive to a tree, cause to ascend 
a tree, place upon a tree, fit with a tree, stretch upon 
a tree. [ME. and Ic. tre, AS. treo, Sw. trad, Goth. 
triu, a tree, Sw. tra, timber, W. derw, Ir. darag, Gr. 
drus, an oak, Skr. dru, wood ; s. rt. rhododendron, 
dryad.]— Tree of a saddle. The frame of it.— Tree'- 
frog, -toad, n. A frog having the extremities of its- 
toes expanded into rounded, viscous surfaces, by 
means of which it climbs trees. — Tree'nail, com- 
monly pron. trun'nel, n. (Naut.) A long wooden 
pin, used in fastening the planks of a ship to the 
timbers. 

Trefoil. See under Triad. 

Trellis, treKlis, n. A frame of cross-barred work or 
lattice-work, used for various purposes. [F. treillis, fr. 
treille, L. trichila, a bower, arbor, sunimer-house.] — 
Trel'lised, -list, a. Having a trellis or trellises.— Treil- 
lage, treKlej,n. (Hort.) A sort of rail-work, for sup- 
porting espaliers, and sometimes for wall-trees. [F.] 

Tremble, trem r bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To shake 
involuntarily, as with fear, cold, or weakness ; to 
quake, quiver, shiver, shudder; to totter, shake, — 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, term : In, ice ; 5dd, tone, or ; 



TREMOLITE 



625 



TRIAD 



said of a thing; to quaver, shake, as sound. — n. An 
involuntary shaking or quivering. [F. trembler, LL. 
tremidare, L. tremare, Lithuan. tnmti Gr. tremein, 
to tremble.] — Tremtler. n. — Tremen'dous, -men'- 
dus, a. Fitted to excite tear or terror; such as may 
astonish or terrify by its magnitude, force, or vio- 
lence; terrible; dreadful; horrible; awful. [L. tre- 
mendus, that is, to be trembled at, fearful, fr. tre- 
mere.~\ — Tremen'dously, adv. — Tremen'dousness, 
n. —Tremor, tre'mgr or trem'er, n. An involuntary 
trembling ; a shivering or shaking ; a quivering or 
vibratory motion. [L.] — Trem'ulouB, -u-lus, a. 
Shaking ; shivering ; quivering. [L. tremulus.] — 
Trem'ulously, adv. — Trem'ulousness, n. 

Tremolite, trem'o-lit, n. (Min.) A white variety of 
hornblende. [Fr. Tremola, a valley in the Alps, 
where it was discovered.] 

Trench, trench, v. t. [trenched (trencht), trench- 
ing.] To cut or dig (a ditch, channel forwater, or 
a long hollow in the earth). — v. i. To encroach. — 
n. Along, narrow cut in the earth; a ditch. (Fort.) 
An excavation made during a sie<re, for the purpose 
of covering the troops as they advance toward the 
besieged place. [F. trenchee, a trench, lit. thing cut, 
p. p. of trencher, tranche); to cut, carve, hew.] — 
Trench'-plow, -plough, n. A plow for opening land 
to a greater depth than that of common furrows. — 
v. t. To plow with deep furrows, for the purpose of 
loosening the land to a greater depth than usual. — 
Trench'ant, a. Fitted to trench or cut ; cutting ; 
i-harp; unsparing; severe. [F., p. pr. of trencher.] — 
Trench'er, n. One who trenches, or digs ditches; a 
large wooden plate or platter; the table; pleasures of 
the table; food.— [F. trencheoir, a platter.]— Trench'- 
er-man, n. A feeder; great eater; gormandizer. 

Trend, trend, v. i. To have a particular direction ; to 
run, tend. — n. Inclination in a particular direc- 
tion; tendency; direction. [ME. trenden, to roll or 
turn about ; s. rt. AS. trendel, a circle, ring, Dan., 
Sw., and OFries. trind, round, £. trundle.] — Tren'- 
dle, -dl, n. A little wheel; hoop of a wheel; trundle. 

Trental. See under Triad. 

Trepan, tre-pan', n. (Surg.) A cylindrical saw for 
perforating the skull, turned, when used, like a 
gimlet, — v.t. [trepanned (-pand'), -pan'ning.] 
To perforate the skull with a trepan, and take out 
a piece. [F.; LL. trepanurn, fr. Gr. trupanon, a car- 
penter's auger, borer, also a surgical instrument, fr. 
trypan, to bore, trupa, a hole, trepein, to turn, bore: 
s. rt. torture.] — Trephine, -fin' or -fen', n. (Surg.) 
An instrument for trepanning, more modern than 
the trepan. — v. t. [trephined (-fend'), -phining.] 
To perforate with a trephine ; to trepan. 

Trepan, tre-pan', v. t. To insnare, trap, trapan. — n. 
A snare ; trapan. [See Trapan, under Trap, for 
taking game.] — Trepan'ner, n. 

Trepidation, trep-T-da'shun, n. An involuntary trem- 
bling, sometimes an effect of paralysis, but usually 
caused by terror or fear ; a state of terror ; tremor ; 
agitation: emotion; fear. [F. ; L. trepidatio, fr. trepi- 
riare. to tremble, fr. trepidus, trembling, agitated, 
OL. irepere, Gr. trepein, to turn ; s. rt. L. torquere = 
E. to torture, also E. intrepid.] 

Trespass, tres'pas, r. i. [-passed (-past), -passing.] 
To pass unlawfully over the boundary line of an- 
other's land ; to go" too far, intrude ; to commit any 
offense, or to do any act that injures or annoys an- 
other; to violate any known rule of duty. — n. Any 
injury or offense done to another ; any voluntary 
transgression of the moral law ; any violation of a 
known rule of duty. (Law.) An unlawful act com- 
mitted with force and violence on the person, prop- 
erty, or relative rights of another ; an action for 
injuries accompanied with force. [OF. trespas, a 
crime, lit. a step beyond or across, f r. L. trans, across, 
over, and passus, step.] — Tresspasser, n. One who 
commits a trespass; a transgressor of the moral law ; 
a sinner. 

Tress. See under Triad. 

Trestle, tres'l, n. A movable frame or support for 

' anything, consisting of legs secured to a top-piece, 
and forming a sort of stool or horse ; a kind of frame- 
work of strong posts or piles, and cross-beams, for 
supporting a bridge, etc.; the frame of a table. [OF. 
trestel, a trestle, traste, a cross beam, Olt. trasto, a 
bench of a galley, transom, beam of a house, L. 
transtUlum, a little cross beamAiim. fr. transtrum = 
E. transom, q. v.] — Trestle-board. A board used by 
draughtsmen, etc.. for drawing designs upon, so 
called because formerly supported by trestles. 

fret, tret, n. {Com.) An allowance to purchasers for 



waste or refuse matter, of 4 pounds on every 104 
pounds of weight, after tare is deducted. [Norm. F. 
trett, F. traite, draught, L. tracta, fern, of p. p. of 
trahere, to draw: see Trace.] 

Trevet, Trey. See under Triad. 

Triable. See under Try. 

Triad, tri'ad, n. A union of 3; 3 objects united; a trini- 
ty. (Mus.) The common chord, consisting of atone 
with its 3d and 5th. (Chem.) An atom, the equiva- 
lence of which is 3, or which can combine with or be 
exchanged for 3 hydrogen atoms. fL. trias,-aitis, Gr. 
trios, -ados, a triad, fr. F., L., and Gr. prefix tri-, 3 
times, L. and Gr. tres = E. three, q. v.] — Triad of 
the Welsh bards. Poetical histories, in which 3 facts 
or circumstances are mentioned together. — Treb'le, 
treb'l, a. Threefold; triple. (JIus.) Acute; sharp; 
playing or sineing the highest part or most acute 
sounds. — n. (Jlu.<.) Highest of the 4 principal parts 
in music; the part usually sung by women; soprano. 
[This is sometimes called the first treble, to distin- 
guish it irom the second treble, or alto, which is sung 
by lower female voices.]— v. t. [trebled (-Id). -ling.J 
To make thrice as much; to make threefold. — v. i. 
To become threefold. [OF.; same as triple.] — Treb'- 
ly, adv. With a threefold number or quantity. — 
Trip'le, trip'l, a. Consisting of 3 united: multiplied 
by 3; 3 times repeated; treble. — ?;, t. [tripled (-Id), 
-ling.] To make thrice as much or as many ; to 
treble. [F.; L. triplus, fr. tri- and rt. of plenus, full; 
cf. Double.] — Trip'let, n. Three of a kind, or 3 
united. (Poet.) Three verses rhyming together. 
(Hits.) Three tones or notes sung or played In the 
time of 2.— Trip'licate, -lt-kat, a. Made thrice as 
much; threefold; tripled, — n. A 3d paper or thing 
corresponding to 2 others of the same kind. [L. trip- 
licate, p. p. of triplicare, to treble, fr- tri- and pli- 
care, to fold, weave: see Ply.] — Triplica'tion, n. 
The act of tripling or making threefold ; state of being 
tripled. — Trfplic'ity. -plis'T-ti, n. State or quality 
of being triple, or threefold; trebleness. —Tress, n. 
A braid, knot, or curl of hair; a ringlet. [ME. and 
F. tresse, It. treccia, a tress, orig. a braid, F. tresser, 
to plait, weave, fr. LL. tricia, trica, a plait, fr. Gr. 
tricha, in 3 parts, — the hair being usually plaited in 
3 folds.] — Trey, tra, n. A 3 at cards ; a card of 3 
spots. [OF. trei, treis] — Tri'o, tri'- or tre'o, n. 
Three persons in company or acting together. (Mus.) 
A composition for 3 parts. 
[It., fr. L. tres.] - Tre'- 
foil, n. (Bot.) A plant of 
many species, of the ge- 
nus Trtfolium, which in- 
cludes the white clover, 
red clover, etc. (Arch.) 
An ornament of 3 cusps 
leaved clover. [OF. trifoil, L. trifolium 
plant: see Foil.] —Tri 'angle, 
-an-gl, n. (Geom.) A figure 
bounded by 3 lines, and con- 
taining 3 angles. [A triangle 
is plane, spherical, or curvilin- 
ear, according as its sides are 
straight lines, cr arcs of great 
circles of a sphere, or any 
curved lines whatever. A 
plane triangle is designated as 
scalene, isosceles, or equilateral, 
according as it has no 2 sides 
equal, 2 sides equal, or all sides Triangles 

equal: and also as right-angled, , 
or oblique-angled, according as ' 
it has 1 right angle, or none; 
and an oblique-angled triangle 
is either acute-angled or obtuse- 
angled, according as all the an- 
gles are acute, or 1 of them ob- 
tuse. The terms scalene, isos- 
celes, equilateral, right-angled, acute-angled, and ob- 
tuse-angled, are applied to spherical in the same sense 
as to plane triangles.] ( JIus.) A bar of steel bent into 
the form of a triangle, and struck with a small rod. 
[F.: L. triangulum; angulus, corner, angle, q. v.] — 
Tri'angled, -gld, a. Having 3 angles; triangular. — 
Trian'gular, a. Having 3 angles. (Bot.) Flat or 
lamellar, and having 3 sides; oblong, and having 3 
lateral faces. — Trian'gulate, v. t. To survey by 
means of a series of triangles properlv laid down and 
measured; to make triangular. — Trian'gula'tion, n. 
(Survey.) The series of triangles with which the 
face of a country is covered in a trigonometrical sur- 
vey; the operation of measuring the elements neces- 



circle. resembling 3- 
3-leaved 




isosceles triangle ; 
3, Tight - angled trian- 
gle ; 4, obtuse-angled 
triangle ; 5, scalene tri- 
angle. 1, 2, and 5, are 
also acute-angled tri- 
angles. 



Sim, cube, full ; moon, fotrt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bo>*boN, chair, get. 



TRIARCHY 



62 o- 



TRIWEEKLY 



sary to determine the triangles into which the coun- 
try to be surveyed is supposed to be divided. — Tri- 
archy, -iirk-T, n. Government by 3 persons. [Gr. 
irlarchia; arche, government, archein, to rule"] — 
Triba'sic, a. (Chem.) Containing 3 portions of base 
to lor acid, — said of oxysalts. — Tri'brach, -brak, n. 
(Pros.) A poetic foot of 3 short syllables. [Gr. tri- 
brachus ; brachus = L. brevis, short = E. brief.] — 
Tri'ceps, -seps, n. (Anat.) A muscle having 3 heads, 
esp. the great extensor muscle of the forearm, aris- j 
ing by 3 heads, 2 from the humerus and 1 from | 
the scapula, and having its tendon inserted into the j 
olecranon process. [L., having 3 heads ; caput, a 
head.] — Tri'chord, -kord, n. (31us.) An instrument j 
having 3 strings. [Gr. trichordon; chorde, chord, I 
stringT] — Tricolor, -kul-er, n. The national French 
banner, of 3 colors, blue, white, and red, adopted at 
the first revolution; any 3-colored flag. [F. tricolore ; 
L. color = E. color.] — "Tricor'poral. -porate, -kSr'- 
po-rat, a. Having 3 bodies. [L. tricorpor ; cor/jus, 
corporis, body.] — Tricus'pid, a. Having 3 cusps or 
points. [L. tricus/n's, -/lidis ; cuspis, a point.] — Tri- 
dac'tyl, -tylous, -til-us, a. Having 3 toes. [Gr. dak- 
tulos, a finger, toe.] — Tri'deat, n. (Anc. 
Jli/th.) A kind of scepter or spear with 3 
prongs, the common attribute of Neptune. 
A3-pronged fish-spear. — a. Having 3 teeth 
or prongs. [lj.tridens,tridentis; dens, tooth.] 

— Trident/ ate, -ated, a. Having 3 teeth or 
prongs; trident. — Trien'nial, -nl-al, a. Con- 
tinuing 3 years; happening or appearing once 
in 3 years. [L. triennium, the space of 3 years; 
annus, a year.] — Trien'mally, adv. Once in 
3 years. — Tri' fallow, -fal-lo, v. t. [-lowed Trident, 
(-lod), -lowing.] To plow the 3d time before 
sowing, as land or a field. — Tri'fid, a. (Bot.) Di- 
vided naif way into 3 parts; 3-cleft. [L. trifidus; fin- 
dere,fidi, to split.] — Triflo'ral, -rous, -rus, a. (Bot.) 
Bearing 3 flowers. [L. flos, Jioris, flower.] — Trifo r - 
liate, -lt-at, -ated, a. (Bot.) Having 3 leaves, as clo- 
ver, [h. folium, leaf.] — Tri'form, a. Having a triple 
form or shape. [L. triformis; forma, form.] — Trig'- 
amy, -a-mt, n. State of being married 3 times, or 
state of having 3 husbands or wives at the same time. 
[Gr. gamos, marriage.] — Tri'- 
glyph, -glif, n. (Arcn.) An 
ornament in the frieze of the 
Doric order, repeated at equal 
intervals. [Gr. trigluphos, lit. 
thrice- cloven ; gluphein, to 
carve.] — Triglyph'ic, -ical, a. 
Consisting of, or pert, to, tri- 
glyphs. — TrKgon, n. A triangle. (Asirol.) Trine, 
an aspect of 2 planets distant 120° from each other. 
[Gr. trigonon ; gonia, a corner, angle; prop. neut. of 
trigones, 3-cornered; gonia, an angle.] — Trig'onal, 
a. Having 3 angles or corners ; triangular. (Bot.) 
Having 3 prominent longitudinal angles. — Trig'o- 
nom'etry, -e-trT, n. That branch of mathematics 
which treats of the relations of the sides and angles 
of triangles, with the methods of deducing from 
certain parts given other parts required. [Gr. trigo- 
non (see Trigon) and metron, a measure.] — Trig'o- 
nomefric, -rical, a. Of, pert, to, performed by, or 
according to, the rules of trigonometry. — Trig'ono- 
met'rically, adv. — Tri'graph, -graf , n. Three let- 
ters united in pronunciation so as to have but one 
sound, or to form but one syllable, as ieu in adieu. 
[Gr. graphe, a writing.] — Trihe'dral, a. Having 3 
equal sides or faces. — Trihe'dron, n. A figure hav- 
ing 3 equal sides. [Gr. hedra, a seat, base.] — Triju- 
gous, trij'u- or tri-ju'gus, a. (Bot.) In 3 pairs. [L. 
trijnipis' triple-yoked, threefold; jugwn, a. yoke.] — 
Trilateral, «. Having 3 sides. [L. t-ilatcrus ; 1/itus, 
lateris, side.] — Trilit'eral, a. Consisting of 3 letters. 
— n. A word consisting of 3 letters. [L. litera, letter.] 

— Trilobate, tri-lo'- or tri'lo-bat, a. 
Having 3 lobes. [Gr. lobos, a lobe.] — 
Tri'lobite, -bit, n. (Paleon.) One of 
an extinct family of crustaceans. — Tri- 
loc'ular, a. (Bot.) Having 3 cells for 
seeds; 3-celIed. [L. loculus, a little place, 
a cell or compartment, dim. of locus, a 
place.] — Tril'ogy, -o-jt, n. A series of 
3 complete dramas, which bear a mu- 
tual relation, and form parts of one 
historical and poetical picture. [Gr. 
trilogia ; logos, speech, discou-se.] — „ .. 
Trimes'ter, n. A term or period of 3 i-nlocular 
months. [L. trimestris, of 3 months; Capsule. 
mensis, a month.] — Trim'eter, -e-ter, n. (Pros.) A 




Triglyphs. 




poetical division of "erse, consisting of 3 measures. 
[Gr. trimetros ; metron, a measure.] — Trimet'ric- 
al, a. Consisting of 3 poetical measures. — Tri'nal, 
a. Threefold. [L. trinw, trini, 3 each, threefold.] 

— Trine, trin, n. (Astrol.) The aspect of planets 
distant from each other 120°. or l-3d of the zodiac— 
Trinity, trln'T-tT, n. (Theol.) The union of 3 
persons (the Father, the Son. and the Holy Spirit) 
in one Godhead, so that all the 3 are one God as to 
substance, but 3 persons as to individuality. [L. 
trutitas, fr. trini, three each.] — Trinity term. (Eng. 
Court*.) The sitting of the law courts between May 
22 and June 12. — Trinita'rian, -ta'rY-an, a. Of, or 
pert, to, the Trinity. — //. One who believes the doc- 
trine of the Trinity.— Trinita'rianism, n. The doc- 
trine of Trinitarians.- Trino'mial, -inT-al, n. (Math.) 
A quantity consisting of 3 terms, connected by the 
sign + or — . [L. nomen, a name.] — Tripartite, 
trip'ar-tit or tri-parfit, a. Divided into 3 parts; 
having 3 corresponding parts or copies ; made be- 
tween 3 parties. [L. trijuirtitus ; partitus, p. p. of 
partiri, to part, divide, fr. pars, partis, a part.] — 
Trip'arti'tion, -tish'un, n. A division by 3s, or into 
3 parts. — Trip'edal, -e-dal, a. Having 3 feet. [L. 
tripedclis; pes, pedis, a foot.] — Triper'sonal. a. 
Consisting of 3 persons. — Triper'sonaKity, n. The 
state of existing in 3 persons in one Godhead; trin- 
ity. — Tripet'alous, -al-us, a. (Bot.) Having 3 pet- 
al's or flower leaves. — Triph' thong, trif '- or triph- 
thong, ii. (Pron.) A combination of 3 vowels in a 
single syllable, forming a simple or compound 
sound; a union of 3 vowel characters, representing 
together a single sound, as ieu in adieu; a trigraph. 
[Gr. phthonge, the voice, a sound.] — Triphthon / '- 
gal, -thon / 'gal, a. Of, or pert, to, a triphthong; con- 
sisting of 3 letters pronounced together in a single 
syllable.— Tri'pod, n. Any utensil or vessel sup- 
ported on 3 feet ; a 3-legged seat, table, caldron, al- 
tar, etc. (Surv.) A 3-legged frame or stand, for sup- 
porting a theodolite, compass, etc. [Gr. tripous; 
pons, poilos, a foot.] — Tri'pos, n. ; pi. Tki'posesw 
At Cambridge Univ., Eng., a university examina- 
tion of candidates for honors. [Perh. fr. the 3-legged 
stool formerly used at the examination for these 
honors; perh. because the successful _candidates are 
arranged in 3 classes.] — Trip'tote, -tot, n. (Gram.) 
A name or noun having 3 cases only. [Gr. triptoton; 
ptotos, falling, piptein, to fall.] — „Tri'reme, -rem, n. 
(Gr. Antiq.) A galley or vessel with 3 benches or 
ranks of oars on a side. [L. triremis; remus, an oar.] 

— Trisag'ion, tris-ag'T-on, n. An anthem or hymn 
in which the word " holy " is thrice repeated. [Gr. 
trisagios, thrice holy; hagios, holy.]— Trisect', -sekt r , 
v. t. To cut or divide into 3 equal parts. [L. secare, 
sectum, to cut.] — Trisec'tion, n. The division of a 
thing, as an angle, into 3 equal parts. — Trisul'cate, 
-kat, a. Having 3 furrows, forks, or prongs. [L. tri- 
sulcus; sulcus, a fork.] — Trisyllable, -sil'la-bl, n. A 
word consisting of 3 syllables. — Tris'yllab'ic, -ical, 
-il-lab'ik-al, a. Of, or pert, to, a trisyllable; consist- 
ing of three syllables. — Tri'theism, -the-izm, n. 
( Theol.) The opinion that the Father, Son, and Holy 
Spirit are 3 distinct Gods. — Tri'theist, n. (Eccl.) 
One who believes that the 3 persons in the Trinity 
are 3 distinct Gods. — Tritheisfic, -ical, a. Of, or 
pertaining to, tritheism. — Tri'tone, n. (Mus.) A su- 
perfluous or augmented fourth. — Trium / 'vir, tri- 
um'ver, n. ; L. pi. -viri; E. pi. -virs. One of 3 men 
united in office. [L. ; from tres, gen.Jrium, three, 
and vir, a man.] — Trium'virate, -vT-rat, n. Govern- 
ment by 3 in coalition or association; a coalitionor 
association of 3 in office or authority. — Tribune, -un, 
a. Being 3 in one, — an epithet used to express the 
unity of the Godhead in a trinity of persons. [L. 
unns', one.] — Triu'iiity, -u'nT-tT, n. State or quality 
of being triune ; trinity. — Triv'et, Trev'et, n. A 3- 
legged iriime or other support for a kettle, etc.; a tri- 
pod. [ME. trivette, F. tripied, fr. tri- and pied, foot; 
same as tripod.] — Trivial, -1-al, a. Of little worth 
or importance; inconsiderable; trifling. [F.; L. triv- 
ialis, prop, that which is in or belongs to the cross- 
roads or public streets, hence that which may be 
found everywhere, common, fr. trivium, a place 
where 3 roads meet, a cross-road, the public street, 
fr. tri and via, a way.] — Triv'iaKity, -T-tT, n. State 
or quality of being trivial: trivialness; that which is 
trivial; a trifle. —Trivially, adv. — Triv'ialoess, n. 

— Triv^ium, -t-um, n. The 3 arts of grammar, logic, 
and rhetoric, — so called because they constitute a 
triple way, as it were, to eloquence. [LL.] — Tri'- 
week'ly, a. Performed, occurring, or appearing 3 



am, flme, far, .pass or QDera. fare ■■ £nd. eve. term : In. ice ; 8dd. tone. 6r.' 



TRIAL 



627 



TRINGLE 



times a week: thrice-weekly. — Tro'car. n. A surgi- 
cal instrument for evacuating fluids trom cavities, 
as in dropsy. [F. trocar, or trois quarts, 3 quarters, 
fr. trois (= L. tres) and quart, L. (jaartue, a iourth, 
so called from its triangular point.] — Tren'tal, Tri- 
gin'tal, -jiu'tal, n. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) An office tor 
the dead, consisting of 30 masses rehearsed for 30 
days successively. A dirge ; an elegy. [OF., fr. 
trcnte, 30; LL. trentale, fr. trenta, L. triginta, 30.J — 
Tricen'nial, -sen'nT-al, a. Of, pert, to, or consisting 
of , 30 years: occurring once in every .30 years. [L. 
tricennalis, fr. tricennium, the space of 30 years, fr. 
triginta, 30, and annas, a year.] — Tricen'tenary, 
-sen'te-na-rT, n. A period of 3 centuries; 300 years. 
[L. triceui for tricenti, 300: centum, 100: see Cent.] — 
Trill'ion, -yun, n. According to Eng. notation, the 
product of a million involved to the 3d power, or 
with 18 ciphers annexed; according to the common 
or French notation, the number expressed by 1 with 
12 ciphers annexed: see Numeration, under NX'ii- 
ber. [F., fr. tri- and million, 1,000,000.] 

Trial. See under Try. 

Tribasic. See under Triad. 

Tribe, trlb, n. A family, race, or series of generations, 
descending from the same progenitor: a nation of 
savages or uncivilized people, united under one 
leader or government; any division, cla.ss, or distinct 
portion of a people or nation. (Nat. Hist.) A num- 
ber of things having certain characters or resem- 
blances in common. [F. tribu, L. tribus, a tribe, orob. 
orig. 1 of the 3 families of people in Rome (the Ram- 
nes, Tities, and Luceres), fr. tres, 3 (see Triad), and 
-bus, familv: s. rt. Gr. phule, a tribe, family, E. be.] 

— Tribu'nal, tri-bu'nal, n. The bench on which a 
judge and his associates sit for administering jus- 
tice; a court of justice; in France, a gallery or emi- 
nence where musical performers are placed for a 
concert. [L.. a platform for the seats of the (tribuni) 
tribunes.] — Trib'une, trlb'un, n. (Rom. Antiq.) An 
officer or magistrate chosen by the people, to protect 
them from the oppression of the patricians or nobles. 
Anciently, a bench or elevated place, from which 
speeches were delivered; in France, a pulpit or ele- 
vated place in a legislative assembly, where a speak- 
er stands while making an address. [ME. and F. 
tribun, L. tribunus, prop, chief of a tribe, fr. tribus.] 

— Trib'uneahip, n. The office of a tribune. — Trib- 
uni'tial, -nish'al, a. Pert, to tribunes ; suiting a 
tribune.— Trib'ute, -ut, n. An annual or stated sum 
paid by one prince or nation to another, either as an 
acknowledgment of submission, or as the price of 
peace and protection, or by virtue of some treaty; a 
personal contribution in token of services rendered, 
or as that which is due or deserved. [ME. and F. 
tribut, L. tributwn, fr. tribuere, tributum, to assign, 
allot, bestow, pay, orig. to assign to a (tribus) tribe.] 

— Trib'utary, -u-ta-rl, a. Paying tribute to another; 
subordinate; inferior; paid in tribute; yielding sup- 
plies of anything: contributing. — n. One who pays 
tribute or a stated sum to a conquering power. [ME. 
and F. tributaire, L. tributarius.] 

Triblet, trib'let, Trib'olet, -o-let, n. A goldsmith's 
tool for making rings; a steel cylinder round which 
metal is bent in forming tubes. [F. triboulet.] 

Tribometer, tri-bom / 'e-ter, n. An instrument to ascer- 
tain the degree of friction in rubbing surfaces. [Gr. 
tribein, to rub, and metron, a measure.] 

Tribrach. See under Triad. 

Tribulation, trib-u-la'shun, n. That which occasions 
distress or vexation: severe affliction: trouble. [F.; 
L. tribulatio, orig. a rubbing out of grain by a sledge, 
fr. tribulare, -latum, to rub out corn, oppress, afflict, 
tribulum, a sledse for rubbing out corn, terere, tri- 
tum, to rub: see Trite.] 

Tribunal, Tribune, Tribute, etc. See under Tribe. 

Trice, tris, v. t. (Saut.) To haul or tie up by means 
of a rope. [Sw. trissa, a pulley, triss, a spritsail- 
brace, Dan. tridse, a pulley, also to haul by a pulley, 
to trice; s. rt. Sw. trind, round, E. trend, trundle.] 

Trice, tris, n. A very short time; an instant; moment. 
[Sp. tris, the noise of breaking glass, a trice, instant; 
cf. Scot, "in a crack."] 

Tricentenary, Tricennial, Triceps. See under Triad. 

Trichina, trl-ki'na, n. ; pi. -sje, -ne. A minute para- 
sitic "worm found in the voluntary muscles of ani- 
mals, esp. the hog, and sometimes m man, after eat- 
ing infected meat, often producing death by its pres- 
ence. [Gr. trichinos, hairy, fr. thnx, trichos, hair.] — 
Trichini''asi8, trik-T-ni'a'-sis, Trichino'sis. n. (Pa- 
thol.) The disease produced by trichina : it is marked 
by fever, muscular pains, and typhoid symptoms. 



Trick, trik, ti. Artifice or stratagem; a sly procedure, 
usuallv with a dishonest intent implied : a sly, dex- 
terous, or ingenious procedure fitted to puzzle or 
amuse; mischievous or annoying behavior; a par- 
ticular habit or manner: a peculiarity. (Card-play- 
ing.) The whole number of cards played in one 
round, and consisting of as manv cards as there are 
plavers. — r. t. [tricked (trikt), tricking.] To 
deceive, impose on; to cheat ; to dress, decorate, set 
off, adorn fantastically. — v. t. To live by decep- 
tion and fraud. [D. trek, a trick, also a pull, draught, 
tug. streek, a trick, prank, G. streich. a trick, stroke, 
D. trekken, to draw, delineate : see Treacher!.] — 
Trick'ish, Trick'y, -T, a. Given to tricks ; full of 
deception and cheating ; knavish. — Trick'ishnesa, 
n. — Trick'ster, n. One who tricks; a deceiver; 
tricker ; cheat. 
Trickle, trik'1, v. i. [-led (-Id), -lino.] To flow in a 
small, gentle stream; to run down in drops. [ME. 
triklen, strikelen, freq. of striken, to flow, AS. Afric- 
an, to move or sweep along, also to strike; perh. con- 
fused with D.trille, to roll =£. trill.] 
Trick-track, trik'trak, n. A game resembling back- 
gammon. [F. trictrac] 
Tricolor, Tricuspid, Trident, etc. See under Triad. 
Tridentine, tri-denfin, a. Pert, to Trent, or to the 

council held there. [L. Tridentum, Trent.] 
Trier. See under Try. 

Triennial, Trifallow. Trifid. See under Triad. 
Trifle, tri'fl, n. A thing of very little value or impor- 
tance ; a dtah composed of sweetmeats and cake, 
with syllabub; a sort of cake.— v. i. [trifled (-fld), 
-fling.] To act or talk with levity ; to indulge in 
light amusements.— v. t. To spend in vanitv; waste 
to no good purpose, dissipate. [ME. and OF. trufle, 
mockery, raillery, dim. of OF. trujf'e, a gibe, mock, 
also a truffle.] — To trifle ivith. To treat without re- 
spect or seriousness ; to mock, make sport of. — 
Tri'fler, n. One who trifles, or acts with levity. — 
Tri'fting, 73. a. Being of small value or importance; 
trivial; inconsiderable. — Tri'ftingly, adv. 
Trig, trig, v. t. To stop (a wheel) by placing some- 
thing under it; to scotch. [D. trekken, to pull ; see 
Trick and Treachery.] — Trig'ger, n. A catch 
to hold the wheel of a carriage on a declivity ; the 
catch or lever in the lock of a nre-arm, which, being 
pulled, liberates the hammer for striking fire. [D. 
trekker.] 
Trig, trig, a. Full; trim; neat. [Prob. same as trick, 

to decorate, dress.] 
Trigamy, Trigintal, Trigonometry, etc. See under 

Triad. 
Trill, tril, n. (Mus.) A shake or quaver of the voice 
in singing, or of the sound of an instrument. — v. r. 
[trilled (trild), trilling.] To utter with a quaver- 
ing or tremulousness of voice; to shake. — v. i. To 
shake or quaver. [Onomat. ; It. trillare, to trill, 
quaver, fr. trillo, a trill, shake.] 
Trill, tril, v. i. To flow in a small stream ; to trickle. 
[Sw. tnlla, to roll ; s. rt. Ic. thyrla, to whirl, E. thrill, 
drill.] 
Trillion, Trilobate, Trilogy, etc. See under Triad. 
Trim, trim, a. [trimmer ; -mest.] Fitly adjusted ; 
being in good order, or made ready for service or 
lise ; compact ; snug ; neat ; fair. — v. t. [trimmed 
(trimd), -Mtng.1 To make trim, put in order for 
any purpose, adjust ; to dress, decorate, adorn ; to 
make ready or right by cutting or shortening ; to 
clip orlop, remove superfluous appendages or mat- 
ter. (Carp.) To dress (timber); to make smooth. 
(Naut.) To adjust (a ship) by disposing the weight 
of persons or goods so that she shall sit well on the 
water and sail well; to arrange in due order for sail- 
ing.— v. i. To balance; to fluctuate between parties, 
so as to appear to favor each. — n. Dress; gear; or- 
naments; disposition: state or condition; state of a 
ship or her cargo, ballast, masts, etc., by which she 
is well prepared for sailing. [AS. tryrman, to make 
firm, strengthen, set in order, array, prepare, trum, 
firm, strong, LG. trim, decked, adorned.] —Trimly, 
adv. In a trim manner; nicely; in good order. — 
Trim'mer, n. One who trims, arranges, fits, or orna- 
ments; one who fluctuates between parties, so as to 
appear to favor either; a time-server. — Trim'ming, 
n. Act of one who trims; that which serves to trim, 
adjust, ornament, etc.; esp. necessary or ornamental 
appendages, as of a garment; the concomitants of a 
dish, a relish, —usually in pi. — Trim / 'ness. n. 
Trimester, Trimeter, Trine, etc. See under Triad. 
Tringle, trin'gl, n. (Arch.) A little square member 



or ornament, as a listel, reglet, etc.; esp. 



little 



Ss, cube, full; moon, f<56t; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxboN, chair, ^get. 



TRINITY 



628 



TROPE 



member fixed exactly over every triglyph. A lath 
or rod between the posts of a bed; a curtain rod. 
[F.; LL. taringa, tarinea, of Celtic origin.] 

Trinity, Trinomial, Trio, etc. See under Triad. 

Trinket, trink'et, n. A small ornament, as a jewel, 
ring, etc.; a thing of little value; tackle; a toy. [ME. 
trynket, orig. a knife, then a toy-knife worn about 
the person, Sp. trinchete, a shoemaker's knife, fr. 
trinchar, OF. trencher, to cut; s. rt. trench.] 

Trior. See under Try. 

Trip, trip, v. i. [tripped (tript), -ping.] To move 
with light, quick steps ; to skip, move nimbly ; to 
take a brief and sudden journey; to travel; to catch 
the foot against something, stumble, make a false 
step, lose footing, make a false movement; to offend 
against morality, propriety, or rule; to err. — v. t. 
lo cause to take a false step; to cause to lose the 
footing, stumble, or fall, by catching the feet ; to 
overthrow by depriving of support, supplant; to de- 
tect in a misstep, catch, convict. (Naut.) To loose 
(the anchor, from the bottom) by its cable or buoy- 
rope.— n. A quick, light step; a skip; a brief jour- 
ney or voyage; an excursion or jaunt; a false step; 
misstep; loss of footing or balance by striking the 
foot against an object; a slight error; failure; mis- 
take; a stroke, or catch, by which a wrestler over- 
throws his antagonist. [ME. and D. trippen, Dan. 
trippe, to trip, trip, a short step, Ic. trippi, a young 
colt — fr. its short steps.] — Tnp'per, n. One who 
trips or supplants; one who walks nimbly. — Trip'- 
ping, n. Act of one who trips; a light kind of dance. 
(Naut.) The loosing of an anchor from the ground 
by its cable or buoy-rope. — Trip'pingly, adv. In a 
tripping manner; nimbly. — Trip'-nam'iner, n. A 
heavy hammer at the end of a beam, which is raised, 
tilted, or tripped, by projecting teeth on a revolving 
shaft; a tilt-hammer: see Tilt-hammer. 

Tripartite, Triphthong, Triple, Tripod, etc. See un- 
der Triad. 

Tripe, trip, n. The entrails; esp. the large stomach of 
ruminating animals, when prepared for food. [Ir. tri- 
opas. W. tripa, the intestines, Armor, stripen, tripe.] 

Tripoli, trip'o-lT, n. (Min.) An earthy substance (orig. 
brought fr. Tripoli), used to polish stones and metals. 

Triptate, Trireme, Trisagion, Trisect, etc. See under 
Triad. 

Trite, trit, a. Worn out; used until so common as to 
have lost its novelty and interest ; hackneyed. [L. 
tritus, p. p. of terere, Russ. terete, Lithuan. triti, to 
rub; 8. rt. tribulation (q. v.), try, contrite, detriment, 
diatribe, tardy, trowel.] — Tritely, adv. — Trite'- 
ness, n. — Trit'urate, trtfu-rat, v. t. To rub, grind, 
bruise, or thrash; to rub or grind to a very fine pow- 
der. [L. triturare, -ratum, to thrash, grind, f r. tritu- 
ra, a rubbing, orig. fern, of fut. p. of terere.] — Trit- 
uration, n. Act of triturating, or reducing to a fine 
powder by grinding. [F.] 

Tritheist, Tritone, etc. See under Triad. 



Triton, tri'ton, n. (Myth.) 
of the trumpeters of Nep- 
tune, his trumpet being a 
wreathed univalve shell. 
(Zobl.) A gasteropodous 
moliusk, having a 
wreathed shell; a batra- 
chian reptile of many 
species, including the 
newts. [L. and Gr.] 

Triumph, tri'umf, n. 
(Rom. Antiq.) A mag- 
nificent ceremonial per- 
formed in honor of a gen- 
eral who had gained a 
decisive victory. Joy or 



A marine demi-god, one 




Mythological Triton. 



exultation for success; success causing exultation; 
victory.— v. i. [triumphed (-umft), -umphing.] To 
celebrate victory with pomp; to exult in an advan- 
tage gained; to obtain victory, meet with success, pre- 
vail. [ME. and OF. triumphe, L. triumphus, a tri- 
umph, Gr. Thriambos, a name for Bacchus, also a 
hymn sung at his festivals; s. rt. trump, in cards.] — 
Triumph'al, a. Of, or pert, to, indicating, or in honor 
of, a triumph. — Triumph'ant, a. Rejoicing for vic- 
tory; triumphing; celebrating victory; graced with 
conquest ; victorious. — Church triumphant. The 
church in heaven, enjoying a state of triumph, her 
warfare with evil being over, — dieting, f r. church 
militant. — Triumph 'antly, adv. — Tri'umpher, n. 

Triumvir, Triune, Trivet, etc. See under Triad. 

Trocar. See under Triad. 

Troche, tro'ke, n. A medicine in form of a circular 



cake, lozenge, wafer, or tablet, intended to be grad- 
ually dissolved in the mouth, and slowly swallowed 
as a demulcent. [Gr. trochos, a wheel, anything 
round, fr. trechein, to run; s. rt. truck.] — Tro'chee, 
n. (Pros.) A foot of 2 syllables, the 1st long and the 
2d short, or the 1st accented and the 2d unaccented. 
[L. trochseus, Gr. trochaios, lit. running, also a tro- 
ehee, — fr. its tripping measure.] — Trochaic, -ka'- 
ik, w. A trochaic verse or measure. — Trochaic, -ical, 
a. (Pros.) Pert, to, or consisting of, trochees.— Tro'- 
chil, -kil, n. (Ornith.) An aquatic bird with long 
legs, and capable of running very swiftly. [F. tro- 
chile, Gr. trochilos, f r. trechein.] 

Trod, Trodden. See Tread. 

Troglodyte, troglo-dit, n. One dwelling in a subter- 
raneous cave. [F.; Gr. troglodutes, a cave-dweller, 
fr. trogle, a hole, cave (fr. trogein, to gnaw; s. rt. 
trite), and duein, to enter, creep into; s. rt. Skr. du, 
to go, move.] 

Troll, trol, v. t. [trolled (trold), trolling.] To 
move circularly or volubly; to roll, turn; to circu- 
late, as a vessel in drinking; to sing the parts of in 
succession, as of a round or catch; to sing loudly 
or freely; to angle for with a hook drawn along the 
surface of the water: to allure, entice; to fish in, 
seek to catch fish from. — v.i. To roll, run about; 
to fish with a rod whose line runs on a wheel or pul- 
ley, or by drawing the hook through the water.— 
n. {Scandinavian Myth.) A supernatural being of 
diminutive size, said to inhabit caves, hills, etc. 
[OF. trailer, trauler, to run hither and thither, G. 
trollen, LG. drulen, OD. drollen, to roll, troll, W. 
trolio, to roll, trundle, trol, a cylinder, troell, a 
wheel, pulley, screw; Sw. and Ic. troll, a merry elf, 
OD. drol, a jester; s. rt. droll.] — Trull, n. A trollop; 
drab; strumpet; harlot. [G. trolle, trulle.] — TTOl'- 
lop, -lup, n. A woman loosely dressed; a slattern ; 
slut. [Perh. for troll-about.] 

Trolley. trQllY, n. (Mach.) A truck from which the 
load is suspended in some kinds of cranes. (Electric 
Railway.) A truck or wheel which travels along 
the fixed conductors, and connects them with a 
railway car. A trolley car. — Trolley car. A motor 
car to which the current is conveyed by_a trolley. 

Trombone, trom'bon (It.pron. trom-bo^na), n. (Mus.) 
A deep-toned brass instrument of the 
trumpet kind, consisting of 3 tubes, 
the 1st and 3d being side by side, the 
middle tube being doubled and slid- 
ing into the others like a telescope. 
[It; augm. of tromba, a trumpet: see 
Trump, a trumpet.] — Tromp, n. A 
blowing apparatus, used in furnaces. 
[F. trombe, a water-spout, a water- 
blowingjnachine.] 

Troop, troop, n. A collection of peo- 
ple: a company; number; multitude. 
pi. Soldiers taken collectively ; an 
army. sing. A small body or com- 
pany of cavalry, commanded by a 
captain.— v. i. [trooped (troopt), 
trooping.] To move in numbers; 
to come or gather in crowds ; to 
march on, go forward in haste. [F. 
troupe, prob. fr. L. turba, a crowd, throng, troop.] — 
Troop'er, n. A soldier in a body of cavalry ; a 
horse-soldier. — Troupe, troop, n. A troop or com- 
pany; esp., the company of performers in a theater 
or opera. [F.] 

Trope, trop, n. (Ehet.) Use of a word or expression 
in a different sense from that which properly be- 
longs to it; the expression so used. [L. trojjus, a 
trope, figure of speech, Gr. tropos, a turning, a turn 
or figure of speech, fr. trepein, to turn; s. rt. L. tor- 
quere, to twist, E. torture, throw.] — Tropic, n. (As- 
tron.) One of the 2 circles of the celestial sphere, 
situated on each side of the equator, at a distance of 
23" 28', and parallel to it, which the sun just reaches 
at its greatest declination north or south. (Geog.) 
One of the 2 corresponding parallels of terrestrial 
latitude; pi. the regions lying between the tropics, 
or near them on either side: see Zone. — Tropic, 
-ical, a. Of, or pert, to, the tropics; being within the 
tropics; incident to the tropics; rhetorically changed 
from its proper or original sense; figurative. [F. trop- 
ique, a tropic, L. tropicus, tropical, Gr. tropikos, pert, 
to a turn, fr. tropos.] — Tropically, adv. In a trop- 
ical or figurative manner. — Tropologlc, -ical, -o- 




Trombone. 



changed from the original import. — Tropol'ogy, -o- 
jT, n. A rhetorical mode of speech, including tropes. 



am, fame, far, piss or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, &r i 



TROT 



629 



TRUE 



[Gr. logos, discourse.] — Tro'phy, tro'fY, n. (Antiq.) I 
A pile of arms, taken from a vanquished enemy; the ' 
representation of such a pile in marble, on medals, 
etc. Anything taken from an enemy and preserved 
as a memorial of victory; something "that is evidence 
of victory. [ME. and F. trojj/tee, L. tropseum, Gr. 
tropaion, a si^n of victory, a monument of an ene- 
my's defeat, fr. Gr. trope, a return, putting- to flight, 
f r. trepein.] 

Trot, trot, v. i. To move faster than in walking, as a 
horse or other quadruped, by lifting one fore foot 
and the hind foot of the opposite side at the same 
time; to walk or move fast: to run. —v. t. To cause 
to move (a horse, etc.) in the pace called a trot. — n. 
The pace of a horse, etc., more rapid than a walk, 
when he lifts one fore foot and the hind foot of the 
opposite side at the same time. [F. trotter, to trot, 
OF. trotter, LL. trolarius, a trotter, messenger, L. 
tolutarius, going at a trot, fr. tolutim, at % a trot, — 
said of horses, lit. by a lifting (of the feet), fr. toi- 
lere, to lift.] — Trot'ter, n. A beast that trots; the 
foot of an animal, esp. that of a sheep, — applied 
humorously to the human f oot. — Trot'toir, -tw6r. 
n. A footpath; sidewalk; pavement. [F.] 

Troth, troth, n. Belief; faith; fidelity; truth; veraci- 
ty. [Same &sjruth.] 

Troubadour, troo'ba-door, n. One of a school of poets 
who flourished from the 11th to the end of the 13th 
century, principally at Provence, in the south of 
France. [F. ; Proven, trobador, trobaire, Sp. and 
Pg. trovator, It. trovatore, a troubadour, OF. trover, 
F. trouver, to make a song, lit. to find, devise, Sp. 
trova, verse, trovar, to versify, also to find, L. tro- 
pus, a kind of singing, a song, Gr. tropos, a style of 
music: see Trope.] — Trou'veur, -ver, n. One of a 
class of poets in N. France, at about the time of the 
troubadours, who devoted themselves more to lays 
of the epic type. [F.] 

Trouble, trub'l, v. t. [-led (-Id), -ling.] To put into 
confused motion, agitate ; to give disturbance or 
distress to; to give occasion for labor to; to perplex, 
afflict, grieve, annoy, tease, vex, molest. — n. The 
state of being troubled or disturbed ; that which 
gives disturbance, annoyance or vexation. [OF. 
trubler, trobler, L. turbare, to disturb, fr. turoa, a 
disorder, tumult, crowd, Gr. turbe, disorder, throng, 
bustle; s. rt. Skr. tur, to hasten, be swift, E. turbid, 
turbulent, disturb, perturb, perh. troop.] — To take 
the trouble. To be at the pains; to exert one's self. 

— Troub'ler, n. — Troublesome, -1-sum, a. Giving 
trouble, disturbance, or inconvenience ; uneasy ; 
vexatious; perplexing; annoying; irksome; burden- 
some; wearisome ; importunate. — Troublesomely, 
adv. — Troub'lesomeness, «.— Troublous, -lus, a. 
Full of trouble or commotion; agitated ; tumultu- 
ous; full of trouble or disorder; troublesome; full 
of affliction. 

Trough, trawf, n. A long, hollow vessel, generally 
for holding water or other liquid; a wooden chan- 
nel for conveying water, as to a mill-wheel; a chan- 
nel, receptacle, or depression, of a long and narrow 
shape. [AS. troh, trog, D., Ic, and G. trog ; perh. 
s. rt. tray.] 

Trounce, trowns, v. t. [trounced (trownst), troun- 
cing.] To punish or beat severely; to castigate. [OF. 
troncer, to cut, tronce, tronche, a stump, piece of 
wood.] 

Troupe. See under Troop. 

Trousers, Trowsers, trow'zerz, n. pi. A loose garment 
worn by males, extending from the waist to the 
knee or to the ankle, and covering the lower limbs 
separately; pantaloons. [OF. irousses, breeches worn 
by pages, fr. trousse, trosse, a bundle, a truss, q. v.] 

— Trousseau, troo-so', n. The collective clothes, 
trinkets, and lighter outfit of a bride. [F., f r. trousse.] 

Trout, trowt, n. A food-fish of many species, includ- 
ing the spotted brook trout, the lake trout, the sal- 
mon, etc. 
[AS. truht, 
L. tructa, 
ir.Gr.trok- 
tes, lit. a 
gnawer, 
also a sea- 
fish with 
sharp 
teeth, fr. 

trogein, to gnaw; s. rt. Gr. tragos, a goat, E. tragedy, 
troglodyte.] 

Trover, tro'ver, n. (Law.) The gaining possession 
of any goods, whether by finding or by other means; 




Trout. 



an action to recover damages against one who has 
converted to his own use goods or chattels of the 
plaintiff. [OF.; F. trouver, to find: see Trouba- 
dour.] 

Trow, tro, v. i. To believe, trust, think, suppose. [AS. 
treowian, fr. treowa, truwa, trust, treowe = E. true, 
q. v.] 

Trowel, trow'el, n. A mason's tool, used in spreading 
and dressing mortar, and breaking bricks ; a gar- 
dener's tool, somewhat like a mason's trowel. [F. 
truelle, LL. truella, L. trullu, truella, dim. of trua, a 
ladle, scoop, spoon, skimmer; s. rt. Gr. torune, a 
spoon, ladle, toreus, a borer, E. trite.] 

Trowsers. Same as Trousers. 

Troy, Troy-weight, troi'wat, n. The weight by which 
gold and silver, jewels, and the like, are weighed. 
[In this weight, the pound is divided into 12 ounces, 
the ounce into 20 pennyweights, and the penny- 
weight into 24 grains.] [Prob. first used at the fair 
of Troyes, in France.] 

Truant, troo'ant, a. Wandering from business; loit- 
ering; idle, and shirking duty; willfully absent from 
one's proper place, —n. One who stays away from 
business or duty; an idler; a loiterer; a shirk; esp., a 
pupil who stays away from school without leave. 
[F. truand, a beggar, vagabond, lazy rascal, W. tru, 
truan, wretched, truan, a wretch.]— To play truant. 
To stray away, idle, loiter. — Tru'ancy, -an-sl, n. 
Act of playing, or state of being, truant. 

Truce, troos, n. (Mil.) A temporary cessation of hos- 
tilities, for negotiation or other purpose; an armis- 
tice; intermission of action, pain, or contest; short 
quiet. [ME. triwes, trewes, pi. of trewe, a truce, 
pledge of reconciliation, AS. treowa, a compact, 
faith, fr. treowe = E. true, q. v.] — Flag of uce. 
(Mil.) A white flag exhibited by one of the Hostile 
parties, during the flying of which hostilities are 
suspended. — Truce'-break'er, n. One who violates 
a truce. 

Truck, truk, v. i. [trucked (trukt), trucking.] To 
exchange commodities, barter, deal. — v. t. To ex- 
change, give in exchange, barter. — n. Exchange of 
commodities ; barter; commodities appropriate to 
barter; fruit, vegetables, etc., for market ; small 
commodities; luggage. [F. troquer, Sp. and Pg. tro- 
car, to barter.] — Truck'age, -e,i, n. Practice of bar- 
tering goods; exchange; barter. — Truck'er, T.-man, 
One who, etc. 

Truck, truk, n. A small, wooden wheel, not bound 
with iron; a long, low 2- or 4-wheeled vehicle for 
carrying heavy articles; a 2-wheeled barrow. (Rail- 
road Mach.) A swiveling frame with wheels, springs, 
etc., to carry and guide one end of a locomotive or 
car. . (Naut.) A small wooden cap at the summit of 
a flag-staff or mast-head. A small, solid wheel, as 
for a gun-carriage. [L. trochus, Gr. trochos, a run- 
ner, wheel, disk, fr. trechein, to run: see Troche.] 
— Truck'age, -ej, n. Money paid for conveyance on 
a truck.— Truck'man, n.; pi. Truckmen. One who 
conveys goods on a truck. — Truckle, n. A small 
wheel or caster. — v.i. To yield or bend obsequi- 
ously to the will of another; to submit, cringe, act 
in a servile manner. [L. trochlea, a little wheel, 
dim. of trochus; to truckle, was oris, to sleep on the 
truckle-bed, as students did anciently at Oxford and 
Cambridge, the tutor sleeping on the bed above.] — 
Truckle-bed, n. A bed that runs on wheels, and 
may be pushed under another; a trundle-bed. 

Truculent, troo'ku-lent, a. Fierce; savage: barbarous: 
of ferocious aspect; cruel; destructive; ruthless. [F.; 
L. truculentus, fr. trux, trucis, wild, fierce.] — Tru'- 
culence, -lency, -len-sT, n. Quality of being trucu- 
lent; ferociousness; terribleness of countenance. 

Trudge, truj, v. i. [trudged (trujrtV trudging.] To 
go on foot; to travel or march with labor, jog along. 
[Perh. to walk in snow-shoes, i. e. heavily, Sw. dial. 
truga, Norw. truga, trjug, a snow-shoe; not s. rt. 
tread.}_ 

True, troo, a. Conformable to fact; in accordance 
with the actual state of things; conformable to a 
rule or pattern; exact; steady in adhering to friends, 
to promises, to a prince, etc.; faithful; loyal; actual: 
not counterfeit, adulterated, or pretended; genuine; 
pure; real. [AS. treowe, Ic. try gar, trur, G. treu, 
Goth, triggws, true; AS. ireoiv, OHG. triuiva, truth, 
fidelity, Goth, triggwa, a covenant: s. rt. troth, trow, 
truce.] — Tru'ly, adv. — True'ness, n. — Truism, 
-izm, n. An undoubted or self-evident truth. — 
True'-blue, a. Of inflexible honesty and fidelity,— 
a term derived from the true or Coventry blue, for- 
merly celebrated for its unchanging color. — n. A 



sun, cube, full ? moon, fottt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TRUFFLE 



630 



TRY 




Truelove-knots. 




person of inflexible integrity and fidelity. 

born, a. Of genuine birth; having a 

right by birth to any title, —-bred, a. Of 
a genuine or right 
breed; being of real 
breeding or educa- 
tion. heart/ed, a. 

Of a faithful heart; 
honest ; sincere. — 
True'love'-knot, n. A 
knot composed of 2 
bows interlaced; the 
emblem of interwo- 
ven affection or en- 
gagements. — Truth, 
trooth, n. The quality of being true; that which is 
true; conformity to fact or reality; conformity to 
rule: exactness; fidelity; constancy; the practice of 
speaking truth; veracity; honesty; virtue; real state 
of things; verity; reality; a verified fact; an estab- 
lished principle; fixed law. [AS. treow: see True, 
above: same as troth.'] — Truth/ful, -ful, a. Full of 
truth; veracious. — Truth'fully, adv. — Trutb/ful- 
ness, n. —Trust, n. Reliance on the integrity, verac- 
ity, justice, friendship, or other sound principle of 
another; reliance on a promise, law, or principle; ex- 
pectation; belief; hope: credit given; esp., delivery 
of property or ...Jrchandise in reliance upon future 
payment : dependence upon something future or 
contingent, as if present or actual; that which is 
committed or intrusted to one; responsible charge 
or office; that unon which confidence is reposed; 
ground of reliance. (Law.) An estate held for the 
use of another ; an organization formed mainly 
for the purpose of regulating the supply and price 
of commodities, etc. ■■. as, a sugar trust. [Cant.] — 
v. t. To place confidence in, rely on; to give cre- 
dence to, believe, credit; to show confidence by in- 
trusting ; to commit, as to one's care ; to intrust ; 
to give credit to, sell to upon credit ; to ven- 
ture confidently. — v. i. To be credulous ; to be con- 
fident, as of something present or futurel to sell, ex- 
change, or alienate, in reliance upon a promise to 
pay. [Ic. traust, trust, confidence, Dan., Sw., and 
G. trost, consolation, help, protection, Goth, trausti, 
a covenant; s. rt. mistrust, tryst.} — Trustee', n. A 
person to whom property is legally committed in 
trust, to be applied either for the benefit of specified 
individuals or for public uses. — Trustee process. 
(Law.) A process bv which a creditor may attach 
his debtor's goods, effects, and credits in the hands 
of a third person.— Trust'er, n. One who trusts, or 
gives credit.— Trust'ful, -ful, n. Full of trust; trust- 
ing. — Trustworthy, -wer'rhT, a. Worthy of trust 
or confidence ; trusty. — Trustworthiness, n. — 
Trusfy, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Admitting of being 
safely trusted: fit to be confided in; trustworthy: 
not liable to fall; strong; firm.— Trust'ily, -Y-lY, adv. 
In a trusty manner ; honestly. — Trustiness, u. 

Truffle, troo^A, n. A roundish subterranean fungus 
much esteemed as food. [OF. trufle, F. truffe, Sp. 
trufa, It. tartufo, a truffle, fr. L. tuber, an esculent 
root, a truffle.] 

Truism, Truly. See under True. 

Trull. See under Troll. 

Trump, trump, n. A wind instrument of music ; a 
trumpet. [ME. and F. trompe, a trump, trumpet, 
Sp. and Pg. trompa. It. tromba, a trump, an ele- 
phant's trunk, in It., a pump, prob. fr. L. 
tuba, a tube, trumpet, Lithuan. truba, a 
horn, Gr. trupa, a hole; s. rt. trite.]— To 
trump up. To devise; to collect with un- 
fairness; to fabricate. — Trump'et, n. A 
wind instrument of music, used in war 
and military exercises. — v. t. To pub- 
lish by sound of trumpet; to proclaim. 
[F. trompette, dim. of trompe.] — Ear- 
trumpet. An instrument used as an aid to 
hearing, by partially deaf persons. — 
Speaking-t. A trumpet-shaped instrument 
for conveying articulate sounds with in- Trumnet 
creased force. — Trump'eter, w. One who v ' 

sounds a trumpet ; one who proclaims, publishes, 
or denounces. (Ornith.) A variety of the domestic 
pigeon ; a bird of S. Amer., somewhat resembling 
both the pheasants and the cranes,— so called from 
its uttering a noise resembling that of a trumpet. — 
Trump'ery, -e-rY, n. Something serving to deceive 
by false show or pretenses ; worthless but showy 
matter; things worn out and of no value; rubbish.— 
a. Worthless or deceptive in character. [F. trom- 




perie, deceit, fr. tromper, to deceive, orig. to play on 
the trumpet, later to play with any one.] 

Trump, trump, n. One of the suit of cards which 
takes any of the other suits; a good fellow. — v.i. 
[trumped (trumt), trumping.] To play a trump 
card when another suit has been led. — v. t. To 
take with a trump card. [Corrupt, of triumph.] — 
To put to the trumps. To reduce to the last expedi- 
ent, or to the utmost exertion of power. 

Truncate, Truncheon, etc. See under Trunk. 

Trundle, trun'dl, n. A little wheel; a kind of low ve- 
hicle with small wheels; 
a truck; a motion as of 
something moving upon 
little wheels. (Much.) A' 
wheel or pinion having 
its teeth formed of cylin- 
ders or spindles, set be- 
tween 2 round disks; 
trundle-wheel ; lantern- 
wheel; wallower; one of 
the bars of such a wheel. Trundle, or Wallower. 

— V. t. [TRUNDLED (-did), 

-dling.J To roll, as a thing on little wheels ; to 
cause to roll, as a hoop. — v. i. To roll, as on little 
wheels; to roll, as a hoop. [AS. trendel. a circle: see 
Trend.] — Trun'dle-bed, n. A low bed on little 
wheels, so that it can be pushed under a higher bed .: 
a truckle-bed. 
Trunk, trunk, n. The stem or body of a tree, apar 
from its limbs and roots: stock; the body of an ani- 
mal, apart from the limbs; the main body of any- 
thing; the snout or proboscis of an elephant; a wood- 
en, etc., tube, spout, trough, or boxed passage; a box 
or chest covered with leather or hide, for containing 
clothes, etc.; a portmanteau. [F. tronc, L. truncus, 
a trunk, stem, trunk of the body, piece cut off, also 
maimed, mutilated, prob. fr. torquere, to twist, 
wrench, and s. rt. torture.] — Trune'ate, v. t. To 
cut off, lop, maim. — a. (Bot.) Appearing as if cut 
off at the tip. [L. truncare, -catum, ii. truncus.] — 
Trunc'ated, p. a. 
Cut off ; cut 
short; maimed. 
Truncated cone or i 
pyramid. ( Geom.) | 
A cone or pyra- 
mid whose vertex 
is cut off by a 
plane parallel to 
its base. — Truncation, n. Act of truncating, lop- 
ping, or cutting off; state of being truncated. (Min.) 
Replacement of an edge by a plane equally inclined 
to the adjoining faces. [F. troncation, L. truncation 

— Trun'cheon, -shun, n. A short staff; club; aba- 
ton, or staff of command; a stout stem, as of a tree, 
with the branches lopped off. [ME. and OF. tron- 
chon, F. tronson, a truncheon, little trunk, slice, 
piece cut off, dim. of tranc] — Trunnion, -yun, n. 
(Gun.) A knob projecting on 
each side of a piece, and serving 
to support it on the cheeks of 
the carriage: see Cannon. [F. 
trognon, the stock or stump of a 
tree, dim. of tron, same as 
tronc] — Trunk'-hose, n. Short, 
wide breeches formerly worn, 
gathered in above the knees. 

Trunnel, trun'nel, n. A wooden 
pin or plug ; a treenail. [Cor- 
rupt, of treenail, q. v.] 

Trunnion. See under Trunk. 

Truss, trus, n. A bundle, as of hay or straw. (Surg.) 
A bandage or apparatus used in cases of hernia. 
(Naut.) The rope or iron used to keep the center of 
a yard to the mast. (Arch. & Engin.) A combina- 
tion of timbers, etc., forming an unyielding frame, 
for supporting a roof, etc. — v. t. [trussed (trust), 
trussing.] To bind or pack close; to skewer, as a 
fowl for cooking it; to execute by hanging; to hang. 
[OF. trusser, trousser, to truss, pack, bind, It. tor- 
dare, to twist, wrap, tie fast, L. torquere, tortnm., to 
twist; s. rt. torture, torch, q. v., trousseau, trowsers.] 

Trust, Trustee, Truth, etc. See under True. 

Try.tri, v. i. [tried (trid), trying.] To exert strength, 
endeavor, attempt. — v. t. To prove by experiment, 
make experiment of, test ; to experience, have 
knowledge of by experience; to essay, attempt, so- 
licit, tempt, bring to a decision; to purify or refine, 
as metals; to melt out and procure in a pure state, as 
oil, tallow, lard, etc.; to subiect to severe trial; to 





Trunk-hose. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



TRYST 



651 



TUMBLE 



put to the test. {Law.) To subject (a person or 
cause) to trial and decision or sentence before a tri- 
bunal. [F. trier, to pick, choose from among oth- 
ers. LL. tritare, to triturate, L. terere, tritum, to rub, 
thresh corn: see Trite.]— To try on. To put on (a 
garment) to ascertain whether it fits the person; to 
attempt, undertake. — To t.out. To melt and separate 
(tallow, etc.) from the membranes.— Zb t. the eyes. T< i 
over-exert them; to strain.— Trying, p. a. Adapted 
to try, or put to severe trial: severe : afflictive. — 
Tri'er, -or, n. One who tries; one who makes exper- 
iments; one who tries judicially. (Law.) A person 
appointed to trv challenges of jurors. — Tri'able, a. 
Fit or possible to be tried: liable to be subjected to 
trial or test: liable to undergo a judicial examina- 
tion. — Tri'ableness, «. — Tri'al, n. Act of trying 
or testing in any manner : any exertion of strength 
for the purpose'of ascertaining what it is capable of 
effecting; act of testing by experience: experiment; 
examination by a test ; that which tries or afflicts : 
that which tries the character or principle ; that 
which tempts to evil; state of being tried or tempted. 
(Lair.) The formal examination of the matter in 
issue in a cause before a competent tribunal. 
Tryst, trist, n. An appointment to meet; place of 

meeting;. [Scot.: a torm of trust.] 
Tsetse. See Tzetze. 

Tub, tub, n. An open wooden vessel formed with 
staves, bottom, and hoops; amount which a tub con- 
tain-, as a measure of quantity. — v. t. [tubbed 
(tubd), -bixg.] To plant or set in a tub. [ME. and 
LG. tubbe.] 
Tube, tub, n. A hollow cylinder, of any material, 
used tor various purposes; a pipe; conduit; a vessel 
of animal bodies or plants which conveys a fluid or 
other substance. — v. t. [tubed (tubd), tubixg.] 
To furnish with a tube. [F.; L. tubus; s. rt. tuba, a 
trumpet = E. trump, q. v.] — Tub'ing. n. Act of 
making tubes : a series of tubes ; piece of a tube ; 
material for tubes. — Tu'bular, a. Having the form 
of a tube or pipe: consisting of a pipe; iistular. [L. 
tubulus, dim. of tubv.*.]— Tabular boiler. A steam- 
boiler in which the water is heated in tubes exposed 
to the fire; also, one in which the products of com- 
bustion pass from the fire-box through a system of 
small flues, so as to heat the water by which they are 




Britannia Tubular Bridge. 



surrounded. — T. bridge. A bridge in the form of a 
hollow trunk or tube, made of iron plates riveted to- 
gether. — T. girder. A plate-girder having 2 or more 
vertical webs with a space between them. — Tu'bu- 
late, a. Tubular; tubulated; tubulous. — Tu'bula'- 
ted, a. Made in the form of a small tube; furnished 
with a tube. TL. tubulatus.] — Tu'bule, -bill, n. A 
small pipe; little tube.— Tubu'liform, a. Having the 
form of a small tube. TL. tubulus, and forma, form.] 
— Tu'bulous, -bu-lus. a. Resembling, or in the form 
of, a tube; containing small tubes; composed wholly 
of tubulous florets. 

Tuber, tu'ber, n. (Lot.) A fleshy, rounded, under- 
ground body, or thickened portion of a stem or root, 
usually having " eyes " or buds and containing 

. starshy matter, as the potato. [L., a bump, swelling, 
tumor, truffle ; s. rt. L. tumere. to swell, E. tumid, 
truffle, trifle, protuberant.] — Tu'bercle. -ber-kl, n. 
(Anat.) A natural small rounded body or mass. 
(Med.) A small mass or aggregation of morbid mat- 
ter ; esp., the deposit which accompanies scrofula 
or phthisis. [F.: L. tuberculum, dim. of tuber.]— Til' - 
ber'cular, a. Flavins: little knobs or tubercles ; af- 
fected, with tubercles. —Tube'rose or Tu'berosa, 
-ber-oz, n. A plant wirh a tuberous root much culti- 
vated for the beautv and fragrance of its flowers. 



[L. tuberosity, tuberous.] — Tu'berous. -us, a. Cor- 
1 ered with knobby or wart-like prominences. (Bot.) 
Consisting of, or containing, tubers ; like a tuber. — 
Tuberosity, -os'T-tT, it. State of being tuberous. 
I {Auar.) A knob-like prominence on a bone, to which 
muscles and ligaments are attached. 
Tuck, tuk, n. A long, narrow sword; a rapier. [Cor- 
rupt, of F. ostoc, the stock of a tree, a rapier, a 
thrust. It. stocco, a truncheon, short sword, G. stock, 
a stump stick, staff; s. rt. stock, <\. v.] 
Tuck. tuk. »/. (Xaut.) The part of a ship where the 
ends of the bottom planks are collected under the 
srern ; a horizontal sewed fold in a garment, to 
shorten or ornament it. — v. '. [tucked (tukt ), tuck- 
in'G.] To thrust or press in or together ; to fold ru- 
der: to gather up; to inclose by pushing the clothes 
closely around ; to make a tuck in. [ME. and LG. 
tukken, to pull, draw, or tuck up, also to entice, LG. 
tvken, to ruck up, lie in folds, as n badlv made gar- 
ment : s. rt. tug, touch.] — Tuck'er. n. Ore who, or 
that which, tucks: a small, thin piece of the dress for 
covering the breast of women or children. 
Tuesday, tiiz'dY, n. The third dav of the week, fol- 
lowing Monday. [AS. TwLf.'dan, Ic 7V-.W-.OHG, 
Ziestag, the day of (AS. Tiw, Ic. Tyr, OHG. Zui) 
the god of war = L. JUars. but s. rt. L. Jupiter, Gr. 
Zens, Skr. Dtutus. lit. the shining one : see Jove.] 
Tufa, tu r - or tool'a, n. (31in.) A soft or porous stone 
formed by depositions from water: a volcanic sand- 
rock, ratlier friable, formed of agglutinated volcanic 
earth; a similar rock of trap or basaltic material. 
[It. tufo, soft, sandy stone.] — Tuff, n. Tufa. 
Tuft, tuft, n. A collection of small, flexible, or soft 
things in a knot or bunch: a cluster; clump: a no- 
bleman or person of quality, esp. in the Eng. uni- 
versities, —so called from the tuft in the cap worn 
bv them. — v. t. To separate into tufts: to adorn 
with tufts or with a tuft. [F. touff'e. G. zopf, a tuft 
or lock of hair; s. rt. top.] — Tuft'ed. p. a. Adorned 
with a tuft ; growing in a tuft or clusters. — Tuft'y, 
-T, a. Abounding with tufts ; growing in tufts or 
clusters. — Tuff-hunt'er, n. A hanger-on to noble- 
men, esp. in Eng. universities. 
Tug, tug, v. t. [tugged (tugd), -GiKG.] To pull or draw 
with great effort, drag along with continued exer- 
tion, haul along. — v. i. To pull with great effort; to 
labor, strive, struggle. — n. A pull with the utmost 
effort; a steam-vessel used to tow shins: a trace, or 
drawing-strap, of a harness. [OD. tocken, tucken, to 
touch, plav, allure, entice, draw, AS. t^ou, G. Ziehen, 
to draw, Ic. toggla, to tug; s. rt. OD. toge, a draught 
of beer, G. zug, a pull, tug, draught. Ic. tog, a tow- 
rope, E. tow, tuck (q. v.), touch. ] — Tug'ger, n. 
Tuition, tu-ish/un, n. Superintending care over a 
young person; guardianship; esp., the act or busi- 
ness of teaching the various branches of learning; 
instruction; money paid for instruction. [F.; L. tui- 
tio, fr. tueri, tuitus, to see, watch, protect; s. rt. intu- 
ition, tutelage, tutor.] — Tui'tionary, -er-T, a. Of, 
or pert, to, tuition. 
Tulip, tulip, n. A bulbous plant, of many species, 
producing flowers of 
great beauty and of 
a variety of colors. [F. 
tulip pe, It. tulipa, 
Turk. & Per. tulbend, 
dulbend,i. e.,a turban, 
— fr. the resemblance 
of its form to a tur- 
ban; s. rt. turban.] 
Tulle, tool, ?). A kind of 
silk open work or lace. 
[F., fr. the town of 
Tulle, where it was first 
made.] 
Tumble. tunVbl, v. i. 

[-BLED (-bid), -BLIXG.] 

To roll about by turn- 
ing one way and the 
other; to toss, pitch 'uup. 

about ; to lose footing or support and fall; to come 
down suddenly and violently, be precipitated ; to 
play mountebank tricks bv movements of the body. 
— v. t. To turn over, or throw about for examina- 
tion ; to roll or move in a rough, coarse, or uncere- 
monious manner: to precipitate; to disturb; to over- 
turn, throw down, rumple, disorder. — n. Act of 
tumbling or rolling over; a fall. [AS. tumbian, to 
tumble, turn heels over head, OD. tumelen, to tum- 
ble. OHG. tumon, to turn round and round, tumari, 
a tumbler, acrobat: s. rt. stumble.] — Tum'bler, n. 




sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink., then, bo>'bo>', chair, get. 



TUMID 



65*2 



TURKEY 



One who tumbles ; one who plays the tricks of a 
mountebank; that part of a lock which detains the 
bolt in its place, until a key lifts it and leaves the 
bolt at liberty: see Padlock; a drinking glass orig. 
made without a foot or stem, with a pointed base, 
so that it could not be set down with any liquor 
in it; a small variety of the domestic pigeon, — so 
called fr. its habit of tumbling or turning over in 
flight; a sort of dog used for inveigling game, — so 
called fr. his habit of tumbling before he attacks his 
prey. — Tum / 'brel, -bril, n. A ducking-stool lor the 
punishment of scolds ; a rough cart; a cart with 2 
wheels, for conveying the tools of pioneers, car- 
tridges, etc.; a kind of cage of osiers, willows, etc., 
for keeping hay and other food for sheep. [OF. tum- 
brel, tomberel, fr. tomber, to fall, fr. the G.] 

Tumid, tu'mid, a. Swelled, enlarged, or distended; 
rising above the level ; protuberant ; swelling in 
sound or sense; pompous; bombastic; turgid. [L. 
tumidus, fr. tumere, to swell, Gr. tule, a swelling, Skr. 
tu, to be powerful, increase; s. rt. tuber, truffle, trifle, 
total, thumb.} — Tumid'ity, -T-tt, n. State of being 
tumid; turgidity.— Tu'nudness, n.— Tu'mefy, -me-fi, 
v. t. [_-fied (-fid), -fying.] To swell, cause to swell. 
<—v. i. To rise in a tumor; to swell. [L. tumefacere; 
facere, to make.] — Tumefac'tion, n. Act or process 
of, etc.; a tumor; a swelling. — Tu'mor, n. {Med.) A 
morbid swelling, or growth, of or in any part of the 
body. [L.] — Tu'mulus, n. ; pi. -n. An artificial 
hillock, esp. one raised over the grave of a person 
buried in ancient times; a barrow. [L., fr. tumere.} 
— Tu'mular, a. Consisting in a heap ; formed or be- 
ing in a heap or hillock. — Tu'mult, n. Commotion, 
disturbance, or agitation of a multitude, usually ac- 
companied with great noise, uproar, and confusion 
of voices; violent commotion or agitation, with con- 
fusion of sounds; irregular or confused motion; high 
excitement; uproar; hurly-burly; turbulence; noise; 
bluster; hubbub; bustle; stir; brawl; riot. [F. tu- 
multe, L. tumultus, a swelling or surging up, tumult, 
f r. tumere.} — Tumulfuous, -u-us, a. Full of tumult; 
conducted with tumult; greatly agitated; disturbed; 
turbulent ; violent ; boisterous ; lawless ; riotous ; 
seditious. [F. tumultueitx, L. tumultuosus.} — Tu- 
mulfuously, adv. — Tumulfuousness, n.— Tumult '- 
uary, -u-a-rlf, a. Attended by or producing a tumult. 
[F. tumultuoAre, L. tumultuarius.} — Tumult'uarily, 
adv. — Tumult'uariness, n. 

Tump, tump, n. A little hillock ; a knoll. — v. t. 
[tumped (tumpt), tumping.] To form a mass of 
earth or a hillock round (a plant, etc.). [W. twmp, 
twm, a round mass or heap, a hillock.] 

Tumult, Tumulus, etc. See under Tumid. 

Tun. See under Ton, a weight. 

Tune, tun, n. (Mus.) A rythmical, melodious series of 
musical tones for 1 voice or instrument, or for any 
number of voices or instruments in unison, or 2 or 
more such series forming parts in harmony; a melo- 
dy ; an air ; state of giving the proper sound or sounds ; 
pitch of the voice or an instrument; order; harmo- 
ny; concord; fit disposition, temper, or humor. See 
Phrenology, — v. t. [tuned (tund), tuning.] To 
put into a state adapted to produce the proper 
sounds; to harmonize; to put into a proper state or 
disposition; to give tone to, adapt in style of music; 
to sing with melody or harmony, —v. i. To form ac- 
cordant musical sounds. [Orig. spelling of tone, q. 
v.] — Tun'able, a. Capable of being tuned, or made 
harmonious; harmonious; musical; tuneful.— Tune''- 
ful, -ful, a. Harmonious ; melodious ; musical. — 
Tuneless, a. Without tune; unharmonious; unmu- 
sical; not employed in making music. — Tunlng- 
fork, n. (Mus.) A steel instrument consisting of 2 
prongs and a handle, which, being struck, gives a 
certain fixed tone,— used for tuning instruments, or 
for ascertaining the pitch of tunes. 

Tungsten, tung'sten, n. A metal of a grayish-white 
color, and considerable luster: it is brittle, nearly as 
hard as steel, and is fused with extreme difficulty. 
[Sw. fr. tung, heavy, and sten, G. stein, stone.] 

Tunic, tu'nik, n. A loose, short, belted frock or dress. 
(Antiq.) An under-garment worn by both sexes in 
ancient Rome and the East. (Eccl.) A kind of long 
robe. (Anat.) A membrane that covers or composes 
some part or organ. (Bot.) A natural covering; an 
integument. [L. tunica.} — Tu'nicle, -nt-kl, n. A 
delicate natural covering. [F.; L. tunicula, dim. of 
tunica.] 

Tunnage, Tunnel. See under Ton, a weight. 

Tunny, tun'nY, n. A very large food-fish, allied to the 
mackerel, esteemed for its solid veal-like flesh. [F. 




thon, L. thunnus, Gr. 
thunnos, lit. a darter, 
fr. thunein, thuein, to 
rush along.] 

Turanian, tu-ra'nf-an, 
a. Altaic; Scythian; 
pert, to the languages 
other than Aryan ^ 
and Semitic spoken in ^ 
N. Europe and N. and 
Cent. Asia, including lunny. 

the Finno-Hungarian, Samoyed, Turkish, Mongoli- 
an, and Tungusian. [Pers. Tur, one of the 3 broth- 
ers from whom sprang the races of mankind.] 

Turban, ter'ban, n. A head-dress worn by some 
Orientals, consisting of a brimless cap, and a sash 
or scarf wound about the cap; a head-dress worn by 
ladies. [ME. and OF. turbant, Turk, tulbend, dul- 
bend, Pers. and Hind, dulband; s. rt. tulip.} 

Turbary, ter'ba-rf, n. (Eng. Law.) A right of dig- 
ging turf on another man's land ; the ground where 
turf is dug. [LL. turbaria, fr. turba, turf.] 

Turbid, ter'bid, a. Having the lees disturbed ; foul 
with extraneous matter ; roiled ; muddy ; thick. 
[L. turbidus, fr. turba, tumult, disturbance, turbare, 
to disturb ; s. rt. trouble, q. v.] — Tur'bulent, -bu- 
lent, a. In violent commotion ; disposed to insub- 
ordination and disorder; producing commotion; agi- 
tated; tumultuous; riotous; seditious; unquiet; re- 
fractory. [F. ; L. turbulentus, f r. turba.} — Tur'bu- 
lently, adv. — Tur'bulence, -bu-lens, n. State or 
quality of being turbulent; a disturbed state.— Tur'- 
bidness, n. 

Turbine, ter'bin, n. A horizontal water-wheel, usu- 
ally constructed with a series of curved floats upon 
the periphery, against which the water strikes with 
direct impulse, as it rushes from all sides of an 
inner flume, and after expending its force upon the 
floats, passes out at the circumference. [F. turbine, 
a spiral shell. L. turbo, a whipping-top, spindle, 
reel.] — Turbinate, -nat'ed, -bY-na'ted, a. Shaped 
like a top, or cone inverted; narrow at the base, and 
broad at the apex. — Turbina'tion, n. Act of spin- 
ning or whirling, as a top. — Tur'bit, n. A variety 
of the domestic pigeon, remarkable for its short 
beak ; the turbot. [Ir., 
a rhomboid, also a tur- 
bot, q. v., following.] 
— Tur'bot, n. A short, 
broad flat-fish of large 
size, much esteemed 
for the table. [F.; LL. 
turbo, fr. L. turbo, f r. 
the shape of the fish.] 

Turbulent, etc. See un- 
der Tukbid. 

Turcism. See under Tur- Turbot. 

KEY. 

Tureen, tu-ren', n. A large, deep vessel for holding 
soup, or other liquid food, at the table. [F. terrine, 
fr. terre, L. terra, earth, — because orig. made of 
earthenware.] 

Turf, terf, n. The matted upper stratum or surface of 
grass-land, consisting of earth which is filled with 
roots; earth covered with grass; sward ; sod ; peat, 
esp. when prepared for fuel; race-ground; or horse- 
racing.— v. t. [turfed (terf t), turfing.] To cover 
with turf or sod. [AS. ; D., peat, Ic. and Sw. torf, 
OHG. zurba, a turf, sod, peat ; prob. s. rt. Skr. 
darbha, a kind of matted grass, dribh, to string, 
bind.] — Turfy, -T, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Abounding 
with, made of, covered with, or having the appear- 
ance or qualities of turf. — Turf iness, n. 

Turgid, ter'jid, a. Distended beyond the natural 
state by some internal agent or expansive force ; 
swelled ; bloated ; swelling in style or language ; 
vainly ostentatious ; tumid ; pompous ; inflated ; 
bombastic. [L. turgidus, fr. turgere, to swell.] — 
Turgid'ity, -X-tt, Tur'gidness, n. The quality of 
being turgid. —Tur 'gent, -jent, a. Rising into a 
tumor, or puffy state; swelling; inflated; bombastic. 
[L. turgens, p. pr. of turgere.} — Turges'cence, -cen- 
cy, -ies / 'en-sY, n. Act of swelling, or state of being 
swelled. (Med.) Superabundance of humors in 
any part. Empty magnificence or pompousness ; 
bombast. — Turges'cent, a. Swelling; growing big. 
[L. turgescens, p. pr. of turgescere, incept, of tur- 
gere.} 

Turkey, ter'kY, n. A large gallinaceous fowl, a native 
of Amer. : the flesh is valued for food. [Short for 
Turkey-cock, T.-hen, and po-called because at the 



Dp. — Tur bit, n. A variety 
t, remarkable for its shorl 



fim, lame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term i In, ice ; Odd, tone. 6r •, 



TURMERIC 



633 



TURN 




time of their introduc- 
tion in England (about 
1530) Turkey was a 
vague terra for any 
foreign region, esp. for 
Tartary : cf. F. dinde, 
a turkey, contr. fr. 

foule (/'Hide, bird of 
n d i a, G. calecutische 
halm, a turkey-cock, 
lit. a cock of Calecut = 
Calcutta : 2'urkey, F. 
Turquie, is fr. Per. 
Turk, a Turk, a de- 
scendant of Turk, the 
son of Japhet] — Tur''- 
key-buz'zard, n. A com- 
mon Amer. species of 
carrion-eating vulture, 
having a distant resem- 
blance to a turkey. — Common Turkey-cock. 
Tur'cism, -sizm, n. The character, belief, religion, 
manners, etc., of the Turks. — Turkois', -quoia', 
-koiz' or -kez', n. A precious stone from the moun- 
tains of Persia, of a peculiar bluish-green color : it 
takes a high polish, and is used in jewelrv. [F. tur- 
quois, lit. the Turkish stone (because brought to Eu- 
rope by way of Turkey), fern, of Turquois. Turkish.] 

Turmeric, ter'nier-ik, re. (Bot.) An E. Indian plant; 
its root or root-stock, used as a condiment (in curry 
powder), a dye (yellow), a chemical test, and a med- 
icine. [F. terre-merite, name of the powdered root, 
fr. L. terramerita, lit. excellent earth.] — Turmeric 
paper. (Chem.) A kind of unsized paper stained 
yellow with a decoction of turmeric, used as a test 
for free alkali, which changes its color to brown. 

Turmoil, tSr'moil, n. Harassing labor; trouble; mol- 
estation by tumult; commotion; disturbance. [Peril, 
f r. turn and moil, q. v. : perh. fr. OF. tremouille, tra- 
meul, the hopper of a mill, prob. fr. L. tremere, to 
tremble, shake, whence F. tremuer, to disquiet.] 

Turn, t5rn, v. t. [turned (ternd), turning.] To 
form in a lathe; to give form to, shape, put in proper 
condition ; to cause to move upon, or as if upon, a 
center ; to give circular motion to, cause to revolve; 
to cause to present a different side uppermost or out- 
most ; to give another direction, tendency, or incli- 
nation to ; to incline differently ; to change from a 
given use or office; to divert (to another purpose or 
end); to use or employ; to change the form, quality, 
aspect, or effect of; to cause to become sour, curdle, 
or ferment (milk, ale, etc.) ; to alter, transform, trans- 
late. — v, i. To move round, have a circular mo- 
tion ; to revolve, entirely, repeatedly, or partially ; 
to change position, so as to face differently ; to re- 
volve as if upon a point of support ; to hinge, de- 
pend ; to result or terminate, issue; to be deflected, 
take a different direction or tendency, be differently 
applied; to be changed, altered, or transformed ; to 
become transmuted ; to become by changes ; to un- 
dergo the process of turning on a lathe ; to become 
acid, sour, — said of milk, ale, etc.; to become giddy, 
— said of the head ; to be nauseated, — said of the 
stomach; to become inclined in the other direction,— 
said of scales ; to change from ebb to flow, or from 
flow to ebb, — said of the tide. — n. Act of turning; 
movement or motion about a center, or as if about a 
center; revolution; change of direction; different or- 
der, position, aspect of affairs, etc. ; change ; altera- 
tion; vicissitude; successive portion of a course; reck- 
oning from change to change; a winding; bend; brief 
walk; successive course; time, occasion, or opportu- 
nity for receiving or doing, coming in alternation to 
each of 2 or more persons; a nervous shock or sud- 
den illness; incidental or opportune deed or office; 
convenience; occasion; purpose; form; cast; shape; 
manner; fashion; form of expression; one round of 
a rope or cord. pi. (Med.) Monthly courses; men- 
ses. (Mus.) An embellishment or grace, marked 
thus, tf^), formed by grouping the principal note 
with the note above and the semitone below, the 3 
being performed in the time of the principal note. 
[ME. tournen, tomen, tumen. fr. OF. torner, turner, 
also, AS. tyrnan, fr. L. tornare, to turn in a lathe, 
turn, fr. tomus, a turner's lathe, Gr. tornos, a car- 
penter's compasses, torneuein, to turn in a lathe; s. 
rt. Gr. teirein, to pierce, L. terere, to rub, E. trite (q. 
v.), tour (q. v.).] — [turn, v. t.~] To be turned of. To 
be advanced beyond. — To turn a corner. To go 
round a corner. — To t. the enemy's flank. {Mil.) To 
pass from his front and attack his troops upon the 



side or rear. — To t. aside. To avert. — To t. away 
To dismiss from service, discard; to avert. — To t. 
down. To fold or double down. — To t. in. To fold 
or double under. — To t. in the mind. To revolve, 
ponder, or meditate upon. — To t. off. To dismiss 
contemptuously; to give over, reduce; to divert, de- 
flect; to accomplish, perform (work). — To t. one's 
money or goods, to turn a penny, etc. To exchange 
in the course of trade; to keep in lively exchange 
or circulation. — To t. out. To drive out; to expel; 
to put to paBture (cattle or horses); to produce, aa 
the result of labor, or any process of manufacture; 
to furnish in a completed state. — To t. over. To 
cause to change the sides of; to cause to roll over; 
to transfer; to open and examine one leaf of (a 
book) after another ; to overset, overturn. — To t. 
tail. To retreat ignominiously. — To t. the back. To 
flee, retreat. — To t. the back on or upon. To treat 
with contempt; to reject or refuse unceremoniously. 
—To t. the edge of. To make dull, deprive of sharp- 
ness. — To t. the head or brain of. To make giddy, 
wild, insane, etc.; to infatuate.— To t. the scale. To 
change the preponderance, give superiority or suc- 
cess. — To t. the stomach of. To nauseate, sicken. — 
To t. the tables. To reverse success or superiority.— 
To t. to. To have recourse to, refer to.— To t.to 
profit, advantage, etc. To make profitable or ad- 
vantageous. — To t. upon. To retort, throw back. — 
[turn, v. ?'.] To t. about. To move the face to an- 
other quarter. — To t. away. To deviate; to depart 
from, forsake; to avert one's looks, remove. — To t. 
in. To bend inward; to enter for lodgings or enter- 
tainment; to go to bed. — To t. off. To be diverted, 
deviate from a course. — To t. on or upon. To reply 
or retort; to show resentment toward, confront an- 
grily; to depend on. —To t. out. To move from its 
place, as a bone; to bend outward, project; to rise 
from bed; to come abroad, prove in the result, issue. 
— To t. over. To turn from side to side, roll, tumble. 
— To t. to account, profit, advantage, etc. To be made 
profitable, become worth the while. — To t. under. 
To bend or be folded downward or under. — To t. up. 
To bend or be doubled upward; to come to light, oc- 
cur, happen.— [turn, w.] By turns. One after anoth- 
er; alternately; at intervals.— In turn. In due order 
of succession. — To at. Exactly; perfectly, — from 
the practice of cooking on a revolving spit.— To take 
turns. To alternate, succeed one another in due or- 
der.— Turn and t. about. An alternate share of duty. 
— T. of life (lied.). The time of the final cessation of 
the menses in women; menopause. — Turncoat, n. 
One who forsakes his party or principle; a renegade; 
an apostate. — Turn^er, n. One who turns; esp., one 
whose occupation is to form articles with a lathe; a 
variety of pigeon; one who practices athletic or gym- 
nastic exercises, — so called among the Germans. — 
Turn'ery, -er-t, n. Art of fashioning solid bodies 
into various forms by means of a lathe ; things or 
forms made by a turner or in the lathe. [F. tourn- 
erie.~] — Turn'mg, n. A winding ; bending course ; 
flexure ; a corner (of a street or road) ; deviation 
from the way or proper course; act of forming solid 
substances into various forms by means of a lathe. 
pi. Pieces detached in the process of turnery. (Mil.) 
A maneuver bv which an enemy, or position, is 
turned. — Turn'ing-point, n. The point upon which 
a question turns, and which decides a case.— Tu^n /, - 
key, n. One in charge of the keys of a prison ; a 
warden. — Tura'pike, n. Orig. a frame consisting 
of 2 bars (originally with sharpened ends), crossing 
each other at right angles, and turning on a post or 
pin, to hinder the passage of beasts, but admitting a 
person to pass between the arms ; a toll-gate, or gate 
set across a road ; a turnpike-road. — v. t. [turn- 
piked (-pikt), -piking.] To form (a road) in the 
manner of a turnpike-road, [turn andptfce, q. v.] — 
Tum /, pike-road, n. A road on which turnpikes, or 
toll-gates, are established by law. — Turn'sole, n. 
(Bot.) A heliotrope,— because its flower is supposed 
to turn toward the sun. A leguminous plant, and 
a purple dye obtained from it. A 
blue dye obtained from certain 
lichens. [F. tourne*ol, f r. tourner, \ 
to turn, and L. sol. the sun ; cf. i 
heliotrope.'] — Turn'spit, n. One 
who turns a spit; one engaged in 
some menial office; a variety of 
dog,— formerly employed to turn ..' 

a spit. — Turn'stile, n. A revolv- lurnsnie. 
ing frame in a footpath; a turnpike. — Turn '-out, 
n.;pl. -outs. Act of coming forth; a short side track 




siin, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



TURNIP 



634 



TWITTER 




Turn-table, 



on a railroad; 
a shunt; an 
equipage. — 
-o / ver, n. Act ; 
or result of 
tuini n g 
over; a semi- 
circular p i e 
m a d e D y 
turning one 
half a circu- 
lar crust over the other. — ta/ble. n. A larsre revolv- 
ing platform, for turning railroad cars, locomotives, 
etc., in a different direction. 

Turnip, ter'nip, n. A cruciferous plant of many spe- 
cies; its solid, bulbous root, which is valued as an 
article of food. [Perh. fr. F. tour, a wheel (fr. its 
roundness, fr. tounier = E. to turn, q. v.), and AS. 
niep, L. napus, a turnip.] 

Turpentine, ter'pen-tm, n. An oleo -resinous sub- 
stance, exuding naturally or on incision from sev- 
eral species of trees, chiefly those of the coniferous 
kind. [F. turhentine, fr. L. terebintkinus, of the tur- 
pentine-tree, fr. tere^inthus: see Terebinth.] 

Turpitude, ter'pT-tud, n. Inherent baseness or vile- 
ness of principle, words, or actions. [F.; L. turpi- 
tudo, fr. turpis, foul, base, Skr. trap, to be ashamed, 
turn away in shame; s. rt. Gr. trepein, to turn: see 
Tkope.] 

Turquois. See under Turkey. 

Turfel, tur'rel, n. A tool used by coopers. [OF. ton- 
rout, a little wooden tourniquet to fasten doors or 
windows.] 

Turret, tur'ret, n. A small tower or spire attached to 
a building, etc., and rising above it. [F. tourette, dim. 
of tour, L. turris, a tower, q. v.] — Tur'reted, p. a. 
Formed like a tower; furnished with turrets. — Tur'- 
ret-ship, n. An iron-clad war-vessel, with low sides, 
on which heavy guns are mounted within rotating 
turrets. 

Turtle, ter'tl, n. (Ornith.) A gallinaceous bird,— 
called also turtle-dove and turtle-pigeon : its note is 
plaintive and tender, and it is celebrated for the con- 
stancy of its affection. 
(Zo'ol.) A tortoise, — 
often restricted to the 
large sea-tortoise. 
[AS.; L. turtur, a tur- 
tle - dove ; onomat. fr. 
tur, tur, the coo of the 
bird: the name for the 
torjoise was the cor- 
rupt, of Eng. sailors 
for Pg. tartaruga, Sp. 
tortuga, a tortoise, q. 
v.] — Tur 'tier, n. One who catches turtles or tor- 
toises. 

Tuscan, tus'kan, a. Of, or pert, to, Tuscany, in 
Italy; — specifically applied to one of the orders of 
architecture, the most ancient and simple : see 
Capital. 

Tush, tush, interj. Pshaw! — an exclamation indica- 
ting check, rebuke, or contempt. 

Tusk, tusk, n. A long, pointed, and often protruding 
tooth, as of the elephant, wild boar, etc. [AS. tusc, 
tux.] —Tusked, tuskt, a. Furnished with tusks. 

Tussle, tus'sl, n. A struggle; conflict; scuffle. — v. i. 
To struggle, as in sport or wrestling; to scuffle. 
[Same as tousle, freq. of touse, q. v.] 

Tut, tut, interj. Be still, — an exclamation used for 
checking or rebuking. 

Tutelage, etc. See under Tutor. 

Tutenag, tu'te-nag, n. An alloy of copper, zinc, and 
nickel ; zinc, or spelter, — so called in India. [F. 
toutenague, NL. tutenago, tutanego : see Tutty.] 

Tutor, tu'ter, n. One who protects, watches over, or 
has the care of, another. (Civil Law.) A guardian. 
A private or public teacher. (Eng. Univ. and Col- 
leges.) An officer or member of some hall, who has 
the cfcarge of hearing the lessons of the students, 
and otherwise giving them instruction. (Amer. Col- 
leges.) An instructor of a lower rank than a pro- 
fessor.— v. t. [tutored (-tSrd), -toring.] To have 
the guardianship or care of; to teach, instruct; to 
treat with authority or severity. [F. tuteur, L. tutor, 
iv.tueri, to watch, defend; s. rt. tuition.] — Tu'tor- 
age, -ej, n. Office or occupation of a tutor, tutor- 
ship; guardianship. — Tu'toress, n. A female tutor; 
instructress ; governess. — Tutorial, -to'ri - al, a. 
Belonging to, or exercised by, a tutor. — Tu'telage, 
-te-lej, n. Guardianship ; protection, — applied to 




Turtle. 



the person protecting; state of being under a guar< 
dian. [L. tutela, protection.] — Tu'telar, -lary. -te- 
la-rT, a. Having the charge of protecting a perse n 
or a thing; guardian; protecting. [F. tutelaire, L. 
tutelaris.] 

Tutti, tdot'te, n. pi. (Mus.) All, — a direction for all 
the singers or players to perform together. [It., fr. 
L. totus, pi. toti, all.] 

Tutty, tut'ti, n. An impure protoxide of zinc, col- 
le«ted from the chimneys of smelting furnaces. [F. 
tutie, LL. tutia. Per. tutiya.] 
; Twaddle, twod'dl, v. i. To talk in a weak and silly 
manner; to prate. — ?;. Silly talk; senseless verbi- 
age; gabble. [Same as tattle, q. v.] — Twad'dler, n. 

— Twat'tle, twot'tl, v. i. To twaddle. 

I Twain, twan, a. or n. Two, — nearly obsolete. [See 

Twang, twang, v. i. [twanged (twangd), twanging.] 
To make the sound of a string which is stretched 
and suddeuly pulled, —v. t. To make to sound, as 
by pulling a tense string and letting it go suddenlv. 

— n. A harsh, quick sound, like that made by"a 
stretched string when pulled and suddenly let go; 
a kind of nasal sound of the voice. [Onomat.: cf. 
Ting.] 

Tweak, twek, v. t. To pinch and pull with a sudden 
jerk and twist; to twitch. — n. A sharp pinch or 
jerk ; trouble ; distress. [ProvE. twick, a sudden 
jerk, ME. and LG. twikken, G. zwicken, to pinch, 
nip; s. rt._twinge, ticinkle, tivitch.] 

Tweed, twed, n. A light, twilled cotton or woolen 
stuff, used for summer clothing. [Manufactured 
orig. in the valley of the river Tiveed, Scotland.] 

Tweedle, twe'dl, v. t. To handle lightly, — said with 
reference to awkward fiddling; to influence as if 
by fiddling, coax, allure. [Cf. G. dudeln, to play 
badly on an instrument.] — Twid'dle, -dl, v. t. To 
touch lightly, play with, twirl with the fingers, 
tweedle. 

Tweezers, twe'zerz^.jp?. Small pincers used to pluck 
out hairs, etc. [ME. tiveese, OF. estuy, F. etui, Sp. 
estuche, Olt. stuccio, a small case for surgical instru- 
ments, LL. estugium, a case, box, MHG. stuche, a 
cuff, muff.] 

Twelve, Twenty. Twibil. Twice, Twig, Twilight, Twill, 
Twin, Twine, Twist, etc. See under Two. 

Twiddle. See under Tweedle. 

Twig, twig, v. t. To understand the meaning of; to 
observe slyly. [Ir. tuigin, Ga. tuig, to understand.] 

Twinge, twini, v. t. [twinged (twhrid), twingeing.] 
To pull with a twitch, pinch, tweak; to torment with 
pinching or sharp pains. — v. i. To have a sudden, 
sharp, local pain, like a twitch. — n. A pinch; tweak; 
twitch; a darting, local pain of momentary contin- 
uance. [ME. ttvingen, to afflict, OFries. thwinga, 
twinga, OS. thwingan, IX dwingen, to constrain, Skr. 
tancli, to contract'; s. rt. tweak, thong.]— Twinkle, 
twink'l, v. i. [twinkled (-Id), -ling.] To open and 
shut the eyes rapidly, blink, wink; to sparkle, flash 
at intervals, scintillate. — n. A closing or opening, 
or a quick motion of the eye; a wink; the time of a 
wink; a twinkling. [ME. tivinken, to blink, wink, 
AS. twinclian, to twinkle, shine faintly, fr. twiccan, 
to twitch: see Tweak.] — Twink'ling, n. Act of one 
who, or that which, twinkles ; a wink ; a scintilla- 
tion; sparkling; the time of a wink; a moment; in- 
stant. — Twitch, twich, v. t. [twitched (twicht), 
twitching.] To pull with a sudden jerk; to pluck 
with a short, quick motion; to snatch. — n. A pull 



with a jerk; a short, sudden, quick pull or contrac- 
Dn. [ME. twicchen, a form of twikken, to tweak.] 
Twitch'-grass, n. A species of grass which it is 



difficult to exterminate. 

Twirl, twerl, v. t. [twirled (twerld), twirling.] To 
move or whirl round; to move and turn rapidly with 
the fingers. — v. i. To revolve with velocity, be 
whirled round rapidly. — n. A rapid circular mo- 
tion; a whirling; quick rotation. [AS. thweran, to 
agitate, turn, thwiril, a churn-handle, D. dwarlen. 
OHG. dweran, tweran, to whirl; s. rt. L. ierere, to 
bore, E. trite.] 

Twit, twit, v. t. To vex by bringing to notice or re- 
minding of a fault, defect, misfortune, etc.; to revile, 
reproach, upbraid, taunt. [ME. atwiten, AS. mi : w it- 
em, to twit, reproach, fr. set = E. at, and witan, to 
blame, AS. and Goth, icitan, to know; s. rt. wit, vis- 
ion.] — Twifter, n. One who, etc. 

Twitch. See under Twinge. 

Twitter, twit'ter, v. t. [-tered (-terd), -tering.^ To 
make a succession of small, tremulous, intermitted 
noises; to have a slight trembling of the nerves; to 



am, fSme, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term ; In, ice : Qdd, tone, 6r ; 



'TWIXT 



635 



TYPE 



titter, giggle. — n. A small, tremulous, intermitted 
noise, like that made by some birds, as the swallow: 
a slight trembling or agitation of the nerves; a hall- 
suppressed laugh; titter; giggle. £Onomat.; lit. to 
keep on saying twit ; twit = twat in twaddle ; e. rt. 
tattle, q. v.] 

'Twixt, twikst. A contr. of betwixt. 

Two, too, a. One and one. — n. The sum of 1 and 1; 
a symbol representing two units, as 2, or ii.— Twain, 
twin, a. and n. Two. [AS. nom. masc. twegen 
(whence twain), fern, twa, neut. twa, tu (whence 
two), D. twee, lc. tveir. Goth, twai, OHG. zwene, 
zwei, It. and Ga, da, Lithuan. dwi, du, L. and Gr. 
duo (q. v.), Skr. dva. dwa, two.] — In two. Asunder; 
into 2 parts ; in halves ; in twain. — Two'fold, a. 
Double ; duplicate ; multiplied by 2. — adv. In a 
double degree; doubly. [ME. twifold, AS. twifeald.] 

— Two'-edged, -ejd, a. Having 2 edges, or edges on 
both sides. — -hand'ed, a. Having 2 hands j stout ; 
strong; powerful; used with both hands. — pence, 
tup'pens, n. A small coin and money of account, 

in Eng. = 2 pennies. pen'ny, tup'pen'nl, a. Of 

the value of two-pence; small; mean; of little value. 
— ply, a. Consisting of 2 thicknesses, as cloth ; 
double; woven double, as cloth or carpeting, by in- 
corporating 2 sets of threads of the warp and 2 sets 
of the weft. — Twice, twls, adv. Two times; once 
and again; doubly; in twofold quantity. [ME. twits, 
AS. twiges, twiwa, fr. twa.] — Twi'bil, n. A kind 
of mattock or ax; a reaping-hook. [AS.: see Bill, 
a hook.] — Twi'fallow, -fal-lo, v. i. [-lowed (-lod), 
-lowing.] To plow a second time, — said of land 
that is fallowed. — Twig, n. A small shoot or branch 
of a tree or other plant, of no definite length or size. 

— v. t. To beat with twigs. [AS. ; D. twijg, G. zweig, 
orig. applied to the fork or bisection of a branch.] — 
Twig'gy, -gt, a. Full of twigs ; abounding with 
shoots. — Twilight, n. The faint light perceived be- 
fore the rising and after the setting of the sun; any 
faint light; a dubious or uncertain view. — a. Im- 
perfectly illuminated ; shaded ; obscure ; seen or 
done by twilight. [AS. tweon, doubt, the wavering 
between 2 opinions; cf. G. zwiefach, double, zwie- 
licht, twilight, zwiesel, a forked bough, fr. zwei.] — 
Twill, twil, v. t. To weave (cloth) so as to produce 
the appearance of diagonal lines or ribs, on the sur- 
face of. — n. An appearance of diagonal lines or ribs 
produced in textile fabrics; a fabric woven with a 
twill. [LG. twUlen, to make double, to fork into 2 
branches, as a tree, twill, a forked branch.] — Twin, 
twin, n. One of 2 produced at a birth by an animal 
that ordinarily brings forth but one at a birth, — 
used chiefly in the pi. One very much resembling an- 
other, pi. (Astron.) A constellation and sign of the 
zodiac; Gemini. — a. Being 1 of 2 born at a birth; 
being 1 of a pair much resembling one another. [ME. 
double, AS. getwinne, twins, lc. tvennr, 2 and 2, twin, 
in pairs, tvinna, to twist 2 together, twine, Lithuan. 
dwmi, twins.] — Twinling, n. A twin lamb. — 
Twine, twin, v. t. [twined (twlnd), twining.] To 
twist together; to form by twisting or winding of 
threads ; to wind about, embrace, entwine. — v. i. 
To unite closely, or by complication of parts ; to 
wind, bend, make turns, meander. — n. A twist ; 
convolution ; act of twining or winding round ; a 
strong thread composed of 2 or 3 smaller threads or 
strands twisted together; a small cord or string. [AS. 
twin, double, a doubled or twisted thread, D. twijn, 
twine, twist, twijnen, to twine, lc. tvinni, twine, 
tvinna, to twine, tvinnr, tvennr, twin, q. v., above.] — 
Twist, twist, v. t. To contort, complicate, convolve; 
to turn from the true form or meaning, pervert; to 
wreathe, wind, unite by intertexture of parts ; to 
form, weave ; to wind m, insinuate, — used reflex- 
ively; to unite by winding one thread, strand, or 
other flexible substance round another; to form into 
a thread from many fine filaments. — v. i. To be 
contorted or united by winding round each other.— 
n. A contortion ; flexure ; convolution ; bending ; 
form given in twisting; that which is formed by 
twisting, convoluting, or uniting the parts; a roll of 
twisted dough, baked. [AS., a rope, ME., a forked 
branch, D., a quarrel, G. zwist, a twist, also discord, 
lc. tvistr, the 2, or deuce, in cards: see Deuce.] — 
Twist 'er, n. One who twists; the instrument used 
in twisting, or making twists.— Twelve, twelv, a. One 
more than 11; 2 and 10; twice 6; a dozen. — n. The 
sum of 10 and 2, or of twice 6; a symbol representing 
twelve units, as 12, or xii. [ME. twelf, AS. twelfe, G. 
zwoelf, Goth, twalif, Lithuan. dwylika, twelve ; Lith- 
uan. lika = L. decern, Gr. deka, ten.] — Twelve'- 



month, n. A year, which consists of- 12 calendar 
months. —Twelve'ecore, a. & n. Twelve times 20s 
240. — Twelve'-pence, n. A shilling sterling, about 
24 cents in U. S. currency.— Twelfth, twelfth, a. The 
2d after the 10th; next succeeding the 11th, — the or- 
dinal of 12; constituting one of 12 equal parts into* 
which anything is divided. — n. One of 12 equal 
parts. (Mus.) An interval comprising an octave and- 
a filth. — Twelfth'-night, n. The evening of the 12th. 
day after Christmas, or Epiphany, observed as a fes- 
tival. — Twen'ty, -tT, a. One more than 19; twice 10; 
a score; an indefinite number, — used proverbially. 
— n. The number next following 19; twice 10; a 
symbol representing twenty units, as 20, or xx. 
[AS. twentig, prob. for twegentig, fr. twegen, twain, 
and suffix -tig = Goth, tigjus, 10, Goth, twaitigjus, 
G. zwanzig, 20.] — Twen'tieth, -tt-eth, c. Next in 
order after the 19th, — the ordinal of 20 ; constitu- 
ting 1 of 20 equal parts into which anything is di- 
vided. — n. One of 20 equal parts. (AIus.) An in- 
terval comprising 2 octaves and a sixth. [AS. twen- 
tigodha.] 

Tyke, tik, n. A dog, or one as contemptible as a dogr 
a tike. [Same as tike, q. v.] 

Tympanum, tim'pa-num, n. (Anat.) The middle cav- 
ity of the ear, separated by a membrane from the 
external passage ; also, this membrane itself, on 
which atmospheric vibrations act directly in pro- 
ducing sound, — the drum of the ear; in birds and. 
reptiles, the flat scale or membrane which forms the 
external organ of hearing. (Arch.) The triangular- 
face of a pediment; the die of a pedestal; the panel. 
of a door. [L. ; Gr. tumpanon, a drum, roller, panel,, 
fr. tuptein, to strike, beat a drum; s. rt. type (q. v.),. 
timbrel.]—- Tym'pan, n. (Arch.) A panel; tympa- 
num. (Print.) A frame, hinged to the bed of a- 
hand-press, and covered with parchment or cloth, 
on which the blank sheets are put, in order to be 
laid on the form to be impressed : see Printing- 
peess. [F., fr. L. tympanum. ] — Tym'pany, -pa-nY,. 
w. (Med?) A flatulent distention of the belly. Infla- 
tion ; conceit; bombast; tumidity; turgidness. JTf.. 
tympanie, Gr. tumpanias, — fr. the Delly beingr 
Tym , bal, n. A kind. 



timpano, L. tympa- 




stretched tight, like a drum.] ■ 
of kettle-drum. [It. timbalk 
num.] 

Type, tip, rt. The mark or impression of something ? 
stamp ; emblem ; impressed form ; kind ; sort ; the 
aggregate of characteristic qualities; the representa- 
tive ; a figure or representation of 
something to come ; a token ; sign ; 
symbol ; an example or specimen. 
(Nat. Eist.) The ideal representation 
of a species or group, combining its 
essential characteristics. (3fed.) The 
order in which the symptoms of a dis- 
ease exhibit themselves and succeed 
each other. (Typog.) A rectangular 
block of metal, wood, etc., having a 
raised letter, figure, accent, or other 
character, on its upper surface; types 
in general, — spoken of collectively. 
[F. : L. typus, a figure, image, type, 
Gr. tupos, a blow, mark of a blow, 
stamp, impress, mold, figure, charac- 
ter of a disease, fr. tuptein, to strike, 
beat; s. rt. Skr. tup, tump, to hurt, tud, 
L. tundere, to strike, E. thump, tym- 
panum.] — 03"- The type composing 
an ordinary book-font consist of Ro- 
man CAPITALS, smal* capitals, 
and lower-case letters, and Italic 
CAPITALS and lower-case letters, with accompa- 
nying figures, points, and reference-marks, — in all 
about 200 characters. Besides the ordinary Roman, 
and Italic, the most important varieties of face are 

©lir (ffnslisl), °' Slack Cetter,, 
©crmatt Xeyt, 

Full-face, Antique, 

Old Style, gothic. 

The following alphabets show the different sizes. oi: 
type cast in Amer. and Eng., up to great primer: — 



Metal Type- 
a, the body ; 
6, face ; 

c, shoulder; 

d, nick ; 

e, groove. 



sun. cube, full ; moon *<%t ; cow, oil ijinger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. 



TYPHOID 



636 



ULCER 



Brilliant. . . 
Diamond . . 

Tearl 

Agate .... 
Nonpareil . . 
JSmerald. . . 
Minion ... 
Brevier . . . 
Bourgeois . . 
Long primer 
Small pica . 



Pica 



, ftbodefghijklmnopqrstuTWiYt 

. abodofghijklmnopqrstuvwxyi 

. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 
. abcdefglujklmnopqrstuvwxyz 
. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 
. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx 
. abcdeighijklmnopqrstuvw 
. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw 
. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv 
. abcdefghijklmnopqrst 
. abcdefghijklmnopqr 
. abcdefghijklmnop 
. abcdefghijklmn 

abcdefghijk 

'Sizes larger than these are also cast, in the following 
order : Paragon, Double small pica, Double pica, 
Double English, Double great primer, Double para- 
gon, and Canon, q. v.— Type'-found'er, n. One who 
casts or manufactures type. — metal, n. A com- 
pound of lead and antimony, used for making type. 

writ'er, n. An instrument for writing by means 

of type, in which the operator uses a key-board to 
obtain the impressions of the type upon paper. — 
Typ'ic, -ical, tfp'ik-al, a. Of the nature of a type; 
representing something by a form, model, or resem- 
blance; emblematic; figurative. [Gr. tupikos, typi- 
cal, figurative, f r. tupos.] — Typically, adv. — Typ' r - 
icalness, n.~ Typ'ify, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying.] 



English . . . 



Great primer 



To represent by an image, form, model, or resem- 
blance. [L.facere, to make.} — Typography, tT- or 
tl-pog'ra-fi, n. The art of printing, or the operation 

ressingtype — 

te.] -Typo* 
'ic, -ical, tij 



of lmpressingtype on paper. [Gr. tupos and graphein, 
to write.] — Typog'rapher, n. A printer. — Typo- 
graphic, -ical, tip-o- or ti-po-grafik-al, a. Of, or 
pert, to, typography or printing. — Typographic- 
ally, adv. In a typographical manner; by means of 
type; after the manner of printers. 

Typhoid. See under Typhus. 

Typhoon, ti-foon"', n. A violent tornado or hurricane 
occurring in the Chinese seas ; sometimes, the si- 
moom. [Chinese Tyfoon, name of a goddess of the 
winds, ta fang or fung, a gale, high wind, fr. ta, 
great, and fang, fung, a wind, gust, gale : but the 



word is contused with L. typhon, Gr. triplion, tuphos, 
a whirlwind, prob. fr. Typhon, a giant struck with 
lightning by Jupiter, and buried under Mount ^Et- 
na.] 
Typhus, til us, n. {Med.) A contagious or infectious 
and often malignant continued fever attended with 
great prostration and cerebral disorder. [L. ; Gr. 
tuphos, smoke, cloud, stupor, esp. stupor arising fr. 
fever, tuphein, to smoke, raise a smolce; s. rt. Skr. 



dhu 



up, to fumigate, dhupa, smoke, E. fume, dust.] — 
'phous, -f us, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. — Ty'phoid 
-loid, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling, typhus. [Gr. 
tuphos and eidos, resemblance.] — Typhoid Fever. 
A dangerous continued fever, characterized by ul- 
cerations of the intestines ; often caused by use of 
impure water, etc.; enteric f ever. — Ty'pho-mala''- 
rlal, -la'rf-al, a. Pert, to typhus and malarial, — as 
tyjyho-malarial fever, a form of fever having symp- 
toms both of malarial and of typhoid fever. 

Typical, Typify, Typography, etc. See under Type. 

Tyrant, tilant, n. An absolute ruler, or one unre- 
strained by law or constitution; a monarch, or other 
ruler or master, who uses power to oppress his sub- 
jects ; a despotic ruler ; cruel master ; oppressor. 
[ME. and OF. tirant, L. tyrannus, Gr. turannos, a 
lord, master, absolute sovereign, later a tyrant, 
usurper.] — Tyran'nic, -nical, a. Of, or pert, to, a 
tyrant ; unjustly severe in government; imperious ; 
despotic; cruel; arbitrary. [F. tyrannique, Gr. turan- 
nikos.] — Tyran'nically, adv.— Tyrannicide, n. Act 
of killing a tyrant; one who kills a tyrant. [F.; L. 
tyrannicidium, the killing of a tyrant, tyrannicula, 
the killer of a tyrant, csedere, to kill; cf. parricide.] 
— Tyr'annize, ttr'an-nla, v. i. [-nized (-nizd), -niz- 
ino.] To act the tyrant, exercise arbitrary power. — 
v. t. To subject to arbitrary, oppressive, or tyran- 
nical treatment; to oppress. [F. tyrannizer, Gr. tu- 
rannizein.] — Tyr'annous, -an-nus, a. Tyrannical ; 
arbitrary; despotic — Tyr'anny, -an-nT, n. Govern- 
ment or authority of a tyrant; arbitrary or despotic 
exercise of power ; cruel government or discipline ; 
severity; rigor; inclemency. [F. tyrannie, Gr. turan- 
nia.] 

Tyrian, tYr'Y-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Tyre or its people; 
being of a purple color, like a celebrated cVe former- 
ly prepared at Tyre from certain shell-fish, and 
called Tyrian purple. 

Tyro, ti'ro, n. ; pi. -ros, -r.oz. A beginner in learning; 
one in the rudiments of any branch of study; a no- 
vitiate ; one imperfectly acquainted with a subject. 
[See Tiro.] 

Tzar, zar, Tzarina, za-re'na, etc. Same as Czar, etc. 

Tzetze, zefze, n. An African fly which kills horses, 
dogs, and cattle by its bite. [Native name.] 



TJ. 



•TT, yoo, the 21st letter in the Eng. alphabet, had, in An- 
glo-Saxon, the sound it still retains in most of the 
languages of Europe — that of oo in cool, tool : this 
sound was changed to that heard in the words use, 
tube, etc., prob. fr. the attempt to introduce the Nor- 
man-French language into England: besides these 2 
sounds, m has also 2 other sounds, as exemplified in 
the words but, bull. The vowel £7" has a close affinity 
to the consonant V, and these 2 letters were former- 
ly confounded in writing and printing. 

Ubiety, u-bi'e-tl, n. State of being in a place; local 
relation. [NL. ubietas, fr. L. ubi, where, for obs. 
cubi, quobi ; s. rt. E. who, q . v.] — XTbiq / 'uity, -bik'- 
wT-tY, n. Existence in all places at the same time; 
omnipresence. [E- uhique, wherever, everywhere, 
fr. ubi and que = Gr. te ; s. rt. L. quit = Gr. tis = E. 
who.] — Ubiqliitary, -wY-ta-rY, a. Existing every- 
where, or in all places; ubiquitous. — Ubiq'uitous, 
-wY-tus, a. Omnipresent. 

Udder, ud'dgr, n. The dependent gland of the cow 
and of certain other female quadrupeds, in which 
milk is secreted for the nourishment of the young: 
see Beef. [AS. and OD. uder, OHG. uter, Ga. & Ir. 
nth, Gr. outhar, L. uber, Skr. udhar ; s. rt. exuberant.] 

Udometer, u-dom'e-ter, n. An instrument for meas- 
uring the quantity of rain which falls; a rain-gauge. 
[Gr. hudor, moisture, and metron, a measure.] 



Ugh, 6b, inter j. An exclamation of horror or recoil, 
— usually accompanied by a shudder. [G. hu ] 

Ugly, uglY, a. [-LIER; -liest.] Offensive to the sight; 
of disagreeable or loathsome aspect ; ill- natured ; 
cross-grained ; hateful. [Ic. uggligr, fearful, dread- 
ful, uggr, fear, ugga, Goth, ogan, to fear, agis, terror, 
Ic. agi = E. awe.] — Ug'liness, n. Quality of beim? 
ugly; want of beauty; turpitude of mind; moral de- 
pravity; ill-nature; crossness. 

Ukase, u-kas', n. In Russia, an imperial order hav- 
ing the force of law. [F. ; Russ. ykaz', an edict, 
ykazate, to indicate, order, kazate, to show.] 

Ulan, Uhlan, ulan, n. One of a kind of militia among 
the modern Tartars; one of a light cavalry of Po- 
land, armed with lance, saber, etc.; alight cavalry- 
man of the German army, employed in foraging, 
outpost duty, etc.; a lancer. [G. uhlan, Polish ulah, 
prob. fr. Turk, oglan, a youth, lad.] 

Ulcer, ul'ser, n. {Med.) An open sore upon an ex- 
ternal or internal surface, caused by a wound, acute 
or chronic disease, etc., and discharging pus, etc. 
[F. ulcere, L. ulcus, idceris, Gr. helkoa, a wound, sore, 
abscess; prob. 8. rt. Eithuan. wilkas, Skr. rn'ka = 
E. wolf, Skr. vracch, to tear, wound, L. lacerare — 
E. to lacerate.]— UKcerate. v. i. To become ulcer- 
ous. — v. t. To affect with an ulcer or ulcers. [L. 
ulcerare, ulceratum, fr. ulcus.] — Ulceration, n. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, term , Yn, Ice ; <5dd, tone, or i 



ULBMA 



037 



UN- 



Process of forming into an ulcer; .state of being ul- 
cerated; an ulcer. [F.] — UKcered, -sSrd, a. Hav- 
ing become ulcerous; ulcerated. — Ul'cerous, -us, a. 
Having the nature or character of an ulcer; affected 
with an ulcer or ulcers. — Ul'cerousneBB, n. 

Uleraa, oo-le'ina, n. The hieraicliical corporation, in 
Turkey, composed of imams, or ministers of relig- 
ion, muftis, or doctors of law, and cadis, or admin- 
istrators of justice. [Ar., the wise or learned men, 
pi. of alint, wise, learned, fr. aliiua, to know.] 

Uliginous, u-lij'T-nus, a. Muddy ; oozy ; slimy. [L. 
uligiuosus, fr. idigo, moisture, contr. fr. uviligo, fr. 
uvere, to be moist. J 

Ullage, uKlej, n. (Com.) What a cask wants of being 
full. [OF. eullage, fr. euUier, to fill a cask up to the 
bung, Proven, oliar, to anoint with oil, also to fill a 
cask — the last operation in filling a wine flask being 
to add a little oil to prevent evaporation, OF. oile = 
E. oil, q. v.] 

Ulna, uKna, n. (Anat.) The larger of the, 2 bones of 
the fore-arm: see Skeleton. [L.; Gr. olene, the el- 
bow.]— Ul'nar, a. Of, or pert, to, the ulna. 

Ulster, uKster, n. A kind of frieze cloth, orig. made 
in Ulster, Ireland; a long overcoat, for either sex, 
orig. made of this cloth. 

Ulterior, ul-te'rT-er, a. Situated beyond, or on the fur- 
ther side; not now in view; in the future or in the 
background; further; remoter; more distant; suc- 
ceeding. FL., compar. of OL. ulter, ids, ouls, be- 
yond, on that side; s. rt. OE. ollus, that, olle = L,. 
ille, he; L. ulter is lit. more that way, more in that 
direction; prob. s. rt. Skr. antara = L. and E. inte- 
rior.]— Urtimate, -tT-mat, a. Furthest; most re- 
mote; last in a train of progression or consequences; 
incapable of further analysis, division, or separa- 
tion ; constituent; extreme ; conclusive. — v. t. & i. 
To come or bring to an end or issue; to end; to come 
or bring into use or practice. [L. ultimatus, last, ex- 
treme, fr. p. p. of uuiinare, to come to an end, fr. 
ultimas, the furthest, last, superl. of ulter.'] — Ulti- 
mately, adv. Finally; at last; in the end. — Ulti- 
ma'tion, n. State of being ultimate; ultimatum.— 
Ultima'tum, n, A final proposition or condition; 
esp., the final propositions, conditions, or terms, of- 
fered as the basis of a treaty. [L., neut. of ultima- 
tus.]— Ul'timo, n. The last month preceding the 
present, — contr. to uli. [L. ultimo (mense), in the 
last (month).] — Ul'tra, -tra, a. Disposed to go be- 
yond others, or beyond due limit; radical; extreme. 
— n. One who advocates extreme measures; an ul- 
traist. — prefix. Beyond. [L., orig. abl. fern, of OL. 
ulter : as prefix L. ultra = F. outre, It. oltra, Sp. ul- 
tra.] — Ul'traism, -izm, n. Principles of men who 
advocate extreme measures. — Ul'traist, n. One 
who pushes a principle or measure to extremes; a 
radical or ultra. — Ul / tramarine r , -ren', a. Situated 
or being beyond the sea. — n. (Paint.) A blue pig- 
ment obtained originally by powdering the lapis- 
lazuli, but now made artificially. [Sp. idtramarino, 
beyond sea, foreign, also the name of the color — 
because the lapis-lazuli was orig. brought from be- 
yond the sea, — from Asia; Sp.jind L. «/(ra and L. 
mare, sea.] — Ultramon'tane, -tan, a. Being beyond 
the mountains, or Alps, in respect to the one who 
speaks; Italian; pert, to the extreme views of the 
pope's supremacy maintained in Rome. [F. ultra- 
montain, LL. uUramontanus, fr. L. ultra and mon- 
tanus, belonging to a mountain, fr. mons, montia, 
mountain : see Mount.] — Ultramon'tanism, -ta- 
nizm, n. The principles of those who maintain ex- 
treme views as to the pope's supremacy. — Ultra- 
mun'dane, -dan, a. Being beyond the world, or be- 
yond the limits of our system. [L. vltramundanus ; 
mvnrlanus, belonging to the (mw«rf«s) world.] 

Ululate, uKu-lat, v. i. To howl, as a dog or wolf. [L. 
ululare, -latum,to howl: see Owl and Howl.] — Ulu- 
la'tion, n. A. howl, as of the wolf or dog. 

Umbel, Umbelliferous, Umber, etc. See under Um- 

EliAGE. 

Umbii;;us, um-biKT-kus, n. (Anat.) A round cicatrix 
about the median line of the abdomen ; the navel. 
(Bot.) The scar left where the stalk of the seed 
separates from the base; hilum. [L. (for numbUiciis), 
Gr. omphalos (for nomphalos), Skr. nabhi, the navel, 
q. v., under Nave, center of a wheel.] — Umbil^ic, 
-leal, a. Of, or pert, to, the navel. 

Unities, um'blz, n.pl. The entrails of a deer; entrails 
in general. [See Humbles.] 

Umbrage, um'brej, n. Shade ; shadow; that which 
affords shade, as a screen of trees: the feeling of 
being overshadowed; jealousy of another, as stand- 




ing in one's light or way; suspicion of injury; of- 
fense ; resentment. [F. omhrage, umbrage, shade, 
shadow, also jealousy, suspicion, fr. omlire, L. wn- 
bra, a shadow; s. rt. somber.] — Umbra'geous, -bra'- 
jus, a. Forming, or affording, a shade ; shading ; 
shady; shaded. JF. ombruyeux.] — Umbra'geous- 
ness, h. — Umbrel'la, -brel'la, n. A folding shade, 
carried in the hand for sheltering the person from 
the rays of the sun, or from rain or snow. [It. urn- 
brellu, ombrella, dim. of ombra, L. umbra, shade, L. 
umbella, a sunshade, parasol.] — Um'bel, n. (Bot.) 
A kind of flower clus- 
ter in which the flower- 
stalks spread moder- 
ately from a common 
point, and form a com- 
mon plane or convex 
surface above, as in 
the carrot. [Same as 
umbrella, which it re- 
sembles in form.] — 
Um'bellar, a. Of, pert, 
to, or having the form 
of, an umbel. — Um / - 
bellate, Um'bella'ted, 
a. Bearing umbels ; 
pert, to an umbel ; um- 
bel-like. — Um'bellet, 
n. A little or partial Lmbel. 

umbel. —Umbelliferous, -lif'er-us, a. Producing 
or bearing umbels. [L. ferre, to bear.] — Um'ber, 
n. A natural or artificial pigment, of various shades 
of bro"fn. 
(Ornith.) A 
grallatorial 
African bird, 
allied to the 
storks : it is 
of an umber 
color, crest- 
ed, and about 
the size of a 
crow. [F. 
ombre, for 
terre d'om- 
bre, It. terra 
d'ombra, lit. 
earth of 
shadow, i. e., 
earth used 
for shading 
pictures, Sp. 
sombra, um- 
ber, also 
shade.] _ 

Umlaut, oom'- 
1 o w t , n. 

( Gram.) The modification of a vowel sound through 
the influence of the vowel in the succeeding sylla- 
ble—peculiar to the Germanic languages: as G. mann 
(= E. man), pi. maenner (= E. men). [G., fr. um, 
about, and laut, sound.] 

Umpire, um'plr, n. A 3d person, to whose sole decis- 
ion a controversy or question between parties is re- 
ferred. (Law.) A 3d person, who is to decide a con- 
troversy or question submitted to arbitrators, in 
case of their disagreement. Judge; arbitrator; ref- 
eree. [For ntimpire (a numpii-e = an umpire), lit. the 
odd man, or 3d man, fr. F. non, not, and OF. per, an 
equal, peer (q. v., and see Pair), F. nonpair, odd = 
L. impar, odd, also arbitrator, umpire.] — Um'pire- 
ship, n. Office or authority of an umpire. — Um'- 
pirage, -pT-rej, n. Power, right, or authority to de- 
cide; decision of an umpire; arbitrament. 

Un-, un-, inseparable prefix, (1) a negative prefix, used 
with nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and past partici- 
ples; (2) a verbal prefix, — the two being of distinct 
derivation and uses. (1) Un- may be prefixed to al- 
most any adjective or adverb, to form a meaning the 
negative of that of the simple word, as, unclean, not 
clean, unwisely, not wisely : such compounds are usu- 
ally self-explanatory, aiid those only are inserted 
in "this vocabulary Which have acquired a sense dif- 
ferent from that of the simple word: which have the 
value of independent words, because the simple 
word is obsolete or rarely used, as uncouth ; or which 
are in so frequent use that they are hardly felt to be 
of negative origin, as uncertain, uneren,'etc. [AS., 
Goth., and G. "«-, D. on-, Ic. and Dan. v-, L. in- (q. 
v., under Inability), VV. and Skr. an-, Zend, ana-, 
Gr. an-, a-, orig. ana-, perh. s. rt. Lithuan. ne, no, L. 




Umber. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



UNABLE 



638 



UNDAUNTED 



ne, Goth, ni, Skr. na, not, Gr. and Russ. ne-, Ga. neo-, 
negative prefix.] — (2) Un-, verbal prefix, expresses 
the reversal of the action indicated by the simple 
word, as, unlock, to open that which has been closed 
by locking. [AS. un-, D. ont-, G. ent-, OHG. ant-, 
•Goth, and-; s. rt. Gr. anti-, in opposition to.] — In 
the case of past participles, 2 words of like spellings, 
but different signification, are often formed by use 
of the 2 prefixes, as, undone (fr. undo), unfastened, 
ruined, undone (fr. un & done), not done, unfinished. 
Unable, un-a'bl, a. Not able; not having sufficient 
strength, means, knowledge, skill, etc.; impotent. — 
Unaccomplished, -plisht, a. Not accomplished or 
performed; not refined or polished by culture.— Un- 
account'able, a. Not accountable or responsible; 
not to be accounted for; inexplicable; strange; mys- 
terious. — Unaccount'ably, adv. — Unadvis'able, 
-vlz'a-bl, a. Not advisable; not to be recommended; 
inexpedient; contrary to prudence or wisdom.— Un- 
advised', -vlzd', a. Not advised; not discreet; done 
■without due consideration; imprudent; rash; incon- 
siderate.— Unadvisedly, adv. — Unadvi3'edness, n. 
— Unaffect'ed, a. Not affected or moved; destitute 
of affection or emotion; not affected, artificial, or 
formal; plain; simple; natural.— Unaffectedly, adv. 
In an unaffected manner; without affectation; really; 
■without disguise. — Unaffect'edness, n. — Unal- 
loyed', -loid', a. Not alloyed; not reduced by for- 
eign admixture; unmixed; pure. — Unambiguous, 
-big'u-us, a. Not ambiguous; not of doubtful mean- 
ing; plain; clear; certain. — Una'miable, -a'mT-a-bl, 
a. Not amiable; not conciliating love; not adapted 
to gain affection; unlovely; ill-natured.— Unaneled', 
-a-neld', a. Not having received extreme unction 



[AS. un- (1), not, and elan, to oil, ele, oil; prob. s. rt. 
oil, q. v.] —Unanswerable. -an'sgr-a-bl, a. Not an- 
swerable; not capable of refutation. —Unanswera- 
bly, adv. — Unapt', a. Not apt; inapt; dull; unskill- 
ful; not qualified or fit; unsuitable.— Unapt'ly, adv. 

— Unavail'ing, -val'ing, a. Of no avail; not having 
the effect desired; ineffectual; useless; vain. — Una- 
•void'able, a. Not avoidable ; incapable of being 
made null or void; not to be shunned; necessary; 
inevitable. — Unavoid'ably, adv. — Unaware', -a- 
war', a. Not aware; not noticing; giving no heed; 
without thought; inattentive.— Unaware , -wares', 
-warz', adv. Without previous design or prepara- 
tion; suddenly; unexpectedly. 

— Unbal'anced, -bal'anst, a. Not balanced; not in 
«quipoise; not in equipoise or equilibrium; unsteady; 
•unsound ; not sane. ( Com.) Not adjusted ; not 
brought to an equality of debit and credit.— Unbal'- 
lasted, p. a. Not furnished with ballast; not kept 
steady by ballast: unsteady; freed from ballast; hav- 
ing the ballast discharged or unloaded. — Unbar', v. 
t. To remove a bar or bars from, unfasten, open. — 
TJnbecom'ing, a. Not becoming; improper for the 
person or character; unsuitable; indecent; indeco- 
rous. — Unbegot', -got'ten, a. Not begot; not gener- 
ated; esp., having never been generated; having al- 
ways been self-existent; eternal.— Unbelief, -lef, n. 
The withholding of belief; incredulity; disbelief of 
the divine revelation, or in a divine providence or 
scheme of redemption; skepticism; infidelity. — Un- 
"beUev'er, n. One who does not believe; an incred- 
ulous person; one who discredits revelation, or the 
mission, character, and doctrines of Christ; infidel; 
disbeliever; deist; skeptic — Unbeliev'ing, a. Not 
believing; incredulous; discrediting divine revela- 
tion, etc. — Unbend', v. t. To free from flexure, 
make straight; to remit from a strain or from exer- 
tion; to set at ease for a time, relax. (Naut.) To 
unfasten from the yards and stays (sails); to cast 
loose or untie (a rope, etc.) — Unbend'ing, p. a. Not 
suffering flexure; unyielding; resolute; rigid; inflex- 
ible. —Unbi'as, v. t. To free from bias or prejudice. 

— Unbind', v. t. To remove a band from, free from 
shackles, untie, unfasten, loose. — Unblem'ished, 
-blem'isht, a. Not blemished; free from turpitude, 
reproach, or deformity ; pure; spotless.— Unblessed', 
-blest', a. Not blest; excluded from benediction; 
•wretched; unhappy. — Unbolt', v. t. To remove a 
bolt from; to unfasten, open. — Unborn', a. Not 
bom: not Drought into life; still to appear; future. 

— Unbo'som, v. t. To disclose freely; to reveal in 
confidence. — Unbound'ed, a. Having no bound or 
limit; unlimited in extent; infinite; interminable; 
very great ; having no check or control ; unre- 
strained. - Unbow'el. v. t. To deprive of the en- 
trails; to exenterate; to eviscerate. — TJr.'traid', v. t. 
To separate the strands of; to undo (a tmiid), disen- 

am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Sad, eve, term j 



tangle. — Unbri'dled, p. a,. Loosed from the bridle, 
or as from the bridle; unrestrained; violent. — Un- 
bur'den, v. t. To relieve from a burden or burdens; 
to throw off (a burden), unload; to free (the mind or 
heart) from a load, by disclosing something. 

— Uncer'tain, -ser'tin, a. Not certain; not positive- 
ly known; not to be depended upon; not having cer- 
tain knowledge; not sure of the direction or the re- 
sult; precarious; doubtful; dubious; insecure.— Un- 
cer'tainty, -tin-ti, n. Quality or state of being un- 
certain; doubtfulness; dubiousness; contingency ; 
want of certainty; want of precision; something un- 
known or undetermined. — Unchain', v. t. To free 
from chains, confinement, or slavery.— Unchar'ita- 
ble, a. Not charitable; contrary to charitv; severe 
in judging; harsh; censorious.— Unchaste', -chast', 
a. Not chaste: not continent; not pure; libidinous; 
lewd. — Unchas'tity, -chas't Y-t i, n. Want of chas- 
tity; lewdness. — Unchris'tian, -kris'chun, a. Not 
Christian; not converted to the Christian faith; infi- 
del; contrary to Christianity; unbecoming a Chris- 
tian. — Unchurch', v. t. To expel from a church; 
to deprive of the character and rights of a church.— 
Uncir'cumcis'ion, -ser'kurn-sizh'un, n. Absence or 
want of circumcision; those who are not circum- 
cised.— Unciv'il, -siv'il, a. Not civilized; not civil; 
not complaisant; not courteous; impolite; discour- 
teous; uncourtly; rude; clownish; unmannered.— 
Uncivilized, -Izd, a. Not civilized; not reclaimed 
from savage life; rude; barbarous. —Unciv'illy, -il- 
1T, adv.— Unclasp', v. t. To open (what is fas- 
tened with a clasp) or loose (the clasp or grasp of). 

— Unclean', a. Not clean ; foul ; dirty ; filthy. 
{Jewish Law.) Ceremonially impure. Morally im- 
pure; sinful. — Unclinch', v. t. To cause to be no 
longer clinched; to open, as the closed hand. — Un- 
close', -kloz', v. t. To open, disclose, lay open. — 
Uncom'fortable, a. Not comfortable ; affording no 
comfort; gloomy; giving uneasiness. — Uncom'fort- 
ably, adv. — Uncom'mon, a. Not common; not usu- 
al; remarkable; strange ; rare ; scarce; unwonted; 
unusual. — Uncom'monly, adv. In an uncommon 
manner or degree; unusually; rarely. — Uncom'pro- 
mis'ing, -miz'ing, a. Not admitting of compromise: 
not agreeing to terms; making no truce or conces- 
sion ; obstinate ; unyielding ; inflexible. — Uncon- 
cern', a. Want of concern: absence of anxiety; 
freedom from solicitude. — Unconcerned', -sernd', 
a. Not concerned; not anxious; feeling no solici- 
tude; easy in mind; carelessly secure.— Unconcern'- 
edly, -ed-li, adv. — Unconditional, -dish'un-al, a. 
Not conditional, limited, or conditioned; absolute; 
unreserved. — Unconditionally, adv. — Uncon'- 
scionable, -shun-a-bl, a. Not conscionable ; not con- 
formed to reason; unreasonable; inordinate; enor- 
mous; vast.— Uncon'scionably, adv. Unreasonably. 

— Uncon'scious, -shus, a. Not conscious; not hav- 
ing consciousness; not made the object of conscious- 
ness or of distinct perception; imperceptible. —Un- 
con'sciously, adv. — Uncon'sciousness, ».— Uncon- 
stitutional, a. Not constitutional; not according 
to or permitted by the constitution; contrary to the 
constitution.— Unconvert'ed, a. Not converted; not 
changed, as in opinion, or from one faith to an- 
other; esp., not persuaded of the truth of the Chris- 
tian religion, or to accept Christ as one's personal 
Savior ; unregenerate ; sinful ; impenitent. — Un- 
coup'le, -kup'l, v. t. To loose, as dogs from their 
couples; to set loose, disjoin— Uncourt'eous, -kerf- 
yus, a. Not courteous; uncivil: impolite; not kind 
and complaisant ; rude. — Uncouth', -kooth', a. 
Having awkward manners: not pleasing in appear- 
ance; strange; odd; unseemly; awkward; boorish; 
clumsy. [Lit., unknown: AS. uncudh, unknown, 
strange, fr. un- and cudh, known, p. p. of cunnan, 
to know; s. rt. can.] — Uncouth'ly, adv.— Uncouth'- 
ness, n. — Uncov'er, v. t. To take the cover from, 
divest of covering, lay open; to take off the hat or 
cap of, bare the head of. — v. i. To take off the hat, 
bare the h.ad in token of respect. — Uncult'ure, 
-kul'cher, n. Want of culture or education. 
— Undaunt'ed, a. Not daunted; not to be subdued or 
depressed by fear; bold; fearless; intrepid. — Unde- 
ceive', -sev y ", v. t. To cause to be no longer deceived; 
to free from deception, cheat, fallacy, or mistake. — 
Undeni'able, a. Not deniable; incapable of denial; 
palpably true; obvious. — Undeni'ably, adv. In an 
undeniable manner; so plainly as to admit no con- 
tradiction or denial. — Undesign'ing, -zm'ing, p. a. 
Sincere; upright; artless: having no artful or fraud- 
ulent purpose. — Undis'ciplined, -si-plind, a. Not 



_ce ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; 



UNEARTH 



639 



UNIMPEACHABLE 



disciplined, exercised, or taught; raw. — Undo',-d<56 

V. t. [imp. UNDID ; p. p. UNDONE ; UNDOING.] T6 

reverse (what has been done), annul; to loose, open, 
take to pieces, unfasten, untie; to bring to poverty 
ruin, as in reputation, morals, etc. — Undo'er, n 
One who undoes or brings destruction. — Undone', 
-dun', p. p. of undo. Annulled; destroyed; ruined. 

— a. Not performed or completed. [Fr. vn- and 
done.") — Undoubt'ed, a. Not doubted; not called in 
question ; indubitable ; indisputable.— Undoubtedly, 
adv. In an undoubted manner; without doubt; with- 
out question; indubitably.— Undresi', v. t. To divest 
of clothes, strip; to deprive of ornaments, disrobe. 
(Med.) To take the dressing or covering from, a6 a 
wound. — Un'dress, n. A loose, negligent dress. 
(Mil. & Naval.) Authorized habitual dress of officers 
and soldiers, but not full uniform.— Undue', -du', 
a. Not due; not yet owing; not agreeable to a rule 
or standard, or to duty; disproportioned; excessive; 
immoderate ; inordinate. — Undu'ly, adv. In an 
undue manner; not according to duty or propriety; 
not in proper proportion; excessively. 

— Unearth', -erth', v. t. To drive or draw from the 
earth, uncover; to bring out from concealment, bring 
to light, disclose. — Unearth'ly, a. Not terrestrial ; 
supernatural • preternatural. — Unea'sy, -e'zT, a. 
Not easy ; restless ; disturbed ; unquiet ; disturbed 
by pain, anxiety, etc. ; not easy in manner; con- 
strained; stiff; awkward; occasioning want of ease; 
cramping : dis igreeable ; unpleasing. — Unea'sily. 
-zY-lT, adv. — Unea'siness, n. — Unend'iug, a. Not 
ending; everlasting; eternal. — Une'qual, -kwal, a. 
Not equal; not matched; not of the same size, length, 
breadth, quantity, strength, talents, acquirements, 
age, station, etc.; not uniform; not regular. — Une'- 
qualed, -kwald, a. Not equaled or to be equaled ; 
unparalleled; unrivaled. — Une'qually, adv. In an 
unequal manner; not equally; in different degrees. 

— Unerr'ing, -er'ing, a. Committing no mistake; 
incapable of error; incapable of failure; certain.— 
Une'ven,-e'vn,a. Noteven; not level; not uniform; 
rough ; not equal ; not of equal length. — Uneven 
number. A number not divisible by 2 without a re- 
mainder ; an odd number. — Une'venness, n. — Un- 
exam'pled, -egz-am'pld, a. Having no example or 
similar case; without precedent; unprecedented; 
unparalleled. — Uaescep'tionable, -eks-sep'shun-a- 
bl, a. Not liabi-j to any exception or objection; un- 
objectionable; faultless; good; excellent.— Unexcep'- 
tidnably, adv. — TJnexpect'ed, a. Not expected ; 
coming without warning; not provided against; sud- 
den. —Unexpectedly, adv. 

— Unfail'ing. p. a. Not failing ; not liable to fail ; 
not capable of b :ing exhausted. — Unfair', -fir', a. 
Not fair ; not h mes't ; not impartial; disingenuous ; 
using or involving tiick or artifice. — Unfair'ly, adv. 

— Unfair'nesE, n. — Unfaith'ful, -ful, a. Not faith- 
ful: not observant of promises, vows, allegiance, or 
duty ; violating trust or confidence ; perfidious ; 
treacherous; disloyal; undutiful. — Unfaith'fully, 
adv. — Unfaith'f illness, n. — Uufas'ten, -fas'n, v. t. 
To loose, unfix, unbind, untie. — Unfath'omable, 
-farn'um-a-bl, a. Not fathomable; not to be 
sounded with a line of ordinary length; too deep 
to be measured. — Unfa'vorable, a. Not favorable; 
not propitious; not disposed or adapted to counte- 
nance or support; adverse; contrary; discouraging. 

— Unfavorably, adv. — Unfeel'ing, a. Destitute of 
feeling ; void of sensibility ; insensible ; without 
kind reelings; cruel; hard-hearted. — Unfet'ter, v. 
t. To loose from fetters, unshackle ; to free from 
restraint, set at liberty. — Unfil'ial, -fil'yal, a. Un- 
suitable to a son or child; undutiful; not becoming 
a child. — Unfinished, -fin'isht, o. Not finished; 
not brought to an end ; imperfect ; incomplete. — 
Unfit', a. Not fit; unqualified; improper; unsuit- 
able. — v. t. To make unsuitable, deprive of the 
strength, skill, or proper qualities for anything; to 
disqualify. — Unfit'ly, adv. In an unfit manner ; 
not properly; unsuitably. — Unfit'ness, n. —Unfix', 
v. t. To loosen from a fastening, detach from any- 
thing that holds, unhinge. — Unfold', v. t. To open 
the folds of, expand, spread out ; to open (anvthing 
covered or close), lay open to view or contemplation ; 
to release from a fold or pen, display, disclose, re- 
veal, declare, tell. —Unformed', -formd', p. a. Hav- 
ing the form destroyed; not formed; not arranged 
into regular shape, order, or relations. — Unformed 
stars. (Astron.) Stars not grouped into any con- 
stellation.— Unfort'unate, -f6rt'u-nat, a. Not fortu- 
nate; not prosperous; unlucky; attended with mis- 



fortune ; unhappy. — Unfort'unately, adv. — Un- 
found'ed, a. Not founded; not built or established; 
having no foundation ; baseless ; vain ; idle. — Un- 
fre'quent, -kwent, a. Not frequent; not happening 
often ; infrequent. — Unfrequent'ed, a. Rarely vis- 
ited; seldom resorted.to by human beings. — Unfre'- 
quently, adv. — Unfriend'ed, -f rend'ed, a. Wanting: 
friends; not countenanced or supported.— Unfriend'- 
ly, -IT, a. Not friendly ; not kind or benevolent ; 
hostile ; not favorable ; not adapted to promote or 
support any object. — Unfrlend'linesB, n. — Unfrult'- 
ful, -froot'ful, a. Not producing fruit; barren; not 
producing offspring; not proline ; uot producing 
good effects or works; unproductive; not fertile. — 
Unfruit'fulneBB, n. — Unfurl', -fSrl', v. t. [-furled 
(-fSrld'), -furling.] To loose from a furled state, 
unfold, expand, open, spread.— Unfur'nish, v. t. To 
strip of furniture, divest, leave naked. 

— Ungain'ly, -gan'lf, a. Not expert or dexterous; 
clumsy ; awkward; uncouth. [ME. ungeinliche, awk- 
wardly, horribly, ungein, inconvenient, fr. AS. vn- 
and Ic. gegn, ready, serviceable, convenient; s. rt. Ic. 
gegna, to meet, suit, gegn, against, E. again.] — Un— 
gen'er-ous.-jen'gr-us, a. Not generous; illiberal; ig- 
noble; unkind; dishonorable.— Ungen'erously, adv.. 

— Ungird', -geTd', v. t. [-girded or -girt (-g5rt') v 
-girding.] To loose from a girdle or band, unbind- 

— Unglue', -glu', v. t. To separate (anything glued 
or cemented).— Ungodly, -It, a. Not godly; neglect- 
ing the fear and worship of God; wicked; impious; 
sinful ; polluted by sin or wickedness. — Ungod'li- 
ness, n. — Ungov'ernable, -guv'Sm-a-bl, a. Not ca- 
pable of being governed, ruled, or restrained; licen- 
tious; wild; unbridled.— Ungov'ernably, adv.— Un- 
grace'ful, -ful, a. Not graceful ; not marked with. 
ease and dignity ; wanting beauty and elegance ;. 
awkward; clumsy. — Ungrace'fully, adv. — Ungra'- 
cious, -shus, a. Not gracious; showing no grace or 
kindness of heart ; without good will ; offensive t 
unpleasing; unacceptable; not favored. — Ungrate'- 
ful, a. Not grateful; not thankful for favors; un- 
pleasing; unacceptable; disagreeable.— Ungrate'ful- 
ly, adv. 

— Unhal'low L -lo, v. t. To profane, desecrate. — Un- 
hal'lowed, -lod, p. and a. Not hallowed, or con- 
secrated ; unholy ; profane ; impious. — Unhand'- 
some, -han'sum, a. Not handsome; not beautiful; 
ungraceful ; unbecoming ; unfair ; illiberal ; disin- 
genuous; not generous or decorous; uncivil; unpe- 
hte. — Unhand'somely, adv. — Unhand'y, -T, a. Not 
handy ; not dexterous; not ready in the use of the 
hands ; awkward ; not convenient. — Unhand'ily, 
-Y-li, adv. — Unnap'py, -pf, a. Not happy or fortu- 
nate ; unfortunate; unlucky; in a degree miserable 
or wretched; marked by infelicity ; distressed; evil; 
afflicted; calamitous; miserable; wretched. — Un- 
hap'pily, -pt-lT, adv. — Unhap'piness, n. — Unhar- 
mo'nious, -mo'nT-us, a. Not harmonious; inharmo- 
nious. — Unhar'neBB, v. t. To strip of harness; to 
disarm, divest of armor.— Unhealth'fulness, -helth'- 
ful-nes, n, Quality of being unhealthy; unwhole- 
someness ; insalubriousness. — Unhealtn'y, -i, a. 
Wanting health; habitually weak or indisposed; un- 
sound; wanting vigor; abounding with disease; un- 
favorable to the preservation of health : insalubri- 
ous; unwholesome; not indicating health or result- 
ing from health; morbid. — Unhealth'ily, -I-li, adv. 

— Unhealth'iness, «. — Unheard', -herd', a. Not 
heard; not perceived by the ear: without having 
stated one's side of a question or made a defense ; 
not known by fame ; not illustrious ; obscure. — 
Unhinge', -hinj', v. t. To take from the hinges ; to 
displace, unfix bv violence; to render unstable or 
wavering. —Unhitch', -hich', v. t. To free from 
being hitched, or as if from being hitched. — Unho'- 
ly, a. Not holy ; not hallowed ; not consecrated ; pro- 
fane; wicked; impious. — Unhorse', v. t. To throw 
from a horse, cause to dismount. — Unhouse', 
-howz', v. t. To drive from a house or habitation, 
dislodge ; to deprive of shelter. — Unhous'eled, 
-houz'ld, a. Not having received the sacrament. 
[AS. un- and husel, the eucharist, Goth, hunsl, a sac- 
rifice ; perh. s. rt. Gr. kainein, Skr. kshin, to kill.] 

— Unhurt', a. Not hurt; not harmed ; free from 
wound or injury; safe and sound. 

— Unimpeach'able, -pech'a-bl, a. Not to be im- 
peached ; exempt from liability to accusation ; free 
from stain, guilt, or fault ; irreproachable ; blame- 
less. — Unin'terested, a. Not interested ; not hav- 
ing any interest or property in ; having nothing at 
stake; not having the mind or the passions engaged. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



UNJOINT 



640 



UNRAVEL 



— Unin'terrupt'ed, a. Not interrupted or broken ; 
continuous. 

— Unjoint', v. t. To disjoint. — Unjoint'ed, p. a. 
Having no joint or articulation ; disjointed. — Un- 
just', a. Acting contrary to the standard of right 
established by the divine law; not animated or con- 
trolled by justice ; contrary to justice and right ; 
wrongful. — Unjustly, adv. 

— Unkempt', -kemt', a. Not combed; slovenly; 
unpolished ; rough. [Fr. un- and ME. kembed, p. 
p. of kemben, AS. cemban, to comb, camb, a comb, q. 
v.] — Unkind'', a. Wanting in kindness or benevo- 
lence; cruel; harsh. — Unkind'ly, -IT, a. Not kind; 
unkind ; unnatural ; contrary to nature ; unfavor- 
able ; malignant, —adv. In an unkindly manner; 
without affection; cruelly; unnaturally. — Unkind'- 
liness, n. — Unkind'ness, n.— Unknit', -nit', v. t. 
[-knit or -knitted ; -knitting.] To separate 
(threads that are knit) ; to open, loose (work that 
is knit or knotted); to smooth (a brow). 

— Unlace', -las', v. t. To loosen or remove the cord, 
lacing, or strings by which a thing is drawn to- 
gether or fastened; to loose the dress, etc., of. (Naut.) 
To loose and take off, as a bonnet from a sail, or to 
cast off, as any lacing in any part of the rigging of a 
vessel. — Unlade', -lad', v. t. limp, -laded ; p. p. 
-laded or -laden (-la'dn), -lading.] To unload, 
take out the cargo of; to remove (a load or burden), 
discharge. — Unlash', v. t. (Naut.) To loose (that 
which is lashed or tied down). —Unlatch', v. i. To 
open or unfasten by lifting the latch.— Unlaw'ful, a. 
Not lawful; contrary to law; illegal; not permitted 
by law. — Unlawfully, adv. — Unlaw'fulness, a. — 
Unlay', v.*. [laid (-lad'), -laying.] {Naut.) To un- 
twist. — Unlearn'ed, -lern'ed, a. Not learned; igno- 
rant; illiterate; not instructed; not gained by study; 
not known; not suitable to a learned man.— Unlike', 
a. Not like ; dissimilar ; diverse ; having no resem- 
blance. — Unlike'ly, a. Not likely ; improbable ; 
not to be reasonably expected ; likely to fail ; un- 
promising. — adv. In an unlikely manner ; improb- 
ably. — Unlike'ness, n. Want of resemblance; dis- 
similitude.— Unlim'ber, v. t. (Mil.) To detach the 
limber from. — Unlim'ited, a. Not limited; having 
no bounds ; boundless ; undefined ; indefinite ; not 
bounded by proper exceptions ; unconfined ; not re- 
strained.— Unload', v. t. To take the load from, 
discharge of a load or cargo, disburden ; to relieve 
from anything onerous or troublesome. (Stock Ex- 
change.) To sell out (stock). —Unlock', v. t. To 
unfasten (what is locked) ; to open, in general ; to 
lay open. —Unloose', v. t. To loose, unfasten, let 
go, set free. — v. i. To fall in pieces, loose all con- 
nection or union. — Unloos'en, -loos'n, v. t. To 
loosen, unloose. [The words unloose and unloosen 
are not necessary, the idea being expressed by loose 
and loosen.] — Unlovely, -luv'lT, a. Not lovely; des- 
titute of the qualities which attract love, or posses- 
sing qualities that excite dislike; disagreeable; dis- 
pleasing. — Unluck'y, -Y, a. Not lucky ; unfortu- 
nate; not successful; unhappy; ill-omened; inaus- 
picious ; slightly mischievous ; mischievously wag- 
gish. — Unluck'Uy, -T-lT, adv. — Unluck'iness, n. 

— Unmake', -mak', v. t. [-made, -making.] To de- 
stroy or change the form and qualities of, deprive of 
being, uncreate. — Unmal'leable, -mal'le-a-bl, a. 
Not malleable; not capable of being hammered into 
a plate, or of being extended by beating. — Unman', 
v. t. [-manned (-mand'), -manning.] To emascu- 
late, deprive of virility ; to deprive of the courage 
and fortitude of a man; to dishearten, deject; to de- 
prive of men. — Unman'ly, a. Unsuitable to a man; 
effeminate ; not worthy of a noble mind ; ignoble ; 
base; ungenerous; cowardly. — Unman'nerly, -ner- 
H, a. Not mannerly; not having good manners; ill 
bred; rude in behavior. — Unmask', v. t. To strip 
of a mask or of disguise; to lay open, expose. — Un- 
mean'ing, a. Not meaning ; destitnte of meaning 
or signification ; inexpressive; not indicating intelli- 
gence.— Unmer'chantable, -mer'chant-a-bl, a. Not 
fit for market ; unsalable, — said of goods damaged 
or imperfect, or offered in too large a bulk or too 
small a quantity, or superseded by some other article, 
etc. — Unmer'ciful, -sl-ful, a. Not merciful ; indis- 
posed to mercy or grace '; cruel ; inhuman ; uncon- 
scionable ; exorbitant. — Unmer'cifully, adv. — Un- 
mer'cifulness, n. — Unmistak'able, -tak'a-bl, a. 
Incapable of being mistaken or misunderstood : 
clear ; evident ; pronounced ; distinct. — Unmoor', 
-moor', v. t. (Naut.) To cause to ride with a sin- 
gle anchor, after having been moored by 2 or more 



cables ; to loose from anchorage. — Unmuf' fie, -fl, 
v. t. To take a covering from (the face); to remove 
the muffling of (a drum).— Unmuz'zle, -zl, v. t. To 
loose from a muzzle; to remove a muzzle from. 

— Unnat'ural, -nach'u-ral, a. Not in conformity to 
nature; contrary to the laws of nature; contrary to 
the natural feelings ; acting without the natural af- 
fections. — Unnat'urally, adv. — Unnec'essary, 
-nes'os-sa-rl, a. Not necessary ; not required by 
the circumstances of the case ; use less : needless. 

— Unnec'essarily, adv. — Unnoc'essariness, n. — 
Unneiga'borly. -na'ber-ll, a. Not neighborly; not 
suitable to the duties of a neighbor; unfriendly; un- 
kind. — Unnorve', -nerv', v. t. To deprive of nerve, 
force, or strength; to we r :en, enfeeble. 

— Unos'tonta'tious, -os- cn-ta'shus, a. Not osten- 
tatious; not boastful; not making show and parade; 
modest; unassuming; not glaring; not showy. 

— Unpack', v. t. To open (things packed); to re- 
move the contents of (a trunk, case of goods, etc.). 

— Unpal'atable, a. Not palatable; offensive to the 
taste ; nauseous. — Unpar'allelod, a. Having no 
parallel or equal ; unequaled ; unmatched. — Un- 
parliamentary, -ll-ment'a-rl, a. Contrary to the 
usages or rules of proceeding in Parliament or in 
legislative bodies ; not permissible in, etc. — Un- 
pin', v. t. To loose from pins ; to unfasten (wkat 
is held together by pins). — Unpleas'ant, -plez'ant, 
a. Not pleasant: displeasing.— Unpleas'antly, adv. 
— Unpleas'antness, n.— Unpop'ular, a. Not popular; 
not having the public favor; disliked by the people 
and community. — Unpop'ular'ity, -u-lfir'I-tl, n. 
State of being unpopular. — Unprec'edented, -pres'- 
e-dent-ed, a. Having no precedent or example: not 
preceded by a like case ; not having the authority 
of prior example; novel ; new. — Unprec'edentedly, 
adv. — Unprej'udiced, -prej'u-dist, a. Not preju- 
diced ; free from undue bias or prepossession : im- 
partial; not warped by prejudice. — Unpretend'ing, 
a. Not pretending; making no pretense; not claim- 
ing distinction ; modest. — Unpretend'ingly, adv. 

— Unprin'cipled, -sl-pld, a. Not having settled 
principles ; having nogood moral principles ; desti- 
tute of virtue ; profligate. — Unproductive, -tiv, a. 
Not productive; barren; not producing large crops; 
not making profitable returns for labor; not profita- 
ble ; not producing profit or interest, as capital ; not 
efficient; not producing any effect.— Unprofitable, 
a. Not profitable; bringing no profit; producing no 
gain, improvement, or advantage ; useless. — Un- 
profitable - , adv. — Unprom'ising, a. Not promis- 
ing ; not affording a prospect of success, excellence, 
profit, etc. — Unpros'perous, a. Not prosperous ; 
not attended with success ; unfortunate. 

— Unqualified, -kwol'T-fid, a. Not qualified; not 
having the requisite talents, abilities, or accomplish- 
ments ; not having taken the requisite oaths ; not 
modified or restricted by conditions or exceptions ; 
absolute; unconditional"— Unques'tionable, a. Not 
questionable ; not to be questioned : not to be 
doubted: indubitable; certain. — Unques'tionably, 
adv.— Unqui'et, a. Not quiet: not calm or tranquil; 
restless ; uneasy ; agitated ; disturbed. — Unqui'et- 
ness, n. 

— Unrav'el, -rav'l, v. t. To disentangle, disengage, 
or separate (threads that are knit) ; to clear from 
complication or difficulty : to unfold, solve ; to sep- 
arate the connected or united parts of; to throw into 
disorder, confuse.— Unread'y, -red'T, a. Not ready 
or prepared; not prompt or quick; slow: awkward; 
clumsy. — Unre'al, a. Not real; unsubstantial; 
having appearance only. — Unreasonable, -re'zn-a- 
bl, a. Exceeding the bounds of reason : claiming 
or insisting on more than is fit : immoderate ; exor- 
bitant ; inordinate. — Unreasonableness, n. — Un- 
reasonably, adv. — Unreli'able. a. Not reliable ; 
not to be depended upon ; not trustworthy. — Unre- 
mit'ting, a. Not abating ; not relaxing for a time: 
incessant ; continued ; persevering. — Unreserved', 
-zervd', a. Not reserved; not retained when a part 
is granted ; not limited or restrained ; not withheld 
in part ; full ; entire ; concealing or withholding 
nothing; free; open; frank. — Unrest' , n. Want of 
rest orrepose; unquietness: uneasiness. — Unrid'dle, 
-dl, v. t. To read the riddle of ; to solve or explain. 
— Unright'eous, -ri'chus, a. Not righteous: not just; 
evil: wicked; contrary to law and equity; unjust— 
Unrlght'eousness, n. — Unrip', v. t. To rip. [The 
prefix in this word is superfluous, as unrip signifies 
simnly to rip.] — Unripe', -rip', a. Not ripe; not 
mature ; not brought to a state of perfection ; not 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r 



UNSADDLE 



641 



UNWARPED 



seasonable; not yet proper; not prepared ; not com- 
pleted. — Unroll', -rol', v. t. To open (what is 
rolled or convolved); to display, lay open.— Unruf- 
fled, -fid, a. Not ruffled; calm; tranquil ; peaceful ; 
quiet. — Unru'ly, -roo'lT, a Not submissive to rule; 
disregarding restraint ; disposed to violate law ; apt 
to break over fences and escape from inclosures; 
ungovernable ; turbulent ; refractory. [For unrule- 
ly, XT. un- and rufe.] 

— Unsad'clle, -dl, v. t. To strip of a saddle, take the 
saddle from; to throw from the saddle, unhorse. — 
Unsafe'', a. Not safe; not free from danger; exposed 
to peril; dangerous; perilous; hazardous. — Unsa'- 
vory, -vgr-Y, a. Not savory; having no savor; taste- 
less; insipid; disagreeable to the taste or smell; of- 
fensive; disgusting. — Unsay'', v. t. To recant or re- 
call (what has been said); to retract, take back again. 
—Unscrew', v. t. To draw the screws from ; to loosen 
or withdraw (a screw) by turning it. — Unscrupu- 
lous, -sknx>'pu-lus, a. Not scrupulous; having no 
scruples ; unprincipled ; unrestrained ; ruthless. — 
Unseal'', v. t. To break or remove the seal of; to 
open (what is sealed): to disclose. — Unsearch'a- 
ble, a. Not searchable ; impenetrable by search- 
ing or exploring; inscrutable; hidden; mysterious. 

— Unseasonable, -se'/.n-a-bl, a. Not seasonable ; 
not in the proper season or time ; ill-timed ; un- 
timely; beyond the usual time; late; not suited to 
the time or occasion: unfit; not suited to time of the 
year. — Unseasonably, adv. In an unseasonable 
manner; not seasonably; not in due time, or not in 
the usual time. —Unseat'', v. t. To throw from the 
seat; to deprive of a seat. — Unsea'worthy, a. Not 
in a fit state, as to soundness of timbers, state of re- 
pairs, equipments, crew, and all respects, to encoun- 
ter the perils of a sea-voyage. — Unseemly, a. Not 
seemly; not fit or becoming; uncomely; unbecom- 
ing; indecent, — adv. In an unseemly or unbecom- 
ing manner ; indecently. — Unseen'', a. Not seen ; 
not discovered; invisible ; not discoverable. — Un- 
set' tie, -set'tl, v. t. To move or loosen from a fixed 
state ; to unhinge, make uncertain or fluctuating, 
unfix, disconcert, displace, confuse, disorder. — v. t. 
To become unfixed. —Unshackle, -shak'l, v. t. To 
loose from shackles or bonds, set free from restraint, 
unfetter. —Unsheathe'', -sheth', v. t. To draw from 
the sheath or scabbard, as a sword ; hence, to un- 
theathe the sword sometimes signifies to commence 
or make war. — Unship'', v. t. To take out of a ship 
or other water-craft; to remove (any part or imple- 
ment) from the place in a ship, etc., where it is 
fixed or fitted. —Unsightly, a. Not sightly; disa- 
greeable to the eye; ugly; deformed. — Unskill'ful, 
a. Not skillful; wanting the knowledge and dex- 
terity acquired by observation, use, and experience; 
awkward; bungling; clumsy. — Unskill'fulness, n. 

— Unao'ciable, -so'sha-bl, a. Not sociable; not in- 
clined to society; averse to companionship or con- 
versation; solitary; reserved. — Unso'ciably, adv. — 
Unso'eiabil'ity, -sha-bil'T-tT, n. — Unsound', a. Not 
sound; wanting anything essential; deficient; de- 
fective; diseased; decayed; infirm; sickly; not sound 
in character; not honest; not faithful; not to be 
trusted; not sincere; deceitful ; not orthodox ; ill- 
founded ; erroneous; wrong; sophistical; not close; 
not compact ; not solid ; not strong ; not fast ; not 
calm ; not well established ; questionable. — Un- 
sound'ly, adv. — Unsound'ness, n. — Unspar'ing, 
-sp&r'ing, a. Not sparing ; not parsimonious ; lib- 
eral; profuse. — Unspeak'able, a. Not speakable; 
incapable of being uttered or adequately described; 
inexpressible; unutterable; ineffaDle. — Unspeak'- 
ably, adv. — Unspot'ted, a. Not spotted; free from 
spot ; free from moral stain ; untainted with guilt ; 
unblemished; immaculate. — Unstead'y, -sted'T, a. 
Notsteady; notconstant; mutable; variable; change- 
able. — Unstead'ily, -T-lT, adv. — Unstead'iness, n.— 
Unstock', v. t. To deprive of a stock, remove the 
stock from ; to remove from the stocks, as a ship. — 
Unstop', v. t. To free from a stopple, as a bottle or 
cask ; to free from any obstruction, open.— Unstring', 
v. t. r- strung', -string'ing.] To deprive of strings; 
to relax the tension of, loosen; to take from a string. 

— Unsuccess'ful, -ses'ful, a. Not successful; not 
producing the desired event; not fortunate; meeting 
with, or resulting in, failure; unhappy. — Unsuita- 
ble, -sut'a-bl, a. Not suitable; not adapted; unfit: 
unbecoming; improper. — Unsuit'ably, adv. — Un- 
Bwear', -swar, v. t. & i. [imp. -swore (-swor')i p. p. 
-SWORN; -swearing.] To recant or recall (an oath); 
to recall after having sworn. 



— Untan'gle, -tan'gl, v. t. To loose from tangles or 
intricacy, disentangle. — Unteach', v. t. [-taught 
(-tawf), -teaching.] To cause to forget, or lose 
from memory (what has been taught). — Unthink'- 
ing, a. Not thinking; not heedful; inconsiderate; 
not indicating thought or reflection; thoughtless. — 
Unthread', -thred', v. I. To draw or take out a thread 
from; to deprive of ligaments, loose the ligaments or 
threads of. — Untie', v. t. [-tied (-tid'), -tying.] To 
loosen, disengage the parts of (a knot); to free from 
any fastening, let loose, unbind; to loosen from coils 
or convolution; to free from hindrance or obstruc- 
tion; to resolve, unfold, clear. — Untime'ly, a. Not 
timely; happening before the usual or natural time; 
premature; unseasonable. — adv. Before the natu- 
ral or usual time; prematurely; unseasonably.— Un- 
told', a. Not told; not related; not revealed; not 
numbered or counted.— Unto'ward, -to'ard, a. Fro- 
ward; perverse; refractory; awkward; ungraceful; 
inconvenient : troublesome : unmanageable. — Un- 
to'wardly, adv. Perversely. — a. Perverse ; fro- 
ward; awkward; untoward. — Unto'wardness, n. — 
Untrav'eled, -eld, a. Not traveled; not trodden by 
passengers; having never seen foreign countries; not 
having gained experience by travel. — Untrue', 
-troo', a. Not true; false: contrary to the fact; not 
faithful; inconstant; not fulfilling duties; false; dis- 
loyal. — Untru'ly, adv. In an untrue manner; not 
truly; falsely; not according to reality. —Untruth', 
n. The quality of being untrue; contrariety to truth; 
falsehood; want of veracity; treachery; want of fi- 
delity; that which is untrue; a false assertion; lie; 
falsehood. — Untwine', v. t. To untwist, disentan- 
gle, separate (that which winds or clasps). — Un- 
twist', v. t. or i. To separate and open (threads 
twisted); to turn back that which is twisted, or as 
that which is twisted ; to open, disentangle (intri- 
cacy). 

— Unu'sual, -u'zhu-al, a. Not usual; uncommon-, 
rare. — Unu'sually, adv. — Unut'terable, a. Inca- 
pable of being uttered or expressed; ineffable; inex- 
pressible. 

— Unvail', -val', v. t. To remove a vail from ; un- 
veil. — Unval'ued, -Qd, a. Not valued; without val- 
ue ; having no value ; invaluable. — Unvary'ing, n. 
Not altering ; not liable to change. — Unvar'nished, 
-var'nisht, a. Not overlaid with varnish; not arti- 
ficially colored or adorned; not artfully embellished; 
plain. — Unveil', -val', v. t. To remove a veil from, 
divest of a veil, uncover, disclose to view. 

— Unwarned', -wfirpt', a. Not warped; not biased; 
not turned from the true direction; impartial.— Un- 
warrantable, -wrjr'rant-, a. Not warrantable; in- 
defensible; not vindicable; not justifiable; illegal; 
unjust ; improper. — Unwar'rantably, adv. — Un- 
wa'ry, -rT, a. Not vigilant against danger; not cau- 
tious; unguarded; precipitate. — Unwa'rily, adv.— 
Unwa'riness, n. — Unwea'ried, -we'rid, a. Not wea- 
ried; not fatigued or tired; persistent; not tiring or 
wearying; indefatigable.— Unweave', -wev', v. t. To 
unfold, undo (what has been woven). — Unwell', a. 
Not well; indisposed; not in good health; somewhat 
ill; ailing; ill from menstruation; affected with, or 
having, catamenial discharges ; menstruant. — Un- 
whole'some, -hol'sum, a. Not wholesome; unfavor- 
able to health; insalubrious; pernicious; injudicious. 

— Unwhole'someness, n. — Unwield'y, -weld'f, a. 
Not wieldy ; movable with difficulty ; unmanagea, 
ble; bulky; ponderous. — Unwill'ing, a. Not will, 
ing ; loath ; disinclined ; reluctant. — Unwill'ingly, 
adv. In an unwilling manner ; not cheerfully ; re- 
luctantly. — Unwill'ingness, n. — Unwind, v. t. 
[-wound, -winding.] To wind off; to loose or sep- 
arate (what is wound or convolved); to disentangle. 

— v. i. To be or become unwound; to be capable of 
being unwound. — Unwise', a. Not wise; defective 
in wisdom ; injudicious ; indiscreet ; foolish. — Un- 
wise'ly, adv. — Unwit'tingly, adv. Without knowl- 
edge or consciousness ; ignorantly. — Unwont'ed, 
-wunt'ed, a. Not wonted: unaccustomed; unused; 
not made familiar by practice; uncommon; unusu- 
al ; infrequent ; rare. — Unwont'edly, adv. In an 
unwonted or unaccustomed manner. — Unwont'ed- 
ness, «. — Unwor'thy, -wer'rhl, a. Not worthy; un- 
deserving; wanting merit; having no worth or val- 
ue; worthless; ill; base; unbecoming: discreditable; 
not becoming or suiting. — Unwor'thily, adv. — Un- 
wor'thiness, n. — Unwrap', -rap', v. t. To open or 
undo (what is wrapped or folded). — Unwreathe', 
-rerh', v. t. To untwist or untwine; to untwist or 
undo (anything wreathed). — Unwrit'ten, -rit'tn, a. 



3, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, t&en, boNboN, chair, get. 



UNANIMOUS 



642 



UNDER 



Not written ; not reduced to writing ; verbal ; con- 
taining no writing; blank. 

— Unyielding, -yeld'ing, a. Not yielding; unbend- 
ing; unpliant; stiff; firm; obstinate. — Unyoke', v. t. 
To loose or free from a yoke; to part, disjoin, dis- 
connect. 

Unanimous, Unanimity, etc. See under Unit. 

"Unapt, Unbar, Uncertain, etc. See under Unable. 

Uncial, un'shal, a. Of, containing, pert, to, or denot- 
ing, letters of a large size, compounded between 
the capital and smaller characters, some of the let- 
ters resembling the former, and others the latter, 
used in ancient Greek and Latin MSS. — n. An un- 
cial letter. [L. uncialis, amounting to the 12th part 
of a pound or a foot, fr. uncia, the 12th part of a 
pound or a foot, an ounce, an inch: see Ounce.] 

Unciform, un'st-f6rm, a. Having a curved or hooked 
form. [L. uncus, a hook, and forma, form.] 

Uncle, unk'l, a. The brother of one's father or 
mother. [F. oncle, L. avunculus, a maternal uncle, 
dim. of avus, a grandfather; s. rt. L. avere, to be 
fortunate — used as a word of greeting, Skr. av, to 
be pleased.] 

Unclean, Unconcern, Uncouth, etc. See under Un- 
able. 

Unction, unk'shun, n. Act of anointing, smearing, 
or rubbing with an unguent, oil, or ointment, esp. 
for medical purposes, or as a symbol of consecra- 
tion ; an unguent ; ointment; that quality in lan- 
guage, address, etc., which excites emotion, esp. 
strong devotion ; religious fervor and tenderness, 
f F. onction, L. unctio, fr. ungere, unctum, Skr. anj, 
to anoint, smear; s. rt. ointment, anoint.] — Extreme 
unction. (Rom. Cath. Ch.) The application of sa- 
cred oil to the head, the hands, and the feet, of a dy- 
ing person.— Unct'uous, -u-us, a. Fat; oily; greasy. 
JF. onctueux, LL. unctuosus, fr. L. unctus, an oint- 
ment, f r. ungere.] — Unctuos'ity, -os'T-tY, n. — Un'- 
guent, un'gwent, n. A soft composition used as a 
topical remedy for sores, burns, etc. ; ointment. [L. 
unguentum.] 

Undated. See under Undulate. 

Undaunted, Undeceive, Undeniable. See under Un- 
able. 

Undecagon. See under Unit. 

Under, un'der, prep. In a lower position with re- 
spect to; so as to be covered, overhung, or over- 
topped by ; beneath ; below ; in relation to some 
thing or person that is superior, weighs upon, op- 
presses, bows down, governs, directs, powerfully 
influences, etc.; in relation to something that ex- 
eeeds in rank or degree, in number, size, weight, 
etc.; in relation to something that comprehends or 
includes, that represents or designates, that fur- 
nishes a cover, pretext, pretense, etc.; in the rela- 
tion of being subject, of undergoing regard, treat- 
ment, etc.— adv. In a lower, subject, or subordinate 
condition ; in subjection, — used chiefly in a few 
phrases. — a. Lower in rank or degree ; subject ; 
subordinate. [AS., Sw., and Dan.; G. unter, under; 
8. rt. L. inter, within, Skr. antara, interior.] — Un- 
der arms. (Mil.) Fully armed and equipped, so 
as to be ready for action ; drawn up in readiness 
to use arms.— U. fire. With exposure to fire; ex- 
posed to an enemy's shot; taking part in an action. 

— U. sail. (JVautj. Having the sails set; in motion. 

— IT. sentence. Having had sentence pronounced 
against. — U. the breath. With low voice ; very 
softly. — V. the lee. (Naut.) To the leeward. — 
U. the rose. See Rose. — U. way. (Naut.) In a 
condition to make progress ; in progress ; having 
started. — Underbid', v. t. To bid or offer less 
than, as in auctions or contracts; to offer to do or 
furnish for a less price. — Un'derbrush, n. Shrubs 
and small trees in a wood or forest, growing be- 
Tieath large trees ; undergrowth. — Undercharge'', 
v. t. To charge below or under; to charge less than 
is usual or suitable. — Underdo', v. i. [imp. -did; 
p.p. -done; -doing.] To act below one^s abilities; 
to do less than is requisite. — v. t. To do less than 
is requisite; to cook insufficiently. —Undergo', v. t. 
[imp. -went; p. p. -gone; -going.] To be subjected 
to, bear, pass through, suffer, sustain. — Un'der- 
growth, n. That which grows under trees; shrubs 
or small trees growing among large ones. — Un'der- 
hand, adv. By secret means; in a clandestine man- 
ner; by fraud; by fraudulent means. —a. Secret; 
clandestine, — usually implying meanness or fraud, 
or both. — Un'derhand'ed, a. Underhand; clandes- 
tine—Underlay', v. t. [-laid, -laying.] To lay 
beneath, support by something laid under. — Under- 



let', v. t. To let below the value; to let or lease at 
second hand; to let under a lease. — Underlie', v. t. 
[imp. -lay; -lain; p. p. -lying.] To lie under, rest 
beneath, be situated under; to be at the basis of, form 
the foundation of, support. — v. i. To lie below or 
under. — Underline', v. t. To mark a line below 
(words); to underscore.— Un'derling, n. An infe- 
rior person or agent ; a mean, sorry fellow. — Un- 
dermine', v. t. To excavate the earth beneath, esp. 
for the purpose of causing to fall or be overthrown ; 
to sap; to remove the foundation or support of by 
clandestine means; to ruin in an underhand way. 

— Undermin'er, n. — Un'dermost, a. Lowest m 
place, rank L state, or condition. — Underneath', 
-neth' or -neth, adv. Beneath; below; in a lower 
place, —prep. Under; beneath. [AS. undemeodhan, 
f r. under and neodhan, nidhan, beneath, downward.] 

— Underpay', v. t. To pay too little. —Underpin', 
v. t. To lay stones under, as the sills of a building, 
on which it is to rest; to place something under- 
neath for support. — Un'derpin'ning, n. Act of one 
who underpins; the stones on which a building im- 
mediately rests. — Un'derplot, n. A series of events 
in a play, proceeding collaterally with the main 
story, and subservient to it; a clandestine scheme. 

— Underprop', v. t. To prop from beneath, support. 

— Underrate', v. t. To rate too low, rate below the 
value, undervalue. — Underrun', v. t. To run or 
pass under; esp., to pass along and under, as a cable, 
for the purpose of taking in, or of examining, the 
condition of it. — Underscore', v. t. To draw a 
mark or line under.— Undersell', v. t. [-sold, -sell- 
ing.] To sell the same articles at a lower price 
than; to sell cheaper than. — Un'dershot, a. Moved 
by water passing beneath, — said of a water-wheel, 
and opp. to overshot: see Water-wheel. — Under- 
sign', -sin', v. t. To write one's name at the foot or 
end of (a letter or any legal instrument). — Un'der- 
sized, -sizd, a. Of a size less than is common. — 
Understand', v. t. [-stood, -standing.] To have 
just and adequate ideas of; to apprehend the mean- 
ing or intention of; to know; to be apprised, have 
information of; to hold or suppose to mean; to in- 
terpret, ascribe intention to; to mean without ex- 
pressing, imply. — v. i. To have the use of the in- 
tellectual faculties; to be informed by another; to 
learn. — Understanding, n. Act of a person who 
understands anything; an agreement of opinion or 
feeling ; adjustment of differences ; anything mu- 
tually understood or agreed upon; power to under- 
stand; the intellectual faculty; power to distinguish 
truth from falsehood, and to adapt means to ends; 
the discursive faculty; the faculty of knowing by 
the medium or use of general conceptions or rela- 
tions; knowledge; discernment; interpretation; ex- 
planation; belief; harmony; sense ; reason; intelli- 
gence; perception. — Understate', v. t. To state or 
represent less strongly than the truth will bear. — 
Un'derstrap'per, n. A petty fellow; inferior agent. 
—Undertake' v. t. [imp. -took; p. p. -taken; -tak- 
ing.] To take upon one's self, engage in, enter upon, 
set about, attempt; to lay one's self under obliga- 
tions, or enter into stipulations, or covenant or con- 
tract, to perform or execute.— v. i. To take upon or 
assume any business or province ; to promise, be 
bound. — Undertak'er, n. One who undertakes ; 
esp., one who takes the charge and management of 
funerals.— Undertaking, n. That which is under- 
taken; any business, work, or project which a per- 
son engages in, or attempts to perform; enterprise; 
attempt; engagement.— Underval'ue, v. t. To value, 
rate, or estimate below the real worth ; to esteem 
lightly, treat as of little worth, despise. —Under- 
went. See Undergo.— Underwork', v. t. [-worked 
or wrought, -working.] To do like work at a less 
price than; to undermine, destroy by clandestine 
measures. — v. i. To work or labor upon less, or for 
a less price than is sufficient or proper. — Under- 
write', V. t. [imp. -WROTE; p. p. -WRITTEN; -WRIT- 
ING.] To write under something else; to subscribe; 
to set one's name to (a policy of insurance) for the 
purpose of becoming answerable for loss ordam- 
age, for a certain premium per cent. — Underwrit- 
er, n. An insurer, — so called because he under- 
writes his name to the conditions of the policy. — 
Un'der-clotheB, -kloths, colloq. -kl5z, n. pi. Clothes 
worn under others, or next the skin. — cur'rent, n. 
A current below the surface of water, sometimes 
flowing in a contrary direction to that on the sur* 
face; an unseen influence, tendency, etc. — drain, n. 
A covered drain or trench below the surface of the 



Km, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Odd, tone, 5r 



UNDESIGNING 



643 



UNIT 



ground, with joints or openings through which the 
water may percolute from the soil or ground above. 

— v. t. To drain by forming a covered channel be- 
low the surface. — -grad'uate, n. A student or 
member of a university or college, who has not 
taken his first degree. — ■ground, a. Being below 
the surface of the ground. — -lease, n. {Law.) A 
lease granted by a tenant or lessee. — ten 7 ant, n. 
The tenant of a tenant ; one who holds lands or 
tenements of a tenant. — tone, n. A low or sub- 
dued tone or utterance. — tow, n. A current of 
water below, in a different direction from that on 
the surface; backward flow of a wave. — wood, n. 
Small trees that grow among large trees; coppice. — 
-world, n. The lower or inferior world; the antip- 
odes; Hades. 

Undesigning, Undo, Undue, etc. See under Unable. 

Undulate, un'du-lat, v. t. To move with a wave-like 
motion; to cause to vibrate. — v. i. To have a wave- 
like motion; to move with successive rise or swell 
and fall; to wave, vibrate. [L. undulatus, undulated, 
wavy, NL. undulare, -latum, f r. undula, a little wave, 
dim. of unda, a wave, prop, water; s. rt. AS. ydh, Ic. 
unnr, Gr. hudor, Lithuan. wandu, Skr. uda = E. wa- 
ter, also E. abound, inundate, redound, etc.] — Undu- 
la'tion, n. A waving motion or vibration. (Med.) The 
movement of a fluid collected in any natural or arti- 
ficial cavity, which is felt by pressure or by percus- 
sion. ( Mus!) A rattling or jarring of sounds, as when 
discordant tones are sounded together. (Physics.) A 
motion to and fro, up and down, or from side to 
side, in any fluid medium, propagated continuously 
among its particles, but with no translation of the 
particles themselves corresponding to the propaga- 
tion of the wave; a vibration. — Un'dulatory, -la-to- 
rt, a. Moving in the manner of waves; resembling 
the motion of waves, which successively rise or 
swell and fall; pert, to a propagated alternatingmo- 
tion, as of waves.— Undulatory theory. (Opt.) That 
theory of light which regards its various phenomena 
as due to undulations in an ethereal medium, prop- 
agated from the radiant with immense, but meas- 
urable, velocities, and producing different impres- 
sions on the retina according to their amplitude and 
frequency: the theory of ethereal undulations is ap- 
plicable not only to the phenomena of light, but 
also to those of heat, chemical power, etc.: the undu- 
latory theory is opp. to the corpuscular or emanation 
theory of light, according to which light is a mate- 
rial fluid or substance of extreme subtilty. — Un'- 
dated, -da-ted, a. (Bot.) Having a waved surf ace ; 
rising and falling in waves toward the margin, as a 
leaf. —Undine'', -den', n. A female water-spirit. 

Unduly, Unearth, Unfair, Ungainly, etc. See under 
Unable. 

Ungual, un'gwal, a. Of, pert, to, or resembling a nail, 
claw, or hoof; having a nail, claw, or hoof attached, 

— said of certain bones of the feet. [L. unguis, a 
nail, claw, or hoof.] — Unguic'ular, -gwik'u-lgr, a. 
Of , or pert, to, a claw or nail. — Unguic'ulate, -la- 
ted, a. Having claws; clawed. (Bot.) Furnished 
with a claw, that is, a narrow base, as the petal in 
some flowers. — Un'gulate, a. Shaped like a hoof ; 
having hoofs. 

Unguent. See under Unction. 

Unicorn, Uniform, Uni«n, etc. See under Unit. 

Unit, u'nit, n. A single thing or person; the least 
whole number ; one ; any definite length, weight, 
time, or other determinate quantity (considered as 1 
quantity) by repetition of or comparison with which 
other quantities are measured. [Abbr. fr. unity, q. 
v., following.] — U'nity, -nY-tY, n. State of being 
one; singleness; oneness; union; conjunction; agree- 
ment ; uniformity ; concord ; harmony. (3lath.) 
Any definite quantity, or aggregate of quantities or 
magnitudes, taken as one, or for which 1 is made to 
stand in calculation. (Poet. & Rhet.) One of the 
principles by which a uniform tenor of story and 
propriety of representation are preserved; conform- 
ity in a composition to these principles. [In the 
Greek drama, the three unities required were those 
of action, of time, and of place ; in other words, that 
there should be but one main plot; that the time 
supposed should not exceed 24 hours; and that the 
place of the action before the spectators should be 
one and the same throughout the piece.] (Fine Arts 
& Miis.) Such a combination of parts as to constitute 
a kind of symmetry of style and character. (Law.) 
The peculiar characteristics of an estate held in undi- 
vided shares by 2 or more; joint-tenancy. Union; one- 
ness; junction; concord; harmony. 'F unite" , L. uni- 



tas, oneness, fr. units = E. one, q. v. ; s. rt. null, annul.] 

— Unite', -nit', v. t. To put together or join, as 2 or 
more constituents, to form a whole; to cause to ad- 
here; to join by a legal or moral bond, as families 
by marriage, nations hy treaty, men by opinions; to 
associate, add, annex, coalesce, attach, continue, 
connect, — v. i. To become one, be cemented or 
consolidated, coalesce, grow together; to join in an 
act, act in concert. [L. unire, unitum, fr. units.] — 
Unit'edly, -nlt'ed-lY, adv. With union or joint ef- 
forts. — Unit'er, n. — Unita/rian, -nY-talY-an, n. 
One who denies the doctrine of the Trinity, believ- 
ing that God exists only in one person; one opposed 
to dualism, in philosophy, science, etc. — a. Of, or 
pert, to, Unitarians, or to their doctrines; of, or pert, 
to, a system of philosophy, science, etc., which is 
opposed to dualism. — Unita'rianism, -izm, n. Doc- 
trines of Unitarians. — U'nitary, -a-rY, a. Of the 
nature of a unit; not double. — Unique', -nek', a. 
Without a like or equal; unmatched; single in kind 
or excellence.— n. Something unequaled or unpar- 
alleled. [F.; L. unicus, fr. unus.] — Union, Qn'yun, 
n. Act of uniting or joining 2 or more things into 
one ; state of being united or joined ; agreement ; 
conjunction of mind, spirit, will, affections, etc.; 
harmony; something formed by a combination or 
coalition of parts or members; a confederation; con- 
solidated body; the upper, inner corner of an en- 
sign, in distinction from the rest of the flag, which 
is called the fly. [F. ; L. unio, -onis, fr. unus.] — Un- 
ion down. A signal of distress at sea made by re- 
versing the flag, or turning its union downward. — 
Unionist, n. One who ad- 
vocates or promotes union; 
esp., a loyal supporter of a 
federal union, as that of 
the U. S. — Union-jack, n. 
(Naut.) A small flag con- 
taining only the union, 
without the fly. See Jack. 

— U'nicorn, -nY-k6rn, w. A 
fabulous animal with one 
horn, — often represented 
in heraldry as a supporter. 
An animal of some un- 
known kind, so called in 
King James's translation 
(the A. V.) of the Old Tes- 
tament Scriptures : it was 
probably some species of 
wild ox. [F. unicorne, f r. L. 
unicornis, one-horned, having a single horn, fr. unus 
and cornu = E. hoi-n, q. v.] — U'niform, -nY-f3rm, a. 
Having always the same form, manner, or degree; 
of the same form with others; conforming to one 
rule or mode; consonant; consistent with itself at 
all times. — n. A dress of the same kind, by which 
persons are purposely assimilated who belong to the 
same body, whether military, naval, or any other. 
[F. uniforme, L. uniformis, fr. unus and forma, form.] 

— Uniformity, -Y-tY, n. Quality of being uniform; 
resemblance to itself at all times; conformity to a 
pattern or rule; resemblance, consonance, or agree- 
ment ; consistency; sameness; similitude between 
the parts of a whole; continued or unvaried same- 
ness or likeness. [F. uniformity, L. uniformitas.] — 
U'niform'ly, adv. In a uniform manner; without 
variation or diversity. — U'nify, -nY-fi, v. t. [-fied 
(-fid), -fying.] To cause to be one, make into a unit, 
unite, view as one ; to reduce to unity or uniform- 
ity. [L. unus and facere, to make.] — U'nificalion, 
n. Act of so uniting with another as to make 1 be- 
ing; act of unifying, or state of being unified. — 
Unanimous, -Y-mus, a. Of one mind; agreeing in 
opinion or determination ; harmonious; formed with, 
or indicating, unanimity; with the agreement of all. 
[L. unanimus, fr. unus and animus, mind.] — Unan'- 
imously, adv. — Unanimity, -nim'Y-tY, n. State or 
quality of being unanimous; agreement in opinion 
or determination. [F. unanimity, L. unanimitas.] — 
Unip'arous, -a-rus, a. Producing one at a birth. 
[L. parere, to bring forth.] — U'niped, -nY-ped, a. 
Having only 1 foot. [L. pes, pedis, foot.] — Unira'- 
dia'ted, a. Having 1 ray. [L. radius, a ray.] — Unl- 
se'rial, -se'rY-al, a. Having only 1 row or series.— 
U'nison, -nY-zun, n. Harmony; agreement; con- 
cord; union. (Mus.) An accordance or coincidence 
of sounds proceeding from an equality in the num- 
ber of vibrations made in a given time by a sono- 
rous body.— a. Sounding alone. (Mus.) Sounded 
together. [F. unisson, L. unisonus ; sonus, a sound.] 




Unicorn. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>* • e/>w. oil : linger or ink, then, dondon, chair, get. 



UNJUST 



644 



UPLIFT 




Univalve, 
unlimited ; consti- 



— Unis'onance, -nis'o-nans, n. 
Accordance of sounds.— Uuis'- 
onant, a. Being in unison; hav- 
ing the same degree of gravity 
or acuteness. [L. sonans, p. pr. 
of sonare. to sound.] — Unis'o- 
noas, -o-nus, a. Being in uni- 
son. — U'nivalve, -nt-valv, n. 
{Zobl.) A mollusk whose shell 
is composed of a single piece, 
as the snail. — XT 'nl valve, 
-valved, -valvd, a. Having 1 
valve only, as a shell or peri- 
carp. [L. valva, a valve.] — 
Univalv'ular, -u-lSr, a. Hav- 
ing 1 valve only. — Universal, 
-vers'al, a. Extending to, or 
affecting, the whole number, 
quantity, or space ; pert, to or 
pervading all ; all-embracing ; 
luting or considered as a whole; total; whole; com 
prising particulars, or all the particulars; general 
all. — n. {Logic.) A general abstract conception, 
so called from being universally applicable to, or 
predicable of, each individual or species contained 
under it; a universal proposition, or one in which 
the subject is taken in its widest extent, and the 
predicate applies to everything which the subject 
can denote. [F. universel, L. universalis, pert, to the 
whole, fr. umversum, the whole, fr. units and vertere, 
versum, to turn.] — Universal church. The whole 
church of God in 
the world. — U. 
joint- (Mach.) A 
contrivance for 
joining 2 shafts 
or parts of a ma- 
chine endwise, so 
that the one may 
give rotary mo- 
tion to the other 
when forming an 
angle with it, or 
may move freely a 
in all directions, 
as by means of a 
cross connecting 
the forked ends 
of the 2 shafts. — 
Univera' a 1 i s m, 
-izm, n. (Theol.) 
The doctrine or 
belief that all men will be saved or made happy in 
a future life. - Univers'aliBt, «. One who holds the 
doctrine that all men will be saved. — U'niversal'- 
ity, -I-tl, n. State or quality of being universal) 
unlimited extension or application. — Univers'ally, 
-al-lT, adv. In a universal manner; with extension 
to the whole; without exception. — U'niverse, n. 
The entire mass or system of suns, worlds, etc., fill- 
ing all the regions of space; all created things viewed 
as constituting one system or whole; the world. [F. 
univers, L. umversum^ f r. universus.) — Univer'sity, 
-8t-tT, n. A universal school, in which are taught all 
branches of learning, or the 4 faculties of theology, 
medicine, law, and the sciences and arts; an assem- 
blage of colleges established in any place, with pro- 
fessors for instructing students in the sciences and 
other branches of learning, and where degrees are 
conferred. [F. universite', universality, also a univer- 
sity, fr. L. universitas, all together, the whole, the uni- 
verse, a society, corporation, f r. universus.] — Univ'- 
ocal, -niv'o-kal, a. Having 1 meaning only; having 
unison of sound, as the octave in music, and its rep- 
licates. — n. {Aristotelian Logic.) A generic term 
applicable in the same sense to all the species it em- 
braces. A word having but 1 meaning. [L univocus, 
fr. Mwwsand vox, vocis, a voice, word.] — Univ'ocally, 
adv. In a univocal manner; in 1 term; in 1 sense. — 
Undec'agon, -dek'a-gon, n. (Geom.) A figure hav- 
ing 11 sides and 11 angles. [L. undecim (fr. unus and 
decem.10), eleven, & Gr. goniu, an angle; s. rt. knee.} 

Unjust, Unkind, Unlace, etc. See under Unable. 

Unless, un-les', conj. Except; if not; supposing that 
not; at or for less. [ME. onless, onlesse, for on lesse 
that, i. e., in less than, on a less supposition.] 

Unlike, Unmake, Unpack, Unsafe, Untie, etc. See un- 
der Unable. 

Until, un-til', prep. To; till; as far as, — in respect 
to time. — conj. So far as; to the point that ; to the 
place or degree that; up to the time that; till. [Same 




Single and Double Universal 

Joint. 
(1.) a, b, shafts ; c, double joint. 
(2.) a, b, shafts ; c, c, joints ; d, cc 
neoting link. 



as unto ; ME. til, E. till — AS. to (in sense, but not 
s. rt. : see Till.).]— Un'to, -too, prep. To, — now 
used only in antiquated, formal, or Scriptural style. 
[For unato; Goth., OFries., and OS. una, unto, and 
AS. to : see Too.] 

Untold, Unusual, Unwell, etc. See under Unable. 

Up, up, adv. Aloft; on high; toward a higher place; 
in a higher position; above; from a lower to a higher 
position; in a higher place or position; to or in a po- 
sition of equal advance or equality ; not short of, 
back of, less advanced than, away from, — usually 
followed by to or with ; to or in a state of completion ; 
completely; wholly; quite. — n. The state of being 
up or above ; state of elevation, prosperity, etc. — 
prep. From a lower to a higher place ; on or along ; 
at a higher situation upon; at the top of. — [AS. up, 
also AS., Ic. t and Sw. upp, OHG. uf; s. rt. over, q. v.] 

— The time is up. The allotted time is past ; the ap- 
pointed moment is come. — To blow up. To inflate, 
distend ; to destroy by an explosion from beneath ; 
to reprove angrily, scold.— To come up with. To reach 
in following, overtake. — To draw up. To arrange 
in due order, put in proper form. — To grow up. To 
grow to maturity. — Up to snuff. Experienced; alert 
and knowing.— Up and down. From one place, state, 
or position, to another; backward and forward.— 
Ups and downs. Alternate states of elevation and 
depression, or of prosperity and the contrary. — Up 
sound. (Naut.) From the sea. — Up stream. From 
the mouth toward the head of a stream; against the 
stream. — Up the country. In a direction toward the 
head of a stream or river. — Up'per, a. Further up, 
higher in situation, position, rank, dignity, etc.; su- 
perior. [Compar. of up.] — Upper case. The top one 
of a pair of compositor's cases, used to hold capitals, 
small capitals, and references. — U. ten thousand. 
The ten thousand highest in wealth or position; the 
upper class ; the aristocracy, —often abbreviated to 
upper ten. — Up'most, Up'permost, a. Highest ; top- 
most; supreme. [SuperL of up.]— Up'pish, a. Proud; 
arrogant ; assuming ; putting on airs of superiority. 

— Up'right, -rlt, a. In an erect position or posture; 
pointing directly upward ; perpendicular; adhering 
to rectitude in all social or business intercourse : 
honest; just; conformable to mora* rectitude. — n. 
Something standing erect or perpendicular. [AS. up- 
riht.] — Up'rightly, adv. In an upright manner: per- 
pendicularly. — Up brightness, n. — Up'side, n. The 
upper side ; the part that is uppermost.— Upside down. 
With the upper part undermost ; in confusion ; in 
complete disorder; topsy-turvy. — Up'ward, a. Di- 
rected to a higher place. — Up'ward, -wards, adv. 
In a direction from lower to higher ; toward a high- 
er place; toward the source or origin; in the upper 
parts; above; yet more; indefinitely. 

Upas, u'pas, n. A tree common in the forests of Java 
and of the neighboring isles, the milky sap of which 
is poisonous: it was formerly believed, in Europe, to 
be a solitary tree of so deadly a nature that no plant 
or animal could live within miles of it. [Malay, 
name of a vegetable poison, puhn upas, the upas tree, 
puhn, tree.] 

Upbear, up-bar', v. t. [imp. -bore ; p. p. -borne ; 
-bearing.] To bear up, raise aloft, elevate, sustain. 
[Fr. up and bear.] 

Upbraid, up-brad', v. t. To charge with something 
wrong or disgraceful; to reprove severely, bring re- 
proach on, chide, blame, censure, condemn. [AS. 
upp, up, and bregdan, b redan, to braid, weave, lay 
hold of, pull, draw.] — Upbraid'er, n. 

Upheave, up-hgv', v. t. To heave or lift up from be- 
neath. — Upheav'al, n. Act of upheaving ; a heav- 
ing or lifting up, esp. of the earth's crust. 

Uphill, up'hil, a. Ascending; going up; attended with 
labor; difficult. 

Uphold, up-hold', v. t. [-held (-holden, oos.); -hold- 
ing.] To hold up, lift on high, elevate ; to support, 
sustain, keep from falling, maintain ; to give moral 
support to, countenance. — Uphold'er, n. — Uphol'- 
ster, -hoKstSr, v. t. To supply (houses, rooms, etc.) 
with beds, furniture, curtains, etc.; to fit (furniture, 
etc.) with cushions, coverings, or hangings of cloth. 

— Uphol'sterer, n. One who upholsters furniture, 
rooms, etc. [Oris, upholder, upholdstei a broker, 
tradesman.] — Uphol'stery, -stSr-t, n. Articles sup- 
plied or work done by upholsterers. 

Upland, up'land, n. High land; ground elevated above 
the meadows and intervals which lie on banks of 
rivers, near the sea, or between hills. — a. High in 
situation; being on upland; of, or pert, to, uplands. 

Uplift, up-lift', v. t. To lift or raise aloft, raise, e le- 



t's me. far, pass or opera, lare ; 6nd. eve. 



Tn, ice i 5dd, t5ne. 6r : 



UPMOST 



645 



USE 




Uplift Dislocation in Strata of Kock 
or Slate. 



vate. — TJp'- 
lift.n. (Geol.) 
An upheaval 
of strata, so 
as to disturb 
their regular- 
ity and uni- 
formity, and 
occasion 
folds, dislo- 
cations, etc. 

Upmost. See 
under Up. 

Upon, ujj-on', 
prep. On, — used in all the senses of that word, with 
which it is interchangeable. [AS. ujrpon, uppan, fr. 
u/ip (see up) and on. an, on.] 

Upper, Uppermost, Uppish. See under Up. 

Upper-hand, up'per-hand', n. Ascendency; superior- 
ity. 

Upper-leather, up'pSr-letii'er, n. The leather for the 
vamps and quarters of shoes. 

Upraise, up-raz', v. t. To raise, lift up. 

Uprear, up-rer', v. t. To raise, rear. 

Upright, etc. See under Up. 

Uprise, up-riz', v. i. [imp. -hose; p. p. -risen; -ris- 
ing.] To rise up, get up, rise. 

Uproar, up'ror, n. Great tumult; violent disturbance 
and noise ; bustle and clamor. [D. oproer, fr. op, 
up, and roeren, to stir, move, AS. hreran, to stir, hror, 
motion ; s. rt. rearmouse, a bat ; not s. rt. roar.) — 

db: 



Uproar'ious, -I-us, a. Making, or accompanied by 
a great uproar, or noise and tumult. 

Uproot, up-root', v. t. To root up, tear up by the roots, 
or as if by the roots; to eradicate. 

Uprouse, up-rowz r , v. t. To rouse up, rouse from sleep, 
awake. 

Upset, up-set', v. t. [-set, -setting.] To set up, put 
upright; to overturn, overthrow, overset, — n. An 
overturn; overthrow, as of a carriage. — a. Set up ; 
fixed; determined. — Upset price. Price for which 
goods offered at auction are started by the auction- 
eer, or the lowest price at which they can be sold. 

Upshot, up'shot, n. Final issue; conclusion; end. 

Upside, etc. See under Up. 

Upstart, up-starf, v. i. To start or spring up sudden- 
ly. — Up'start, n. Something that starts or springs 
up suddenly; one suddenly arisen from low life to 
wealth, power, or honor; a parvenu. 

Upturn, up-tern', v. t. To turn up, direct upward, 
throw up. 

Upward. See under Up. 

Uranium, u-ra'nt-um.w. (Mm.) A metal of a reddish- 
brown color, commonly obtained in a crystalline 
form. [NL., fr. Gr. oaranos, heaven, in mythology, 
the son of Erebus and Gaia, and father of Saturn ; or 
f r. Uranus, the planet.] — Uranog'raphy, -nog'ra-fY, 
n. A description of the heavens, and the heavenly 
bodies ; uranology. [Gr. ouranos and graphein, to 
describe.] — Uranol'ogy, -o-it, n. A discourse or 
treatise on the heavens and the heavenly bodies. 
[Gr. logos, discourse.] — U'ranus, n. (Astron.) One 
of the primary planets: it is about 1,800,000,000 miles 
from the sun.— Ura'nia, -nY-a, 
n. 'Myth.) The muse of as- 
tronomy, daughter of Zeus by 
Mnemosvne. See Muse. 

Urban, er'ban, a. Of, or belong- 
ing to, a city. [L. vrbanus, fr. 
urbs, urbis, a city.] — Urbane'', 
-ban', a. Courteous in man- 
ners ; polite ; courteous ; re- 
fined. — Urban'ity, -ban'Y-tY, 
n. Quality of being urbane ; 
civility or courtesy of man- 
ners; politeness; suavity; affa- 
bility; courtesy. [F. urbanite', 
L. urbanitas.] 

Urchin, Sr'chin, n. A hedge- 
hog ; a mischievous elf sup- 
posed sometimes to take the 
form of a hedgehog; a child; 
a pert or rough little fellow; 
an echinus. [ME. urchon, ir- 
chon, OF. irceon, ericon, L. en- 
civs, also er, ens, Gr. cher, a 

hedgehog; s. rt. Gr. cherxos, hard, stiff, L. horrere, 
to bristle, hirsutus, bristly, Skr. hrisk, to bristle, E. 
horror.'] 

TTreter, Urethra. See under Urine. 

Urge, erj, v. t. [urged (Srjd), urging.] To press, push, 




Urania 



drive, impel, force onward ; to ply with motives, ar- 
guments, persuasion, or importunity ; to press hard 
upon, follow closely ; to present in an urgent manner, 
press upon attention; to treat with forcible means; to 
take severe or violent measures with; to animate, in- 
cite, instigate, stimulate, encourage. [L. uryere ; s. rt. 
Gr. heiryein, to repress, constrain, Lithuan. loargas, 
need, Goth, wrilcan, to persecute, Skr. vrij, to ex- 
clude.]— Ur' gent, -jent, a. Urging; pressing; beset- 
ting; plying with importunity ; instantly important; 
requiring haste ; forcing itself upon notice. [L. ur- 
gens, p. pr. of urgere.) — Ur'gently, adr.— Ur'gency, 
-jen-sY, n. Quality of being urgent; importunity; ear- 
nest solicitation; pressure of necessity.— Ur'ger, w. 

Urim, u'rim, n. A part of the breastpfate oi the high- 
priest among the ancient Jews, in connection with 
which Jehovah revealed his will on certain occasions. 
See Thummim. FHeb., pi. of ur, light] 

Urine, u'rin, n. A Drackish, amber-colored fluid secre- 
ted by the kidneys, whence it is conveyed into the 
bladder by the ureters, and through'the urethra dis- 
charged. [F.; L. urina, Gr. ourou, urine; s. rt. Skr. 
vari, var, water, Zend, vara, Ic. ur rain, Ic. ver, AS. 
wer, the sea.] — U'rinal, -rin-al, n. A vessel for con- 
taining urine; a convenience for urinating purposes. 
[F.] — U'rinary, a. Of, or pert, to, urine; resembling, 
or of the nature of, urine. [F. urinaire.) — U'rinati, 
v. i. To discharge urine, make water. — U'rina'tive, 
-tiv, a. Provoking the flow of urine; diuretic— U'ri- 
nose', -rin-os', U'rinous, -us, a. Pert, to urine, or par- 
taking of its qualities; having the character of urine. 
— Ure'ter, n. (Anat.) One of the excretory ducts of 
the kidney, a tube conveying the urine from the 
kidney to the bladder. [Gr. oureter, the passage oi 
the urine, also the urinary duct.] — Ure'thra, -thri, 
n. The canal by which the urine is conducted from 
the bladder and discharged. [Gr. ourethra.] — Ure- 
thral, a. Of, or pert, to, the urethra. 

Urn, em, n. A vessel of various forms, usually largest 
in the middle, and furnished with a foot or ped- 
estal. — v. t. To inclose in, or as if in, an urn. [F. 
ume, L. urna ; perh. fr. L. urere, to burn, — as urns 
contained the ashes of the dead; perh. s. rt. Skr. vari, 
water : see Urine.] 

Ursa, er'sa, n. A bear. [L. ursa, a she-bear ; also, a 
constellation, f . of ursus, a bear.] — Ursa Major. 
(Astron.). The Great 
Bear, one of the most 
conspicuous of the 
northern constella- 
tions, situated near 
the pole.— U. Minor. 
The Little Bear, the 
constellation nearest 
the north pole : it 
contains the pole- 
star.]— Ur'siform, 
-sY-f6rm, a. In the 
shape of a bear. [L. 
forma, form.]— Ur r - 

Bine,-sin,a. Of, pert. Ursa Major, 

to, or resembling, a 

bear. [L. ursdnus, fr. ursus.] — Ur'suline, -su-lin, n. 
(Rom. Cath. Church.) One of an order of nuns, so 
called from St. Ursula, under whose protection it was 
placed. [ Ursula, proper name, lit. a little bear, dim. 
of ursus/] 

Ub, us, pron. pi. The objective case of we. [AS.; G. 
and Goth, uns, D. ons, Ic. and Sw. o.-s.] 

Use, us, n. Act of employing anything, or of apply- 
ing it to one's service ; application ; employment; 
conversion to an act or purpose; occasion or "need to 
employ; necessity; advantage derived: usefulness-, 
utility; continued or repeated practice; customary 
employment; usage; custom. (Lav:.) The benefit 
or profit of lands and tenements. — Use, uz, v. t. 
[used (uzd), using.] To make use of, convert to 
one's service, put to a purpose: to behave toward, 
act with regard to, treat: to practice customarily; to 
accustom, habituate. — v. i. To be wont or accus- 
tomed; to practice customarily. [ME. and OF. vs, 
L. ttsvs, use, usage, prop. p. p. of uti, to use; s. rt. 
abuse, disuse, peruse.) — Us'er. uz'er, n. — Us'able, 
a. Capable of being used. — Us'age, -ej, ?;. Act of 
using; mode of using or treating; treatment; con- 
duct with respect to a person or thing; long-contin- 
ued practice; habitual use; method; customary use, 
as of a word in a particular sense or signification, or 
the signification itself. [F. ; LL. usagium, usaticum. 
fr. usare = L. uti, to use.] — Us'ance, -ans, n. (Com.) 
The time which, by usage or custom, is allowed in 




sQn, cube, full ; moon, fo"6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get 



USHER 



646 



VACANT 



certain countries for the payment of a bill of ex- 
change. — Use-Till, tts'f ul, a. Full of use, advantage, 
or profit ; producing, or having power to produce, 
good; beneficial; profitable.— Use'fully, adv.— Use' - - 
fulness, n. — Useless, a. Having no use; unservice- 
able; producing no good end ; answering no valua- 
ble purpose. —Uselessly, adv. — Uaelessness, n. — 
Ua'ual, u'zhoo-al, a. In use; Buch as occurs in ordi- 
nary practice, or in the ordinary course of events; 
customary; ordinary; frequent. [L. usualis, f r. usus.] 

— Us'ually, adv.— Usucap'tion, -kap'shun, n. ( Civil 
Law.) Acquisition of the title or right to property 
by the uninterrupted and undisputed possession of 
it for a certain term prescribed by law; prescription. 

tL. usucapio, fr. usucapere, -captum, to acquire by 
ong use, fr. usu, abl. of usus, and capere, to take.] — 
U'sufruct, -zhoo-frukt, n. (Laiv.) The right of using 
and enjoying lands and tenements or receiving the 
fruits and profits of a thing or estate without the right 
to alienate or impair the property itself. [L. usufruc- 
tus, usus etfructus, fr. usus undfructus, fruit.] — Usu- 
fructuary, -u-a-ri, n. One who has the use of prop- 
erty and reaps the profits of it. — a. Of, pert, to, 
or in the nature of, a usufruct. [L. usufructuwius.] 

— Usurp'', -zerp', v. t. [usurped (-zgrpf), usurp- 
ing.] To seize and hold in possession by force or 
without right; to arrogate, assume, appropriate [F. 
usurper, L. usurpare, to employ, acquire, assume, 
usurp ; perh. contr. fr. L. usurapere, to seize for 
one's own use; perh. for usum rumpere, to break a 
user, assert a right to.] — Usurpation, n. Act of 
usurping, or of seizing, or occupying and enjoying, 
the power or property of another without right. [F.; 
L. usurpation — Usurper, n. — U'Bury, -zhoo-rY, n. 
Orig. interest; practice of taking interest; illegal in- 
terest; exorbitant interest. [F. usure, the occupation 
of a thing, usury, L. usura, use, enjoyment, interest, 
usury, prop. fem. of f ut. p. of uti.] — Usurer, -zhoo- 
rer, n. One who lends money at a rate of interest 
beyond that established bylaw.— Usurious, -z hob'- 
rT-us, a. Practicing usury; taking exorbitant inter- 
est for the use of money; partaking of , or contain- 
ing, usury. — Uten'sil, n. An instrument ; imple- 
ment; esp., an instrument or vessel used in a kitch- 
en, or in domestic and farming business. [F. uten- 
sile, a utensil, fr. L. ustensilis, fit for use, fr. uti.] — 
Utility, -1-tY, n. State or quality of being useful; 
production of good; usefulness; advantageousness; 
benefit; profit; avail; service. [F. utilite", L. utilitas, 
fr. utilis, useful, fr. uti.] — Utirita'rian, -Y-ta'rY-an, 
a. Consisting in, or pert, to, utility; pertaining to 
utilitarianism. — n. One who holds the doctrine of 
utilitarianism. — Util'ita'rianism, -izm, n. The doc- 
trine that the greatest happiness of the greatest num- 
ber should be the end and aim of all social and po- 
litical institutions; doctrine that virtue is founded in 
utility; doctrine that utility is the sole standard of 
virtue, so that virtue is indicated and tested by its 
apparent usefulness. — U'ttlize, -til-iz, v. t. T-ized 
(-Izd), -izing.] To make useful, turn to profitable 
account or use. [F. utiliser, fr. utile, L. utilis.] — 
Utilization, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. 

Vsher, ush'er, n. One in charge of the door of a court, 
hall, or chamber; one who seats persons in a church 
or other place of assembly; an officer who introduces 
strangers, or walks before a person of rank; an un- 
der teacher or assistant to the preceptor of a school. 
— v. t. [ushered (-grd), -ering.] To introduce, a6 an 
usher, forerunner, or harbinger ; to forerun. [OF. 
ussier, uissier, huissier, L. ostiarius, a door-keeper, lit. 



belonging to a door, f r. ostium, a door, f r. os, a mouths 
see Oral.] 

Usquebaugh, us'kwe-baw, n. A kind of whisky made 
in Ireland and Scotland; a liquor compounded of 
brandy, raisins, cinnamon, and other spices. [Ir. 
uisge beatha, water of life, f r. uisge, water, and bea- 
tha, life; cf. L. aqua vitse, F. eau-de-vie, brandy; Ir. 
uisge s. rt. E. whisky, q. v.; Ir. beatha s. rt. Gr. bios, 
L. vita, life, E. quick.'] 

Ustion, usfyun, n. Act of burning ; state of being 
burned. [L. ustio, f r. were, ustum, to burn.l 

Usual, Usurp, Usury, Utensil, etc. See under Use. 

Uterus, u'te-rus, n. (Anat.) The womb. [L.] — U'ter- 
ine, -ter-in, a. Of, or pert, to, the womb ; born of 
the same mother, but by a different father. [F. ute- 
rin, L. uterinus, fr. uterus.] 

Utility, Utilize, etc. See under Use. 

Utmost, ut'most, a. Situated at the furthest point or 
extremity ; furthest out ; most distant ; extreme ; 
last ; being in the greatest or highest degree. — n. 
The most that can be; the greatest power, degree, or 
effort. [Same as outmost ; AS. ytemest, ytmest, superl. 
of ut, out, q. v.] — Ufter, a. [Positive wanting ; su- 
perl. uttermost or utmost.] Situated on the out- 
side, or remote from the center ; outer ; complete ; 
perfect; total; final; peremptory; absolute; mere; 
entire ; quite. — v. t. [uttered 6-terd), -tering.] 
To put in circulation, as money; to put off, as cur- 
rency; to cause to pass in trade; to give expression 
to, disclose, publish, speak, deliver, give forth, dis- 
charge, pronounce. [The adj. same as outer; AS. 
utor, uttor, compar. of ut ; the verb fr. ME. uttren, 
outen, AS. utian, to put out, eject, fr. ut.] — Ut'ter- 
able, a. Capable of being uttered, pronounced, or 
expressed. — Ufterance, -ans, n. Act of uttering; 
sale; circulation; expression; pronunciation ; man- 
ner of speaking ; vocal expression. — Ufterer, n. — 
Ufterly, adv. In an utter manner; to the full ex- 
tent; fully; perfectly; totally. — Ut'termost, a. Ex- 
treme; utmost — n. Utmost; highest degree or meas- 
ure; extremest thing or degree possible; utmost pow- 
er or extent. 

Utopia, u-to'pY-a, n. An imaginary island, represented 
by Sir Thomas More, in a work called Utopia, as en- 
joying the greatest perfection in politics, laws, etc. ; 
a place or state of ideal perfection. [Lit. Nowhere ; 
Gr. ou, not, and topos, a place.] — Uto'pian, a. Of, 
pert, to, or resembling, Utopia ; ideal ; chimerical ; 
fanciful. — Uto'pianism, -izm, n. Quality or prac- 
tice of any Utopian person or scheme; a chimerical 
scheme. 

Utricle, u'trt-kl, n. A little bag or bladder ; a little 
cell, as the air-cell of a f ucus or seaweed. {Physiol.) 
A microscopic cell in the structure of an egg, ani- 
mal, or plant. [L. utriculus, dim. of uter, utris, a 
bag, or bottle made of an animal's hide.] 

Utter, Utterance, etc. See under Utmost. 

Uveous, u've-us, a. Resembling a grape. [NL. uveus, 



f r. L. uva, a bunch or cluster of grapes, a grape.] — 
U 'villa, -vu-la, n. (Anat.) The fleshy corneal body 
suspended from the middle of the lower border of 
the soft palate. [F. uvule, LL. uvula, a cluster, grape, 
the uvula, dim. of L. uva.] 
Uxorious, ugz-o'ri-us, a. Submissively or excessively 
fond of a wife. [L. uxorius, pert, to, or fond of, a 
wife, fr. uxor, wife ; s. rt. Skr. vaca, a wife, also 
willing, 6ubdued, vac, to will.] — Uxo'riously, adv. 
— Uxo'riousness, n. — Uxoricide, -Sr'sld, n. The 
murder of a wife by her husband; one who murders 
his wife. [L. uxor and csedere, to kill; cf. parricide.] 



V. 



V, ve, the 22d letter of the Eng. alphabet, represents 
a uniform consonant sound, as heard in vain, eve : 
its form is only a variety of the character by which 
the vowel U is denoted, the latter being in its origin 
the cursive character employed with soft materials, 
while V is better adapted for engraving on stone : 
the 2 letters were formerly used indiscriminately, 
the one for the other. 

Vacant, va'kant, a. Deprived of contents ; empty; 
not filled; unengaged with business or care; unem- 
ployed; unoccupied; not occupied with an incum- 



bent, possessor, or officer; not occupied with study 
or reflection; thoughtless. (Law.) Abandoned; hav- 
ing no heir, possessor, claimant, or occupier. [F.; Ii. 
vacans, p. pr. of vacare, -catum, to be empty or un- 
occupied.] — Wcantly, adv. — Va'cancy, -sT, n. 
Quality of being vacant; emptiness; freedom from 
employment; leisure; idleness; that which is vacant; 
empty space; vacuity; a space between bodies or 
things; chasm; gap; unemployed time; interval of 
leisure; a place or post unfilled; an unoccupied of- 
fice. _ Va'cate, -kat, v. t. To make vacant, leave 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve. tSrm : Xn, Ice : 5dd. tone. 6r ; 



VACCINATE 



647 



VALIANT 



empty; to annul, make void, make of no authority 
or validity. — Vaca'tion, n. The act of vacating, 
making void, or of no force; intermission of a stated 
employment, procedure, or office; stated interval in 
a round of duties, business, or study; rest. (Law.) 
Intermission of judicial proceedings; the space of 
time between the end of one term and the begin- 
ning of the next ; non-term. The intermission of 
the regular studies and exercises of a college or 
other seminary, when the students have a recess; 
the time when a see or other spiritual dignity is va- 
cant. [F.; L. vacatio.] — Vac'uum, -u-um, n. Space 
empty or devoid of all matter or body ; space from 
which the air has been exhausted. fL., neut. of vac- 
uus, empty, from vacare.] — Vac'uiBt, n. One who 
holds to the doctrine of a vacuum in nature. — Va- 
cn'ity, -ku'Y-tY, n. Quality or condition of being 
vacuous; a state of being unfilled; emptiness; space 
unfilled or unoccupied, or occupied with an invisi- 
ble fluid only; emptiness; void; vacuum. [F. vacu- 
ite', L. vacuitas.] — VaCuous, -u-us, a. Empty; void. 
— Vac'uousness, n. 

Vaccinate, vak'sY-nat, v. t. To inoculate with the cow- 
pox or kine-pox, by means of a virus or lymph, taken 
either directly or indirectly from cows. [L. vacci- 
nus, belonging to a cow, fr. vacca, a cow, prob. lit. 
the lowing animal, Skr. vac, to cry, howl, low.] — 
Vaccination, n. Act, art, or practice of vaccina- 
ting, or of inoculating persons with the cow-pox or 
kine-pox, for protection against small-pox. — Vac'- 
eina'tor, n. One who inoculates, etc. — Vac'cine, 
-sin or -sYn, a. Pert, to cows, or to vaccination. — 
Vac'cinist, -sY-nist, n. A vaccinator; one skilled in 
vaccination. 

Vacillate, vas'il-lat, v. i. To move one way and the 
other; to reel; to fluctuate in mind or opinion; to 
be unsteady or inconstant; to waver, stagger. [L. 
vacillare, -latum.'] — Vacillation, n. Act of vacil- 
lating; a wavering; reeling; staggering; fluctuation 
of mind; unsteadiness; inconstancy. [F.; L. vacil- 
latio.] — Vac 'illant, a. Vacillating; wavering; fluc- 
tuating; unsteady. [L. vacillans,p. pr. of vacillare.'] 

Vacuum, Vacuity, etc. See under vacant. 

Vade-mecum, va'de-me'kum, n. A book or other thing 
that one carries always with him; a manual. [L., 
go with me.] 

Vagabond, Vagary, Vagrant, etc. See under Vague. 

Vagina, va-ji'na, «.; pi. -njs, -ne. (Anat.) The cylin- 
drical canal which leads from the vulva to the uterus 
or womb; any part which serves as a sheath or en- 
velope to another. [L., a scabbard, sheath.] — Vag'- 
inal, vaj'Y-nal, a. Of, or pert, to, a vagina or sheath; 
resembling a sheath. (Anat.) Of, or pert, to, the 
vagina;— Vag'inant, a. Serving to invest or sheathe. 

Vague, vag, a. Unsettled ; unfixed ; undetermined ; 
proceeding from no known authority ; indefinite ; 
loose : lax. [F.; L. vagus, wandering, F. 
L. vagari, to wander; perh. s. rt. AS. wancol, 
steady, Skr. vang, to limp; s. rt. extravagant.] — 
Vague'ly, adv. — Vague'ness, n. — Va'grant, a. 
Moving without certain direction; wandering, un- 
settled; wandering from place to place without any 
settled habitation. — n. One who strolls from place 
to place ; an idle wanderer ; sturdy beggar ; vaga- 
bond. [ME. and Norm. F. vagarant, OF. vagant, 
f r. vaguer.] — Va'grantly, adv. In a vagrant, wan- 
dering, unsettled manner. — Va'grancy, -sY, n. 
State of a vagrant; a wandering without a settled 
home. — Vagabond, -a- bond, a. Floating about 
without any certain direction; driven to and fro; 
moving from place to place without any settled 
habitation; wandering.— n. One who wanders from 
town to town or place to place, having no certain 
dwelling, or not abiding in it, and usually without 
the means of honest livelihood; a vagrant. [F.; L. 
vagabundus, fr. vagari.] — Vag'abond'age, -ej, -ism, 
-izm, -ry, -rY, n. Condition ot a vagabond; a state 
or habit of wandering about in idleness. — Vaga'ry, 
-rY, n. A wandering of the thoughts; a wild freak; 
whim; whimsical purpose. 

Vail, Veil, val,n. A concealing screen or envelope ; 

. cover. [See Veil.] 

Vail, val, v. t. To lower in token of inferiority, rev- 
erence, submission, etc. [For avail, F. avaler, to 
let, lay, cast, fall down, aval, downward, fr. a val 
= L. ad vallem, towards the valley ; s. rt. avalanche.] 

Vail, val, n. A gratuity or perquisites given to a ser- 
vant. _[For avail, profit, help.] 

Vain, van, a. Having no real substance, value, or 
importance; destitute of force or efficiency; to no 
purpose; elated with a high opinion of one's own 



accomplishments, or with things more showy than 
valuable; showy; ostentatious; empty; worthless; 
ineffectual ; shadowy ; unsatisfying ; light ; incon- 
stant; false; deceitful; trifling. |_F.; L. vanus; perh. 
b. rt. L. vacuus, empty.] — In vain. To no purpose; 
without effect; ineffectual.— To take the name of 
Qod in v. To use the name of God with levity or 
profaneness.— Vain'ly, adv.— Vain' ness, n. — Van'- 
ity, van'Y-tY, n. State or quality of being vain; 
want of substance to satisfy desire; an inflation of 
mind upon slight grounds; empty pride; that whieh 
is vain; anything empty, visionary, or unsubstan- 
tial; fruitless desire or effort; one of the established 
characters in the old moralities and puppet-shows; 
egotism ; pride ; self-sufficiency ; ostentation. [F. 
vaniU, L. vanitas, fr. vanus.]— Van'ish, v. i. [-ished 
(-isht), -ishing.] To pass from a visible to an in- 
visible state; to be lost to view, disappear gradually; 
to be annihilated or lost, pass away, disappear. — n. 
(Elocution.) The final or closing portion of a sylla- 
ble, or of a vocal element. [L. vanescere, evanes- 
cere, fr. vanus.] — Vaunt, vant, v. i. To boast, talk 
with vain ostentation, brag.— v. t. To boast of, 
make a vain display of. — n. A vain display of 
what one is, or has, or has done ; boast. [F. vanter, 
LL. vanitare, fr. L. vanus. vain.] — Vaunt 'er, n. 
One who vaunts; a boaster; braggart. — Vainglo'ry, 
-rY, n. Excessive vanity excited by one's own per- 
formances; empty pride; undue elation of mind.— 
Vainglo'rious, a. Feeling or indicating vainglory; 
vain to excess of one's own achievements; boastful; 
vaunting. — Vainglo'riously, adv. 

Valance, val'ans, n. Hanging drapery for a bed, 
couch, window, etc.; esp., that which hangs around 
a bedstead, from the bed to the floor. — v. t. To 
furnish with a valance. [F., prob. fr. Valence, in 
France, where silk was manufactured; but perh. fr. 
NormF. valaunt, F. avalant, descending, hanging 
down, p. pr. of avaler, to get down, to go down with 
the current, or stream; if so, s. rt. avalanche: see 
Vail, to lower.] 

Vale, val, n. A tract of low ground, or of land between 
hills; valley; dingle; dell; dale; a little trough or 
canal. [F. val, L. vallis: perh. s. rt. Gr. helos, wet, 
low ground, because easily covered with water, Skr. 
val, to cover, also an inclosure.] — Valley, val'lY, n. 
The apace inclosed between ranges of hills or moun- 
tains. (Arch.) The gutter or internal angle formed 
by 2 inclined sides of a roof. [OF. valee, f r. val.] 

Valediction, val-e-dik'shun, n. A farewell, a bidding 
farewell. [L. valedicere, -dictum, to say farewell ; fr. 
vale, farewell (lit., be strong, imper. of valere : see 
Valiant), and dicere, to say.]— Valedictory, -to-rY, 
a. Bidding farewell; taking leave; suitable, or de- 
signed, for an occasion of leave-taking. — n. A fare- 
well oration or address spoken at commencement in 
Amer. colleges, usually by one of the graduating 
class. — VaPedicto'rian, n. One who pronounces a 
valedictory address. 

Valenciennes, va-len'sY-enz', n. A rich kind of lace 
made at Valenciennes, in France. 

Valentine, vaKen-tin, n. A sweetheart chosen on St. 
Valentine's day; a letter containing professions of 
love, or a printed sentimental or satirical missive, 
sent on St. valentine's day. [F. Valentin, L. Valen- 
tinus, prop, name; s. rt. valiant.] — St. Valentine's 
day. A day sacred to St. Valentine; the 14th of Feb- 
ruary,— when birds were supposed to pair. 

Valerian, va-le'rY-an, n. A plant of many species: the 
root of the officinal valerian has a strong smell, and 
is much used in medicine as an antispasmodic. 
[Either fr. some person called Valerius, or fr. the 
province of Valeria,, in Pannonia.] 

Valet, val'et or val'a, n. A servant who attends on a 
gentleman's person. [F.. same as varlet.] — Valet de 
chambre, val'a d6 shom'br. A body servant, or per- 
sonal attendant. [F.] 

Valetudinary, val-e-tu'dY-na-rY, a. Infirm ; sickly. — 
n. An infirm person ; a valetudinarian. [F. vale- 
tudinaire, L. valetudinarius, sickly, fr. valetudo, 
health, whether good or bad, but esp. bad health, fr. 
valere, to be strong: see Valiant.] — Val'etu'dina'- 
rian, -rY-an, o. Ot infirm health; seeking to recover 
health; sickly; weakly; infirm. — n. A person of a 
weak, infi?m, or sickly constitution; one seeking to 
recover health. 

Valiant, val'yant, a. Intrepid in danger ; heroic ; 
courageous ; brave ; performed with valor ; bravely 
conducted ; heroic. [F. vaillant, OF. valant, p. pr. 
of valoir, to profit, serve, be good for, L. valere, to 
be strong, be worth ; s. rt. Lithuan. wala, Skr. bala, 



sQn, cube, full ; moon, fdot : cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



VALISE 



648 



VAPOR 



strength, E. avail, prevail, convalesce, equivalent, in- 
valid, etc.] — Valiantly, adv. — VaKiantness, n. — 
Valid, a. Having suiticient strength or force ; found- 
ed in truth; capable of being justified, defended, or 
supported. {Law.) Having legal strength or force; 
executed with the proper formalities. [F. valide, 
L. validus, fr. valere.] — Validity, -X-tX, n. State or 
quality of being valid; strength; force; esp., power 
to convince ; justness ; soundness, (Law.) Legal 
Strength or force ; that quality of a thing which ren- 
ders it supportable in law or equity. [F. validiie, 
L. validitas.] — Val'or, -er, n. Strength of mind in 
regard to danger; personal bravery; warlike cour- 
age. [OF. and L.] — VaKoroQB, -er-us, a. Possess- 
ing or exhibiting valor; intrepid; stout; bold; brave; 
courageous.— Var orously, adv.— VaFue, -u, n. The 
property or properties of a thing which render it 
useful ; or the degree of such property or proper- 
ties; utility; precise signification; rate or estimated 
worth; amount obtainable in exchange for a thing; 
price ; rate ; importance ; import. — v. t. [valued 
(-ud), -uing.] To estimate the worth of, rate at a 
certain price, appraise, reckon with respect to num- 
ber, power, importance, etc.; to rate at a high price, 
have in high esteem, hold in respect and admira- 
tion. [F. value, fem. of p. p. of valoir = L. valere.] 
— Varuable, a. Having value or worth; possessing 
Qualities whijh are useful and esteemed : worthy ; 
deserving esteem ; precious; costly; estimable. — n. 
A thing of value; a precious possession. — Valua /r - 
tion, n. The act of valuing, or of estimating the 
value or worth; act of setting a price ; estimation ; 
appraisement ; value set upon a thing ; estimated 
worth. — VaFua'tor, n. One who sets a value on 
anything ; an appraiser. — V&l'ueless, a. Of no 
value ; haying no worth. 

Valise, va-les', n. A small sack or case, for contain- 
ing the clothes, etc., of a traveler; a portmanteau. 
5F. ; Sp. balija, It. valigia, a traveling-bag, wallet, 
j. vidulus, a'leather traveling-trunk; perh. s. rt. Per. 
walichah, Ar. walihat, a sack.] 

Vallation, val-la'shun, n. A rampart or intrench- 
ment. [L. vallare, to surround with a rampart, fr. 
vallum, rampart; s. rt. wall.] 

Valley. See under Vale. 

Valor, Value, etc. See under Valiant. 

Valve, valv, n. A door; esp., a folding door, or one of 
the leaves of such a door; a lid, cover, plate, disk, 
plug, ball, membrane, etc., lifting, turning, sliding, 
oscillating, etc., automatically or otherwise, in a pipe 
or in connection with a port or aperture, to permit or 
prevent the passage of a fluid, esp. to permit passage 
in one direction and prevent return (see Pump); one 
of the separable parts of a capsule, pod, or pericarp, 
or of the shell of a mollusk. [F.; L. valva, a folding- 
door; s. rt. L. volvere, to roll, turn round about.] 
Valved, valvd, a. Having valves ; 
composed of valves.— Valv'ular, -u- 
18r, a. Of, or pert, to, valves; con- 
taining valves; serving as a valve; 
opening by means of valves.— Valv'- 
Ule, -HI, n. A little valve. — Valv'- 
ate, -at, a. Resembling or serving 
as a valve; consisting of, or opening 
by, a valve or valves. 

Vamp, vamp, n. The upper leather 
of a boot or shoe; a patch or added v ., Tular fCL uIp 
piece. — v. t. [vamped (vampt), ValTular Capsule. 
vamping.] To provide (a shoe) with new upper 
leather ; to piece (an old thing) with a new part; to 
repair. [Abbrev. fr. F. avant-pied, fore-foot and 
vamp, fr. avant, before, fore, and pied, foot : for 
avant, see Van, front of an army; F. pied = L. pes 
= E. foot, q. v.] — Vamp^er, n. One who vamps, or 
pieces an old thing with something new. 

Vampire, vam'pir, n. A dead person superstitiously 
believed to rise 
from the grave 
by night, and 
maintain a spec- 
tral life by suck- 
ing the blood of 
living persons 
while they are 
asleep ; one who 
lives by preying 
on others; an ex- 
tortioner. (Zobl.) 
A large species 
of blood-sucking 
bat found in 





mpire. (ZooL) 



tropical Amer., which stenlthily attacks animals, and 
sometimes men, in their sleep. [F.; G. vampyr, Ser- 
vian wampir.] — Vam'pirism, -ptr-izm, n. Belief i-n 
the existence of vampires ; the practice of blood-suck- 
ing; practice of extortion. 

Van, van, n. The front of an army; or the front line 
or foremost division of a fleet, either in sailing or in 
battle. [Abbr. fr. vanguard or van-ward; OF. avant- 
warde, later avant-garde, the van-guard of an army;. 
F. avant = L. ab ante, from in front.] — Van'-guard, 
n. (Mil.) The troops who march in front of an army; 
advance guard; the 1st line. — Van'-cou'rier, -kob'- 
rt-er, n. One sent in advance; a precursor; avant 
courier; esp., one of a body of light-armed soldiers 
sent before armies to beat the road upon the ap- 
proach of an enemy. [F. avant-courrier ; courrier, 
coureur, a runner, courier, q. v. under Coueant.] 

Van, van, n. A fan for cleansing grain, etc.; a win- 
nowing machine ; a wing with which the air is beat- 
en; a shovel used in sifting ore. [F.; L. vannus = 
IS. fan, q. v.] 

Van, van, n. A large covered wagon, for the transpor- 
tation of goods, etc.; in Eng., a close railroad car for 
goods, baggage, etc. [Abbr. for caravan.] 

Vandal, van'dal, n. (Anc. Hist.) One of the most 
barbarous of the northern nations that invaded 
Rome in the 5th century, notorious for destroying 
the monuments of art and literature. One hostile to 
the arts and literature; one ignorant and barbarous. 
[L. Vandalus, lit. a wanderer, G. wandeln — E. to 
wander.] — Van'dal, -dalle, a. Of, pert, to, or re- 
sembling, the Vandals; ferocious; rude; barbarous; 
hostile to arts and literature. — Van'dalism, -izm, n. 
Spirit or conduct of Vandals; ferocious cruelty; hos- 
tility to arts and literature. 

Vandyke, van-dikl n. A lace or needle-work collar, 
as seen in portraits painted by Vandyke in the reign 
of Charles I. 

Vane, van, n. A weathercock, arrow, etc., attached to 
some elevated object, to show which way the wind 
blows; a similar device moved in or by water; the 
sail of a windmill or blade of a propeller, etc. ; the 
broad part or web of a feather, on the side of the shaft. 
[ME. vane, also fane, orig. a pennon, hence a vane, 
AS., Sw., and Goth, fana, a flag; s. rt. L. pannus, 
cloth, panus, the thread on a bobbin in a shuttle, Gr. 
penos, the woof, perh. E. spin ; s. rt. gonfalon.] 

Van-guard. See under Van, front of an army. 

Vanilla, va-nilla, n. A climbing orchidaceous plant 
of many species, natives of tropical Amer. ; the fleshy 
seed-pod of several species, remarkable for its deli- 
cate and agreeable odor, and for the volatile, odorif- 
erous oil extracted from it. [Sp. vainilla, dim. of 
vaina, a sheath, pod, L. vagina, q. v., — fr. its sheath- 
like fruit.] 

Vanish, Vanity. See under Vain. 

Vanquish, vank'wish, v. t. [-quished (-wisht), -quish- 
inq.] To subdue in battle, as an enemy; to defeat 
in any contest, get the better of, put down, refute in 
argument, overcome, confute, silence. [OF. veinquir, 
also veincre, F. vaincre, f r. L. vincere, victum, to con- 
quer ; s. rt. Goth, weihan, weigan, OHG. and AS. 
wigan, to strive, contend, E. victor.] — Van'quisha- 
ble, a. — Vanquisher, n. — Van'quishment, n. The 
act of vanquishing, or state of being vanquished or 
subdued. 

Vantage, van'tej, n. Superior or more favorable state, 
situation, or opportunity; advantage. [Abbr. fr. ad- 
vantage.] — Vantage-ground. Superiority of state or 
place ; place or condition which gives one an advan- 
tage over another. 

Vapid, vapid, a. Having lost its life and spirit; dead; 
spiritless; insipid; flat; dull; unanimated. [L. vap- 
idus, f r. vappa, wine that has emitted its vapor ; s. 
rt. vapor, q. v.] — Vapidly, adv. — Vapldness, Va- 
pidity, -X-tX, n. State or quality of being vapid ; 
deadness; dullness; want of life or spirit. 

Vapor, va'per, n. (Physics.) Any substance in the 
gaseous or aeriform state, the condition of which is 
ordinarily that of a liquid or solid. Any visible dif- 
fused substance floating in the atmosphere and im- 
pairing its transparency, as smoke, fog, etc.; some- 
thing unsubstantial, fleeting, or transitory, pi. A dis- 
ease of nervous debility, in which a variety of strange 
images float in the brain, or appear as if visible ; hyp- 
ochondriacal affections; dejection; spleen; the blues. 
— v. i. [vapored (-perd), -poring.] To pass off in 
fumes, or a moist, floating substance; to steam, be 
exhaled, evaporate; to boast or vaunt with a vain, 
ostentatious display of worth ; to brag. [Ju. ; s. rt. 
Gr. kapnos, smoke, kapuein, to breathe forth, Lith- 



am„ fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ; 



VAQUERO 



649 



VAUDEVILLE 



uan. kwapas, breath, evaporation.] — Va'por-bath, n. 
Application of vapor or steam to the body in a close 
place ; the place itself. — Va'porer, n. A braggart ; 
boaster. — Va'poringly, adv. In a vaporing or coast- 
ing manner. — Va'porish, a. Full of vapors; affected 
by hysterics; splenetic; peevish; humorsome; hypo- 
chondriacal. — Va'porous, -pSr-us, a. Full of vapors 
or exhalations; windy; flatulent; proceeding from 
the vapors; unreal; vain. — Va'pory, -pSr-Y, a. Full 
of vapors ; hypochondriacal ; splenetic ; peevish. — 
Vap'orable, vap'o-ra-bl, a. Capable of being con- 
verted into vapor by the agency of heat. — Vap'ora- 
bil'ity, n. Quality of being vaporable. — Vap'ora'- 
tion, n. Act or process of converting into vapor, or 
of passing off in vapor; evaporation.— Vap'orif'ic, a. 
Forming into vapor; converting into steam. [L. fa- 
cere, to make.] — Vap'orize, -Sr-iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), 
-izing.] To convert into vapor by the application of 
heat. — v. i. To pass off in vapor. — Vap'oriza'tion, 
n. Act of vaporizing, or state of being converted 
into vapor; the artificial formation of vapor. 

^aquero, va-ka'ro, n. In Mexico and West. U. S., a 
man in charge of cattle, horses, or mules ; a herds- 
man. [Sp., cowherd, fr. vaca, L. vacca, a cow : see 
Vaccinate.] 

Variable, Variance, Variety, Varioloid, Various, etc. 
See under Vary. 

Varicose, var'l-kos, -icons, -Y-kus, a. Preternaturally 
enlarged, or permanently dilated,— said of veins. 
[L. varicosus, fr. varix, a dilated vein, fr. varus, 
bent, stretched outwards, various, straddling; prob. 
s. rt. LG. queer, transverse, E. queer, q. v.] — Var- 
icocele, -Y-ko-sel, a. (Surg.) A varicose enlarge- 
ment of the veins of the spermatic cord or the scro- 
tum. [L. varix and Gr. hete, a tumor.] 

Varlet, var'let, n. Orig. a servant ; valet ; a low fel- 
low ; scoundrel ; rascal, [Same as valet ; OF. var- 
let, vaslet, valet, a groom, youth ; vaslet = vassalet, 
dim. of OF. and E. vassal, q. v.] 

Varnish, vitr'nish, n. A solution of gum, resin, etc., in 
oil or spirit, which gives a hard shining coat to any 
surface to which it is applied; glossy appearance; an 
artificial covering to give a fair appearance to any act 
or conduct; outside snow. — v.t. [varnished (-nisht), 
-nishing.] To lay varnish on ; to cover with some- 
thing that gives a fair external appearance ; to give 
a fair coloring to. [ME. vernisch, fr. F. vernis, var- 
nish, vernisser, to cover with varnish, OF. vernir, to 
glaze, LL. vitrinus, glassy, L. vitruni (F. verve), 
glass ; s. rt. vitreous.] — Var'nisher, n. 

Vary, va'ri, v. t. [varied (-rid), varying.] To 
change the aspect of ; to alter in form, appearance, 
substance, or position; to change to something else, 
exchange, alternate ; to diversify, variegate. — v. t. 
To alter or be altered in any manner; to 6uffer a 
partial change; to differ or be different; to alternate; 
to deviate, depart; to disagree, be at variance. [F. va- 
rier, L. variare, -atum, to diversify, vary, fr. varius, 
various, variegated, manifold.] — Va'riable, -rt-a-bl, 
a. Having the capacity of varying or changing; ca- 
pable of alteration in any manner; over-susceptible 
of change; liable to change; changeable; mutable; 
fickle; wavering; unsteady; versatile; inconstant.— 
n. (Math.) A quantity which may increase or de- 
crease; a quantity which admits of an infinite num- 
ber of values in the same expression. (Naut.) A shift- 
ing wind (opp. to trade-wind), esp. in the belt be- 
tween the N. E. and S. E. trade- winds. [F.; L. vari- 
abilis:.] — Variableness, -abil'ity, n. State or qual- 
ity of being variable ; susceptibility of change ; lia- 
bleness or aptness to alter. — Va'riably, ado. — Va r - 
riance, -ri-ans, n. Act or state of being variant ; 
change of condition. (Law.) A disagreement or 
difference between 2 parts of the same legal pro- 
ceeding, which, to be effectual, ought to agree to- 
gether. Difference that produces controversy; dis- 
agreement; dissension; discord. — At variance. In 
disagreement ; in a state of dissension or controver- 
sy ; at enmity. — Va'riate, -rT-at, v. t. To alter, 
make different, vary. — Variation, n. Act of vary- 
ing; a partial change in the form, position, state, or 
qualities of the same thing ; the extent to which a 
thing varies; amount or rate of change; vicissitude; 
variety; mutation; deviation; alteration; diversity. 
(Mus.) Repetition of a tune or melody with various 
embellishments and fanciful changes. [F. ; L. va- 
riation] — Va'rious, -rt-us, a. Different ; diverse ; 
several; manifold; changeable; uncertain; unfixed; 
variegated ; diversified. [L. varius.] — Va'riously, 
adv. — Vari'ety, -ri'e-tY, n. Quality of being vari- 
ous; intermixture or succession of different things; 



that which is various; a number or collection of dif- 
ferent things; something varying or differing from 
others of the same general kind ; diversity ; differ- 
ence; kind. [F. varvete", L. varietas.] — Va'riegate, 
-ri-e-gat, v. t. To diversify in external appearance! 
to mark with different colors; to vary, streak, stripe, 
checker, dapple. [L. variegure, -qatum, fr. vartus 
and aijere, to move, make.] — Va'riega'tion, n. Act 
of variegating or diversifying, or state of being di- 
versified, by different colors : diversity of colors. — 
Varioloid, va'ri- or var'T-o-loid. a. (Med.) Resem- 
bling small-pox; pert, to the disease called varioloid. 
— n. (Med.) The small-pox as modified by pre- 
vious inoculation or vaccination. [LL. variola, the 
small-pox, fr. L. varius and Gr. eirfos. form.] — Va- 
ri'olouB, -o-lus, a. Of, pert, to, or designating, the 
small-pox. — Vario'nun, va-ri-o'rum. Of various 
persons or things ; esp. (used as an adjective), con- 
taining notes by different persons. [L., abbr. fr. 
euru units variorum, with notes of various persons.J 
Vase, vas (Eng. pron. vaz or vaz), n. A vessel, of va- 
rious forms and materials, for 
domestic use or ornament and 
anciently for sacrificial uses. 
(Arch.) An ornament of 
sculpture, placed on a pedestal, 
representing one of the vessels 
of the ancients ; the body or 
naked ground of the Corinthi- 
an and Composite capital. [F.; 
L. vasum, also vas; s. rt. Skr. va- 
sana, a receptacle, box, basket, 
water-jar, cover, vas, to wear 
clothes, E. vests wear, vessel.] — 
Vas'cular, -ku-lgr, a. Consist- 
ing of vessels, or containing 
them, as an essential part of a 




Vase. 



structure; operating by means of, or made np of, an 
arrangement of vessels ; pert, to, consisting of, or 
containing the vessels of animal or vegetable Dodies, 
esp. the veins, blood-vessels, etc., of the circulatory 
system. [L. vasculum, a small vessel, dim. of vas.)—' 
Vas'cular'ity, -lar'I-ti, n. State or quality of beuig 
vascular. 

Vassal, vas'sal, n. One who holds land of a superior, 
and who vows fidelity and homage to him; a feuda- 
tory; a dependent; servant; bondman ; slave. [F.j 
LL. vassalus, also vassus, a servant. Armor, gwaz, a 
servant, vassal, man, male, W. and Corn, gtoas, a 
youth, servant ; s. rt. varlet, valet.] - Vas'salage, 
-ej, n. State of being a vassal ; political servitude ; 
dependence; slavery. 

Vast, vast, a. Orig. waste, desert ; being of great ex- 
tent; very spacious or large; very great in numbers 
or amount ; very great in force, or in importance i 
enormous; huge; immense; mighty.— n. A waste 
region; boundless space. [Same as loaste,' F. vaste, 
L. vastus, vast, of great extent; s. rt. L. vastare — E. 
devastate : see Waste.] — Vastly, adv. To a vast 
extent or degree ; very greatly. — Vast'nesa, n. — 
Vast'y, -i, a. Very spacious ; immense ; vast. — 
Vasta'tion, n. A laying waste; devastation; depop- 
ulation. [Same as devastation ; L. vastatio, fr. vas- 
tare, to lay waste.] 

Vat, vat, n. A large vessel, tub, tank, or cistern ; esp. 
one for holding liquors in process of manufacture, 
or liquid for tanning; a measure for liquids; a dry 
measure of varying capacity. [ME., Ic, and Sw. 
fat, AS. fset, D. vat, G. fass, a vessel, cask, lit. that 
which contains, D. vatten, G. fassen, to catch, con- 
tain; s. rt. Lithnan. pudas, a pot.] 

Vatican, vat'Tt-kan, ». An assemblage of buildings in 
Rome, forming the largest palace in the world, with 
a famous chapel, museum, library, etc., and being 
the principal residence of the popes; hence, the papal 
authority. [F. ; L. Vaticanus mons, the Vatican hill 
— on which it stands.] — Vaticanism, -izm, n. The 
doctrine of papal supremacy; adhesion to the pope's 
authority.— Thunders of the Vatican. The anathe- 
mas or denunciations of the pope. 

Vatieide, vafTt-sid, n. The murder of a prophet; one 
who murders a prophet. [L. vates, a prophet, and 
ceedere, to kill ; el .parricide.] — Vaticinate, va-tis'l- 



prophesy, foretell. [L. vaticU 
icinus, prophetical, fr. vates, a 



nari, -natus, fr. vatieinus,, 

prophet.] — Vatic'inal, a. Pert, to, or containing, 
prophecy. — Vatic'ina'tion, n. Prediction; proph- 
ecy. [L. vaticinatio.] — Vatic'lna'tor, n. One who 
vaticinates;_a prophet. 
Vaudeville, vod'vil, n. A kind of song of a lively 
character, sung to a familiar air in couplets with a 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fdot : cow. oil ; linger or ink, then. boNboN, chair, get. 



VAULT 



650 



VELLICATE 



refrain; a theatrical piece, whose dialogue is inter- 
mingled with light or satirical songs, sung in famil- 
iar airs. [F., fr. Vau-de-vire, a village in Normandy, 
where Olivier Basselin, at the end of the 14th cen- 
tury, composed such songs.] 
Vault, vawlt, n. A continued arch, or an arched roof or 
ceiling; an arched apartment or passage; esp., a sub- 




Vault, 
terranean aoom, for storing articles, for a prison, for 
interment, etc. ; any subterranean apartment, tank, 
or receptacle ; a leap or bound ; esp., the bound or 
leap of a horse. — v. t. To form or cover with a vault 
or arched roof ; to give the shape of an arch to ; to arcb ; 
to leap on, mount by leaping.— v. i. To leap, bound, 
jump, spring ; to exhibit feats of tumbling or leap- 
ing. [ME. voute, vowte. OF. volte, voute, vaute, It. 
volta, an arch, cellar, fr. L. volvere, to roll, turn 
round, bend round, arch ; also F. volter, to vault, 
jump, volte, It. volta, the bound of a horse ; 8. rt. 
voluble, volute.] — Vault/ed, a. Arched ; concave ; 
covered with an arch or vault. — Vault'er, n. 

Vaunt, etc. See under Vain. 

Veal, vel, n. The flesh of a calf killed for the table. 
[ME. and OF. veel, L. vitellus, a little calf, vitulus, 
Gr. italos, a calf; s. rt. Skr. vatsa, a calf, also ayear, 
— i.e., a yearling; s. rt. L. vettts, old in years, E. vet- 
eran, vellum.] — Vit'uline, -u-lln, a. Of, or pert, to, 
a calf, or to veal. [L. vitulinus, fr. vitulus.] 

Vector, vek'te'r, n. Same as Radius Vector, q. v., 
under Radius. 

Veda, va'- or ve'da, n. The ancient sacred literature 
of the Hindoos; also, one of 4 collections (the Rig- 
Veda, Yajur-Veda, Sama-Veda, and Atharva-Veda) 
constituting the most ancient portions and members 
of that literature. [Skr., knowledge, fr. vid, to know; 
s. rt. wit.] — Ve'dic, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. 

Vedette, ve-def, n. A sentinel, usually on horseback; 
a vidette. [F. vedette, It. vedetta, for veletta, as if fr. 
vedere, L. videre, to see, but really fr. It. veglia, L. 
vigilia, watch; s. rt. vigil.] 

Veer, ver, v. i. [veered (verd), veering.] To change 
direction, turn. — v. t. To direct to a different 
course; to turn. [F. virer, Sp. virar, birar, to wind, 
tack, veer, Pg. and Proven, virar, to turn, change, 
EL. virare, to turn around; s. rt. F. environ, round 
about, whence E. environs, F. virole = E. ferrule, 
LL. virola, a ring binding anything, L. viriola, a 
bracelet.] 

Vegetable, vej'e-ta-bl, n. A plant; an organized living 
body destitute of intelligence and voluntary motion, 
deriving its nourishment from inorganic or disorgan- 



ized matter, and in general, propagating itself by 
seeds; specifically, in common parlance, a plant used 



specifically, 
for culinary purposes. — a. Be- 
longing or relating to, consist- 
ing of, or comprising, or having 
the nature of, plants. [F.; L. 
vegetabilis, lit. animating, full 
of life, fr. vegetare, -tatum, to 
enliven, quicken, vegetus, live- 
ly, vegere, to quicken, arouse; 
s. rt. L. vigil, wakeful, vigere, 
to flourish, Skr. ugra, very 
strong, Gr. hugies, sound, Goth. 
wakan = E. to wake, E. vigor- 
ous.]— Vegetable ivory. A close- 
grained and very hard vegetable 
substance obtained from a spe- 
cies of palm tree ; ivory nut.— 




V. kingdom. (Nat. Hist.) That portion of the depart. 
mentof life in nature including plants. — Veg'etal, 
-e-tal. a. Pert, to, or in the nature of, a vegetable ; 
vegetable. (Physiol.) Of, or pert, to, a class of vital 
phenomena common to plants and animals. [F.] — 
Vegeta'rian, -rT-an, n. One who holds that vegeta- 
bles constitute the only proper food for man.— a. Of, 
or pert, to, vegetarianism. — Vegetarianism, -izm, n. 
The theory and practice of living solely on vegeta- 
bles. — Veg'etate, -e-tat, v. i. To grow, as plants; to 
sprout, germinate; to lead a life too low for an ani- 
mate creature; to do nothing but eat and grow.— 
Vegeta'tion, n- Act or process of vegetating; vege- 
table growth; the sum of vegetable life; vegetables 
or plants in general. (Med.) A morbid excrescence 
on the valves of the heart, in syphilis; a fleshy gran- 
ulation at the surface of a wound or ulcer. [F.] — 
Veg'eta'tive, -tiv, a. Growing, or having the power 
of growing, as plants ; having power to produce 
growth in plants. (Zo'61.) Partaking of simple growth 
and enlargement of the systems of nutrition and 
generation, apart from the sensorial or distinctively 
animal functions. [F. vegetatif.] — Veg'eta'tive- 
ness, n. 
Vehement, ve'he-ment, a. Acting with great force ; 
forcible; mighty; very ardent; very eager, urgent, 
or fervent; furious; violent; impetuous; passionate; 
ardent; hot. [F.; L. vehemens, lit. carried out of 
one's mind; vehe- perh. fr. Skr. vaha, a way, vah = 
L. vehere, to carry; and L. mens, the mind, q. v.] — 
Ve'hemently, adv. — Ve'hemence, -mens, -mency, 
-men-st, n. Quality of being vehement; impetuous 
force; impetuosity; violence, — applied also to any 
kind of forcible action; violent ardor; animated fer- 
vor. 
Vehicle, ve'hT-kl, n. That in which anything is or 
may be carried, as a coach, wagon, cart, carriage, 
etc.; a conveyance; that which is used as the instru- 
ment of conveyance or communication. (Phar- 
macy-} -A- substance in which medicine is taken. 
(Paint.) A liquid with which the various pigments 
are applied. [L. vehiculum, fr, vehere, to carry: see 
Vehement; s. rt. vagabond, vague, veil, convex, in- 
veigh, vex, viaduct, voyage, way, wagon, weigh.] — 
Venic'ular, -ulary, -u-la-rt, a. Of, pert, to, or serv- 
ing as, a vehicle. 
Veil, val, n. Something to intercept the view, and 
hide an object; esp., a screen, usually of thin gauze 
or similar material, to hide or protect the face; a 
curtain ; cover ; disguise. — v. t. [veiled (vald), 
veiling.] To throw a veil over, cover with a veil ; 
to invest, cover, hide, conceal. [ME. and OF. veile, 
L. velum, a sail, covering, curtain, vail, fr. veliere, to 
bear, carry, orig. that which bears the ship on : see 
Vehicle.] — To take the veil. To receive, or be cov- 
ered with, a veil, as a nun, in token of retirement 
from the world. — Veliferous, ve-lifSr-us, a. Bear- 
ing, or carrying, sails. [L. velifer, f r. velum and/erre, 
tobear.] 
Vein, van, n. (Anat.) One of the membranous canals 
or tubes in animal bodies, which convey toward the 
beart the impure blood returned from the capillaries; 
a blood-vessel. (Bot.) A small rib or branch of the 
frame-work of leaves, etc. (Qeol. or Mining.) A seam 
or layer of any substance, more or less wide, inter- 
secting a rock or stratum, and not corresponding 
with the stratification. A fissure, cleft, or cavity, as 
in the earth or other substance ; a streak or wave 
of different color, appearing in wood, in marble, 
and other stones ; a train of valuable associations, 
thoughts, etc.; a current; course; peculiar temper; 
tendency or turn of mind; humor; strain; quality. 

— v. t. To form or mark with veins; to fill or cover 
with veins. [ME. and F. veine, L. vena, a vein, lit. 
that which carries (blood), fr. vehere : see Vehicle.] 

— Veined, vand.a. Full of veins; streaked; varie- 
gated. (Bot.) Having vessels branching over the 
surface, as a leaf. — Vein'y, -T, a. Full of veins ; 
veined. — Ve'nal, a. Venous. — Ve'nona, -nus, a. 
Of, pert, to, or contained in, a vein or the veins, — 
opp. to arterial. (Bot.) Marked with veins; veined- 
[L. venosus.] — Ve'nesec'tion, n. Act or operation 
of opening a vein, to let blood; blood-letting. [L. 
sectio = E. section, q. v.] 

Veliferous. See under Veil. 

Velleity, vel-le'Y-tt, n. The lowest degree of desire; 

imperfect or incomplete volition. [F. velMiti, fr. L. 

veue, to will, be willing.] 
Vellicate, 

twitch. 

pun.; 



We, to will, be willing. J 

icate, veKlT-kSt, v. t. 8c i. To move spasmodically, 
r itch. [L. veUicare, -catum, fr. veliere, to pluck, 
ill.] — Vellica'tion, n. Act of twitching, or of 



4m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 2nd, eve, tSrm ; Tn. Ice ; 5dd. tone, dr ; 



VELLCJM 



651 



VENTRAL 



causing to twitch. {Med.) A local twitching or con- 
vulsive motion of a muscular fiber, esp., of the face. 

Vellum, vel'lum, n. _ A fine kind of parchment. [F. 
velin, LL. vitidinium, or peliis vitulina, prepared 
calf-skin, fr. L. vitulus, a calf: see Veal.] 

"Velocity, ve-los't-tt, n. Quickness of motion. (Mech.) 
Rate of motion; relation of motion to time, meas- 
ured by the number of units of space passed over 
by the moving body in a unit of time. Swiftness; 
celerity; rapidity; speed. [F. velocite, L. velocitas, 
fr. velox, velocis, swift, lit. flying; s. rt. volare, to 
fly : see Volant.] — Vel'ocim'eter, -sini'e-ter, n. 
An apparatus for measuring the speed of machinery. 



[L. velox and Gr. metron, measure.] — Veloc'ipede, 
-los'I-ped, n. A light vehicle or carriage pn 
by the rider. [L. velox and pes, pedis, foot.] 



Velvet, veKvet, n. A rich fabric of silk, or of silk and 
cotton mixed, having on one side a close, short, fine, 
soft shag or nap, or uncut pile; the hairy integument 
covering a growing antler. [Olt. veluto, velvet, L. 
villosus, shaggy, fr. villus, shaggy hair, a tuft of hair; 
s. rt. L. vellus, a fleece, Skr. vri, to cover, E. wool.] — 
Vel' voting, n. The fine shag of velvet; a piece of 
velvet ; velvet goods. — Vel'vety, -t, a. Made of, or 
like, velvet; soft; smooth; delicate. — Velveteen', 
-en', n. A kind of cloth made of cotton, in imitation 
of velvet; cotton velvet. 

Venal. See under Vein. 

Venal, ve'nal, a. To be bought or obtained for money 
or other valuable consideration; held for sale; mer- 
cenary; hireling; vendible. [F.; L. venalis, salable, 
for sale, fr. venus, venum, sale; s. rt. Gr. onos, Skr. 
vasna, price, vasu, wealth.] — Venal'ity, -I-tT, n. 
State or quality of being venal or purchasable; mer- 
cenariness. [F. venalite, L. venalitas.~\ — Vend, v. t. 
To dispose of by sale, sell. [F. vendre, L. vendere, to 
sell, contr. fr. venundare, to sell, for venum dare, fr. 
venum, sale, and dare, to offer.] — Vendee', -e', n. 
The person to whom a thing is vended.— Vend'er, 
-or, n. One who vends; a seller. — Vend 'ible, a. Ca- 
pable of being disposed of as an object of trade; sal- 
able. [F.; L. vendubilis.] — Vend'ibleness, -ibil'ity, 
n. State or quality of being vendible. — Vend'ibly, 
adv. In a vendible or salable manner. — Vendi'tion, 
-disb/un, n. Act of vending or selling; sale. [L. ven- 
dition — Vendue', -du', n. A public sale of any- 
thing, by outcry, to the highest bidder; an auction. 
[OF., fr. vendre.] 

Venary. See under Venery, hunting. 

Veneer, ve-ner', v. t. [-neered (-nerd'), -neering.] 
To overlay or plate with a thin layer of wood or 
other material for outer finish or decoration. — n. A 
thin leaf or layer of a more valuable or beautiful 
material for overlaying an inferior one. [G.furni- 
ren, to inlay, veneer, lit. to furnish, fr. F. fournir = 
E. to furnish.'] — Veneer'ing, n. Act or art of over- 
laying a coarse or inferior wood with thin leaves of 
a superior material, or the covering thus laid on. 

Venenation. See under Venom. 

Venerate, ven'er-at, v. t. To regard with respect and 
reverence; to reverence, revere, adore. [L. venerari, 
-ratus ; s. rt. L. venus, love, Skr. van, to serve, honor, 
E. venereal, win.] — Ven'erable, a. Capable of be- 
ing venerated; worthy of veneration or reverence; 
rendered sacred by religious or other associations, 
esp. by age. [F.; L. venerabilis.] — Ven'erableness, 
n. — Ven'erably, adv. — Venera'tion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; respect mingled with awe; rev- 
erence; dread. [F.; L. veneratio.] — Ven'era'tor, n. 
One who, etc. 

Venereal, Venery, See under Vends. 

Venery, ven'Sr-^.n. Act or exercise of hunting; sports 
of the chase. [ME. and F. venerie, fr. OF. vener, L. 
venari, to hunt.] — Ven'ary, -a-rT, a. Of, or pert, to, 
hunting. [LL. venarius.] — Ven'iaon, -T-zu or -zn, n. 
The flesh of edible beasts of chase; game. [In Eng., 
the word is applied to the flesh of deer, hares, and 
certain birds called game; in the U. S., exclusively 
to the flesh of the deer, or cervine genus of animals.] 
[OF. veneisun, flesh of the deer, boar, and other 
beasts of the chase, fr. L. venatia, the chase, also, 
game, fr. venari.] 

Venesection. See under Vein. 

Venetian, ve-ne'shan. a. Of, or pert, to, Venice. — 
Venetian blind. A blind for windows, doors, etc., 
made of thin slats set in a frame, and so disposed as 
to overlap each other. 

^Vengeance, venj'ans, n. Punishment inflicted in re- 
turn for an injury or offense; retribution; passion- 
ate or unrestrained revenge. [F. ; fr. venger, to 
avenge, L. vindicare, to lay claim to, also to avenge : 



see Vindicate; s. rt. revenge, avenge.] — Venge'ftU 
-ful, a. Vindictive ; retributive ; revengeful. -* 
Venke'fully, adv. 

Venial, ve'nl-al, a. Capable of being forgiven; not 
heinous; excusable; pardonable; allowed; permit- 
ted. [OF.; L. venialis, fr. venia, forgiveness, pardon, 
favor; s. rt. venerable.] — Ve'nially, <ulv. In a ve- 
nial manner; pardonably. — Ve'nialness, -al'ity, n. 
State or quality of being venial. 

Venire, ve-hi're, or V. Facias, -fa'shi-as, n. (Law.) A 
judicial writ directed to the sheriff, requiring him to 
cause a certain number of qualified persons to ap- 
pear in court at a specified time, to serve as jurors in 
said court; a writ in the nature of a summons to 
cause the party indicted on a penal statute to appear. 
[L., make or cause to come.] 

Venison. See under Venery. 

Venom, ven'um, n. Matter fatal or injurious to life; 
poison ; spite ; malice ; malignity. [ME. and OF. 
venim, L. venenum, poison, perh. for vemcaum, fr. 
ve- prefix, and necare, to kill.] — Ven'omous, -us, a. 
Full of venom ; noxious to animal life ; poisonous ; 
noxious; mischievous; malignant; spiteful. [F. ven~ 
imeux, L. venenosus, poisonous.] — Ven'omously, 
adv. — Ven'omouanesB, n. — Venena'tion, n. Act of 



Vent, vent, n. A small aperture; a hole, or passage for 
air or any fluid to escape; the opening at which the 
excrements are discharged; opportunity of escape 
from confinement or privacy ; emission ; escape. 
{Mil.) The opening at the breech of a fire-arm; 
touch-hole. (Arch.) A loop-hole. (Steam-boilers.) 
The sectional area of the passage for gases divided 
by the length of the same passage in feet. — v. t. To 
let out at a vent, or small aperture; to suffer to es- 
cape from confinement; to let out, emit; to pour 
forth (what has been pent up in the mind, as pas- 
sion, etc.) ; to utter, report. [M.E. fent,fente, a slit in a 
garment, button-hole, F.fente, a cleft, slit, rift, cran- 
ny, ir.fendre, L.fcndere, to cleave; s. rt. fissure; but 
confused with F. vent, L. ventus = E. wind.] — Vent'- 
er, n. One who vents; one who utters or reports. — 
Vent'-hole, n. A small hole for the passage of air, as 
in a cask; a vent. (Casting.) A hole pierced through 
a mold for the escape of air and gas. 

Ventilate, ven'tt-lat, v. t. To fan with wind; to open 
and expose to the free passage of air or wind; to 
air; to winnow, fan; to sift and examine; to expose 
to examination and discussion. [L. ventilare, -latum, 
fr. ventus, wind; s. rt. wind.] — Ventila'tion, n. Act 
of ventilating, or state of being ventilated; free ex- 
posure to air ; act of fanning or winnowing, for the 
purpose of separating chaff and dust from grain ; 
act of sifting and bringing out to view or examina- 
tion ; public exposure. [L. ventilatio.] — Ven'tila'- 
tor, -ter, n. A contrivance for drawing off or ex- 
pelling foul or stagnant air from any close place or 
apartment, and introducing that which is fresh and 
pure. [L., a winnower.] — Ventos'ity, -tos'T-tl, n. 
Windiness; flatulence; vainglory; pride. [L. vento- 
sitas, fr. ventosus, windy.fr. ventus.] — Ven'tiduct, 
-tt-dukt, n. A passage or pipe for ventilating apart- 
ments. [L. ventus and ductus, a conduit, fr. ducere, 
ductum, to lead.] 

Ventral, ven'tral, a. Belonging to the belly; pert, to 
the surface opposite the back; abdominal. (Bot.) Of, 
or pert, to, the front side of a carpel, etc. [L. ventra- 
lis, fr. venter, the belly; perh. s. rt. Gr. gaster, the bel- 
ly, E. gastric, q. v/] — Ven'tricle, -trt-kl, n. (Anat.) 
A cavity of the animal body, as of the brain, or lar- 
ynx ; esp., either of the 2 cavities of the heart 
which communicate with the auricles: see Heart, 
Lung. [F. ventricule, L. ventriculus 1 the stomach, 
dim. of venter.]— Ven'tricose', -trt-kos', -cons, -kus, 
a. (Nat. Hist.) Swelling out in the 
middle ; bellied ; distended. — Ven- 
tril'oquism, -o-kwizm, n. Act, art, 
or practice of speaking in such a 
manner that the voice appears to 
come, not from the person, but from 
some distant or different place. [L. 
ventriloquus, speaking from the belly, 
fr. i-enter and loqui, to speak.] — Ven- 
triFoquiBt, -kwist, n. One who, etc. 
— Ventril'oquize, -kwlz, v. i. [-quized 
(-kwizd), -quizing.] To practice ven- 
triloquism. — Ventril'oquons, -kwus, 
a. Speaking in such a manner as to 
make the sound appear to come from 
a place remote from the speaker. 




■fin, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boirboN, cbair, get. 



VENTURE 



652 



VERGE 



Venture, ven'chur, n. An undertaking of chance or 
danger; a hazard; an event that is not, or can not 
be, foreseen; chance; contingency; luck; the thing 
put to hazard; a risk; esp., something sent to sea in 
trade, — v. i. [ventured (-churd), -Turing.] To 
have the courage or presumption to do, undertake, 
or say something; to dare; to run a hazard or risk. 
— v. t. To expose to hazard, risk; to put or send on 
a venture or chance. [ME. aventure, later adven- 
ture.] — Vent'urer, -chur-er, n. One who ventures 
or puts to hazard; an adventurer. — Vent'uresome, 
-sum, a. Inclined to venture ; not loath to run risk 
or danger; bold; daring; intrepid. — Venturesome- 
ly, adv. — Vent'urous, -us, a. Daring; bold; hardy; 
fearless; adventurous. — Vent'urously, adv. 

Venue, ven'u, re. {Law.) A neighborhood or near 
place; place or county in which an act or fact is 
alleged to have happened; county or jurisdiction in 
which a cause is to be tried; place where an action is 
laid. [F., a coming, arrival, prop. fern, of p. p. of 
venir, L. venire, to come; s. rt avenue.'] 

Venus, ve'nus, n. {Myth.) The goddess of female 
beauty and of love. (Astron.) One of the planets, 
the 2d in order from the sun: as the morning-star, 
it was called by the ancients Lucifer ; as the even- 
ing-star, Hetperus. [L.; s. rt. Skr. van, to love, E. 
venerable, win.] — Vene'real, -re-al, a. Of, or pert, 
to venery, or sexual love; arising from sexual inter- 
course; adapted to the cure of venereal diseases; 
adapted to excite venereal desire; aphrodisiac. [F. 
venerien, fr. L. Venus.] — Ven'ery, ven'er-Y, n. Sex- 
ual love or intercourse. 

Veracious, ve-ra'shus, a. Observant of truth ; habit- 
ually disposed to speak truth; truthful; character- 
ized by truth; true. [L. verax, veraeis, truthful, 
verus, true, credible; s. rt. Zend, var, Ru6s. vierite, 
to believe, G. wahr, true, wahl, choice, L. velle, to 
will, choose, E. aver.] — Vera' ciously, adv.— Verac'- 
ity, -ras'Y-tY, n. State or quality of being vera- 
cious; habitual observance of truth ; truthfulness; 
truth. [L. veracitas.] — Ver'y, ver'Y, a. True; real; 
actual. — adv. In a high degree ; to no small ex- 
tent; exceedingly; excessively. [ME. verrai, verrei, 
OF. verai, F. vrai = L. verus, true.] — Ver'ily, -Y-lY, 
adv. In a true manner ; in truth ; in fact ; with 
great confidence; really; truly. — Verity, -Y-tY, n. 
Quality of being very true or real; consonance of a 
statement, proposition, or other thing to fact; a true 
assertion or tenet; truth; certainty; reality; assur- 
ance. [F. verite", L. Veritas.] — Veritable, a. Agree- 
able to truth or to fact; actual; real; true. [F.] — 
Veritably, adv. — Ver'dict, vSr'dikt, n. (Law.) 
The answer of a jury given to the court, concern- 
ing anv matter of fact in any cause, civil or crim- 
inal, committed to their examination and determi- 
nation. Decision; judgment; opinion pronounced. 
[ME. and OF. verdit, LL. veredictum, fr. L. vere, 
truly, and dictum, a saying, a word, fr. dicere, dic- 
tum, to say.] — Verify, vgr'Y-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), 
-FYINQ.] To prove to be true or correct; to con- 
firm; to confirm or establish the authenticity of; 
to authenticate. [F. verifier, L. verificare, fr. verus 
and facer 'e, to make.] — Verifiable, a. Capable of 
being verified. — Ver'ifica'tion, n. Act of verify- 
ing or proving to be true or correct, or state of being 
verified ; confirmation ; authentication. [F.] — Vers- 
ifier, n. — Verisim' r ilar, a. Having the appearance 
of truth; probable; likely. [L. verisimilis, fr. vents 
and similis, like, resembling, similar.]— Ver'isimiF- 
itude, -Y-tud, n. Appearance of truth; probability; 
likelihood. [F.; 
L. verisimil- 
itude] 

Veranda, ve-ran'- 
da, n. (Arch.) 
A kind of open 
portico, formed 
by extending a 
sloping roof De* 
vond the main 
building ; a 
light, open por- 
tico or outer 
gallery, with a 
sloping roof. 
TPg. varanda, 
Malay baran- 
dah, Per. bar- 
amadah, a ter- 
race, balcony, 
fr. bar-amadan. 




to ascend, come forth, emerge, grow out, fr. bar- 
up, and amadan, to come, arrive.] 

Veratria, ve-ra'trY-a, -trine, -trin, Ver'atrina, n. 
(C'hem.) A vegetable alkaloid, obtained from sev- 
eral species of hellebore in form of a crystalline pow- 
der, nearly white, very acrid and poisonous, — used 
in medicine. [L. veratrum, hellebore.] 

Verb, verb, n. (Gram.) A word which affirms or 
predicates something of some person or thing; a 
part of speech expressing being, action, or the suf- 
fering of action. [F. verbe, L. verbum, a word, verb; 
s. rt. word, Gr. eirein, to speak.] — Ver'bal, a. Ex- 
pressed in words; addressed to the ear; spoken; 
oral; not written; consisting in, or relating to, words 
only; dealing with words rather than things; hav- 
ing word answering to word; literal. (Gram.) De- 
rived directly from a verb. [F. ; L. rerbatis, fr. 
verbum.] — Ver'balism, -izm, n. Something ex- 
pressed verbally or orally. — Ver'balist, n. A lit- 
eral adherent to, or a minute critic of, words. — 
Ver'balize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To convert 
into a verb, make verbal. — Ver'bally, adv. In a 
verbal manner; by words spoken- orally; word for 
word. — Ver'biage, -bY-ej, n. The use of many 
words without necessity; superabundance of words; 
verbosity ; wordiness. [F.] — Verbose', -bos', a. 
Abounding in words ; using or containing more 
words than are necessary; tedious by a multiplicity 
of words; prolix; wordy. [L. verbosus.] — Verbos"- 
ity, -b8s'Y-tY, n. Quality of being veibose; use of 
more words than are necessary prolixity. [L. ver- 
bositas.] — Verba'tim, adv. Word for word; in the 
same words. [LL.] 

Verbena, ver-be'na, Ver'vain, -van, n. A plant of 
many species, cultivated for the beauty of its flow- 
ers: the lemon verbena is a shrubby species of Aloy- 
sia, with fragrant leaves; the "oil of verbena" of 
the perfumers is obtained from lemon grass (Andro- 
vogori). [ME. and F. verveine, L. verbena ; L. pi. ver- 
bense, sacred boughs of olive, laurel, or myrtle; s. rt. 
L. verber, a rod, twig, shoot.] — Verbera'tion, n. Act 
of beating, o» striking blows; impulse of a body, 
which causes sound. [L. verberatio, fr. verberare, to 
beat. fr. verber.] 

Verbiage, Verbose, etc. See under Verb. 

Verdant, vgr'dant, a. Covered with growing plants 
or grass; green; fresh; green in knowledge; ignorant 
of the ways of the world. [F., prop. p. pr. of verdir, 
to flourish, wax green, fr. vera, OF. vert, L. viridis, 
green.] — Ver'dancy, -sY, n. Quality or condition 
of beingverdant; greenness; rawness; inexperience; 
foolishness. — Ver'dantly, adv. — Verd'ure, vgr'- 
jur, n. Green; greenness; freshness of vegetation. 
[F.j — Verd'urous, -jur-us, a. Covered with verd- 
ure.— Vert, n. (Engl Forest Law.) , _ 

Everything that grows and bears a 
green leaf within the forest. (Her.) \ 
A green color, represented in a r 
drawing or engraving by parallel i 
lines sloping downward toward the | 
right. [OF., green.] — Ver'derer, If 
-deror, -der-er, rt. (Eng. Law.) An 
officer who has the charge of the ,( ^S|§^»8»' 
king's forests to preserve the vert Vert. (Her.) 
and venison, etc. [F. verdict; fr. 
vert.] — Verd'-antique', -an-tek', n. A green incrus- 
tation on ancient coins, brass or copper, produced 
by the action of time. (Min.) A mottled-green ser- 
pentine marble; a green porphyry, used as marble. 
[F.; f r. verd, vert, and antique, ancient.] — Verdi- 
gris, -dS-gres, n. (Chem.) A poisonous blue or green 
acetate of copper, used as a pigment, mordant, etc.: 
it is often seen on brass or copper kettles, etc. [F.; 
OF. verte grez, lit. green grit, perh. for OF. verdens 
= LL. virideeeris, verdigris, lit. green of brass; L. 
ass, seris, brass.] — Ver'diter, -dY-ter, n. (Chem.) An 
azure blue substance made by the decomposition of 
nitrate of copper by chalk. [F. verd-de-terre, i. e., 
earth green.]— Verjuice, -jus, n. The sour juice of 
crab-apples, of green or unripe grapes, apples, etc.; 
also, a kind of vinegar made from such juice. [F. 
verjus, juice of green fruits, fr. verd, vert, and jus, 
juice.] — Viridity, vY-rid'Y-ti, Virldness, n. Green- 
ness; verdure. [L. viriditas, fr. viridis.] — VireB'- 
cent, Vir'ides'cent, -sent, a. Slightly green; begin- 
ning to be green; greenish. [L. virescens, p. pr. of 
virescere, to grow green, incept, of virere, to be 
green.] — Vir'ides'cence, -sens, n. State or quality 
of being viridescent. 

Verdict. See under Veracious. 

Verge, verj, re. A kind of rod carried as an emblem 



am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, Sr ; 



VERGE 



653 



VERSE 




of authority; the mace of a dean. (Arch.) The 
shaft of a 'column; or a small ornamental shaft. 
The spindle of a watch-balance. (Eny. Law.) The 
compass or extent of the king's court. [F., a rod, 
wand, stick, mace, L. virga, a twig, rod, wand ; 
perh. s. rt. L. vergere, to bend, turn: see Verge, v. 
i.] — Ver'ger, -jer, n. In Eng., one who 
verge or emblem of office; an attendant upon a dig- 
nitary, as on a bishop, dean, justice, etc.; the bea- 
dle of a cathedral church. [F., fr. verge.'] — Vir'- 
gate, -gat, a. (Bol.) Having the shape of a rod or 
wand.' [L. virgatw<, fr. virga.} 

Verge, verj, v. i. [verged (verjd), verging.] To 
tend downward, bend, slope; to border upon, tend, 
approach. — n. The extreme side or end of any- 
thing which has some extent of length; border; 
edge; rim; brim; margin; brink. [L. vergere, to 
bend, turn, incline, verge towards; s. rt. L. valgus, 
bent, wry, Skr. vrijana, crooked, E. converge, di- 
verge.) 

Verify, Verily, Verity, etc. See under Veracious- 

Verjuice. See under Verdant. 

Vermes, ver'mez, n. pi. Worms. [L.; pi. of vermis, 
a worm; s. rt. worm, q. v., prob. crimson, carmine.] 

— Vermicel'li, -me-chel'll or -sel'li, n. A kind of 
wheat paste, made into a slender, worm-like form. 
[It., lit. little worms, pi. of vermiceUo, dim. of verme 
= L. vermis.} — Vermic'ular, -mik'u-ler, a. Pert, 
to, or resembling, a worm; shaped like a worm; esp., 
resembling the motion of a worm: peristaltic. [L. 
vermiculus, a little worm, dim. of vermis.'} — Ver- 
mic'ulate, -u-lat, v. t. To inlay; to form (work) by 
inlaying which resembles the tracks of worms, or 
appears as if formed by the mo- 
tion of worms.— Vermiculated 
work. (Arch.) Rustic work so 
wrought as to seem as if eaten 
into or tracked by worms, or 
having the form of convoluted 
worms. — Vermic'ula'tion, n. 
Act or operation of moving in 
the manner of a worm; continu- 
ation of motion from one part to 
another, as in the peristaltic 
motion of the intestines; act of 
forming vermiculated work; act 
of boring through or state of be- 
i n g worm-eaten. — Vermic'u- 
lose / , -u-los', -ulous, -u-lus, a. Containing worms; 
full of worms or grubs; resembling worms. — Ver'- 
mlform, -mT-f6rm. a. Having the form or shape of a 
worm. [L. vermis and forma, form.] — Ver'mifuge, 
-mi-fuj, n. (Med.) A medicine or substance that 
expels worms from animal bodies. [L. fugare, to 
drive away, fr. fugere, to flee.] — Vermil'ion, -mil'- 
yun, n. A brilliant red pigment made from the nat- 
ural (cinnabar) orartificialsulphide of mercury; the 
peculiar shade of red produced by this pigment. [F. 
vermilion, vermilion, also a little worm, vermeil, ver- 
milion, fr. L. vermiculus, a little worm, NL., that lit- 
tle worm which furnishes the scarlet color, fr. L. 
vermis; cf. cochineal, crimson.] — Ver'min, n. sirg. & 
pi. Orig., an animal in general; a noxious or mis- 
chievous animal; esp., collectively, petty noxious 
little animals or insects, as squirrels, rats, mice, 
worms, fleas, flies, lice, etc.; noxious human beings, 

— in contempt. [F. vermine, fr. L. vermis.'} — Ver'- 
minate, -ml-nat, v. i. To breed vermin. [L. venni- 
nare, to have worms, fr. vermis.'] — Vermina / 'tion, n. 
Generation or breeding of vermin; a griping of the 
bowels. — Ver'minous, -min-us, a. Tending to breed 
vermin; full of, or infested by, vermin; caused by, 
or arising from the presence of, vermin. [L. vermino- 
sus.] — Vermip'arous, -a-rus, a. Producing worms. 
[L. parere, to bring forth.] — Vermiv'orous, -o-rus, 
a. Feeding on worms. [L. vorare, to devour.] 

Vernacular, ver-nak'u-ler, a. Belonging to the coun- 
try of one's birth; native, — n. The vernacular lan- 
guage; one's mother tongue. [L. veraaculus, born 
in one's house, native, fr. verna, a slave born in his 
■master's house, a native.] — Vernacularism, -izm, n. 
A vernacular idiom. 

Vernal, ver'nal, a. Belonging to, or appearing in, 
spring; belonging to youth, the spring of life. [F.; 
L. venialis, fr. vermis, pert, to spring, fr. ver, Gr. ear, 
Ic. and Sw. var, Skr. vasanta, spring.] — Vernal 
equinox. (Astron.) The equinox in spring or March. 

— Verna'tion, n. (Bot.) Disposition of the nascent 
leaves within the bud; prefoliation. [F.] 

Vernier, vSr'nY-er, n. A short graduated scale made 
to slide along the divisions of a sextant or other 




Vermiculated 
Work. 



Vernier. 

graduated instrument, for measuring parts of its 
smallest spaces. [Invented by Pierre Vernier, of 
Brussels.] 
Verse, vers, n. A line consisting of a certain number 
of long and short syllables, disposed according to 
metrical rules; metrical arrangement and language; 
poetry; commonly but improp., a short division of 
poetical composition, a stanza! stave; a short divis- 
ion of any composition, esp. of the chapters in the 
Old and New Testaments ; a piece of poetr}-. [L. 
versus, a furrow, row, line in writing, and, in poetry, 
a verse, prop. p. p. of vertere, version, to turn, turn 
round; s. rt. advert, adverse, advertise, animadvert, 
anniversary, avert, convert, converse, divers, divorce, 
inadvertent, invert, malversation, obverse, pervert, re- 
vert, subvert, tergiversation, transverse, traverse, uni- 
verse, etc.] — Blank verse. Poetr}- in which the lines 
do not end ia rhymes. —Heroic v. (Pros.) A kind 
of verse usually consisting of 10 syllables, or in Eng., 
of 5 accented syllables, constituting 5 feet. — Ver'- 
aua, prep. Against, — chiefly in legal language. [L., 
toward, in the direction of, fr. vertere.]— Ver'so, n. 
(Print.) The reverse or left-hand page of a book or 
folded sheet of paper. — Versed, verst, p. a. Ac- 
quainted or familiar, as the result of experience, 
study, practice, etc.; skilled; practiced. [L. versatus, 

E. p. of versari, to turn about frequently, turn over, 
e engaged in a thing.] — Ver'sion, -shun. n. Act of 
translating ; a translation ; that which is rendered 
from another language; a statement or account of 
something from some special pointof view. [F.; LL. 
versio, fr. L. vertere.] — Ver'sicle, -st-kl, n. A little 
verse. [L. versiculus, dim. of versus.] — Ver'sicol'or, 
-col'ored, -kul'erd, a. Having various colors; change- 
able in color. [L. versicolor, fr. versare, to turn, to 
change, and color, color.] — Ver'sify, -sT-fi, v. i. [-fied 
(-fid), -fyikg.] To make verses.— v. t. To relate or 
describe in verse; to turn into verse. [F. versifier, L. 
versificare, fr. versus undfacere, to make.]— Ver / - 
sifica'tion, n. Act, art, or practice of versifying ; 
metrical composition. [F.] — Ver'sin'er, n. One 
who makes verses ; one who expresses in verse the 
ideas of another written in prose.— Versatile, -sa-til, 
a. Liable to be turned in opinion; turning with ease 
from one thing to another; readily applied to a new 
task, or to various subjects ; variable ; changeable ; 
unsteady; fickle. (Kat.Hist.) 
Capable of revolving ; freelv 
movable, --as a versatile an- 
ther, which is fixed at one 
point, but freelv movable. 
[F. versatil, L. versatile, fr. 
versare, -satum, to turn often, 
f req. of vertere.] — Ver'sa- 
tUenesB, Versatility, n. State 
or quality of being versatile ; 
aptness to change; variable- 
ness ; faculty of easily turn- _ 
ing one's mind to new tasks * ersatile Anthers. 
or subjects. — Ver'tebra, -te-bra, n.; pi. -br.e, -bre. 
(Anat .) A joint 
or s e g m e n t of 
the back-bone or 
spinal column in 
a fish, reptile, 
bird, or quadru- 
ped, and in man: 
see Skeleton. 
[L., fr. vertere.] 

— Ver'tebral, a. 
Of,or pertaining 
to, the joints of 
the spine or 
back-bone; hav- 
ing n back-bone. Vertebrae in Man. 

— Ver'tebrate a > atlas, or vertel ra supporting the head ; 
-brat, n. An ani- b > ° eut " ; "<* • c > s P in0U3 P roce33 ' 
ma I having an d. dorsal vertebra. 

internal jointed skeleton, the back-bone in which is 
called the vertebral or spinal column.— Ver'tebrate, 
-bra'ted, a. (Anat.) Having a back-bone, or verte- 
bral column, containing the spinal marrow. — Ver'* 
tex, n. ; E. pi. -texes; L. pi. -tices, -tt-sez. Princi- 





sun, cube, full; moon, fotit; cow, oil; linger nr ink, tie© bosboir- cLair, get. 



VERST 



654 



VEX 



f the head; gid- 



pal or highest point; top; summit; crown; esp., the 
crown of the head; the zenith, or point of the heav- 
ens directly overhead. (Math.) The point in any 
figure opposite to, and furthest from, the base ; the 
top or point opposite the base. [L., prop, that which 
turns or revolves about itself, fr. vertere.] — Ver- 
tical, -tik-al, a. Situated at the vertex or highest 
point; directly overhead, or in the zenith; perpendic- 
ularly above one ; perpendicular to the plane of the 
horizon; upright; plumb. [F. ; L. verticalis.] — Ver'- 
tically, adv. In a vertical manner; from above down- 
ward.— Ver'ticalness, ».— Vertic'illate.-la'ted, -tis'- 
il-la'ted, a. (Bot.) Arranged in a ring or whorl; ar- 
ranged around a stem or pedicel, like the rays of a 
wheel. [NL. verticillatus, fr. vertex.] — Ver'tigo, 
-tY-go, n. Dizziness or swimming of the head; gid- 
diness. (Zobl.) A gasteropodous 
mollusk (land or marsh snail) of sev- 
eral species, with cylindrically fusi- 
form shell. [L., fr. vertere.] — Ver- 
tig'inous, -tij'T-nus, a. Turning 
round; whirling ; rotary; affected 
with vertigo ; giddy ; dizzy. [L. 
vertiginosu*, fr. vertigo.] — Vertig'- 
lnously, adv. With a whirling or 
giddiness. — Vertig'inousness, n. — Vprtim 
Vor'tex, vSr'teks, n._; E. pi. -tex- s 

es; L. pi. -tices, -tT-sez. A whirling or circular mo- 
tion of any fluid, forming a kind of cavity in the 
center of the circle; a whirlpool; a whirling of the 
air; a whirlwind. [L., same as vertex.] — Vor'tical, 
-tT-kal, a. Pert, to or resembling a vortex in form 
or motion; whirling. — Vor'ticel, -tT-sel, n. (Zool.) 
One of certain wheel-animalcules, which, by the 
rapid rotary motion of the organs round the mouth, 
create a vortex in the water, and thus obtain their 
food. [NL. vorticella, fr. vortex.] 

Verat, vSrst, n. A Russian measure of length = 3501 
feet. [Russ. versta.] 

Versus, Vertebra, Vertex, Vertigo, etc. See under 
Verse. 

Vervain. See Verbena. 

Verve, vgrv or varv, n. Heat of imagination, as in a 
poet, artist, musician, etc.; fervor; spirit. [F.] 

Very. See under Veracious. 

Vesicle, ves'T-kl, n. A bladder-like vessel ; a mem- 
branous cavity; cyst; cell. (Bot.) A 
small bladder-like body in the sub- 
stance of a vegetable, or upon the sur- 
face of a leaf. (Med.) A small orbicu- 
lar elevation of the cuticle containing 
lymph; any small cavity or sac in the 
human body. [L. vesicula, dim. of 
vesica, Skr. vasti, a bladder.] — Vesic'- 
ular, ve-sik'u-ler, a. Of, pert, to, or 
consisting of, vesicles ; full of inter- 
stices ; hollow ; having little bladders 
or glands on the surface, as the leaf of 
a plant.— Vesiculate, a. Bladdery ; full 
of bladders ; vesicular.— Ves'icant, -t- 
kant, n. (Med.) A blistering applica- 
tion. — Vesicate, v. t. To raise little 
bladders or blisters upon ; to blister. 
[NL. vesicare, -catum, fr. L. vesica, bladder, blister.] 
— Vesication, n. Process of vesicating, or of raising 
blisters on the skin. — Vesicatory, -Tf-ka-to-rt, n. A 
blistering application or plaster.— a. Having a power 
to blister. 

Vesper, ves'pSr, n. The evening star; Hesper; Venus; 
hence, the evening. [L. vesper, the evening, evening 
star, the west, vespera, the evening, Gr. hesperos, 
evening, hespera, eventide ; s. rt. Skr. vasati, night, 
perh. E. west.] — Ves'pers, -pgrz, n. pi. The evening 
service or the time for evening service (one of the 
canonical hours) in the Rom. Cath. church. — Ves'- 
pertine, -tin, a. Pert, to the evening; happening, or 
being, in the evening. [L. vespertinus.] 

Vessel, ves'sel, n. A utensil proper for holding any- 
thing; a hollow dish of any kind; any ship or struc- 
ture made to float upon the water, for purposes of 
commerce or war; something receiving or contain- 
ing; one into whom, or that into which, anything is 
conceived as poured. (Anat.) Any tube or canal in 
which the blood and other fluids are contained, se- 
creted, or circulated. (Bot.) A canal or tube, of very 
small bore, in which the sap is contained and con- 
veyed; an elongated tubular cell, with spiral deposits. 
[OF. vaissel, vessel, L. vascellum, dim. of vas, a vase, 
q. v.] 

Vest, vest, n. An article of clothing covering the per- 
son; an outer garment; any outer covering; a waist- 




coat or body garment for men, without sleeves, and 
worn under the coat. — v. t. To clothe with a gar. 
ment, or as if with a garment ; to cover, surround, 
or encompass closely ; to put in possession, furnish, 
endow, invest. (Law.) To give an immediate fixed 
right of present or future possession or enjoyment? 
to place at the disposal of. — v. i. To come or de- 
scend; to be fixed; to take effect, as a title or right. 
[L. vestis, a garment, lit. a cloth or covering; s. rt. 
Skr. vas, to put on (clothes), Goth, gawasjan, to 
clothe, wasti, clothes, E. divest, invest, travesty.] — 
Vest'ed, p. a. Not in a state of contingency or sus- 
pension i fixed. — Vest'ing, n. Cloth for vests ; a 
vest pattern. — Vest'ment, n. A covering or gar- 
ment ; some part of clothing or dress; a dress* 
robe. [OF. vestement, L. vestimentnm, fr. vestire, to 
clothe, fr. vestis.] — Vest'ure, ves'chur, «. A gar- 
ment; robe; clothing; dress; apparel; vestment; habit* 
covering ; envelope. (Law.) The corn with which 
land was covered. [OF. ; LL. vestitura, fr. L. ves- 
tire.] — Ves 'try, -trl, n. A room appendant to a 
church, in which the sacerdotal vestments and sa- 
cred utensils are usually kept, and where parochial 
meetings are held; a room or chapel connected with 
a church, for prayer-meetings, Sunday-school, etc. 
(Ch. o/Eng.) An assembly of persons who manage 
parochial affairs, — so called because held in a ves- 
try. (Epis. Ch. Amer.) A committee chosen annually 
by the parish, who, in conjunction with the church- 
wardens, manage its temporal concerns. [OF. ves- 
tiaire, fr. L. vestiarium, a wardrobe, fr. vestis.] — 
Ves 'try-man, n. ; pi. -men. (Epis. Ch.) One belong- 
ing to a select number of persons in each parish, 
who manage its temporal concerns. 
Vestal, ves'tal, a. Of, or pert, to, Vesta, the goddess of 
fire among the Romans, and a virgin; pure; chaste. 

— n. (Rom. Antiq.) A virgin consecrated to Vesta, 
and to the service of watching the sacred fire, which 
was to be perpetually kept burning upon her altar. 

Vestibule, ves'tt-bul, n. A covered porch or entrance 
into a house; a passage, hall, or antechamber next 
the outer doors; a lobby; porch; hall. [L. vestibulum* 
lit. that which is separated from the abode, fr. ve-„ 
apart from, and stabulum, an abode ; s. rt. stable.j 

— Vestibular, a. Of, pert, to, or like, a vestibule. 
Vestige, ves'tii, n. The mark of the foot left on the 

earth; a track or footstep; trace ; sign ; faint mark 
of something which is no longer present or in exist- 
ence; fragment or remains of something lost, per- 
ished, or passed away. [F. ; L. vestigium, a footstep, 
track.] 

Vestment, Vestry, Vesture, etc. See under Vest. 

Vetch, vech, n. A leguminous plant, some species of 
which are valuable for fodder. [Same as fitch ; OF. 
veche, L. i-icia, a vetch ; s. rt. L. vinca, a climbing 
plant, vincire, to bind, vitis, a vine, vimen, a twig.} 

— Vetch'ling, a. A small, leguminous plant ; ever- 
lasting pea. — Vetch'y, -1, a. Consisting of vetches 
or of pea straw; abounding with vetches. 

Veteran, vefer-an, a. Long exercised in anything, 
esp. in military life and the duties of a soldier. — ru 
One who has been long exercised, etc. [L. veteranus, 
fr. vetus, veteris, old, lit. advanced in years; s. rt. Gr. 
etos, Skr. vatsa, a year; s. rt. veal, wether, inveterate.\ 

— Vet'erinary, -€r-T-na-rt, a. Pert, to the art of 
healing or treating the diseases of domestic animals, 
as oxen, horses, sheep, etc. [L. vetermanus, pert. 
to beasts of burden, also a cattle-doctor, veterinus, 
pert, to beasts of burden, veterinse (bestise), beasts 
of burden, veterina, orig., an animal a year old or 
more ; s. rt. vetus : see Veal.] — Vet'erina'rian, 
-na'rT-an, n. One skilled in the diseases of cattle or 
domestic animals. 

Veto, ve'to, n. ; pi. -toes, -t5z. Any authoritative 
prohibition ; esp. the power possessed by the execu- 
tive branch of a government, as a kink, president, 
governor, etc., to negative a bill which has been> 



passed by the legislative branch of the government; 
act of exercising this power; a message conveying & 
negative, with reasons. — v. t. [vetoed (-tod) -to- 



.] To withhold assent to, esp. to a bill for a law, 
thus prevent its enactment; to forbid. [L,I 

forbid, pres. ind. of vetare, orig. to leave in the old 

state, hence to vote against change; s. rt. L. vetus, 

old, E. inveterate.] 
Vettnrino, vet'too-re'no, n. In Italy, one who carries 

travelers from one place to another in a vettura, or 

4-wheeled carriage, at a price agreed on. [It,, fr. I>. 

vectura, a bearing, conveyance, fr. vehere, vectum, to 

carry.] 
Vex, veks, v. t. [vexed (vekst), vexing.] To make 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve. term ; In, Ice ; odd, t5ne, 6r ; 



VIA 



655 



VICINAGE 



angry by little provocations ; to irritate, plague, 
torment, harass, trouble ; to disturb, disquiet, agi- 
tate, teaae, provoke, afflict. [F. vexer, L. re-rare, 
-atum, to vex, lit. to keep on moving a thing about, 
intens. of vehere, to carry; see Vehicle and Vehe- 



Vex'er, n. — Vexlngly, adv.— Vexa'tion, 
or state of being vexed; cause of 




Viaduct. 



MENT . 

n. Act of vexm u . 

trouble or disquiet; a harassing by law; a vexing or 
troubling, as by a malicious suit; irritation; chagrin; 
mortification; uneasiness; affliction. [F.; L. vexa- 
<to.] — Vexa'tious, a. Causing vexation; disturbing 
or agitating to the mind; causing disquiet; distress- 
ing; narassing; full of vexation, trouble, or disquiet; 
unsteady; provoking; troublesome; teasing; irrita- 
ting; annoying. — Vexaliously, adv. — Vexa'tious- 
ness. n. 

Via, vi'a, adv. By the way of, as, via Boston. [L., 
ablative of via, a way, prob. for veha, f r. vehere, to 
carry : see Vehicle ; s. rt. Skr. vaha, a way, road, 
fr. vah, to carry, E. way, voyage, convey, convoy, de- 
viate, envoy, impervious, invoic , obvious, pervious, 
previous, trivial.] — Vi'aduct, n A structure of con- 
siderable magni- 
tude, and usu- 
ally of masonry, 
for carrying a 
road or railroad 
across a valley 
or river. [L. via 
ducta, a way con- 
ducted across; 
ducta, fem. of p. 
p. of ducere, duc- 
tum, to lead ;s. rt. 
duct, duke.] — Viam'eter, -e-t§r, n. An instrument 
for measuring distances traveled over ; an odom- 
eter. [Gr. metron, a measure.] — Viaf ic, a. Of, or 
pert, to, a journey, or to traveling. [L. viaticus, fr. 
via: see Voyage.] — Viaticum, -I-kum, n. Pro- 
visions for a journey. (Bom. Cath. Ch.) The com- 
munion or eucharist, given to persons in their last 
moments. [L.] — Vi'able, vi'a-ble, a. Capable of 
living; born alive in such a state of formation as to 
be capable of living, as a new-born infant or pre- 
mature child. [F., fr. vie, L. vita, life, fr. vivere, to 
live.] — Viability, -T-tT, n. Quality of being viable; 
capacity of living after birth ; capacity of living or 
being distributed over wide geographical limits. 

Vial, vi'al, n. A small bottle, usually of glass ; a 
phial. — v. t. [vialed (-aid), -aling.J To put in a 
vial or vials. [Same as phial; ME. and OF. viole, 
also OF. fiole, phiole, fr. L. phiala, a saucer, Gr. 
phiale, a cup, bowl.] 

Viameter. See under Via. 

Viand, vi'and, n. An article of food ; provision for 
eating ; food ; victuals, — chiefly in pi. [F. viande. 
It. vtvanda, victuals, food, eatables, L. vivenda, 
things to live on, provisions, f r. vivere, to live : see 
Victuals.] 

Viatic, Viaticum. See under Via. 

Vibrate, vi'brat, v. i. To move to and fro, or from 
side to side, as a pendulum, an elastic rod, or a 
stretched string, when disturbed from its position of 
rest; to have the constituent particles move to and 
fro, with alternate compression and dilation of parts, 
as the air, or any elastic body ; to produce a vibra- 
tory effect ; to pass from one state to another ; to 
swing, oscillate, quiver, move rapidly to and fro, re- 
sound, sound. — v. t. To brandish, move to and fro, 
swing; to mark or measure by moving to and fro; to 
affect with vibratory motion; to oscillate, cause to 
quiver or move rapidly to and fro. [L. vibrare, -bra- 
turn; s. rt. Skr. vip, to throw, Ic. veifa, to vibrate, 
wave.] — Vibra'tion, n. Act of vibrating, or state of 
being vibrated, or in a vibratory motion; quick mo- 
tion to and fro; oscillation. — Vi'bratory, -to-rT, a. 
Consisting in vibration or oscillation; vibrating; 
causing to vibrate. 

Vicar, vik'^r, n. One who performs the functions of 
another; a substitute. (Eng. Eccl. Law.) The priest 
of a parish where the predial tithes have been im- 
propriated. [F. vicaire, a vicar, vicegerent, L. vica- 
rius, a substitute, deputy, fr. viris (gen., the nom. 
being lost), a turn, change, succession; s. rt. Gr.eik- 
ein, to yield, G. wechsel, a turn, E. vicegerent, vicissi- 
tude.] — Vic'arage, -er-ej, n. Benefice, or residence, 
of a vicar. — Vica'rial, vi-kalT-al, a. Of, or pert, 
to, a vicar: small. — Vica'riate, a. Having delega- 
ted power, as a vicar; vicarious. — n. Delegated office 
or power; vicarship; office or oversight of a vicar. — 
Vica'rioUB, -rT-us, a. Of, or pert, to, a vicar, substi- 




| tute, or deputy; deputed; delegated; acting or suffer- 
ing for another; performed or suffered in the place 
of another; substituted. [L. vicarius.] — Vica'rious- 
ly, adv. In a vicarious manner: in the place of an- 
other; by substitution. — Vicissitude, vi-sis'sl-tild, 
n. Regular change or succession from one thing to 
another; alternation; mutual succession; change; 
mutation, as in human affairs. [L. vicissitudo, fr. 
tracts ; s. rt. L. vicissim, by turns.] 

Vice, via, n. A defect; fault; blemish; imperfection; 
a moral fault or failing ; esp., immoral conduct or 
habit ; unworthy or undesirable custom ; crime ; 
sin ; iniquity; wickedness ; a character or personage 
in the old Eng. moralities, or moral dramas. [F.; L. 
vitium.] — Vi'cious, vish'us, a. Characterized by 
vice or defects; addicted to vice ; corrupt in prin- 
ciples or conduct ; lacking purity ; not genuine or 
pure; not well tamed or broken; given to bad tucks; 
wicked; depraved; defective; imperfect; ioul; bad; 
unruly ; refractory. [F. viceux, L. vitiosus, fr. > i- 
tium.] [— Viciously, adv.— Vi'ciousness, n. — Vi'ti- 
ate, vish'I-at, v. t. To make vicious, faulty, or im- 
perfect ; to render defective ; to cause to fail of 
effect, wholly or in part ; to destroy, as the binding 
force of an instrument or transaction; to corrupt, 
deprave, defile, pollute, taint, contaminate. [F. 
vicier, L. vitiare, -atum, fr. vitium.] — Vitia'tion, n. 
Act of , or state of being, etc.; depravation; corrup- 
tion; invalidation. — Vitioslty, -os'T-tY, n. Qual- 
ity oi being vicious ; corrupt state ; depravation. — 
Vi'ti as, a., Vi'tiously, adv., Vi'tiousness, n. Same 
as Vicious, Viciously, Viciousness. 

Vice, Vise, vis, n. An instrument consisting of 2 jaws, 
closing by a screw, etc., for hold- 
ing work, as in filing, etc. — v. t. 
[viced (vlst), vicing.] To press 
closely or squeeze with a vice, or as 
if with a vice. [ME. vice, vyce } a 
screw, F. vis, OF. viz, a vice spin- 
dle of a press, winding stair, fr. L. 
vitis, a vine,— i. e., that which winds 
or twines; cf. It. vite, a vine, also a 
vice, screw.] 

Vice, vis. A prefix used in composi- 
tion, chiefly in words signifying 
persons, and denoting one who acts Vii»«» 

in the place of another, or who is 
second in rank or authority. — Vi'ce, vi'se, prep. In 
the place of; instead of. [L., in the place of, instead 
of, for, abl. of gen. vicis, change, turn, place : see 
Vicar.] — Vicegerent, vis-je'rent, n. An officer 
deputed by a superior, or by proper authority, to ex- 
ercise the powers of another; a lieutenant ; vicar. — 
a. Having, or exercising, delegated powers. [F., fr. 
F. and L. vice and L. gerens, p. pr. of gerere, to carry 
on, perform, conduct, act, rule.] — Vicege'rency, 
-ren-sT, n. Office of a vicegerent ; deputed power ; 
lieutenancy. — Vicelcy, n. The governor of a king- 
dom or country who rules as the king's substitute. 
[F. vice-roi ; roi, roy, L. rex, a king.] —Viceroy r alty, 
-roi'al-tl, Viceloysnip, n. Dignity, office, or juris- 
diction of a viceroy. — Vice'-ad'miral, n. (Aavy.) 
The 2d officer in command, in Gr. Britain: a naval 
officer of the highest rank in TJ. S. A civil officer, 
in Gr. Britain, appointed by the lords commissioners 
of the admiralty for exercising admiralty jurisdic- 
tion within their respective districts. — -ad'miralty, 
n. Office of a vice-admiral. — chan'cellor, n. (Law.) 
An officer next in rank to a chancellor. An officer 
in a university, in Eng., annually elected to manage 
the affairs in the absence of the chancellor. — con'- 
suL, n. A subordinate officer, authorized to exer- 
cise consular functions in some particular part of a 

district, controlled by a consul. leg'ate, n. A 

legate second in rank to, or acting in place of, an- 
other legate. — presidency, n. Office of vice-pres- 
ident. — president, n. An officer next in rank be- 
low a president. — re'gal, a. Of, or pert, to, a vice- 
roy or viceroyalty. 

Vicinage, vis'l-nej, n. The place or places adjoining 
or near; neighborhood: vicinity. [F. roisinage, fr. 
voisin, L. vicinus, neighboring, a neighbor, fr. vicus, 
a row of houses, a village; s. rt. Gr. oi/cos, Skr. veca, 
a house, vie, to enter; s. rt. villa, village, villain, par- 
ish, parochial.'] — Vic'inal, Viclne, -in, a. Near; 
neighboring. [L. vicinalis } vicinus.] —Vicinity, vT- 
sin't-tt, n. Quality of being near, or not remote; 
nearness ; propinquity ; proximity ; that which is 
near, or not remote; that which is adjacent to any- 
thing; neighborhood; region immedieWy adjacent. 
[F. viciniie, L. vicinitas.] 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fot>t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boubo.N, chair, get. 



VICIOUS 



656 



VILLI 




Vicious, etc. See under Vice. 

Vicissitude. See under Vicar. 

Victim, vik'tim, n. A living being sacrificed to some 
deity, or in the performance of a religious rite ; a 
person or thing destroyed or sacrificed in the pur- 
suit of an object, or gratification of a passion ; a 
person or living creature destroyed by, or suffering, 
grievous injury; one who is caught or cheated; a 
dupe; gull. [F. victime, L. victima, a beast of sacri- 
fice.]— Vic'timize, n. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To 
make a victim of; to swindle. 

Victor, vik'ter, n. One who gets the better of another 
in any struggle; esp., one who conquers in war, or 
defeats an enemy m battle ; conqueror ; winner ; 
gainer. —a. Gaining the victory; victorious. [L., 
fr. vineere, victurn, to vanquish; s. rt. Goth, iveigan, 
to strive, contend, AS. wig, war, E. vanquish, con- 
vince, convict, evince, evict, invincible, ryrovince.] — 
Victo'rious, -rf-us, a. Belonging or relating to vic- 
, tory, or a victor; having conquered in battle or con- 
test ; having overcome an enemy ; producing con- 
quest; emblematic of conquest; indicating victory; 
triumphant; successful. [F. victorieux, L. victorio- 
I sus.] — Victoriously, adv. — Victo'riousness, n. — 
Vic'tory, -to-rY, n. The defeat of an enemy in bat- 
tie, or of an antagonist in contest; advantage, supe- 
riority, or success gained in any contest, trial, strug- 
gle, or competition; conquest; trium ph. [OF. vic/o- 
rie, L. victoria.] — Vic- 
toria, -rt-a, n. A kind 
of 4 -wheeled carriage, 
for 2 persons, with a 
driver's seat. (Bot.) A 
gigantic S. Amer. water- 
lily. [Fr. Queen Vic- 
toria.]— Vic'torine', 
-en', n. A lady's fur tip- 
pet; aff.it allied to the 
peach. Victoria. 

Victuals, viflz, n. pi. Food for human beings, pre- 
pared for eating ; that which supports human life ; 
provisions ; meat ; sustenance. [ME. and OF. vi- 
taille, later F. victuaille, L. victualia, provisions, 
prop. neut. pi. of victuatis, belonging to living or 
nourishment, fr. victus, nourishment, prop. p. p. of 
vivere, to live; s. rt. L. vivus, living, Gr. bios, life, 
8kr. jiv, Russ. jite, to live, E. viand, vital, vivid, 
convivial, revive, survive, biography, biology, quick, 
viper, wivern.] — Vict'ual, vit'l, v. t. [-ualed (-Id), 
-ualing.] To supply with provisions for sustenance, 
provide with food.— Vict'ualer, viflSr, n. One who 
furnishes provisions; one who keeps a house of en- 
tertainment. 

Vide, vi'de, v. imper. See, — used to direct attention 
to something. [L., imper. of videre, to see: see Vis- 
ion.]— Videlicet, -deKY-set, adv. To wit; namely, 
— abbr. to viz. [L., contr. fr. videre licet, it is easy 
to see, one may or can see : viz was orig. written 
viet, but the abbr. for -et resembled z.] 

Vidette, vY-def, n. Same as Vedette. 

Vidual, vid'u-al, o. Of, or pert, to, the state of a wid- 
ow; widowed. [LL. vidualis, fr. L. vidua, a widow, 
q. v.] 

Vie, vi, v. i. [vied (vld), vying.] To strive for supe- 
riority, contend; endeavor to be equal or superior, 
rival; to use emulous effort, as in a race, contest, 
competition, rivalship, or strife. [Same as invite; 
ME. vien, contr. of envien, OF. envier, L. invitare, 
to invite (to a game, for a wager); not s. rt. ME. 
envien, to envy.] 

View, vu, v. t. [viewed (vud), viewing.] To look at 
with attention, or for the purpose of examining; to 
behold, inspect, explore; to survey intellectually, ex- 
amine with the mental eye, consider, behold, eye, 
survey, —n. Act of seeing or beholding; sight; sur- 
vey; mental survey; intellectual examination; reach 
of the sight; power of seeing; that which is beheld; 
scene; display as apprehended by one who looks; 
representation of a scene; a sketch; mode of looking 
at or receiving anything; manner of apprehension; 
that which is looked toward or kept in sight, as ob- 
ject, aim, intention, purpose, design ; appearance ; 
show. [OF. veue, the sense, act, or instrument of 
seeing, a glance, view, sight, prop. fem. of veu, p. p. 
of veoir, F. voir, L. videre, to see : see Vision.] — 
View'er, n. — Viewless, a. Not to be viewed, be- 
held, or seen; not perceivable by the eye; invisible. 

Vigesimal, vi-jes'I-mal, a. Twentieth ; divided into, 
or consisting of, 20s or 20 parts. [L. vigesimus, 20th, 
fr. viginti, 20, fr. vi- (for dui, twice; s. rt. dvo, 2) and 
•gintt, for centi, short for -decenti, 10th, fr. decern, 10; 



s. rt. F. vingt, 20.]— Viges'imo-qtiar /, to, -kwawr'to, a. 
Composed of sheets so folded as to make 24 leaves 
each,— said of books; written 24mo. — n. The size 
of a book thus made up; a book of this size. [See 
Quarter and Quart, under Quadrate.] 

Vigil, vij'il, n. Abstinence from sleep; sleeplessness; 
watch; watching or waking for religious exercises; 
the evening before any feast; a religious service 
performed in the evening preceding a holiday; a 
fast observed on the day preceding a holiday; a 
wake. [ME. and F. vigile, L. vigilia, fr. vigil, 
awake, watchful, fr. vigere, to be lively or vigorous: 
see Vegetable; s. rt. vigor, invigorate, vedette, re- 
veille', surveillance, wake, q. v., watch, eke, wax.] — 
Vigilance, -T-lans, n. State or quality of being vig- 
ilant; forbearance of sleep; watchfulness; caution; 
guard ; watch. [F. ; L. vigilantia.] — Vig'ilant, a. 
Attentive to discover and avoid danger, or to pro- 
vide for safety ; circumspect ; ever on the alert; 
watchful. [F. ; L. vigilans, p. pr. of vigilare, to 
watch.] — Vigilantly, adv. 

Vignette, vin-yet r , n (Arch.) A running ornament 
of vine-leaves and tendrils, used in Gothic architec- 
ture. A capital letter in ancient manuscripts, sur- 
rounded with vine-like flourishes (Print.) Former- 
ly, any kind of printers' ornaments, as heads, flow- 
ers, and tail-pieces; more recently, any wood-cut, 
engraving, etc., not inclosed within a definite bor- 
der, esp. when small and with rounded corners. 
[F., dim. of vigne, a vine, q. v., — orig. applied to 
borders ornamented with vine leaves and tendrils.] 

Vigor, vig'Sr, n. Active strength or force of body; 
physical force; strength of mind; intellectual force; 
strength or force in animal or vegetable nature; en- 
ergy; efficacy. [OF. and L. vigor, fr. vigere, to be 
lively or strong: see Vigil.] — Vigorous, -Sr-us, a. 
Possessing vigor; full of physical strength or active 
force; exhibiting strength, either of body or mind; 
powerful; strong. — Vigorously, adv. — Vig'orous- 
ness, n. 

Viking, vi'king, n. A freebooter or sea-robber in one 
of the pirate bands of Northmen, who plundered 
the coasts of Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries. 
[Ic. vikingr, a freebooter, rover, pirate, lit. a creek- 
dweller, — i, e., one who haunted creeks, bays, etc., 
fr. vik, a creek, inlet, bay, fr. vikja, to turn, trend, 
recede.] 

Vile, vll, a. Humble; low; despicable; morally base 
or impure; depraved by sin; hateful in the sight of 
God and men; mean; bad; sinful; wicked. [ME. 
and F. vil, L. vilis.] — Vilely, adv. In a vile man- 
ner; basely ; meanly ; shamefully ; in a cowardly 
manner. — Vile'ness, k. — Vttlfy, -T-fl, v. t. [-fied 
(-fid), -fying.] To attempt to degrade by slander; 
to debase, defame, revile, abuse, traduce. [L. vili- 
ficare, fr. vilis andfacere, to make.]— VU'lfica'tion, 
n. Act of vilifying or defaming. — Vil'ifi'er, n. 

Villa, villa, n. ; pi. -las, -laz. A country-seat; coun- 
try residence, usually of a wealthy person. [L., a 
farm house, lit. a small village, dim. of vicus, a vil- 
lage: see Vicinage.]— Village, -lej, n. A small in- 
habited place; an assemblage of houses in the coun- 
try, less than a town or city, and inhabited chiefly 
by farmers and laboring people; hamlet. [F., fr. 
L«. villaticus, pert, to a villa.] — Villager, n. An in- 
habitant of a village. — Villatlc, a. Of, or pert, to, 
a village.— Villain, -lin, n. (Feudal Law.) A feudal 
tenant of the lowest class; a bondman or servant. 
A vile, wicked person; deliberate scoundrel; design- 
ing rascal ; knave ; scamp ; profligate. [ME. and 
OF. vilein, servile, base, vile, OF. vilain, a slave, 
bondman, servile tenant, LL. villanus, a farm ser- 
vant, serf, fr. L. villa.] — Villainous, -lin-us, -lan- 
OU8, a. Suited to, or like a villain; proceeding from 
extreme depravity ; sorry ; mean ; mischievous ; 
wicked; base; depraved ; rascally; vile ; infamous. 
— Villainously, adv. — Villainousness, n. — Vil'- 
lainy, -lany, -hn-t, n. Quality of being a villain, or 
villainous ; extreme depravity ; atrocious wicked- 
ness; depraved or infamous talk; the act of a vil- 
lain; deed of deep depravity; crime. — Villanage, 
-leuage, -lan-ej, n. State of a villain; tenure on con- 
dition of doing the meanest services for the lord. 
[OF. rillenage, LL. villanagiwn.] 

Villi, villi, n. pi. (Anat.) Minute papillary elevations 
on animal membranes, giving them a velvety ap- 
pearance. (Bot.) Fine hairs on plants. |X., pi. of 
villus, wool, hair; s. rt. wool, q. v.] — Villiform, -II- 
f6rm, a. Having the form or appearance of villi; 
like close-set fibers, either hard or soft. [L. villus 
and forma, form.] — Villose, -los', Villous, -lus, a. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; Odd, t5ne, 6r j 



VIMINAL 



657 



VIPER 




Villous Membrane. 



(Bot.) Abounding or covered with 
fine hairs, or woolly substance ; 
nappy. (Anat.) Furnished with 
fine, fibril-like projections over a 
surface ; downy, — as, the villous 
coat of the stomach. [L. villo- 
sus.] 

Viminal, vim'T-nal, a. Pert, to, con- 
sisting of, or producing, twigs. TF., 
fr. L. vimen, a pliant twig, fr. viere, 
to bend or twist together; s. rt. vine, 
q. v.] — Vimin'eous, -e-us, a. Made 
of, or producing, twigs or shoots. 
[L. vimineus.] 

Vinaceous. See under Vine. 

Vinaigrette. See Vinegar, under Vine. 

Vincible, vin'st-bl, a. Capable of being overcome or 
subdued; conquerable. [L. vincibilis, fr. vincere, to 
conquer: see Victor.]— Vin'cibleness, -cibil'ity, 
n. State or quality of heing, etc. 

Vinculum, vink'u-lum, n. ; pt-hA. A bond of union. 
{Math.) A straight, horizontal mark placed over sev- 
eral members of a compound quantity, which are to 
be subjected to the same operation. [L., fr. vincire, 
vinctum, to bind, twine: see Vine.] 

Vindemial. See under Vine. 

Vindicate, vin'dY-kat, v. t. To defend with success, 
prove to be just or vaiid; to support or maintain as 
true or correct, against denial, censure, or objections ; 
to maintain (a law or a cause) by overthrowing ene- 
mies; to assert, defend, justify. [L. vindicare, -ca- 
tum, to lay legal claim to, avenge, vindex, a claim- 
ant, maintainer, orig. one who expresses a desire; 
fr. rt. of L. venia, favor, permission (see Venerate), 
and rt. of L. dicare, to appoint, dicere, to say; s. rt. 
vengeance.]— Vindication, n. Act of vindicating, 
or state of being vindicated; claim; defense; sup- 
port, as by proof, legal process, etc. — Vin'dica'tive, 
-tiv, a. Tending to vindicate; vindicating. — Vin'- 
dica'tor, n. One who, etc. — Vindicatory, -to-rY, 
a. Tending to vindicate ; justificatory ; inflicting 
punishment ; avenging ; punitory. — Vindic'tive, 
-dik'tiv, a. Given to revenge; revengeful. [Contr. 
of vindicative, confused with L. vindicta, revenge, 
which is s. rt.; F. vindicatif, revenging.] — Vindic / - 
tively, adv. - Vindic'tiveness, n. 

Vine, vin, n. The plant from which wine is made; 
the woody, climbing plant, that produces grapes; 
a climbing or trailing plant with a long slender 
stem; a creeper. [F. vigne, a vine, L. vinea, a vine- 
yard, later a vine (which is prop, vitis in L.), prop, 
fern, of vineus, pert, to wine, vinum, Gr. oinos, wine, 
oine, vine, oinas, vine, grape, wine : L. vitis, the 
vine, is s. rt. L. viere, to twist, vimen, a twig (see 
Vimi nal). withe, wine, fei~rule, periwuikle, veer, vin- 
adum.] — Vin'y, vin'I, a. Pert, to, or abounding in, 
yinei; producing grapes. — Vi' nous, -nus, a. Hav- 
ing the qualities of wine; pert, to wine. [L. vino- 
sus.] — Vina'ceous, -shus, a. Pert, to wine or grapes; 
wine - colored. [L. vinaceus.] — Vine' - dress er , n. 
One who dresses, prunes, or cultivates vines. — 
-fret'ter, n. A small insect that injures vines; an 
aphis. — saw'fly, n. An insect which destroys grape- 
vines. — Vin'ery, -€r-t, n. A structure, usually in- 
closed with glass, for rearing vines. — Vine'yard, 
vtn'yard, n. An inclosure or yard for grape-vines; 
a plantation of vines producing grapes. — Vinfage, 
-ej, n. The produce, in grapes or in wine, of the 
vine for the season; time of gathering the crop of 
grapes. [F. vendange, L. vindemia, a vintage, lit. 
a taking away of grapes, fr. vinum and demere, to 
take away.] — Vinfager, n. One who gathers the 
vintage. — Vinde'mial, -mY-al, a. Pert, to a vintage. 
[L. vmdemialis, fr. vindemia.'] — Vint'ner, n. One 
who deals in wine. [F. vinetier, LL. vinetarius, L. 
vinarius, a wine-seller ; vinetum, a vineyard.] — Vin'- 
egar, -e-ger, n. An acid liquid obtained from wine, 
cider, beer, etc., by the acetous fermentation, and 
used as a condiment; dilute acetic acid; anything 
sour, — used also metaphorically. [ME. and F. vi- 
naigre, lit. sour wine, fr. F. "vin = E. wine, and 
aigre, sharp, sour : see Eager.] — Vin'aigrette', 
"vin'a-gret', n. A sauce, of which vinegar, oil, etc., 
are ingredients; a small box, or bottle, used as a 
smelling-bottle, for holding aromatic vinegar, or 
smelling - salts. — Vin-ordinaire, vaN'Sr-de-nar', n. 
A cheap claret, commonly used in France as a table 
wine. [F., ordinary wine.] 

Vingt-et-un, vaNfa-aN', n. A game at cards, for any 
number of players, each of whom seeks to obtain 
cards that make up, when added together, 21, or a 




number near to it. [F., 21; vingt, 20: see Vigesimal; 
et = L. et, and; un = L. unus = E. one.] 
I Viol, vi'ol, n. (Mus.) A stringed musical instrument 
formerly in use, of the same form as the violin, but 
larger. [The name is now applied as a general term 
to designate instruments of the violin kind, as tenor 
viol, base-viol, etc.] (Xaut.) A large rope sometimes 
used in weighing anchor. [F. viole, It., Sp., Pg., 
and Proven, viola, LL. vitula, a viol, prob. fr. L. 
vitulari, to keep holiday, celebrate a festival, orig. 
to sacrifice a calf, f r. vitulus, a 
calf: see Veal: s. rt. AS. fidh- 
el, OHG. fidula, E. fiddle = 
LL. vitula.] — Vl'ola, 
An instrument resembling the i 
violin, but somewhat larger, 
and l-5th lower in compass. 
[It., Sp., Pg.,and Proven.: see 
preceding.] — Vi'din', -o-lin', 
n. An instrument with 4 
strings, played with a bow; a 
fiddle. [It. violino, dim. of 
violo, a viol.] — Vi'olin'ist, n. 
A player on a violin. — Vi'ol- 
iat, n. A player on the viol; 
a violinist. — V i'o 1 o n cello, 
ve'o-lon-chel'lo or -sel'lo, n. 
A bass-viol of 4 strings, or a 
bass -violin with long, large 
strings, giving sounds an oc- 
tave lower than the tenor vio- 
lin. [It., dim. of violone, a 
base-viol, augm. of violo.] — Viniin 

Vi'oloncel'list, n. One who vioun. 

plays on the violoncello. — Violo'ne, ve'o-lo'na, n. 
The largest instrument of the bass-viol kind, having 
strings tuned an octave below those of the violon- 
cello. [It., augm. of viola.] 

Violaceous. See under Violet. 

Violate, vi'o-lat, v. t. To treat in a violent manner, 
abuse, injure ; to do violence to (anything that 
should beheld sacred or respected); to commit rape 
on, ravish : to disturb, interrupt, infringe, trans- 
gress, break, profane, desecrate, dishonor, outrage, 
deflour, debauch. [L. violare, -latum, f r. vis, strength, 
force; perh. s. rt. Gr. bia, force, Skr.ji, to overpower, 
win, or perh. Gr. is, strength.] — Vi'olable, a. Ca- 
pable of Deing violated. [F. ; L. violabilis.] — Viola'- 
tion, n. Act of violating, or state of being violated; 
interruption, as of sleep or peace; infringement; 
transgression; non-observance; profanation or con- 
temptuous treatment of sacred things; ravishment; 
rape. [F.; L. violatio.] — Vi'ola'tive, a. Violating, 
or tending to violate. — Vi'ola'tor, n. One who vio- 
lates, injures, interrupts, or disturbs; one who in- 
fringes or transgresses; one who profanes, or treats 
with irreverence; one who debauches; a ravisher. 
[L.] — Vi'olence, -lens, n. Quality of being violent; 
highly excited action, whether physical or moral; 
vehemence; injury done to that which is entitled to 
respect, reverence or observance ; unjust force ; in- 
fraction; infringement; transgression; oppression; 
ravishment ; rape. [L. violentia.] — Vi'olent, a. 
Moving or acting with physical strength; excited by 
strong feeling or passion ; committing outrage ; break- 
ing law or right ; produced or effected by force : fierce ; 
vehement ; outrageous; boisterous; turbulent; furi- 
ous; impetuous; passionate ; severe; extreme ; un- 
natural ; abnormal. [F. ; L. violentus.] — Violently, 
adv. 

Violet, vi'o-let, n. (Bot.) A plant and flower of 
many species : they are generally low, herbaceous 
plants, and the flowers of many of the species are of 
some shade of blue. A bluish purple color, as seen 
in the violet, being one of the 7 primary colors of the 
solar spectrum: see Light. — a. Bluish purple or 
dark blue, inclining to red; red and blue combined. 
[F., violet (color), also the flower, dim. of riole, a gil- 
liflower, L. viola, Gr. ion, a violet.] — Viola'ceous, 
-shus. a. Of the color of violets. [L. violaceus.] 

Violin, Violoncello. Vio- 
lone, etc. See under 
Viol. 

Viper, vi'pSr, n. A poison- 
ous serpent of several 
species; any venomous 
snake; a malignant per- 
son. [F. ripere- L. ii- 
pera. contr. f r. vivijiera, 
fr. vivus, alive, and par- 
ere, to bring forth,— be- 




Viper. 



siin, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



VIRAGO 



658 



VISION 



cause believed to be the only serpent that brings forth 
living young; same as wiver; s. rt. viviparous.'] — 
Vi'penne, -in, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. — Vi'perous, 
-us, a. Having the qualities of a viper; malignant; 
venomous. 

Virago, vi-ra'go, n. ; pi. -goes, -g5z. A woman of ex- 
traordinary stature, strength, and courage; a female 
warrior ; a bold, impudent, turbulent woman ; a 
termagant ; vixen. [L., fr. vira, a woman, fem. of 
vir, a man: see Virile.] 

Virelay, vTr'e-la ? n. An ancient French song, or short 
poem, wholly in 2 rhymes, and composed in short 
lines, with a refrain. [F. virelai, fr. virer, to turn, 
and lai, a song, lay, q. v.] 

Virescent. See under Verdant. 

Virgate. See under Verge, n. 

Virgin, ver'jin, n. A female of unspotted purity; a 
female who has had no sexual connection with a 
male; one (male or female) of inviolable chastity; a 
maiden. — a. Chaste; pure; undefiled; fresh; new; 
becoming a virgin; maidenly; modest; indicating 
modesty. [OF. virgine, L. vir go, -ginis ; not s. rt. L. 
vir, a man, nor virere, to flourish.] — Virgin city or 
fartress. One that has never been in possession of 
an enemy. — Virginity, -I-tl, n. The state or qual- 
ity of a virgin; maidenhood. [F. virginity, L. virgin- 
itas.] — Vir'go, n. (Astron.) A sign of the zodiac 
which the sun enters about August 21st; a constella- 
tion of the zodiac, now occupying chiefly the sign 
Libra. [L.] — Vir'ginal, -jin-al, n. (Mus.) An in- 
strument formerly in use, somewhat resembling the 
spinet, but having a rectangular form, like the small 
piano-forte. [F., prob. because used by young girls, 
or virgins.] 

Viridescence, Viridity, Viridness, etc. See under Vek- 
dant. 

Virile, vi'ril or vYr'il, a. Of, or pert, to, a man, in the 
sense of the male sex; masculine; manly. [F. viril, 
L. virilis, fr. vir, a man, hero, Gr. heros, Skr. vira, a 
hero, Lithuan. wyra, Goth, wair, AS. and OHG. 
wer, a man ; s. rt. virago, virtue, decemvir, triumvir, 
hero, q. v.] — Virility, vl- or vl-rll'I-tl, n. Quality 
of being virile; manhood; manly character ; power 
of procreation. [F. virilite", L. virilitas.] 

Virtue, ver'choo, n. Active quality or power; strength; 
force; efficacy; natural excellence; worth; moralex- 
cellence; morality; uprightness ; a particular moral 
excellence; female chastity ; virginity; purity; one 
of the orders of the celestial hierarchy. [ME. and F. 
vertu, fr. L. virtus, manly excellence, fr. vir, a man: 
see Virile.]— Cardinal virtues. See under Cardi- 
nal.—//* orbyv. of. Through the force of; by author- 
ity of. — Viri/uous, -choo-us, a. Possessing or ex- 
hibiting virtues ; showing moral virtue or excel- 
lence ; excellent ; good ; blameless ; morally right; 
righteous ; chaste ; pure, — applied to women. [F. 
vertueux, LL. virtuosus.] — Virtuously, adv. — 
Virt'uousness, n.— Virt'ual, a. Being in essence or 
effect, not in fact. [F. virtueh] — Virtually, adv. 
In a virtual manner ; in efficacy or effect only. — 
Virtu, -too', n. A love of the tine arts ; a taste for 
curiosities ; objects of art or antiquity, taken col- 
lectively. [It. virtu, vertu, for virtute, virtue, ex- 
cellence, esp. in a love for the fine arts.] — Virtu- 
o'so, -too-o / so, n. ; B. pi. -o'sos, -soz. It. pi. -o'si, 
-o'se. One devoted' to virtu, or skilled in the fine 
arts, antiquities, curiosities, etc. [It., virtuous, 
learned, also one skilled in the fine arts.] 

Virus, vi'rus, n. (Med.) Contagious or poisonous 
matter, as of specific ulcers, the bite of snakes, etc.; 
the special contagion of a disease ; the spirit, aim, 
or drift of anything injurious, esp. anything of a 
moral nature. [L., slime, poison, Gr. ios, Skr. visha, 
poison.] — Vir'ulent, vlr'oo-lent, a. Extremely 
poisonous or venomous: very active in doing injury; 
very bitter in enmity; malignant; rancorous; bitter; 
spiteful. [F. ; L. virulentus, fr. virus.] — Vir'ulent- 
ly, adv. — Vir'ulence, -lency, -len-sl, n. Quality of 
being virulent ; injurious activity ; poisonousness ; 
acrimony of temper ; extreme bitterness or malig- 
nity. [F. virulence, L. virulentia.] 

Vis, vis, n. Force ; power. [L.] — Vis inertias. The 
resistance of matter, as when a body at rest is set in 
motion, or body in motion is brought to rest, or has 
its motion changed either in direction or in velocity; 
inertness ; inactivity. — V. mortua. (Mech.) Dead 
force; force doing no work, but only producing pres- 
sure. _ y, riva. (Mech.) Living force ; the force 
of a body moving against resistance, or doing work, 
disting. from vis mortua, or dead force. 

Visa. See Vise under Vision. 



Visage, viz'ej, n. The face, countenance, or look of 
a person, or of other animals, — chiefly applied to 
human beings. [F., fr. vis, the face, L. visits, the 
vision, sight, look, mien, fr. videre, i-isum, to see s 
see Vision.] — Vis'aged, -ejd, a. Having a visage 
or countenance.— Vis-a-vis, ve'za-ve', n. One who 
or that which, is opposite, or face to face with, an- 
other; a carriage in which 2 persons sit face to face. 
[F., face to face.] 

Viscera, vis'er-a, n. (Anat.) The contents of the 
great cavities of the body, as of the head, tho- 
rax, and esp. of the abdomen ; bowels. [L., the 
entrails, pi. of viscus, anything sticky; s. rt. viscum T 
Gr. ixos, mistletoe, bird-lime ; s. rt. eviscerate.'] — 
Vis'ceral, a. Of, or pert, to, the viscera. — Vis'cuBj. 
n. ; pi. -cera. (Anat.) One of the organs contained 
in the great cavities of the body ; any one of the 
contents of the eranium, thorax, or abdomen ; — 
chiefly in the pi. [L.] — Vis'cerate, -Sr-at, v. t. To 
deprive of the entrails or viscera, eviscerate, cm- 
bowel. — Vis'cid, -sid, a. Sticking or adhering, and 
having a ropy or glutinous consistency; semi-fluid 
and sticky; glutinous; adhesive; sticky; tenacious. 
[F. viscide, L. viscidus, fr. viscum, the mistletoe, bird- 
lime made from the berries of the mistletoe.]— Vis- 
cidity, -sid'I-tl, n. Quality of being viscid; gluti- 
nousness; tenacity; stickiness; that which is viscid? 
glutinous concretion. [F. viscidite'.] — Vis'cous, -kus, 
a. Adhesive or sticky, and having a ropy or gluti- 
nous consistency; clammy; sticky; adhesive; tena- 
cious. [L. viscosus.] — Viscosity, -kos'I-tl, n. Qual- 
ity of being viscous; viscidity. [F. viscosite".] 

Viscount, vi'kownt, n. (O. Eng. Law.) An officer 
who formerly supplied the place of the count or earl. 
In Eng., a nobleman next in rank below an earl; his 
degree or title of nobility. [OF. viscomte, vicomte, 
fr. L. vice, q. v., and comes, a companion : see 
Count.] — ViE'countess, n. The lady of a viscount; 
a peeress of the 4th order. — Vis'county, n. The 
quality and office of a viscount. 

Viscous, Viscus. See under Viscera. 

Vise, vis, n. A smith's instrument. See Vice. 

Vise", Visible, etc. See under Vision. 

Vision, vizh'un, n. Act of seeing external objects; 
actual sight; faculty of seeing; that which is seen; 
an oDiect of sight; esp., that which is seen otherwise 
than by the rational eye; an apparition; phantom; 
something imaginary; a creation of fancy, —v. t. 
[visioned (-una), -ioning.] To see in vision ; to 
dream. [F. ; L. vvtio, f r. videre, visum, Gr. idein, to 
see, whence oida (lit. I have seen), I know = E. I wot„ 
AS. and Goth, witan, Skr. vid, to know; s. rt. wit T 
visage, advice, prevision, provision, revise, supervise^ 
envy, evidence, invidious, prudent, purvey, review, 
view, vitreous, vitriol, etc.] — Visionary, -a-rt, o. 
Affected by phantoms; disposed to receive impres- 
sions on the imagination; given to reverie; existing 
in imagination only; having no solid foundation; 
fanciful; fantastic; unreal. — n. One whose imagi- 
nation is disturbed; one who forms impracticable 
schemes. — Visit, viz 'it, v. t. To go or come to 
see for purposes of friendship, business, curiosity, 
etc.; to call upon; to attend; to go or come to see for 
inspection, examination, correction of abuses, etc.; 
to examine; to come to for the purpose of chastis- 
ing, rewarding, comforting, etc.; to appear before or 
judge. — v. i. To keep up the interchange of civili- 
ties and salutations. — n. Act of visiting, or going 
to see a person or thing; a brief stay (usually longer 
than a call) of business, friendship, ceremony, or 
curiosity; act of going to view or inspect; official or 
formal inspection; examination; visitation. [F. vis- 
iter, It. & L. visitare, freq. of L. visare, to behold, fr. 
videre, visum, to see.] — Visitable, a. Liable or sub- 
ject to be visited or inspected.— Visitant, n. One 
who visits; one who goes or comes to see another. — 
Visitalion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; access 
for inspection or examination ; communication of di- 
vine favor and goodness, or, more usually, of divine 
wrath and vengeance; retribution; a church festival 
in honor of the visit of the Virgin Mary to Elizabeth,, 
celebrated July 2d. [F.; L. visitatio]— Visite, ve- 
zef, n. A light cape or short cloak of silk or lace 
worn by ladies in summer. [F.] — Visitor, -it-Sr, n. 
One who visits, or who comes or goes to see another; 
a superior, or person authorized to visit a corpora- 
tion, or any institution, for the purpose of seeing that 
the laws, regulations, etc., are observed. [F. visiteur, 
L. visitatorT) — Visito'rial, -o'rl-al, a. Belonging to 
a judicial visitor or superintendent. — Vise\ ve-za r , 
Vi'sa, ve'za, n. An indorsement made by the po~ 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Cdd, tone, fir i 



VISNE 



659 



VOCAL 



lice officers of certain countries in Europe, on a pass- 
port, denoting that it has been examined, and that 
the person who bears it is permitted to proceed on 
his journey.— v. t. [visaed (-zad r ) or -saed (-zad'); 
VISEINO or-SAiNG.] To examine and indorse (a pass- 
port). [F. viza, also vise, p. p. of viser, to put a visa 
to, fr. L. visits, seen, p. pr. ot videre, to see.] — Vis'- 
ible, -T-bl, a. Perceivable by the eye; to be seen; 
perceptible; in view; noticeable; apparent; open; 
conspicuous. [F.; L. visibilis.]— Vislbleness, -ibiK- 
ity, -t-tt, n. State or quality of being visible. [L. 
visibilitas.] — Visibly, adv. — Visor, viz'er or vi'- 
z5r, n. A part of a helmet, perforated for the pur- 
pose of seeing through; a mask used to disfigure and 
disguise; the forepiece of a cap, projecting over and 
protecting the eyes. [F. visiere, the sight of a helmet 
(see Visage), L. visits, sight, fr. videre.'] — Vis'ored, 
-Srd, a. Wearing a visor; masked; disguised.— ViB'- 
ta,-ta, n. ;pl. -TAS, -taz. A view, esp. a distant view, 
through or between intervening objects, as trees; 
trees or other things that form an avenue. [It., sight, 
view, fr. vedere, p. p. visto, veduto, to see, f r. L. vi- 
dere.] — Vis'ual, vizh'u-al, a. Belonging or relating 
to, sight; used in sight. [F.; L. visualis, fr. visus, a 
seeing, sight, fr. videre.] — Visual angle. (Opt.) The 
angle formed at the eye by the rays of light coming 
from the extremities of the object. — V- point. A 
point in the horizontal line in which the visual rays 
unite. — V. ray. A line of light supposed to come to 
the eye from a point of the object seen. 

Vlsne, ven or ve'ne, n. Neighborhood; venue, q. v. 
[NormF.; L. vicina, neighborhood: see Vicinage.] 

Visor, Vista, Visual. See under Vision. 

Vital, vilal, a. Belonging or relating to life, either 
animal or vegetable; contributing or necessary to 
life; containing life; living; being the seat of life, 
or that on which life depends; very necessary; high- 
ly important; essential; immediate; absolute. [F.; 
L. vitalis } fr. vita, life, vivere, to live; 8. rt. Gr. bios, 
life, E. victuals, q. v.] — Vilals, -talz, n. pi. Parts 
of animal bodies essential to life, such as the viscera 
dependent upon the great sympathetic nerve; the 
part essential to life, or to a sound state. — Vi r tally, 
adv. In a vital manner; so as to give life; essen- 
tially.— Vitality, -tal'Y-ti, n. State or quality of 
being vital; the principle of life; animation. [L. 
vitatitas.]— Vi'talize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] 
To make vital or alive; to give life to. 

Vitellary, vit'el-la-rY, n. The place where the yolk 
of an egg swims in the white. [L. vitellus, the yolk 
of an egg.] 

Vitiate. Vitiosity, etc. See under Vice, a defect. 

Vitreous, vitle-us, a. Of, pert, to, derived from, con- 
sisting of. or resembling, glass. [L. vitreus, -rius, fr. 
vitnan, glass, for vidtrum, an instrument or material 
for seeing with, fr. videre, to see: see Vision.] — 
Vitreous electricity. The kind of electricity excited 
by rubbing glass with certain substances, as disting. 
fr. that developed by the friction of resinous sub- 
stances, — called also positive electricity. — Vifre- 
ousness, n. — Vitres'cence, n. State or quality of 
being vitreous; quality of being capable of conver- 
sion into glass. — Vitres'cent, -sent, a. Capable of 
being formed into glass; tending to become glass. — 
" Tocon- 
leat. — v. 
To become glass; to be converted into glass. [F. 
vitrifier; L. facere, to make.] — Vitrifac'tion, -rt- 
fak'shun, n. Act, process, or operation of vitrify- 
ing, or of convertinginto glass by heat.— Vitrifact''- 
are, -fak'chur, n. The manufacture of glass and 
pottery. — Vit'rifi'able, a. Capable of being, etc.— 
Vifrifica'tion, n. Vitrif action. — Vlfriform, -f3rm, 
a. Having the form or appearance of glass; resem- 
bling glass. [L. forma, form.] — Vifriol, -rY-ol, n. 
(Chem.) A soluble sulphate of any of the metals; 
sulphuric acid. [F; Olt. vitriolo, perh. fr. its trans- 
parent color, perh. because it was supposed to be 
made from glass, which was believed to be poison- 
ous, fr. L. vvtreolus, glassy, made of glass.] — Oil of 
vitriol. Concentrated sulphuric or vitriolic acid, — 
popularly so called, because, like oil, when poured 
from one vessel into another, it makes no noise. — 
Blue vitriol. Sulphate of copper. — Green v. Cop- 
peras; sulphate of iron. — White v. Sulphate of zinc. 
— Vit'riolate, -ri-o-lat, -riolize, -rl-ol-Iz, v. t. To con- 
vert into a vitriol. — Vitriol 1c, a. Pert, to vitriol; 
having the qualities of vitriol, or obtained from it. — 
Vitriolic acid. (Chem.) Sulphuric acid; oil of vitriol. 

Vltuline. See under Veal. 

Vituperate, vi-tu'per-at, v. t. To find fault with, 



being formed into glass; tending to become | 
Vit'rify, -rt-fi, v. t. ^-fied (-fid), -eying.] 
vert into glass by fusion, or the action of he 



overwhelm with abuse, censure. [F. vituperer, L. 
vituperare, -atum, fr. vitium, a fault, and parare, to 
prepare : see Vice and Paradi;.] — Vitu'pera'tton, 
n. Act of vituperation ; abuse ; severe censure ; 
blame. [F.] — Vitu'perative, -per-a-tiv, a. Uttering 
or writing censure; abusive. 

Vivacious, Vivandlere, Vivary, etc. See under Vivid. 

Vivid, vivid, a. True to the life; exhibiting the ap- 
pearance of life or freshness; animated; forming 
brilliant images, or painting in lively colors; lively; 
clear; lucid; bright; intense; quick "sprightly; spir- 
ited; active. [L. vividus, fr. vtvus, living, lively, vi- 
vere, to live: see Victuals and Qiic.k] — Vividly, 
adv. In a vivid manner; with life; with brightness; 
in bright colors; with animated exhibition to the 
mind. — Vividness, n. — Viva'cious. vi-va'shus, n. 
Sprightly in temper or conduct; active: animated; 
sportive; gay; merry; jocund; light-hearted. [L. vi- 
vax, vivacis, fr. vivere, to live.] — Viva'ciousneBS, 
Vivacity, -vas't-tY, n. Life; Bpuitednefs; sprightli- 
ness of temper or behavior; air of life and activity. 
[F. vivacite", L. vivacitas, fr. vivax, vigorous, fr. vi- 
vus.] — Vivify, -T-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To 
endue with life, quicken, animate. [F. ririfter, L. 
vivificare, fr. virus and facere, to make.] — Viviflc, 
Vivif ical, vi-viflk-al, a. Giving liie: reviving; en- 
livening. — Viviflcate, -Y-kat, v. t. To vivify. [L. 
vivificare, -catum.] — Viv'ificalion, n. Act of, or 
state of being, etc.; restoration of life; revival.— 
Viv'ifica'tive, -tiv, a. Able to vivify, animate, or 
give life. — Vivip'arouB, vi-vip'a-rus, a. Producing 
young in a living state, as all mammals. [L. vivipa- 
rus, fr. vivus, alive, and parere, to bear, bring forth: 
see Viper.]— Viv'iseclion, n. The dissection or 
experimental cutting, etc., of an animal while alive, 
for the purpose of making physiological investiga- 
tions. [L. vivus, alive, and sectio, a cutting, fr. seca- 
re,sectum, to cut.] — Vivandlere, ve-voN'de-ar'', n. 
A female sutler. [F., fr. viande. It. riranda, L. vi- 
venda = E. victuals, lit. things to live on ; fr. L. vivere: 
see Viand, Victuals.] — Viva'rium, -va'rt-um, Vi'- 
vary, -va-rY, n. A place artificially arranged for 
keeping or raising living animals. [L. vivarium, fr. 
vivarius, belonging to living creatures, fr. vivus.] 

Vixen, vik'sn, n. A she-fox; a cross, ill-tempered 
woman. [Fern, of fox, but not found in AS. or ME.; 
cf. G. fitechsinn, a vixen, fem. of fuc/is, fox.] — Vix'- 
enly, a. Having the qualities of a vixen. 

Viz, for vY-del'Y-set, but usually spoken namely. To 
wit; that is; namely. [See Videlicet under Vide.] 

Vizier, viz'ygr or vY-zer', n. A councilor of state ; a 
high executive officer in Turkey and other Oriental 
countries. [Ar. ivezir, wazir, orig. a bearer of bur- 
dens, a porter, hence the bearer of the burden of 
state affairs, fr. wazara, to bear a burden, support, 
sustain; s. rt. alguazil.] — Grand Vizier. The chief 
minister of the Turkish empire. 

Vocal, vo'kal, a. Having a voice; uttered or modula- 
ted bv the voice ; of, or pert, to, a vowel or voice- 
sound; also, spoken with tone, intonation, and reso- 
nance; sonant, — said of certain articulate sounds. 
[F.; L. vocalit, fr. vox, vocis, voice; s. rt. Skr. vach, 
to speak, vachas, speech, Gr. epos, a word, E. advo- 
cate, avocation, advowson, avouch, convoke, equivo- 
cal, evoke, invoke, irrevocable, provoke, roach, vowel, 
epic, echo.]— Vocal chords or coro '.<. (Anat.) Two 
thick and strong fibrous bands in the larynx, cov- 
ered externally by a thin and delicate mucous mem- 
brane, and specially concerned with the formation 
of sound: see Larynx.— V. music. Music made by 
the voice, disting. fr. instrumental music. — Vo'caliy, 
adv. In a vocal manner ; with voice ; orally ; in 
words; verbally. — Vocalic, a. Consisting of the 
voice, or vowel sounds. [L. vocalU di'era), a vow- 
el.] — Vo'calist, n. A singer, or vocal musician, as 
opp. to an instrumental performer. — Vocallty, -Y- 
tY, n. Quality of being vocal; ntterableness; reso- 
nance. — Vo'calize, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izi.no.] To 
form into voice, make vocal or sonant; to practice 
singing on the vowel sounds. [F. ro'-alizer.] — Vo'- 
caliza'tlon, n. Act of vocalizing; formation and ut- 
terance of vocal sounds. — Voc'ula, vok'ul, n. A 
faint or feeble sound, as that heard on separating the 
lips in pronouncing p, t, or k. [L. rocula, dim. of 
i -ox.] — Vo'cable, -ka-bl, n. A word ; lerm ; name ; 
esp., a word considered as composed of certain 
sounds or letters, without regard to its meaning. [F., 
a word, term, L. vocabulum, a designation, name, fr. 
vocare, to call, f r. vox.] — Vocab'ulary, -u-la-rT, n, 
A list or collection of words arranged in alphabeti- 
cal order and explained; sum or stock of words em- 



sun, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then. boxboN, chair, get. 



VODKA 



660 



VOLITION 



ployed. [F. vocabulaire, LL. vocabvlarium.] — Vo- 
ca'tion, n. Call; summons; citation; esp., designa- 
tion to a particular state or profession; destined or 
appropriate employment; calling; trade; profession; 
occupation; designation; destination. (Theol.) The 
bestowment of God's distinguishing grace upon a 
person or nation, by which that person or nation is 
put in the way of salvation. [F. ; L. vocatio, f r. vo- 
care, to call.] — Voc'ative, -a-tiv, a. Relating to, or 
used in, calling or address, — said of that case of the 
noun, pronoun, or adjective, in which a person or 
thing is addressed, — n. (Gram.) The case in which 
a word is put when the person or thing is addressed. 
[L. vocatinis, lit. the calling case, fr. vocare.] — Vo- 
ciferate, -sifer-at, v. i. To cry out with vehe- 
mence, exclaim, shout, clamor. — v. t. To utter with 
a loud voice, bellow, bawl, roar, hoot, clamor. [L. 
vociferure, -erari, -eratum, f r. vox, vocis, and ferre, 
to bear.] — Vocif'era'tion, n. Act of vociferating; a 
violent outcry; exclamation; clamor; bawling; bel- 
lowing. [F.; L. vociferation — Vociferous, -gr-us, a. 
Making a loud outcry; clamorous; noisy. — Voice, 
vois, n. Sound or audible noise uttered by the 
mouth; utterance; the tone or sound emitted by 
anything; intonated quality of utterance, as disting. 
fr. mere breath sound; mode of speaking, singing, 
or otherwise producing sound; distinctive character 
or quality of tone; language; words; expression; sig- 
nification of feeling or opinion; opinion or choice 
expressed; a vote; command, precept, — chiefly in 
Scriptural language. (Oram.) A group of inflec- 
tions constituting that form of a verb, by means of 
which the relation of the subject of the affirmation 
to the action expressed by the verb is indicated, —v. 
t. [voiced (voist), voicing.] To fit for producing 
the proper sounds; to regulate the tone of. [ME. and 
OF. vois, F. voix, fr. L. vox, a voice.] — Active voice. 
(Oram.) That form of the verb by which its subject 
is represented as the agent or doer of the action ex- 
pressed by it. — Middle v. That form of the verb by 
which its subject is represented as both the agent, or 
doer, and the object of the action, that is, as per- 
forming some act to or upon himself. — Passive v. 
That form of the verb by which its subject is repre- 
sented as the object, or person affected by the action. 

— Voiced, voist, p. a. Furnished with a voice. — 
Voiceless, a. Having no voice; dumb. 

Vodka, vod'ka, n. A Russian intoxicating drink, dis- 
tilled from rye. [Russ.] 

Vogue, vog, n. Temporary mode, custom, or practice; 
popular reception, — used now exclusively as part of 
the phrase in vogue. [F., orig. sway, power, author- 
ity, a clear passage at sea— said of a ship, fr. voguer, 
to set sail, sail forth, It. voga, the stroke of an oar, 
vogare^ to row in a galley, G. wogen, to fluctuate, be 
in motion, OHG. waga, a wave; s. rt. wag, q. v.] 

Voice, etc. See under Vocal. 

Void, void, a. Vacant; empty; not occupied; being 
without; destitute; free; having no incumbent; un- 
occupied; having no legal or binding force; null; not 
sufficient to produce its effect; unsubstantial; vain. 

— n. An empty space; a vacuum; emptiness. — v. t. 
To make or leave vacant or empty; to quit, leave; to 
throw, emit, or send out; to evacuate; to render of 
no validity or effect; to vacate, annul. [OF. vmde, 
wide, L. viduus, widowed, deprived of, hence waste, 
empty; s. rt. Skr. vidhava — k. widow.] — Void'able, 
a. Capable of being voided or evacuated- (Law.) 
Capable of being adjudged void, invalid, and of no 
force; capable of being avoided. — Void'ance, -ans, 
n. Act of voiding or emptying; ejection; esp., ejec- 
tion from a benefice; state of being void; vacancy, 
as of an incumbent in a benefice. [F. vuidange.] — 
Void'er, n. One who, or that which, voids, or emp- 
ties, vacates, or annuls; a tray, or basket, used to 
receive or convey that which is voided or cleared 
away from a given place. — Void'nesB, n. State or 
quality of being void; emptiness; vacuity; destitu- 
tion; nullity; inefficacy. 

Volant, vo'lant, a. Passing through the air upon 
wings, or as if upon wings ; flying ; passing from 
place to place ; current; nimble ; light and quick; 
active ; rapid. [F., p. pr. of voter, to fly, L. volans, 
p. pr. of volare, to fly ; s. rt. Skr. vat, to hasten, 
move to and fro; s. rt. velocity.'] — Vol'atile. -a-til, a. 
Capable of wasting away, or of easily passing into 
the aeriform state; lively; gay; full of spirit; airy; 
fickle; apt to change. [F. volatil, L. volatile, flying, 
fr. volatus, flight, prop. p. p. of volare.] — Vol'atile- 
ness, -til'ity, -til'T-ti, n. Quality of being volatile ; 
disposition to exhale or evaporate ; great sprightli- 




ness; mutability; lightness; giddiness; levity ; fickl«- 
ness.— Vol'atilize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To 
render volatile, cause to exhale or evaporate. — Vol'- 
atil'iza'tion, n. Act or process of volatilizing, or ren- 
dering volatile. —Vole, vol, n. A deal at cards that 
draws all the 
tricks. (Zool.) A 
rodent animal of .... , 

many terrestrial ^l|/fr^mrr gffffl m^NwY 

and aquatic spe- 
cies, of or allied 
to the rat and 
mouse families, > 
and including the ■ 
water rat and 
meadow mouse. 

[F., fr. voler, to v , 

steal, steal away, v oie - 

rob, abbr. fr. L. injolare, to fly at, seize."?— Volee, 
vo-la^n. (Mus.) A rapid flight of notes. [F., a flight, 
fr. voler.] — Vol- or Vole-au-vent, voto-voN', n. 
(Cookery.) Alight puffed paste, which is filled, after 
baking, with a ragout of minced sweet-breads, chick- 
en, game, or fish. [F., lit. flight in the air, — fr. its 
lightness.] — Volley, vol'lY, n.; pi. -leys, -Hz. A 
flight of missiles; the discharge of many small arms 
at once; an explosive burst or emission of many 
things at once. — v. t. [volleyed (-lid), -leyyng.] 
To discharge with a volley. — v. i. To be thrown out 
or discharged at once; to be discharged in a volley, 
or as if in a volley. [F. volie, flight, flight of birds, 
volley of guns, fr. voter.] 

Volcano, vol-ka'no, «. ; pi. -noes, -noz. A conical hill 
or mountain having a crater from which lava, steam, 
sulphureous gases, etc., are ejected. [It., fr. L. Vol- 
carats, Vulcarais, the god of fire; s. rt. Skr. ulka, a 
firebrand, meteor, G. wallen, to boil, E. warm.] — 
Volcanic, a. Of, or pert, to, a volcano, or to volca- 
noes; produced by a volcano; changed or affected 
by the heat of a volcano.— VoKcanist, VuKcanist, n. 
One versed in the history and phenomena of volca- 
noes; one who believes in the effects of eruptions of 
fire in the formation of mountains. — Vulca'uian, 
-nt-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Vulcan, or to works in iron 
or other metals.— Vul'caniza'tion, n. Art or process 
of imparting new properties to caoutchouc by caus- 
ing it to combine with sulphur, — as invented by C. 
Goodyear, of New York. — Vulcanize, v. t. [-ized 
(-Tzd), -izing.] To change the properties of (caout- 
chouc, or India-rubber), by the process of vulcaniza- 
tion. — Vul'canite, -It, n. Same as Ebonite, q. v. 
under Ebony. 

Vole, Votee. See under Volant. 

Volition, vo-lish'un, n. Act of willing or choosing ; 
exercise of the will; power of willing or determin- 
ing ; choice ; preference ; determination ; purpose. 
[F., fr. L. volo, velle, Gr. boulomai, I will, wish, Skr. 
vri, to select, choose ; s. rt. will, wary, benevolent, 
malevolent.]— Voluntary, -un-ta-rT, a. Proceeding 
from the will ; produced in or by an act of choice ; 
unconstrained by the interference of another; of 
his or its own accord ; spontaneous ; done by design 
or intention; purposed; intended; subject to, or reg- 
ulated by. the will ; endowed with the power of 
willing. (Law.) Free; without compulsion; with- 
out consideration; gratuitous, — n. (Mus.) Apiece 
played by a musician often extemporarily, accord- 
ing to his fancy; now generally used to indicate the 
organ-playing at the opening of church service. [F. 
votuntaire, -ontaire, L. voluntarius, fr. voluntas, will, 
choice, fr. volens, p. pr. of volo, relte, to will.]— Vol- 
untarily, -ta-rt-lT, adv. Voluntariness, n. — Vol- 
unteer , -ter', n. One who enters into any service 
of his own free will. (Mil.) One who enters into 
service voluntarily, but when in service is subject 
to discipline and regulations like other soldiers. 
(Law.) One to whom a conveyance is made without 
valuable consideration. — a. Entering into service 
of free will; composed of volunteers. — v. t. [vol- 
unteered (-terd'), -teekino.] To offer or bestow 
voluntarily, or without solicitation or compulsion. 

— v. i. To enter into any service of one's free will, 
without solicitation or compulsion. [F. I'oluntaire, 
a volunteer.] — Volupt'uous, vo-lup'chdb-us, a. Full 
of delight or pleasure ; ministering to sensual gratifi- 
cation ; exciting sensual desire ; sensual ; given to 
the enjoyments of luxury and pleasure. [F. volup- 
tueux, L. roluptuoaus, fr. voluptas, pleasure, fr. volo.} 

— Volupt'uary, -chod-a-rT, n. A voluptuous person; 
one who makes his own bodily enjoyment his chief 
object or care; sensualist; epicure. — a. Addicted to, 



Em, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tSrm ; in, Ice ; Odd, tone, or \ 



VOLLEY 



661 



VOW 



or affording, pleasure 
lupt'uousness, n. 

Volley. See under Volant. 

Voltaic, vol-ta'ik, a. Pert, to, originated by, or named 
after Alessandro Voltu, an Italian philosopher, who 
first devised apparatus for developing electric cur- 
rents by chemical action and established this branch 
of electric science; pert, to voltaism, or voltaic elec- 
tiicity. — Voltaic battery. An apparatus, consisting 
of a series of plates or pieces of dissimilar metals, as 
copper and zinc, arranged in pairs, and subjected to 
the action of a saline or acid solution, by which a 
current of electricity is generated whenever the 2 
poles, or ends of the series, are connected by a con- 
ductor; a galvanic battery. See Galvanic Battery. 
— V. electricity. That form of electricity which is 
developed by chemical action, as in a voltaic pile or 
battery; galvanism. — V. pile. The form of battery 
first devised by Volta, consisting of a colunin formed 
by successive pairs of metallic disks, as silver and 
zinc, with moistened cloth between every 2 contigu- 
ous pairs. — Vol'taism, -ta-izm, n. That form of 
electricity which is developed by the chemical action 
between metals and different liquids; the brunch of 
science which treats of this form of electricity,— 
called also galvanism.— Voltam'- 
eter, -e-ter, n. An instrument 
for measuring the voltaic elec- 
tricity passing through it, by its 
effect in decomposing water. 
[Gr. metron, a measure.]— Volt, 
v5lt, n. The standard unit of 
electrical tension, or electro-mo- 
tive force. 

Voltigeur, vol'te-zhSr', n. A lean- 
er ; vaulter. (Mil.) A light in- 
fantry soldier, disting. fr. a gren- 
adier. [F., fr. voltiger, to vault.] 

Voluble, voKu-bl, a. Easily rolling 
or turning; rotating; apt to roll; 
moving with ease and smooth- 
ness in uttering words; of rapid 
speech; fluent. [F.; L. volubilis, 
fr. volvere, volutum, to roll, turn 
round, Goth, walwjan, Gr. eleu- 
ein, to roll ; s. rt. Skr. vara, va- 
laya, a circle, E. vault, circum- 
volve, convolvulus, devolre, 
evolve, etc., revolt, value, gallop, 

goal, wale, helix, etc.]— Vol'u- 
il'ity. n. State or quality of be- braes bar";' d, d, 
ing voluble ; aptness to roll ; act platina wires. 
of rolling; fluency of speech. [L. 
volubilitas.] — Vol'ubly, adv. In a voluble, rolling, 
or fluent manner. — vol'' ume, -um, n. Orig. a roll; 
scroll; a book; tome; esp., that part of an extended 
work which is bound up together in one cover; any- 
thing of a rounded or swelling form ; a contortion ; 
whirl; dimensions; compass; space occupied, as 
measured by cubic inches, feet, yards, etc. (Mus.) 
Power, fullness, quantity, or caliber of voice or tone. 

ST.; L. volumen, prop, a thing rolled or wound up, 
ence a roll of writing, a book, volume, fr. volvere.] 
— Volu'minous, -mf-nus, a. Consisting of many 
Coils or complications ; of great volume or bulk; 
large; extensive; bulky; having written much, or 
made many or bulky volumes; copious; diffuse.— 
Volu'minously, adv. In a voluminous manner; in 
many volumes; very copiously. — Volu'minousness, 
n. — Volute', -luf, n. (Arch.) A kind of spiral scroll 



Volupfuously, (idr. — Vo- Volute. See under Voluble. 

Vomit, vom'it, v. i. To eject the contents of the stom- 
ach by the mouth; to puke, spew. — r. t. To throw 
up, disgorge, puke; to eject from any hollow place; 
to belch forth, emit. — n. The matter ejected from 





Corinthian. Ionic. 

Volutes of Ionian and Corinthian Capitals. 

used in the Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite capi- 
tals. [F.; L. voluta, fem. of p. p. of volvere.] — Vol'- 
umet'ric, a. (Analytical Chem.) Of, pert, to, or 
performed by measured volumes of standard solu- 
tions of re-agents. [Gr. metron, a measure.] 
Voluntary, Volunteer, VoluptuouB, etc. See under 
Volition. 



the stomach. (Med.) An emetic. [L." vomitva, a 
vomiting, vomit, whence vomitare, to vomit often, 
vomere, vomitum, Gr. euiein, Skr. vam, to vomit; s. it. 
emetic] — Black vomit. (Med.) A copious vomiting 
of dark-colored matter, resembling coffee grounds, 

— one of the most fatal symptoms of yellow fever. — 
Vomi'tion, -misb/un, n. Act or power of vomiting. 

— Vom'itive, -T-tiv, a. Causing the ejection of mat- 
ter from the stomach; emetic. — Vonritory, -I-to-rT. 
a. Procuring vomiting; causing to eject from the' 
stomach; emetic; vomitive.— «. An emetic; a vomit; 
a principal door or entrance of a large building, as 
of an amphitheater. — Vom'ica, -T-ka, n. ()le<l.) An 
abscess in the lungs; an abscess in other soft, spongy 
organs. [L., fr. vomere, — because it discharges dis- 
eased matter.] — Vom'ic-nut, n. Same as Xrx vom- 
ica, q. v. — Vomi r to, vo-me' to, n. (Med.) The yel- 
low fever in its worst form, when it is usually at- 
tended with the black vomit. [Sp., fr. L. romiinsA 

Voracious, vo-ra'shus, a. Greedy for eatinar; very 
hungry ; eager to devour or swallow ; ravenous ; 
rapacious; greedy. [L. wax, -racis, fr. vorare, to 
devour ; s. rt. Skr. ajagara, a boa constrictor, lit. 
goat-devouring (fr. aja, a goat, and gri, to devour), 
Gr. btbroskein, to devour, E. gargle, gorge, gullet, 
gules, gvlley, gurgle, devour, carnivorous, etc.] — Vo- 
ra'ciously, adv. — Vora'ciousness, Voracity, -ras'- 
T-tY, n. Quality of being voracious. [F. voraciti, 
L. voraeitas.] — Vorag'inous, -raj'T-nus, a. Full of 

fulls. [L. voraginosus, fr. vorago, an abyss, gulf, 
r. vorare, to swallow up, devour.] 

Vortex, Vortical, etc. See under \ erse. 

Votary, Vote, Votive, etc. See under Vow. 

Vouch, vowch, v. t. [vouched (vowcht), VOUCHING.] 
To call upon to witness ; to warrant, maintain by 
affirmation ; to back, support, establish ; to obtest, 
attest, confirm, asseverate, aver, protest, assure. 
(Law.) To call into court to warrant and defend, 
or to make good a warranty of title. — v. t. To bear 
witness; to give testimony or full attestation. [OF. 
voucher, to vouch, cite, call to aid in a suit, fr. L. 
vocare, to call, summon, fr. vox, vocis, the voice, 
q. v., under Vocal.] —Vouchee', -e', n. {Law.) 
One who is called into court to make good his war- 
ranty of title in the process of common recovery.— 
Vouch/ er, n. One who vouches, or gives witness or 
full attestation to anything; a book, paper, or docu- 
ment which serves to vouch the truth of accounts, 
or to confirm and establish facts of any kind. 
(Law.) Act of calling in a person to make good his 
warranty of title. — Vouch'er, -or, n. (Law.) One 
who calls in another to establish his warranty of title. 
—Vouchsafe'', v. t. [vouchsafed (-saft'), -safing.] 
To permit to be done without danger ; to conde- 
scend to grant.— v. i. To condescend, deign, yieldi 
to descend or jtoop. [ME. vouchen safe.] 

Voudoo, voo'doo, ». The object worshiped by the 
professors of Voudooism; a votary of Voudooism.— 
Vou'dooism, -izm, n. An African superstition, in- 
volving witchcraft, prevalent among the negroes of 
the W. Indies and some of the southern TJ. S. 

Voussoir, voos-8war / ', n. (Arch.) One of the wedge- 
like stones forming the arch of a bridge, vault, etc. 
[F.; fr. voider, to vault, voute, an arch, vault, L. 
volvere, volutum, to turn : see Voluble.] 

Vow, vow, n. A solemn promise made to God, or to 
some deity ; a devotion of one's self ; a promise of 
fidelity; pledge of love or affection. — v. t. [vowed 
(vowd), vowing.] To give, consecrate, or dedicate 
to God by a solemn promise ; to assert solemnly, as- 
severate.— v. i. To make a vow, or solemn promise. 
[OF. vou, L. votum, a vow, lit. thing vowed, neut. of 
votus, p. p. of vovere, to promise, vow ; s. rt. avoio.] 
— Vow'er, n. — Vote, vot, n. Wish, choice, or opin- 
ion, of a person or body of persons, expressed in 
some received and authorized way ; suffrage ; that 
by which will or preference is expressed in elec- 
tions, or in deciding propositions; a ballot; ticket; 
expression of will by a majority; result of voting. — 
v. i. To give a vote, cast a ballot; to express or signi- 
fy the mind, will, or preference. — v. t. To choose by 
suffrage, elect ; to enact, establish, grant, etc., by 
a vote; to determine. [L. votum, a vow, wish, will, 
f r. vovere.] — Vot'er, n. One who votes, or has a 
legal right to vote.— Vo'tive, -tiv, a. Given by vowi 
devoted. [L. votivus, fr. votum.] — Vo'tively, adv. 



sun, cube, full ; moon, fotit ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



VOWEL 



662 



WADE 



In a votive manner ; by vow. — Vo'tary, -ta-rT, a. 
Consecrated by a vow or promise ; consequent on a 
vow ; devoted; promised. — w. One devoted, conse- 
crated, or engaged by vow or promise. — Votaress, 
n. A female devoted to any service, worship, or 
state of life; a female votary. 

Vowel, vow'el, n. ( Gram.) An utterance of the hu- 
man voice made through a more open position of 
the organs than that with which a consonant is ut- 
tered; a letter which can be pronounced by itself; a 
le'tter or character which represents such a sound.— 
a. Of, or pert, to, a vowel; vocal. [F. voyelte, fr. L. 
vocalis (Zitera), fr. vocalis, sounding, fr. vox, vocis, a 
voice, sound: see Vocal.]— Vow'eled, -eld, a. Fur- 
nished with vowels. 

Voyage, voi'ej, colloq voij, n. Orig. a passage on the 
way ; a journey in general ; but now chiefly con- 
fined to a passage by sea or water from one place, 
port, or country, to another ; esp., a passing or jour- 
ney by water to a distant place or country. — v. i. 
[voyaged (voi'ejd or voijd), voyaging.] To take 
a voyage or journey ; esp., to sail or pass by water. 

— v. t. To travel, pass over. [F. ; OF. veiage, L. 
viaticum, money or provisions for a journey, viati- 
cus, pert, to a journey, fr. via = E. way : see Via.] 

— Voyageur, vw6 v ya'zhe> / ', n. A traveler, — the 
Canadian name of a class of men employed by the 
fur companies, etc., in transporting goods on the 
waters and across the portages, to and from the re- 
mote stations at the northwest. [F., fr. voyager, to 
travel.] 

Vralsemblance, vra-sow-blaNs', n. Appearance of 
truth ; probability. [F., fr. vrai, true (see Very, 
under Veracious), and F. and E. semblance, q. v.] 

Vulcanist, Vulcanize, Vulcanite, etc. See under Vol- 
cano. 

Vulgar, vuKger, a Of, or pert, to, the mass or mul- 
titude of people: common; general; ordinary; pub- 
lic ; in general use ; vernacular ; belonging or re- 
lating to the common people; pert to common life; 
plebeian; ol little or no value ; lacking cultivation or 
refinement: rustic; boorish; offensive to good taste, 
refined feelings, or delicacy. — n. The common 
people. [F. vvlgnire, L. vulgaris, fr. vulgus, the 
common people, lit. throng, crowd; s. rt. Skr. varga, 
a troop : vraja, a flock, multitude, fr. vrij, to ex- 
clude, £. verge, urge.] — Vulgar fraction. (Arith.) 
A fraction expressed by a numerator and denomi- 
nator ; a common traction: thus, £. — Vul'garism, 
-g8r-izm, n. Grossness of manners ; vulgarity ; a 
vulgar phrase or expression. — Vulgarity, -gar'T- 
tt, w. Quality of being vulgar ; the state of the 
lower classes of society ; grossness or ciowuishness 



of manners or language. — Vul'garlze, v. t. [-izkd 
(-ger-Tzd), -izing.] To make vulgar. — Vttl'garly, 
-ger-lt, adr. In a vulgar manner ; in the ordinary 
manner among the common people ; commonly ; 
meanly ; rudely; clownishly. — Vul'gate, -gat, n. 
Orig. a very ancient Greek or Latin version of the 
Scriptures, afterwards Jerome's Latin version. — a. 
Of, or pert, to, the old Latin version of the Scrip- 
tures. [Entitled Editio Vidgata ; vulgata, fern, of p. 
p. of vulgare, to make common, publish, fr. vulgus,} 

Vulnerable, vul'nSr-a-bl, o. Capable of being wound- 
ed ; susceptible of external injuries ; liable to ir_ 
jury; subject to be affected injuriously ; assanabk. 
[L. vulnerabihs, fr. vulnerare, to wound, tr. vulnu,, 
-nerts, a wound ; s. rt. L. vellere, to pluck, puL- 
tear, Skr. vrana, a wound, fracture, vardh, to cut, 
Gr. rhegnunai, to break; s. rt. vulture.]— Vul'nerablfc- 
ness, -abil ity, n. State of being, etc. — Vai' 
ary. -a-rT, a. Useful in 
healing wounds; adapt- 
ed to the cure of ex- 
ternal injuries. — n. 
(Med.) Any plant, 
drug, or composition, 
useful in the cure of 
wounds. [F. vulneraire, 
In. vulnerarius.] 

Vulpine, vuKpin, a. Of, 
pert, to, or resembling, 
the fox ; cunning; 
crafty; artful. [F. vul- 
pin, L. vulpinus, fr. 
vutyes, a fox ; perh. s. 
rt. vulture.'] 

Vulture, vul'chur, n. 
(Oniith.) A rapacious 
carrion-eating bird of 
large size and many 
species, having more or 
less of the head and 
neck naked. [ME. and 
L. I'idtur, lit. a plucker, 
tearer, see Vulnera- Tr ,. 

BLE.]-Vult'urine, Vulture, 

-chur-in, n. Of, or pert, to, the vulture; having the 
Qualities of, or resembling, the vulture ; rapacious, 
[L. vulturinus.] — Vulfurous, -us, a. Like a vul- 
ture ; rapacious. 

Vulva, vuKva, n. (Anat.) The fissure in the external 
parts of generation in the female; sometimes all the 
external parts of the female genital organs. [L* 
for volva, f r. volvere, to roll : see Voluble.} 

Vying. See Vie. 




\v. 



W, dub'l-u, the 23d letter of the Eng. alphabet, takes 
its written form and its name from the repetition of 
a V, this beinu the form of the Roman capital letter 
which we call U: in Eng. it performs the double 
office of a consonant and a vowel, being a conso- 
nant at the beginning of words and syllables, as in 
wail, forward, and a vowel at the end of syllables, 
as in new, now ; but it never occurs at the end of a 
syllable except when united to another vowel. 

Wabble, wob'bl, v. i. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To 
move staggeringly from one side to the other, in- 
cline alternately to one side and the other; to rock, 
vacillate, — said of a turning or whirling body. — 
n. A hobbling, unequal motion, as of a wheel un- 
evenly hung. [Freq. of ProvE. wap, ivhap, ME. 
quap/ien, to palpitate, quabhe, a bog, LG. wabbeln, 
quabbeln, to wabble; s. rt. whap, quaver, q. v.] 

Wacke. Wacky, wak'Y, n. (Geol.) A rock nearly al- 
lied to basalt, of which it may be regarded as a 
more soft and earthy variety. [G. ivacke, grau- 
wacke, OHG. waggo, a kind of stone, flint, pebble.] 
— Gray wacke. A kind of conglomerate grit-rock, 
composed of rounded pebbles and sand. 

Wad, wod, n. A little mass, tuft, or bundle, as of 
hay or tow; a little mass of some soft or flexible 
material for stopping the charge of powder in a 
gun and pressing it close to the snot, or for keeping 
the powder ana shot close ; a soft mass of some 



loose fibrous substance for stopping an aperture.— 
v. t. [wadded, -ding.] To form into a mass or 
wad, or into wadding; to insert or crowd a wad 
into. [Sw. vadd, wadding, OS. wad, cloth, stuff, G. 
watte, wadding, wad, also a fishing-net, watten, to 
dress cloth, to wad, wat, cloth, Ic. vadhmal, a wool- 
en stuff, vadh, vodh, cloth as it leaves the loom; s. 
rt. E. weed, a garment, wallet, wattle.]— Wad, Wadd, 
n. (Min.) An earthy oxide of manganese, — some- 
times applied also to plumbago or black lead. — 
Wad'ding, n. A wad, or materials for making wads; 
a soft stuff of loose texture, for stuffing garments, 
etc. ; sheets of carded cotton prepared for the same 
purpose. 
Wade, wad, v. i. To walk through any substance 
that yields to the feet ? as water, mud, sand, etc.; to 
move or pass with difficulty or labor. — v. t. To 
pass or cross by walking in or through a yielding 
substance. [ME. and D. waden, AS. wadan, OHG. 
watan, to wade, trudge, go; s. rt. Ic. vadh, G. wat, 
L. vadum, a ford, vadere, to go, Skr. gadham, a 
ford, gadha, shallow, also the bottom, E. evade, in- 
vade, etc.]— Wad'er, n. One who, or that which, 
wades. (Ornith.) One of an order of long-legged 
birds that wade in the water in search of food.— 
Wad'dle, wod'dl, v. i. [-dlid (-did), -dling.] To 
walk with short steps, throwing the body to one 
side and the other, like a duck, or a very fat persoEu 



am, fame, far, 



or opera, fore ; end, eve. term ; Ttn, Ice ; 6dd, tone, or t 



WADY 



663 



WAIVE 



[Freq. of wade ; s. rt. AS. wsedhan, to beg, lit. to 
go on the tramp.] 

Wady, wod'Y, n. The channel of a water-course, 
which is dry, except in the rainy season. [Ar. wadi, 
a valley, channel of a river, river.] 

Wafer, wa'fer, n. A thin cake or leaf of flour and 
other ingredients; a thin leaf-like bread, used by 
the Rom. Catholics in the Eucharist; a thin disk of 
dry paste, usually colored, used in sealing letters, j 
"tc. — v. t. [wafered (-ferd), -fering.] To seal or 
jlose with a wafer. [OF. wau/re, gaufre, OD. xoaef- \ 
/el, D. wa/el, a wafer (bread), s. rt. G. wabe, a hon- | 
eycomb, cake of wax, AS. wejan = E. weave.] — \ 
Waffle, woffl, n. A thin cake baked hard and 
.oiled, or a soft indented cake baked in an iron 
utensil on coals. 

Waft, waft, v. t. To bear through a fluid or buoyant 
medium; to convey through water or air; to float, 
awim, fly. — v. i. To be moved or to pass in a buoy- 
ant medium; to float. — n. A signal made by mov- 
ing something, as a flag, in the air. [Same as wave, 
corrupt, fr. imp. and pp. waved; Ic. va/a, to swing, 
vibrate: see Wave.] — Waft'age, -ej, n. Convey- 
ance through a buoyant medium, as air or water; 
transportation; carriage. — Waff er, n. 

Wag, wag, v. t. [wagged (wagd), wagging.] To 
move one way and the other with quick turns; to 
cause to vibrate, as a part of the body.— v. i. To 
move one way and the other, be shaken to and fro, 
vibrate; to be inaction or motion, move, stir. — n. 
A man full of sport and humor; a ludicrous fellow; 
humorist; wit. [OSw. wagga, a cradle, also to rock 
a cradle, wag, fluctuate, AS. wagian, to move, vacil- 
late, rock, fr. wegan, to bear, move, carry: wag, n., 
is perh. for wag-halter, a rogue, gallows-bird; s. rt. 
wedge, wing, iveigh, wagon?]— Wag'gery, -gSr-Y, re. 
Manner or action of a wag; sarcasm in good numor; 
pleasantry. — Wag'gish, a. Like a wag; roguish in 
merriment or good humor; done, made, or laid in 
waggery or for sport; sportive; roguish; droll; frol- 
icsome. — Wag'gishly, adv. — Wag'gishnesa, n. — 
Wag'gle, -gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To reel, 
sway, move from side to side, waddle; to move with 
a wagging motion. — v. t. To move frequently one 
way and the other, wag. [Freq. of wag.~] — Wag'tail, 
n. A small insectivorous running bird, of several 
species,— noted for brisk and lively motions and for 
incessantly jerking its long tail up and down. 




Wagtail. 



Wage, waj, v. t. [waged (wajd), waging.] To pledge, 
hazard on the event of a' contest, stake, bet, lay, 
wager; to expose one's self to (a risk), venture; to 
carry on (a war).— n. That for which one labors; 
hire; stipend; salary; pay; compensation; remunera- 
tion ; fruit ; stipulated payment for service per- 
formed,— almost solely in pi. [ME., pay, OF. wage, 
gage, a, gage, pledge, guarantee, stipulated payment, 
fr. wager, gager, LL. wadiare. to pledge, fr. ivadius, 
vadium, Goth, wadi, a pledge, gewadjon, to pledge, 
L. vas, vadis, a pledge; s. rt. wed, gage, engage: to 
wage war = to engage in it.]— Wa'ges, -jez, n. A com- 
pensation given to a hired person for services; price 
paid for labor: hire; stipend; salary; pay; recom- 
pense. — Wa'ger, -jer, n. Something deposited or 
hazarded, on the event of a contest or some unset- 
tled question; a bet; stake; pledge; that on which 
bets are laid. — v. t. [wagered (-jerd), wagering.] 
To hazard on the issue of a contest, or on some 
question that is to be decided, or on some casualty; 
to lay, bet.— v. i. To make a bet, lay a wager. 
[OF. wageure, gageure, LL. wadiatura, a wager, fr. 
wadiare, to plerljre, wager.] — Wager of battle. (Auc. 
Law.) The giving of gage or pledge for trying a 
cause by single combat, formerly allowed in mili- 
tary, criminal, and civil causes. — Wa'gerer, n. 

Waggery, Waggle, Wagtail, etc. See under Wag. 

Wagon, wag'un, n. A 4-wheeled vehicle; esp., one 

sQn, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; Lin; 




Wagonette. 



used for carrying freight. [In the I.'. S., light wag- 
ons are used for the conveyance of persons and of 
light commodities.] [D. and G. wagen, AS. wwon, 
waen ; s. rt. E. vehicle, L. vehiculum, Skr. raha, 
ochos, a car: see Vehicle.] — Wag'onage. -un-ej, n. 
Money paid for carriage in a wagon. — Wag'oner, 
n. One who conducts a wagon ; a wagon-driver. 
(AMron.) A constellation; Ursa Major; Charles'* 
Wain. — Wag'onette'', 
-un-et', n. A kind of 
carriage to contain 6 
or 8 persons. — Wain, 
wan, re. A 4-wheeled 
vehicle for the trans- 
portation of goods ; a 
wagon. (Astron.) A 
constellation ; Ursa 
Major. [AS. wsen: 
see above.] — Wain'-rope, n. A rope for bindings 
load on a wagon ; a cart-rope. — Wain'scot, -skot, 
n. (Arch.) A wooden lining or boarding of the 
walls of apartments, made in panels. — v. t. [wain- 
scoted, -scoting.] To line with boards or panel- 
work, or as if with panel-work. [D. and LG. wag- 
enschot, wainscot, the best oak wood free from 
knots, fr. D. wagen, LG. wage, s wain, wagon, and 
D. schot, a closure of boards, partition, — hence 
panel-work, orig. for the sides of wagons, then for 
rooms.] — Wain'scoting, re. Act of covering or lin- 
ing with boards in panel; material used to wainscot 
a house, or the wainscot as a whole. 

Wagtail._ See under Wag. 

Waif, waf, n. A thing blown by the wind, drifted 
by the waters, or preserved or coming by chance; a 
stray; a wanderer; a homeless, unclaimed child. 
{Law.) Goods found of which the owner is not 
known ; anything found, or without an owner ; 
stolen goods thrown away by a thief in flight. [OF. 
wai/, gaif, a thing lost and not claimed, Ic. vet/, 
anything flapping about, vet/a, to vibrate, move 
about, toss loosely.]-— Waive, wav, v. t. [waived 
(wavd), waiving.] To relinquish, give up claim to; 
not to insist on or claim ; to refuse, forego ; to throw 
away, cast off, reject, desert. [OF. waiver, guesver, 
LL. waviare, to waive, abandon, wayvium, a waif, 
vayvus, abandoned; not s. rt. v;are.]~ Waiv'er, n, 
{Law.) The act of waiving, or not insisting on, 
some right, claim, or privilege. 

Wail, wal, v. t. [wailed (wald), wailing.] To la- 
ment, moan, bewail, grieve over. — v. i. To express 
sorrow audibly, lament, weep. [Ic. veela, wsela, to 
cry woe, fr. vse, vei, Goth, wai, woe, q. v.] 

Wain, Wainscot, etc. See under Wagon. 

Waist, wast, n. That part of the human bod} r imme- 
diately below the ribs or thorax; small part of the 
body between thorax and hips; the middle part of 
other bodies; esp. (Naut.), that part of a ship be- 
tween the quarter-deck and forecastle : see Ship. 
[ME. wast, prop, growth, toacste, strength, AS. 
wasstm, growth, weoxan, to grow, wax, q. v., Goth. 
wahstus, growth, stature, fr. wah*jan, Ic. vaxa, to 
grow.] — Waisfband, n. The band or upper part of 
breeches, trousers, pantaloons, etc., which encom- 
passes the waist; a sash worn by ladies around the 
waist. — Waist' cloth, n. A cloth or wrapper worn 
about the waist, (jtfaut.) A covering of canvas or 
tarpaulin for the hammocks, stowed on the gang- 
ways, between the quarter-deck and forecastle. — 
Waiflt'coat, colloq. wes'kut, n. A short coat or gar- 
ment, without sleeves, worn under the coat, ex- 
tending no lower than the hips, and covering the 
waist; a vest. 

Wait, wat, v. i. To stay or rest in expectation : to stop 
or remain stationary till the arrival oi some person 
or event; to rest in patience, expect, watch, stay; 
to lie in ambush, as an enemy. — r. t. To stay for, 
await. — n. Ambush, pi. Musicians who perform 
at night or in the early morning; sercnaders. [OF. 
waiter, gaiter, gnetter, to watch, mark, heed, dog, 
lie in wait for, waite, gaite, a guard, sentinel, watch- 
man, spy, quet, watch, ward, heed, the watch, OHG. 
wahta, a guard, G. waechtei; a watchman, wachen, 
OHG. wahhen, to be brisk, be awake, AS. wacian, 
to watch, ivacan, to wake.] — To wait on or upon. 
To attend, as a servant; to go to see, visit on busi- 
ness or for ceremony; to follow, as a consequence, 
await. — Waifer, n. One who waits; an attendant, 
esp. at table; a salver; a vessel on whicn something 
is carried, as tea -furniture, etc. — Wait'ing-maid, 
-v.'OK'au, n. A female servant who attends a lady. 

Waive. Waiver. See under Waif. 

:r ■>■■ ink, then, boNbo^ chair, get. 



WAKE 



664 



WALRUS 



Wake, wak. v. i. [waked (wakt), waking.] To be 
or to continue awake; to watch ; not to sleep; to 
hold a night revel; to awake, be awakened, cease to 
sleep; to be stirred up from a dormant, torpid, or 
inactive state. — v. t. To rouse from sleep; to put 
in motion or action, arouse, excite; to bring to life 
again, re-animate; revive ; to sit up, or watch at 
night with (a dead body). — n. Act of waking, or 
being awaked; state of forbearing sleep; vigils; an 
annual parish festival in commemoration of the 
dedication of a church; the sitting up of persons 
with a dead body, chiefly among the Irish. [ME. 
waken, to cease from sleep, be brisk, wakien, to keep 
awake, AS. wacan, to arise, come to life, be born, 
wacian, Goth, wakan, D. waken, G. loachen, to wake, 
watch; s. rt. vigil, vegetable, watch. — Wak^er, n. 
One who wakes or watches. — Wake'ful, -ful, a. In- 
disposed to sleep ; watchful ; vigilant. [AS. wacul 
= E. and L. vigil, q. v.] — Wake'fulness, n.— Wak'- 
en, wak'n, v. i. [-enkd (-nd), -ening.1 To wake, 
cease to sleep, be awakened. — v. t. To excite or 
rouse from sleep, awaken; to excite to action or 
motion; to rouse into action, stir up. [ME. waknen, 
wakenen, AS. wiecnan, to arise, be aroused, be born 
(intransitive only), Ic. and Sw. vakna, to become 
awake; s. rt. AS. wacan, Ic. and Sw. vaka, to wake, 
E. awaken.] — Wak'ener, -n-gr,«. One who wakens. 

Wake, wak, n. The track left by a vessel in the 
water. [Orig. an open space in half-frozen water, 
esp. a passage cut for a ship through ice, then the 
track left by a ship moving through ice.] [Ic. and 
Norw. vok, Sw. vak, an opening in ice, Norw. vekkja, 
Dan. vaage, to cut a hole in ice, esp. a channel tor 
ships; s. rt. Ic. vokr, D. wak, moist, Gr. hugros, L. 
umidus = E. humid.] — In the wake of. Immediate- 
ly after; in the train of. 

Wale, wal, n. The mark of a rod or whip on animal 
flesh; a ridge or streak rising above the surface of 
cloth, etc. (Naut.) One of the strong planks ex- 
tending along a ship's sides, throughout the whole 
length, at different heights. — v. t. To mark with 
wales or stripes. [AS. walu, the mark of a blow, 
orig. a rod, O Fries, walu, a rod, wand, Ic. voir, Goth. 
walus, a staff; s. rt. goal, gunwale.) 

Walk, wawk, v. i. [walked (wawkt), walking.] To 
move along on foot, advance by steps, go on at a 
slower or faster rate, but without running; to move 
or go on the feet for exercise or amusement; to be 
stirring, be abroad, go restlessly about, —said of 
things or persons expected to remain quiet, as a 
sleeping or dead person; to behave, conduct one's 
self. — v. t. To pass through or upon, perambulate; 
to cause to walk or step slowly; to lead, drive, or 
ride with a slow pace. — n. Act of walking ; ad- 
vance wichjut running or leaping; act of walking 
for air or exercise; manner of walking; gait; step; 
that in or through which one walks; place or dis- 
tance walked over; a place or region in which ani- 
mals may graze; frequented track; habitual place 
of action; sphere; conduct; course of action; be- 
havior. [AS. wealean, to roll, toss one's self about, 
rove about, OHG. walchan, to pull, roll or turn one's 
self round, move about; s. rt. L. vergere, Skr. vrij, 
to bend, vol, to move to and fro, L. volvere, to roll.] 
— To walk the plank. To walk off the plank into 
the water and be drowned, — f r. the practice of 
pirates who extended a plank from the side of a 
ship, and compelled captives to walk off into the 
water; to vacate an office by compulsion. —Walk '- 
er, n. One who walks. — Walk'ing - gen'tlenian, 
-la'dy, n. {Theater.) One who plays a subordinate 
part, requiring a good appearance, but few words.— 
-leaf, -let, n. (Bot.) An Amer. 
fern, whose fronds taper into 
slender prolongations, which oft- 
en root at the apex, giving rise to 
new fronds. (Entom.) A flat- 
tened orthopterous insect of sev- 
eral species, found in E. Indies, 
Australia, and S. Amer.: it is al- 
lied to the mantis, and in general 
appearance it closely resembles a 
leaf. — staff, n. A staff carried in 
the hand for support or amuse- 
ment in walking; a cane. — stick, 
n. A cane. (Entom.) An insect 
having a long, slender, wingless 
body, resembling a piece of stick. 
Wall, wawl, n. A solid and per- 
manent inclosing fence, as around a field, park, 
town, etc.; one of the upright inclosing parts of a 





Walking-leaf 



building or room. pi. Fortifications in general; 
works for defense.— v. t. [walled (wawld), -ling.] 
To inclose with, or defend by, walls, or as if by 
walls; to close or fill with a wall. [AS. weal, fr. ~L. 
vallum, a rampart, lit. a line of stakes, fr. vallus, a 
stake, palisade; s. rt. Gr. helos,a, nail, knob, Skr. vri, 
to screen, cover, surround, W. gwal, D. wal, G. wall, 
wall, rampart.] — To drive to the loall. To bring to 
extremities, push to extremes. — To go to the w. To 
be hard pressed or 
driven ; to be the 
weaker party. — To 
take the w. To take 
the inner side of a 
walk, that is, the side 
next the wall ; to 
take the precedence. 
— WalK-creep'er, n. 
A small, insectivo- 
rous bird, which 
climbs over the ver- 
tical surfaces of 
rocks and walls; the 
spider -catcher. — 
-flow'er, n. (Bot.) 
A cruciferous Euro- 
pean evergreen plant, 
of several species, 
which grows wild in 
old walls, stonj 
places, etc., and i 
cultivated in gardens 
for its fragrant flow- 
ers. A lady who wau-creeper. 

lacks invitations to dance at a ball, and is left unoc- 
cupied at the side of the room. — -fruit, n. Fruit 
which, to be ripened, must be planted against a 
wall. — plate, n. (Arch.) A timber placed horizon- 
tally upon a wall, on which rest joists, etc. [See 
Queen- post or Timber.] — -tent, n. A tent with 
upright cloth sides. 

Wallachian, wawl-la'kT-an, a. Of, or pert, to, Walla- 
chia, or to its inhabitants. — n. A native or inhab- 
itant of Wallachia, in Roumania; a Wallach; a Ro- 
mance tongue or dialect spoken in Wallachia, etc. 

Wallet, woKlet, n, A bag or sack for carrying about 
the person, as for c& vying the necessaries for a jour- 
ney ; a peddler's pack; bag-like purse; pocket-book 
for keeping money about the person; anything pro- 
tuberant and swagging. [ME voalet, watel, a budg- 
et, wallets, wattles, the excrescences on the cheeks of 
swine, orig. something round or woven together, 01). 
waetsack, G. watsack, a wallet, G. wat, OSw. wad t 
cloth; s. rt. wad, wattle.] 

Wall-eye, wawl'i, n. An eye in which the iris is of a 
very light gray or whitish color, — said usually of 
horses; an eye in which the white is very large and 
distorted. [Ic. valdeygdhr, for vagleygr, wall-eyed — 
said of a horse, fr. vagi, a beam, beam in the eye t 
disease of the eye, and eygr, pert, to the auga = E. 
eye: Ic. vagl= Sw. vagel, a roost, perch, also sty in 
the eye.] —Wall '-eyed, -Id, a. Having a wall-eye. 

Wall-flower, -fruit, -tent. See under Wall. 

Walloon, wal-loon', n. One of the descendants of the 
ancient Gallic Belga; who live in Belgium and Rhen- 
ish Prussia and speak a dialect of French; their lan- 
Wruage. — a. Of or pert, to, etc. [D. walen.] 
allop, woKlup, v. i. [loped (-lupt), -loping.] To 
boil with a continued bubbling; to waddle; to gal- 
lop; to be slatternly. — v. t. To beat soundly, flog, 
! whip. [OF. waloper, galoper, to gallop; onomat., fr. 
j the sound, resembling a boiling pot, OLG. wallen, to 
i boil: see Gallop.] 

Wallow, wol'lo, v. i. [-lowed (-1'od), -lowing.] To 
roll one's self about, as in mire or on other sub- 
stances; to flounder ; to live in filth or gross vice. 
[AS. ivealwian, Goth, walwian, L. volvere, to roll; 
s. rt. walk, voluble, q. v.] — Wallower, n. One who 
wallows. (Much.) A lantern-wheel, or trundle. See 
Trundle. 

Walnut, wol'nut, n. A tree of several species, of which 
some are natives of the U. S.; its edible nut; its fine- 
grained wood, used for furniture, etc, [AS. weal- 
hnut, fr. wealh, foreign, and hnut, a nut, D. wal- 
noot, G. wallnusz, lit. foreign nut.] 

Walrus, woKrus, n. A large, gregarious, marine mam- 
mal, of high northern latitudes, resembling the seat 
and allied to it; the morse: it is hunted for its oil and 
hide and for the coarse-grained ivory of its tusks. 
[D., fr. Sw. vallrons, Dan. hvalros, Ic. hrosshvalr, a 
walrus, lit. a horse-whale = AS. horshw&l, a walrus? 



fame* far. oats or opera, fare : end, eve. term; In. ice; 5dd. tone. 6r ; 



WALTZ 



665 



WARBLE 




Walrus. 

Sw. vail, Dan. hval, Ic. hvalr = E. whale, q. v.; Sw. 
ross, Dan. ros, Ic. kross = AS. hors, E. horse, q. v.] 

Waltz, wawlts, n. A dance performed by 2 persons in 
circular figures with a whirling motion; a piece of 
music composed for this dance, — v. i. [waltzed 
(wawltst), waltzing.] To dance a waltz. [G.walzer, 
tr. walzen, to roll, revolve, dance, OHG. walzan. AS. 
wealtan, to roll, twist; s. rt. welter.) — Waltz'er, «. 

Wamble, wom/bl, v. i. To be disturbed with nausea; 
to move irregularly to and fro ; to roll. [G. warn- 
meln, to stir, crawl.] 

Wampum, wom'pum, n. Small beads made of shells, 
used by the N. Amer. Indians as money, and also 
wrought into belts, etc., as an ornament. [Ind. 
wampum, wompam, fr. Mass. wdmpi, Del. wape, 
white.] . , , . , 

Wan, won, a. Having a pale or sickly hue; pale. — 
v. i. To grow wan ; to become pale or sickly in 
looks. [AS. icann, wonn, dark, black (said of a ra- 
ven and of night), also colorless, perh. imp. of win- 
nan, to strive, contend, i. e., worn out with toil, 
hence pallid ; if so, s. rt. win, not s. rt. wane.] — Wan'- 
ness, «.— Wan'ni3h, a. Somewhat wan; of a pale 
hue. 

Wand, wond, n. A small stick; rod; a staff of author- 
ity; a rod used bv conjurers and diviners. [ME. and 
OSw.; Goth, wahdus, a rod, so called fr. its pliancy, 
OSw. winda = E. to wind, q. v.] 

Wander, won'der, v. i. [-dered (-dSrd), -dering.] To 
ramble here and there, range about ; to go away, 
stray oft', go astray, roam, rove, sad, straggle, devi- 
ate; to be delirious. [AS. wandrian, freq. of wend, 
to go, G. wandelen, to wander, travel, D. wandelen, 
to walk; s. rt. Vandal.] * 

Wanderoo, won-dgr-oo', ' 
Malabar, having a 
grayish beard snr- 
roundinjr its face. 



Wan'derer, 
A baboon of Ceylon and 



fG. w<avferv, Cing 
lese elvandu.] 




Wane, wan 
[waned (wan d). 
waning.] To be di- 
minished, decrease, 

— esp. applied to the 
illuminated part of 
the moon; to decline, 
fail, sink.— n. De- 
Crease of the illumi- 
nated part of the 
moon to the eye of a 
spectator: decline; 
failure; decrease; de- 
clension. [AS. wan- 
ian, wonien, to de- 
crease, grow less, 
wan, icon, deficient, 
O. and MUG. wanon, 
wanen, to wane, fr. 
wan, deficient, Goth. 
wans, iacking, Ic. vana, to diminish, vanr, lacking; 
s. rt. Gr. eunis, bereaved, Skr. una, wanting, lessened, 
inferior.] -Want, wawnt, n. State of not having; 
absence or scarcity of what is needed or desired; 
destitution; poverty; need; that which is needed 
or desired ; a thing of which the loss is felt ; indi- 
gence; defect; failure; dearth; scarcity; scarceness. 

— v. t. To be without, be destitute of, lack; to have 
occasion for, as useful, proper, or requisite; tore- 
quire, need; to feel need of, wish or long for, desire; 
to be lacking in respect of, or to the amount of. — v. i. 
To be deficient or lacking; to fail, fall short; to be 
missed ; not to be present ; to omit, neglect, fail. 
TME., deficient (adj.), Ic. vant, neut. of vanr, lack- 



Wanderoo. 



ing, deficient (see above), vanta, to want, lack.] — 
Want'ing, p. a. Absent ; deficient ; 6lack ; remiss. 
— Wan'ton, won'tun, a. Moving or flying loosely; 
wandering or roving in gayety or sport; running to 
excess; loose; unrestrained; luxuriant; overgrown; 
not turned or formed with regularity; wandering 
from moral rectitude; licentious; dissolute; devia- 
ting from the rules of chastity; lecherous; lascivi- 
ous; libidinous. — n. A lewd person; a lascivious 
man or woman. — v. i. [wantoned (-tund), -ton- 
ing.] To rove and ramble without restraint, rule, 
or limit; to revel, frolic; to sport in lewdness or las- 
civiously. [ME. wantoun, contr. f r. wantowen, orig. 
uneducated, unrestrained, hence licentious, fr. pre- 
fix wan-, lacking (see Wane), and towen, for AS. 
d. of teon, to draw, educate, bring up; s. rt. 



togen, p. p. „. 

tug, q. v.] — Wan't< 

loosely; sportively; gayly; lasciviously. — Wan'ton- 



tug, a. v.J — Wan'tonly, adv. In a wanton manner 
' lei; 




Wapiti. 



Wanness, etc. See under Wan. 

Wapentake, wap'en-tak, n. In some northern coun- 
ties of Eng., a division or district, answering to the 
Hundred in other counties. [AS. waspengetxce, Ic. 
vapnatak, lit. a weapon-taking or -touching, fr. the 
custom of touching lances or spears when the hun- 
dreder, or chief, entered on his office, in token of 
fealty ; Ic. vapna, 
gen. pi. of vapn = 
E. weapon, and tak, 
a grasp, tak a, to 
seize, grasp, touch 
= E. take.] 

Wapiti, wap'T-ti, n. 
The Amer. elk, — 
a large polygamous 
N. Amer. deer with 
branching antlers, 
congener of the 
European red deer. 
[Iroquois name.] 

War, wawr, n. A state 
of opposition or 
contest ; enmity ; 
hostility; a contest 
between nations or 
states, carried o n 
by force; armed 
conflict of sovereign 
powers ; the profession of arms ; art of war. — v. i. 
[warred (wawrd), warring.] To contend, strive 
violently, fight; to make war, carry on hostilities, be 
in a state of contest by violence. [ME., OD., and OF. 
werrre (= F. guerre), war, fr. OHG. werra, vexation, 
strife, broil, OHG. and OD. werren, to embroil, bring 
into confusion or disorder ; s. rt. worse, q. v.] — 
War'fare, n. Military service; war; hostilities; con- 
test ; struggle. —Wartlike, a. Fit, or disposed, for 
war; pert, or relating to war; martial; hostile; sol- 
dierly : soldier-like. — War'-cry, n. A cry or signal 
used in war. — dance, n. A dance among savages 
preliminary to 
going to war.— 
-horse, «. A 
horse used in 
war; esp., a 
strong, power- 
ful, s p ir i ted 
horse for milita- 
ry service; a 
c h a r g e_r . — 
-whoop, -hoop, n. 
The shout ut- 
tered by N. 
Amer. Indians in 
war.— War'rior, 
wSr'yer or wSr'- 
rT-Sr, n. One en- 
gaged in or ac- 

whSTa ke s°a ****** War HorBe ' 'M^ned. 
business of, war ; a soldier; champion. [ME. wer* 
reour, OF. guerreiur.] 
Warble, wor'bl, v. t. [warbled (-bid), -bling.] To 
sing in a trilling, quavering, or vibratory manner; 
to trill; to utter musically, carol; to cause to quaver 
or vibrate. — v. i. To be quavered or modulated; to 
be uttered melodiously; to sing in a trilling manner, 
or with many turns and variations, —n. A quavering 
modulation of the voice; a song. [ME. werblen, OF. 
werbler, to quaver with the voice, speak in a high 
tone, G- wirbeln, to whirl, run round, warble; freq. 




sun, cube, full ; moon, i dot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



WARD 



G66 



WARRANT 



of OHG. hwerban, to be busy, set in movement, urge 
on ; s. rt. whirl.} — War'bler, n. One who, or that 
which, warbles; a singer; songster, — applied chiefly 
to birds. 
Ward, wdrd, v. t. To keep in safety, watch, guard; 
to defend, protect; to fend off, repel, turn aside (as 
anything mischievous). — n. Act of guarding ; 
watch; guard; guardianship; one whose business is 
to guard, watch, and defend; state of being under 
guard or guardianship; custody; the condition of a 
child under a guardian; means of guarding; one 
who, or that which, guards; defense; protection; de- 
fender; protector; a guarding or defensive motion 
or position in fencing; one who, or that which, is 
guarded, — as a minor or person under the care of a 
guardian; a certain division or quarter of a town or 
city, under the charge of an alderman; or a division 
of a hospital; a projecting ridge of metal in the inte- 
rior of a lock. [Same as guard; AS. weard, a guard, 
watchman, also a guarding, protection, Ic. vordhr, a 
watchman, watch, G. wart, Goth, wards, a keeper, 
AS. weardian, MHG. warden, to watch, whence 
(through OF. warder, guarder), E. guard, q. v.; s. 
rt. steward, wraith, and see Ware, Waev, below.] 

— Ward'en, wfird'n, n. A keeper; guardian. [ME. 
and OF. wardein, also OF. gardein, LL. gardianus 

— E. guardian.] — Ward'enry, -n-rY, -enstiip, n. Of- 
fice or jurisdiction of a warden. —Ward'' er, n. One 
who wards or keeps; a keeper; guard; a truncheon 
or staff of command, the throwing down of which 
was a solemn act of prohibition to stay proceedings. 

— Ward'robe, re. A room, apartment, or portable 
closet, where clothes are kept, or wearing apparel is 
stored; wearing apparel in general. [ME. and OF. 
warderobe, F. garderobe : see Robe, Rob.] — Ward'- 
room, re. (Naut.) A room occupied as a messroom 
by the commissioned officers of a war-vessel. — 
Ward'ship, re. Office of a ward or keeper; guardian- 
ship; right of guardianship; state of Deing under a 
guardian; pupilage. —Ware, Wa'ry, -rt, a. [-kier; 
-RIEST.] Cautious of danger ; carefully guarding 
against deception, artifices, and dangers; scrupu- 
lous; prudent; circumspect. [ME. war, AS. wser, 
Ic. varr, Goth, wars, wary, G. gewahr, aware, OHG. 
wara, heed, caution; s. rt. Skr. vri, to screen, cover, 
varman, armor, Gr. ouros, a guard, watchman, ho- 
ran, to perceive, look out for, L. vereri, to regard, 
respect, dread, E. aware, beware, warm, garnish, 
garrison, warrant, guarantee, weir, revere, very, 
panorama.] — Wa'riiy, -rt-lT, adv. In a wary man- 
ner; cautiously.— WaHness, n. State or quality of 
being wary ; prudent care to foresee and guard 
against evil; watchfulness; circumspection ; fore- 
sight; care; vigilance; scrupulousness. 

Ware, war, v. t. (Naut.) To wear, veer. [Same as 
Veer.] 

Ware, war, n. Article of merchandise ; the sum of ar- 
ticles of a particular kind or class; esp., in the plu- 
ral, goods; commodities; merchandise. [ME. and 
AS. (2 syl.), fr. AS. warn, protection, guard, cus- 
tody, D. waar, a ware, commodity, OD. waren, to 
keep, guard, Dan. vare, merchandise, also care.] — 
Ware'house, n. ; pi. -houses. A storehouse for 
goods, —v. t. [warehoused, -housing.] To de- 

Eosit or secure in a warehouse ; to place in the ware- 
ouse of the government or custom-house stores, to 
be kept until duties are paid. — Ware'house-man, 
n. ; pi. -men. One who keeps a warehouse; in Eng., 
one who keeps a wholesale shop or store for Man- 
chester or woolen goods. 

Ware, adj. See under Ward. 

Warfare, War-horse, Warlike. See under War. 

Warily, Wariness. See after Wary, under Ward. 

Warlock, wSrlok, n. A male witch; wizard; sprite; 
imp. [AS. wserloga, a traitor, liar, truce-breaker, fr. 
wser (= L. verum), truth, and loga, a liar, fr. leogan 
= E. to lie, q. v.] 

Warm, w6rm, a. Having heat in a moderate degree ; 
not cold ; having the sensation of heat ; glowing ; 
flushed; having a high temperature; subject to heat; 
not cool, indifferent, lukewarm, etc., in spirit or 
temper ; vehement ; excited ; passionate ; ardent ; 
zealous. {Paint.) Having yellow or yellow - red 
for a basis. — v.t. [warmed (w6rmd), warming.] 
To communicate a moderate degree of heat to; to 
make engaged or earnest; to excite interest, ardor, 
or zeal in. — v. i. To become moderately heated, 
ardent, or animated. [D. and G.; AS. wearm, Ic. 
varmr, Dan. and Sw. xmrm, warm, Goth, warnuan, 
to warm; perh. s. rt. Russ. varite, to boil, burn, Lith- 
uan. wertt, to cook, seethe, boil, Skr. weka, a fire- 



brand, L. wlcanus, fire, E. volcano, q. v.] — Wann'- 
ly, adv. In a warm manner; eagerly; earnestly; ar- 
dently. — Warm'-blood'ed, a. Having warm blood; 
— applied esp. to birds and mammals. — -heart'ed, 
a. Possessing lively interest or affection; cordial; 
sincere ; hearty. — warm'ing - pan, n. A pan for 
warming a bed. — Warmth, n. State or quality of 
being warm; gentle heat; a state of lively and ex- 
cited interest; earnestness; eagerness; enthusiasm. 
{Paint.) The glowing effect which arises from the 
use of warm colors, and also from the use of trans- 
parent colors, in the process of glazing. 

Warn, w&rn, v. t. [warned (w&rnd), warning.] To 
make ware or aware, give notice of probable danger 
or evil, admonish, notify or summon by author- 
ity; to caution against anything that may prove in- 
jurious. [AS. wearnian, warnian, to take heed, also 
to warn, fr. wearn, a refusal, denial, obstacle, imped- 
iment, Ic. varn, a defense, Ic. varna, to warn, re- 
fuse, abstain from; cf. ware, wary, under Ward, 
also garment, garnish, etc.] — Warn 'er, n. One who 
warns; an admonisher. — Warning, n. Caution 
against danger, or against faults or practices which 
incur danger, admonition; previous notice. 

Warp, w6rp, v. i. [warped (w6rpt), warping.] To 
turn, twist, or be twisted out of a straight direction, 
as a board in seasoning or by shrinking; to turn or 
incline from a straight, true, or proper course; to 
deviate, swerve; to fly with a bending or waving 
motion. — v. t. To turn or twist out of shape, or out 
of a straight direction; to turn aside from the true 
direction, pervert. (Naut.) To tow or move (a ves- 
sel) with a line or warp attached to buoys, anchors, 
etc. (Ro tie-making.) To run (yarns) off the reel 
into hauls to be tarred.— n. ( Weaving.) The threads 
extended lengthwise in the loom, and crossed by the 
woof. (Naut.) A towing-line; warping-hawser. — 
n. State of being warped or twisted. [AS. wearp, 
a warp, prop. imp. of weorpan, Goth, wairpan, to 
throw, cast, Lithuan. werpti, to spin, Sw. varpa, 
Dan. varpe, to warp a ship, Sw. varp, the draught 
of a net; s. rt. wrap.] — Warping, n. Act or opera- 
tion of one who, or that which, warps; art or occu- 
pation of preparing the warp for weaving. 

Warrant, wor'rant, v. t. To make secure, guaranty 
against harm; to give authority to do or forbear; to 
support by authority or proof, justify; to declare 
with assurance. {Law.) To secure to (a grantee) 
an estate granted; to assure; to indemnify against 
loss; to secure to (a purchaser) the quality or quan- 
tity of the goods sold, as represented; to assure (a 
thing sold) to the purchaser, — that is, to engage 
that the thing is what it appears or is represented to 
be. — n. That which warrants or authorizes ; an 
instrument giving authority, or justifying the do- 
ing of anything. (Law.) A precept authorizing 
an officer to arrest, commit to prison, or execute a 
specified person, to search suspected premises, etc. 
That which vouches or insures for anything; guar- 
anty; security; that which attests or proves; a 
voucher; a writing which authorizes a person to re- 
ceive money or other thing. [ME. and OF. warant, 
also OF. guar ant, gar ant, a warrant, also a support- 
er, protector, OHG. warjan, MHG. wern, weren, to 
protect, lit. to give heed, MHG. war, heed, care: see 
Wary, under Ward; s. rt. garrison, garret, guaran- 
tee.] — Warrantable, a. Authorized by commis- 
sion, precept, or right; justifiable ; defensible. — 
Warlantableness, n.— Warlantably, adv.— War- 
rantee', -te', n. The person to whom land or other 
thing is warranted. — Warranter, -or, n. One who 
warrants, gives authority, or legally empowers; one 
who assures, or covenants to assure; one who con- 
tracts to secure another in a right, or to make good 
any defect of title or quality. — Warranty, -tT, re. 
(Modern Law & Law of Contracts.) An engagement, 
express or implied, that a certain fact regarding the 
subject of a contract is, or shall be, as it is expressly 
or impliedly declared or promised to be. (Insurance 
Law.) A stipulation by a party insured, that certain 
things, relating to the subject of insurance, or affect- 
ing the risk, exist, or shall exist, or have been, or 
shall be done. Security; warrant; guarantee. — v. t. 
To warrant, guaranty. [OF. warantie, later garan- 
tie, orig. fern, of p. p. of warantir, garantir = E. to 
warrant, t guarantee?] — War'ren, n. (Eng. Law.) A 
place privileged, by prescription or grant from the 
king, for keeping certain beasts and fowls; a privi- 
lege which one has in his lands, by royal grant or 
prescription, of hunting and taking wild beasts and 
birds of warren, to the exclusion of any other per- 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t5rm ; Yn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



WARRIOR 



667 



WATCH 



son not entering by his permission. A piece of 
ground for the breeding and preservation of rabbits; 
a place for keeping fish, in a river. (OF. warenne, 
varenne, garenne, fr. OHG. warjan (above), to pro- 
tect, whence OD. vxirande, a park.] — War'rener, n. 
The keeper of a warren. 

Warrior. See under War. 

Wart, wdrt, n. A small, hard, rough, excrescence on 
the skin; anything resembling such an excrescence. 
(Bot.) A glandular excrescence or hardened pro- 
tuberance on plants. [AS. wearte, OD. rvarte, wratte, 
Ic. and Sw. varta, orig. growth, hence an excres- 
cence; s. rt. 




large wart. 

37, a. Havl Wart-hog. 

ing warts; full of, overgrown with, or of the nature 

of, warts. 

War-whoop. See under War. 

Wary. See under Ward. 

Was, woz. The past tense of the substantive verb to 
be, — 1st and 3d pers. sing. — W&st, wost, 2d pers. 
sing. — Were, wer, pi, of was, and imp. svbj. sing, 
and pi. —Wert, wert, 2d pers. sing, of were, used as 
subj. imperf. [AS. wesan, to be (past indie, sing. 
wees, v/asre, wses, pi. wsere, for all persons); D., infln. 
wezen (indie, was, vooart, was, pi. waren, waret, 
wareri); Goth, wisan, to be, remain, dwell (imp. in- 
die, was, wast, was, dual wesu, wesuts, pi. wesum, 
wesuth, wesun) ; 8. rt. Skr. vas, to dwell, remain, 
live, Gr. astu, a dwelling place, city ; s. rt. Wassail, 
west, vernacular.] 

Wash, wosh, v. t. [washed (wosht), washing.] To 
cleanse by ablution, or by dipping or rubbing in wa- 
ter ; to scrub with water, etc. ; to cover with water, 
wet ; to overflow or dash against ; to waste or abrade 
by the force of water in motion ; to remove by wash- 
ing, take away by the action of water; to tint lightly 
and thinly ; to overlay with a thin coat of metal. — v. 
i. To perform the act of ablution; to perform the bus- 
iness of cleansing clothes in water; to bear the opera- 
tion of being washed; to be wasted or worn away by 
the action of water. — n. Act of washing, or ablution; 
a cleansing, wetting, or dashing with water; flow or 
sweep of a body of water; a dashing against, as of 
tide or waves ; the quantity of clothes washed at 
once; a piece of ground washed by the action of a 
sea or river, or sometimes covered and sometimes 
left dry ; the shallowest part of a river or arm of the 
sea; a bog; marsh; fen; substances collected and de- 
posited by the action of water; waste liquor, the ref- 
use of food, etc., from a kitchen. (Distilling.) The 
fermented wort from which the spirit is extracted. 
That with which anything is washed, or wetted, 
smeared, tinted, coated, etc., upon the surface ; a 
cosmetic for the complexion; a liquid dentifrice; a 
preparation for the hair ; a lotion; a thin coat of 
color, spread over spaces of a picture ; a thin coat 
of metal, laid on anything for beauty or preserva- 
tion. (Naut.) The blade of an oar. [AS. wascan, 
toaxan, D. wasschen, G. wascken, to wash ; perh. s. 
rt. Skr. uksh, to sprinkle, wet.] — Wasb/er, n. One 
who, or that which, washes; a 
ring of metal, leather, or 
other material, used to relieve 
friction, to secure tightness of 
joints, or for other purposes. 
— Wasb/ing. n. Act of one 
who washes; ablution; clothes 
washed, esp. those washed at 
one time; wash. — Wasb/y, -T, a. Watery; damp; 
soft; lacking substance or solidity ; watery; weak; 
thin. — Wash'-ball, n. A ball of soap, to be used in 
washing the hands or face. — board, n. A board 
with a fluted or ribbed surface on which clothes are 
rubbed in being waslzed ; a board running round 
the walls of a room, next to the floor ; mop-board. 
[Naut.) A broad, thin plank, fixed on the top of a 




Washer 




boat or other small vessel's side, to prevent the sea 
from breaking over; a piece of plank on the hill of a 
lower deck port, for the same purn. se. — leath'er. 
n. Split sheep-skin dressed with oil, in imitation of 
Chamois; buff leather for regimental belts. — pot, n. 
A pot or vessel in which anything is washed. — 
Wasb/er - wom'an, n.; pi. -wom'en, -wim'en. A 
woman who washes clothes for others, or for hire. 

Wasp, wosp, n. A slender hymenopterous insect, of 
many species, building nests of paper (as the hor- 
net), mud, etc. : the female is armed with a venom- 
ous sting. [AS. wseps, OHG. 
wafsa, xoefsa, Lithuan. wansa, 
L. vespa.] — Wasp'ish, a. Hav- 
ing a slender waist, like a wasp ; 
quick to resent a trifling affront ; 
snappish ; petulant ; irascible ; 
captious. — Wasp'ishly, adv. — 
Wasp'ishnees, n. 

Wassail, wos'sil, n. An ancient 
expression of good wishes on a 
festive occasion, esp. in drinking 
to one ; a festive season ; roister- w 

ing festivity; intemperate indul- Wasp. 

gence; a liquor composed of wine or ale, sugar, nut- 
meg, toast, and roasted apple; a song or glee sung at 
a festive gathering. — v. i. [wassailed (-sild), -sail- 
ing.] To hold a festivity ; esp., one with much 
drinking of healths: to carouse.— a. Of, pert, to, 
or used for, wassail. [ME. dial. (prob. Northum- 
brian) wses hasl, AS. wes hal, be of good health, lit. 
be hale, be of good health; AS. wes, be thou, 2d pers. 
sing, imperative of wesan, to be, and hal = E. hale, 
whole, q. v.] — Was'sailer, -sil-Sr, n. One who drinks 
wassail; a reveler. 

Wast. See under Was. 

Waste, wast, v. t. To bring to ruin, devastate, de- 
stroy ; to wear away by degrees, impair gradually t 
to spread unnecessarily or carelessly, employ prod- 
igally, lavish vainly. (Law.) To damage, impair, 
or injure (an estate) voluntarily, or by suffering the 
buildings, fences, etc., to go to decay; to squander, 
dissipate, lavish, desolate. — v. i. To be diminished, 
grow less, be consumed by any cause, dwindle, —a. 
Desolate; devastated; stripped; bare; dreary; dis- 
mal; lying unused; of no worth; valueless; lost for 
want of occupiers; worthless; unproductive; wild; 
uncultivated. — n. Act of wasting, devastating, des- 
olating, squandering, lavishing, expending unneces- 
sarily, carelessly, etc. ; that which is wasted or des- 
olate ; devastated, uncultivated, or wild country ; 
unoccupied or unemployed space ; desert ; that 
which is of no value; worthless remnant; refuse. 
(Law.) Spoil, destruction, or injury, done to houses, 
woods, fences, lands, etc., by a tenant. rME. and 
OF. wast, later F. gast, desolate, waste, OF. waster, 
gaster, F. gater, OHG. wasten, to lay waste, fr. L. 
vastus, waste, desolate, also vast, fr. vastare, to lay 
waste, devastate ; also AS. weste, OS. wosti, OHG-. 
wuosti, waste, AS. westan, OHG. wuostan, to waste; 
s. rt. vast.]— Wast'er, n. One who wastes, lays waste, 
or devastates ; one who squanders property ; one 
who consumes extravagantly or without use. — 
Waste'ful, -ful, a. Full of waste ; destructive to 
property ; expending property, or that which is 
valuable, without necessity or use ; lavish ; profuse ; 
prodigal ; extravagant. — Waste'fully, adv. — 
Waste'fulness, n. — Waste '-book, n. (Com.) A 
book in which rough entries of transactions are 
made, previous to their being carried into the jour- 
nal. — pipe, k. A pipe for conveying off waste wa- 
ter, etc. 

Watch, woch, n. Act of watching; forbearance of 
sleep; vigil; close observation; guard; preservative 
or preventive vigilance ; formerly, a watching or 
guarding by night; opp. to "ward" (watching or 
guarding by day); one who watches, or those who 
watch; a sentry; guard; post or office of a watch- 
man; place where he is posted; the period of the 
night in which one person, or one set of persons, 
stand as sentinels ; a division of the night ; a small 
timepiece or chronometer, to be carried in the pocket. 
(Naut.) An allotted portion of time, usually 4 hours, 
for watching, or being on dutv; that part of the offi- 
cers and crew of a vessel who together attend to 
working her for an allotted time. — v.i. To be 
awake, be or continue without sleep, keep vigil; 
to be attentive or vigilant, be on the lookout, keep 
guard; to be expectant, wait, seek opportunity; to 
remain awake with any one as nurse or attendant. 
(Naut.) To float on the surface of the water, a6 a 



6Qn. cube, full ; moon. fot>t : cow, oil : linger or ink, then. boNboN. chair, get. 



WATER 



668 WATER 



buoy. — V. t. [WATCHED (WOCht), WATCHING.] To 

give heed to, keep in view, not lose from sight and 
observation ; to tend, guard, have in keeping. [AS. 
waecce, a watch, wacmn, to watch, wacan = E. to 
wake, q. v.] — Watch ana watch. An arrangement 
by which the watches are alternated every 4 hours. 

— Dog' -watch. (Naut.) A watch of 2 hours, of 
which there are 2, one fr. 4 to 6, the other fr. 6 to 8 
p. m. — Watcb/er, n. One who watches ; esp.. one 
who attends upon the sick during the night.— 
Watcb/ful, -ful, a. Full of watch ; careful to ob- 
serve; vigilant"; cautious; observant; circumspect; 
wakeful; heedful. — Watcb/fully, adv. — Watch'- 
fulness, n. State or quality of being watchful ; in- 
disposition to sleep; careful and diligent observation 
for the purpose of preventing or escaping danger, 
or of avoiding mistakes and misconduct. — Watch'- 
man, n. ; pi. -men. One set to watch ; a sentinel ; 
one who guards the streets of a city or a building by 
night. — dog, n. A dog kept to guard premises or 
property, and to give notice of the approach of in- 
truders. house, n. A house in which a watch or 

guard is placed; a police station; a place where per- 
bons under temporary arrest by the police of a city 
are kept; a lock-up. — light, -lit, n. A light used for 
watching or sitting up in the night; esp., a candle 
formerly used for this purpose, having a rush wick. 
— night, n. The last night of the year, — observed 
by Wesleyans, Moravians, and others, who observe 
it by holding religious meetings to watch till the end 
of the old year.— -tow'er, n. A tower on which a sen- 
tinel is placed to 
watch for enemies 
or the approach of 
danger, — word, n. 
The word given to 
sentinels, and to 
such as have occa- 
sion to visit the 
guards, used as a 
signal by which a 
friend is known 
from an enemy ; a 
countersign; pass- 
word. 

Water, waw'tgr, n. 
The fluid which de- 
scends from the 
clouds in rain, and 
"hich forms rivers, 
lakes, seas, etc. ; a 
body of water, 

standing or flowing; one of various liquid secretions, 
humors, etc., — so named from their resemblance to 
water; esp., urine; the color or luster of a diamond. 

— v. t. [watered (-tgrd), -tering.] To wet or over- 
flow with water, irrigate; to supply with water for 
drink; to wet and calender (cloth), so as to impart to 
it a lustrous appearance in wavy lines; to increase in 
apparent bulk, without adding to the real value, — 
as, to water stock, to issue new stock on pretense that 
the profits warrant such increase.— v. i. To fill with 
or shed water or liquid matter; to get or take in wa- 
ter; to grow moist when something excites the appe- 
tite—said of the mouth. TME. and D.; AS. wseter, 
G. wasser, Gr. hudor, L. unda, Russ. voda, Skr. udan, 
water; s. rt. wet.] — To make water. To pass urine. 
(iVairf.) To admit water, leak. — To make the mouth 
water. A phrase denoting that something produces 
a longing desire, the sight or odor of food often caus- 
ing an increased flow of saliva. — Wa'terer, n. One 
who waters. — Wa'terman, n. ; pi. -men. One who 
manages water-craft; a boatman; ferryman. — Wa'- 
tery, -t5r-T, a. Resembling water; thin or transpar- 
ent, as a liquid; abounding in thin, tasteless, or in- 
sipid fluid; abounding with water, wet; of, pert, to, 
or consisting of, water; aqueous; humid; damp. — 
Wa'teriness, n. — Wa'terish, a. Resembling water; 
thin; watery; somewhat watery; moist. — Wa'ter- 
ishness, n. — Wa'ter back, n. An iron chamber or a 
coil of pipes at the back of a cooking stove or range, 
through which water, when heated, is passed into the 
reservoir. — -bail'iff, -ba'lif, n. An officer of the cus- 
toms, in Eng. for searching ships. — bear'er, n. (As- 
tron.) A sign of the zodiac, and the constellation 
from which it is named; Aquarius. — brash, n. (Pa- 
thol.) A disease characterized by burning pain in the 
stomach, with eructations of an acrid fluid; pyrosis. 
— -cart, n. A cart hearing water; esp., one by means 
of which water is sprinkled, as in the streets, etc. — 
•cement, -sem'ent or -se - ment', n. Hydraulic ce- 




Watch-tower. 




ment. — closet, n. A privy; esp., a privy furnished 
with a contrivance for introducing a stream of water 
to cleanse it. — -col'or, n. (.Paint.) A color ground 
with water and gum or size; a color the vehicle of 
which is water. — course, n. A stream of water; a 
river or brook; a channel or canal for the conveyance 
of water, esp. in draining lands. cress, n. A har- 
dy, pungent, aquatic perennial plant of the nastur- 
tium family, of several species, growing in running 
streams, etc., and used as a salad plant and an an- 
tiscorbutic. — cure.w. (Med.) Mode 
or system of treating diseases with 
water; hydropathy, — applied also to 
an establishment where such treat- 
ment is employed. — -dog, n, A dog 
accustomed to the water; esp., a vari- 
ety of the common dog, generally of 
a Tblack color, with some white, re- 
markable for its aquatic habits, which 
render it valuable to sportsmen ; a 
small floating cloud, supposed to in- 
dicate rain; a sailor. — fall, n. A fall 
or perpendicular descent of the water 
of a river or stream; a cascade; cata- 
ract; a kind of female head-dress or 
arrangement of the long hair at the 
back of the head. — -fowl, n. A bird 
that frequents the water, or lives 
about rivers, lakes, etc., or on or near 
the sea ; an aquatic fowl. — -gauge, 
•gage, -gaj, n. An instrument for 
measuring or ascertaining the depth 
or quantity of water, as in the boiler 
of a steam-engine. — -gild'ing, n. The 
gilding of metallic surfaces Dy cover- 
ing them with a thin coating of amal- 
gam of gold, and then volatilizing the '■ 
mercury by heat. — gru'el, n. A liq- water-gauge, 
uid food, composed of water and a small portion of 
meal, or other farinaceous substance boiled, —-hog, 
n. A large, ro- 
dent, fish and 

vegetable eat- /^liBSk^Vf/yM^ 
ing, aquatic - 
quadruped of S. 
Amer., allied to 
the guinea pig; 
thecabiai;capy- 
bara. — ice, n. 
A preparation of 
water and sugar, 
flavored and fro- 
ze n, like ice- 
cream; a sher- 
bet.— -level, 
n. The level 
f o r m e d by the 
surface of s t i 1 1 Water-hog. 

water; a leveling 

instrument in which water is employed for deter- 
mining the horizontal line. — -lil'y, n. An aquatic 
plant, of several genera and species, most of which 
have beautiful, and usually very fragrant, flowers, 
and large, floating leaves. — line, n. (Want.) A hor- 
izontalline supposed to be drawn about a ship's bot- 
tom at the surface of the water. — logged, -logd, a. 
{Naut.) Rendered log-like, heavy, or clumsy in 
movement, in consequence of being filled with wa- 
ter. — mark, n. A mark indicating the height to 
which water has risen, or at which it has stood; the 
usual limit of high or low water; a letter, device, etc., 
wrought into paper during the process of manufac- 
ture. — mel'on. n. A cucurbitaceous plant of many 
varieties, and its pulpy fruit, which abounds with a 
sweetish watery juice. — mill, n. A mill whose ma- 
chinery is moved by water. — ou'sel, -oo'zl, n. (Or- 
nith.) An aquatic bird; the dipper. See Ousel.— 
-pot, n. A vessel for holding or conveying water, or 
for sprinkling water on cloth in bleaching, or on 
plants, etc. — pow'er, n. The power of water em- 
ployed to move machinery, etc. ; a fall of water 
which may be used to drive machinery ; a source 
of power from water; a place where water may be 
readily used to drive machinery. — privilege, n. 
The right to use water for mills, or to drive ma- 
chinery ; a stream of water capable of being em- 
ployed to drive machinery, as for a mill. — proof, a. 
Impervious to water; so firm and compact as not tt 
admit water. — proofing, n. A substance or prepa- 
ration for rendering anything, as cloth, leather, etc.. 
impervious to water. — -proof, n. Cloth rendered 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, or ; 



WATTLE 



669 



WAY 




■water-proof; an outer garment made of rubber or 
water-proof cloth. — ram, n. A machine by means of 
which water is raised by the 
momentum of a larger stream 
than the one which is raised; 
a hydraulic ram. See Hy- 
draulic Ram. — rot, v. t. To 
rot by steeping in water. — 
-shed, rt. A crest of land be- 
tween 2 river-basins, etc., 
marking the limit from which 
water flows in opposite direc- 
tions ; the country or basin 
drained by any stream of wa- 
ter and its tributaries. — soak, 
v. t. To soak in water ; to fill 
the interstices of with water. 

spout, n. A meteorological 

phenomenon, of the nature of 
a tornado or whirlwind, usu- 
ally observed over the sea. — 
-tight, a. So tight as not to Water-spout, 

admit water or to suffer it to escape; not leaky.— 
-wheel, n. Any wheel for pro- 
pelling machinery or other pur- 
poses, that is made to rotate by 
the direct action of water ; — 
called an orerskot-wheel when 
the water is applied at the top, 
an undershot-xcheel when at the 
bottom, a breast-wheel when at 
an intermediate point, and a tur- 
bine-wheel, when its axis is ver- 
tical, and the water acts upon 
different sides of the wheel at Overshot-wheel. 
the same 
time : see 
T u R- 

BINE. — 

•work, n. 
A hy- 
draulic 
ma- 
chine; 

or collec- Undershot-wheel 





Breast-wheel. 



tion of works, by which a supply of water is fur- 
nished for useful or ornamental purposes, — chiefly 
in pi. — Wa'tering-place, n. A place where water 






maybe obtained, as for a ship, for cattle, etc.; a place 



to which 



le resort for mineral water, or for the 



use of water m any way, as bathing, drinking, etc. 

Watt, w5t, n. 'Elec.) The electrical unit of power. 
One horse power is nearly equal to 746 watts. [Fr. 
the scientist, James Watt.] 

Wattle, wot/tl, n. A twig or flexible rod; a hurdle 
made of such rods; a rod laid on a roof to support 
the thatch; the fleshy excrescence that grows under 
the throat of a cock or turkey, or a like substance on 
a fish.— v. t. [wattled (-tld), -tling.] To bind 
with twigs; to twist or interweave (twigs) one with 
another; to plat: to form of platted twigs. [Same as 
wallet, q. v.; AS. watel, a hurdle, covering, in ME., 
a bag, watelen, to wattle, twist together, strengthen 
with hurdles.] 

Waul, wawl, v. i. To cry as a cat; to squall. [Onomat; 
same as wail and woe.} 

Wave, wav, n. An advancing ridge or swell on the 
surface of a liquid; an undulation; billow; surge; 
breaker. {Physics.) A state of vibration propagated 
from particle to particle through a body or elastic 
medium, as in the transmission of sound- Water; 
anything resembling a wave in character, action, or 
appearance; inequality of surface; the undulating 
line or streak of luster on cloth watered and calen- 
dered; a waving or undulating motion; inequality; 
unevenness.— v. i. [waved (wavd), wavlvg.1 To 
move loosely one way and the other; to undulate, 
fluctuate, flutter; to be moved, as a signal, — v. t. 
To raise into inequalities of surface; to move one 
way and the other, brandish; to signal by a waving 
motion, beckon. [AS. vjafian, to waver in mind, 
wonder at a thing, wsefre, wavering, restless, 1c. 
vafra, to waver, vafl, hesitation, vafa, to swing, 
vibrate, MHG. waben, G. weben, to wave, flic" late; 
AIE. waive, Ic. ragr, G. ivone, a wave: s. rt. wag.} — 
Wav'y, -T, a. Rising or swelling in waves: playing 
to and fro: undulating. — Wave'less. a. Free Irom 
waves; undisturbed; unagitated. — Wave'let. n. A 
little wave; ripple. — Wave'-cf 'fering. n. An offer- 
ing in the Jewish services by waving the object to- 



ward the 4 cardinal points. — Wa'ver, v. i. [-veked 
(-verd), -vering.] To play or move to and fro; to 
be unsettled in opinion; to fluctuate, reel, vacillate. 
[ME. waveren, fr. AS. wxfre, restle.ss, lc. vafra, to 
hover about; freq of wave.} — Wa'verer, n. 
Wax, waks, n. A solid, tenacious, easily molded sub- 
stance, produced by bees for making the cells of their 
"comb;" any substance resembling wax in consist- 
ency or appearance; as, a thick, tenacious substance, 
secreted in the ear; a wax-like composition used for 
uniting surfaces, or for excluding air, etc.; a com- 
position used by shoemakers or rubbing their 
thread. (Bot.) A wax-like product secreted by cer- 
tain plants. (Min.) A substance, found in connec- 
tion with certain deposits of rock-salt and coal. — v. 
t. [inyi. waxed (wakst); p.p. waxed or waxen; 
waxing.] To smear, rub, or treat with wax. [AS. 
wear, lc. and Sw. vox, G. wachs, wax; peril, s. rt. L. 
viscum, birdlime, E. viscid, q. v., under Viscera.] — 
Wax'en, waks'n, a. Made of, or like, wax; soft; 



Wax'inesa, n. 




Wax-wing. 



yielding; covered with 
Wax'y, -T, a. Re- 
sembling wax in 
appearance or con- 
sistency ; viscid ; 
adhesive ; soft; 
yielding ; pliable. 
— Wax'-can'dle, n. 
A candle made of 

wax. wing, n. 

A bird, about 6 or 

8 inches long: there 

are several species, 

most of which have 

small, ovaL, horny 

appendages on the 

secondaries of the 

wings, of the color 

of red sealing-wax. 

— work, n. Work 

made of wax; esp., 

a figure or figures 

formed of wax, in 

imitation of real beings. — Waxed'-end, n. A thread 

pointed with a bristle and covered with shoemaker'* 

wax, used in sewing leather, as for boots, shoes, etc. 

Wax, waks, v. i. To increase in size, grow, become 
larger or fuller; to pass from one state to another, 
become. [AS. weaxan, Ic. and Sw. vaxa, G. wach- 
sen : Gr. auxanein, Skr. vaksh, to grow; s. rt. Skr. 
vaj, to strengthen, L. augere, to increase, vigere, to 
flourish, E. waist, q. v.] 

Way, wa, n. A moving; passage; progression; that by 
which one passes or progresses; road or path of any 
kind; length of space; distance; interval; course, or 
direction of motion or progress; means by which 
anything is reached or accomplished; scheme; de- 
vice ; manner ; method ; mode ; fashion ; regular 
course; habitual method of life or action; determined 
course ; resolved mode of action or conduct. (Naut.) 
Progress ; motion, pi. The timbers on which a 
ship is launched. [AS., D., and G. weg, Ic. vegr, L. 
via, a way, Skr. vaha, a road, vah, to carry; s. rt. 
wain, vehicle, always, lengthways, etc.] — By the way. 
In passing; apropos; aside, as a thing apart from, 
though connected with, the main object or subject. 
—By w. of. As for the purpose of; as being; in char- 
acter of. — In the family w. Pregnant; witli child. — 
In the w. In a position, or of a character to obstruct, 
hinder, etc. — In tfie w. of. In a favorable position 
for doing, getting, meeting, etc. — Out of the to. So 
as not to fall in with, obstruct, or hinder; apart; 
aside; astray ; not in the proper place or course ; 
away from the usual or regular course or beaten 
track; odd; unusual; wrong. — Right of w. 'Law.) 
A right of private passage over another's ground. — 
To be under io., to hare w. (Xaut.) To be in motion, 
as when a ship begins to move. — To aire w. To 
recede, make room, yield, concede the place or 
opinion to another, (yaut.) To row or ply the oars 
vigorously. — To make one's u\ To advance in life 
by efforts", advance successfully.— To makew. To 
give room for passing, or to make a vacancy. — 
Way'-bill, n. A list oi passengers in a public vehi- 
cle, or of the baggage or amount of goods trans- 
ported by it. — mark, n. A mark to guide in trav- 
eling. — side, n. The edge or border of a road or 
path. — sta'tdon, n. An intermediate station on a 
line of travel, esp. on a railroad. — Way'farer, 
-far-er, n. A traveler; passenger. — Way'faring, cu 
Traveling; passing; being on a journey. [AS. weg' 



eQn, cube, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



WAYWODE 



670 



WEATHER 



ferend; ferend, p. pr. of feran, to fare, travel: see 
Fare, v. i.] — Waylay, v. t. [-laid (-lad), -laying.] 
To lie in wait for; to watch insidiously in the way 
of, with a view to seize, rob, or slay. — Way'layer, 
n. — Way' ward, a. Liking one's own way; full of 
humors; froward; perverse; willful. [ME. weiward, 
for aweiwardes, in a direction away from.] — Way'- 
wardly, adv. — Way'wardness, n. 

Waywode, wa'wod, n. A military commander in va- 
rious Slavonic countries,— afterward applied to gov- 
ernors of towns or provinces; in Russia a high mili- 
tary title. [P -1. & Russ. woyewoda, f r. Russ. woi, an 
army, and wodity, to lead.] 

We, we, pron. ;pl. of I. [poss. our or ours; dbj. us.ll 
and others; a number m whom I am included. [We 
is often used by individuals, as authors, editors, etc., 
in speaking of themselves, to avoid the appearance 
of egotism in the too frequent repetition of I: the 
plural style is also in use among sovereigns.] [AS.; 
D. wij, Dan. and Sw. vi, G. wir, Goth, weis.] 

Weak, wek, a. Wanting physical strength; as, feeble, 
infirm, sickly, exhausted; not able to sustain a great 
weight; easily broken or separated into pieces; not 
compact; not stiff; pliant; frail; soft; easily subdued 
or overcome ; lacking force of utterance or sound ; 
low; small; feeble; of less than the usual strength or 
spirit; or, lacking ability for an appropriate function 
or office; not possessing or manifesting intellectual, 
logical, moral, or political strength, vigor, etc., as, 
feeble of mind; spiritless; unwise; injudicious; fool- 
ish; not having full confidence or conviction; not 
able to withstand temptation, urgency, persuasion, 
etc.; not having power to convince; not supported 
by force of reason or truth; wanting in point or vig- 
or of expression; not prevalent or effective, or not 
felt to be prevalent; feeble; not wielding or having 
authority or energy; deficient in the resources es- 
sential to a ruler or nation. {Stock Exchange.) Tend- 
ing towards lower prices, — as, a weak market. [AS. 
wac, D. week, G. weich, pliant, tender, weak, AS. 
wican, to give way ; s. rt. wick, wicker.'] — Weak verbs. 
(Gram.) Verbs which form their past tenses and 
passive participles by adding -ed or -t, and not by a 
change of vowel in the stem. — Weakling, n. A 
weak or feeble creature. — Weakly, -It, adv. In a 
weak manner ; feebly ; with little strength. — a. 
[-lier; -liest.] Not strong of constitution; infirm. 
— Weak'ness, n. State or quality of being weak; 
want of physical strength; want of sprightliness or 
force, of steadiness or resolution, of moral force or 
effect upon the mind, or of judgment; weak trait or 
characteristic; defect; failing; fault; feebleness; de- 
bility; languor; imbecility; infirmity; decrepitude; 
frailty; f aintness. — Weak'en, wek'n, v. t. [-ened 
(-nd), -ening.] To make weak, lessen the strength 
of, debilitate, enfeeble, enervate ; to reduce in 
strength or spirit. [ME. iveken, AS. wsecan, wacian.] 
— Weak'ener, -n-gr, n. He who, or that which, 
weakens. 

Weal, wel, n. A sound, healthy, or prosperous state 
of a person or thing ; prosperity ; happiness. [AS. 
and OHG. wela, Dan. vel, OHG. wela, ivola, wolo, 
G. wohl, welfare, lit. well-being, fr. AS. wel, well 

". q- * 

Wealden, weld'n, a. (Geol.) Of, or pert, to, the up- 
per part of the oSlitic series. [ME. wald, wseld = E. 



(adv.); s. rt. wealth, well, q. v.] 

:~ >D Of, 

•er part of the oShtic ser 

void, q. v., confused with wild, — this formation oc- 
curring in the wselds or woods of Kent and Sussex, 

Wealth, welth, n. Large possession of money, goods, 
or land ; riches ; affluence ; opulence ; abundance. 
[ME. welthe (2 syl.), fr. wele, weal, D. weelde, lux- 
ury, fr. wel(a,dv.), well: see Weal.] — Wealth'y, 
-t, a. [-IER ; -IEST.] Having wealth, or large pos- 
sessions in lands, goods, money, or securities, or 
larger than the generality of men; opulent; affluent; 
rich. — The wealthy. Persons of the richer class. — 
Wealth'ily, adv. — Wealth'iness, n. 

Wean, wen, v. t. [weaned (wend), weaning.] To 
accustom and reconcile to a want or deprivation of 
the breast or the mother's milk; to detach or alien- 
ate (the affections) from any object of desire. [AS. 
wenian, D. ivennen, to accustom, AS. awenian, D. 
afwennen, to disaccustom, wean; s. rt. Ic. vani, OHG. 
giwona = E. wont, custom.] — Wean'ling, n. A child 
or animal newly weaned. 

Weapon, wep'un, n. An instrument of offensive or 
defensive combat ; something to fight with ; that 
with which one contends against another. [AS. 
wsepn, Ic. vapn, Goth, wepna, a weapon ; s. rt. AS. 
a full-grown man, a husband, Skr. vap, to 



procreate.]— Weaponless, a. Having no weapon ; 
unarmed. 

Wear, war, v. t. [imp. wore ; p. p. worn ; wear- 
ing.] To carry or bear upon the person, as an arti- 
cle of clothing, decoration, warfare, etc. ; to have 
on ; to have or exhibit an appearance of ; to con- 
sume by use, use up ; to impair, waste, or diminish, 
by continual attrition, scraping, percussion, etc.; to 
cause or occasion by friction or wasting; to affect by 
degrees. — v. i. To endure or suffer use; to bear the 
consequences of use, as waste, consumption, or at- 
trition ; to suffer injury by use or time ; to be con- 
sumed by slow degrees. — n. Act of wearing, or state 
of being worn ; consumption by use ; thing worn; 
style of dress ; the fashion. [ME. weren, AS. and 
OHG. werian, Ic. verja, to wear, Goth, ivasjan, to 
clothe; s. rt. vest ; distinct fr. AS. werian, Ic. verja, 
to defend.] — Wear and tear. The loss by wearing, 
as of machinery in use; injury to which anything is 
subject by use, accident, etc. — Wear'able, a. Ca- 
pable of being, or suitable to be, worn. — Wear'er, n. 
One who wears or carries as appendant to the body; 
that which wastes or diminishes. 

Wear, war, v. t. (Naut.) To put (a ship) on another 
tack by turning her round, with the stern toward 
the wind; to veer. [Same as veer, q. v.] 

Wear, wer, n. A dam in a river to stop and raise the 
water, for conducting it to a mill, for taking fish, 
etc. ; a fence of stakes or twigs set in a stream for 
catching fish. [Same as iveir, q. v.] 

Weary, we'ri, a. [-rier ; -riest.] Having the 
strength exhausted by toil or exertion ; tired ; fa- 
tigued ; causing weariness ; tiresome ; irksome ; 
wearisome. — v. t. [wearied (-rid), -rying.] To 
reduce or exhaust the physical strength or endur- 
ance of; to make impatient by continuance; to har- 
ass by anything irksome ; to jade, tire, fatigue, dis- 
pirit. — v. i. To grow tired, become exhausted or 
impatient. [ME. weri, AS. werig, OS. worig, OHG. 
worag, weary, tired ; s. rt. AS. worian. to wander, 
travel, orig. to tramp over wet ground, fr. wor, a 
moor, swamp, prob. same as wos, ooze, mire ; s. rt. 
Ic. vas, ooze, wetness, toil, fatigue, viesta, worn out 
by wet or toil, vasla, to wade, E. ooze.] — To weary 
out. To subdue or exhaust by fatigue, importunity, 
or anything irksome. — Wea'riless, a. Incapable of 
being wearied. — Wea'rily, -rT-lY, adv. In a weary 
manner.— Wea'riness, n. — Wea'risome, -rT-sum, a. 
Causing weariness; irksome; tiresome: tedious; fa- 
tiguing; annoying; vexatious.— Wea'risomely, adv. 
— Wea'risomeness, n. 

Weasand, we'zand, n. The windpipe; canal through 
which air passes to and from the lungs ; throttle. 
[AS. wasend, OFries. ivasende, MHG. tueisant ; perh. 
s. rt. wheeze.] 

Weasel, we'zl, n. A small carnivorous quadruped, 
about 6 inches in 
length, with a tail 
about 2 inches long: it 
is remarkable for its 
slender form and agile 
movements. [AS. we- 
sle,D. wezel, Ic. visla, 
G. wiesel ; perh. s. rt. 
wizen.] 
Weather, weth'gr, n. 
The state or condition 
of the atmosphere 
with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, 
calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness, or other me- 
teorological conditions. — v. t. [weathered (-erd), 
-ering.] To expose to the air; to air, season by ex- 
posure to air. (Naut.) To sail to the windward of; 
to pass between the wind and. To sustain the try- 
ing effect of; to endure, resist. [AS. and D. weder, 
0&G. ivetar, weather, Lithuan. wetra, a storm ; 
perh. s. rt. Goth, waian, Skr. va, to blow, E. wind, 
q. v.]— Weath'ered, -erd, a. (Arch.) Made sloping, 
so as to throw off water. (Geol.) Having the sur- 
face altered in color, texture, or composition, or the 
edges rounded off by_exposure to the elements.— 
Weath'er-beat'en, -bet'n, a. Beaten or harassed 

by, or worn by exposure to, the weather. board. 

n. (Naut.) That side of a ship which is toward the 
wind. (Arch.) A board used in weather-boarding 
houses, etc. — v. t. (Arch.) To nail boards upon sa 
as to lap one over another, in order to exclude rain, 
snow, etc. —-bound, a. Delayed by bad weather.— 
-breed'er, n. A fine day which is supposed to pre- 
sage foul weather. — cock, re. A vane, or weather- 
vane, — orig. often in the figure of a cock ; any 




Weasel. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gad. eve. term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, 



WEAVE 



671 



WEIGH 



thing or person that turns easily and frequently. — 
-gage, n. Position of a ship to the windward of an- 
other ; a position of advantage or superiority. — 
-glass, n. An instrument to indicate the state of the 
atmosphere, esp. changes of atmospheric pressure, 
and of the weather. — -mold in g, -moulding, n. 
(Arch.) A canopy or cornice over doors or windows, 
to throw off the rain. — proof, a. Proof against 
rough weather.— -report', n. In the U. S., the daily 
report of meteorological observations, and of proba- 
ble changes in the weather, published by the gov- 
ernment. — strip, n. A strip of wood, rubber, etc., 
covering the crack between an outer door or win- 
dow and the threshold or casing, to exclude cold 
air, rain, snow, etc. wise, a. Skillful in foresee- 
ing the changes or state of the weather. 

Weave, wev, v. t. [imp. wove (wov); p. p. woven or 
wove; weaving.] To unite (threads of any kind) 
in such a manner as to form a texture; to unite in- 
timately, or by close connection or intermixture; to 
form (cloth) by interlacing threads; to form into a 
fabric, compose. — v. i. To practice weaving, work 
with a loom; to become woven or interwoven. (AS. 
wefan (imp. wsef, p. p. wefen), D. weven, G. iveben; 
s. rt. Gr. huphe, a web, hupkanein, to weave, Skr. 
urnavabhis, a spider, lit. a wool-weaver, i>o, ve, vap, 
to weave, Lith. woras, a spider ; s. rt. web, weft, 
woof, wafer J] — Weav'er, n. One who weaves. 
(Ornith.) A passerine 
bird of Africa and 
the E. Indies, which 
constructs nests, oft- 
en pensile, by inter- 
weaving twigs and 
fibers. (Entom.) An 
aquatic insect, the 
whirligig, q. v. 

Weazen, we'zn, a. %^| 
Thin ; sharp ; with- M^k. 
ered; wizened. [See ?m 
Wizen.] 

Web, web, n. That 
which is woven ; a 
whole piece or bolt of 
cloth; the warp in a loom; tex- 
ture; textile fabric; a network 
of very fine thread spun by a 
spider; a cobweb; anything re- 
sembling a web of cloth or a 
cobweb; an opaque film cover- 
ing the cornea of the eye. (0r- 
nith.) The membrane which 
unites the toes of many water-fowls.— v. t. [webbed 
(webd), webbing.] To unite or surround with a 
web, or as if with a web; to envelop, entangle. [ME. 
and D. web, also webbe, AS. ivebb, Ic. vefr, OHG. 
weppi, a web, ME. webbe, AS. webba, a weaver : see 
Weave.]— Webbed, webd, a. Having the toes united 
by a membrane, or web. — Web'bing, n. A strong 
and narrow fabric of hemp, used lor suspenders, 
straps, etc., and for supporting the seats of stuffed 
chairs, sofas, etc. — Web'-foot, n. ; pi. -feet. A foot 
the toes of which are connected by a membrane. — 
-foot'ed. a. Having webbed feet; palmiped. 

Wed, wed, v. t. To take for husband or for wife; to 
marry ; to join in marriage, give in wedlock ; to 
unite closely in affection, connect indissolubly or 
strongly. — v. i. To contract matrimony, marry. 
[ME. wedden, AS. weddian, to pledge, engage, AS. 
wed, a pledge, D. wedden, Ic. vedhja, to wager, fr. 
OD. wedde, Ic. vedh, a pledge, pawn, Goth, gawad- 
jon, to pledge, betroth, fr. wadi, a pledge; s. rt. Lith- 
uan. wadoti, to redeem a pledge, L. vas, vadis, a 
pledge, Skr. vadhu, a bride ; s. rt. wage, wager, 
gage, engage.] — Wed'ded, a. Of, or pert, to, wed- 
lock or marriage.— Wed'ding, n. Nuptial ceremony; 
nuptial festivities ; marriage ; nuptials. [AS. wed- 
dung.]— Diamond wedding. The 60th anniversary 
of a marriage, when husband and wife are both liv- 
ing, when presents of diamonds are made. — Golden 
w. The 50th anniversary. — Silver w. The 25th an- 
niversary. — China w. The 20th anniversary. — 
Crystal w. The 15th anniversary. — Tin w. The 
10th anniversary. — Wooden w. The 5th anniversary. 
— Wedlock, n. Marriage : matrimony. [AS. med- 
iae; lac, a sport, gift in token of pleasure. — orig. a 
present given to a Dride the morning after marriage; 
cf . G. morgengabe, a nuptial (lit. morning) gift.] 

Wedge, wei, n. A piece of metal, or other hard mate- 
rial, thick at one end and sloping to a thin edge at 
the other, used in splitting wood, rocks, etc., — one 




Weaver, 
Bird and Nest. 




witli 

a wedge 
forces 

wedge; to fasten with a wedge, or with nr'j-. 
wedges. [AS. wecg, a mass of metal, D. YTea ee. 
wig, wigge, OHG. uekki, weggi, a wedge; s. rt. wag.'] 
Wedlock. See under Wed. 

Wednesday, wenz'dl, n. The 4th day of the week. 
[AS. Wodnes dsea, Woden's day; AS. Woden (= Ic. 
Odhinn, OHG. Wodan), lit. the furious, the mighty 
warrior, fr. wod, Goth, wods, raging, mad.] 
Weed, wed, n. Any plant that is useless, troublesome, 
noxious, or grows where it is not wanted; whatever 
is unprofitable or troublesome; anything useless; to- 
bacco (with the definite article). — v. t. To free from 
weeds or noxious plants ; to take away (noxious 
plants); to free from anything hurtful or offensive. 
[AS. weod, OS. wiod, a weed, LG. woden (pi.), stalks 
and leaves of turnips, D. wieden, LG. weden, to 
weed.] — Weed'er, n.— Weed'y, -Y. a. [-ier; -iest.] 
Relating to, consisting of , or abounding with, weeds; 
scraggy, ill-shaped, ungainly — said of horses, also 
of persons. 
Weed, wed, n. A garment; clothing; esp., an upper 
or outer garment; an article of dress worn in token 
of grief ; esp., in pi., mourning garb. [AS. wsede, 
OFries. wede, a garment, habit, Ic. vadh, a piece of 
cloth, garment, OHG. wut, wot, clothing, armor; s. 
rt. Goth, gawidan, OHG. wetan, to bind. Zend. 
vadh, to clothe, E. weave, wind, wad, wattle.'] 
Week, wek, n, A period of 7 days, usually that reck- 
oned from one Sunday to the next. [AS. wice, 
ivicu, D. week, OHG. wecha, MHG. and G. woche, 
Ic.inka; perh. s. rt. Ic. vikja, to turn, return.] — 
Week'-day, n. Any day of the week except Sun- 
day. — Week'ly, a. Pert, to a week, or to week- 
days; happening, or done, once a week; hebdoma- 
dary. — n. A publication issued onoe a week. — adv. 
Once a week; by hebdomadal periods. 
Ween, wen, v. i. To think, imagine, fancy. [AS. 
wenan, to imagine, hope, expect, fr. wen, expecta- 
tion, hope, Ic. vana, Goth, ivenjan, to expect, Ic. 
van, Goth, wens, expectation; s. rt. win.] 
Weep, wep, v. i. [wept, weeping.] To show grief or 
other passions by shedding tears; to shed tears, cry; 
to lament, complain; to flow or run in drops; to drop 
water, drip, be very wet; to hang the branches, as if 
in sorrow; to droop. — v. t. To lament, bewail, be- 
moan; to shed or pour forth (tears); to shed drop 
by drop, as if tears ; to spend or consume in tears or 
weeping. [AS. wepan, fit. to cry aloud, fr. wop, a 
clamor, outcry, OS. wopian, to raise an outcry, Goth. 
wopjan, to cry out, OHG. wuofan, to lament, weep, 
wuof, an outcry ; s. rt. Skr. vac, to cry, howl, E. 
voice.] — Weep'er, n. One who weeps; a white cuff 
on a black dress. — Weep'ing -willow, n. A species 
of willow whose 
branches grow 
very long and 
slender, and 
hang down 
nearly in a per- 
pendicular di- 
rection. 
Weevil, we'vl, n. 
A small coleop- 
t e r o u s snout- 
bearing in s e c t 
of 355 genera 
and nearly 4,000 
species; these lit- 
tle beetles are 
very injurious 
to vegetation 
and vegetable 
products. [AS. ; 
wifel, OD. vjevel, 
OHG. icibil.] 

Weft, weft, n. The woof of cloth; the threads that cross 
the warp from selvage to selvage ; a thing woven. 
[AS. weft, wefta, fr. wefan = E. to weave, q. v.] 
Weigh, wa, v. t. [weighed (wad), weighing.] To 
bear up, raise, lift (esp. an anchor) so that it hangs 
in the air; to examine by the balance, ascertain the 
weight of; to be equivalent to in weight; to coun- 
terbalance; to pay, allot, or take by weight; to pon- 
der in the mind, estimate deliberately and mature- 




Weeping-willow. 



sun, cnbe, full : moon, f<5ot ; cow, oil * linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



WEIR 



672 



WEND 



ly. — v. i. To have weight, be heavy; to be consid- 
ered as important; to bear heavily, press hard. — n. 
A certain quantity estimated by weight; an Eng. 
measure of weight. [AS. wegan, to carry, bear, lift, 
also {v. i.) to move, D. wegen, G. waegen, to weigh, 
wegen, to move, OHG. wegan, to move, bear, weigh; 
a. rt. Skr. vah, L. vehere, to carry: see Vehicle ; E. 
wag, wagon, wain, wight, whit.] — Weigb/able, a. 
Capable of being weighed. — Weigh' er, n. One 
who weighs; an officer whose duty it is to weigh 
commodities. —Weight, wat, n. The quality of be- 
ing heavy ; that property of bodies by which they 
tend toward the center of the earth; measure of the 
force of gravity for a substance or body; quantity of 
matter as estimated by the balance; amount which 
anything weighs; pressure; burden; importance; in- 
fluence; consequence; a scale or graduated standard 
of heaviness; a ponderous mass; something heavy; 
a definite mass of iron, lead, brass, or other metal, to 
be used for ascertaining the weight of other bodies, 
moving machinery, etc. {Mech.) The resistance 
against which a machine acts, as opposed to the 
power which moves it. — v. t. To load with a 
weight or weights, load down, attach weights to. 
[ME. weght, AS. gewiht, OD. wicht, gewicht, weight, 
«.]— Weight 'y, -T, a. [-ier; -iest.] Having weight; 
heavy; important; adapted to turn the balance in 
the mind, or to convince ; ponderous ; burden- 
some; onerous; forcible; momentous; efficacious.— 
Weight'ily, -T-lT, adv. In a weighty manner; pon- 
derously; with force or impressiveness. — Weighf- 
iness, n. State or quality of being weighty; ponder- 
ousness ; heaviness ; solidity ; impressiveness ; im- 
portance. — Weightless, a. Having no weight; im- 
W ponderable; light. 
eir, wer, n. A dam in a river to stop and raise the 
water, for conducting it to a mill, for taking fish, 
etc.; a fence of stakes or twigs set in a stream for 
taking fish; a wear. [AS. wer, a weir, dam, werian, 
to defend, protect, dam up, wser, wary, G. wehr, a 
defense, muehlwehr, a mill dam.] 

Weird, werd, a. Skilled in witchcraft; caused by, or 
suggesting, magical influence ; supernatural ; un- 
earthly; suggesting the unearthly; wild. [AS. wyrd, 
wird, fate, destiny, fr. weordhan, to be, become, 
come to pass, MHG. wurth, fate, death, fr. werden, 
to become; s. rt. worth, v. i.]— Weird sisters. The 
Fates. 

Welcome, weKkum, a. Received with gladness ; ad- 
mitted willingly ; producing gladness in its re- 
ception ; grateful ; pleasing ; free to have or enjoy 
gratuitously. — n. Salutation of a new comer; kind 
reception of a guest or new comer, — v. t. [wel- 
comed (-kumd), -coming.] To salute with kindness, 
as a new comer; to receive and entertain hospitably 
and cheerfully. [ME. ivilkome, welcome, AS. wil- 
cuma, one who comes so as to please another, fr. wil- 
(s. rt. willa, will, pleasure) and cuma, a comer, fr. 
cuman, to come; G. willkommen, OHG. willicomo, fr. 
willjo, will, pleasure, and komen, to come.] — Wer- 



Weld, weld, n. A plant of the mignonette family 

growing in Eng. and various European countries ; 

dyer's weed; also called wild woad,— used by dyers 

to give a yellow color ; the color or coloring matter 

extracted from this plant. [Ger. wau, D. wouw, Dan. 

vau, F. gaude, Sp. gualda.] . . 

Weld, weld, v. t. To press or beat into intimate and 

permanent union, as 2 pieces a- 

of iron when heated almost to 

fusion. — n. State of being i 

welded; joint made by wehf ( 

ing. [Same as well, to boil 

up; Sw. valla, to weld (iron), 

upprdlla, to boil up, iUyrian 

variti, to boil, also to weld . 

iron.] — Weld'er, n. 
Welfare. See under Well, a. 
Welkin, weKkin, n. The vault c 

of heaven; the sky. [AS. woL ■*- — -, 

cnu, pi. of wolcen, OHG. wol~ 

chan, a cloud, perh. orig. a 

mist, and s. rt. G. welk, orig. 

moist, damp, Lithuan. wilgyti, 

to moisten.] 
Well, wel, n. An issue of water 

from the earth ; a spring ; 

fountain; a source; a cylin- 
drical hole sunk into the earth 

to such a depth as to reach 

deep hollow space 




Modes of Welding. 

o, butt-weld, or jump- 
weld ; b, aoarf-weld ; 
c, V-weld. 

supply of water; any 
for winding stairs. (A T aut.) 



An inclosure in the middle of a ship's hold, around 
the pumps, from the bottom to the lower deck, to 
preserve them from damage, etc. ; an apartment in 
the hold of a fishing-vessel, having holes in the bot- 
tom to admit water for the preservation of fish. 
(Mil.) A hole or excavation in the earth, in mining, 
from which run branches or galleries. — v. i. 
[welled (weld), welling.] To issue forth, as water 
from the earth; to flow, spring. [AS. wella, well, a 
well, weallan, wellan, Ic. vella, to well up, boil, D. 
wel, Dan. vseld, a spring.] — WelF-head, n. A source, 
spring, or fountain. — hole, n. {Arch.) The open 
space in the middle of a staircase, beyond the ends 
of the stairs. — spring, n. A fountain ; spring ; 
source of continual supply. — sweep, n. A long 
pole balanced upon a high post and used in drawing 
water by means of a bucket from a well. 
Well, wel, a. [compar. and superl. wanting, but sup- 
plied by better and best, q. v.] Good in condition or 
circumstances ; desirable, either in a natural or mor- 
al sense; being in health; sound in body; not ailing, 
diseased, or sick; being in favor; favored; fortunate; 
convenient ; advantageous ; happy. — adv. In a 
good or proper manner; justly; rightly; suitably to 
one's condition, to the occasion, or to a proposed 
end or use ; abundantly; fully; adequately; thor- 
oughly; in such manner as is desirable; favorably; 
advantageously; conveniently; considerably ; not a 
little; far. [AS. and D. wel, Ic. and Dan. vel, OHG. 
wela, wola, G. wohl, well (adv.) ; s. rt. L. velle, to 
wish, Gr. belteros, Skr. vara, better, also (Skr.) a 
wish, vri, to choose; s. rt. will] — Well off. In good 
condition, esp., as to property or any advantages; 
thriving; prosperous. — W. to do. Well off; prosper- 
ous, — used also adjectively. — WeKfare, -far, n. 
Well-doing or well-being in any respect; enjoyment 
of health and the common blessings of life ; prosper- 
ity; happiness. [Fr. well and fare, q. v.]— WelK- 
be'ing, n. Welfare; happiness; prosperity. — born, 
a. Born of a noble or respectable family, —-bred, a. 
Educated to polished manners; polite; cultivated; 
refined, —ndo'ing, n. A doing well; performance of 

duties. fa'vored, -verd, a. Handsome ; well 

formed; pleasing to the eye. — man'nered, -nSrd, a. 
Polite; well-bred; complaisant.— -mean'ing, a. Hav- 
ing a good intention. — meant, -ment, a. Rightly 
intended; kind; friendly. — nigh' " nI > °-dv. Almost; 
nearly. — -spoken, -spok'n, a. Speaking well; speak- 



ing with fitness or grace; or speaking kindly; spoken 
with propriety. — wish'er, n. One who wishes an- 
other well; a person benevolently inclined. 



Welladay, weFa-da, interj. Alas! [Orig. wellaway, 
AS. wa la wa, lit. " woeilo! woel "] 

Welsh, welsh, a. Pert, or relating to Wales, or its in- 
habitants. — n. sing, or pi. sing. The language of 
Wales, or of the Welsh, pi. (Geog.) The natives 
or inhabitants of Wales. [ME. walsh, AS. wselisc, 
lit. foreign, fr. AS. wealh, a foreigner; cf. walnut.] 

Welt, welt, n. That which, being folded or brought 
round, serves to guard, strengthen, or adorn some- 
thing; a small cord covered with cloth and sewed on 
a seam or border to strengthen it; an edge of cloth 
folded on itself and sewed down; a narrow strip of 
leather around a shoe, between the upper leather 
and sole. — v. t. To furnish with a welt, sew a welt 
on. [W. gwald, a hem, welt, gwaldu, to welt, hem, 
Ga. and Ir. bait, a belt welt, border.] 

Welter, weKter, v. i. [-teeed (-terd), -teeing.] To 
roll, as the body of an animal; to wallow, tumble 
about, esp. in anything foul or defiling; to rise and 
fall, as waves; to tumble over, as billows. [AS. weal- 
tan ; Ic. veltask, to rotate, roll over like a horse, fr. 
velta, to roll, G. ivaelzen, to roll, wallow, welter, fr. 
walzen, to roll; s. rt. waltz, q. v.] 

Wen, wen, n. {Med.) A circumscribed, indolent tu- 
mor, without inflammation or change of color of the 
skin. Also, goitre. [AS. wenn, D. wen, LG. wenn; 
perh. s. rt. Goth, winnan, to suffer, wunns, affliction.] 

Wench, wench, n. A young woman ; esp. a low. vicious, 
coarse young woman; a drab; strumpet; {Southern 
U. S.) a black woman ; colored female servant ; ne- 
gress. — v. i. [wenched (wencht), wenching.] To 
frequent the company of wenches, or women of ill 
fame. [ME. wenchel, later wenche, an infant of either 
sex, fr. wankel, tottering, unsteady, AS. winclo, pi., 
children, wencel. weak, G. wanken, to totter, stagger, 
waddle; s. rt. wink, q. v.] — Wencb/er, n. One who 
wenches; a lewd man. , 

Wend, wend, n. One of a Sclavic race of Prussia and 
Saxony. [L. Venedi, the Sclaves.] — Wend'ic, n. 
The language of, etc.; Sorbian; Lusatian. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; 



WEND 



673 



WHEEDLE 



Wend, wend, v. i. To go, pass, betake one's self. — v. 
t. To direct, betake. [AS. ivendan, to turn, turn 
one's self, proceed, go, D. ivendenAo turn, tack, lit. to 
make to wind, fr. AS. win/Ian, D. winden, to wind, 
q. v.] — Went, imp. of wend, — now used as the pret- 
erit of go. [ME. wente, AS. wende.] 

Wept. See Weep. 

Were, Wert. See under Was. 

Werst, wSrst, n. A Russian measure of length; a verst. 
See Verst. 

WesaJid. See Weasand. 

West, west, n. The direction or quarter of the heav- 
ens where the sun sets ; the point, direction, or re- 
gion opposed to east: see Compass; a country situ- 
ated in a region toward the sunsetting, with respect 
to another, —a. Situated toward the west, or in the 
direction. of the setting sun; relating to the west; 
coming or moving from the west, or western region. 
— adv. To the western region ; at the westward ; 
more westward. [AS., D., and G.; Dan. and Sw. 
vest; s. rt. Skr. vasta } a house, vasati, a dwelling 
place, house, night — i. e., the sun's dwelling place 
at night, vas, to dwell, pass the night; s. rt. Ic. vist, 
an abode, vista, to lodge, Gr. astu, a city, hexperos, 
L. vesper, evening, E. wa*, q. v.] — West'ering, a. 
Passing to the west.— Weat'erly, a. Being toward 
the west; situated in the western region; moving 
from the westward. — adv. Tending, going, or mov- 
ing, toward the west. — Wesfern, a. Situated in 
the west; being in that quarter where the sun sets; 
moving toward the west. —Westward, adv. To- 
ward the west. — West'wardly, adv. In a direction 
toward the west. 

Wet, wet, a. [wetter; wettest.] Containing, consist- 
ing of, soaked or drenched with, or having the sur- 
face moistened with water or other liquid ; full of 
moisture; very damp; rainy; nasty; humid: moist.— 
n. Water or wetness ; moisture or humidity in con- 
siderable degree; rainy, foggy, or misty weather.— 
V. t. {imp. & p. p. wet (rarely wet'ted); wetting.] 
To fill or moisten with water or other liquid ; to dip 
or soak in liquid. [AS. wset, Ic. vatr, wet. moist, AS. 
tvaetan, to wet, wseta, wetness; s. rt. otter, undulate, 
hydra, hydraulic, water.'] — Wefness, n. State of 
being wet; moisture; humidity; a watery or moist 
state of the atmosphere. — Wet'nurse, n. A nurse 
who suckles a child, esp. the child of another woman. 
— shod, a. Having the feet wet with the shoes or 
boots on. 
S7ether, weth'Sr, n. A castrated ram. [AS. wedher, 
Ic. vedhr, Goth, withrus, prob. orig. a yearling, and 
s. rt. veal, q. v.] 
Whack, hwak, v. t. To strike, give a heavy or resound- 
ing blow to. — v. i. To strike anything with a smart 
blow. — n. A resounding blow. [Same as thwack, 



Whal 



e, hwal, n. A very large fish-shaped air-breathing 
marine cetaceous mammal of several species : the 
Greenland or right whale, the fin-backed whale, and 
some other species feed upon minute mollusks, etc.. 
live principally in northern seas, and yield train oil 
and whalebone; the right whale, when fully grown, 




Greenland or Right Whale. 

u fr. 50 to 65 or 70 feet in length, and fr. 30 to 40 in 
circumference: the fin-backed whale, called also ra- 
zor-backed whale, and great northern rorqual, is prob. 
the longest animal in creation, sometimes exceeding 




100 ft. in length : the sperm whale or cachalot, found 
esp. in the southern seas, feeds upon cuttlefish, etc., 
yields spermaceti and sperm oil (but not whalebone), 
and is about 80 feet long. [ME. whal, AS. hwtel, 
Dan. and Sw. hval, Ic. hvalr, G. wo/, walffisch, orig. 
any large fish, lit. a roller; s.rt. wheel, walrus, q. v.} 



'bone, 



A firm, elastic substance resem- 



Sperm Wl 



bling horn, taken from the upper jaw of the right 
whale, etc., used as a stiffening in stays, fans, screens, 
etc. ; baleen. — Whale'man, n. ; pi. -men. A man em- 
ployed in the whale-fishery. — WhaKer, n. A ship or 
person employed in the whale-fishery. 
Whap, hwop, n. A blow, or quick, smart stroke. 
[ME. nuappen, LG. quabbeln, to palpitate, W . chioap, 
a sudden stroke, chwapio, to 6trike, slap; s. rt. wab- 
ble, whip."] 
Whapper, hwop'er, n. Something uncommonly large 
of the kind. — applied esp. to a bold lie. [Goth. 
hwopjan, to boast: see Whoop.] 
Wharf, hw&rf, n. ; pi. prop. Wharfs (hwQrfs), but 
Wharves (hwSrvz) is often used, esp. in the U. S. 
A pier, mole, quay, or other structure of wood or 
masonry, beside or extending into the water of a har- 
bor, river, etc., forming a landing-place where vessels 
may discharge or receive passengers or freight, etc. 
[AS. hwerf, a dam to keep out water, lit. a turning, 
fr. hweorfan, to turn (the course of the water), D. 
werf, a wharf, yard, turn, time, Ic. hvarf. a turning 
away, a shelter, fr. hverfa, to turn, OSw. hwarf, 
skepshwarf, a shipbuilder's yard.] —Wharf age, -ej, 
n. The fee paid for the privilege of using a wharf; 
a wharf, or wharves in general; wharfing. — Wharf- 
inger, -in-jer, n. One who has the care of a wharf; 
proprietor of a wharf. [Corrupt, of wharfage)-: cf. 
messenger for messager.] 
What, hwot, pron. An interrogative pronoun, used 
(both substantively and adjectively) in asking ques- 
tions as to things, events, ideas, circumstances, rela- 
tions, etc., as who is used for persons ; also, used as 
an exclamatory word, meaning how remarkable, or 
how great, or is it possible that? also, used inde- 
pendently, and meaning generally, how strange a 
thing.' a compound relative, equivalent, substan- 
tively, to that which; adjectively, to the . . . which; 
the sort or kind of the . . . which ; and, rarely, to 
the ... on or at which ; whatever, whatsoever, — 
used indefinitely ; in part ; partly, — with repeti- 
tion, and followed by with. [Neut. of who, q. v.J 

— Whatev'er, -Boev'er, pron. Anything soever 
which; being this or that; all that; no matter what. 

— What'-not, n. A piece of household furniture, 
having shelves for books, ornaments, etc. [Fr. the 
abbr. phrase lohat not, 
often used at the close of 
an enumeration of par- 
ticularsj used substan- 
tively, to denote a mis- 
cellany, a variety.] 

Wheal, hwel, n. A mark 
raised by a stroke ; a 
wale, q. v^ 

Wheat, hwet, n. An an- 
nual herbaceous cereal 
grass, of many species ; 
its seed, which fur- 
nishes a white flour for 
bread. [AS. hwaste. D. 
weite, weit x G. iveizen, 
Goth, hwaiteis, lit. that 
which is white (q. v.), 
fr. the color of the 
meal.] — Wheafen, a. 
Made of wheat. [AS. Common Wheat. 

.hwseten.~\ — Wheat'-ear, n. An ear of wheat. (Or- 
nith.) A small migra- 
tory, i n s e c t i vorous 
bird common in En- 
rope, and found in 
Greenland ; the fal- 
low-chat ; fallow- 
finch. 

Wheedle, hwe'dl, v. t. 

[-DLED (-dld),-DLING. 

To entice by sofi 
words; to gain or get 
away by flattery ; to 
coax, caiole. [Prob.fr. 
G. wedeln, to wag the 
tail, fawn, fan, fr. we- 
del, a fan, tail, brush, 
OHG. wadal, a tail.] 





sun, cube, full ; moon. f<5ot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink. th'rn, boubON, chair, get. 



WHEEL 



674 



WHIFF 




Ship's Wheel. 



Wheel, hwSl, n. A circular frame turning on an axis; 
esp. one with hub or nave, spokes, fellies, and tire, 
for supporting a vehicle, etc. ; a rotating disk ; any 
instrument of a similar form, or chiefly consisting 
of a wheel, as a spinning-wheel; an instrument for 
punishing criminals; a rolling or revolving body; a 
disk; orb; a turn or revolution; rotation; compass. 
(Naut.) a circular 
frame having han- 
dles on the rim, used 
in steering a ship; 
{Pottery.) a round, 
wooden disk revolv- 
ing horizontally at 
the top of a vertical 
shaft or spindle, on 
which the clay is 
shaped.— v . t. 
[wheeled (hweld), 
wheeling.] To con- 
vey on wheels, in a 
vehicle with wheels, 
or in a wheelbarrow; 
to put into a rotatory 
motion; to cause to 
turn or revolve.— 
v. i. To turn on, or 
as on, an axis ; to re- 
volve, rotate ; to go 
round in a circuit ; make a spiral flight ; to roll 
forward. [AS. hweol, hweoiool, D. wiel, Ic. hvel, a 
wheel ; perh. s. rt. Gr. kuklos, Russ. koleso, a wheel, 
E. calash, q. v.] — Wheel'ing, n. Act of conveying 
on wheels ; condition of a road with regard to pas- 
sage of wheel-carriages; convenience for passing on 
wheels. — Wheel'wright, -rlt, n. A man who makes 
wheels and wheel-carriages. — Wheel'barrow, n. A 
light frame or box with 2 handles, supported by one 
wheel, and rolled by a single person. — Wheel -car- 
riage, -kar'rej, n. A carriage moved on wheels. — 
-house, n. ; pi. -houses. {Naut.) A small house or 
shelter on deck, which contains the steering-wheel; 
the paddle-box of steam-vessels. — work, n. A com- 
bination of wheels, and their connection in a ma- 
chine. 

Wheeze, hwez, v. i. [wheezed (hwezd), wheezing.] 
To breathe hard, and with an audible sound, as 
persons affected with asthma. [AS. hwesan, to 
wheeze, Ic. hvesa, to hiss, Skr. cvas, to breathe hard, 
sigh; perh. s. rt. E. weasand, whisper, whistle; s. rt. 
querulous.] 

Whelk, hwelk, n. A wrinkle; inequality on the sur- 
face; protuberance; a stripe or mark; streak. (ZooL) 
A mollusk having a one-valved, spiral, and gibbous 
shell, with an oval aperture ending in a short canal 
or gutter. [AS. wiloc, weoluc, fr. its convoluted 
shell; s. rt. AS. wealcan, to roll, walk = E. walk.] 

Whelm, hwelm, v. t. [whelmed (hwelmd), whelm- 
ing.] To cover with water or other fluid; to cover 
completely, immerse deeply, overburden. [ME. 
whetveti, hwelfen, to roll, turn, OSw. hwalma, to cock 
hay, hwalm, a hay cock, hwdlfwa, to arch over, 
hwalf, an arch, vault, AS. hwealf, Ic. hvalf, a vault, 
hvelfa. to arch, vault, turn upside down.J 

Whelp, hwelp, n. The young of the canine species, 
and of beasts of prey ; a puppy ; cub ; a child ; 
youth, — jocosely or contemptuously so called. — 
v. i. [whelped (hwelpt), whelping.] To bring 
forth young, as the female of the canine species 
and some beasts of prey. [AS. hwelp, D. welp, Ic. 
hvdpr, a puppy.] — Whelps of a windlass, capstan, 
etc. (Naut.) Short, upright pieces of wood, etc., 
placed round the barrel, to prevent its being chafed. 

When, hwen, adv. At what time, —used interroga- 
tively; at what time; at the time that, — used rela- 
tively; while, whereas, — used in the manner of a 
conjunction; which time, then, — elliptically and 
inaccurately used as a substantive. [ME. whan, AS. 
hwaenne, Goth, hwan, when fr. hwas, who : cf. L. 
quum, when, fr. quis, who — Ahenev'er, When'- 
soev'er, -so-ev'Sr, relative adv. or conj. At what 
time soever; at whatever time ; whenever.— Whence, 
hwens, adv. From what place; from what or which 
source, origin, antecedent, premise, etc. ; how, — 
used interrogatively ; from what or which place, 
source, etc.; the place, source, etc., from which,— 
used relatively. [ME. whennes (2 syl.), for whanene, 
AS. hwanan, whence, fr. hwaenne, when; G. wan- 
nen, whence, fr. wann, when.] — Whence'soev'er, 
relative adv. or conj. From what place, cause, or 
source soever. 



Where, hwar, adv. At what place; in what situation, 
position, or circumstances, —used interrogatively; 
at which place; at the place in which, — used rela- 
tively; to what or which place; whither, — used in- 
terrog. and rel. [AS., Goth., and OHG. hwar, Ic. 
and Sw. hvar, Lith. kur, where, L. cur, why '! Skr. 
karhi, at what time ; s. rt. who.] — Where'about', 
-abouts', -a-bowts', adv. About where; near what 
or which place, — used interrogatively and relative- 
ly; concerning which; about which. [ Whereabout, 
or whereabouts, is often used colloquially as a noun.] 

— Whereas', -az', conj. Considering that, since, — 
used to introduce a preamble; when in fact, the case 
being in truth that, —implying opposition to some- 
thing that precedes, or implying a recognition of 
facts.— Whereat', adv. At which, — used relatively; 
at what, — interrogatively. — Whereby', adv. By 
which,— used relatively ; by what,— interrogatively. 

— Where'fore, -for, adv. For which reason, — rel- 
atively ; for what reason, why, — interrogatively. 
[ME. hwarfore.] — Wherein', adv. In which ; in 
which thing, time, respect, book, etc., — used rela- 
tively ; in what, — interrogatively. — Where'into', 
adv. Into which, —used relatively; into what, — 
interrogatively. —Whereof , -of or -ov', adv. Of 
which, — used relatively ; of what, — indefinitely ; 
of what, — interrogatively. [ME. hwarof.] — Where- 
on', adv. On which, — relatively. [ME. whseron.] 

— Where'soev'er, adv. In what place soever; in 
whatever place, or in any place indefinitely; wher- 
ever. — Whereto', adv. To which, — used relative- 
ly; to what, to what end, — interrogatively. [ME. 
hwerto.] — Where'upon', adv. Upon which; in con- 
sequence of which.— Wherev'er, adv. [From where 
and ever.] At whatever place. — Wherewith, -with' 
or -with', adv. With which,— used relatively : with 
what,— interrogatively. [ME. hwerwidh.] — Where'- 
withal', -wirh-awl', adv. Same as Wherewith. — 
n. Means wherewith to accomplish any purpose. 

Wherry, hwgr'rY, n. A shallow, light boat, built long 
and narrow, and sharp at both ends, for fast rowing 



or sailing, ric. hverfr, crank (said of a vessel), lit. 
turning easily, fr. hverfa, to turn; not s. rt. ferry.] 

Whet, hwet, v. t. To rub with a stone, etc., for the 
purpose of sharpening, as an edge-tool ; to make 
sharp, keen, or eager; to stimulate; to stir up, excite, 
provoke. — n. Act of sharpening by friction; some- 
thing that provokes or stimulates the appetite. [AS. 
hwettan, D. wetten, G. wetzen, to sharpen, AS. hwset, 
keen, bold, brave,pS. and OHG. hwas, hwat, sharp.] 
— Whet'stone, -ston,n. A stone used for sharpening 
edged instruments by friction. — Whet'ter, n. One 
who, or that which, whets. 

Whether, hweth'gr, pron. Which of 2; which one of 2, 
— used interrogatively and relatively.— conj. Used to 
intrc iuce the first of 2 or more alternative clauses, the 
other or others being connected by or, or by or wheth- 
er; it also frequently introduces each one, except 
the last, of several alternatives; sometimes, when the 
2d of 2 objective alternatives is the simple negative 
of the 1st, the 2d is omitted, and whether stands sin- 
gly, with no correlative. [AS. hwssdher, OHG. hwe- 
aar, Goth, hwathar, Lithuan. katras, Skr. katara, 
which of 2; s. rt. who, neither, neuter.] 

Whew, hwu, n. or inter j. A sound like that of a half- 
formed whistle, expressing astonishment, increduli- 
ty, scorn, or dislike. 

Whey, hwa, n. The serum or watery part of milk, sep- 
arated from the more thick or coagulable part, esp. 
in theprocess of making cheese. [AS. hwseg, D. hui, 
wei, W. chwig. whey, also (e 



Pi, 



), fermented, sour.] — 
Whey'ey, -1, Whey'ish, a. Having the qualities of, 
or resembling, whey. 
Which, hwich, pron. An interrogative pronoun, used 
both substantively and adjectively, to ask for an in- 
dividual person or thing among several of a class, - 



in this use signifying who, or what one of a number, 
sort, kind, etc.; a relative, used generally substan- 
tively, but sometimes adjectively, in all numbers 



id genders, and for all objects excepting persons; 

compound relative, standing for that ivhich, those 
which, the . . . which, etc. [AS. hwilc, hwelc, contr. 
fr. hwilic (= E. why like), fr. hwi, hwy, why t on 
what account (instr. case of hwa, who), and lie = 
E. like, Goth, hweleiks, fr. hwe (instr. case of hwas, 
who) and leiks = E. like: cf. Goth, swaleiks = E. 
such, q. v.; s. rt. L. qualis, of what sort, lit. what 
like ? whence E. quality, q. v., under Qua.] — Which- 
ever, Which'soev'er, pron. Whether one or the 
other; which; that one (of 2 or more) which. 
Whiff, hwif , n. A 6udden expulsion of air, smoke, etc.. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 5nd, eve, t5rm ; Tn, Ice ; odd, tone, 8r ; 



WHIG 



675 



WHIR 



from the mouth; a puff; a gust of air, esp. when 
conveying some smell. — v. t. [whiffed (hwift), 
whiffing.] To throw out in whiffs, consume in 
whiffs, puff; to convey by a puff; to blow.— v. i. To 
emit whiffs, as of smoke; to puff, smoke. [Onomat.; 
W. ciiwiff, Dan. vtft, Ic. hwidha, a whiff, puff, gust, 
AS. hwidha, a breeze, G. piff-paff, a sudden explo- 
sive sound.]— Whiffle, -fl, v. i. [-fled (-fid), -fling.] 
To waver or shake, as if moved by gusts of wind; to 
change from one opinion or course to another; to be 
fickle and unsteady ; to shift, evade, shuffle, prevar- 
icate. [Freq. of whiff", perh. confused with D. wei- 
felen, to waver, hence to trifle, trick.] — Whiffler, n. 
One who whiffles, or frequently changes his opinion 
or course. [Orig. a piper to a company of foot sol- 
diers.] — Whif 'fletree, n. The swinging bar of a ve- 
hicle, etc., to which the traces of a harness are fas- 
tened for draught; a whippletree; swingletree. 

Whig, hwig, n. (Eng. Hist.) One of a political party 
which originated in Eng. in the 17th-century, advo- 
cated popular rights, and opposed the tories: those 
who supported the king in his high claims were 
called Tories, and the advocates of popular rights 
were called Whigs. {Amer. Hist.) A friend and sup- 
porter of the Amer. Revolution and the war ensu- 
ing, — opp. to tory and royalist ; one of a political 
party in the U. S. from about 1829 to 1853, opp. in 
politics to the so-called Democrats. — a. Pert, to, or 
composed of, Whigs; adhering to the principles of 
the Whigs. [Abbr. of whiggamor, a nickname for cer- 
tain Scotch drovers who came to Leith to buy corn, 
fr. whiggam, a term they used in driving their horses, 
— applied to the followers of the Marquis of Argyle, 
and afterwards to other opponents of the court ; 
perh. f r. Lowland Sc. wiggle, to keep moving about, 
AS. wecgan, to move, agitate.] — Whig'gery, -gJr-T, 
«. The principles of a Whig. — Whijrgish, a. Pert. 
to, or partaking of the principles of, Whigs.— Whig'- 
giam, -gizm, n. The principles of a Whig. 

While, hwll, n. Space of time, or continued duration; 
time.— adv. During the time that; as long as; at the 
same time that; under which circumstances; in 
which case. — Worth while. Worth the time which 
it requires ; worth the time and pains, or the ex- 
pense.— v. t. [whiled (hwild), whiung.] To cause 
to pass away without irksomeness or disgust ; to 
spend or pass. [AS. hwil, OHG. hwila, Goth, kweila, 
a time, season, Ic. and Sw. hvila, rest, a bed; prob. 
s. rt. L. quies = E. quiet, rest.] — Whiles, hwilz, adv. 
While. — Whi'lom, -lum, adv. Formerly; once; of 
old. [AS. hwilum, at times, dat. pi. of hwil.]— Whilst, 
hwllst, adv. Same as While. 

Whim, hwirn, n. A sudden turn or start of the mind; 
a fancy ; capricious notion ; humor ; freak. [Ic. 
hvima, to wander with the eyes, as a silly person, 
vim, giddiness, folly, Norw. kvima, to flutter about, 
trifle, play the fool, Sw. dial, hvimsa, to be unsteady 
or giddy; s. rt. whip.] — Whim'sey, -z\, n. A whim; 
freak; capricious notion. [Norw. Jcvimsa.] — Whim'- 
sical, a. Full of whims or whimseys; having odd 
fancies; curious; odd; freakish; capricious; fantas- 
tical.— Whim'sical'ity, -kal'Y-tY, -sicalness, n. State 
or quality of being, etc. — Whim'sically, adv. — 
Whim'wham, n. A whim or whim 
sey; a freak. 

Whimper, whim'pgr. v. i. [-pered 
(-pgrd), -peri 
wh i n i n g, 
broke n 
voice.— 
v. t. To ut- 
t e r in a 
low, whin- 
ing tone. — 
Whi m' - 



Whimbrel. 

graliatorial bird allied to the curlew, but much 

smaller in size. [Onomat., fr. its cry.] 
Whin, hwin, n. Gorse ; furze ; also a leguminous 

plant, having yellow flowers. [W. chwyn, weeds, a 

weed.] — WTun^ny, -nY, a. Abounding in, etc. 
Whine, hwin, v. i. [whined (hwlnd), whining.] To 

utter a plaintive cry, complain in a shrill, long-drawn 




tone, complain in a mean, unmanly way. — n. A 
plaintive tone; the nasal puerile tone of mean com- 
plaint ; mean or affected complaint. [AS. hwinan, 
Dan. hvine, to whine, Ic. hvina, to whiz, whir, kveina, 
to wail, Sw. hvina, to whistle, Skr. kvan, to buzz, 
Goth, kwainon, to mourn ; s. rt. whir, whiz, whisk, 
whisper, ivhimper, wheeze.] — Whin'er, n. 

Whinny, hwin'nY, v. i. [-nied (-nid), -nying.] To 
utter the cry of a horse ; to neigh. — n. The cry of 
a horse; a neigh. [Onomat.; L. hinnire.] 

Whinny, a. See under Whin. 

Whin-stone, hwin'stOn, n. {Geol.) Trap or green- 
stone,— a provincial name given to basaltic rocks, 
and applied by miners to any kind of dark-colored 
and" hard, unstratified rock. [Scot, guhyn, green- 
stone, Ic. hwin, resounding.] 

Whip, hwip. v. t. [whipped (hwipt), -ping.] To strike 
with a lash, cord, rod, or anything lithe ; to lash, 
beat; to drive with lashes; to punish with the whip, 
flog; to lash (with sarcasm, abuse, etc.); to strike, 
thrash, beat out (grain) by striking; to beat (cream, 
etc.) into froth; to sew lightly, form into gathers by 
overcasting a rolled edge and drawing up the thread; 
to overlay (a cord, rope, etc.) with other cords; to 
wrap, inwrap; to take or move by a sudden motion, 
jerk, snatch. {Naut.) To hoist or purchase by means 
of a whip; to secure the end of from untwisting by 
overcasting it with yarn. — v. i. To move nimbly, 
start suddenly and do anything. — n. An instru- 
ment (as a thing or lash attached to a handle) for 
driving horses or other animals, or for correction; a 
coachman, or driver of a carriage. {Mach.) One 
of the arms or frames of a windmill, on which the 
sails are spread. {Naut.) A small tackle with a sin- 
gle rope, used to hoist light bodies. {Eng. politics.) 
A member of Parliament who acts as executive sec- 
retary for his political party, in effecting the attend- 
ance of its members when their votes are needed; a 
whipper-in. [ME. whippe, quippe, a scourge, D. wip- 
pen, to whip, hasten, OD. wippe, a scourge, LG. wip- 
pen, Dan. vippe, to see-saw, Sw. vippa, to wag, jerk, 
scourge, vips! quick ! ; prob. s. rt. vibrate, quip.] — 
To whip in. To drive in or keep from scattering, as 
hounds in a hunt; to collect in and keep from scat- 
tering, as members of a legislative body, of a party, 
etc. — Whip/graft, v. t. To graft by cutting the cion 
and stock in a sloping direction, so as to fit each 
other, and by inserting a tongue on the cion into a 
slit in the stock. — Whip'per, n. One who whips 



officer who inflicts the penalty of legal whip- 
ping; one who raises coal with a tackle from a ship's 



esp. 



hold. — Whip'saw, n. A saw usually set in a frame, 
for dividing timber lengthwise, and commonly 
worked by 2 persons.— Whip'ster, n. A nimble 
little fellow. — Whip'-cord, n. A kind of hard-twist- 
ed or braided cord, sometimes used for making lash- 
es. — lash, n. The lash of a whip. — staff, n. ; pL 
-staffs. {Naut.) A bar by which the rudder is 
turned ; a tiller. — stock, n. The rod or staff to 
which the lash of a whip is fastened; sometimes, the 
whole whip. — Whip'per-in', n. A huntsman who 
keeps the hounds from wandering, and whips them 
in, if necessary, to the line of chase; one who en- 
forces the discipline of a party, and urges the attend- 
ance of the members on all necessary occasions. — 
-snap'per, n. A diminutive, insignificant person.— 
Whip 'ping-post, n. A post to which offenders are 
tied to be whipped. — Whip'pletree, hwip'pl-tre, n. 
The bar to which the traces or tugs of a harness are 
fastened; whifftetree; swingletree. [E. Whipple, freq. 
of whip, to swing quickly, and tree, piece of wood.J 

Whip'-poor- 
will, hwip r - 
poor-wil, n. 
An Amer. 
nocturnal 
insectivo- 
rous bird of , 
the goat- 
sucker fam- 
ily, allied to 
the night- 
hawk, so 
called from its note. 

Whir, hwSr, v. i. Tc whirl round with noise ; to fly 
with a buzzing or whizzing sound. — n. A buzzing 
or whizzing sound produced by the rapid or whirling 
motion of anything. [Onomat. ; cf . whirl, whiz ; 
Dan. hvirre, Sw. dial, hivirra, to whirl, twirl.] — 
Whirl, hweri, v. t. [whirled (hwSrld), whirling.] 
To turn round rapidly ; to cause to rotate with ve- 




Whip-poor-will. 



tun. cube, full; moon, f 6t>t ; cow. oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, get. 



WHISK 



676 



WHITE 



locity; to remove quickly with a revolving motion. 
— v. i. To be turned round rapidly, move round 
with velocity, gyrate; to move hastily. — n. A turn- 
ing with rapidity or velocity; rapid rotation! any- 
thing: that moves or is turned with velocity, esp. on 
an axis or pivot; a revolving hook used in twisting. 
(Bot. & Conch.) A whorl. [OD. wervelen, Dan. 
hvirvle, Ic. hvirfia, to whirl, freq. of hverfa, to turn 
round; s. rt. warble.}— Whirl'' er, n.— Whirl 'pool, 
n. An eddy of water; a vortex or gulf in which the 
water moves round in a circle. — Whirl'wind, n. A 
violent wind moving in a circle round its axis, and 
having a progressive motion. [Ic. hvirfilvindr.] — 
Whirl'-bat, n. Anything moved with a whirl as 
preparatory for a blow, or to 
augment the force of it ; the 
cestus of ancient boxers.— 
-bone, n. The patella ; cap of 
the knee ; kn ee-pan. — Whirl'i- 
gig, -T-gig, n. A child's toy, 
spun or whirled around like a 
wheel upon an axis, or like a 
top. — (Entom.) An aquatic beetle having a metallic 
luster, which lives on the surface of water, and 
moves rap- 




Whirligig. 




mg^ 

volvin 
disks, wit 



weights, 
pu lley s, 



Whirling-table. 

l, foot-board ; 4, wheel ; c, pulley ; 
d, arm •, e, f, uprights. 
etc., to il- 
lustrate the laws of centrifugal forces, etc. 

Whisk, hwisk, n. Act of whisking; a rapid, sweeping 
motion, as of something light ; a small bunch of 
grass, straw, hair, etc., used tor a brush ; a brush; a 
small culinary instrument for whisking or beating 
eggs, etc. ; part of a woman's dress; a kind of tippet. 
— v. t. [whisked (hwiskt), whisking.] To sweep, 
brush, or agitate with a light, rapid motion, as the 
dust from a table, or the white of eggs into a froth; 
to move with a quick, sweeping motion. — v. i. To 
move nimbly and with velocity. [Dan. viske, Sw. 
viska, to wipe, sponge, Dan. visk, a wisp, rubber, 
Sw. viska, a whisk, Ic. visk, a wisp of hay. G. wi-chen, 
to wipe, whisk, rub, witch, a whisk, clout.] — Whisk'- 
er, n. He who, or that which, whisks, or moves with 
a quick, sweeping motion ; that part of the beard 
which grows upon the sides of the face, or the cheeks; 
formerly, the hair of the upper lip, or mustache; the 
long, projecting hairs growing at the sides of the 
mouth of a cat, etc. — Whiskered, -5rd, a. Formed 
into, furnished with, or having, whiskers. 

Whisky, -key, hwis'kY. n. An intoxicating spirit dis- 
tilled from barley, wheat, rye, or maize. [Ga. wi«ge- 
beatha, whisky, lit. water of life, cf. F. eau de vie, 
brandy: see Usquebaugh.] 

Whisper, hwis'per, v. i. [-pered (-pSrd), -pering.] 
To speak softly, or under the breath; to utter words 
without sonant breath; to make a low, sibilant sound 
or noise; to speak with suspicion, or timorous cau- 
tion ; to plot secretly, devise mischief. — v. t. To 
utter in a low, and not vocal, tone ; to address in a 
whisper, or low voice. — n. A low, soft, sibilant 
voice ; words uttered with such a voice; a cautious 
or timorous speech; something communicated in se- 
cret. [Onomat.; O Northumbrian hwisprian, OD. 
wisperen, G. wispeln, Ic. hviskra, to whisper.] — 
Whis'perer, n. One who whispers: one who tells se- 
crets; one who slanders secretly; a tattler; backbiter; 
slanderer. 

Whist, hwist, a. Not speaking; not making a noise ; 
silent; mute; still. — n. A game at cards, — so called 
because it requires silence or close attention.— inter j. 
Be silent; be still; hush. [ME. (interj.), be silent; 
cf. L. st! G. st! pst! hist ! hush ! : see Hist.] 

Whistle, hwis'sl, v. i. [whistled (-sld), whistling.] 
To utter a kind of musical sound, by pressing the 
breath through a small orifice formed by contracting 
the lips; to make a shrill sound with a wind instru- 
ment, or with a steam whistle ; to blow a sharp, shrill 
tone; to sound shrill, or like a pipe.— v. t. To form, 
utter, or modulate by whistling ; to send, direct, sig- 



ssage oi oream uirougn tne compressed lips; 
h, as the organ of whistling. [AS. hwistUim 
8, Dan. hvide, to whistle, hiss.]— Whis'tler, 
n. One who whistles. [AS. hwistlere.} 



nal, or call by a whistle. — n. A sharp, shrill sound, 
made by pressing the breath through a small orifice 
of the lips, or through an instrument which gives a 
similar sound ; the sound used by a sportsman in call- 
ing his dogs; the shrill note of a bird; the shrill sound 
made by wind passing among trees or through crev- 
ices ; shrill noise of steam or gas escaping through a 
small orifice or impinging against the edge of a brass 
cup; an instrument producing a sound like that made 
by the passage of breath through the compressed lips; 

the mouth, as the oi 

to whistle, 

hwis'ler, n. One who whistles. [AS. 

Whit, hwit, n. The smallest part or particle imagina- 
ble; a bit; jot,— used adverbially. [ME. wight, AS. 
wiht, a wight, person, whit, bit; s. rt. aught, naught : 
see Wight.] 

White, hwit, a. Having the color of pure snow ; re- 
flecting to the eye all the rays of the spectrum com- 
bined ; destitute of color, as in the cheeks ; pale ; 
pure; clean; free from spot or blemish; gray, as the 
effect of age ; having colorless hair; free from that 
which denies, disturbs, etc. ; innocent ; fortunate ; 
happy ; favorable. — n. The color of pure snow ; 
one of the natural colors of bodies, yet not strictly a 
color, but a composition of all the colors; something 
having the color of snow, or reflecting to the eve the 
rays of light unseparated ; the center of a mark at 
which an arrow or other missile is shot, — formerly 
painted white; one of the white race of men. — v. t. 
To make white, whiten, whitewash. [AS. hwit, Ic. 
hvitr, D. wit, Goth, hweits, OHG. hwiz. G. weiss, Skr. 
cveta, white, cvit, to be white, shine.] — White 
feather. A mark of cowardice.— W. friar. A men- 
dicant monk of the Carmelite Order, — so called from 
the white cloaks worn by members of the order; 
any monk dressed in white. — W. heat. The tem- 
perature at which bodies become incandescent, and 
appear white from the bright light which they 
emit. — W. lead. A carbonate of lead, used in paint- 
ing and for other purposes, ceruse. (Min.) A native 
Carbonate of lead.— W. lie. A comparatively ve- 
nial falsehood.— W. squall. (Naut.) A sudden gust 
of wind which comes up without being marked in 
its approach by the clouds, and is attended with 
white, broken water, on the surface of the sea.— W. 
sivelling. (Med.) A scrofulous or rheumatic swell- 
ing of the knee, or of the ankle, wrist, orelbow, with 
acute or chronic disease of the synovial membrane, 
cartilage, and bone ; a lingering, chronic tumor, of 
almost any kind. — W. wine. Any wine of a clear, 
transparent color, bordering on white, as Madeira, 
Sherry, etc., — opp. to wine of a deep-red color, as 
Port.— Whites, hwltz, n. pi. {Med.) A discharge 
of a white, yellowish, or greenish mucus, from the 
vagina; leucorrhea; fluor albus. — Whifen, hwlfn, 
v. t. [-en ED (-nd), -ening.] To make white, bleach, 
blanch. — v. i. To grow white, turn or become 
white, or whiter. [iYIE. hwiten, to become white, 
ivhitenen, to make white.] — Whit'ener, n. One 
who bleaches or makes white. — White'ness, n. 
State or quality of being white ; paleness; freedom 
from stain or blemish; purity ; cleanness. — Whif- 
ish, a. Somewhat white ; white in a moderate 
degree. (Bot.) Having a color like white some- 
what soiled: covered with an opaque white powder. 
— Whit'ishness, n. — Whit'ing, n. (Ichth.) A sea- 
fish, allied to the cod, valued on account of its del- 




Whiting, 
icacy and lightness as an article of food. Ground 
chalk, careiully cleaned from all stony matter, used 
for polishing metal, etc. — White'wash, -wosh, n. 
A wash or liquid composition for whitening some- 
thing, making the skin fair, etc. ; a composition of 
lime and water, or of whiting, size, and water, used 
for whitening the plaster of walls, etc. — v. t. 
[whitewashed (-wosht), -washing.] To cover 
with a white liquid composition, as with lime and 
water, etc. ; to make white, give a fair external ap- 
pearance ; to clear (an insolvent or bankrupt) of 
debts he owes; to clear an accused person of charges 
brought against him, — esp. by suppression of facts. 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, pve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; 



WHITHER 



677 



WHORL 




— White' washer, n,— White'-bait, n. A very small 
delicate fish of the 
herring kind.— 
-liv'ered, -e rd, a. 
Having a pale 
look; feeble; cow- 
ardly. meat, n. 

Food made of 

milk, butter, White-bait. 

cheese, eggs, etc. ; young or delicate flesh or food, 
as veal, poultry, rabbits, etc. ; breast, etc., of chick- 
ens and turkeys. — smith, n. One who works in 
tinned iron, or white iron ; a worker in iron who 
finishes or polishes the work, disting. from one who 
forges it. — weed, n. A plant of the genus Chry- 
santhemum; the ox-eye daisy, — so called from the 
color of its flowers. — Whit'leather, hwlt'lether, 
re. Leather dressed with alum, salt, etc., remark- 
able for its pliability and toughness; a broad, tough, 
white ligament on the neck of quadrupeds, which 
supports the weight of the head; paxwax. — Whit'- 
snn, a. Of, pert, to, or observed at Whitsuntide. — 
Whit'sunday, -sn-dr, -suntide, -sn-tld, n. (Eccl.) 
The 7th Sunday after Easter, a festival commemo- 
rative of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day 
of Pentecost, — so called, because, in the primitive 
church, those newly baptized appeared at church 
between Easter and Pentecost in white garments. 

Whither, hwitii / '5r, adv. To what place, — used in- 
terrogatively ; to what or which place, — relatively, 
to what; to what point or degree ; whereunto; where- 
to. [ Whither is now, to a great extent, obsolete, ex- 
cept in poetry, or in compositions of a grave char- 
acter: where has taken its place.] [AS. hwider, Goth. 
hwadre; s. rt. whether (q. v.), hither.} — Whith'er- 
soev'er, adv. To whatever place.— Whith'erward, 
adv. In what direction; toward what place. [ME. 
whiderivard.} 

Whiting, Whitleather, Whitsunday, etc. See White. 

Whitlow, hwitlo, re. {Med.) An inflammation of a 
finger or toe, terminating usually in suppuration ; a 
felon; paronychia. [Lit., quick-flaw, a flaw, or flak- 
ing off of skin about the quick of the nail ; ProvE. 
whickflaw, a whitlow (ivhick = quick, alive), Ic. kvi- 
ka, the quick of the nail or of a horse's hoof, and Sw. 

Wlaga, a crack, breach, Ic. flagrta, to flake off, slough.] 
hittle, hwiftl, re. A knife ; a pocket, sheath, or 
clasp-knife. — v. t. [whittled (-tld), -tling.] To 
pare or cut off the surface of with a small knife.— v. i. 
To cut or shape a piece of wood with a small knife. 
[ME. thivitel, a knife, AS. thwitan, to cut, pare.] 

Whittle, hwirtl, re. A grayish, coarse, double blank- 
et worn by west countrywomen, in Eng., over the 
shoulders. [AS. hwitel, Ic. hvitill, a blanket, fr. AS. 
hwit, Ic. hvvtr = E. white, q. v. : cf. E. blanket, fr. 
F. blanc, white.] 

Whiz, hwiz, v. i. [whizzed (hwizd), -zing.] To make 
a humming or hissing sound, like an arrow or ball 
flying through the air. — n. A hissing and humming 
sound^ [Onomat.; s. rt. wheeze, Ic. nvissa, to hiss.] 

Who, hoo, pron. [possess, whose ; object, whom.] A 
relative or interrogative pronoun, used always sub- 
stantively, and either as sing, or pi. ; what or which 
person or persons. [ Who and tvhom, as relative pro- 
nouns, are used of persons only, corresponding to 
which, as applied to things. Who, whose, and whom, 
as compound relatives, are also used of persons 
only, meaning the person that; the persons that; the 
one that.] [AS., nom. hwa, masc. and fern., hwset, 
neuter ; gen. hwses, all genders ; dat. hwdm, hwsem, 
all genders ; ace. hwone, masc. and fern., hwset, 
neiat. ; instrumental, hivi, hwti = E. why ; D. wie, 
Ic. hrer, G. wer, Goth, hwas, L. quis, Lithuan. and 
Skr. kas, who ; D. wat, Ic. hvat, G. was, Goth, hwa 
or hicata, L. qidd, Skr. kim, what, kam, whom ; s. rt. 
when, where, whether, which, whither, why, quiddity, 
quality, quantity.} — Whoev'er, pron. Whatever 
person ; any one without exception ; any person 
whatever. — Whom, hooin, pron. Objective of Who. 

— Whom'soev'er, pron. Obj. of Whosoever. — 
Whose, hooz, pron. Poss. of Who or Which. — 
Who'soev'er, pron. Whatever person ; any person 
whatever that. — Whose'soever, pron. Possess, of 
Whosoever. 

Whoa, hwo, interj. See Ho. 

Whole, hoi, a. Containing the total amount, number, 
etc.; not defective or imperfect; unimpaired; unin- 
jured ; possessing, or being in a state of, health and 
soundness ; all ; complete ; entire ; integral ; undi- 
vided ; unbroken ; sound ; well. — n. The entire 
thing; entire assemblage of parts; totality; a regular 



combination of parts; a system; amount; aggregate; 

fross. [ME. hot, hool, AS. hal, D. and Dan. Tied, Ic. 
eill, Goth, hails; s. rt. Gr. kalos. good, hale, Skr. kah 
ya, healthy, hale, E. hale, heal, holy.} — Whole blood. 
(Law of Descent.) Blood compounded wholly of the 
same ingredients ; blood derived from the same 
couple of ancestors. — W. Notes. (Mus.) The note 
which repre- 



sents a tone of \f~ 
longest dura- WVr- — ^S_ 

tion in com- CCY) 

mon use; a ~¥- 



Whole Notes. 



8 e m i breve. 
Up o n the 

Considering all things, or the whole ; in view of all 
the circumstances or conditions. — Whole'ness, n. 
— Wholesale, -sal, n. Sale of goods by the piece or 
large quantity, as disting. from retail. — a. Buying 
and selling by the piece or quantity; of, or pert, to, 
the trade by the piece or quantity; in great quanti- 
ties ; extensive and indiscriminate. — By wholesale. 
In the mass; in large quantities without distinction 
or discrimination.— Whole'some, -surr. a. Tending 
to promote health; favoring health ; contributing to 
the health of the mind; favorable to moral6, religion 
or prosperity; salubrious; sound; salutary; useful; 
kindly. [Ic. heUsamr.} — Whole'somely, adv. — 



Whole'someness, n.— Wholly, -IT, adv. In a whole 

itirely ; completely ; j 
ly ; to the exclusion of other things; totally. 



or complete manner; entirely ; completely ; perfect- 
ly ; to the exclusion of other things; totally. 
Whom, Whomsoever. See under Who. 



Whoop, Hoop, hoop, n. A shout of pursuit or of war; 
a halloo ; a sonorous inspiration ; a hoot, as of an 
owl. — v. i. [whooped (hoopt), whooping.] To 
utter a loud cry of eagerness, enthusiasm, or enjoy- 
ment; to utter aloud, shrill, prolonged sound, cough 
with a sonorous inspiration ; to cry out, shout, 
hoot, as an owl. [ME. houpen, F. houper, to hoop, 



call to a distance, Goth, hwopjan, to boast; s. rt. hi 



bub.} — Whoop'ing- 
congh, -kawf , n. (Med.) 
A violent, convulsive 
cough, consisting of 
several expirations, fol- 
lowed by a sonorous in- 
spiration or whoop; 
chin - cough ; hooping- 
-crane, n. A 



crane having along , ^p~F /^ =B^= 
neck and bill, — named ^P J&"f==BBL 



fr. its note. — Whop'- 
per, n. Anything un- 
commonly large, ap- 
plied esp. to a mon- 
strous lie. 

Whop, hwop, v. t. To 
beat severely; to turn 
over suddenly. — n. A 
sudden fall, or the sud- 
denness of striking in a 
fall. [Same as Whap, 
q. v.] — Whop'per, n. 

Whore, hor, n. A woman 




Whooping-crane. 



who practices unlawful sexual commerce with men, 
esp. one who does it for hire ; harlot ; courtesan ; 
prostitute; strumpet; wench; concubine, —v. i. To 
have unlawful sexual commerce. [ME. hore, Ic. 
hora, fern, of hoiv, an adulterer, fr. hor, adulter;. 
D. hoer, OHG. huora, Goth, hors, adulterer, Slavon- 
ic kuruva, an adulteress ; prob. s. rt. L. earns, lov- 
ing, Skr. charu, beautiful, kan, to love, ka>na, love, 
desire, kamaga. a lascivious woman.] — Whorlsh, 
a. Resembling a whore in character or conduct ; 
incontinent; lewd; unchaste. — Whore'dom, -dum, 
n. Practice of unlawful commerce with the other 
sex ; fornication ; lewdness. (Script.) Idolatry.— 
Whore'master.n. A man 
who practices lewdness; 
a lecher; one who keeps 
or procures whores for 
others; a pimp; procurer. 

-Whore'monger, -mun- 

rer, n. A whoremaster; 
Tec her; a man who fre- 
quents the society of 
whores. 
Whorl, hwerl or hwfirl, re. 
(Hot.) An arrangement 
of a number of leaves, 
flowers, or other organs, 
around a stem, in the Whorls. (Bot.) 



i* 




ettn, cube, full ; moon- f<56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



WHORTLEBERRY 



678 



WILD 



same plane with each other. (Conch.) A wreath or 
turn of the spire of a univalve. [S. rt. AS. hweorfa, 
a spindle, hweorfan, to turn, E. whirl, wharf.] 

Whortleberry, hwSrfl-be'r'rf, n. (Bot.) A plant or 
shrub, and its small, round, edible berry; the huckle- 
berry. [AS. ww til, dim. of wyrt, a wart, q. v.] 

Whose, Whosoever, etc. See under Who. 

Whnr, hwer, v. i. To make a rough humming sound, 
like one who pronounces the letter r with too much 
force ; to snarl or growl, as a dog. — n. A humming 
sound like that of a body moving through the air 
with velocity ; whir. [Same as whir, q. v7] 

Why, hwi, adv. For what cause, reason, or purpose; on 
what account, — used interrogatively; for which rea- 
son or cause, on what account, for what, — relative- 
ly: the reason or cause for which, — used as a com- 
pound relative. [ Why is used sometimes emphati- 
cally, or as an expletive.] [Instr. case of who (AS. 
hwi, hwy), q. v. ; AS. for hwig = E. (for) why, Ic, 
Dan., and Sw. hvi, Goth, hve, why; s. rt. how.] 

Wick, wik, n. A loosely twisted or woven cord or nar- 
row fabric which by capillary attraction draws up 
a steady supply of oil, melted tallow, etc., to feed the 
flame of a lamp or candle. [AS. weoca, OD. wiecke, 
Dan. vsege,& wick, LG. weke, lint for a wound; s. rt. 
E. weak =AS. wac, fr. wican, to give way, OD. 
weeck, soft, LG. week, soft, weken, to soften, thaw, 
Dan. veg, pliant, vige, to yield, Norweg. vik, a skein 
of thread, also a bend, tr. vika, to bend, yield, E. 
weak, iiricker.] — Wick'ing, ». The material of 
which wicks are made. 

Wicked, wik'ed, a. Evil in principle or practice ; con- 
trary to the moral law; addicted to vice; iniquitous; 
sinful; criminal; guilty; immoral; unrighteous; un- 
holy; irreligious; ungodly; profane; atrocious; ne- 
farious ; heinous ; flagrant ; profligate ; flagitious ; 
abandoned. [ME. wtkke, bad, evil, lit. witch-like, 
AS. wicca, a wizard, wicce, a witch, q. v.] — Wick'- 
edly, adv. — Wick'edness, n. State or quality of be- 
ing wicked; a wicked thing or act; sin; sinfulness; 
guilt; iniquity; immorality ; vice; baseness; villainy; 
irreligion; impiety; unholiness; ungodliness; atroci- 
ty; flagitiousness. 

Wicker, wik'er, a. Made of, or covered with, twigs or 
osiers. — n. A small twig or osier; a rod for making 
basket-work, etc. [ME. wycker, osier, AS. wican, to 
give way, bend (see Wick and Weak), OSw. wika, 
to bend, wickla, to wrap round, week, a fold, Sw. 
dial, vikker, the willow, fr. veka, to bend, soften, 
Sw. vika, to fold, double, plait; s. rt. Bavarian wick- 
el, tow on a distaff, in G., a roll, whence G. wickeln, 
to wind up, roll up, wrap up.] 

Wicket, wik'et, n. A small gate or door, esp. one 
forming part of a larger door or gate; a small frame- 
work of rods, used in playing cricket, orig. formed 
like a gate. [ME. and OF. wiket, also O. and NormF. 
viquet. Proven, guwquet, a small door, esp. within a 
larger one, Ic. vikja, AS. wikan, to give way (see 
Weak), OD. wicket, a wicket, fr. wicken, to wag; 
perh. s. rt. wink.] 

Wide, wid, a. Having a great extent every way; spa- 
cious; vast; having considerable distance or extent 
between the sides; not narrow; of a certain measure 
between the sides ; remote ; distant ; broad ; exten- 
sive; large; liberal; comprehensive. — adv. To a dis- 
tance; far; far from; widely. [AS. wid, Ic. vidhr, 
Sw. and Dan. vid, G. weit.] — Widely, -IT, adv. In 
a wide manner; to a wide degree; far; extensively; 
very much; to a great desrree.— Wid'en, wid'n, v. t. 
[-ENED (-nd), -ening.] To make wide or wider.— ?). 
t. To grow wide or wider; to enlarge. — Wide'ness, 
n. Quality or state of being wide; nreadth; width; 
large extent in all directions. —Width, n. Quality 
of l)eing wide; extent from side to side ; breadth; 
wideness. [Ic. vidd.] 

Wide'-a-wake', a. On the 
alert; ready; knowing; 
earnest — n. A broad- 
brimmed, low-crowned, 
felt hat. 

Widgeon, wij r un, n. A 
hand some migratory 
herbivorous aquatic 
bird, allied to the 
ducks. [F. vigeon, gin- 
geon, prob. fr. Dan. 
and Sw. vinge, a wing:, 
Norweg. vingla, to flut- 
ter, flap: see Wing.] 

Widow, wid'o.w. A wom- 
an who has lost her 




Widgeon. 



husband by death, and has not married again.— v.t. 
[widowed (-od), -owing.] To bereave of a husband; 
to deprive of one who is loved, make desolate or bare, 
bereave. [AS. widwe, OHG. wituwa, Goth, widuwo, 
widowo, L. vidua, a widow, fern, of viduus, bereft of 
(whence E. void, also Sp. vidua, F. veuve, a widow), 
also W. gweddw, Russ. vdova, Skr. vidhava, a widow, 
f r. vimlh, to lack.] — Wid'ower, -o-er, n. A man who 
has lost bis wife by death, and has not married again. 
[ME. widwer, G. wra'ttwer.] — Wid'owhood, w. State 
of being a widow; also, rarely, state of being a wid- 
ower. 

Width. See under Wide. 

Wield, weld, v. t. To use with full command or pow- 
er, as a thing not too heavy for the holder; to use or 
employ, control; to swing, sway, manage, handle. 
[AS. gewyldan, Ic. valda, to wield, AS. wealdan, 
OHG. waltan, Goth, waldan, Lithuan. waldyti, to 
govern, rule, Ic. valda, to wield ; s. rt. valid.) — 
Wield'er, n. One who wields or employs ; a man- 
Wife, wif, n. ; pi. Wives, wivz. A woman, adult fe- 
male,— used only in certain compounds and phrases ; 
the lawful consort of a man; a woman united to a 
man in wedlock. [AS. wif, D. wijf, a woman, wife, 
Ic. vif, Dan. viv G. weib=lE. woman, q. v.]— Wife'- 
hood, -h<56d, n. State and character of a wife. — 
Wife'ly, -IT, a. Becoming or like, pert, or suitable 
to, a wife. — Wive, wiv, v. i. [wived (wivd), wiv- 
ing.] To marry,— said of a man. — v. t. To match 
to, provide with, or take for, a wife; to wed (a wife). 
[AS. wifian.] 

Wig, wig, n. An artificial covering of hair for the 
head. [Abbr. of periwig, q. v., and see Peruque.] — 
Wigged, wigd, a. Wearing a wig. 

Wigan, wig'an, n. A canvas-like cotton fabric, used 
to stiffen and protect the lower part of pantaloons 
and of the skirts of ladies' dresses, etc. [Name of a 
manufacturing town in Eng.] 

Wiggle, wig'gl, v. t. or i. To move to and fro with a 
quick, jerking motion; to squirm, wriggle. [See 
Wriggle.] 

Wight, wit, n. A being; person, — used chiefly in 
irony or burlesque, or in humorous language. [AS. 
wiht, Ic. vsettr, a wight, D. wicht, a child, Dan. vsette, 
an elf, Goth, waihts, a whit, thing: same as whit; s. 
rt. AS. wegan, to move, carry, E. iveigh, wag.] 

Wigwam, wig'wom, n. An Indian cabin or hut of a 
conical shape, made o f 
bark or mats. [Algonquin 
or Massachusetts w e k , 
"his house," or "dwell- 
ing place ; " wekou-am-ut. 
" in nis (or their) house ; 
contr. by the Eng. to 
weekwam and wigwam.] 

Wild, wild, a. Living in a 
state of nature; not tamed 
or domesticated; growing 
or produced without cul- 
ture; native; desert; not 
inhabited; not refined by 
culture; ferocious; rude; 
not submitted to restraint, Wigwam, 

training, or regulation ; 

turbulent; violent; inordinate; fanciful; visionary; 
crazy; exposed to wind and sea; unsheltered; indi- 
cating strong emotion, intense excitement, or bewil- 
derment. — n. An uninhabited and uncultivated 
tract or region; a forest or sandy desert; wilderness. 
[AS., D., and G.; Ic. villr, for vildr, wild, astray, be- 
wildered, confused, Goth, wiltheis, wild, unculti- 
vated, prob. orig. actuated by will (= AS. willa): cf. 
W. gwyllt, wild, savage, gwyllys, the will, q.v.; s. rt. 
bewilder: see Will.] Wild is prefixed to the names 
of many plants, to distinguish them fr. such as are 
cultivated in gardens. — W. boar. An animal of the 
hog kind 
from which 
the domesti- 
cated swine 
isdescended. 
— W- cat. An 
a n i m a 1 of 
the cat fam- 
ily, stronger 
and fiercer 
than the do- 
mestic cat, 
destruc t i v e 
to small domestic animals. — W. goose chase. The 





Wild Cat. 



am. fame, far, Diss or opera, far** ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd. tone. 6r ; 



WILE 



679 



WIND 



pursuit of something as unlikely to be caught as a 
wild goose. — To sow one's w. oats. To pass through 
a season of wild and thoughtless dissipation, as in 
youth. — Wild'ine, n. A wild crab-apple; a young 
tree growing without cultivation.— Wildly, adv. 
In a wild condition or manner; heedlessly: irration- 
ally; fiercely; irregularly; licentiously.— 'Wild' ness, 
n. — Wild'-fire, n. A composition of inflammable 
materials, which when inflamed is very hard to 
quench; Greek fire.— Wil'der, wYKder, v. t. [-df.red 
(-dSrd),-DEEiNG.] To cause to lose the way or track; 
to bewilder. — Wil'derness, n. A tract of land or re- 
gion uncultivated and uninhabited by human be- 
ings, whether a forest or a wide, barren plain ; a wild ; 
waste; desert; part of a garden, etc., where there is 
unchecked overgrowth or confusing superabun- 
dance. [ME. wtlderne, also vnldernesse, a desert, 
wild place, fr. AS. wilder, a wild animal, abbr. of 
ivild deor, lit. wild deer.] 

Wile, wll, n. A trick or stratagem practiced for in- 
snaring or deception. [AS. wit, wile, Ic. vel, vsel, an 
artifice, fraud, trick; perh. s. rt. Lithuan. wylus, de- 
ceit, wilti, to deceive : same as guile, whence beguile.'] 
— Wil'y, wiKT, a. [-iee; -iest.] Full of, etc.; cun- 
ning; artful; tricky; sly. — Wi'lily, -IT-IT, adv. In 
a wily manner; by stratagem. — Wi'liness, n. State 
or quality of being wily; guile. 

Wilful, Wilfully, etc. See Willful, Willfully, etc., 
under Will. 

Wilk, wilk, n. A species of mollusk. [See Whelk.1 

Will, wil, n. The faculty or power of mind by which 
we decide to do or not to do; power of choosing; fac- 
ulty of preferring or selecting 1 of 2 or more objects; 
choice made ; volition ; choice or determination of one 
who has authority; a decree; command; strong wish 
or inclination ; that which is strongly desired. {Law.) 
The legal declaration of a person s mind, as to the 
manner in which he would nave his property or es- 
tate disposed of after his death; testament; devise. — 
v. t. [imp. willed (wYld) and would (wottd); p.p. 
willed; willing.] This verb has both an irregular 
and a regular form : 1. Irregular. (I will, thou 
wilt, he will ; imp. would ; p. p. wanting.) To wish, 
desire; as an auxiliary, used to denote futurity de- 
pendent on the subject of the verb: thus, in the 1st 
person, " I will" denotes willingness, consent, prom- 
ise, and when " will " is emphasized, it denotes de- 
termination or fixed purpose : in the 2d and 3d per- 
sons, the idea of simple future certainty is expressed : 
see Shall.— 2. Regular. (I will, thou wiliest, he wills; 
imp. & p. p. willed.) To determine by an act of 
choice, ordain, decree; to give or direct the disposal 
of by testament; to bequeath, devise. — v. i. To ex- 
ercise an act of volition; to be inclined or disposed; 
to desire, choose; to decide, determine, decree; to 
order or direct by testament. [AS. ivilla, D. wil, G. 
wille, Russ. volia, L. voluntas, will, desire, wish (n.), 
ME. and D. willen, G. wollen, AS. willan } Ic. and 
Sw. vilja, Dan. ville, L. velle, Gr. boulesthai, to will, 
wish, Skr. vri, to choose, select, prefer; s. rt. E. well, 
weal, wiM, voluntary, voluptuous, G. wahl, choice.] 
—Good will. Favor; kindness; right intention.— Ill 
w. Enmity; unfriendliness.— Will'ful, -ful, a. Gov- 
erned by the will without yielding to reason ; obsti- 
nate; perverse; inflexible; stubborn; refractory.— 
Will'fully, adv. — Wilfulness, n. — Willing, a. 
Free to do or grant; having the mind inclined; dis- 
posed; ready; fain; received of choice, or without 
reluctance; chosen; desired. — Willingly, adv. In 
a willing manner; with free will ; without reluctance; 
cheerfully. — Willingness, n. 

Willow, wiKlo, n. A tree or bush of many species, 
most of which have slender, pliant branches. (Cot- 
ton and Woolen Manuf.) A machine in which flax, 
wool, or cotton is opened and cleansed, — prob. so 
called fr. having been orig. a cylindrical cage made 
of willow rods, or perh. fr. winnow, as denoting the 
winnowing: or cleansing action of the machine; a 
willy; a willower. — v. t. To open and cleanse (cot- 
ton or wool) by means of a willow. [AS. welig, OD. 
and LG. wilge, also LG. wichel; s. rt. E. wicker, AS. 
wican, to give way, bend, G. welle, a wave, Goth. 
walwjan, to roll, Lithuan. welti, to full cloth, suwel- 
ti, to mat hair together, also AS. widhig = E. withy, 
q. v., E. wicker.] — To wear the willow. To lose, or 
be forsaken by, one's lover.— Weeping w. See under 
Weep. — Willowy, -lo-Y, a. Abounding with wil- 
lows; resembling a willow; pliant; flexible; pendent; 
drooping.— Willy, -It, n. ( Cotton and Woolen Man- 
uf.) A willow. [Prob. a corrupt, of willow.] 

Wilt. See Will. 




Wilt, wilt, v. i. To lose freshness and become 
as a plant when exposed to great heat or drought or 
when separated from its root; to droop, wither. — v. 
t. To make flaccid; to depress or destroy the vigof 
and energy of. [ME. welk, G. welken, to fade, with- 
er, fr. welk, AS. hwilc, lean.] 

Wily. See under Wile. 

Wimble, wim'bl, n. An instrument for boring holes, 
turned by a handle; a gimlet.— v. t. [wimbled 
(-bid), -bling.] To bore or pierce, as with a wimble. 
[OF. guimbelet, F. gibelet, LG. wimpel = E. gimlet, 
D. vimmel, an auger, wemelen, to move to and fro, to 
bore.] 

Wimple, wim'pl, n. A covering of silk, linen, etc., 
laid in folds, for the neck, 
chin, and sides of the face, 
formerly worn by women, 
and still retained in the con- 
ventual dress of nuns. — 
v. t. [wimpled (-pld), 
-PLING.J To draw down, or 
to lay in folds or plaits, as a 
veil ; to cover as with a 
veil; to hoodwink ; to cause 
to appear as if laid in folds 
or plaits ; to make to ripple. 

— v. t. To ripple, undulate. 
[ME. wimpel, AS. winpel, a 
wimple, D. and G. wimple, 
Dan. and Sw. vimpel, a pen- Wimple. 

non, streamer, lit. that which binds around ; s. rt. 
wisp, gimp.] 
Win, win, v. t. [Won (wan, obs.) ; winning.] To 
gain by success m competition or contest ; to allure 
to kindness, bring to compliance; to gain over to 
one's side or party, render friendly or approving, 
get, obtain, procure, earn. — v.i. To gain the vic- 
tory, be successful. [ME. and D. winnen, AS. and 
OHG. winnan, to fight, labor, endure, Goth, ivinnan, 
to suffer ; s. rt. Skr. van, to ask, beg for, honor, L. 
venus, love, venerari, to honor, E. wean, ween, wound, 
q.Y.,wont, wish, venereal, venerate.] — Win'ner, n. 

— Win'ning, p. a. Attracting; adapted to gain fa- 
vor; charming. — n. Money, etc., won by success in 
competition, gambling, etc., usually in pi. — Win'- 
some, -sum, a. Cheerful; merry; gay; light-hearted. 
[AS. wynsum, fr. wyn, joy, fr. ivinnan.] 

Wince, wins, v. i. [winced (winst), wincing.] To 
shrink (from a blow, or from pain) ; to flinch, start 
back ; to kick or flounce when unsteady, or impa- 
tient of a rider. [OF. gvinchir, to wince, writhe, 
MHG. wenc/ien, to start aside, wince, wane, a start 
aside ; s. rt. ivinken, to nod, E. wink.] 

Winch, winch, n. A lever having a projecting han- 
dle at one end, and 
the other end fixed 
to an axle of a ma- 
chine ; a crank-han- 
dle; an axle turned 
by a crank-handle, 
for raising weights ; 
a windlass. [AS. 
wince, a crank, win- ? 
eel, a coiner, MHG. =<S*/ 
wenke , a bending, "=b-§^ 
crooking; s. rt. wink, 
wench.] 

Wind, wind, in poetry 
often wind, n. Air in winoV. 

perceptible motion ; vvmen. 

a current of air (natural or artificial) with any de- 
gree of velocity ; breath modulated by the respiratory 
and vocal organs, or by an instrument ; power of res- 
piration; breath; gas generated in the stomach and 
bowels ; flatulence ; air impregnated with an odor 
or scent ; a direction in which the wind may blow ; 
a point of the compass ; esp., one of the cardinal 
points ; anything insignificant or light as wind ; 
mere breath or talk.— r. t. [winded, winding.] To 
expose to the wind, winnow, ventilate ; to perceive 
or follow by the scent; to nose; to put (a horse, etc.) 
out of breath by over-exertion ; to allow (a horse, etc.) 
to rest, to recover breath. [AS., D., and G., wind, Ic. 
vindr, L. ventus, wind, n.; s. rt. Gr. aein, to breathe, 
Skr. va, Goth, ivaion, to blow, E. air, weather, win- 
now, ventilate.] — Between wind and water. (Naut.) 
In that part of a ship's side or bottom which is fre- 
quently brought above water by the rolling of the 
ship, or fluctuation of the water's surface. — Down 
the w. In the direction of, and moving with, the 
wind. — In the w.'s eje. (Naut.) Toward the direct 




sun, cube, full ; moon. foot ; cow, oil : linger or ink. then joxboN. chair, get. 



WIND 



680 



WINTER 




Windmill. 



point from which the wind blows.— To carry the w. 
To toss the nose as high as the ears, as a horse. — To 
raise the 10. To procure money. — To take w. or get 
w. To be divulged, become public— Wind, wind, v. 
t. [Orig. winded (winded), 6«t wow wound (wownd); 
winding.] To blow, sound by blowing; esp., to 
sound so that the notes shall be prolonged and mu- 
tually involved. — Wind'age, wind'ej, n. (Gun.) 
The difference between the diameter of the bore of a 
gun and that of the shot fired from it.— Wind-bound, 
a. (Naut.) Prevented from sailing by a contrary 
wind.— Wind'fall, -fawl, n. Anything blown down 
or off by the wind, as fruit from a tree, or the tree 
itself; an unexpected legacy, or other gain.— Wind'- 
less, a. Having no wind; 
out of breath. — Wind / '- 
mill, n. A mill turned 
by the wind.— Win'dow, 
-do, n. An opening in 
the wall of a building 
for the admission of light 
and air, usually closed 
by glazed sashes, capable 
of being opened and shut; 
the door or sash that 
closes the aperture; a lat- 
tice or casement. [Lit., 
wind-eye, i. e., an eye or 
hole for wind (also air 
and light) .o enter at ; 
ME. winaoge, Ic. vind- 
auga, a window, fr. rindr and auga — AS. eage = E. 
eye.) — Win'dow-seat, n. A seat in and under a 
window.— Wind'pipe, n. (Anat.) The passage for the 
breath to and from the lungs; the trachea, q. v., in 
illust. of Lung. — Wind'row, win'ro, n. A row or 
line of hay raked together, to be rolled into cocks 
or heaps. — Wind'ward, n. The point or side from 
which the wind blows. — a. Situated toward the 
point from which the wind blows. — adv. Toward 
the wind ; in the direction from which the wind 
blows. — To lay an anchor to windward. To adopt 
previous or anticipatory measures for success or se- 
curity.— Wind'y, -T, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Consisting 
of, accompanied or characterized by, or exposed to, 
wind ; next the wind ; windward ; tempestuous ; 
boisterous ; serving to occasion wind or gas in the 
intestines ; flatulent ; attended, or caused, by wind 
or gas in the intestines; empty; airy. — Wind'iness, 
n. — Wind'-brok'en, -brok'n, a. Diseased in the 
power of breathing by the rupture, dilatation, or run- 
ning together of some of the air-cells, so that while 
the inspiration is by one effort, the expiration is by 
two. — egg, n. An imperfect, unimpregnated, or ad- 
dled egg. — flow'er, n. The anemone, — formerly 
supposed to open only when the wind was blowing. 

— -gall, n. (Far.) A soft tumor on the fetlock joints 
of a horse, — formerly supposed to contain air. — 
-gun,n. A gun discharged by the force of compressed 
air; an air gun. — hov'er, -huv'er, n. A species of 
hawk, which hovers in the air, while watching for 
its prey; the kestrel. 

Wind, wind, v. t. [wound (wownd), rarely winded; 
winding.] To turn completely, or with repeated 
turns ; esp., to turn about something fixed ; to coil, 
twine, twist ; to infold, encircle ; to turn and bend 
at one's pleasure, regulate, govern; to introduce by 
insinuation, insinuate ; to cover or surround with 
something coiled about. — v. i. To turn completely 
or repeatedly ; to become coiled about anything; to 
have a circular course or direction ; to go to the one 
side or the other ; to meander. [ME., D., and G. 
winden, AS. and Goth, windan, Ic. vinda; s. it. weed, 
a garment, wand, wend, wander, withe, q. v., won- 
der.] — To wind up. To coil or wind into a ball or 
a small compass, as a skein of thread; to coil closely 
or completely; to bring to a conclusion or settlement; 
to put in a state of renewed or continued motion, as 
a clock, a watch, etc., by winding the spring, or that 
which carries the weight; to prepare for continued 
movement or action; to put in order anew. — Wind / '- 
er, n. One who, or that which, winds; a creeping or 
winding plant; a reel or swift for winding silk, cot- 
ton, etc., on; one of the steps of a winding staircase. 

— Wind'ing, n. A turn or turning; a bend; flexure; 
meander; a call by the boatswain's whistle. — Wind'- 
ing-sheet, n. A sneet in which a corpse is wound or 
wrapped. — Windlass, wTnd'las, n. A horizontal 
axle or roller set in standards or bitts, for raising a 
weight or obtaining a purchase by means of a rope or 
chain, when rotated by handspikes, levers, or a 



crank. [D. ivindas, Ic. 
vindass, a windlass, 
lit. winding-pole, fr. 
vinda and ass, a pole, 
rafter, yard of a sail; 
s. rt. Goth, a n s, a 
beam.] tfn~ £Fd EjB ,'- fe aBl KAaaEa 

Windage, Window, 
Windy, etc. See un- , '^- ! ^s^23r^ZW^^S, 
der Wind, n. ; 

Wine, win, n. The ex- '*^ 
pressed juice of Wind I iss 

grapes, esp. when fer- iulis . 

mented; a fermented liquor prepared from any fruit 
by a process similar to that for grape wine; intoxica- 
tion. [AS. and OHG. win, D. wijn, Ic. and Sw. vin, 
L. vinum, Gr. oinos, wine, oine, the vine; s. rt. withy, 
Skr. vents, a braid of hair.] — Win'y, -T, a. Having 
the taste or qualities of wine. — Spirit of wine, Al- 
cohol. — Wine'-bib'ber, n. One who drinks much 

wine; a great drinker. glass, n. A small glass in 

which wine is drank. — meas'ure, n. The measure 
by which wines and other spirits are sold, smaller 
than beer measure. 

Wing, wing, n. One of 2 anterior limbs of a bird, cor- 
responding to the arms of a man, and by most birds 
used for flying; any similar member or instrument 
used for flying; passage by flying; flight; motive or 
instrument of flight; that which agitates the air as a 
wing does, as a fan or vane for winnowing grain; a 
side-piece, one of 2 corresponding appendages at- 
tached to the sides of anything; or a single appen- 
dage so attached. (Arch.) A side projection from 
a building. (Bot.) A membranous expansion of a 
plant. (Fort.) The longer side of crown-works, 
horn-works, etc., connecting them with the main 
work. (Mil.) The right or left division of an army, 
regiment, etc. (Naut.) That part of the hold or 
orlop of a vessel nearest the sides, —in a fleet, one of 
the extremities when the ships are drawn up in 
line, or when forming the 2 sides of a triangle. ( The- 
atrical.) One of the sides of the stage.— r. t. [winged 
(wingd), winging.] To furnish with wings- to en- 
able to fly, or to move, with celerity; to supply with 
wings or side-pieces; to transport by flight; to cut 
off the wings of, wound in the wing, disable a wing 
of. [ME. winge (2 syl.), Dan. and Sw. vinge, Ic. 
vtengr, a wing, lit wagger, flapper, Goth, wagjan, 
to shake = E. to wag, q. v.; s. rt. widgeon.]— On the 
wing. Flying; on the road; moving from one place 
to another. — On the wings of the wind. With the 
utmost velocity. — Under the wing, or wings of. Un- 
der the care or protection of. — Wing-and-wing. 
(Naut.) The situation of a fore-and-aft vessel when 
she is going dead before the wind, with her foresail 
hauled over on one side and her mainsail on the oth- 
er. — Winged, p. a. Furnished with wings, or wing- 
like expansions: swift; rapid; wounded or hurt in 
the wing. — Wingless, a. Having no wings ; not 
able to fly. — Wing'-shell, n. (Entom. ) The case or 
shell which covers the wing of a coleopterous insect, 
as a beetle. 

Wink, wink, v. i. [winked (winkt), winking.] Toclose 
one or both eyelids with a quick motion; to blink; to 
give a hint by a motion of the eyelids; to shut the 
eyes purposely for the sake of not seeing anything, 
or as if not seeing; to connive at anything, avoid 
taking notice, —n. Act of closing the eyelids quick- 
lv; a hint given by shutting the eye significantly. 
[AS. wincian, Ic. vanka, OD. wincken, to wink, 
wanck, a moment, instant, wanckel, unsteady; s. rt. 
wench, wince, winch, winkle, vacillate, prob. weak, 
wag, wicket.] — Wink'er, n. One who winks ; a 
horse's blinder. 

Winner, Winning, Winsome. See under Win. 

Winnow, win'no, v. t. [-nowed (-nod), -sowing.] To 
separate and drive off the chaff from by means of 
wind; to sift for the purpose of separating falsehood 
from truth; to fan, beat, as with wings. — v. i. To 
separate chaff from grain. [AS. windwian, fr. wind, 
Ic. cinza, fr. vindr, wind, L. i^entilare, fr. ventus, 
wind, whence E. ventilate.] — Win'nower, n. 

Winter, win'ter, n. The cold season of the year: in com- 
mon usage, in the northern hemisphere, the period fr. 
December 1st to March 1st; in astronomical usage, the 
period from the solstice in December (about the 21st 
day) to the vernal equinox in March (about the 21st 
day); a year.— v. i. [wintered (-terd),-TGKlNG.] To 
pass the winter.—?', t. To keep, feed, or manage dur- 
ing the winter. [AS., D., and G.; OHG. wintar, Goth. 
wintrus, winter, pern. lit. the wet season, and s. rt. 



am, fame. far. oass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Qdd, tone, or ; 



WINY 



681 



WITj 



Moet (q. v.), Lithuan. wandu, water, Skr. und, to wet.] 
— Win'tery, -ter-Y, -try, -trt, a. Suitable to or resem- 
bling winter, or what belongs to winter; eold ; stormy ; 
brumal ; hyemal ; snowy ; frosty j icy. — Win'ter- 
green, re. (Hot.) An aromatic, creeping evergreen, 
having bright red berries; checkerberry ; partridge- 
berry.— -kill. V. t. [-KILLED (-kild), -KILLING.] J?0 

kill "by the cold or exposure of winter. — -wneat, 
n. Wheat sown in autumn, to ripen the next year. 

Wipe, wip, v. t. [wiped (wipt), wiping.] To rub with 
something soft for cleaning or drying, clean by rub- 
bing; to strike off gently, remove by rubbing, rub 
off, clear, cleanse, efface.— n. Act of rubbing for the 
purpose of cleaning or drying; a blow; stroke; hit. 
[AS. wipian, to wipe, LG. wiep, a wisp of straw, rag 

Wire, wir, n. An even or slender rod of drawn metal; 
pi. the telegraph. — v. t. [wired (wlrd), wiring.] 
To bind with wire, apply wire to ; to put upon a 
wire; to snare by means of a wire or wires; to send 
(a message) by telegraph. [AS. wir,- Ic. virr. wire, 
Sw. vire, to wind, twist.] — Wireless, wlr'les, a. 
Having no wire ; using no wire ; specif. (Eke), 
dispensing with the use of wires or other conduc- 
tors as transmitters of electricity.— Wireless teleg'- 
raphy (Elec.) A system of telegraphy in which 
communication through 6pace is accomplished 
by electric waves without wires or other conductors. 
See Marconi System. — Wir'y. -Y, a. Made of, 
like, or drawn out like, wire; capable of endurance; 
tough; sinewy. — Wir'iness, n. — Wire'-bridge, re. A 
bridge suspended on wires or cables made of wires. 
— draw, v. t. [imp. wire-drew; p. p. -drawn; 
-drawing.] To form (a piece of metal) into wire, 
by drawing it through a hole in a plate of steel; to 
draw by art or violence; to draw or spin out to great 

length or tenuity. draw'er, re. One who draws 

metal into wire. — edge, -ej, re. The thin, wire-like 
thread of metal sometimes formed on the edge of a 
tool by the stone in sharpening it. — pulKer. re. One 
who pulls the wires, as of a puppet; one who oper- 
ates by secret means; an intriguer. — worm, n. The 
larve of various species of beetles, — so called from 
its slenderness and uncommon hardness. 

Wis, wis, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. wist.] To know, be aware; 
to think, suppose, imagine. [A blunder for ME. 
iwis, ywis, Ic. and Sw. viss, G. gewiss, certain (adj.), 
AS. gewislice, AS. and D. gewis, Sw. visst, certainly, 

— not a verb, but s. rt. E. wit, to know, Goth, wissa, 
I knew; s. rt. wise, wit.'] 

Wise, wlz, a. Having knowledge; enlightened; eru- 
dite; learned; making due use of knowledge; dis- 
cerning and judging correctly concerning what is 
true or false, proper or improper; versed in art or 
science ; skilled in divination; godly; pious; relig- 
ious; dictated or guided by wisdom; containing wis- 
dom; judicious. [AS. wis, Sw. wis, Ic. viss, G. weise, 
Goth, weis; s. rt. wit, to know: see Wis, also Vision.] 

— Wise'ling. n. One who pretends to be wise; a 
wiseacre. —Wisely, adv. In a wise manner; pru- 
dently; judiciously; discreetly; with wisdom.— Wis'- 
dom, wiz'dum, n. Quality of being wise; knowl- 
edge, and the capacity to make due use of it; dis- 
cern! :ent and judgment; discretion; sagacity; sci- 
entific or practical truth; acquired knowledge; eru- 
dition. (Script.) Godliness; piety; religion. [AS.: 
dom = E. doom, judgment.] — Wis'dom-tooth, n. ; 
pi. -teeth. A large, back double tooth, — appearing 
comparatively late, as it were after the person has 
arrived at the age of wisdom. 

Wise, wiz, n. Way of being or acting; manner; mode. 
[Same as <,- ise ; AS. wise, Ic. and Sw. vis, OIlG. wisa, 
lit. wisene.% hence skill, way or mode of doing a 
thing; s. rt. wise, a.] 

Wiseacre, wiz'a-kgr, re. One who makes undue pre- 
tensions to wisdom; a simpleton; dunce. [OD. wifs- 
segger, G. luassager, a soothsayer, weissagen, MHG. 
wizagon, to prophesy, fr. wizago, AS. vntega, a proph- 

. et, fr. OHG. wizan, AS. witan = L. videre, to see.] 

Wish, wish, v. i. [wished (wisht), wishing.] To have 
a desire, long, hanker; to be disposed or inclined; 
to entertain hope or fear in respect to anything. — 
v. t. To desire, long for; to frame or express desires 
concerning; to invoke in favor of or against any 
one; to imprecate.— re. Desire; longing; expression 
of desire; request; petition; invocation or impreca- 
tion; a thing desired; object of desire. [AS. wyscan, 
OIlG. wunscan, Skr. vanksh, to wish, AS. vmsc, OD. 
and G. vmnsch, OHG. munsc, a wish; s. rt. Skr. van, 
to ask, E. win.] — Wisb/er, re. — Wish/ful, -ful, a. 
Having desire, or ardent desire; showing desiVe. — 
Wish'fully, adv.— Wist'ful, -ful, a. Eagevlv atten- 



tive ; engrossed ; with desire or longing; wishful. 
[Corrupt, of wishful; not fr. v-i.it.] — Wist'fully, 



adv. 



Wish'-bone, n. The forked bone in front of 



the breast-bone in birds, corresponding to 2 clavicles 
confluent at their lower ends; merry-thought. 

Wishy-washy, wish 'Y-wosh'Y, a. Thin and weak; very 
weak; diluted, — said of liquids. Weak; without 
force; unsubstantial. [G. ivischwasch, tattle, wisch, 
trash, worthless stuff: see Wasuy, under Wash.] 

Wisp, wisp, re. A small bundle of straw or other like 
substance; a whisk, or small broom. [LG. wiep, a 
wisp, G. wippen, to move up and down, jerk; con- 
fused with whisk, q. v., but not s. rt.] 

Wist. See Wis. 

Wistful, etc. See under Wish. 

Wit, wit, v. i. To know; to be, or become, aware,— 
used chiefly in the infinitive, to wit, which is em- 
ployed, esp. in legal language, to call attention to a 
particular thing, or to a more particular specification 
of what has preceded, and is equivalent to namely, 
that is to say. [ME. witen (pr. t. wot, imp. wistt , p. 
p. wist), AS. witan, to know, also vjitan, to see; s. rt. 
L. videre, Gr. idein, to see, oida, I have seen, 1 know, 
Skr. vid, to perceive, know, orig. to see; s. rt. licit, 
wise, guise, vision, idea, idol, veda, wizard.] — re. 
Mind; intellect; understanding; sense; a mental fac- 
ulty or power of the mind; felicitous association of 
objects not usually connected, so as to produce a 
pleasant surprise; power of readily combining ob- 
jects in such a manner; a person of eminent sense or 
knowledge; a man of genius, fancy, or humor; one 
distinguished for bright or amusing sa3'ings, for rep- 
artee, etc.; ingenuity; humor; satire; sarcasm; irony; 
burlesque. [AS., knowledge, fr. witan.]— Wifty, 
-tY, a. [-tier; -TiEST.] Possessing wit or humor; 

food at repartee; acute; smart; sharp; arch; keen; 
acetious; satirical; ironical; taunting. [AS. witig.) 
— wit'timem -tr.oi7m -n a sentence or phrase 



■ Wifticism, -tT-sizm, 



which isaffectedly witty; an attempt at wit; a con- 
ceit. — Wiftily, adv. In a witty manner; wisely; 
ingeniously; artfully; with wit. — Wit'tiness, re.— 
Wit'tingly, adv. Knowingly ; with knowledge. — 
Witless, a. Destitute of wit or understanding; in- 
discreet ; not under the guidance of judgment. — 
Wit'lessly, adv. — Wit' ling, it. One who has little 
wit or understanding; a pretender to wit or smart- 
ness. — Wit'ness, re. Attestation of a fact or event; 
testimony; that which furnishes evidence or proof; 
one who beholds or has personal knowledge of any- 
thing. (Law.) One who gives evidence before a 
judicial tribunal; one who sees the execution of an 
instrument, and subscribes it for the purpose of con- 
firming its authenticity by his testimony; one who 
gives testimony. — v. t. [witnessed (-nest), -ness- 
ing.] To see or know by personal presence, have 
direct cognizance of; to give testimony to, testify to 
something; to see the execution of (an instrument) 
and subscribe it for the purpose of establishing its 
authenticity. — v. i. To bear testimony, give evi- 
dence, testify. — Wit'nesser, re. One who witnesses, 
[AS. witnes, testimony, ME. wit?ien, to testify .J — 
Wit'tol, re. A man who knows his wife's infidelity, 
and submits or consents to it ; a cuckold. [ME. 
witele, knowing.] 
Witch, wich, n. One, esp. a woman, given to necro- 
mancy; one practicing magical arts and claiming 
power to summon spirits from the other world; a 
sorcerer or sorceress; formerly, esp. in Eng. and 
Amer., one accused of obtaining by compact with 
the Devil, power to torment others ; an ugly old 
woman ; a hag; a charming person, — said of a wom- 
an or child. — v. t. [witched (wicht), witching.] 
To bewitch, fascinate, enchant. [AS. wicce, a witch 
(woman), fern, of wicca, a wizard, abbr. fr. wifga, 
witiga, a prophet, soothsayer, wizard, Ic. vitki, a 
wizard, vitka, to bewitch, fr. vita, AS. witan, to 
know: see Wit; s. rt. OIlG. wizago, a seer, whence 
E. wiseacre.] — Witcb/ery, -er-Y, n. Sorcery ; enchant- 
ment; witchcraft; fascination; entrancing influence. 
— Witching, a. Suited to enchantment or witch- 
craft. — Wiz/ard, re. One devoted to necromancy; a 
magician ; conjurer ; sorcerer. — a. Enchanting ; 
charming ; haunted by wizards. [OF. unsckard, 

, gniichara, sagacious, cunning, fr. Ic. vizfer, clever, 
knowing, fr. vita, to know.] — Witchcraft, re. Prac- 
ticesof witches; sorcery; enchantments: power more 

i than natural. 
Witch-elm, wich'elm, re. A kind of elm. [Lit., droop- 
ing or bending elm, fr. AS. toican, to bend; s. rt. 
wicker.'] 
With, with, prep. With denotes or expresses — near- 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f<36t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, get. 



WITHE 



WONDER 



neas, proximity, association, connection, partner- 
ship, intercourse; situation or estimation among, 
treatment or regard by; friendship or support, as- 
sistance; countenance; accompanying cause or oc- 
casion, instrument, means : correspondence, com- 
parison; close succession, immediate subsequence. 
[AS. widh, Ic. vidh, Sw. vid ; perh. s. rt. Skr. vi, 
asunder.] — Withal', -awl', adv. With the rest; 
likewise; at the same time. —prep. With, — so used 
when combined with a verb, and following the ob- 
ject of the verb. [ME. withalle ; alle dative of al, 
all ; used for AS. mid ealle, with all, wholly.] — 
Withdraw', v. t. [imp. -drew ; p. p. -drawn ; 
-drawing.] To take away (what has been en- 
joyed); to draw back, cause to go away or retire; 
to take back, recall, or retract. —v. i. To quit a 
company or place, go away, retire, retreat, recede, 
retrograde, go back. — Withdraw'al, n. Act of, etc. 
— Withdraw'er, n.— Withdraw' ing- room, n. A 
room behind another room for retirement; a draw- 
ing-room. — Withdraw'ment, n. Act of, or state of 
being, etc.— Withhold', v. t. [imp. -held ; p. p. 
-held or -holden; withholding] To hold back, 
restrain, keep from action; to retain, keep back; 
not to grant. — Withhold'er, n. — Within'', prep. In 
the inner or interior part of; inside of; in the limits 
or compass of; not further in length than; inside 
the limits, reach, or influence of; not beyond, over- 
stepping, exceeding, etc. — adv. In the inner part; 
inwardly; internally; in the house; indoors. [AS. 
widhinnan, on the inside.] —Without', prep. On or 
at the outside of; out of; out of the limits of; out 
of reach of ; beyond ; not with ; otherwise than 
with; in absence of, separation from, or destitution 
of; independently of; exclusively of; unless, ex- 
cept, — introducing a clause, and having the force 
of a conjunction (now rarely used by good writers 
or speakers^). — adv. Not on the inside; not within ; 
on the outside; out of doors; externally. [AS. wid- 
hutan, on the outside of.]— Without day (L. sine 
die). Without the appointment of a day to appear 
or assemble again; finally dismissed.— Withstand'', 
v. t. [-stood, -standing.] To oppose, resist, either 
with physical or moral force. 

Withe, with, n. A flexible, slender twig or branch 
used as a band; a willow twig; withy; a band con- 
sisting of a twig or twigs twisted. (Naut.) An iron 
instrument fitted on one end of a mast or boom, 
with a ring to it, through which another mast or 
boom is rigged out and secured. — v. t. [withed 
(witht), withing.] To bind or fasten with withes 
or twigs. [ME. widhi, wythe, AS. widhig, a willow, 
twig of a willow, OHG. wida, Gr. itea, a willow; 
s. rt. L. vitis, a vine, vimen, a twig, viere, Russ. vite, 
to twine, E. vetch, ivire, ferrule, wine, vine, wind, v. 
t., winch, wicker, witch-elm.'] — Withy, wTth'T, n. A 
large species of willow ; a withe. — a. Made of 
withes; like a withe; flexible and tough. 

Wither, with'Sr, v. i. [-ered (-erd), -ering.] To lose 
the sap or juice, fade, lose freshness, shrivel, dry; to 
lose or want animal moisture; to pine away, as ani- 
mal bodies; to languish, perish, pass away.— v. t. To 
cause to fade and become dry; to cause to shrink, 
wrinkle, and decay, for want of sap or of animal 
moisture; to cause to languish, perish, or pass away. 
[ME. widren, wederen, to expose to the (weder) 
weather, q. v.J 

Withers, with'e'rz, n. pi. The ridge between the 
shoulder-bones of a horse, at the base of the neck. 
See Horse. [Lit., things which resist (the collar 
which draws the load), Jr. ME. widhre, AS. widhre, 
resistance, fr. AS. widher, against, fr. widh: see 
With.] — With'er-wrung, -rung, a. Injured or hurt 
in the withers, as a horse. 

Withhold, Within, Without, Withstand. See With. 

Withy. See under Withe. 

Witless, Witness, Witty, Wittol, etc. See under Wit. 

Wive. See under Wife. 

Wiver or Wyver, wi'vSr, Wi'- or Wy'vern, n. (Her.) 
A kind of heraldic dragon or serpent. [ME. wivere, 
OF. wivre = E. viper, q. v.] 

Wizard. See under Witch. 

Wizen, wiz'n, a. Thin ; dried up ; weazan. [AS. 
wisnian, to become dry, Ic. visna, to wither, fr. visi- 
nu, withered, palsied, dried up, Sw. vissna, to fade, 
OHG. wesanen, to dry; s. rt. Ic. veisa, a stagnant 
pool; prob. 8. rt. L. virus, Gr. ios, Skr. visha, poison, 
vosh, dry, ushita, stale.] 

Woad, wod, n. A cruciferous plant formerly culti- 
vated for the blue coloring matter derived from its 
fermented leaves; the coloring matter, or color de- 



rived from the plant, now superseded by indigo. 
[AS. wad, D. weede, G. weid, Dan. veid, OF. waide, 
F. guede, L. vitrum, woad.] — Wild woad. See Weld. 

Woe, Wo, wo, n. Grief; sorrow; misery; heavy calam- 
ity; a curse, malediction. [AS. wa, D. wee, Goth. 
wai, L. vse, woe 1 (interj.), AS. wea, D. wee, Dan. 
vee (n.), woe ; s. rt. ivail, q. v.] — Wo'- or Woe'ful, 
a. Full of woe; sorrowful; distressed with grief or 
calamity; unhappy; sad; bringing calamity, distress, 
or affliction; wretched, paltry, miserable. —Wo'- or 
Woe'fully, adv. In a woeful manner ; sorrowfully; 
wretchedly; miserably. — Wo'- or Woe'fulness, n. 
— Woe'-begone', a. Overwhelmed with woe ; im- 
mersed in grief and sorrow. [ME. wo begon ; begon 
p. p. of begon, to go about, surround = AS. began, fr. 
be (= E_. by) and gan, to go.] 

Wold, wold, n. A wood ; forest ; a plain, or open 
country ; a country without wood, whether hilly or 
not ; a down. [AS. weald, also AS., OS., OFries., 
and G. wald, a wood, Ic. vollr, a field, plain.] 

Wolf, wulf , n. A swift, crafty, rapacious carnivorous 
animal of several species, 
allied to the dog, and esp. 
destruetive to wheep ; any 
person or thing very rav- 
enous, dangerous, or de- 
structive. [ME., D., and 
G. ; AS. wulf, Goth, wulf s, 
Lith, wilkas, Gr. lukos, 
L. lupus, Skr. vrika, a 
wolf, lit. a tearer, ren- 
der, Lith. wilkti, to pull, ! 
Skr. vracch, to tear.]- Zb Wolf # 

keep the wolf from the 

door. To keep away poverty, prevent starvation. — 
Wolfish, a. Like a wolf; having the qualities or 
form of a wolf . — Wolf-dog, n. A dog of a large 
breed, kept 






sea-wolf. — Wolf s'-bane, n. A poisonous flowering 
plant; aconite; monks' hood. — Wolverine', -ene, 
-vSr-en', n. 
(Zobl.) A car- 
nivorous 
mammal; the 
glutton. A n 
inhabitant of 
Michigan. 
[Amer. slang. \ 
— Wolfram, 
w81'-fram, n. 
(Min.) An ore 

of tungsten ; a w olverine . 

tungstate o t 

iron, or of iron and manganese. [G., fr. wolf and 
rahm, cream, froth— the mineral occurring in froth- 
like pieces.] 

Woman, wfiom'an, n. ; pi. Women, wim'en. The fe- 
male of the human race, esp. when grown to adult 
years; a female attendant or servant. [AS. wifman, 
lit. wife-man, later wifmon, ivimman, wumman, worn- 
man: see Wife and Man.]— Wom'anly, a. Becom- 
ing a woman ; feminine. — adv. In the manner of a 
woman. — Wom'anhood, -hot>d, n. State, character, 
or collective qualities of a woman ; women collec- 
tively. [ME. womanhede, AS. wifhad.] — Wom'an- 
ish, a. Suitable to a woman; having the qualities 
of a woman ; effeminate ; not becoming a man.— 
Wom'ankind, n. The female sex ; the race of fe- 
males of the human kind. 

Womb, woom, n. (Anat.) The uterus of a female. 
The place where anything is generated or produced; 
any cavity containing and enveloping anything. [AS. 
wamb, womb, OHG. wampa, Goth, wamba.] 

Wombat, wom'bat, n. A clumsy, burrowing, root-eat- 
ing Australian 
marsupiate 
mammal. 
[Australian 
wombach.] 

Women. See 
Woman. , 

Won- See Win. t" 

Wonder, wun'- 
d 5 r, n. T h e 




Wombat 



am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, tgrm ; in, Ice ; 5dd, t5ne, dr ; 



WON'T 



683 



WORK 



emotion excited by novelty, or the presentation to the 
sight or mind of something new, unusual, strange, 
great, extraordinary , and not well understood; sur- 
prise; astonishment; cause of wonder; that which ex- 
cites surprise; a prodigy ; miracle.— v. i. [wondered 
(-dSrd), -dering.] To be affected by surprise or ad- 
miration, be struck with astonishment, marvel ; to 
feel doubt and curiosity. [ME. and D. ; AS. ivujidor, 
G. wunder, lit. that from which one turns aside 
(through awe), AS. wandian, to turn aside from, to 
respect, revere.] — Won'derer, n. — Won'derful, -ful, 
a. Adapted to excite wonder or admiration; excit- 
ing surprise; marvelous; amazing: astonishing; sur- 
prising. — Won'derfully, adv. — Won'derment, n. 
Surprise; astonishment; wonder.— Won'drous.-drus, 
a. Such as may excite surprise and astonishment; 
wonderful; strange; prodigious; marvelous; admira- 
ble. —adv. In a wonderful or surprising degree; 
wondrously. [ME. wonders, loonderly, AS. wunder- 
lie (prop, an adj.).] — Won'drously, adv. 

Won't, wont. Contr. of will not, ME. woll not. 

Wont, wunt. a. Using or doing customarily; accus- 
tomed; habituated. — n. Custom; habit; use. — v. i. 
[imp. wont; p.p. wont or wonted; wonting.] To 
be accustomed or habituated; to be used. [Prop. p. 
p. of ME. women, AS. gewunian, to dwell, be accus- 
tomed to, ME. wone, AS. wuna, custom, use, AS. 
winnan, to strive after, OHG. giwon, accustomed to, 
giwona, usage.] — Wont 'ed, a. Accustomed; cus- 
tomary; used. 

Woo, woo, v. t. [wooed (wood), wooing.] To solicit 
in love, court; to invite with importunity.— v. i. To 
court, make love. [ME. wowen, AS. wogian, to woo, 
lit. to incline, f r. woh, Goth, waits, bent, Skr. vakra, 
L. varus, crooked.] — Woo'er, n. 

Wood, wo"6d, n. A large and thick collection of trees; 
a forest; the hard substance of trees; timber; trees 
cut or sawed for the fire or other uses. (Bot.) The 
material of succulent plants and parts of shrubs not 
hardened and ligneous, as well as of trees. — v. t. 



To supply with wood, or get supplies of wood for. — 
v. t. To take in, or supply with, wood. [ME. wode. 
AS. widu, wudu, Ic. via.hr, Dan. and Sw. ved, tree, 




wood.]— Wood'ed, a. Supplied or covered with trees 
or wood. — Wood'' en, wdod'n, a. Made, or con- 
sisting, of wood ; impassive ; clumsy ; awkward. — 
Wood'y, -*, a. Abounding with, consistingof, or 
containing wood or woody fiber; ligneous. — wood'- 
iness, n. — Wood'bine, -bin, n. A climbing plant 
having fragrant flowers; honeysuckle; eglantine. — 
Wood'chuck, n. A hybernatiug Amer. rodent mam- 
mal, a species of marmot, which burrows in the 
ground, and is troublesome in clover fields, etc. — 
Wood'-cock, n. A migratory game bird, allied to 
the snipe, and frequent- 
ing the thickest under- 
wood, esp. in the au- 
tumn.— Woodland, n. 
Land covered with 
wood, or land on which 
trees are suffered to 
grow either for fuel or 
timber. — Wood'man, 
n. ; pi. -men. In Eng., 
a forest officer, appoint- 
ed to take care of the 
king's wood. A sports- 
man; hunter; one who 
cuts down trees; a wood-cutter. — Wood'nymph, 
-nimf, n. A nymph inhabiting the woods; a fabled 
goddess of the woods; a dryad. 
— Wood'pecker, n. A scanso- 
rial bird of many species: it has 
a strong bill, and pecks holes in 
the wood or bark of trees in 
pursuit of insects. — Wood'- 
cr&ft. n. Skill and practice in 
shooting and other sports in the 
woods. — cut, n. An engraving 
on wood, or an impression from 
such an engraving. — rafter, n. 
One who cuts wood; one who 
makes wood-cuts; an engraver 
on wood. — freVter, n. An in- 
sect or worm that eats wood. — 
-house, n. A house or shed in 
which wood is deposited and 
sheltered from the weather. — 
-lark, n. A species of lark. — 
•pigeon, -pij'un, n. The ring- 
dove. 



Woodcock. 




Canadian Wood- 
pecker. 



•rev, n. The steward or overseer of 



a wood. — screw, n. A screw made of iron, and fur- 
nished with a sharp thread, for insertion in wood.— 
•ward, n. An officer of the forest, who guards the 

woods. work, n. That part of any structure 

which is wrought of wood. 

Wooer. See under Woo. 

Woof, woof, n. The threads that cross the warp in 
weaving; the weft; texture; cloth. [ME. oof, AS. 
owef, oweb, aweb, ab, the woof, fr. a or o, for on, and 
wef or web, web, fr. we/an, to weave; s. rt. abb.} 

Wool, w<561, n. That soft, curled, or crisped species of 
hair which grows on sheep and some other animals; 
short, thick nair, esp. when crisped or curled. [ME. 
and G. wolXe, AS. wull, wul, Ic. and Sw. ull, Goth. 
wulla, Lithuan. wilna, Skr. urna, wool, fr. vri, to 
cover; s. rt. L. villus, shaggy hair, vellus, a fleece: 
see Villi.] — Wool'en, a. Made of, consisting of, or 
pert, to, wool. — n. Cloth made of wool; woolen 
cloth. [AS. wyllen.] — Wool'en-dra'per, n. One 
who deals in woolen goods. — Wool'fell, n. A skin 
with the wool. — Woolly, -It, a. Consisting of, re- 
sembling, of the nature of, or clothed with, wool. 
(Bot.) Clothed with a pubescence resembling wool. 
— Wool'ineBS, n. — Wool'-comb'er , -kom'er, n. One 
whose occupation is to comb wool. — gatb/ering, n. 
Indulgence in idle exercise of the imagination; a 
foolish or useless pursuit ordesign; vagary. — grow'- 
er, n. One who raises sheep for the production of 
wool. — -pack, n. A pack or bag of wool weighing 
240 pounds; anything bulky without weight. — sack! 
n. A sack or bag of wool; esp., the seat of the lord 
chancellor of England in the House of Lords, being 
a large, square bag of wool, without back or arms, 
covered with red cloth. — sta'pler, n. One who 
deals in wool; one who sorts wool according to its 
adaptation to different manufacturing purposes. 

Woold, woold, v. t. (Naut.) To wind; esp., to wind 
a rope round (a mast or yard, when made of 2 or 
more pieces, at the place where they have been 
fished or scarfed, to confine and support them). [D. 
woelen, to wind.] 

Wootz, woots, n. A species of steel fr. the E. Indies, 
valued as material of edge-tools; India steel. 

Word, wgrd, n. The spoken sign of a conception or 
idea; a single component part of human speech or 
language; a term; vocable; the written or printed 
character, or characters, expressing such a term; 
talk; discourse; oral expression; account; tidings; 
message; signal; order; command; statement; affir- 
mation; declaration; promise; verbal contention » 
dispute; a brief remark or observation; a phrase, 
clause, or short sentence; the Scriptures, considered 
as the revelation of God to man. — v. t. To express 
in words. [AS.; D. woord, G. wort, Goth, waurd, L. 
verbum, a word, Lithuan. war das, a name; s. rt. Gr. 
eirein, to speak, rhetor, a. speaker, E. rhetoric, verb,} 
—By word of mouth. Orally ; by actual speaking. — 
Good w. Commendation; favorable account. — In a 
w. Briefly; to sum up.— The Word. •„-,.„-, 
( Theol.) The 2d person in the Triu- MfcA * T 
ity before his manifestation in time EMBER 
by the incarnation: by those who re- ABUSE 
I ject a Trinity of persons, some one or r> c c t w 
1 all of the divine attributes personified. £ £ ® „ " 
—To eat one's words. To retract what 1 RE NT 
has been said. -Word for w. In the Word-square. 
exact words; verbatim; literally ; ex- * 

actly. — Wording, n. The act or manner of ex- 
pressing in words; style of expression.— Word'y, -I, 
a. [-iek;-iest.] Using many words; verbose; con- 
taining many words. — Word'iness, n. — Word'- 
book, n. A collection of words; a vocabulary; dic- 
tionary ; lexicon. — square, n. A series of words ar- 
ranged to be read vertically and horizontally with 
like results. 

Wore. See under Wear. 

Work, wSrk, v. i. [worked (werkt) or wrought 
(rawt), working.] To exert one's self for a pur- 
pose ; to labor, be engaged in the performance of * 
task, duty, etc. ; to operate, act, perform ; to be ef- 
fective, have effect or influence ; to carry on busi- 
ness, be customarily engaged or employed, toil; to be 
in a state of severe exertion, or as if in such a state; 
to move heavily, strain, labor ; to make one's way 
slowly and with difficulty ; to proceed with effort ; 
to ferment, as a liquid ; to act or operate on the 
stomach and bowels, as a cathartic— v. t. To labor 
or operate upon; to prepare for use, or utilize by la- 
bor ; to produce or form by labor ; to accomplish, 
effect ; to produce by slow degrees, or as if labori- 
ously ; to influence by acting upon ; to manage, 



sun, cube, full ; moon, f <Jot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, bowboir, chair, get. 



WORLD 



684 



WORTH 



lead; to form with a needle and thread or yarn; esp.. 
to embroider ; to set in motion or action ; to direct 
the action of, govern, manage ; to cause to ferment, 
as liquor. — n. Exertion of strength ; effort di- 
rected to an end ; in man, manual labor; the matter 
on which one is at work ; material for working 
upon ; subject of exertion ; that which is produced 
as the result of labor; product; performance; fabric; 
manufacture ; act, deed, effect, result, feat ; that 
which is produced by mental labor, a composition, 
book ; embroidery, pi. Structures in civil, mili- 
tary, or naval engineering, as docks, bridges, em- 
bankments, trenches, etc. ; structures and grounds 
of a manufacturing establishment. (Theol.) Moral 
duties, or external performances, as a ground of 
pardon or justification. [ME., D., and G. werk, AS. 
weorc, were, Ic. and Sw. verk, work, ME. werchen, 
AS. wyrcan, wircan, to work ; s. rt. Gr. rhezein, to 
do, work, E. wnght, energy, liturgy, organ, surgeon, 
etc.] — To work a passage. (Naut.) To pay for a 
passage by doing duty. — Work'able, a. Capable 
of being worked, as a metal ; worth working. — 
Work'er, n. — Work'ing-day, n. A day on which 
work is performed, — disting. fr. the Sabbath, festi- 
vals, etc.; the portion of a day regularly devoted to 
work. — a. Plodding ; hard-working ; every-day ; 
pert, to or used on working days. — Work'man, 
n. A man employed in labor ; a worker ; a skill- 
ful artificer or laborer. — Work'man-like, -manly, 
o. Becoming a workman, esp. a skillful one; skill- 
ful; well performed. — Work'manship, n. Skill of 
a workman ; execution or manner of making any- 
thing ; that which is effected, made, or produced ; 
manufacture ; esp., something made by manual la- 
bor. — Work'shop, n. A shop where any manufac- 
ture is carried on. — Work'wom'an, n. A woman 
who performs work; esp., a woman skilled in needle- 
work. — Work'-bag, -box, n. A bag or box for hold- 
ing instruments or materials for work ; esp., for 
holding needlework. — -day, n. and a. Same as 
Working-day. — -fellow, n. One engaged in the 
same work with another. — -folk, -folks, n. pi Per- 
sons that labor. — house, n. A house in which idle 
and vicious persons are confined to labor ; a house 
where the town poor are maintained at public ex- 
pense, and provided with labor ; a poor-house. — 
-ta'ble, n. A table for holding work, esp. needle- 
work, and materials and implements for it. 

World, wgrld, n. The earth and its inhabitants, with 
their concerns; a division of the globe, or of its inhab- 
itants ; human affairs as seen from a given point of 
view ; state of existence ; scene of life and action; 
the earth and surrounding heavens ; the creation ; 
universe ; any planet or heavenly body, considered 
as inhabited ; customs, practices, and interests of 
men ; general affairs of life ; human society ; indi- 
vidual experience of, or concern with, life ; course 
of life ; the inhabitants of the earth ; the human 
race : mankind ; the earth and its affairs as disting. 
fr. heaven ; worldly corruption ; the ungodly or 
wicked part of mankind; a great multitude or quan- 
tity ; a large number. [AS. weorold, worold, world, 
D. wereld, OHG. weralt, werold, G. welt, the world, 
lit. age of man, course of man's life, fr. AS. and 
OHG. wer (= Goth, wair, Ic. verr, L. vir), a man, 
and ME. elde, old age, AS. yldo, Ic. old, an age.] — 
World's end. The end or most distant part of the 
world : the. remotest regions.— World without end. 
Eternally ; everlastingly, — Worldly, -IT, a. Rela- 
ting to the world; human; common ; pert, to this 
world or life, disting. from the life to come; secular; 
temporal; devoted to this life and its enjoyments. — 
adv. In a worldly manner. [AS. weoruldic.] — 
Worldly-minded, a. Devoted to worldly interests. 
— World'liness, n. Quality of being worldly ; a 
predominant passion for obtaining the good things 
of this life. — World'ling, n. One devoted to this 
world and its enjoyments. 

Worm, werm, n. Orig., any creeping or crawling 
animal: a serpent, caterpillar, snail, etc.; any small, 
creeping animal or reptile, either entirely without 
feet, or with very short ones. pi. Animals which 
live and breed in the intestines of other animals. 
Figuratively, something that gnaws or afflicts one's 
conscience ; anything spiral, vermiculated, or re- 
sembling a worm; the thread of a screw, a spiral in- 
strument for drawing cartridges from fire-arms ; a 
small, worm-like ligament under a dog's tongue ; a 
spiral metallic pipe through which vapor passes in 
distillation. (Mach.) A 6hort, revolving screw, the 
threads of which drive a wheel by gearing into its 



teeth.— v. u [wormed (wSrmd), worming.] Tb 
work slowly, gradually, and secretly, —v. t. To 
effect, remove, drive, etc., by slow and secret means, 
to draw a wad and cartridge from (a fire-arm) ; to 
cut the ligament, called a worm, from under the 
tongue of (a dog, etc.), to check a disposition to 
gnaw ; to wind rope, yarn, etc., spirally round ; to 
wind with spun-yarn. [ME. and D. ; AS. wyron, 
Ic. ormr, G. wurm, Goth, waurms, L. vermis, Skr. 
knmij Lithuan. kirmis, a worm ; s. rt. crimson, 
carmine, kermes, vermes, q. v.); perh. s. rt. L. curvus, 
curved, E. curve, circle, squirm, swarm.] — To worm 
one's self into. To enter gradually by arts and in- 
sinuations. — Worm'y, -T, a. [-ier ; -iest.] Con- 
taining a worm ; abounding with worms ; like a 
worm; earthy; groveling. — Worm'-eat'en, -et'n, a. 
Gnawed by worms. — -fence, n. A zigzag fence, 
made by placing the ends of the rails upon each 
other. — seed, n. A plant whose seed has the prop- 
erty of expelling worms from the stomach, bowels, 
and intestines. 

Wormwood. werm'wo^d, n. A plant of several species 
having a bitter nauseous taste. [ME. wormwod, AS. 
wermod, D. wermoet, G. wermuth, lit. mind-preserv- 
er; AS. werian, OD. and MHG. weren, to protect, 
defend ; and AS. mod, OD. moet, MHG. muot = E. 
mood, mind, courage ; not s. rt. worm or wood A 

Worn. See Wear. 

Worry, wur'rY, v. t. [worried (-rid), -rting.] To 
harass with importunity, or with care and anxiety; 
to torment, trouble ; to harass with labor, fatigue ? 
to harass by pursuit and barking; to tear or mangle, 
with the teeth. — r. t. To feel or express undue so- 
licitude and anxiety.— n. A state of disturbance 
from care and anxiety; vexation; anxiety; trouble. 
[AS. wyrgan, to harm, choke, D. worgen, OFries. wer- 
gia, OHG. wurgan, to strangle, AS. wergan, to curse.] 
— Wor'riment, n. Trouble; anxiety. — Wor'risome, 
a. In a condition to be troubled; causing worry or 
annoyance. 

Worse, wers, a. Bad, ill, evil, or corrupt, in a higher de- 
gree; in poorer health; more sick, — used both in a 
physical and moral sense.— adv. In a manner more 
evil or bad. [ME. wurs, wors, wers (adv.), wurse, 
worse, werse (adj., 2 syl.), AS. wyrs (adv.), wyrsa, wir- 
sa (adj.) worse; s. rt. OHG. werran, to entangle, con- 
fuse, werre, confusion = E. war, q. v.] — The worse. 
Loss; disadvantage; something less good. — Wors r - 
en, -n, v. t. To make worse, deteriorate, impair. 
[ME. toursien, AS. wyrsian, to grow worse.] — Wors'- 
er, a. Worse. — Worst, wSrst, a. ; suiyeil. of worst. 
Bad, evil, or pernicious, in the highest degree. — 
n. That which is most bad or evil ; the most se- 
vere, calamitous, or wicked, state or degree. — v. t. 
To gain advantage over in contest, get the better of, 
defeat, overthrow. 

Worship, etc. See under Worth, n. 

Worst. See under Worse. 

Worsted, wust'ed., n. A kind of yarn, spun of long- 
staple wool which has been combed to lay the fibers 
parallel. [Fr. Worsted, a town in Norfolk, Eng.] 

Wort, wert, n. (Bot.) A plant, herb, — used chiefly 
in compounds ; esp., a plant of the cabbage kind. 
New beer unf ermented, or in the act of fermentation. 
[AS. wyrt, OS. wurt, Ic. and Dan. urt, G. wurz, Goth. 
waurts, wort, the plant ; ME. and OD. wort, new 
beer, AS. maxwyrte, lit. mash-wort, fr. wyrt; s. rt. 
orchard (= wort-yard), radix, liquorice.] 

Worth, wgrth, v.i. To be, become, betide, — now used 
only in the phrases, woe worth the day, woe worth 
the man, etc., in which the noun is in the dative case. 
[ME. worthen, AS. weordhan, D. warden, G. to be- 
come ; 8. rt. L. vertere, to turn, E. verse, weird, 
writhe.] 

Worth, werth, n. That quality of a thing which ren- 
ders it valuable or useful: value; value as expressed 
in a standard, as money; price; rate; value in re- 
spect of moral or personal qualities ; virtue ; emi- 
nence; usefulness; desert; merit; excellence; com- 
parative importance. — a. Equal in value to: de- 
serving of ; having wealth or estate to the value of. 
[ME. wurdh, AS. weordh, wurdh, D. waard, Ic. 
verdhr, honorable, valuable, AS. weordh, JD. waarde, 
lc. verdh, value, MHG. wert, Goth, wairths, value, 
also valuable (n. and adj.); s. rt. AS. waru ! = E. 
wares, valuables, E. ware, wary.] — Worthless, a. 
Destitute of worth; having no value, virtue, excel- 
lence, dignity, etc.: undeserving; useless; vile; bare; 
mean. — Worthlessness, n. — Wor'thy, -tht, a, 
[-thier ; -thiest.J Having worth or excellence s 
possessing merit; having suitable, adapted, or equiv 



£m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; 



wo: 



685 



WREST 



L5u> 



alent qualities or value; equal in excellence, value, or 
dignity to; entitled to; deserving; meritorious; vir- 
tuous; estimable; suitable. — n. A man of eminent 
worth or value; a person of conspicuous desert. — 
Wor'thily, -tht-lY, adv. In a worthy manner ; de- 
servedly; justly; suitably; becomingly. — Wor'thi- 
ness, n. — Wor'ship, wer'ship, n. Ong., honor; re- 
spect; a title of honor, used in addresses to certain 
magistrates, etc.; religious reverence and homage; 
adoration paid to God, or to a being viewed as 
God; act of performing devotional services and re- 
ligious exercises in honor of God or of some person 
or thing in the place of God; idolatry of lovers; ado- 
ration ; devotion; veneration, — v. t. [worshiped 
(-shipt), -shiping.] To respect, honor, revere, rev- 
erence; to pay divine honors to, adore, perform re- 
ligious exercises in honor of; to honor with extrav- 
agant love and extreme submission, as a lover; to 
idolize, —v. i. To perform acts of adoration, or re- 
ligious service. [For worthship, ME. ivortlisipe, later 
worschip, AS. weordhscipe, honor, fr. iveordh, honor- 
able; ME. worthschipen, to honor, worship.] — Wor'- 
shiper, n. — Wor'shipful, -ful, a. Entitled to wor- 
ship, reverence, or high respect; worthy of honor. — 
Wor'shipfully, adv. 

Wot. wot, v. i. To know, be aware. [See Wit.] 

Would. See Will. 

Wound, woond or wownd, n. A cut, stab, or other 
violent rupture of the skin and flesh of an animal 
or the substance of a plant; injury; hurt; damage; 
detriment. — v. t. To hurt by violence, injure, dam- 
»e; to hurt the feelings of. [AS. wvnd, D. wond, 
»an. vunde, G. wunde, a wound, AS. winnan, Ic. vin- 
na, to strive, fight, suffer ; 8. rt. Skr. uan, to hurt, 
kill, ask, desirej E. unn, q. v.] 

Wound, wownd, imp. & p. p. of Wind, q. v. 

Wove. Woven. See Weave. 

Wr»ck, rak, n. A marine plant of several species, esp. 
when cast on shore and used for manure or for 
making kelp; a thin, flying cloud; rack; shipwreck; 
ruin. [Same as rack, wreak, and wreck ; F. varech, 
sea-weed, also pieces of a wrecked ship, cast up on 
shore, ME. wrak, a wreck, AS. wrssc, exile, misery, 
wrecan, to drive, expel, cast forth, also to punish = 
E. to wreak, D. wrak, a wreck, also (adj.) cracked, 
broken, Ic. rek, reki, anything driven ashore, fr. 
reka, to drive, Sw. i-rak, wreck, refuse, trash.] — 
Wreak, rek, v. t. [wreaked (rekt). wreaking.] To 
execute in vengeance or passion; to inflict; to hurl 
or drive. [AS. wrecan (see above), D. wreken, to 
avenge, Ic. reka, to drive, also to thrust, repel, take 
vengeance, OHG. rechan, Goth, wrikan, to wreak 
anger on, persecute ; s. rt. Lithuan. wargas, afflic- 
tion, L. urgere, to press, urge on, Gr. eirgein, to re- 
pel, Skr. vrij, to exclude, orig. to bend.] — Wreck, 
rek, n. Destruction; ruin: desolation; the destruc- 
tion or injury of a vessel by being cast on shore, or 
on rocks, or by being disabled or sunk by the force 
of winds or waves; the ruins of a ship stranded or 
otherwise rendered useless by violence and fracture; 
the remains of anything ruined. (Lavj.) Goods, 
etc., cast upon the land by the sea, after a ship- 
wreck.— V. t. [WRECKED (rekt), WRECKING.] TO 

destroy, disable, or seriously damage (a vessel) by 
driving against the shore or on rocks, by causing to 
founder, etc ; to bring wreck or ruin upon, destroy. 
[AS. wrsFC, expulsion, banishment, fr. wrecan : see 
under Wrack, above, D. wrak, Ic. rek, Sw. vrak, 
wreck.] — Wreck'age, -ej, n. Act of wrecking; that 
which has been wrecked. — Wreck' er, n. One who 
causes a wreck, as by false lights, for purposes of 
plunder ; one who searches for the cargoes of 
wrecked vessels, for plunder, or to save property 
for owners or underwriters; a vessel employed by 
wreckers. — Wreck'-mas'ter. n. A person appointed 
by law to take charge of eroods, etc., "thrown on shore 
after a shipwreck. — Wretch, rech, n. A miserable 
person; one profoundly unhupny; one sunk in vice 
or degradation; a base, despicable person : villain; 
profligate; scoundrel; rascal. [AS. wrecca, an out- 
cast, fr. wrecan: see under Wrack, above.] — 
Wretch'ed. a. Very miserable; sunk in deep afflic- 
tion or distress, from want, anxiety, or grief; ca- 
lamitous; worthless: paltry; very poor or mean.— 
Wretch'edly, adi\ In a wretched manner; miser- 
ably; unhappily; meanly; despicably. — Wretcb/- 
edness, n. 
Wraith, rath, n. An apparition of a person in his ex- 
act likeness, seen before death, or a little after; a 
specter; vision; unreal image. [Ic. rordhr, a ward- 
en, guardian, fr. vardha = E. ward, to guard.] 



Wrangle, ran'gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To dis- 
pute angrily, quarrel peevishly and noisily, brawl, 
altercate. — n. An angry dis-pute ; noisy quarrel ; 
bickering; jar; jangle; contest; controversy; squab- 
ble. [ME. wranglen, also wraxlen, to wrestle, freq. 
of wring, AS. wringun, to press, strain: see \V king/) 
— Wran'gler, n. — Senior vrrangler. ( Cambridge 
Univ. Eng.) The student who passes the best exam- 
ination in mathematics in the senate-house. 

Wrap, rap, v. t. [wrapped (rapt), wrapping.] To 
wind or fold together; to cover by winding or fold- 
ing, envelop completely, infold; to conceal by envel- 
oping or infolding, hide, involve as an effect or con- 
sequence. [ME. wrapjien, wlappen — E. la/>, to fold, 
ProvE. warj>, to fold : see Warp.] — Wrap'per, n. 
One who, or that which, wraps; that in which any- 
thing is wrapped or inclosed ; envelope ; covering ; 
esp., a loose outer garment. — Wrap'rascal, n. A 
coarse upper coat. 

Wrasse, ras, n. A prickly-spined, hard-boned fish of 




Red or Three-spotted Wrasse. 

several species, with vivid colors and thick lips, 
found in the Mediterranean and on the Eng. coasts. 
[W. gwrachy, wrach.~\ 

Wrath, rath, n. Violent anger; vehement exaspera- 
tion; indignation; rage; fury; ire; the effects of an- 
ger ; the just punishment of an offense or crime. 
[ME. wratthe, Ic. reidhi, fr. AS. wradh, Ic. reidhr = 
E. wroth, q. v.] — Wrath'ful, -ful, a. Full of wrath; 
very angry ; greatly incensed ;' springing from, or 
expressing, wrath ; furious ; ireful ; rasring ; indig- 
nant: resentful; passionate. — Wrath'fully, adv. — 
Wrath'less, a. Free from anger. — Wratlry, -T, a. 
Very angry. 

Wreak. See under Wrack. 

Wreath, reth, n. ; pi. Wreaths, rerhz. Something 
twisted or curled: agarland: chaplet; esp., one giv- 
en to a victor. [AS. wrsedh, f r. wridhan, to twist = 
£. writhe, q. v.] —Wreathe, reth, v. t. [wreathed 
(rethd), wreathing.] To twist, convolve, wind one 
about another, entwine; to surround with anything 
twisted or convolved; to enci.cle, infold; to'twine 
or twist about, encircle. — v. i. To be interwoven or 
entwined.— Wreath'y, reth'I, a. Twisted; curled; 
spiral. 

Wreck, Wreckage, etc. See under Wrack. 

Wren, ren, n. A small insessorial bird, of several 
species, which feeds 
on insects, etc., and 
is often very famil- 
iar with man. [AS. 
wrenna, lit. the las- 
civious bird, fr. 
wrsene, lascivious, 
Dan. rrinsk, proud. 
Sw. vrensk, not cas- 
trated (said of 
horses, OHG. ranno, 
a stallion, Ic. hrina, _ 
to squeal (said of ' 
cocks, dogs, swine, 
h o r 8 e s, etc., in 
heat).] 

Wrench, rench, v. t. I 
[wrenched Wren, 

(rencht), wrench- 
ing.] To wrest, twist, or force by violence; to strain, 
sprain, distort. — n. A violent twist, or a pull with 
twisting: a sprain: an in- z -- v 
strument for exerting a ~] J ^gg^ 
twisting strain, as in turn- w 5 '" 
ing bolts, nuts, screw-taps, Wrenrn 

etc. [AS. ivrence,G. rank, vvrencn. 

trick, deceit, fraud, MHG. renken, G. verrenken, to 
wrench; s. rt. wring, wrong.'] 

Wrest, rest, v. t. To turn, twist; esp., to twist or ex- 
tort by violence ; to pull or force away by violen'. 
wringing or twisting; to turn from truth, or twi#S 
from its natural meaning by violence; to wring, per- 
vert, distort. — n. Violent pulling and twisting; dir 
tortion. [AS. wrsestan, Ic. reista, Dan. vriste, Ur 




sun, cube, full ; moon, fdot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN. chair, eet. 



WRETCH 



686 



XANTHIO 



wrest-, s. rt. wreath, writhe, wrist.]— Wrest'er, n. 
— WreB'tle, res'l, v. i. [-tled (-Id), -tling.] To 
Contend, as 2 persons, by grappling together, and 
each striving to throw the other down ; to struggle, 
strive, contend — n. A struggle between 2 to see 
which will throw the other down; a struggle. [ME. 
tarestlen, AS. wrssstlian, f req. of wresC] — Wres'- 
tler n. 

Wretch, Wretched, etc. See under Wrack. 

Wriggle, rig'gl, v. i. [wriggled (-gld), -gling.] To 
move the body to and fro with short writhing mo- 
tions, like a worm; to squirm. — v. t. To put into a 
quick, reciprocating motion; to introduce by twist- 
ing and squirming. [ME. wrikken, D. wriggelen, 
LG. wrikken, to wriggle, twist; s. rt. AS. wrigian, to 
impel, whence E. wry, q. v., Skr. vrij, to bend, E. 
rickets, q. v. under Rachitis.] — Wrig'gler, n. 

Wright, rit, n. One whose occupation is some kind 
of mechanical business; an artificer; workman, — 
chiefly used in compounds. [AS. wyrhta, a work- 
man, maker, wyrht, a deed, work, fr. wyrcan, OHG. 
■wurchan, = E. to work, q. v.] 

Wring, ring, v. t. [wrung, wringing.] To twist and 
compress, pinch, turn and strain with violence; to 
pain, distress, torment; to pervert; to extract or ob- 
tain by twisting and compressing; to extort. (Naut.) 
To bend or strain out of its position. [ME., D., and 
LG. wringen, AS. wringan, to press, compress, strain, 
G. ringen, to wring, wrest, wrestle ; s. rt. wrench, 
wrangle, wrong, wreak, wrack, wreck, wretch, wrin- 
kle, wriggle, wry.] — Wring'-bolt, n. A bolt used by 
shipwrights to bend and secure the planks against 
the timbers till they are fastened by bolts, spikes, 
and tree-nails. — Wring'er, re. One who, or that 
which, wrings ; an extortioner ; an instrument for 
forcing water out of anything, esp. from clothes 
after they have been washed. 

Wrinkle, rinkl, n. A small ridge, prominence, or 
furrow, formed by the shrinking or contraction of 
any smooth substance ; a crease ; roughness ; un- 
evenness. — v. t. [wrinkled (-Id), -ling.] To con- 
tract into furrows and prominences ; to corrugate ; 
to make rough or uneven — v. i. To shrink into fur- 
rows and ridges. [OD. wrinckel, a wrinkle, wrincke- 
len, to wrinkle, crisp, wringen, to wreath, writhe, 
twist, Dan. rynke, a wrinkle, pucker, fold, also to 
wrinkle ; s. rt. wring.] — Wrinkly, -IT, a. Full of 
wrinkles; liable to be wrinkled; corrugated. 

Wrinkle, rink'l, n. A notion or fancy ; a whim. 
[ProvE., a small trick, little stratagem, dim. of AS. 
wrence, a trick: see Wrench.] 

Wrist, risi, n. (Anat.) The joint by which the hand 
is united to the arm. [AS., fr. wridhan = E. to 
writhe (q. v.), twist; s. rt. wrest.] — Wrist'band, re. 
That part of a shirt sleeve which covers the wrist. 

Write, rit, v. t. [imp. wrote (rot) ; p. p. writ (obs.) 
or written; writing.] To set down (legible char- 
acters) ; to inscribe on any material by a suitable 
instrument ; to express in legible or intelligible 
characters, inscribe ; to set down in an epistle, com- 
municate by letter ; to compose or produce, as an 
author ; to impress durably ; to make known by 
writing, record, copy, transcribe, compose, recite.— 
v. i. To form characters, letters, or figures, as repre- 
sentatives of sounds or ideas ; to be regularly em- 
ployed or occupied in writing, copying, or account- 
ing; to frame or combine ideas and express them in 
words ; to recite or relate in books, compose. [AS. 
writan (imp. wrat, p. p. writen), to write, inscribe, 
orig. to score, engrave, in OS., to cut, injure, also 
to write, lc. rita, to scratch, cut, write, Goth, writs, 



a stroke of a pen; s. rt. Skr. vardh, to cut.! — 
Writ'er, re. One who writes, or has written ; a scribe; 
clerk; an author. [AS. writer e.] —Writing, n. Act 
or art of forming letters and characters on paper, 
wood, stone, or other material ; anything written or 
expressed in letters ; as, a legal instrument, a pam- 
phlet, book, inscription.— Wrifing-mas'ter, rc. One 
who teaches the art of penmanship. — -jpa'per, re. 
Paper finished with a smooth surface, sized, and 
fitted for writing upon. — Writ, writ, n. That which 
is written ; writing, — applied esp. to the Scriptures; 
Bible. (Law.) An instrument in writing, under seal, 
in an epistolary form, issued from the proper author- 
ity, commanding the performance or non-perform- 
ance of some actby the person to whom it is directed. 
[AS. writ, gewrit, a writing.] 

Writhe, rith, v. t. [imp. & p. p. writhed (writhen, 
obs. or poet.), writhing.] To twist with violence, 
distort, wring; to wrest, pervert. — v. i. To twist the 
body about, be distorted, as in pain. [AS. wridhan, 
to twist, wind about, lc. ridha, Sw. vrida, to ring, 
twist, turn, wrest; s. rt. wrath, wroth, wreath, wrist, 
wrest, verse, worth, v. i., q. v.] 

Wrong, rong, a. Not fit or suitable to an end or ob- 
ject; not appropriate for use; not according to rule, 
standard, requirement, or intent; not correct; not 
suitable to the highest and best end; not morally 
right; not according to truth; unjust; faulty; detri- 
mental; erroneous; unfit; improper; mistaken. — re. 
That which is not right ; whatever deviates from 
moral rectitude; any injury done to another; a tres- 
pass; iniquity; perversity; injustice; injury. — adv. 
Not rightly; amiss; morally ill; erroneously. — v. t. 
[wronged (rongd), wronging.] To treat with in- 
justice; to deprive of some right, or to withhold some 
act of justice from; to injure; to impute evil to un- 
justly. [AS. wrong, lit. perverted, wrung aside, orig. 
imp. of wringan = E. to wring, q. v.; cf. L. tortus, 
wrong, fr. torquere, to twist.] — Wrong'-do'er, re. 
One who injures another, or does wrong. — Wrong'- 
er, n. One who wrongs or injures another.— Wrong'- 
ful, -ful,o. Full of wrong; injurious; unjust; unfair. 
— Wrong'fully, adv. — Wrong'headed, a. Wrong in 
opinion or principle; having a perverse understand- 
ing ; perverse. — Wrongly, adv. — Wrong'ness, n. 

Wrote. See Write. 

Wroth, rawth, a. Full of wrath ; angry ; incensed. 
[AS. wradh, wroth, angry, orig. wry, f r. wridhan =» 
E. to writhe, q. v., D. wreed, cruel : see Wrath.] 

Wrought. See Work. 

Wrung. See Wring. 

Wry, ri, a. Turned to one side ; t wisted ; distorted t 
deviating from the right direction. [ME. wrien, to 
twist, bend, AS. wrigian, to drive, tend, bend tow- 
ards; s. rt. Goth, wraikws, crooked, Skr. vrij, L. ver* 
gere, to bend, E. awry.] — Wry face. A distortion of 
the countenance indicating impatience, disgust, or 
discomfort ; a grimace.— Wry^neck, n. A twisted or 
distorted neck. (Ornith.) A small bird of the east- 
ern continent, allied to the woodpecker, — so called 
from the manner in which, when surprised, it turns 
its head over its shoulder. 

Wych'-elm, n. (Bot.) A variety of the elm, a native 
of Great Britain ; witch-elm, q. v. 

Wye, wi, n.; pi. Wyes, wiz. One of the 2 forked pieces 
or bearings resembling the letter Y in shape, in the 
opening or notch of which rest the ends of the axis 
supporting the telescope in a theodolite or level, the 
pivots in a transit instrument, etc. [Written also Tt 
pi. Y's.] 

Wyvera. See W iveb. 



2, eks, the 24th letter of the Eng. alphabet, is bor- 
rowed, as to form, from the Greek X : at the end of 
words, it has the sound of ks, as in wax : in the mid- 
dle, the sound of ks, or sometimes of gz, as in exam- 
ple: at the beginning of a word, it has the sound 
of z. 

Xanthic, zanfhik, a. Tending toward a yellow color, 
or to one of those colors, green excepted, in which 
yellow is a constituent, as scarlet, orange, etc. 



(Chem.) Of, or pert, to, an oxide, called also urn 
oxide, obtained fr. a rare variety of urinary calculus, 
and from similar concretions ; also to a certain heavy, 
oily, fluid acid. ~F. xanthique, f r. Gr. xanthos, yel- 
low.] — Xan'thino, -thin, n. (Chem.) The yellow, 
insoluble coloring matter contained in certain plants 
and the petals of certain flowers. [F.]— Xan'thite, 
-thit,re. (Min.) A mineral occurring in rounded grains 
and foliated masses, of a yellow color, and translu* 



Xm< fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone. Or : 



XEBEC 



687 



YARE 




cent. — Xan'tho, n. A 

small short-tailed crus- 
tacean, of many spe- 
cies, found in most 

seas. [NL.] — Xan'- 

thophyll, -tho-ril, n. 

(Chem.) Yellow color- 
ing matter contained 

in the leaves of trees in 

autumn. [Gr. phullon, 

leaf.] — Xan'thorthite, 

-thor-thlt, n. (Min.) A 

mineral of a yellow- 
ish color, containing 

much water. 
Xebec, ze'bek, n. A -*-„„«,„ 

small, 3-masted vessel, Xantho flondus. 

used in the Mediterranean Sea : it carries 2 large, 

square sails, or, when close 

hauled, large lateen sails. 

[Sp. xabeque, jabeque, Pg. 

xabeco, fr. Turk, sumbaki, 

a kind of Asiatic ship, Ar. 

sumbuk, a small ship.] 
Xenotime, zen'o-tim, n. A 

native phosphate of yttria, 

having a yellowish-brown 

color. [G. xenoiim, fr. Gr. 

xenottmos, honoring 

guests, fr. xenos, guest, 

stranger, and rime, honor.] 
Xerasia, ze-ra'zhi-a, n. 

(Med.) A disease of the 

hair, in which it becomes 

dry, ceases to grow, and 

resembles down covered 

with dust. [Gr., dryness, 

fr. xeros, dry.] — Xe'rocoUyr'iuin, -kol-lTr'I- 




Xebec. 



(Med.) A dry collyrium or eye-salvy. [L.; Gr. a»- 
rokollurion, fr. xeros and kollurion, c\ e-salve.] — Xe- 
ro'des, -dez, n. (Med.) Any tumor attended with 
dryness. [Gr., dryish.] — Xeromy'rum, n. A dry 
ointment. (NL.; Gr. jnuron, ointment.] — Xeroph - 
JMjy, -rof'a-jl, n. The eating of dry meats, — a sort 
of fast among the primitive Christians. [L. and Gr. 
xero/ihagia ; Gr. phagein, to eat.] — Xeroph 'thalmy, 
-rof'thal-mY, n. (Med.) A drv, red soreness or itch- 
ing of the eyes, without swelling or a discharge of 
humors. [L. and Gr. xerophthalmia: see Ophthal- 
mia, under Optic.]— Xero'tes, -tez, n. (Med.) A 
dry habit or disposition of body. [Gr., dryness.] 

Xiphoid, zifoid, a. (Anat.) Resembling a sword; 
ensif orm. [F. xiphdide, Gr. xiphoeides, sword-shaped, 
fr. xiphos, a sword, and eidos, form.] — Xiphoid car- 
tilage. Acartilage at the lower end of the sternum. 

Xray. The Rontgen ray, q. v.; — so called bv its dis- 
coverer because of its enigmatical character, r being 
an algebraic symbol for an unknown quantity. 

Xylite, zi'llt, n. (Min.) A mineral of a brown color, 
consisting chiefly of silica, sesquioxide of iron, lime, 
magnesia, and water. (Chem.) A volatile, inflam- 
mable liquid which exists in crude or impure pyro- 
ligneous acid. [Gr. xulon, wood, and lithos, stone.] 
— Xy'lograph, -lo-graf , n. An engraving on wood, 
or the impression from such an engraving. [Gr. 
grajihein, to write.] — Xylog'rapher, -ra-fer, n. One 
who practices xylography. — Xylograpb/ic, -ical, 
-grafik-al, a. Pert, to wood-engraving. — Xylog''- 
raphy, -ft, n. Act or art of cutting figures in wood, 
in representation of natural objects. — Xylene, -len, 
-lole, -lol, n. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, homologous 
with benzine, prepared from coal naptha.— Xylopb/- 
agous, -a-gus, a. Eating or feeding on wood. [Gr. 
xxdophagos.] 

Xyster, zis'ter, n. A surgeon's instrument for scrap- 
ing bones. [Gr., fr. xuein, to scrape.] 



Y, wi, the 25th letter of the Eng. alphabet, derives its 
form from the Greek Y : at the beginning of words 
or syllables, when followed by a vowel, except when 
used as a prefix, it is a consonant element: in other 
situations it is a vowel, having the same sounds as t. 
\Y is used by ancient writers, esp. Spenser, as a pre- 
fix of the past participle, used or omitted at will, and 
is sometimes employed by modern writers in bur- 
lesque, or in imitation of the antique, —as y-clad, 
clad, clothed; y-clej)ed, called; y-fed, fed, refreshed.] 

T, wi, n. ,• pi. Y's, wlz. Anything having the shape of 
Y, esp. one of the forked pieces which support the 
pivots of a transit instrument, of the telescope of a 
theodolite, etc.; a wye, — so called from its form. 
(Railroads.) A portion of track consisting of 2 con- 
verging tracks connected by a cross-track. 

Yacht, yot, n. (Naut.) A light sea-going vessel used for 




pleasure trips, racing, etc. [D. jagt, fr. jagt, jacht, 
a chase, hunting, fr. jagen, to chase, hunt ; prob. 



s. rt. G. jaehe, OHG. gahi, quick, G. gehen, to go.] — 
Yacht'ing, n. Sailing on pleasure excursions in a 
yacht. —Yager, yaw'ger, n. (Mil.) One belonging 
to a body of German light infantry armed w r ith rifles. 
[G. jaeger, a hunter.] 

Yam, yam, n. A large, esculent tuber or root of sev- 
eral species of tropical climbing plants, allied to and 
often confounded with the sweet potato. [Pg. inhame, 
Malay ubi.~\ 

Yankee, yank^e, n. A citizen of N. England, or of 
the Northern States, — applied by foreigners to all 
inhabitants of the XJ. S. [Pern, a corrupt pronun- 
ciation of the word English, or of the French word 
Anglais, by the native Indians of Amer. ; perh. fr. 
Scot, yankie, a clever, forward woman, yanker, an 
incessant talker, yank, a sudden blow, yack, to talk 
precipitately and' indistinctly ; perh. s. rt. LG. jak- 
kern, to keep walking about, E. yacht, yager.] 

Yap, yap, v. i. To bark, yeln. — n. A cry of a dog. 
[Same as yaulp, etc.; Ic." gjalpa, to yelp (q. v.), F. 
japper, to bark.] 

Yard, yard, n. A measure of length, 3 feet, or 36 
inches, being the standard of Eng. and Amer. meas- 
ure; a rod 3 feet long; a yardstick; the male member 
or organ; penis. (Naut.) A long, slender piece of 
timber, nearly cylindrical, suspended crosswise upon 
the mast, by which a sail is extended : see Ship. 
[ME. yerde, a stick, also the measure, AS. gyrd, gierd, 
D. garde, G. gerte, a stick, switch, OHG. ga'rt, Ic- 
gad'lr, AS. gad, Goth, gazds = E. goad, god, q. v.] 
— Yard'-arm, n. (Naut.) Either half of a ship's yard, 
from the center or mast to the end. [Ships are said 
to be yard-arm and yard-arm when so near as to 

touch or interlock their yards.] stick, -wand, n. A 

stick 3 feet in length, used as a measure of cloth, etc. 

Yard, yard, n. A small, inclosed place in front of or 
around a house or barn. [AS. geard, D. and Dan. 
gaard, G. garten, L. hortus, Gr. chortos, a court-yard, 
inclosure; s. rt. orchard, garden, gird, horticidture, 
surgeon, cohort, court, curtain.] 

Yare. yar, a. Ready; dexterous; eager; lively; quick. 
[AS. gearu, ready, prompt, MHG. gar, prepared, 
ready, G. gar, wholly, s. rt. gear, q. v., garb, yarrow.] 



sun, cube, full : moon, fo~6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



YARN 



688 



YEOMAN 




Sara, yarn, n. A continuous strand of wool, cotton, 
flax, or other fiber, lor use in weaving, knitting, 
thread and cordage making, etc. (Rope-making.) One 
of the strands of which a rope is composed. A story 
spun out by a sailor for the amusement of his com- 
panions. [AS. gearn, lc., Dan., Sw., and G. garn; s. 
rt. Gr. chorde = E. cord, q. v., also yard, court, etc.] 

Yarrow, yar'ro, n. A composite plant, having a strong 
odor and pungent taste; milfoil. [AS. gseruw, lit. a 
healer, fr. gearwian, to prepare, gerwan, to dress, fr. 
gearo, ready, pare, q. v.] 

Yataghan, yat'a-gan, n. A long double-curved Turk- 
ish dagger or saber, without a cross-guard; ataghan. 
[Turk, yatagan.] 

Yaulp, yawlp, Yaup, yawp, v. i. To cry out like a 
child ; to yelp. — n. A cry of distress, rage, etc. 
[Same as yap and yelp, q. v.] 

Yaw, yaw. v. i. [yawed (yawd), yawing.] To rise in 
blisters, breaking in white froth, as cane-juice in the 
sugar-works. 

Yaw, yaw, v. i. (Naut.) To steer wild, or out of the 
line of her course, as a ship. — n. A movement of a 
vessel by which she temporarily alters her course. 
[Bavarian gagen, to move unsteadily, Norweg. and 
Ic. gag, bent backward.] 

Yawl, yawl, n. A small ship's boat, usually rowed by 
4 or 6 oars. [D. 
jol, Dan. jolle, 
whence E. jolly- 
boat.'] 

Yawn, yawn, v. 
i. [yawned 
(yawnd), yawn- 
ing.] To open 
the mouth in- 
voluntarily 
through drowsi- 
ness, dullness, 
or fatigue ; to 
gape; to gape or 
open wide as if 
to allow the en- 
trance or exit of Yawl. 
anything; to be 

eager ; to desire to swallow anything. — n. A deep 
and involuntary inspiration, with a pretty wide open- 
ing of the mouth, followed by a prolonged and more 
or less sonorous expiration ; a gaping ; an opening 
wide; agape. [AS. ganian, lc. gina, OHG. geinon, L. 
Mare, Gr. chainein, to yawn, chaos, a yawning gulf; 
6. rt. chaos, chasm, hiatus.] 

Yaws, yawz, n. (Med.) A disease of the Antilles and 
of Africa, characterized by contagious tumors which, 
in shape and appearance, resemble strawberries or 
raspberries. [African yaw, a raspberry.] 

Ycleped, I-klepf, p. p. Called; named. [See un- 
der Y.] 

Ye, ye, pron. The nominative pL of the 2d person, — 
sometimes inaccurately used as the objective, now 
used only in sacred or solemn style. [ME. ; AS. 
ge (nom.), eower (gen.), eow (dat. and ace), D. 
gv.lc. er, ier, G. ihr, Goth, jus, ye; D. u, lc. ydhar, 
Goth, izwara, your; s. rt. Lithuan. jus, Gr. humeis, 
Skr. yuyam, ye.] — You, yoo, pron. [possess, youe 
(yoor) or yours, dbj. you.] The pronoun of the 2d 
person, in the nominative or objective case, indi- 
cating the person or persons addressed. [You is 
properly the pi. of the 2d personal pronoun, but is 
in ordinary discourse used in addressing a single 
person, yet always properly combined with a plHral 
verb: you and your are sometimes used indefinitely 
instead of one, any, a, etc.; of the two forms of the 
possessive, your and yours, the first is used when 
attributive and followed by the noun to which it 
belongs; the second when attributive, but having the 
noun understood.] [D. u, Dan. and Sw. i.] — Your, 
yoor, possessive pron. Belonging, pert., or relating 
to, you ; of you, — possessive of you. — Yourselr, 
pron.: pi. -selves, -selvz'. Your own person or 
self, — used as the object, direct or indirect, of a 
reflexive verb, in the second person. 

Yea, ya, adv. Yes; ay. [Yea sometimes introduces 
a subject, with the sense of indeed, verily, truly, it 
is so: it is also used substantively to denote an af- 
firmative vote, or the one who cast such a vote; as, 
the yeas have it.] [AS. gea, D., Dan., Sw., G., Ic, 
and Goth, ja, yea; Goth, jah, OS. gia, ja, AS. ge, 
also, and ; s. rt. yes.] 

Yean, yen, v. t. & i. [yeaned (yend), yeaning.] To 
bring forth young, as a goat or sheep; to ean. [AS. 
eanian, also ge-eanian, prob. fr. eacen, pregnant; 



s. rt. Ic. auka, Goth, aukan, to increase, E. to afccj 

— Yean'ling, n. The young of sheep; a lamb. 
Year, yer, n. Time of the apparent revolution of the 

sun through the ecliptic; period occupied by the 
earth in making its revolution around the sun; also, 
a period more or less nearly agreeing with this, 
adopted by various nations as a measure of time : 
in common usage, the year consists of 865 days, and 
every fourth year of 366; time in which any planet 
completes a revolution about the sun. pi. Age, or 
old age. [AS. gear, ger, D. jaar, Ic. and Sw. ar, 
OHG. jar ; s. rt. Gr. horos, a season, year, hora, a 
season, an hour, Skr. yatu, time, prob. E. hour, q. v.] 

— Year'ling, n. A young animal one year old. — 



Happening, ac- 
Etl ; lasting 



a. Being a year old. — Yearly, a. 
cruing, or coming every year ; annual ; lasting a 
year ; accomplished in a year. — adv. Annually t 
once a year; from year to year. — Year'-book, n. 
A reference book of facts and statistics published 
yearly. (Eng. Law.) A book containing annual re- 
ports of cases adjudged in the courts of England. 

Yearn, yern, v. i. [yearned (ygrnd), yearning.] To 
be filled with longing desire or with emotions of 
affection or tenderness; to long, be eager. [AS. gyf 
nan, fr. georn, Ic. gjarn, eager, Goth, gairns, desir- 
ous, OHG. geron, keron, Skr. hary, to desire; s. rt. 
Gr. chairein, to rejoice, chara, joy, cliaris, L. gratia 
— E. grace.] 

Yeast, vest, n. The foam or froth or sediment of beer 
or other liquor in fermentation, containing a minute 
fungus, or yeast-plant, the multiplication of which 
produces fermentation in any saccharine or farina- 
ceous liquid or moist substance to which the yeast 
is added ; a preparation used for raising dough ; 
barm. [AS. gist, Ic. and Sw. jast, WKG.jest, yeast; 
s. rt. MHG. jesen, gesen, to ferment, Gr. zeein, to 
boil, seethe.] — Yeast 'y, -T, a. Frothy ; foamy j 
spumy, like yeast. 

Yelk, yelk, n. The yellow part of an egg. [Same m 
Yolk, q. v.] 

Yell, yel, v. i. [yelled (yeld), yelling.] To cry out 
or scream as with agony or horror. — v. t. To utter 
or declare with a yell. — n. A sharp, loud, hideous 
outcry. [AS. gellan, gyllan, D. gitten, Ic. gella; s. 
rt. Ic. gala, AS. and OfiG. galan, to sing, E. nightin- 
gale, q. v., under Night.] 

Yellow, yel'lo, a. Being of a bright saffron-like colori 
of the color of gold or brass or of the pigment called 
chrome yellow. — w. A bright golden color; one of 
the simple or primitive colors: see Light. [AS. geolo, 
D. geel, G. gelb ; s. rt. Gr. chloe, the young verdure 
of trees, E. green, gall, gold.] — Yellow-bird. A small 
seed-eating bird of the finch family, with bright-yel- 
low (male) or olive-green (female) plumage, com- 
mon in the U. S.— Y. fever. (Med.) A malignant 
febrile disease of warm climates, often attended with 
yellowness of the skin. — Y. 
hammer. A European singing 
bird, called also yellow -bun- 
ting : its principal colors are 
shades of gamboge yellow and 
brown; a large Amer. species 
of woodpecker.— Y. metal. An 
alloy composed of 2-3ds copper 
and i zinc, for sheathing ves- 
sels. — Yellowish, a. Some- 
what yellow. — Yel'lowish- 
ness, Yel'lowness, n. — YeV- 
lows, -loz, n. (Far.) A disease 
of the bile in horses, cattle, 
and sheep, causing yellowness 
of eyes; jaundice; a disease of 
peach-trees in the U. S., caus- 
ing them to produce abortive 
yellow sprouts on the trunks 
and limbs. 

Yelp, yelp, v. i. [yelped 
(yelpt), yelping.] To utter 
a sharp, quick cry, as a dog 
when hurt or in fear; to bark V pllr>w hammer 
shrilly, with eagerness, pain, YeUow-fiammer. 
or fear. [AS. gilpom, gylpan, to boast, exult, ong. to 
talk noisily, Ic. gjalpa, to yelp, gjalfr, the roar of the 
sea; s. rt. yell, yap.] 

Yeoman, yo'man, n. ; pi. -men. A common man or ple- 
beian, of the first or most respectable class; a free- 
holder; a farmer; man free born; in Eng., an officer 
in the king's household. (Naut.) An inferior officer 
charged with the stowage, account, and distribution 
of the stores. [ME. yeman, OFries. gaman, a villager, 
ga, go, a district, village, OD. gouwe, a village, G. gau, 




am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end. eve. t5rm ; In* Ice ; Odd, tone, 6r j 



YERK 



689 



ZANANA 



a province.] — Yeo'manry, n. The collective body of 
yeomen or freeholders; a British volunteer cavalry 
force. 
Terk, ySrk, v. t. To kick or strike suddenly; to jerk, 
— v. t. To throw out the heels, kick; to move with 
a quick, jerking motion. — n. A sudden or quick 
thrust or motion. [Same as Jerk.] 

Tea, yes, adv. Ay; yea, — a word expressing affirma- 
tion or consent, — opp. to no. [AS. gese, gise, prob. 
contr. fr. gea, yes, indeed, and se, si, let it he.] 

Test, yest, n. Yeast; ferment; barm; froth; spume; 
foam. [See Yeast.1 

Tester, yes'tSr, a. Of, or pert, to, yesterday ; last; 
next before the present. [AS. geostra, gystra.] — 
Yea'terday, n. The day last past; the day next De- 
fore the present. — adv. On the day last past; on 
the day preceding to-day. [AS. geostra dseg : dseg = 
JE. day ; D. gisteren, G. gestern, Goth, gistradagis, 
L. heri, Gr. chthes, Skr. hyas, yesterday.] — Yea'ter- 
eve / , -eve'ning, n. The evening of yesterday; the 
evening last past.— -morn 7 , -mora/ing, n. The morn- 
ing of yesterday. — night, n. Last night; the night 
last past. — adv. On the last night. — -noon, n. The 
noon of yesterday. 

Tet, yet, adv. In addition ; further ; besides ; over 
and above; at the same time; still; up to the pres- 
ent time ; thus far ; hitherto ; at or in the present 
time; even; at least; at all. — conj. Nevertheless; 
notwithstanding; however. [AS. get, git, qyt, giet, 
OFries. ieta, eta, ita, yet, G. jetzt, now, MHG. zuo, 
AS. and OFries. to = E. too : prob. AS. get = ge to 
= E. and to, moreover; 8. rt. yea.] 

Tew, yoo, n. A low, spreading, evergreen, European 
tree, valued for its 
hard, durable wood 
or timber. [ME. ew, 
AS. iw, Ic. yr, OHG. 
ivoa, W. ywJ] — Tew'- 
en, a. Made of yew. 

Tex, yeks, v. i. To hic- 
cough. [AS. giscian, 
to sob, sigh, OHG. 
gien, to yawn.] 

Yield, yeld, v. t. To 
furnish, afford, ren- 
der, give forth ; to 
give in return for 
what is expended or 
invested; to give up 
(something claimed Yew. 

or demanded); to 

make over to one who has a claim or right; to admit 
to be true, concede; to permit, grant, allow, resign, 
emit, surrender. — v. i. To give up the contest, sub- 
mit; to comply; to give way; not to oppose; to give 
place, as inferior in rank or excellence.— n. Amount 
yielded; product, — applied esp. to products result- 
ing from growth or cultivation. [ME. gelden, yel- 
den, AS. gxeldan, geldan, to pay, restore, D. gelden, 
G. gelten, to be worth; s. rt guild, guilt.] — Yield'er, 
n. — Yield'ing, p. a. Inclined to give way or com- 
ply ; obsequious ; attentive ; flexible ; compliant ; 
accommodating. — Yield'ingly, adv. — Yield'ing- 
neaa, n. 

Yoke, yok, n. That which connects or binds; bond of 
connection; the frame of wood by which 2 oxen 
are fastened together for drawing ; a frame worn 
on the neck like an ox-yoke, or shaped like one ; a 
frame of wood fitted to a person's shoulders for car- 
rying a pail, etc., suspended on each side; frame 
worn on the neck of (a cow, pig, goose, etc.), to pre- 
vent passage through a fence; a frame or convex 




piece by which a bell is hung for ringing it. (Naut.) 
A frame at right angles to the head of a boat's rud- 
der, from the end of which are lines by which the 
boat is steered. A mark of servitude; slavery; bond- 
age; service; two animals yoked together; a couple; 
a pair that work together. — v. t. [yoked (yokt), 
yoking.] To put a yoke on, join in a yoke; to 
couple, join with another ; to enslave, bring into 
bondage, confine. — v. i. To be joined or associated, 
be intimately connected, consort closely. [ME. yok, 
AS. geoc, ioc, D. and Goth, jvk, Ic. and Sw. ok, F. 
joug, L. juguin, Gr. zugon, Skr. yuga, a yoke, pair, 
couple; 8. rt. join.] — Yoke'-fellow, Yoke'mate, n. 
An associate or companion; a mate; fellow; esp., a 
partner in marriage. 

Yolk, y5lk or ySk, n. The yelk or yellow part of an 
egg; an unctuous secretion from trie skin of sheep. 
[AS. geoleca, gioleca, the yolk, lit. yellow part, fr. 
geolu = E. yellow, q. v.] 

Yon, yon, a. At a distance within view; yonder.— 
adv. Yonder. [AS. geon, Goth, jains, G. jener, 
MHG. gener, yon, that.] — Yon'der, a. Being at a 
distance within view, or conceived of as within 
view; that or those there, —adv. At a distance with- 
in view. [Goth, jaindre.] 

Yore, yor, adv. In long time past; in old time; long 
since. [AS. geara, orig. gen. pi. of gedr, ger = E. 
year, q. v.] 

Yoo. See under Ye. 

Young, yung, a. [younger (yun'gSr), youngest.] 
Not long born; not yet arrived at adolescence, ma- 
turity, or age ; not old; juvenile; youthful; having 
the appearance, freshness, or vigor of youth; being 
in the first part of growth; pert, or relating to youth; 
having little experience; inexperienced; ignorant. 
n. The offspring of an animal, either single or col- 



lectively. [AS. geong, iung, D. jong, G. jung, Dan 
and Sw. ung, L,.juvenis, Skr. yuvan, Lithuan.yawwas, 
young; perh. s. rt. Skr. yu. L. juvare, to aid, help.] 



With young. With child; pregnant. — Youngish, 
a. Somewhat young. — Youngling, n. A young 
person; youth; any animal in the first part of life. 
— Young'ater, n. A young person; a lad. — Younk'- 
er, n. A young person; stripling. [D.jonker=jong 
and heer, lord, sir, gentleman; s. rt. youth.] 

Your, etc._ See under Ye. 

Youth, yooth, n. ; pi. Youths or Youth. State, con- 



dition, or quality of being young; juvenility; the 
part of life that succeeds to childhood; early part of 
life, from childhood, or sometimes from infancy, to 



manhood ; a young person ; esp., a young man ; 
Dllect' ' 
k ju 
AS. geong, young.] - Youth'ful, -ful, a. Not yet 



young persons collectively. [AS. geo'gudh^OS. 
gudh, D. jeugd, OHG. jugunrf. Goth, junda, youth; 



mature or aged; young; of, or pert, to, the early 
part of life; suitable to the first part of life; fresh; 
vigorous, as in youth; puerile; juvenile. — Youth- 
fully, adv. — Youth'fulneaa, n. 

Yttria, iftrY-a, n. (Cheni.) A fine white powder or 
earth, without taste or smell and insoluble in water; 
an oxide of yttrium. — Yt'trium, n. A very rare 
metal of a scaly texture and grayish-black color. 
[Fr. Ytterby, a quarry in Sweden.] 

Yule, yool, n. Christmas, or the feast of _ the nativity 
of our Savior, — applied also, sometimes, to the 
festival of Lammas. [AS. iula, geola, Ic. jol, Sw. 
jul ; perh. s. rt. AS. gylan, to make merry, keep fes- 
tival, Ic. yla, to howl, G. jolen, to sing; s. rt. jolly.] 
— Yule-block, -clog, or -log. A large log of wood 
put on the hearth on Christmas eve, as the founda- 
tion of the fire. 

Ywis. See under Wis. 



•Z, ze, in Ena. zed. The 26th and last letter of the 

Eng. alphabet, and the last letter in the alphabets of 

most modern languages : it is a sibilant consonant, 

and is merely a sonant or vocal s. 
Saccho, zak'ko, ZoCco, -colo, Zo'cle, -kl, n. (ArchJ 

The lowest part of the pedestal of a column. [F. 

socle, L. socculus, dim. of soccus, a low-heeled shoe : 

see Socle, under Sock.] 
Saffer, zaffer, rc. (Chem.) Impure oxide of cobalt, 

obtained by the calcination of cobalt: it produces 



when fused (as in enameling and porcelain making) 

an intensely blue color. [G.; F. zafre, safre; s. rt. 

sapphire, q. v.] 
Zambo, zam'bo, n. ; pi. -bos, -boz. The child of a 

mulatto and a negro; also, of an Indian and a negro. 

[Sp. : see Sambo.] 
Zamia, za'mY-a, n. A plant of many species, allied to 

the ferns and palms, and bearing strobiles. 
Zanana, Zenana, ze-na'na, n. The part of a house 

appropriated to women in India. [Hind, zanana, 



sun, cube, full ; moon, 16t>t ; cow, oil; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. 



ZANY 



690 



ZODIAC 




Zebra. 



janana, fr. Per. zeman, pi. of zan = Gr. gune, a wom- 
an; 8 rt. queen J] 

Zany, za'nY, n. A merry-andrew ; a buffoon. [It. 
zanni, a buffoon, merry Andrew, (q. v.), orig. same 
as Giovanni, John.]— Za'nyiam, -izm, n. The state 
or character of a zany. 

Zarnich, zar'nik, n. Native sulphuret of arsenic ; 
sandarach or realgar; orpiment. [Same as arsenic.'] 

Zaz, zaks, n. A slater's hatchet for cutting, dressing, 
and perforating slate. [AS. seax, sex, Ic. sax, OHG. 
sahs, a knife.] 

Zeal, z51, n. Passionate ardor in the pursuit of any- 
thing ; eager interest or endeavor in favor of, or in 
opposition to, a person or cause. [F. zele, L. zelus, 
Gr. zelos, zeal, lit. heat, zeein, to boil ; s. rt. yeast.] — 
Zeal'ot, zgl'ot, n. One who is zealous ; esp., one 
over-zealous, or carried away by his zeal; an enthu- 
siast; fanatic. [F. zelote, L. and Gr. zelotes.] — ZeaK- 
otry, -ot-rt, n. The character and behavior of a 
zealot; excess of zeal; fanatical devotion to a cause. 

— Zeal'ous, -us, a. Filled with zeal; warmly en- 
gaged or ardent in behalf of an object; eager; earn- 
est; fervent; 
hearty; strenuous; 
warm; passionate ; 
enthusiasti c— 
Zeal'ously, adv. — 
Zeal'ousnesB, n. 

Zebra, ze'bra, n. A 
wild, intractable, 
gregarious quad- 
ruped of S. Africa, 
nearly as large as a 
horse, white, with 
numerous brown- 
ish-black bands of 
greater or less in- 
tensity, and lighter down the middle of each band. 
[Pg. and Sp., prob. fr. Ethiopian.] 

Zebu, ze r bu t n. A small ruminant mammal of the 
bovine tribe, having 
long, pendulous ears, 
and a fatty excrescence 
on the shoulders, valued 
for food ; the Indian 
bull, ox, or eow. [Name 
in India.] 

Zechin, ze'kin, n. An 
Italian gold coin ; se- 
quin. [See Sequin.] 

Zed, zed, n. The letter Z, 

— called also izzard. 
Zedoary, zed'o-a-rt, n. 

{Med.) The root-stock 

of certain East Indian 

plants, having a fragrant smell, and a warm, bitter, 

aromatic taste, U6ed in medicine as a stimulant. 

[F. zedoaire, Pers. zadwar,jadwar."\ 

Zemindar, zem-in-dar /r , n. In India, a feudatory or 
landholder under the government, with the right of 
underletting the land, and certain other privileges. 
[Hind, zamindar, fr. Pers. zamin, earth, land, and 
dar } holding, possessing.] — Zem'iadary, -da-rf, n. 
Jurisdiction of a zemindar. 

Zenana. See Zanana. 

Zend, zend, n. Prop., the translation into the Huz- 
varesh, or Pehlevi language, of the Avesta, the 
Zoroastrian scriptures ; as commonly used, the lan- 
guage, an ancient Persian dialect, in which the 
Avesta is written. — Zend'aves'ta, -ves'ta, n. The 
Scriptures of the ancient Persian religion, attrib- 
uted to Zoroaster, but in fact chiefly or altogether of 
a later date. [Prop., the Avesta, or sacred text, and 
its zend, or interpretation, in a more modern and in- 
telligible language.] 

Zenith, ze'nith, n. That point in the heavens which 
is directly overhead ; the point of culmination ; 
greatest height; height of success or prosperity. [F. 
and Sp., Ar. samturas, fr. samt, a way, path, tract, 
and ras, the head; s. rt. azimuth.'] 

Zeolite, ze'o-lit, n. (Min.) A hydrated double silicate 
of aluminum, calcium, or some other base, found 
esp. in cavities of igneous rocks. [F. zeolithe, fr. 
Gr. zeein. to boil, and lithos, stone.] 

Zephyr, zef 'er, n. The west wind ; any soft, mild, 
gentle breeze. [F. zephyre, L. zephyrus, Gr. zephu- 
ros, the west wind, fr. zophos } darkness, the west.] 

Zero, ze'ro, n. A cipher; nothing; naught; the point 
from which the graduation, as of a thermometer, 
commences. [F. and It., contr. fr. It. zefiro; Ar. 
sifr = E. cipher.] 




Zebu. 



Zest, zest, n. A piece of orange or lemon peel, used 
to give flavor to liquor, or me fine, thin oil thai 
spurtsout of it when squeezed; something that gives 
or enhances a pleasant taste, or the taste itself; an 
appetizer : keen enjoyment ; relish. —v. t. To cut 
into thin slips (the peel of an orange, lemon, etc.) ; 
to squeeze, as peel over the surface of anything; to 
give a relish or flavor to; to heighten the taste or rel- 
ish of. [F., lemon-peel, fr. L. schistos, Gr. schistos, 
divided, schizein, to cleave: see Schism.] 

Zetetic, ze-tet'ik, a. Proceeding by inquiry. [Gr. ze- 
tetikos, fr. zetein, to seek.] — Zetet'ics, n. sing. 
(Math.) A branch of algebra which relates to the 
direct search for unknown quantities. 

Zeugma, zQg' ma, n. (Oram.) A figure by which an 
adjective or verb, which agrees with a nearer word, 
is,hy way of supplement, referred also to another 
more remote. [Gr., fr. zeugnunai, to yoke = E. to join, 



ZibV' 



it, zib'et, n. A small carnivorous quadruped of 
India and Africa, somewhat resembling the weasel : 
it secretes an odoriferous civet-like substance and is 
often domesticated. [It. zibetto ; s. rt. civet, q. v.] 

Zif, zif, n. The 2d month of the Jewish sacred, and 
8th of the civil, year, — parts of April and May. 

Zigzag, zig'zag, a. Having short, sharp turns. — n. 
Something that has short turns or angles. — v. t. 
[zigzagged (-zagd), -ging.] To form with short 
turns. [F.; G. zvckzack, Sw. sicksack.] 

Zinc, zink, n. A metal of a bluish white color, with a 
strong luster ; spelter : it is not brittle, but less 
malleable than copper, lead, or tin. — v. t. [zincked 
(zinkt), zincking.J To cover or coat with zinc. 
[F. ; G. zink ; perh. s. rt. tin, q. v.] — Zinciferous, 
zin-sif'Sr-us.Zinkif'erous, a. Containing or afford- 
ing zinc. [L. ferre, to bear, produce.] — Zinc'ite, 
zink'It, n. A brittle, translucent mineral, of a 
deep, red color, and consisting chiefly of oxide of 
zinc. — Zincog'rapher, n. An engi aver on zinc. 
[Gr. graphein, to draw.] — Zincographlc, -ical, o. 
Of, or pert, to zincography.— Zincog'raphy, n. En- 
graving on zinc in the style of wood-cuts.— Zinc'oas, 
-us, Zink'y, -T, a. Of, or pert, to, zinc; pert, to the 
positive pole of a galvanic battery.— Zinc'-white, n. 
The oxide of zinc, a pigment largely used in the 
place of white lead. 

Zion, zi'on, n. A hill in Jerusalem, the royal resi- 
dence of David and his successors; the theocracy or 
church of God. [Heb. ziyyon, a hill.] 

Zircon, zSr'kon, n. (Min.) A mineral of Ceylon, etc., 
a silicate of zirconium, occasionally red, and often 
nearly transparent. [Cingalese.] — Zirco'nia, -nY-a, 
n. (Chem.) An oxide of zirconium: it is, when pure, 
a white powder, soluble in sulphuric acid. — Zirco'- 
nium, n. A metal obtained from the minerals zir- 
con and hyacinth : it is commonly obtained in the 
form of a black powder. :< 

Zocle. See under Zaccho. 

Zodiac, zo'dY-ak, n. (Antron.) An imaginary belt in 
the heavens, in the middle of which is the ecliptic* 




Zodiac. 



6m. fame, far, pass or opera, fare; find, eve, tSrm; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, or ; 



ZOILEAN 



691 



ZITHUM 



or sun's path : it comprises the 12 constellations, 
which once constituted, and from which are named, 
the 12 signs of the zodiac. [F. zodiaque, Gr. zodia- 
kos, the zodiac circle, lit. (adj.) pert, to animals, fr. 
the characters representing the constellations, fr. 
zodion, a small animal, dim. of zoon, an animal, 
prop, neut of zoos, living, zoe, life, zen, Zend, ji, to 
live ; a. rt. victuals, q. v.] — Zodi'acal. a. Of, pert, 
to, or within the zodiac. —Zodiacal light. (Astron.) 
A luminous track, of an elongated triangular figure, 
lying nearly in the ecliptic, its base being on the 
horizon : it is to be seen only in the evening, after 
twilight, and in the morning.'before dawn. 

Zoilean, zo-il'e-an, a. Having the characteristics of 
Zoilus, a bitter, envious, unjust critic, who lived 
about 2r0 vears before Christ. — Zo'ilism, -izm, n. 
Character like that of ZoQus; resemblance to Zoilus 
in style or manner. 

Zollverein, zoKver-In, n. The customs union of the 
German States, for the collection of a uniform rate 
of custom-house duties. [G.; zoU, duty, and verein, 
onion.] 

Zona, zon, n. A girdle. (Geog.) One of the 5 great 
divisions of the earth, with 
respect to latitude and tem- 
perature. (Math.) The por- 
tion of the surface of a 
sphere, included between 
2 parallel planes. (Nat. 
Hist.) A band or stripe 
running round any object. 
A band or area encircling 
anything; circuit; circum- 
ference. [F. and Gr., fr. 
Gr. zonnunai, to gird, Lith- 
uan. josta, a girdle.] — 
Zoned, zond, a. Wearing 
a zone or zones ; having 
zones, or concentric bands, 
having a zone. 

Zoography, zo-og'ra-fi, n. A description of animals, 
their forms and habits. [Gr. zoon, an animal (see 
Zodiac), and graphein, to write.] — Zobg'rapher. n. 
One who describes animals, their forms, and habits. 

— Zob"graph , ic, -ical, a. Of. or pert, to, the descrip- 
tion of animals. — Zobl'atry, n. Worship of ani- 
mals. [Gr. latreia, service.] — Zo'olite, -o-lit, n. 
An animal substance petrified or fossil. [Gr. lithos, 
stone.] — ZobT'ogy, -oKo-jT, n. That part of natural 
historv which treats of the classification, structure, 
habits", and distribution of animals. [Gr. logos, dis- 
course.] — Zoolog'ical, -loj'ik-al, a. Of, or pert to, 
zoology, or the science of animals. — Zobl'ogist, 
n. One versed in, etc. ; one who describes animals. 

— Zobn'ic, a. Of, or pert, to, animals ; obtained 
from animal substances. — Zoon'omy, -on'o-mT, n. 
The laws of animal life, or the science which treats 
of the phenomena of animal life, their causes and 
relations. — Zob'ph/agous, -of 'a-gus, a. Feeding on 
animals. [Gr. zoophago^ ; phagein, to eat.] — Zo'o- 
phyte. -o-fft, n. An animal resembling a plant,— 
a general term, loosely applied to simple or com- 




Zone'less, 



Not 




pound polyps, corals, sponges, and other phyto- 

zoophuton, a n 
animal -plant ; 
phut on , a 
plant, phuein, 
to produce, 
grow; s. rt. be.] 

— Zoophyt'ic. 
-ical, -fit'ik-al, 
a. Of. or pert, 
to, zoophytes. 

— Zobph'ytol'- 
ogy, -of'T-tol'o- 
jl. n. The nat- 
ural history 
of zoophytes. 
[Gr. logos, dis- 
course.] — Z o- 
bt'omy, -ot'o- 
ml, n. The an- Zoophytes, 
atomy of ani- 
mals ; comparative anatomy. [Gr. temnein, to cut] 

— Zootom'ical. a. Of, or pert, to, zootomv. — ZobV- 
omist, n. One who dissects the bodies of animals; a 
comparative anatomist. 

Zouave, zwav or zoo-av', n. One of an active and 
hardy body of soldiers in the French service, orig. 
Arabs; one of a body of soldiers who adopt the dress 
and drill of the Zouaves. [Ar. Zoitaoua. a tribe of 
Kabyles living among the Jurjura mountains in 
Algeria.] 

Zounds, zowndz, interj. An obsolete exclamation of 
anger or wonder. [Contr. f r. God's wounds.] 

Zuffolo. zuffo-lo, Zufolo, zoo'fo-lo, n. {Mm.) A little 
flute or flageolet, esp. one used to teach birds. [It. 
zufolo, fr. zufolare, to whistle.] 

Zuniology, Se'e Ztmologt. 

Zumometer. See Zymometer. 

Zygomatic, zig-o-mafik, a. Of, or pert, to, the bony 
arch placed m man upon the side of the head, back 
of the cheeks, and extending from the prominence 
of the cheeks to the ear. [Gr. zugoma, the cheek- 
bone, fr. zugoun, to yoke, join : see Zeugma.] 

Zymology zi-moKo-il, n. A treatise on the fermenta- 
tion of liquors, or the doctrine of fermentation. [Gr. 
zume, ferment, leaven (s. rt. I* no, broth: see Juice), 
and logos, discourse.] — Zymolog'ical. -loj'ik-al, a. 
Of, or pert, to, zymology.— Zymol'ogist. -o-jist, n. 
One skilled in zymology. — Zymometer, Zymosim'- 
eter, n. An instrument for ascertaining the degree 
of fermentation occasioned by the mixture of differ- 
ent liquids, and the degree of heat which they ac- 
quire in fermentation. [Gr. zvmons, fermentation, 
and metron, measure.] — Zymofic, a. Of, pert, to, 
or caused by, fermentation. — Zvmotic disease. Any 
epidemic, endemic, contagious, or sporadic affection 
produced by some morbific principle acting on the 
system like'a ferment. 

Zyihum, zi'thum, n. A kind of malt beverage ; a 
liquor made from malt and wheat. [L.; Gr. zuthoi, 
a kind of beer, so called by the Egyptians.] 



sun, clibe, full ; moon, foot ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boxbox, chair, get 



APPENDIX. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World 693 

Abbreviations in Common Use 703 

Foreign Words and Phrases • 712 

Weights, Measures, etc 720 

Coins and thehi Values " . . 728 

Dictionary of Business and Law Terms ._ 731 

English Christian Names 747 

Classical and Mythological Names 755 

Famous Names and Familiar Phrases 761 

Punctuation Rules 778 

Use of Capital Letters . . . . , - 779 

Rules for Spelling Derivatives, Plurals, etc 780 

Forms of Address 781 

Parliamentary Order in Public Meetings 783 

National Flowers : Birth Stones : Wedding Anniversaries 785 

Antidotes to Common Poisons 786 

Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States 787 

United States Postal Rates and Regulations 788 

Postage Rates for all Classes of Matter 789 

Holidays in the United States 790 

Standard Time in the U. S. and Canada 790 

Relative Time of Different Cities 790 

Notable Events in American History 791 

Historical and Population Statistics of the United States 800 

0ne Hundred Largest Cities of the United States 802 

Information as to Patents 804 

Information as to Copyright 806 

Declaration of Independence . . 808 

Constitution of the United States 810 

Simplifd3d Spelling 816 



PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD. 



This table gives the most approved spelling, pronunciation, and latest populution figures for all cities 
at the United States with 10,000 inhabitants, for all foreign cities with 40,000 inhabitants, and lor all the 
States of the Union and important foreign countries, together with their areas and capitals 

c. = city (or town), commune. col. = colony. dist. = district. kdm. = kingdom. 

p. = population. prin. = principality. # = capital. Q = square miles. 

C@~ Population figures are for nearest thousands ; thus 70 = between 69,501 and 70,5 >. 



A. 




Amrit'sar (fim-), c. India 


w; 


Aus'.ria-Hun / gary,mon. Eu- 






Am'sterdam, c. Nethlds 


.-,n 


rope, 241,513 D pop. 45,311, # 




Aa'chen (-ken), c. Prussia 


m 


Am'sterdam, c. New York . . 


21 


Vienna. 




Aberdeen'', c. Scotland 


153 


Anam'.kdm.Asia. Anam under 




A'vign'on' (-v e n'y o N '), c. 




Ad'amg, c. Massachusetts 


11 
45 


Fr. 88,780 f] P- 6,394, # Hue. 
Anco'na, c. Italy 


57 






Ada'na, c. Turkey 


Azores', Portuguese isls. At- 




Ad'elaide, c. S. Australia — 


162 


An'derson, c. Indiana 


20 


lantic ocean, 1,U05 Q p. 256, 




Aden (a'-), Br. ter. Arabia, SO 




An'dijan' (-zhiin'), c. A>iatic 




# Ponta Delgada. 




Dp- 44. 




Russia 


47 






Ad'riano'ple, c. Turkey 


81 


An'gers' (iLVzha'), c. Fr 


83 


B. 




Afghan/istan' (-g&n'-), coun- 




Antalt, duchy, Germany, 886 




Ba'den, gr. duchy, Germanv, 




try, Asia, 215,444 Q p. 5,000, # 




□ p. 316, # Dessau. 




5,823 D P- 1,867, # Karlsruhe. 




Kabul. 




Ann Ar'bor, c. Michigan 


15 


Bagdad', c. Turkey 


145 




188 




13 


Baha'ma I., N. E. of Cuba, 




A'gram, c. Hungary 


61 


Ant'werp, c. Belgium 


278 


5,450 D P- 54, # Nassau. 




A'guasca'lien'tes, state, Mex- 




Ap'pleton, c. Wisconsin 


15 


Bahia (ba-e'a), c. Brazil 


200 


ico, 2,970 D P- 102 ; its #. 




Ar'ad (5r'5d), c. Hungary.... 


56 


Baku.', c. Russia in Asia . . . 


112 


Ahmaoabad', c. India 


185 


Arezzo (a-rgt'so), c. Italy 


44 


Baltimore, c. Maryland 


509 


Ajmere' (fij-), c. India 


74 


Arga'o, c. Cebu, Phil. I 


34 


Balu/ehistan', country, Asia, 




A'kamagase'kl, c. Hondo, 




Ar'genti'na.rep. S. Am. 1,113,- 




141,600 D P- 847, # Khelat. 




Japan 


43 


849 Q p. 4,794,# Buenos Aires. 




Bam'berg, c. Bavaria, Ger.. . . 


42 


Ak'ron, c. Ohio 


43 


Ar'izo'na, ter. U. S. A., 113,- 




Ban galore', c. India 


159 


Al'aba'ma, state, U. S. A. 5,250 




020 D P- 123, # Phoenix. 




Bang- kdk', ^ of Siam 


600 


D p. 1,829, # Montgomery. 




Ar'kansas (,-s.i). state,U.S.A., 




Ban'gor, c. Maine 


n 


A lame'da, c California 


16 


53,850 D P- 1,312, # Little 




Barba'dog, Brit. isl. North 




Alas'ka, ter. U. S. A., 590,884 




Rock. 




America, 166 □ p. 105. 




Qp. 64, # Juneau. 




Arn'hem, c. Netherlands 


57 


Bar celo'na, c. Spain 


510 


Al'bany, c. New York 


94 


Ashe'ville, c. N. C 


15 


Bareil'ly, c. India , 


131 


Albay'.c. Luzon, Phil. I 


34 


Ash'land, c. Wisconsin 


13 


Barfrush', c. Persia . . . 


.50 


Alber'ta, dist. Canada, 100,000 




Ash/tabu'la, c. Ohio 


13 


Ba'ri, c. Italv 


-- 


DP- 66. 




As'siniboi'a, dist. Can. 90,340 




Barili, c. Cebu, Phil. I 


21 


Alep'po, c. Syria 


127 


n P- 67, # Regina. 




Bar'men, c. Prussia 


142 




71 
320 


As'siout', c. Egypt 

Astrakhan', c. Russia 


42 
113 






41'exan'dria, c. Egypt 


Bar ranquii'la (-k e l'y a), c. 




AJ/exan'dria, c. Virginia 


15 


Asuncion', # of Paraguay. . . 


45 


Colombia 


35 


AlgS'ria, Fr. col. Africa, 308,- 






lfi 


Bar'row, c. England 




019 Q P- 4,739, # Algiers. 
Algiers', # of Algeria 






10 


Ba'sel, c. Switzerland 

Batan'gas, c. Luzon, P. I 




97 


Ath'eng, # of Greece 


111 






50 

70 
172 

130 


Atlan'ta, %: of Georgia 

Atlan'tle Cit'y, c. N. J 

At'ttebor'o (-btir'o), c Mas- 
sachusetts 


90 

82 

11 








Bath, c. England 










Al'leghe/ny, c. Pa 


Bat'on Rouge' (mzh 7 ), # of 






35 

47 




13 

30 




11 


Al'mer'i'a, c. Spain 


Au'burn, c. New York 


Bat tie CrSek', c. Mich 


10 


Aldst, c. Belgium 


30 


Augs'burg (ouks'-). c. Bava- 




Bauan', c. Luzon, Phil. I 


40 




IN 




89 


Eava'ria, kdm. Ger. 29,_91 □ 
p. 6.175, # Munich. 




APsaee'-Lorraiiie'. ter. Ger- 




Augus'ta, c. Georsrii 






many, 5,601 D P- 1,717, # 




Augus'ta, # of Maine 


12 


Bay' Cit y, c. Michigan 


2S 


Strassburg. 
Al'tenburg, c. Germany 








Bayonne', c. New Jersey 

Bea'ver Falls 7 , c. Pa 


S3 
10 


37 


Aus'sig (ous'-), c. Bohemia, 






14 
1 fifl 




37 


Bei'rut, c Syria 

Bekes Csaba (ba'kash cho'- 
b8), c. Hungarv 










Altoo'na, c. Pennsylvania 




Austra'lia. Eriti.-h colony, 




38 




79 
00 


2,972,573 □ pop. 4,117. 
Aus'tria, emp. Europe, 115,- 








A'miens' (a'me-Sx'), c. Fr. .. 


Bgl'gium,kdm. Europe. 11,373 






96 


834 □ pop. 26,107. # Vienna. 




D P- 6,815, # Brussels. 









am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, 5nd, eve, term, they, recent, In, ice, machine, 
sir, Sdd, tone, 6r, son, wolf, sun, cube, full, rude, urn, moon, foot, bank, then. 

(693) 



694 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



BeT grade', # of Servia 

Bella'ry, c. India 

Belle' ville, c. Illinois 

Beloit', c. Wisconsin 

Bena'reg, c. India 

Bengal', div. India, 151,185 Q 

p. 74,745, # Calcutta. 
Berdi'chev (-dye'chSf), c. 

Russia 

Ber'gen (bar'-), c. Norway. . . 

Berke'ley , c. California 

Ber'lin', # of Prussia, Ger- 
many 1 

Bermu'da, isls. At. oc. 20 D P- 

18, # Hamilton. 

Bern, # of Switzerland 

Began eon' (-ziiM'sdn'), c. 

France 

Beuthen (boi'ten), c. Prussia, 

Germany 

Bev'erly, c. Mass 

Be'ziers' (ba'zyg'), c. Fr 

Bha'galpur(ba'gul-),c. India 
Bhaunagar (b o u'n a-g u r), c. 

India 

Bhopal', c. India 

Bia'lystok, c. Poland, Russia. 

Bi'da, c. Nigeria, Africa 

Bid'deford, c. Maine 

BiS'lefeld (-fSlt), c. Ger 

BIk'angr', c. India 

Bilba'o, c. Spain 

Blng'hamton, c. New York.. 

Birk'enhead, c. England 

Bir 'mingham, c. Ala 

Bir 'mingham, c. England. .. 

Blaek'burn, c. England 

Bloom'ington, c. Illinois 

Boch'um (b6k'-), c. Prus.... 

Bo'gota', # of Colombia 

Bokha'ra (-ka'-), c. Asia 

Boliv'ia, rep. S. Am. 734,390 □ 

p. 1,789, # La Paz. 
Bolo'gna (-lon'ya), c. Italy... 

Bol'ton, c. England 

B6mbay', pres. Ind. 123,064 G 

p. 18,560 ; its # p. 776. 

Boo'tle (-t'l), c. England 

Bordeaux' (-do'), c. Fr 

BSg'nia, prov. Eu. Turkey, 10,- 

181 D P- 1,349, # Sarajevo. 

BSs'ton, # of Mass 

Boul5gne', c. France 

Bourges (bobrzh), c. Fr 

Brad'dock, c. Pa 

Brad'ford, c. England 

Brad'ford, c. Pa 

Brai'la, c. Roumania 

Brazil', rep. South America, 

3,219,003 D P- 21,565, # Rio 

Janeiro. 
Brem'en, state Germany, 99 

□ p. 225. 

Brem'en, c. Germany 

Bre'seia (-shi-), c. Italy 

Brgs'lau (-lou), c. Prussia, 

Germany 

Brest, c. France 

Brest' Litovsk', c. European 

Russia 

Bridge'port, c. Conn 

Bridge'ton, c. New Jersey . . . 

Bright'on, c. England 

Brlg'bane, % of Queensland.. 



Bris'tol, c. England 329 

Brit'ish Colum'bia, prov. 

Canada, 383,300 Q p. 177, # 

Victoria. 
Brit'ish Em'pire, 11,516,821 

D p. 395,000, # London. 
Brit'ish G-uia'na (ge-a'-), ter. 

South America, 95,160 Q P- 

295, # Georgetown. 
Brit'ish North B6r'neo,col- 

ony, Borneo, 31,106 Q p. 175, 

# Sandakan. 

Br6ek'ton, c. Mass 40 

Brom'berg, c. Prus. Ger 52 

Brook'line, c. Mass 20 

Bru'ges, c. Belgium 53 

Brunn, c. Austria 109 

Brung'wiek (duchy), Ger- 
many, 1,418 D p. 464 ; its # p. 
128. 

Brus'sels, # of Belgium 562 

Bu'dapgst, # of Hungary 732 

Budweis (boot'vls), C.Austria. 39 
Bue'nos Ai'reg (bo'nus a'-), 

# of Argentina 836 

Buffalo, c New York 352 

Bu/kharest', # of Roumania. 282 
Bulga'ria, principality, Euro- 
pean Turkey, 24,512 Q p. 3,733, 

# Sofia. 

Burau'en (-rou'-), c. Phil. I.. 21 

Bur'lington, c Iowa 23 

Bur'lington, c Vermont 19 

Bur'ma, country, India, 236,- 
738 D P- 10,491. 

Burn'ley, c. England 97 

Bur'tcaupon Trent, c. Eng- 
land 50 

Bur'y (b5r't), c. England 58 

But'ler , c. Pennsylvania 11 

Butte, c. Montana 30 

c. 

Ca'diz, c. Spain 70 

Caen (kiiN), c. France 45 

Cagliari (kal'ya-re), c. It 54 

Cagsau'a (-sou'-), c. Luzon, 

Philippine Islands 20 

Cai'ro, # of Egypt 570 

Cai'ro, c. Illinois 13 

Calais' (ka-la'), c. France 60 

Calba'yog, c. Samar, Philip- 
pine Islands 30 

Caleut'ta, # of Br. India . . . .1,107 

Cal'ieut, c. India 77 

Cal'ifdr'nia, state U. S. A., 
158,360 □ p. 1,485, # Sacra- 
mento. 
Califor'nia, Lower, pen. 
Mexico, 58,343 D P- 47. 

Ciirtanisset'ta, c. Italy 43 

Cambo'dia,kdm. Indo China, 
40,530 D P- 1,500, # Pnum 
Penh. 

Cam'bridge, c. Mass 92 

Cam'den, c. New Jersey 76 

Ca'm'iling, c. Luzon, Philip- 
pine Islands 23 

Campe'che, state, Mexico, 18,- 

091 Dp- 84" 
Can'ada,dcm.of British North 
America, 3,053,946 D P- 5,370, 

# Ottawa. 

Cantdn'.c. China 1,800 



Can'ton, c. Ohio 

Cape C61'ony, S. Africa, 292,- 
211 Q p. 2,266, * Cape Town. 

Cape Town, # of Cape Col- 
ony 

Cara'cas, # of Venezuela 

Car'bondale, c. Pa 

Car'ear, c. Cebu, Philippine 
Islands 

Car'diff, c. Wales 

Carlisle' (-111), c. Eng 

Car'oline, Ger. isls. North Pa- 
cific, 560 D P- 39. 

Cartage'na, c. Spain 

Cata'nia, c. Sicily 

Cftwn'pur', c. India 

Cebu (tha-voo'), c. Cebu, Phil- 
ippine Islands 

Ce'dar Rapids, c. Iowa 

Cgn'tral Falls, c. R. I 

Ceyl6n', Brit. isl. colony, In- 
dian ocean, 25,333 G P- 3,577, 
# Colombo. 

Chang'ehau'(-chou'),c .China 

Chang'hua', c. Formosa 

Chapra', c. India 

Charleroi (shar'l e-r w a'), c. 
Belgium 

Charleg'ton, c. S. C 

Charles'ton, c. W. Va 

Char'16tte,c. N. C 

Charldt'tenburg', city of 
Prussia 

Chat 'ham (-am), c. Eng 

Chat'tanoo'ga, c. Tenn 

Chel'sea, c. Massachusetts — 

Ch61t'enham (-nam), c. Eng.. 

Chem'nitz (kgm'-), c. Ger. . . . 

Cher'bourg (sh6r'-), c. Fr 

Ches'ter, c. England 

Chea'ter, c. Pennsylvania.. . . 

Chey enne', % of Wyo 

Chia'pas, state, Mexico, 27,229 
D P- 364. 

Chiea'go, c. Illinois 1 

Chie'opee, c. Mass 

Chihua'hua (-wa'wa), state, 
Mexico, 89,998 Q p. 327 ; ite# 
p. 18. 

Chi'le, rep. S. Am. 290,829 Q 
p. 3,410, # Santiago. 

Chilian (chel-yan'), c. Chile. 

Chi-nese' Em'pire, Asia, 
4,234,910 D P- 426,417. 

Chll'lic6th'g, c. Ohio 

Chin'kiang', c. China 

Cho'lon' (sho-16N'), c. Cochin 
China 

Christ'ehureh, c. N. Z 

C'i'enfue'gos, c. Cuba 

Cin'einna'ti, c. Ohio 

Cler'mont'-Ferrand'Cklar'- 
m6N'f8-ra.N'), c. Fr 

CISve'land, c. Ohio 

Clin'ton, c. Iowa 

Clin'ton, c. Mass 

Co'burg, c. Germany 

Oo'ehabam'ba, c. Bolivia — 

Co'ehin Chi'na, Fr. col. Indo 
China, 23,160 Dp- 2,400. 

Cohoes', c. New York 

Coimbatore', c. India 

Coje'des (-ha'das), c. Vene- 
zuela 



am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, Snd, eve, term, they, recent, In, Ice, machine, 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



695 



Coli'ma, state, Mexico, 2,273 

Q p. 60 ; its # p. 25. 
Cologne' (-Ion'), c. Prussia . . 372 
Colom'bia, rep. S. Am. 504,773 
Q p. 3,879, # Bogota. 

Colom'bo, c. Ceylon 158 

Cdl'ora'do, state,U. 8. A. 103,- 
925 D p. 540, # Denver. 

Colorado Springs, c. Col 21 

Colum'bia, c. Pa 12 

Colum'bia, # of S. C 21 

Colum'bus.c. Georgia 18 

Colum'bus, # of Ohio 126 

C6m bacd'num, c. India 60 

Concep'eion (-shun),c. Chile. 50 

CSn'cord, # of N. H 20 

Connect'ieut (-ngt'-),state,U. 
S. A. 4,990 Q p. 90S, # Hart- 
ford. 
Constantine (kSN'st'aN'ten'), 

c Algeria 48 

Constan'tino'ple, # of Tur- 
key 1,125 

Co penha'gen, %: of Den- 
mark 378 

Cor'ddba (-va),c. Spain, p. 57; 
c. Argentina, p. 66. 

Cork, c. Ireland 76 

Cdr'ning, c. New York 11 

Coru'na (-roon'ya), c. Sp 41 

C6s'ta Ei'ca, rep. Cen. Am. 

20,876 O P- 310, # San Jose. 
Coun'cil Bluffs', c. Iowa.... 26 

Cov'entry, c. England 70 

Cov'ington, c. Kentucky — 43 

Cra'cow, c. Austria 91 

Cran'ston, c. Rhode Island . . 13 
Craio'va (-yo'-), c. Roum. ... 45 

Crlek'lade, c. England 52 

Crip'ple Creek', c. Colo 10 

Croy'don, c. England 134 

Cti'ba.isl. rep. 44,000 D P- 1,573, 
* Habana. 

Cud'dalore', c. India 52 

Cum'berland, c. Md 17 

Cu'racao' (-so'), isl. Dutch 
West Indies, 210 □ p. 30. 

Cuttack', c. India 51 

Cy'prus, isl. Med. Sea, 3,584 

D P- 237, # Nikosia. 
Czer'nowitz (chgr'no-vTts),c. 

Austria. 70 

Czestochowa (chgN-sto-kS'- 
va), c. Eu. Russia 45 

D. 

Dac'ea, c. Bengal, India 91 

Daga'mi, c.Leyte, Phil. I 25 

Da'lague'te (-ga'-), c. Phil. 

Islands 21 

Dal 'las, c. Texas 43 

Dal'ny, c. Manchuria 50 

Damaa'eus, c. Syria 140 

Danlrary, c. Conn 17 

Dan' ville, c. Illinois 16 

Dan'ville, e. Virginia 17 

Dan'zig (-tsYk), c. Prussia 141 

Darbhangah (dur-bfi«'ga), c. 

India.... 66 

Darm'stadt, c. Germany 72 

Dav'enport, c. Iowa 35 

Day'ton, c. Ohio 85 

De'breezen (-tsgn), c. Hung.. 75 

Deca'tur, c. Illinois 21 

sir, 5dd, tone, 6r, box 



Del'aware, state.U. S. A. 2,050 




Ev'erett, c. Massachusetts . . . 


24 


Dp- 185, # Dover. 




Ex'eter, c. England 


47 


Del'hl (dgl'I), c. India 


m 


F. 




Den'ison, c. Texas 


12 




Den'mark, kdm. Europe, 15,- 




Fachan(fiVshan'), c. China.. 


400 


35'JD P- 2,465, # Copenhagen. 




Fai zabad', c. India 


75 


Den'ver, # of Colorado 


184 


Falk'land Islands dak'-), S. 




Der'by, c. England 


106 


Atl. oc. 4.839 Op- 2. 








Fall RTv'er, c. Ma.^. . . . 


105 




62 

51 


Fa'roe, Danish isls. Atlantic 
ocean, 5L2Q p. 15. 




Des'sau (-sou), c. Germany. . . 




Det'mold, c. Germany 


12 


Faruk habad', c. Br. Ind 


68 


Detroit', c. Michigan 


286 


Ferra'ra, c. Italy 


88 


Dev'onport, c. England 


70 


Fez, # of Morocco 


140 


Dlar'bekr (-bSk'r), c. Turkey 




Fi'ji, Br. isls. col. S. Pac. oc. 




in Asia 


84 


8,045 Q P- US, # Siva. 




Di'jon' (de'zhox'), c. Fr 

District of Colum'bia, ter. 


71 


Find'lay, c. Ohio 


Ifl 




FIn'land, g. duchv Russia, 




U.S. A 


279 


144,255 O p. 2,673, # Ilolsing- 




Dort'mund, c. Prussia 


142 


fors. 




Do'ver , c. England 

Do'ver.c.N.H 


42 

m 


Fitch'burg, c. Mass. . . 


00 


Fiu'me, c. Hungary .'. 


89 


Dre§'den, c. Germany 


895 


Flint, c. Michigan 


13 


Dub'lin, # of Ireland 


3X0 


F16r'ence, c. Italy 


206 


Dubuque' (-buk'), c. Iowa... 


86 


F16r'ida, state, L'. S. A. 58,689 




Dud'ley, c. England 


49 


Q p. 521), # Tallahassee. 




Duis'burg (des'-), c. Prus 


93 


Foggia(f5d'ja),c. Italy 


58 


Duluth', c. Minnesota 

Dundee', c. Scotland 

Dun'kirk, c. New York 


63 
161 
12 


F6nd du Lac', c. Wis 


H 


For li', c. Italy 




Fort' D6dge', c. Iowa. . . . 


12 


Dun'more', c. Pa \... 


18 


Fort' Scdtt', e. Kansas 


10 


Duran'go, state, Mexico, 42,- 




Fort' Smith', c. Ark 


12 


276 □ p. 371 ; its # p. 26. 




Fort' Wayne', c. Ind 


45 


Diis'seldorf , c. Prussia 


214 


Fort' Worth', c. Texas.... 


27 


Dutch G-uia'na, col. South 




Fram'ingham, c. Mass 


11 


America, 46,060 □ p. 66, # 




France, rep. Europe, 207,107 □ 




Paramaribo. 




p. 38,962, # Paris. 




Dvinsk,c. Russia 


70 


Frank'furt a. M., c. Prus. . . . 


288 






Frank'furt a. d. O., c. Prus. . . 


62 


B. 




Free'port, c. Illinois 


13 


East Liv'erpool, c. Ohio 


16 


French Guia'na, col. South 




East'on, c. Pennsylvania 


25 


America, 30,463 □ p. 30, # 




East Or'ange, c. N. J 


22 


Cayenne. 




East Prdv'idence, c. R. I.... 


12 


Frgs'no, c. California 


12 


East St. Louis, c. Illinois 


30 


Fu'ehau' (-chou'),c. China.. 


650 


Eau Claire (o' klar'), c. Wis- 




Fu'kui, c. Japan 


44 




18 


Fu'kuo'ka, c. Kiushu, Jap.. . . 
Funf'kirchen (-k 6 r k e n), c. 


m 


Ec uador', rep. S. Am. 118,627 




D P- 1,400, # Quito. 




Hungary 


44 


Ed'inburgh (-bttr-o), # of 




Furth (iert), c. Bavaria 


54 


Scotland 


310 


G. 




E'gypt, country, Africa, 11,- 






366 Dp- 9,821, # Cairo. 




Ga'latz (-lats), c. Rou mania . . 


63 


Ekatgr'i noslav' (yg-ka-tyg- 




G-alg'na, c. Kansas 


10 


re'na-slaf '), c. Russia 


121 


Gale§'burg, c. Illinois 


19 


Ei'berfeld'(-iglt'), c. Prussia. 


157 


Gal'veston, c. Texas 


38 


El'bing, c.Prussia 


53 


Gapan', Luzon, Phil. I 


20 




22 
52 


Gard'ner, c. Massachusetts .. 
Gates'head, c. England 


11 


Eliz'abeth, c. N. J 


110 


Elizavetgrad (yg-lye'za-vgt- 




Gay'a (gi'a), c. Bengal, India. 


71 


grat'), c. Eu. Russia 


02 


Ga'za, c. Syria 


21 




15 

16 


GenS'va(j-), c. Switzerland... 

GenS'va, c. New York 

Gen'oa, c Italy 


105 




10 


El Pa'so, c. Texas 


235 


El'wood, c. Indiana 


13 


George'town, c. D. C 


15 


England (Ttng'gland), kdm .G. 




George'town, 3fc of British 




Br. 50,842 Q p. 30,805, # Lon- 




Guiana 


53 


don. 




Geor'gia, state, U. S. A. 59,475 




Er'furt. c. Saxony, Ger 


85 


D P- 2.216, # Atlanta. 




E'rie, c. Pennsylvania 


53 


Ge'ra (ga'-), c. Germany 


16 


Erze'rum', c. As. Turkey 


39 


Ger'man Em'pire. Europe, 




Es'sen, c. Prussia 


119 


20S,74S □ p. 56.345. * Berlin. 




Ev'anston,c. Illinois 


19 


Ghent (ggnt), c. Belgium 


161 


Ev'ansville, c. Indiana 


59 


Gibral'tar, Br. c. Spain 


27 



wolf, sun, cube, full, rude, urn, moon, loot, bank, then. 



696 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



Gij6n (he-hon'), c. Spain 


43 


Halle, c. Prussia 


157 


I'owa, state, U. S. A. 56,025 D 




Glas'gow (-ko), c. Scotland. . . 


760 


Ham'burg, state, Germany 




p. 2,232, # Des Moines. 




Gleiwitz (gli'vtts), c. Ger 


52 


160 D P- 768. 




Ips'wich, c. England 


07 


Glens' Fallg', c. New York.. 


13 


Ham/burg, c. Germany 


706 


Iqui'que (e-ke'ka), c. Chile . . 


42 


Glduces'ter (gl5s'-), c. Eng- 




Hamilton, c. Ohio 


24 


Ire"land, isl. 32,605 D P- 4,457, 






48 






# Dublin. 
Irkutsk', c. As. Russia 




G16uces'ter, c. Massachusetts 


26 


Eam'mond, c. Indiana 


12 


51 


Glov'ersville, c. N. Y 


18 


Han'kau' (-kou'), c. China. . . 


850 


I'ronton (l'firn-), c. Ohio 


12 


Go'a, PortugueBe ter. India, 




Han'ley, c. England 

Han'nibal, c. Missouri 


02 
13 




15 


1,263 G P- 495. 


Is'paaan', c. Persia 


m 


Go rakhpur'(-rilk-), c. British 




Hanoi'', c. Indo China 


103 


It'aly, kdm. Europe, 110,688 D 




India 


64 


Hanno'ver, c. Germany 


230 


p. 32,475, # Rome. 




Gor'litz (gSr'-), c. Prussia 


81 


Har'nsburg, # of Pa 


50 


Itb/aca, c. New York 


13 


Gbteborg (y 6't 6-b 5 r'y'), c. 




Har'rison, c. New Jersey 


11 


Iva'n5vo-Voznesensk'(-vaz 




Sweden 


131 


Hart lord, # of Conn 


80 


ny6-sy6nsk'), c. Eu. Russia. . 


M 


Go'tha (-ta), c. Germany 


35 


Has'tingg, c. England 


oo 


Ix'elles' (-61'), c. Belgium. . . . 


01 


Gov'an, c. Scotland 


76 


Ha'verhill (-Y1), c. Mass 


137 






Grana'da, c. Spain 


75 


Havre (ha'ver), e. France 


30 


J. 




Grana'da, c. Nicaragua 


25 


Hawaii(ha-wi'e), isl. ter. U. S. 




Jab'alpur (jub'-), c. British 




Grand Rapids, c. Mich 


US 


A., 6,449 D P- 154, # Hono- 




India 


1* 




1 5s 


lulu. 




Jack'son, c. Michigan 

Jack'son, c. Tennessee 




Great Falls, c. Montana 


15 


HS'zelton, c. Pa 


14 


1,% 


Greece, kdm. Europe, 25,014 Q 




Hei'delberg', c. Germany . . . 


40 


Jacksonville, c. Florida 


26 


p. 2,434, # Athens. 




Hel'ena, # of Montana 


11 


Jacksonville, c. Illinois 


15 


Green' Bay, c. Wisconsin.. .. 


19 


Hel'singfors", # of Finland, 




Jai'pur, c. India 


160 


Greenland, Danish isl. & 




Russia 


89 


Ja'landhar (-diir), c. India .... 


68 


col. ; col. 34,015 DP- 11- 




Hen'derson, c. Kentucky . . . 


10 


Jalis'eo (ha-), state, Mexico, 




Green'ock, c. Scotland 


68 


Herat', c. Afghanistan 


12 


33,495 □ p. 1,137, % Guadala- 




Greeng'bdro, c. N. C 


10 


Hesse, state, Germany, 2,966 Q 




jara. 




Greensville, c. S. C 


12 


p. 1,120, # Darmstadt. 




Jamai'ea, Br. isl. W. Ind. 




Green'wTch., c. Conn 


12 


Hldal'go, state, Mexico, 8,577 




4,193 □ p. 743, # Kingston. 




Green 'wich (grfn'Tj), part of 




D P- 603, # Pachuca. 




JSmeg'town, c. New York . . . 


23 


London, England 


% 


H'i'lo, c. Hawaiian Islands. . . . 


20 


Janeg'ville, c. Wisconsin — 


13 


Greiz (grits), c. Germany 


22 


Hi'roshi'ma, c. Japan 


122 


Janiuay (ha'ne-do-IO.c.Panay 




Greno'ble, c. France 


69 


Hd'boken, c. New Jersey 


5!) 


isl. Philippine Islands 


29 


Grlms'by, c. England 


63 


Hddmezo-Vasarhely (hod'- 




Japan', emp. Asia, 161,160 □ 




Grod'nd, c. Eu. Russia 


47 


m6-z5-va /r shar-h61-y , ),c. Hun- 




p. 46,451, # Tokyo. 




Gro'ningen (-nYng-), c. Neth- 






61 


Jas'sy (yas'-), c. Roumania.. 
Ja'va, Dutch isl. E. Ind. 50,554 
Dp. 26,125, #Batavia. 


7 C 


67 




46 




Gua dalaja'ra (gwatfea-la'- 




Home'' stead, c. Pa 


13 




ha'ra), c. Mexico 


84 


Hondu'ras, rep. Central 




Jef'fersonville, c. Indiana . . 


11 


Guadeloupe' (ga'-), Fr. isl. 




America, 46,250 □ p. 745, # 




Jerez de la Frdnte'ra (ha- 




W. Ind. 619 □ p. 172. 
Gua najua'to (-hwa'to), state, 




Tegucigalpa. 
H6ng'k6ng', c. China 






60 




207 


Jer'gey City, c. New Jersey. . 


206 


Mexico, 10,951 D P- 1,065; — its 
# p. 59. 




Ho'nolu'lu, # of Hawaii 

Hor'neil, c. N. Y 






V 




12 


Jodb'pur, c. India 


60 


Guatemala (ga/-), rep. Cen- 
tral America, 48,290 D p. 1,574 ; 






4 r > 




10 




Eow'rah, c. India 


158 


Jdhns'town, c. Pennsylvania 


36 


its # p. 72. 
Guayaquil'' (gwi'a-kel'), c. 
Ecuador 




Hu'bli, c. British India 


00 
60 


Jo'liet, c. niinois 


m 




?« 


50 


Hud'dergfield, c. Eng 


95 


Juneau, c. Alaska 


?, 






Hue (-a), c. Anam 


50 






ico, 25,002 G P- 475. 




Hull, c. England 


240 


K. 




Gui'noba'tan (ge'-), c. Phil- 




Hun'gary, kdm. Europe, 125,- 




Ka'bul, ^r of Afghanistan 


60 




VI) 


608 D P- 19,204, # Budapest. 
Huntington, c. W. Va 








Guth'rle, # of Oklahoma. . . . 


10 


12 


Japan 


53 


Gwa'lior, c. India 


89 


Hyde Park, c. Mass 


15 


Kaisari'ye, c Asia Minor 


72 


H. 




I. 




Kai'serslau'tern (-lou'-), c. 








Bavaria, Germany 


48 


Haarlem, c. Netherlands .... 


64 


Iceland, Dan. isl. 40,458 Q p. 




Kalu'ga, c. Eu. Russia 


60 


Haba'na (-va/-), # of Cuba. . . 


2,56 


71, # Reykjavik. 




Kandahar', c. Afghanistan . . 


50 




14 


I'ehang' (§'-), c. China 

I'aaho, state, U. S. A. 84,800 D 


•?T 


Kal'amazdb', c. Michigan 

Ka'naza'wa, c. Hondo, Japan 




Hagonoy' (a/go-noi'), c. Lu- 






84 


zon, Philippine Islands 


20 


p. 162, # Boise, p. 6. 




Kan'kakee', c. Illinois 


14 


Hague, The, # of Neth .- 


m 


111'inois' (-noi'), state, U. S. A. 




Kan'gas, state, U. S. A. 82,080 




Hal darabad', native state, 




56,650 D P-4,822,# Springfield. 




D p. 1,470, # Topeka. 




India, 82,698 D P- 11,141; its # 




In'dia, country, S. Asia, 1,766,- 




Kan'sas City, c. Kansas 


51 


p. 448 ; c. Sind, India, p. 69. 




597 D P- 294,361. 




Kan'gas City, c. Missouri 


L64 


Hai'ti, isl. West Indies ; rep. 




In'dian'a, state, U. S. A. 36,350 




Kara'cM, c. India 


117 


on it, 11,072 □ p. 1,211, # Port 




□ p. 2,516. 




Karls'rub/e, c. Germany 


97 


au Prince. 




In'dianap'olis, # of Ind 


169 


Ka'shan', c. Persia 


30 


Ha'koda'te, c. Yezo, Jap 


78 


In'dian Ter'ritory, became 




Kash'mir', state, India, 80,900 




Halifax, c. England 


10,5 


part of Oklahoma. 




D P- 2,900, # Srinagar. 




Halifax, # of Nova Scotia .. 


41 


IndSre', c. India 


87 


Kassa (kSsh'shS), c. Hungary. 


* 



am, fame, care, far, pass, ail, imal, end, eve, term, they, recent, In, ice, machine, 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



697 



Kas'sel, c. Prussia 


JOfi 


Lau'sanne' (lo'zan'), c. Swit- 








Kas'tamu'ni, c. A. Turkey.. . 


33 


zerland 


47 


ocean, 227,750 □ p. 2,445, # 




Kazan', c. Russia 


182 


Law'rence, c. Kansas 


11 


Tananarive 




Kear'ney, c. New Jersey 


11 


Law'rence, c. Massachusetts 


63 


MadSi'ra, Portuguese isl. At- 




Kecskemet (kech'k6-mat), c. 




Lead'ville, c. Colorado 


12 


lantic ocean, 315 Q p. 151, %: 




Hungary 


68 


Leav'enworth, c. Kansas 


21 


Funchal. 




Keno'sha, c. "Wisconsin 


12 


Leb'anon, c. Pennsylvania. . . 


18 


Mad'ison, % of Wisconsin... 


19 


Ken'sington, part of London. 


177 


LSedg, c. England 


429 


Madras', presidency, India, 




Kentuek'y, state, U. S. A. 40,- 




Lee'ward Islands, West In- 




141,726 D P- 32,209 ; its # p. 




400 Q p. 2,147, # Frankf ort. 




dies, 701 D p. 127, # St. John. 




509. 




KS'okuk, Iowa 

K6rman / , c. Persia 


li 


LSg'horn, c. Italy 

Leices'tSr (16V-), c. England. 


98 




'<]'> 


70 


212 


Madu'ra, c. India 


106 


K6y West, c. Florida 


17 


Lei'den, c. Holland, Neth 


54 


Mag'deburg', c. Germany... 


230 


Khar'kov, c. Russia 


175 


Leip'zig(-sTk),c. Germany... 


455 


Ma'hanoy ' City, c. Pa 


14 


Khar'tum', c. Sudan 


50 


Lfiith, c. Scotland 


77 


Maine, state, U. S. A. 33,040 □ 




KhersSn', c. Eu. Russia 


69 


Lem'berg, c. Austria 


160 


p. 694, % Augusta. 




Khi'va, C.Turkestan 


30 


Leom'ihster (16m'-), c. Mas- 




Mainz (mints), c. Germany. . . 


84 




122 

247 




12 

.58 


Mal'aga, c. Spain 

Mal'den, c. Massachusetts 


l?fi 


Kiev (ke'ygf), c. Russia 


Leon' (la-on'), c. Mexico 


34 


Kilmar'nock, c. Scotland .... 


34 


Lew'iston, c. Maine 


24 


Malm'6 v (-SO, c. Sweden 


61 


Klngg'ton, c. Canada 


18 


Lex'ington, c. Kentucky 


26 


Mal'ta, British isl. col. 117 Q 




Kings/ton, # of Jamaica 


49 


Libau(le'bou),c. Eu. Russia. 


65 


p. 184. 




Klngg'ton, c. New York 


25 


LibS'ria, rep. Af., 32,954 Q p. 




Mana'gua (-gwa), # of Nica- 




Kirkeal'dy (-ka'^.c. Scot.... 


34 


2,000, # Monrovia. 




ragua 


30 


Kishinev' (-nyflf '), c. Russia. 


109 


Liege (lt-azh'), c. Belgium. .. 


160 


Man'chester, c. Connecticut. 


11 




fifi 


LiSg'nitz, c. Prussia 

Lille Gel), c. France 




Man'chester, c. England 

Man'chester, c. N. H 


544 


Klung'chau'(-chou'),c.China 


35 


211 


57 


Kndx'ville (n5ks'-), c. Ten- 




Li'ma, c. Ohio 


22 


Man'dalay, c. India 


1S4 


nessee 


33 


Li'ma, c. Peru 


113 


Manll'a, # of Philippine I... 


280 


Ko^bfe, c. Japan 


216 


Llm'erick, c. Ireland 


38 


Ma'nissa, c. Asia Minor 


36 


Ko / kan /, (ka / -)>c.ABiatic Russia 


82 


Li'moges' (-m5zh'), c. France 


84 


Man'istSe', c. Michigan 


14 


Ed'komo, c. Indiana 


11 


Lina'res, c. Spain 


35 


Man'ito'ba, prov. Can. 73,956 






54 


Lin'eoln (lTng'kun), c. Eng. 
Lin'eoln, # of Nebraska 




D p. 255, # Winnipeg. 
Man'itowoc', c. "Wisconsin . . 




Kolome'a, c. Austria 


34 


40 


12 


Ko'lozsvar (-lozh-var), c. 




Linz (lints), c. Austria 


59 


Manka'to, c. Minnesota 


11 


Hungary 


49 


Li' pa, c. Luzon, Phil. I 


40 


Mann'heim, c. Germany 


140 


K6n'go State, Africa, 870,000 




Lip'pe, princ. Germany, 469 □ 




Mang'field, c. Ohio 


18 


□ p. 30,000, # Boma. 




p. 139, # Detmold. 




Ma'rian'na, c. Brazil 


56 


Ko'nigsberg (kS'-), c. Prussia 


188 


LIg'bon, # of Portugal 


357 


Ma'riet'ta, c. Ohio 


13 


Kd'nigshut't^kS'nTks-hut'- 




Little Palls, c. New York 


10 


Ma'rindu'que (-ka), isl. Phil. 




te), c. Prussia, Germany 


.58 


Little Rock, # of Arkansas. . 


38 


I., 681 D P- 48. 




K6r6'a, kdm. Asia, 84,421 □ p. 




Liv'erpool, c. England 


685 


Mar'inette', c. "Wisconsin 


16 


8-16,000, # Seoul. 




L6ck'port, c. New York 


17 


Mar 'ion, c. Indiana 


17 




40 




315 




12 


Kozlov (kaz-lof), c. Europe- 




Lo'gansport, c. Indiana 


16 


Marl'boro, c. Massachusetts. 


14 




40 


Lon'don, # of Englaud 4,537 

Lon'donder'ry, c. Ireland. . . 40 


Marque'sas (-ka'-), Fr. isl. 
Polynesia, 492 □ p. 4. 




Kre/feld (-fglt), c. Prussia. . . . 


107 






W 




16 

fin 


Marquette' (-kSf), c. Mich . . . 

Marseilleg', c. France 

Mar'shalltown, c. Iowa 


10 




L6r'ea, c. Spain 

Los An'geles, c. California.. 


491 


Kristla'nia, # of Norway — 


226 


102 


12 


Kron'stadt, c. Eu. Russia.... 


GO 


Lou'igia'na, state, U. S. A. 




Martinique' (-nek'), Isl. 




Ku'ka, c. Sudan 


50 


48,720 a P- 1,382, # Baton 




French "West Ind. 381 Q p. 




Ku'mamoto', c. Kiushu isl. 




Rouge. 




164, # Fort de France. 




Japan 


Bl 


Lou'isville, c. Kentucky 


205 


Ma'ryland (mer'i-), state, U. 






53 


Louvainfloo'vaN'^c. Belgium 
Low'ell, c. Massachusetts 




S. A. 12,210 □ p. 1,188, # An- 
napolis. 




Kutai'a, c. As. Turkey 


22 


95 




Kyoto (kyo-),c.Hondo, Japan 353 


Luba'o, c. Luzon, Phil. I 


21 


Mas'sachu'setts, state, U- S. 




L. 




Lu'beck, c. Germany 


82 


A. 8,315 D P- 2,805, # Boston. 






Luc'ca, c. Italy 


75 


Mas'sillon, c. Ohio 


12 


Lab'rador, pen. North Amer- 




Luek'now'. c. India 


264 


Matan'zas, c. Cuba 


36 


ica, 530,000 □ p. 7. 




Lud'wigsha'fen (loot'vrks-), 




Maul'main', c. L. Burmn 


58 


La'buan', Br. isl. col. 30 □ p. 8. 




c. Bavaria, Germany 


62 


Mauritius (-rtsh'T-us\ British 




La Crosse, c. "Wisconsin 


29 


Lux'emburg, g. duchy, Eu- 




isl. Indian oc. 705 □ p. 370, 




La'fayette', c. Indiana 


18 


rope, 998 D p. 237 ; its # p. 21. 




:£ Port Louis. 




Lahore', c. India 


I'll", 


Luzdn', isl. Phil. I. 44,235 Q p. 




Ma'yaguez' (-gwas'), c. Porto 






50 


3,727, # Manila. 
Lyneh'burg, c. Virginia 






It 


Lan'easter, c. England 


40 


19 


Mead'ville, c. Pennsylvania . 


10 


Lan'caster, c. Pennsylvania. 


41 


Lynn, c. Massachusetts 


69 


Mech'lin (mSk'-), c. Belgium 


56 


Lan'sing, # of Michigan 


16 


Ly'on, c. France 


459 


Meek'lenburg-Schwerin', 




Lan'singburg, c. New York . 


13 


Lyu'blin, c. Poland, Russia. . 


75 


g. duchy Ger. 5,068 □ p. 60S, 




Laoag', c. Luzon, Phil. I 


37 


M. 




# Schwerin. 




La Paz', # of Bolivia 


m 




Meck'lenburg-Stre'litz, g. 
duchy, Ger. 1,131 D P- 103, # 




Lare'do, c. Texas 


13 


McKeeg'port, c. Pa 


34 




Lasalle', c. Illinois 


10 


Ma'eon, c. Georgia 


23 


Neustrelitz. 





sir, Odd, tone, 6r, son, wolf, sun, cube, full, rude, urn, moon, 16"bt, bank, then. 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



MCdellin' (ma'thei-yen'), c. 

Colombia 

Med'ford, c. Massachusetts . . 

Mfie'xnit, c. India 

Mei'ningen, c. Germany 

Mfil'bourne, # of Victoria, 

Australia 

Mel'rose, c. Massachusetts... 

Mem'phis, c. Tennessee 

Men6m'inee, c. Michigan.. . . 

Mer'ida, c. Mexico 

MSr'iden, c. Connecticut 

Merld'ian, c. Mississippi 

Mer'thyr Tyd'fll (-vll), c. 

Wales. 

Mesh'hSd, c. Persia 

Messi'na, c. Italy 

Metz, c. Germany 

Mex'ico, rep. C. Am. 767,259 

D P- 13,570 ; its # p. 330. 

Mi'aga'o, Panay, Phil. I 

Michigan, state, U. S. A. 58,- 

915 D p. 2,421, # Lansing. 
Mlch'igan Cit'y, c. Indiana. 
Mlchd'acan' (-kan'), state, 

Mexico, 22,623 Q p. 936, # 

Morelia. 
Mid'dlegbrough (-biir-6), c. 

England 

MId'dletown, c. N. Y 

Mil 'an, c . Italy 

MH'ford, c. Massachusetts . . . 

MUl'ville, e. New J ersey 

Milwau'kee, c. Wisconsin . . . 
Min'dana'o, isl. Philippine I. 

46,721 D P- 496. 
Mindo'ro, isl. Philippine I. 

4,108 D P- 106. 
MIn'neap'olis, c. Minnesota . 
MIn'neso'ta, state, U. S. A. 

83,365 D p. 1,751, # St. Paul. 

Minsk, c. Eu. Russia 

Mir'za'pur, c. Br. India 

Miskolcz (mYsh'kOlts), c. 

Hungary 

Mis'sissip'pi, state, U. S. A. 

46,810 D p. 1,551, # Jackson. 
Missou'rl, state, U. S. A. 69,- 

415 D i>- 3,107,* Jefferson City." 

Mobile', c. Alabama 

Mo'dena, c. Italy 

Mogilev (ma-ge-ly6f), c. Eu- 
ropean Russia 

Molen'beek'C-laN'bak'^sub. 

of Brussels, Belgium 

Mol'ine', c. Illinois 

Moluc'cag, Dutch isls. 43,864 

D P- 399. 
M6n'aeo, princ. Europe, 8 Q 

p. 15. 

MSnastir', c. As. Turkey 

MSnghyr' (-ger'), c. Bengal, 

India 

Mons (mSNs), c. Belgium 

Monta'na, state, U. S. A. 146,- 

080 D P- 243, # Helena. 
M&nt'clair', c. New Jersey. . . 
M6n'tene'gro, princ. Eur. 

3,256 □ p. 228, # Cetinje. 

Mon'terey', c. Mexico 

M&n'tevld'go, * of Uruguay 
Mdntgom'ery, # of Alaba- 
ma 

M&nt'real', c. Canada 



Morad'abad' (-rfid'-), c. Brit- 
ish India 75 

More'los, state, Mex. 2,734 Q 

p. 162, # Cuernavaca. 
Mordc'co, sultanate, Af. 169,- 

591 □ p. 8,000, # Fez. 
Mftr'ristown, c. New Jersey. 11 

M&s'cow, c. Russia 1,036 

Mo'sul', c. As. Turkey 61 

Mt. Car'mel, c. Pennsylvania 13 
Mt. VSr'non, c. New York. .. 20 
Mozambique' (-bek'), prov. 
Port. E. Af . 261,700 D P- 1,500; 
its # p. 8. 
Miil'hau'gen (-hou'-), c. Ger- 
many 89 

Mul'tan', c. Br. India 87 

Miinehen Gladbach (miin'- 
ken glat'bak), c. Prussia, 

Germany 58 

Mun'cle, c. Indiana 21 

Mu'nieh (-nlk), # of Bavaria, 

Germany 500 

Miin'stgr, c. Prussia 64 

Mur'cia (-shl-a), c. Spain 108 

Mus'catine', c. Iowa 14 

Muskfi'gon, c. Michigan 21 

Mut'tra, c. British India 60 

Mysore', state, India, 29,444 O 
p. 5,539 ; its # p. 68. 

N. 

Na'gasa'kl, c. Japan 107 

Na'goya, c. Japaa 244 

Nag'pur', c. India 128 

Nagy Varad (n8d'y' va'rCd), 

C.Hungary 50 

Namangan', c. As. Rus 62 

Nan'cy , c. France 103 

Nan'king', c. China 150 

Nantes, c. France 133 

Nan'ticoke, c. Pennsylvania. 12 

Na'pleg (-p'lz), c. Italy 564 

Nash'ua, c. New Hampshire . 24 
Nash' ville, # of Tennessee . . 81 
Natal', Br. col. Af. 29,200 □ p. 

930, # Pietermaritzburg. 

Natal', c. Brazil 40 

Natch'ez, c. Mississippi 12 

Nau'gatuck, c. Connecticut.. 11 
Nawanagar (nu-wa'nfi-gur'), 

C.India 54 

Nebras'ka, state, U. S. A. 77,- 

510 □ p. 1,066, * Lincoln. 

Neg'apatam', c. Br. Ind 57 

Nepal', kdm. India, 54,459 □ 

p. 3,000, # Khatmandu. 
NSth'erlandg, kdm. Eur. 12,- 

741 □ p. 5,104, # The Hague. 
Neustrg'litz (noi-), c. Ger. . . 11 
Neva'dd, state, U. S. A. 110,- 

700 D P- 42, # Carson City. 

New Al'bany, c. Indiana 21 

New'ark, c. New J ersey 246 

New'ark, c. Ohio 18 

New BSd'ford, c. Mass 62 

New Brit'ain (-'n), c. Conn.. 26 
New Bruns'wick, prov. Can- 
ada, 28,100 D p. 331, # Fred- 

ericton. 
New Brun§'wiek, c. N. J. . . . 20 
New'burg', c. New York — 25 

New'buryport', c. Mass 14 

New'eastle, c. England 215 



New'castle, c. Pa 28 

New'foOndland, British isl. 
N. Am. 42,200 Q p. 217, # St. 
John's. 
New G-uIn'ea, British & Ger- 
man isl. Pac. oc 311,023 Q p. 
700. 
New Hamp'shire, state, U. 

S. A. 9,305 D P- 412,# Concord 412 
New Hft'ven, c. Connecticut 108 
New JSr'sey, state, U. S. A. 
7,815 D p. 1,884, # Trenton. 

New Lon'don, c. Conn 18 

New Mex'ico, ter. U. S. A. 
122,580 D P- 195, # Santa Fe. 
New Or'ieang, c. Louisiana . 287 

New'port, c. England 67 

New'port, c. Kentucky 28 

New'port, c. R. 1 22 

New'port Newg', c. Va 20 

New Rochelle', c . N. Y 15 

New South Wale§, state, 
Australia, 309,175 D P- 1,360, 
# Sydney. 
New'ton, c. Massachusetts ... 34 
New York', state, U. S. A. 49,- 

170 D p. 7,269, # Albany. 
New York', c. New York.. . .3,437 

Manhat'tan, bor 1,850 

Bronx 201 

Brook'lyn 1,167 

Rich'mond 67 

Queens 153 

New ZSa'land, Brit. isl. col- 
ony, 104,612 □ p. 816, # Wel- 
lington. 
Niag'ara Falls, c. New York 19 
Ni'eara'gua (-g w A), rep. C. 
Am. 47,857 D P- 500, # Mana- 
gua. 

Nice, c. France 105 

Nikolaev (nye-ka-la'ySf), c. 

European Russia 92 

Nimes (nem), c. France 81 

Ning'po', c. China 255 

Nome, c. Alaska 12 

Nor'folk (-fak), c. Virginia . . 47 

N6r'ristown, c. Pa 21 

N6rr'kopIng (-chS-), c. Swe- 
den 41 

N6rth Ad'amg, c. Mass 24 

Ndrthamp'ton, c. England. . 87 

Ndrthamp'ton, c. Mass 19 

North Car'oll'na, state, U. S. 
A. 52,250 D p. 1,894, # Ra- 
leigh. 
North Dako'ta, state, U. S. 
A.70,795 D P-319, # Bismarck. 
NSr'way, country, Europe, 
125,648 D P- 2,231,# Kristiania. 

Nor'wlch, c. Connecticut 17 

Nor'wich (-rich), c. England 112 
N6t'tfngham, c. England. ... 240 

Nova'ra, c. Italy 45 

No'va ScS'tia (-sht-a), prov. 
Canada, 20,550 Q p. 460, #• 
Halifax. 
N6v'gorod(-rot), c. European 

Russia 26 

No'vocherkask', c. Euro- 
pean Russia 52 

Nue'vo Leon', state, Mexico, 

23,685 □ p. 327, # Monterey. 
Nu'remberg, c. Bav. Ger 261 



am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, end, eve, term, they, recent, Tn, ice, machine, 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



699 



o. 

Oakland, c California 67 

Odfes'sa. c. Russia 405 

Of fenbach(-bak),c. Germany 51 

Og'den City, c. Utah 16 

Og'dengburg, c. New York . . 13 
OhJ'o, state, C. S. A. 41,060 Q 

p. 4,158, # Columbus. 
Oil City, c. Pennsylvania — 13 
O'kaya'ma, c. Hondo, Japan . 58 
OklahS'ma, state, TJ. S. A. 70,- 

057 D P- 1.414, # Guthrie. 

Oklahoma City , c . Ok 10 

Ol'denburg, duchy, Ger. 

2,480 Q P- 398 ; its # p. 27. 

Oldfiam, c. England 137 

O'maha/, c. Nebraska 103 

Oman', country, Arabia, 82,- 

000 D P- 1.500, # Maskat. 
Onta'rio, prov. Can. 219,650 Q 

p. 2,183, # Toronto. 

Opor'to, c. Portugal 172 

Oran', c. Algeria 88 

Or'ange (-€nj), c. New Jersey 24 
Orange River Colony, Br. 

col. S. Af . 48,326 □ # Bloem- 

fontein. 
Or'egon, state, U. S. A. 96,030 

D p. 414, # Salem. 
Orel (ar-yol'), c. Eu. Russia.. 70 

Orenburg', c. Russia 73 

O'gaka, c. Japan 821 

Osh/kOBh,c. "Wisconsin 28 

Os'nabrQck', c. Prussia 52 

Ostend', c. Belgium 40 

Oswe'go, c. New York 22 

O'taru.c. Japan 57 

Ot'tawa, #r of Canada 60 

Ottum'wa, c. Iowa 18 

Ovle'do, c. Spain 46 

O'wengboro, c. Kentucky ... 13 
Ox'ford, c. England 49 

P. 

Pad'ua, c. Italy 82 

Padu'cah, c. Kentucky 19 

Paigley, c. Scotland 79 

Pala'wan, isl. Philippine I. 
4,726 DP- 50. 

Paler'mo, c Italy 310 

Pal'ma, c. Spain 63 

Piu'ama', rep. Cen. Am 340 

Pan'ama', # of Panama 25 

Para', c. Brazil 110 

Pa'raguay'(-gwl'),rep. S.Am. 
157,000 D P- 630, # Asuncion. 

Par'is, # of France 2,714 

Par'kergburg, c. W. Va 12 

Par'ma, c. Italy 49 

Pa' Big, c. Philippine 1 22 

PassS'ic, c. New Jersey 28 

Pat'erson, c. New Jersey 105 

Pat'lala (put'-), c. India 54 

Pat'na,c. India 135 

Pawtuek'et, c Rhode Island. 39 
Pea'body, c. Massachusetts . . 12 

Peeks'kill, c. New York 10 

Pekln', # of China 1,000 

Penn'sylva'nia, state, U. S. 
A. 45,215 D P- 6,302, # Harris- 
burg. 

Pen'sacS'la, c. Florida 18 

Pen'za, c. Eu. Russia 62; 



Feo'ria, c. Illinois 

Perm, c. European Russia 

Per'nambu'eo, c. Brazil 

Pgr'sia (-s'lia), kdm. Asia, 635,- 

135 D P- 9,000, # Teheran. 

Perth, c. Scotland 

Perth, # of W. Australia 

Perth Am'boy', c. N. Jersey. 
Peru', rep. S. Am. 683,322 Q p. 

4,560, # Lima. 

Peru'gia. c. Italy 

Pesha'war, c. Punjab, British 

India 

Pe'tergburg. c. Virginia 

Pforzheim (p f 8 r t s'h I m), c. 

Germany 

Phil'adel'phla, c. Pa 1 

Phil'ippine Islands, arch. 

Asia, 127,853 D P- 6,975, # Ma- 
nila. 

Ph£l'ipp6p'oli6, c. Bulg 

Phil'lipsburg, c. N. Jersey.. 
Phyon'yang' (p'hySng'-), c. 

Korea 

Pll'sen, c. Bohemia 

Pine Bluff, c. Arkansas 

PIq'ua (ptk'wa), c. Ohio 

Piraeus (pi-re'-), c Greece 

Pi'sa, c. Italy 

Pisto'ja (-ya), c. Italy 

PItts'burg, c. Kansas 

PItts'burg, c. Pennsylvania. 

Pitts'field, c. Mass 

Pitts'ton, c. Pennsylvania . . . 

Plain 'field, c. New Jersey 

Pla'ta, La, c. Argentina 

Plauen (plou'en), c. Saxony, 

Germany 

PloescI (pl6-y6sht'y'), c. Rou- 

mania 

Plym'outh, c. England 

Plym'outh, c. Mass 

Plym'outh, c. Pennsylvania. 
Pnum Penh (p'num pen'), c. 

Cambodia, Indo China 

Point' de Galle', c. Ceylon.. 
Poitiers (pwa'tya'),c. France. 

Po'la. c. Austria 

Po'land, gov. Russia, 49,159 Q 

p. 9,456, # Warsaw. 

P61ta'va, c. Eu. Russia 

Pon'ce, c. Porto Rico 

P6n / dieher'ry, c. Fr. Ind 

Poo'na, c. India 

Port-au-Prince (-o-). # of 

Haiti 

Port Hu'ron, c. Michigan 

Port'land, c. Maine 

Port'land, c. Oregon 

Port Lou'Is, # of Mauritius . 
Por'to No'vo, c. Dahomey. . . 
Por'to Rii'co, isl. W. Ind. 

3,606 D P- 953, # San Juan. 

Port Said', c. Egypt 

Ports'mouth, c. England — 

Ports'mouth, c. N. H 

Ports'mouth, c. Ohio 

Ports'mouth, c. Virginia 

Por'tugal, kdm. Eur. 35,582 Q 

p. 5,429, # Lisbon. 

Po'gen, c. Prussia 

P6ts'dam, c. Prussia 

Pfitts'town, c. Pennsylvania. 
Pfttts'ville, c. Pennsylvania. 



Poughkeep'sie (p6-kTp'sT), 

c. New York 24 

I Pozsony (po'zhon-y'), c. Hun- 
gary 66 

Prague, # of Bohemia 204 

Pres'ton, c. England 113 

Prince Ed'ward I., prov. 
Canada, 2,134 Q p. 103, # 
Charlottetown. 
Pr6v'idence, * of R. Island. 176 
Prussia (prQsh'a), kdm. Ger- 
many, 134,597 D P- 34,468, # 
Berlin. 
Przemysl (pshe'mTshl-y'), c. 

Austria 46 

Pue'bla, state, Mexico, 12,207 
D P- 1,024 ; its # p. 89. 

Pueb'lo, c. Colorado 28 

Puer'to Prin'elpe, c. Cuba . 25 
Punjab', prov. British India, 
97,209 D P- 20,330, # Lahore. 

Q. 

Quebec' (kwl-), prov. Can. 
228,900 D P- 1.649 ; its # p. 69. 
QuSeng'land, state, Austra- 
lia, 668,497 Q p. 503, # Bris- 
bane. 
Quere'taro (ka-ra'-), state, 
Mexico, 4,493 D P- 228 ; its # 
p. 35. 

Quin'cy, c. Illinois 3€ 

Quin'cy, c. Massachusetts ... 24 
Qui'to(ke't5),# of Ecuador. 40 

R. 

Racine', c. Wisconsin 29 

Raj'puta'na, region, India, 

127,541 D P- 9,723. 

Ra'leigh (-tt). # of N. C 14 

Bam'pur, c. India 79 

Rangoon', c. Burma 235 

Rat'isbon, c. Bavaria, Ger.... 45 

Raven'na, c. Italy 64 

Ra'wal Pin'di. c. Br. Ind.... 88 

Read'ing, c. England 72 

Read'ing, c. Pennsylvania ... 79 
Reg'gio di Cala'bria (r5d'- 

jo-),c. Italy 44 

Reggio nell' Emi'lla, c. 

Italy 58 

Rem'scheid (-shlt),c. Prussia 58 

Rennes (rSn). c. France 75 

Reun'ion(re-un'vun),Fr. isl. 

Indian oc. 965 Q p. 173, # St. 

Denis. 

Revel', c. Russia 65 

Revere', c. Massachusetts — 10 

Rheimg (remz). c. France 108 

Rhode Island (rod'), state, U. 

S. A. 1,250 □ p. 429, # Provi- 
dence. 
Rhodeg(rodz), isl. Turkey, 565 

□ p. 29 ; its # p. 11. 

Rh&nd'da, c. Wales 114 

RIch'mond, c Indiana 18 

Rich'mond. # of Virginia... 85 

Ri'ga, c. Russia ..._......_. 283 

Rio de Janeiro (re'o da zha- 

na'rS), # of Brazil 150 

HIx'd6rf, c. Prussia, Ger 90 

Ro anoke', c. Virginia 21 

R&ch'dflle, c. England 83 

R6ch'ester, c. England 31 



sir. Bdd, tone, Or, son, wolf, sun, cube, full, rude, um, moon, fot>t, bank, then. 



700 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



Roch'ester, c. New York .... 


163 


San Luis' Po'tosi', state. 




Slam', kdm. Asia, 244,402 Q p. 




adck'ford, c. Illinois 


31 


Mexico, 24,007 □ p. 582 ; its # 




6,320, # Bangkok. 




Bock Island, c. Illinois 


19 


p. 69. 




Sib6ng'a, c. Cebu, Phil. I 


23 


Rome, # of Italy 


464 


San Mar'i'no, rep. Italy, 23 C 




Sler'ra Lfio'ne, British col 






15 


p. 10. 




Africa, 27,760 □ p.300, * Free- 
town. 




Kosa'rio, c. Argentina 


112 


San Miguel' de Mayu'mo, 






R6s'tock, c. Germany 


.55 


c. Luzon, Phil. 1 


20 


Simbirsk', c. Eu. Russia 


« 


Bost6v' (ras-t6f), c. Russia.. 


120 


San Salvador', # of Salva- 




SimfSrd'pol, c. Eu. Rus 


49 


RStb/erham, c. England 


54 


dor 


60 


Sind, div. India, 47,066 Q p. 




Rdt'terdam, c. Netherlands . 


31!) 


San'ta A'na, c. Salvador 


48 


3,211, # Haidarabad. 




Rou'baix' (ru'bS'), c. Fr 


114 


San'tander', c. Spain 


51 


Sln'gapore', Br. isl. 206 □ p. 




Rou'en' (ru'aN'), c. France. . . 


116 


San'tia'go, # of Chile 


292 


228 ; its # p. 139. 




Eouma'nia, kdm. Europe,50,- 




San'tia'go, c. Cuba 


43 


Sioux City (sod), c. Iowa 


83 


587 D p. 5,913, # Bukharest. 




San'to Domin'go, rep. Haiti, 




Sioux Falls, c. S. Dakota 


10 


IRu'dolstadt, c. Germany 


12 


18,755 □ p. 417 ; its # p. 20. 




Smolensk (sma-ly6nsk'), c. 




Russia (rtish'a), em. Eur. and 




Sao Paulo (soun-), c. Brazil. . . 


220 


European Russia 


47 


Asia. 8,660,395 D P- 128,932, # 




Sa'rag&s'sa, c. Spain 


98 


Smyr'na, c. Turkey 


201 


St. Petersburg. 
Rut'land, c. Vermont 




Sar'ato'ga Springs, c. New 
York 




S6'fla, # of Bulgaria 


68 


12 


12 


Sdm'erville, c. Mass 




J£yazan'(-zan'y'),c. European 




Sara'tov (-tof), c. Russia 


137 


Sono'ra, state, Mexico, 76,253 




Russia 


45 


Sara'wak, Br. ter. Borneo, 50,- 




D P- 135, # Hermosillo. 




S. 




000 D P- 600, # Kuching. 




Southampton, c. England . . 


LOS 




Saskatch'ewan,dist. Canada, 




South Australia, state, Aus- 




Sac'ramen'to, # of Cal 


29 


107,092 □ p. 26, % Battleford. 




tralia, 903,690 □ p. 363, # Ade- 




Sag'inaw, c. Michigan 


42 


Sault' St. Ma'rle (boo'), c. 




laide. 




Sahar'anpur, c. N. W. Prov- 




Michigan 


11 


South Bend, c. Indiana 


36 




66 


Savan'nah, c. Georgia 

Saxe'-Al'tenburg, duchy, 


54 






Saigon', # of Cochin China.. 


38 


South/bridge, c. Mass 


10 


St.-Denis (s&N'-de-ne'), c. 




Germany, 511 D p. 195, # Al- 




South Car'oll'na, state, U. S. 




France, p. 61 ; # of Reunion 




tenburg. 




A. 30,570 □ p. 1,340, # Colum- 




isl. p. 33. 




Saxe'-Co'burg-GS'tha (-ta), 




bia. 




St. Etienne (sSN'ta'tye'n'), c. 




duchy, Ger. 756 Q p. 230, # * 




South Dako'ta, state, U. S. 




France 


147 


Coburg, Gotha. 




A. 77,650 D P- 402, # Pierre. 




Saint-G-illes (s a n'z h e 1'), c. 




Saxe'-Meln'ingen, duchy, 




South O'mahft 7 , c. Neb 


26 


Belgium 


55 


Germany, 953 Q p. 251, # 




South'port, c. England 


48 


Saint Helg'na, British isl. 47 




Meiningen. 




Spain, kdm. Eur. 194,794 □ p. 




Q p. 10. 




S a x e'-W e i'm a r (vT'-), g. 




18,078, # Madrid. 




St. Hel'eng, c. England 


84 


duchy, Germany, 1,396 □ p. 




Span'dau (-dou), c. Prussia.. 


65 


St. John, c. N. B., Canada. . . . 


47 


363, # Weimar. 




Spar'tanburg, c. S. C 


11 


St. Joseph, c. Missouri 


108 


Sax'ony, kdm. Ger. 5,789 □ 




Spo'-kane', c. Washington .... 


37 


St. Louis, c. Missouri 


575 


p. 4,200, # Dresden. 




Spring'fleld, # of Illinois . . . 


34 


St. Paul, # of Minnesota 


163 


Schaerbeek (skar'bak), c. 




Spring'fleld, c. Mass 


62 


St. Pg'tergburg, % of Rus... 1,439 


Belgium 


06 


Spring'fleld, c. Missouri 


23 


St. Pierre (ben' pyar'), c. Re- 




Schenec'tady (sk-), c. N.Y... 


32 


Spring'fleld, c. Ohio 


38 


union island 


28 


Scho'neberg' (shg'-),c. Prus- 




Srinagar', # of Kashmir 


123 


St. Th&m'as, Portuguese isl. 




sia, Germany 


90 


Stam'ford, c. Connecticut 


16 


W. Africa, 359 Q p. 35. 




Schwerin' (shva-), c. Ger 


3!) 


Stav'ropol (-pol-y'), c. Russia 


42 


Sa'kai, c. Japan 


50 


Se&t'land, div. Great Britain, 




Stgel'ton, c. Pennsylvania. . . 


12 


Sa'lem, c. British India 


71 


29,796 DP-4,472,# Edinburgh. 




Stettin', c. Prussia 


211 


Salem, c. Massachusetts 


36 


Seran'ton, c. Pennsylvania . . 


102 


Steu'benville, c. Ohio 


14 


Saler'no, c. Italy 


43 


SSat'tle (-t'l), c. Washington. 


315 


Still'wa'ter, c. Minnesota 


12 


Sal 'ford, c. England 


221 


Sebas'topol', c. Eu. Rus 


51 


StOck'holm, % of Sweden . . . 


301 


Sa'loni'ki, c. Turkey 


105 


Seda'lia, c. Missouri 


15 


St6ek'port, c. England 


79 


Salt Lake City, # of Utah . . . 


54 


Sen'dal', c. Hondo, Japan — 


83 


Stdek'ton, c. England 


51 


Sal'vadSr', rep. C. Am. 13,176 




Sen'egal', Fr. col. Af. 51,000 




St6ek'ton, c. California 


18 


□ p. 1,007, % San Salvador. 




D P- 250, # St. Louis. 




Straits Settlements, Br. col. 






m 




193 


Asia, 1,543 □ p. 572, # Singa- 
pore. 




Sa marang', c. Java 


69 


Seraing (se-raN'), c. Belgium. 


38 




Sam'arkand' (-kanf), c. Asi- 




Ser'vla, kdm. Europe, 18,650 




Strass'burg, c. Alsace, Ger- 






55 


□ p. 2,494, # Belgrade. 
S&v'ille, c. Spain 






150 


Samo'a, Ger. isls. Pac. ocean. 




146 


Strga'tor, c. Illinois 


14 


Sa'm6s, isl. Asia Minor, 181 




Shah/jahan'pur, c. British 




Stutt'gart, c. Germany 


176 


□ p. 55, # Vathy. 




India 


76 


Su'ehau' (-chou'), c. China.. 


500 


San Anto'nio, c. Texas 


53 


Shamo'kin, c. Pennsylvania. 


18 


Sulu' Isls. 380 D P- ab. 75. 




San Carlos, c. Luzon, Philip- 




Shang'ha'i, c. China 


620 


Suma'tra, Du. isl. Malay 




pine Islands 


24 


Sheboy'gan, c. Wisconsin ... 


23 


arch. 162,310 □ p. 3,472. 




San Die'go, c. California 


18 


Sheffield, c. England 


409 


Sun'derland, c. England 


146 


Sandus'ky, c. Ohio 


20 


Shen'ando'ah, c. Pa 


20 


Supg'rior. c. Wisconsin 


31. 


San Fgrnan'dS, c. Spain 


2!) 


Sher'man, c. Texas 


10 


Su'raba'ya, c. Java 


L25 


San Francis'co, c Cal 


343 


Shid'zu'oka, c. Japan 


42 


Surat', c. India 


119 


San Jose (ho-sa'), c. Cal 


22 


Shield?, South, c. England. . . 


101 


Swan'sea (-sY), c . Wales 


95 


San Jose, # of Costa Rica 


25 


Sho'lapur, c. British India. . . 


75 


Swg'den, country, Europe, 




San Juan (h6"o-an'), c. Porto 




Shrgve'port, c. Louisiana ... 


16 


173,967 □ p. 5,136, # Stock- 




Rico 


32 


Si'alkot, c. British India 


58 1 


holm. 





am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, end, eve, tSrm, they, recent, In, Tee, machine. 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



701 



Switzerland, rep. Europe, 




Tra'pani, c. Italy 


59 


15,964 D p. 3,314, # Bern. 




Treb'iz6nd / , c. Asia Minor. . 


35 


Syd'ney, # of N. S. W. Aust.. 


488 


Tren'ton, # of New Jersey .. 


73 


Syr'acuse', c. New York 


108 


Trich / in6p'oly, c. India 


105 


Szabadka (s8'b8d-k5),c. Hun- 




Tries'tg, c. Austria 


179 


gary 


82 


Trln'idad', British isl. West 




Szeg'edin (seg'-), c. Hun 


103 


Indies, 1,754 Q p. 253, # Port 




T. 




of Spain. 






Trlp'oll, country.Africa, 350,- 




Ta'al, c. Luzon. Phil. I 


33 


000 D P- 700 ; its # p. 40. 




Tabas'co, state, Mexico, 10,075 




Trivan'drum, c. Brit. India . 


58 


D P- 158, # San Juan Bau- 




Troy, c. New York 


61 


tista. 




Troyes (trwa), c. France 


58 




ISO 


Tsari'tsyn, c. Eu. Russia.. .. 
Tu'cuman', c. Argentina 


.56 
,50 


Taco'ma, c. Washington 


88 


Taganrog' (-r6k'), c. Euro- 




Tu'la, c. Russia 


111 


pean Russia 


52 


Tu'nis, country, Af. 38,456 Q 




Ta'Mti, isl. South Pacific oc. 




p. 1,906 ; its # p. 170. 








Tu'rin, c. Italy 


886 


Tal'ca,c. Chile 


41 


Tur'key, emp. Eur. Asia, Af. 




Tama'uli'pas, state, Mex. 32,- 




1,579,982 D P- 40,441, # Con- 




273 D p. 219, # Ciudad Vic- 




stantinople. 




toria. 




Tver (tvygr), c. Eu. Russia . . . 


58 


T&mbo'bong, c. Luzon, Phil- 




Tyne'mouth, c. England .... 


52 


ippine Islands 


25 






Tambov' (-b6f), c. European 




U. 






4fl 


TJ'fa, c. European Russia 

Uj Pest (oVy* pgsht), c. Hun- 


50 


Tam'pa, c. Florida 


16 




Tana'nari'vo, # of Madagas- 




gary 


42 




50 


Ulm, c. Germany 

U'nion, c. New Jersey 


4^ 


Tana'uan, c. Philippine Isls.. 


20 


15 


T&njore', c. British India .... 


58 


United States of America, 




Tan'ta, c. Egypt 


57 


rep. 3,622,933 Q p. 76,303 (inc. 




Tash/kend', # of Russian 




Phil. I. etc. 85,344), # Wash- 




Turkestan 


156 


ington. 




Tasma'nia, isl. state, Austra- 




U'ruguay', rep. S. Am. 72,- 




lia, 26,215 D P- 172, # Hobart. 




172 D P- 931, # Montevideo. 




Taun'ton, c. Mass 


31 


U'tah, state, U. S. A. 84,970 Q 




Tegu'cigal'pa, # of Hondu- 




p. 277, # Salt Lake City. 






10 

250 




56 
102 


Teheran', # of Persia 


U'treeht (-trSkt), c. Neth 


Tem'esvar (-6sh-var),c. Hun- 




V. 




gary 


,53 




Ten'nessfee', state, U.S.A. 42,- 




Valgn'eia (-sht-a), c. Spain. . . 


205 


050 D P- 2,021 , # Nashville. 




Val'ladolid', c. Spain 


69 


Ter're Haute' (h5f), c. In- 




Val'parai'so, c. Chile 


136 


diana 


37 


Vaneou'ver, c. B. C, Can — 


26 


Tex'as, state, U. S. A. 265,780 




Ven'ezug'la, rep. S. Am. 396,- 




p. 3,049, # Austin. 




537 D P- 2,445, # Caracas. 






9,50 
11 


VSn'Ice, c. Italy 

Ve'raeruz(-kroos), state, Mex- 


152 


Tiffin, c. Ohio 


Tiflis', c. Russia 


161 


ico, 29,291 O P- 961, ^r Jalapa ; 




TD/burg, c. Netherlands 


41 


c. Mexico, p. 24. 




Tlaxea'la (tlas-), state, Mex- 




Verm&nt', state, U. S. A. 9,565 




ico, 1,595 Q p. 172 ; its # p. 3. 




D P- 344, # Montpelier. 




To'go, Ger. ter. Africa, 33,668 




Vero'na, c. Italy 


74 


O P- 2,000, # Lome. 




Ver'viers' (var'vya'), c. Bel- 




Tokat', c. Asia Minor 


48 


gium 


52 


To'kushi'ma, c. Shikoku isl. 




Vieen'za(-ch6nt'sa),c. Italy. 


4.5 


TS'kyo, # of Japan 






15 


440 


Victo'rla, state, Australia, 87,- 




Tole'do, c. Ohio 


132 


884 D P- 1,202, #• Melbourne ; 






52 


c. Brazil, p. 32 ; c. # of Br. 
Col. p. 21; c. # of Hongkong, 




Tdn'kiin', French ter. Indo 


China, 46,023 D P- 7,000, # 




China, p. 161. 








Vien'na, # of Austria 1,662 


Topfi'ka, # of Kansas 


34 


Vil'no, c. Russia 


160 


Tordn'to, c. Canada 


21 W 


Vincenneg', c. Indiana 


10 


Tdt'tenham, c. England 


103 


Virgin'ia, state, U. S. A. 42,- 




Toul6n', c. France 


102 


450 D P- 1,854, * Richmond. 




Tou'louse', c. France 


150 


Vi'tebsk (-tygpsk), c. Euro- 




To'ya'ma, c. Hondo, Japan.. 
Transvaal', Br. col. Africa, 


<;o 




till 




Vla'dikavkaz'Gdye-kaf-kas') 




119,139 D p. 1,043, # Pretoria. 




c. European Russia 


44 



Voronezh (va-r6'nyesh), c. 
European Russia 84 

w. 

Wa'co, c. Texas 21 

Wa'kaya'ma, c. Hondo, 

Japan 64 

Wales, princ. Great Britain, 

7,468 Dp- 1,211. 

Wal'lawal'la, c. Wash 10 

Wal'sall, c. England 86 

Wal'tham, c. Mass 23 

Wal'thamstow', c. England. 95 
War'rington, c. England. . . . 64 
War'saw, # of Poland, Rus- 
sia 638 

War' wick, c. Rhode Island.. 21 
Wash'ington, state, U. S. A. 

69,180 D P- 518, # Olympia. 
Washington, D. C. % of U. 

S.A 279 

Wa'terbury, c. Connecticut. 46 

Wa/terl66', c. Iowa 13 

Wa'tertown, c. New York. . . 22 
Wa'tervliet', c. New York ... 14 

Wau'sau, c. Wisconsin 12 

Wei'mar (vl'-), c. Germany.. 29 

WSl'lington, # of N. Z 44 

West Bay City, c. Michigan . 13 
West Brom'wlch (-Teh), c. 

England 65 

Western Australia, state, 

Australia, 975,876 Q p. 184, % 

Perth. 

West'fleld, c. Mass 12 

West'ham, c. England 267 

West Ho'boken, c. N. J 23 

West Virgin'ia, state, U. S. 

A. 24,780 D p. 959, # Charles- 



Wey 'mouth, c. Mass 

Wheel 'ing, c. W. Virginia. . . 

WIch'ita, c. Kansas 

Wiesba'den(ves-), c. Prussia, 
Germany 

Wig'an, c. England 

Wilkes'barre (-rt), c. Pa 

Wil'kinsburg, c. Pa 

WTlles'den, c. England 

Wil'liamgport, c. Pa 

Wil'mington, c. Del 

Wil'mington, c. N. C 

Win'nipeg, # of Manitoba . . 

Wino'na, c. Minnesota 

Win'ston, c. N. Carolina 

WiseSn'sin, state, U. S. A. 
56,040 □ p. 2,069, # Madison. 

Wo'btirn (woo'-), c. Mass 

WoVverhamp'ton (wo~61 / -), 
c. England 

Woon'sSek'et, c. R. I 

Worces'ter (wd&s'tSr), c. 
England 

Worces'tgr (wd&s'-), c. Mas- 
sachusetts 

Worms (vorms), c. Germany.. 

Wu'chang / , c. China 

Wu'chau' (-chou'), c. China. 

Wu'hu', c. China 

Wurt'temberg, kdm. Ger- 
many, 7,536 O p. 2,166, # 
Stuttgart. 

Wurz'burg (vtrtsM.c. Bava- 
ria, Germany 



sir, Odd, t5ne, 6r, son, wolf, sun. cube, full, rude, urn, moon,.fd6t, bank, then. 



70^5 A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 




Wyo'ming, state, U. S. A. 97,- 


Yen'kerg, c. New York 48 


Zam'boan'ga, c. Luzon, Phil- 




890 Q p. 93, # Cheyenne. 


Y6rk, c.England 78 

Y6rk, c. Pennsylvania 34 

Youngg'town, c. Ohio 45 




*>1 




?4 


Y. 


Zan'zibar'', isl. Africa, 640 Q 




Yako'ba, c. Nigeria, Africa... 50 


Yu'catan', state, Mexico, 35,- 


p 150 ; its # p. 50. 




Yarkand, c. Turkestan 200 


213 O P- 312, # Merida. 


Zhitomir', c. Eu. Russia 


•5.5 


Yar'mouth, c. England 51 


Yur'ev (-y8f ), c. Eu. Russia.. 42 


Zu'luland, prov. S. Af. 10,450 




Ya'rosla'vl (-ra-), c. Europe- 


z. 


D p. 143, # Eshowe. 




an Russia 71 


Zu'rieh. (-rlk), c. Switzerland. 


153 


YSzd, c. Persia 55 


Za'cate'cas (sa-), state, Mexi- 


Zwick'au (tsvYk'ou), c. Sax- 




Yo'koha'ma, c . Japan 194 


co, 24,473 O P- 463 ; its # p. 40. 


ony, Germany 


56 



am, fame, care, far, pass, all, final, end, eve, term, they, recent, In, ice, machine, 
sir, Odd, tone, 6r, son, wolf, sun, cube, full, rude, urn, moon, fdt>t, bask, then. 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



A. 

A-, America; American. 

a., adjective ; acre ; answer ; ac- 
cepted ; are. 

a., or @ (ad), to or at. 

A A. G-, Assistant Adjutant 
General. 

A B- {Artium Baccalaureus), 
Bachelor of Arts ; able-bodied 
(seaman). 

abtor , abbrev , abbreviated; 
abbreviation. 

A- B. C. F M-, American 
Board of Commissioners for 
Foreign Missions. 

ab init. (ab initio), from the 
beginning. 

abl-, ablative. 

Abp-, Archbishop. 

abr-, abridged, abridgment. 

A. B. S-. American Bible So- 
ciety. 

abst, abstr., abstract. 

abt., about. 

acc, accusative. 

acCi acct., account. 

A. D- {anno Domini), in the 
year of our Lord. 

ad., advertisement. 

A- D. C-, Aid-de-camp. 

ad fin. (adfinem), at the end. 

ad Inf. (ad infinitum), to infin- 
ity. 

ad int. (ad interim), in the in- 
terim or meantime. 

adj., adjective. 

Adj., Adjt, Adjutant. 

ad lib. iadlibitum), at pleasure. 

A dm.. Admiral ; Admiralty. 

adnv, admr . administrator, 
administratrix. 

admiZ-, admx., administra- 
trix. 

adv., advocate ; adverb ; ad- 
vent ; (ad valorum), at the 
value. 

adv., advt-, advertisement. 

ae., aet, aetat. (aetatis), of 
age ; aged. 

aft., after. 

Ag. (argentum), silver. 

agr., agric, agriculture; ag- 
ricultural. 

agt, agent. 

A- H. M- S-, American Home 
Missionary Society. 

A1-, aluminium. 

Al., Ala., Alabama. 

Alas., Alaska. 

Aid., Alderman. 

alg., algebra. 

alt., altitude ; alternate; alto. 



A. M. (Artium Magister), Mas- 
ter of Arts; (ante meridiem), 
before noon. 

Am., Amer., American. 

ami, amount. 

an. (anno), in the year. 

anat. , anatomical ; anatomist ; 
anatomy. 

anc, ancient ; anciently. 

Angl. , Anglican. 

anon., anonymous. 

ans., answer. 

ant., antiq.. antiquities. 

A. 0. H-, Ancient Order of 
Hibernians. 

Ap., April ; Apostle. 

Apl., Apr., April. 

apo., apogee. 

Apoc, Apocalypse ; Apocry- 
pha ; Apocryphal. 

App., Apostles, app., appendix. 

Apr., April. 

ar., argent ; arrival ; arrive. 

A. R. A., Associate of the Royal 
Academy. 

arch., architecture. 

arch., archt, architect. 

archaeol , archaeological ; ar- 
chaeology. 

Archd., Archdeacon. 

arith.. arithmetic. 

Ariz., Arizona. 

Ark., Arkansas. 

Arm., Armenian. 

arr. , arrived ; arrivals. 

As., arsenic. 

Asst, Assistant. 

A. S. S. U., American Sunday 
School Union. 

astr., astron., astronomer; 
astronomy. 

astrol-, astrologer ; astrology. 

at. Wt., atomic weight. 

Att., Atty., Attorney. 

Att. Gen., Attorney General. 

An., Anr. (aurum), gold. 

A. TJ. C (ab urbe condita), 
from the building of the city 
(i. e., Rome, 753 b. c). 

Aug.. August. 

Ans., Anst, Austr., Austria; 
Austrian. 

Austral.. Australasia ; Aus- 
tralia. 

Av., Avenue, av., avoirdupois. 

A. V., Authorized Version. 

avdp., avoirdupois. 

Ave., Avenue. 

avoir., avoirdupois. 

B. 
D., bass (in music) ; bay ; book; 
base ; born. 



Ba.. barium. 

B. A., British America; Bache- 
lor of Arts. 

bal., balance. 

Bap., Bapt, Baptist. 

bap., baptized. 

Bar., Barrister. 

Bart., Bt, Baronet. 

bat, batt, battery ; battalion. 

bbl., barrel, bbls., barrels. 

B. C, before Christ ; British 
Columbia. 

B. C L., Bachelor of Civil Law. 

B. D., Bachelor of Divinity. 

bdl., bundle. 

bds., (bound in) boards. 

B. E-, Bill of Exchange. 

Belg., Belgium ; Belgic. 

bet., between. 

BL, bismuth. 

B. I., British India. 

Bib., Bible; Biblical. 

biog-, biography. 

biol., biology; biological. 

bk*., bank ; book. 

bl., barrel ; bale. 

B. L., Bachelor of Laws; Bill 
of Lading. 

bldg., building. 

B. L. E., Brotherhood of Lo- 
comotive Engineers. 

bis., bales. 

B. M-, Bachelor of Medicine. 

B. M., B. MUS., Bachelor of 
Music. 

bn., battalion. 

b. o., buyer's option. 

Bor., boron. 

bot., botanical; botanist; bot- 
any ; bought. 

Bp., Bishop. 

b. p., bill of parcels ; bills pay- 
able. 

bQJie., barque. 

Br., bromine. 

B. rec, bills receivable. 

Brig-, Brigade; Brigadier. 

Brig. Gen., Brigadier General. 

Brit , Britain ; British. 

bro., brother, bros , brothers. 

B. S-, Bachelor of Surgery; bill 
of sale. 

B. S-, B. Sc, Bachelor of Sci- 
ence. 

Bt, Baronet. 

B. T. U-, British thermal unit ; 
Board of Trade unit. 

bn., bns., bushel, bushels. 

bus., bush., bushel. 

B. V. (Beata Virgo), Blessed 
Virgin. 

B. V. M-, Blessed Virgin Mary. 

bx-, box. bXS., boxes. 
(703) 



704 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



C. 

C-, Carbon ; Chancellor ; Chan- 
cery; Consul. 

C., central; cubic; chief; court; 
{centum), a hundred ; cent ; 
centime ; city ; centigrade ; 
centimeter ; chapter ; {circa, 
cir titer, circurn), about. 

ca. {circa), about. 

caet. par. , see cet. par. 

Cat, California; Calendar. 

Can., Canada. 

can. , canon ; canto. 

Cant., Canticles. 

Cantab. {Cantabrigiensis), of 
Cambridge. 

cap., capital ; {caput), chapter. 

Capt, Captain. 

car., carat; carpentry. 

Card., Cardinal. 

Cash., Cashier. 

Cat., catal., catalogue. 

Cath., Catholic ; Cathedral ; 
Catherine ; oathode. 

Co., columbium. 

C. B., Companion of the Bath. 

CC {circum), about. 

CC or c. C, cubic centimeter. 

C. C {compte courante), account 
current. 

Cc, cerium. 

C. E., Civil Engineer. 

Cel., Celsius. 

cen., central; century. 

Cen. Am., Central America. 

Cent., Centigrade. 

Cf., CI. {confer), compare. 

C. f. i., cost, freight, and insur- 
ance. 

Cg., centigrams. 

C- G-, Consul General. 

C- 6- S-, Centimeter-gramme- 
second. 

Ch., Church ; Charles ; Chan- 
cellor. 

Ch., chapter; child; children. 

C- H., Courthouse; Custom- 
house. 

Chap., chapter. 

Chem., chemistry. 

Ch. J., Chief Justice. 

Chr., Christian ; Christ. 

Chron., Chronicles; Chronol- 
ogy- 

cir.,circ {circum, circa), about. 

Cit., citation ; citizen. 

Civ., Civil. 

C. J., Chief Justice. 

C1-, chlorine. 

Cl. , clergyman ; clerk ; clause ; 
cloth {binding). 

Cl., centiliter. 

Cld., cleared. 

elk., clerk. 

cm., centimeter. 

C. M., Common Meter ; Certifi- 
cated Master ; Corresponding 
Member ; ( Chirurgiae Magis- 
ter), Master in Surgery. 

Cml., commercial. 



Co. , cobalt ; company ; county. 

C. 0., c l , care of. 

C 0. D., Cash, or Collect, on 
Delivery. 

COg., cognate. 

CoL, Colonel; Colossians; Col- 
orado. 

COL, college; collegiate; collo- 
quial ; colloquialism ; colo- 
nial ; color ; colored ; column. 

Coll., College ; Collector ; Col- 
league. 

COll., colloq., colloquial. 

COllat., collateral ; collaterally. 

colloq., colloquial ; colloquial- 
ism. 

Colo., Colorado. 

Com., Commissioner ; Com- 
mander; Commodore; Com- 
mittee ; Commerce ; common. 

Comdt., Commandant. 

com. off., commissioned officer. 

comp , compare; comparative; 
compound. 

Comr., Commissioner. 

COn. {contra), against ; in oppo- 
sition. 

Con. cr., contra credit. 

Cong., Congress ; Congres- 
sional ; Congregational. 

con]., conjunction. 

Conn., Connecticut. 

Const., Constable; Constitution. 

COnt. , containing ; contents ; 
continued ; contracted ; con- 
traction. 

COntr., contracted ; contraction. 

Cor., Corinthians; Coroner. 

cor. , corner ; correspondent ; 
corresponding ; correlative. 

Cor. Mem., Corresponding 
Member. 

Corn., Cornwall; Cornish. 

COroL, coroll., corollary. 

Cor. Sec., Corresponding Sec- 
retary. 

COS., cosine. 

cosec , cosecant. 

COt., cotangent. 

cp., compare. 

C P- M., Common Particular 
Meter. 

Cr., Credit ; Creditor ; chro- 
mium. 

cres., cresc, crescendo. 

crim. con., criminal conversa- 
tion (adultery). 

Cs., Cases; Consul; caesium. 

C. S-, Court of Sessions; Civil 
Service; {Gustos Sigilli), 
Keeper of the Seal. 

C S. A., Confederate States of 
America ; Confederate States 
Army. 

C S. N-, Confed. States Navy. 

Ct., Connecticut; County; 
Court. 

Ct. {centum), cent ; a hundred. 

C T., Certificated Teacher. 

C T. A. U., Catholic Total Ab- 
stinence Union. 



Ctl., cental. 
CtS-, cents. 

Cu. {cuprum), copper. 
CU., CUD., cubic, 
cum div., cum d., with divi- 
dend, 
cur., currency; current. 
CUr., curt., current. 
C. V., Common Version. 
C W. 0., cash with order. 
CWt, hundredweight; hundred- 
weights. 
eye, cyclO., cyclopaedia. 



D-, Duke; Duchess; Dutch; 
didymium. 

d. , day ; died ; dollar ; dime ; 
daughter ; deputy ; degree ; 
dose ; {denarius, denarii), a 
penny, or pence. 

Da., davyum. 

Dak., Dakota. 

Dan., Danish ; Daniel. 

dat., dative. 

dan., daughter. 

dbk., drawback. 

D. C-, District of Columbia ; 
Deputy Consul ; {da capo), 
from the beginning. 

D. C L-, Doctor of Civil {or 
Canon) Law. 

D. D., Doctor of Divinity. 

d. d., days after date. 

D. D. S-, Doctor of Dental Sur- 
gery. 

Dea., Deacon. 

Dec, December. 

dec, decl. , declination ; declen- 
sion. 

decid., deciduous. 

declm., decimeter. 

del , definition ; defendant. 

deft., defendant. 

deg., degree ; degrees. 

dekag., dekagram. 

dekal., dekaliter. 

dekam., dekameter. 

Del., Delaware; Delegate. 

del. {delineavit), He, or She, 
drew it. 

Dem., Democrat; Democratic. 

Den., Denmark. 

dent., dental ; dentist ; den- 
tistry. 

Dep., Deputy; Department; 
Deponent. 

dep., deposed. 

Dept, Department ; Deponent. 

der., deriv., derived; deriva- 
tive ; derivation. 

Deut, Deuteronomy. 

dft., defendant ; draft. 

dg., decigram. 

D. Cr. {Dei gratia), by the grace 
of God. 

D. H-, deadhead. 

Di., didymium. 

dial., dialectic. 

diam., diameter. 

diet, dictionary. 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



705 



diff, difference ; different. 


E. N. E., East-northeast. 


Feb., February. 


dim., dimln., diminutive; di- 


Eng., England ; English. 


fee (fecit), He, or She, made it. 


minuendo. 


eng. , engineers ; engraving. 


fem., feminine. 


diS., dlSCt, discount. 


engin., engineering. 


ff ., folios ; following ; fortis- 


Disp.. Dispensatory. 

Dist., District, dist, distant. 


ent., entom>, entomology. 
Env. Ext.j|»Envoy Extraordi- 


simo. 


f. g. a., free of general aver- 


DiSt Atty., District Attorney. 


nary. 


age. 


div., dividend ; division ; di- 


eod., every other day. 


F. G. S-, Fellow of the Geo- 


vide ; divided ; divisor. 


Eph., Ephesians. 


graphical Society. 


dl., deciliter. 


Epis., Episcopal. 


F. H. S-, Fellow of the Horti- 


D. Lit.. Doctor of Literature. 


eq, equal; equivalent. 


cultural Society. 


D. L. 0., Dead Letter Office. 


equiv., equivalent. 


fig., figure ; figures ; figura- 


dm., decimeter. 


Er., erbium. 


tively. 


DM. Doctor of Music. 


Esd., Esdras. 


Fin. , Finland . Finn. , Finnish . 


do. (ditto), the same. 


E..S. E-, East-southeast. 


fir., firkin. 


dols., dollars. 


esp., espec, especially. 


F1-, Flanders: Flemish. 


Dom., Dominion. 


Esq., Esqr., Esquire. 


Fl., Fla., Florida. 


doz., dozen. 


Est., Esther. 


fl., florins ; flourished. 


Dr., Debtor ; Doctor. 


et al. (et alibi), and elsewhere ; 


F. L. S-, Fellow of the Lin- 


dr., dram. 


(et alii, aliae, or alia), and 


na;an Society. 


D. S. (dal segno), from the sign; 


others. 


F. M-, Field Marshal. 


days' sight. 


etc., &C (el ceteri, celerae, or 


fo., fol., folio. 


d. s., days' sight; days (after) 


cetera), and others ; and so 


F. 0- B., free on board. 


sight. 


forth. 


fort., fortification; fortified. 


D. Sc, Doctor of Science. 


ethnog.. ethnographical; eth- 


F. P. A ., free of particular aver- 


d. S. p. (decessit sine prole), died 


nography. 


age. 


without issue. 


ethnol., ethnological ; ethnol- 


Fr., France ; French. 


D. T. (Doctor Theologian), Doc- 


ogy- 


fr., from ; franc. 


tor of Divinity. 


et see, et sqq. (et seguentes, 


fr., free, frequent ; frequenta- 


d. I., delirium tremens. 


or et sequentia), and the fol- 


tive. 


dtf. daily till forbidden. 


lowing. 


F..R. A. S-, Fellow of the Royal 


D. V. (Deovolenle), God willing. 


etym., etymoL, etymological; 


Astronomical Society. 


D. V. M-, Doctor of Veterinary 


etymology. 


F. R. 0. P., Fellow of the Royal 


Medicine. 


Ex., Exodus, ex., example. 


College of Physicians. 


dwt, pennyweight. 


ex., exc, exception. 


F. R. C. S-, Fellow of the Royal 


dwtf., daily [and] weekly till 


EXC, Excellency. 


College of Surgeons. 


forbidden. 


Exch., Exchange ; Exchequer. 


F. R. G. S-, Fellow of the Royal 


dyn., dynamics. 


Ex. Com-, Executive Commit- 


Geographical Society. 


E. 


tee. 


Fri., Friday. 


ex. cp., without coupon. 


F. R. S-, Fellow of the Royal 


E., East ; Earl ; English ; East- 


exd., ex div., without the divi- 


Society. 


ern (Postal District, London). 


dend. 


F. S. A., Fellow of the Society 


e., eagle ; eagles. 


Exec, Exr., Executor. 


of Arts ; Fellow of the Society 


ea., each. 


Execx-, Executrix. 


of Antiquaries. 


E. & 0. E-, errors and omis- 


Exod., Exodus. 


ft., foot, feet ; fort. 


sions excepted. 


Exr., Executor. 


fth., fathom. 


E- C, Eastern Central (Postal 


ext, extra ; extract. 


for., furlong. 


District) ; Established Church. 


EXX., Executrix. 


fat., future. 


Eccl., Eccles-, Ecclesiastes ; 


Ez., Ezr., Ezra. 


F. W. B., Free Will Baptist. 


ecclesiastical. 


Ezek., Ezekiel. 


F. Z. S-, Fellow of the Zoologi- 


eclec, eclectic. 


F. 


cal Society. 


Ecua.. Ecuador. 




ed., editor ; edition. 


F., France; French; Fahren- 


G. 


ed-, edit., edited; edition. 


heit ; Fellow ; Friday ; fluo- 


G-, German. 


Ed- EdilL., Edinburgh. 


rine. 


g. , guineas ; genitive ; gram. 
Ga, Georgia; gallium. 


E. E., Errors excepted; Ells 


f, feminine ; franc ; florin ; 


English ; Electrical Engineer. 


farthing ; foot ; folio ; forte. 


Gal-,Galatians. 


E. E. & M. P-. Envoy Extraor- 


P. A. A-, free of all average. 


gal., gallon ; gallons. 

G. A. R., Grand Army of the 


dinary and Minister Plenipo- 


Fahr., Fahrenheit. 


tentiary. 


F. A. M., Free and Accepted 


Republic. 


e. g. (exempli gratia), for ex- 


Masons. 


Gaz., Gazette; Gazetteer. 


ample. 


far. , farriery ; farthing. 


G. B., Great Britain. 


E. L, East Indies; East India. 


F. A. S-, Fellow of the Society 


G. C-, Grand Chapter. 


elec-, electricity. 


of Arts ; Fellow of the Anti- 


G- C B., Grand Cross of the 


E. Lon., East Longitude. 


quarian Society. 


Bath. 


E. M-, Mining Engineer. 


lath-, fathom. 


g. C d., greatest common divi- 


emnryoL, embryology. 


F. B. S., Fellow of the Botani- 


sor. 


e. m. 1, electromotive force. 


cal Society. 


g. C m. , greatest common meas- 


Emp., Emperor ; Empress. 


F. C, Free Church. 


ure. 


ency., encyc, encyclopedia ; 


fcp., foolscap. 


G- C M. G-, Grand Cross of St. 


encyclopedic. 


Fe. (ferrurn), iron. 


Michael and St. George. 



706 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



G- C S. I., Grand Commander 


H. M., His, or Her, Majesty. 


intr., intrans-, intransitive. 


of the Star of India. 


H. M- S-, His, or Her, Majesty's 


in trans, (in transitu), on the 


G. D., Grand Duke; Grand 


Steamer, Ship, or Service. 


passage. 


Duchess. 


Hon., Honorable. 


inv., invoice. 


Gen., General ; Genesis, gen., 


hor., horizon ; horology. 


Io., Iowa. 


genitive ; generally ; genus. 


hort., horticulture. 


Ion., Ionic. 


Gent., Gentleman. 


Hos., Hosea. 


I. 0. 0. P., Independent Order 


geog., geographer ; geographi- 


H. P., Horse Power ; Half Pay ; 


of Odd Fellows. 


cal ; geography. 


High Priest. 


1 U. , I owe you ; — an acknowl- 


geol., geological ; geologist ; 


hr., hour. 


edgment for money. 


geology. 


H. R., House of Representa- 


i. q. (idem quod), the same as. 


geom., geometry; geometrical. 
Ger., Germ., German. 


tives. 


Ir. , Irish ; Ireland ; iridium. 


H R. E., Holy Roman Empire, 


Ire., Ireland. 


ger., gerund. 


or Emperor. 


irreg., irregular ; irregularly. 


GL, glucinum. 


H. R. H., His, or Her, Royal 


Is., Isa., Isaiah. 


G. L., Grand Lodge. 


Highness. 


Isl., isl., island, 


gin., gram. 

G. M-, Grand Master. 


H. S. S. (Historiac Soeietatis 


I. T-, Indian Territory. 


Socius), Fellow of the Histori- 


It, Ital., Italian; Italic. 


G. 0., General Order. 


cal Society. 


itin., itinerary. 


G. 0. P., Grand Old Party 


ht., height. 


J. 


(Republican). 


Hun., Hung., Hungarian ; Hun- 


GOV. , Governor. 


gary. 


J., Judge; Justice; Julius; 


G. P. {Gloria Patri), Glory to 


hund., hundred. 


Junius; Jupiter. 


the Father. 


hyd., hydros., hydrostatics. 


J. A., Judge Advocate. 


G. P. 0., General Post Office. 


hyd., hydraul., hydraulics. 


J. A. G-, Judge Advocate Gen- 


Gr., Great ; Greek. 


hypoth., hypothesis; hypothet- 


eral. 


G. R., Grand Recorder. 


ical. 


Jam., Jamaica. 


gr., grain ; grains ; grammar ; 


I. 


Jan., January. 


great; gross. 


Jap., Japan ; Japanese. 


gS., guineas. 

G- S-, Grand Secretary ; Grand 


I., Islands; Idaho ; iodine ; (Im- 


Jas., James. 


perator), Emperor. 


Jav., Javanese. 


Scribe. 


la., Iowa. 


J. C-, Jesus Christ; Justice 


G. T-, Good Templars. 


ib., ibid, (ibidem), in the same 


Clerk ; Julius Caesar ; Juris- 


gtt. (guftae), drops. 


place. 


consult. 


H. 


I. C. (lesus Christus), Jesus 


J. C. D. (Juris Civilis Doctor), 


Christ. 


Doctor of Civil Law. 


H., hydrogen. 


Id., Idaho. id. (idem), the 


J. D. (Jurum Doctor), Doctor 


h., high ; height; harbor; hus- 


same. 


of Laws. 


band. 


Ida., Idaho. 


Jer., Jeremiah. 


ha., hectare. 


i. e. (id est), that is. 


J. G- W-, Junior Grand War- 


Hab., Habakkuk. 


I. H S. (lesus Hominum Salva- 


den. 


Hag., Haggai. 


tor), Jesus Savior of Men. 


J. H. S. - I. H. S. 


H. B. M., His, or Her, Britan- 


111., Illinois. 


Jno., John. 


nic Majesty. 


ill., illus., illustrated; illus- 


JO., Joel. 


H. C, House of Commons. 


tration. 


Josh., Joshua. 


K. C M-, His, or Her, Catholic 


Imp., Imperial ; (Imperator), 


]0UT-, journeyman ; journal. 


Majesty. 


Emperor. 


J. P., Justice of the Peace. 


hdkf., handkerchief. 


imp-, imperfect; imperative. 


jr., junior. 


H. E., His Eminence; His Ex- 


In., indium. 


Jud., Judith. 


cellency. 


in., inch ; inches. 


Judg-, Judges. 


Heb., Hebr., Hebrew ; He- 


inc., incor., lncorp., incorpo- 


Jun., June ; Junius. 


brews. 


rated. 


jun., ]unr., junior. 


he»tol-, hectoliter. 


incl., including. 


Jus. P., Justice of the Peace. 


her. , heraldic ; heraldry. 


incog, (incognito), unknown. 


Just., Justice; Justinian. 


ht-bd., half-bound. 


incor., incorp-, incorporated. 


J. W., Junior Warden. 


Hg. (hydrargyrum), mercury. 


Ind., Indiana. 


K. 


hg., hektogram. 

H. G, Horse Guards. 


ind., indicative. 


indef-, indefinite. 


K., King ; Kings ; Knight ; (ka- 


H. H., Hie (or Her) Highness ; 


Ind. T., Ind. Ter., Indian Ter- 


lium), potassium. 


His Holiness (the Pope). 


ritory. 


Kal., Kalends. 


hhd., hogshead. 


inf., infinitive ; infantry. 


Han., Kans-, Kas., Kansas. 


H. I., Hawaiian Islands. 


in IOC (in loco), in its place. 


K. B., Knight of the Bath ; 


H. I. H-, His, or Her, Imperial 


in IOC. cit. (in loco citato), in the 


King's Bench. 


Highness. 


place cited. 


K. C, King's Counsel. 


Hind., Hindu; Hindustan; 


I. N. R. I. (lesus Nazarenus, 


K. C B-, Knight Commander 


Hindustanee. 


Rex Iudaeorum), Jesus of 


of the Bath. 


hist., history. 


Nazareth, King of the Jews. 


K- C S. I., Knight Commander 


h. j. (hicjacet), here lies. 


ins., inSUT., insurance. 


of the Star of India. 


hi., hektoliter. 


Inst., instant ; institute. 


Ken., Ky., Kentucky. 


H. L., House of Lords. 


int., interest. 


kg., kilogram. 

K. G-, Knight of the Garter. 


hm., hektometer. 


inter]., int., interjection. 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



707 



K. O. C, Knight of the Grand 

Cross. 
K. G C B., Knight of the 

Grand Cross of the Bath. 
Ki., Kin., Kings. 
kilo., kilometer, 
kilo., kilog., kilogram, 
kl . kiloliter. 
km-, kilometer. 
K. M., Knight of Malta. 
Knt, Kt., Knight. 
kr., kreutzer. 
Ks . Kansas. 
Kt., Knight. 
K. T., Knight Templar ; Knight 

of the Thistle. 
Ky., Kentucky. 



L-, Lady; Latin; Lord; Low; 

Law ; lithium. 
1., lake ; latitude ; league ; line; 

liter ; long ; (libra), a pound. 
La. , Louisiana ; lanthanum. 
Lam., Lamentations. 
Lat., Latin. 
lat, latitude. 

ID. (libra), a pound (in weight). 
L. C, Lord Chancellor; Lord 

Chamberlain. 
1. c., lower case ; (loco citato), 

in the place cited. 
L. C- J., Lord Chief Justice. 
1. c. m., least common multiple. 
Ld., Lord, 
lea., league. 

Leg., Legis., Legislature. 
Lev., Leviticus, 
lex., lexicon. 
1. h., left hand. 
L- H. D. (Literarum Humano- 

rum Doctor), Doctor of Hu- 
manities. 
L. I., Long Island; Light In- 
fantry. 
Li., L., lithium, 
lib. (liber), book ; library ; 

(libra), pound. 
Lieut., Lt, Lieutenant. 
lin. , lineal ; linear. 
Linn.. Linnaeus ; Linnaean. 
liq., liquor, 
lit., liter; literally. 
Lit. D., Lltt. D-, Doctor of 

Literature. 
Iiith.., Lithuanian. 
li v., livre. 
LL. B. (Legum Baccalaureus), 

Bachelor of Laws. 
LL. D (Legum Doctor), Doctor 

of Laws. 
L. M-, Long Meter, 
loc clt. (loco citato), in the 

place cited. 
log., logarithm. 
Ion., long-, longitude, 
lop,, (loquitur), he speaks. 
L- P. M-, Long Particular 

Meter. 
L- S-. Linnaean Society ; (Locus 

Sigilli), Place of the Seal. 



1. s. d. (libra, solidi, denarii), 

pounds, shillings, pence. 
Lt., Lieut., Lieutenant. 
1. t., long ton. 
Ltd., Limited. 
lV., livres. 

M. 

M-, Marquis; Monday; Mon- 
sieur ; (Meridies), Meridian ; 
Noon ; (Mille), thousand. 

m., masculine : married ; moon; 
month ; months ; minute ; 
minutes ; minim ; morning ; 
mile, miles ; meter ; (mille), 
thousand ; mill, mills. 

M. A., Master of Arts ; Military 
Academy. 

Mac, Mace, Maccabees. 

Maced-, Macedonia. 

Mach., Machinery. 

Mad., Madm-, Madam. 
magazine. 
., Major. 
Gen., Major General. 
Malachi. 

man., manege; manual. 

manuf., manufacturing. 

Mai-, March ; Maritime. 

March.., Marchioness. 

Marq., Marquis. 

mas., masc, masculine. 

Mass., Massachusetts. 

math., mathematics. 

Matt., Matthew. 

M. B. (Medicinae Baccalau- 
reus), Bachelor of Medicine ; 
(Musicae Baccalaureus), 
Bachelor of Music. 

M. C, Member of Congress. 

Mch , March. 

Md., Maryland. 

M. D. (Medicinae Doctor), Doc- 
tor of Medicine. 

m. d., months after date. 

Mdlle . Mile., Mademoiselle. 

Mdm., Mac' am. 

mdse., merchandise. 

Me., Maine. 

M. E-, Methodist Episcopal ; 
Military, Mining, or Mechan- 
ical, Engineer. 

mech-, mechanical ; mechanics. 

med., medical; medicine; me- 
dieval. 

mem-, memorandum. 

M. E. S-, Methodist Episcopal 
South. 

Messrs., MM. (Messieurs), 
Gentlemen ; Sirs. 

met., metaph-, metaphysics ; 
metaphysical. 

Met., Metrop., Metropolitan. 

metal., metall-, metallurgy. 

meteor., meteorological ; me- 
teorology. 

Meth., Methodist. 

Mex., Mexican ; Mexico. 

ml. (mezzo forte), moderately 
loud. 

mfd., manufactured. 



mf g. , manufacturing. 

mfrs., manufacturers. 

mfs., manufactures. 

m. ft- (mistura fiat), let a mix- 
ture be made. 

Mg-, magnesium. 

mg., miligram. 

Mgr., Monseigueur ; Monsi- 
gnore. 

Ml., Mississippi, mi-, mile. 

Mic, Mi cah. 

Mich., Michigan. 

Mid., Midshipman. 

mil., military. 
| min.. minute ; minutes. 

min.. mineral., mineralogy. 

Minn., Minnesota. 

Min. Plen., Minister Plenipo- 
tentiary. 

misc., miscellaneous ; miscel- 
lany. 

MiSS-, Mississippi. 

ml., milliliter. 

Mile. Mdlle., Mademoiselle. 

MM., Their Majesties; (Mes- 
sieurs), Gentlemen. 

mm., millimeter. 

Mme., Madame. 

Md.. manganese. 

M. N. A. S- Member of the Na- 
tional Academy of Sciences. 

Mo., Missouri; Monday; mo- 
lybdenum. 

mo. (moderalo), moderately ; 
month. 

mod., modern. 

mol. wt., molecular weight. 

i Mon., Mond., Monday. 

j mon. , monetary. 

Mons., Monsieur (Sir). 

Mont. , Montana. 

mos., months. 

M. P- , Member of Parliament ; 
Member of Police ; Municipal 
Police. 

Mr., Master; Mister. 

M. R., Master of the Rolls. 

M. R. A. S., Member of the 
Royal Academy of Sciences ; 
Member of the Royal Asiatic 
Society. 

M. R. 0. S., Member of the 
Royal College of Surgeons. 

M. R. I., Member of the Royal 
Institution. 

Mrs., Mistress ; Missis. 

MS-, ms., manuscript. 

M S- , Master of Sciences ; Mas- 
ter of Surgery. 

m. S-, months after sight. 

m. S. L, mean sea level. 

MSS , mss., manuscripts. 

Mt. , Mount ; Mountain. 

MUS- B., Bachelor of Music. 

Mus. D., Mus- Doc, Mus 
Doct ., Doctor of Music. 

M. W-, Most Worthy. 

M. W. G. M-, Most Worshipful 
Grand Master. 

M. W. P., Most Worthy Patri- 
arch. 



708 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



myg M myriagram. 
myl., myrialiter. 


N. P. D., North Polar Distance. 


P. E. I., Prince Edward Island. 


N. R., North River. 


pen., peninsula. 


mym., myriameter. 


N. S., Nova Scotia ; New Style 


Penn., Pennsylvania. 


myth., mythology. 


(since 1752). 


Pent., Pentecost, i 


N. 


N. S. W M New South Wales. 


Per., Persia ; Persian. 


N. T., New Testament. 


per an. (per annum), by the 


N-, Noon ; North ; nitrogen ; 


Num., Numb., Numbers. 


year. 


Northern (PoBtal District). 


nux VOm., nux vomica. 


per cent., per ct. (per centum). 


n., noun ; note ; name ; new ; 


N. W., Northwest ; Northwest- 


by the himdred. 


number ; neuter ; nominative. 


ern (Postal District). 


pert, perfect. 


Na. {natrium), sodium. 


N. W- P., Northwest Province. 


perh., perhaps. 


N. A., North America. 


N. W. T., Northwest Territory. 


pers-, person, personal ; per- 


If. A- D M National Academy of 


N. T., New York. 


sonally. 


Design. 
N. A. S., National Academy of 


N. Z-, New Zealand. 


Pers., Persia ; Persian. 


0. 


pert., pertaining. 
Pet., Peter. 


Sciences. 


Nat., National. 


O.,0hio; Oxygen; October; old. 


petrol., petrology. 


nat, natural. 


Ob. (obiit), died. 


pf., perfect; preferred. 


Naut, Nautical. 


obdt, obt, obedient. 


P. G., Past Grand ; Post Grad- 


nav, naval. 


ObJ., objective; objection. 


uate. 


Nb., niobium. 


obi , oblique ; oblong. 


Pg., Portuguese. 

phar., pharm, pharmaceuti- 


N. B., New Brunswick; (Nota 


obs., observatory ; obsolete. 


bene), Note well ; Take notice. 


obsoles., obsolescent. 


cal ; pharmacopoeia ; phar- 


N. C, North Carolina. 


Oct., October. 


macy. 


n. A., no date. 


off., official. 


Ph. B., Bachelor of Philosophy. 


If. Dak., If. D., North Dakota. 


0. K., All Correct. 


Ph. D. (Philosophiae Doctor), 


N. E-, Northeast ; Northern 


Okla., Oklahoma. 


Doctor of Philosophy. 


Eastern (Postal District) ; 


0l. (oleum), oil. 


Phll.,Philippians ; Philosophy; 


New England. 


op., opposite ; opus ; opera. 


Philemon. 


Neb., Nebraska. 


6pp., opposed; opposite. 


Phlla., Philadelphia. 


Nell., Nehemiah. 


opt, optics ; optative. 


phllol., philological; philolo- 


aem COIL (nemine contradi- 


Or., Oregon; Oriental. 


gist ; philology. 


cente), no one contradicting; 


ord., ordinance; ordinary. 


phon., phonetics. 


unanimously. 


Ore., Oreg., Oregon. 


phot., photOg., photographic; 


nem. diss, (nemine dissenti- 


orig., originally. 


photography. 


ente), no one dissenting. 


omith., ornithology ; ornitho- 


pinx-, pxt. (pinxit), He, or She, 


Nettt , Netherlands. 


logical. 


painted it. 


Jieut, neuter. 


Os., osmium. 


P. J., Police Justice ; Presi ing 


Nev., Nevada. 


0. S., Old Style (before 1752) ; 


Justice ; Probate Judge. 


New M., New Mexico. 


Ordinary Seaman ; Old Series. 


pk\, peck. 


N. P., Newfoundland. 


0, T-, Old Testament. 


pkg., package. 


Ng. , norwegium. 


Oxi, Oxford. 


pi., plural. 


If. G-, Noble Grand ; no good. 


Oxon. (Ozoniensis), Oxonian, 


plf., pill, plti., Plttt., plaintiff. 


If. H., New Hampshire. 


or of Oxford. 


plu., plUT., plural. 


Ni., nickel. 


OZ., ounce, ounces. 


plup., plupf., pluperfect. 


N. J., New Jersey. 


P. 


pm., premium. 


n. 1. (non liquet), it appears not ; 


P. M., Postmaster ; Past Mas- 


the case is not clear ; (non 


P., phosphorus. 


ter ; Past Midshipman ; (Post 


licet), it is not permitted. 


p., page ; part ; participle ; past; 


Meridiem), afternoon. 


N. Lat., North Latitude. 


penny ; pint ; (piano), soft. 


P. M. G-, Postmaster General. 


N. JUL., New Mexico. 


Pa., Pennsylvania. 


P. 0., Post-Office. 


N. N. E-, North-northeast. 


p. a., participial adjective. 


P. 0. D., Post-Office Depart- 


N. N. W., North-northwest. 


pal., paleontology; paleonto- 


ment ; Pay on Delivery. 


310. (numero), number. 


logical. 


Pol., Poland; Polish. 


mol. pros, (nolle prosequi), to 


pam., pamph., pamphlet. 


pol.,pollt., political ; politics. 


be unwilling to prosecute. 


Pan., Panama. 


P. 0. 0., Post-Office Order. 


ttom , nominative. 


par., paragraph. 


pop., population. 


Non-com., Noncommissioned. 


Pari., Parliament. 


Port., Portuguese. 


non con. , noncontent ; i. e. dis- 


part., participle. 


POS., POSS., possessive. 


sentient. 


pass., passive. 


pp., pages. 


non Obst. (non obstante), not- 


path., pathol., pathology. 


pp., ppp., PPPP-> pianissimo. 


withstanding. 


paym't, pay't, payment. 


p. p., past participle. 


non pros, (non prosequitur), he 


Pb. (plumbum), lead. 


P. P. C. (Pour prendre conge), 


does not prosecute. 


P. B. (Philosophiae Baccalau- 


To take leave. 


non seq. (non sequitur), it does 


reus), Bachelor of Philosophy. 


p. pr., present participle. 


not follow. 


P. C-, Privy Councilor; Past 


P. Q., Province of Quebec. 


Norw., Norway. 


Commander. 


Pr., Priest ; Prince ; Printer ; 


n0S-, numbers. 


P. C. P., Past Chief Patriarch. 


Provencal ; praseodymium. 


Nov., November. 


Pd., palladium, pd., paid. 


pr., pair ; price ; pronoun ; 


N. P., New Providence ; Notary 


P. E-, Protestant Episcopal ; 


proper; present; (per), by the. 


Public ; nisi prius. 


Presiding Elder, 


P. R., Porto Rico. 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



709 



prec . preceding. 

pref., prefix. 

prep., preposition. 

Fres., President. 

Presb., Presbyterian. 

pret , preterit. 

priv., private ; privative. 

prob., problem ; probably. 

Prof., Professor. 

prom-, promontory. 

pron., pronoun ; pronounced ; 
pronunciation. 

prop. , properly ; proposition. 

Prot, Protestant. 

pro tem. (pro tempore), for the 
time being. 

Prov., Proverbs; Provost; 
Province. 

prox. (proximo), next. 

pr., prs., pair; pairs. 

Ps., Psalm; Psalms. 

P. S., Privy Seal ; {Post scrip- 
turn), postscript. 

pseud., pseudonym. 

psych., psychic; psychical. 

psychol., psychology. 

Pt, Point ; Port ; platinum. 

pt., pint ; part ; payment. 

P. T. 0-, Please turn over.- 

Pub., Public; Publisher. 

pub., pubn., publication. 

Pub. DOC, Public Documents. 

pwt, pennyweight. 

pxt. (pinzit), He, or She, painted 
it. 

Q. 

Q., Quintus ; Quebec. 

q., question ; (quadrans), a 
farthing. 

Q., QU-, Query; Question; 
Queen. 

Q- B-, Queen's Bench. 

Q. C M Queen's Counsel. 

q. d. (quasi dicat), as if he should 
say. 

q. e. (quod est), which is. 

q. e. d. (quod erat demonstran- 
dum), which was to be dem- 
onstrated. 

ql., quintal. 

q. 1. (quantum libet), as much 
as you please. 

Q- M-, Quartermaster. 

Q. M. Q., Quartermaster Gen- 
eral. 

q. pi. (quantum placet), as much 
as seems good. 

qr., quarter ; quire. 

q. s. (quantum sufficii), a suf- 
ficient quantity. 

qt., quart ; quantity. 

quOS., question. 

q. v. (quod vide), which see ; 
pi. qq. v. ; (quantum vis), as 
much as you will. 

qy-, qu-, query. 

R. 
R. (Rex), King; (Re gin a), 
Queen ; Reaumur ; rhodium. 



r. , railway ; recipe ; river ; 
rod ; rupee. 

R. A., Royal Academy, or Aca- 
demician ; Rear Admiral; 
Right Ascension ; Royal Ar- 
tillery ; Royal Arch. 

R. A. C., Royal Arch Chapter. 

rad- (radix), root ; radical. 

rail, (rallentando), gradually 
slower. 

R. A. M-, Royal Academy of 
Music. 

Rb., rubidium. 

R. C-, Roman Catholic. 

r. C-, right center. 

R. E., Right Excellent. 

Reaum., Reaumur. 

Rec, R., Recipe. 

reed., received. 

Rec Sec, Recording Secre- 
tary. 

Rect, Rector. 

rec't, rect., receipt. 

Ret, Reformed ; Reformer ; 
Reformation ; Reference. 

ret, reference ; referred. 

Ret Ch., Reformed Church. 

Reg., Register; Registrar. 

reg., regular. 

Regt, Regiment. 

rel. , relative ; relatively ; reli- 
gion ; religious ; (reliquae), 
remains, relics. 

rem., remark. 

Rep., Representative ; Repub- 
lic. 

retd., returned. 

Rev., Revelation ; Revolution ; 
Review; Revenue ; Reverend ; 
Revise. 

Rev. Ver., Revised Version. 

R. F. D., Rural Free Delivery. 

Rh., rhodium. 

R. H. S-, Royal Historical So- 
ciety ; Royal Horticultural 
Society ; Royal Humane So- 
ciety. 

R. I., Rhode Island. 

R. I. P. (Requiescat in pace), 
May he, or she, rest in peace. 

rit., ritard. (ritardando), grad- 
ually slower. 

riv., river. 

rm., ream. 

R. M. S., Royal Mail Steamer. 

R. N-, Royal Navy. 

ro., rood. 

Rom., Roman ; Romans. 

Rom. Catb., Roman Catholic. 

R. R., Railroad. 

Rs., Rupees. 

R. S., Recording Secretary. 

R. S. D., Royal Society of Dub- 
lin. 

R. S. E., Royal Society of Edin- 
burgh. 

R. S- V. P. (Repondez, sHl 
vous plait), Reply, if you 
please. 

Rt. Hon., Right Honorable. 

Rt Rev., Right Reverend. 



Ru., Runic; ruthenium. 
RUS-, RUSS., Russia; Russian. 
R. V., Revised Version. 
R. W., Right Worshipful; 

Right Worthy. 
Rw., Ry., Railway. 

S. 

S-, Sunday; Sabbath; Saturday; 
Signor ; Saint ; Sign ; South ; 
Sun ; Scribe ; sulphur. 

S-, second; section; shilling; 
substantive. 

S. A., South America ; South 
Africa. 

Sam., Saml-, Samuel. 

S- Am. , South America ; South 
American. 

Sans., Skr., Sanskrit. 

Sar., Sardinia ; Sardinian. 

Sat, Saturday. 

Sb. (stibium), antimony. 

SO-, Scotch; scandium. 

SC, scene; (scilicet), to wit. 

SC., SCUlp. (sculpsif), He, or 
She, engraved it. 

S. C, South Carolina ; Supreme 
Court. 

S. caps., S. C, small capitals. 

SCh., SCUT., schooner. 

SCt, science ; scientific. 

SCil- (scilicet), to wit ; namely. 

Scot, Scotch; Scotland; Scot- 
tish. 

SCT., scruple. 

Script, Scripture. 

SCUlp, SC (sculpsit), He, or She, 
engraved it. 

S. d., sine die. 

S. Dak., S. D., South Dakota. 

Se M selenium. 

S. E., Southeast; Southeastern 
(Postal District). 

Sec, Secretary. 

sec, second ; section ; secant. 

Sec Leg., Secretary of Lega- 
tion. 

sect, section. 

Sen., Senate ; Senator ; Senior. 

Sep., separate. 

Sep., Sept., September; Sep- 
tuagint. 

Seq., seq. (Sequentes or sequen- 
tia), The following. 

ser., series. 

Serg., Serj., Sergeant. 

serv., servt, servant. 

S- G., Solicitor General. 

S. g., specific gravity. 

Sh., shilling. 

Sbak., Shaks., Shakespeare. 

S- H. S. (Societatis Historiae 
Socius), Fellow of the Histor- 
ical Society. 

S. I., Sandwich Islands ; Staten 
Island. 

Sib., Siberia; Siberian. 

Sic, Sicilian ; Sicily. 

Sin-, sine. 

Sin., Sing., singular. 

S. J-, Society of Jesus. 



710 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



Skr., Sanskrit. 


S. W-, Southwest; Southwest- 


U. S. P., United States Phar- 


S. L. v Solicitor at Law. 


ern (Postal District); Senior 


macopoeia. 


S. Lat., South Latitude. 


Warden. 


U. S. S-, United States Ship or 


Slav., Slavic; Slavonian. 


Swlt, Switz , Switzerland. 


Steamer. 


Sld.» sailed. 


SVn., synonym. 


USU., usual ; usually. 


Sm., samarium. 


Syr., Syriac. 


U. S. V., United States Volun- 


S. M., Short Meter; Sergeant 


T. 


teers. 


Major. 


Ut, Utah. 


sm. C. , small capitals. 


T., Territory ; Tuesday. 


utdlct. (ut dictum), as directed. 


S- M. E. (Sancta Mater Eccle- 


t. , tenor ; town ; township ; 


UX. (uxor), wife. 


sia), Holy Mother Church. 


ton; tome ; transitive ; (tutti), 




S. M. M. (Sancta Mater Maria), 


all together; (tempore), in 


V. 


Holy Mother Mary. 


time. 


V., Victoria ; Viscount ; Vener- 


Sn. (stannum), tin. 


Ta., tantalum. 


able; vanadium. 


SO., South. 


tan., tangent. 


▼., vector ; verb ; verse ; voca- 


S 0., seller's option. 


Tb., terbium. 


tive ; volume ; volt ; (vide), 


SOC, Society. 


Td., tellurium. 


see ; (versus), against. 


S. Of Sol., Song of Solomon. 


tech., technical ; technically. 


7a., Virginia. 


S. Of T-, Sons of Temperance. 


tech., technol., technology. 


V. A., Vicar Apostolic. 


Sol-, Solution. 


Tenn., Tennessee. 


V. a., verb active. 


Sov., Sovereign. 


Ter., Terr., Territory. 


var., variety, variant. 


Sp , Span., Spanish. 


Text Rec (Textus Receptus), 


Vat., Vatican. 


sp., spelling. 


Received Text. 


vb. n.» verbal noun. 


S. P. (sine prole), without 


tf., till forbidden. 


V. C., Vice Chancellor; Vic- 


issue. 


Th., Thursday ; thorium. 


toria Cross. 


Sp. gr., specific gravity. 


Th., Thu-, Thur., Thnrs., 


V. D. L., Van Diemen'a Land. 


S- P. Q. R. (Senatus Populus- 
que Romani), Senate and Peo- 


Thursday. 


Ven., Venerable. 


theoL, theological ; theology. 


Venez., Venezuela. 


ple of Rome. 


theor., theorem. 


V6S., vessel. 


spt., seaport. 


Thess , Thessalonians. 


vet., veter., veterinary. 


SQ. , square ; the following. 


T1-, titanium. 


V. C, Vicar General; Vice 


811. ft., square feet. 


Her., tierce. 


Grand. 


811. In., square inches. 


Tim., Timothy. 


V. g. (verbi gratia), for exam- 
ple. 


sq m., square miles. 


Tit., Titus. 


S<IQ;., the following (plural). 


Tl., thallium. 


V. 1., verb intransitive. 


Sr., Sir ; strontium. 


T. 0-, Turn over. 


Vice Pres., Vice President. 


SL, senior. 


Tob., Tobit. 


Vld. (vide), see. 


SS. (scilicet), namely. 


torn., tome, or volume. 


VlS., VlSC., Viscount. 


S. S-, Sunday School ; Steam- 


tonn., tonnage. 


Viz. (videlicet), namely ; to wit. 


ship. 


topog., topography ; topograph- 


V. n., verb neuter. 


SS. D. (Sanctissimus Dominus), 


ical. 


VOC., vocative. 


Most Holy Lord; -^ title of 


tp., township. 


VOCab., vocabulary. 


Pope. 


Tr., Treas., Treasurer. 


vol., volume. 


S. S. E-, South-southeast. 


tr. , transpose ; trill. 


V. P., Vice President. 


S. S. W., South-southwest. 


tr., trans., transitive; trans- 


V. R. ( Victoria Regina), Queen 


St., Saint; Street; Strait; 


lated; translation; translator; 


Victoria. 


(Slet), Let it stand. 


transactions. 


V. Rev., Very Reverend. 


Stat., Statute ; Statuary. 


Tu., thulium. 


VS. (versus), against ; in opp. to. 


S. T. D. (Sacrae Theologiae 


Tu., Tues., Tuesday. 


V. S., Veterinary Surgeon. 


Doctor), Doctor of Divinity. 


twp., township. 


Vt, Vermont. 


Ster, Stg., sterling. 


typ., typo., typog., typogra- 


v. t., verb transitive. 


Str., steamer. 


pher ; typography. 


Vul., Vulgate. 


SUb]., subjunctive. 


U. 


W. 


Subst, substantive; substitute. 


SUf., SUff., suffix. 


U., uranium. 


W., Wednesday ; Welsh ; West- 


Sun., Sund., Sunday. 


U. K., United Kingdom. 


ern (Postal District) ; (wol- 


sup., supine; supra; supple- 


ult. (ultimo), last (or of) the 


framium), tungsten. 


ment. 


last month. 


W., week ; warden; watt ; wife. 


Sup., Supr., Supreme. 


Univ., University. 


W. A., West Australia; West 


Sup. 0. or Ct, Superior Court; 


U. P., United Presbyterian. 


Africa. 


Supreme Court. 


Uru., Uruguay. 


Wash., Washington. 


supp., supplement. 


U. S-, United States. 


W. C., Western Central (Postal 


Supt, Superintendent. 


U. S. A., United States of 


District). 


SUTg., surgeon ; surgery. 


America; United States Army. 


W. C., water closet. 


SUIV., surveying; surveyor. 
S. V. (Sanctitas Vestra), Your 


U. S. M-, United States Mail; 


W. C. T. U., Women's Chris- 


United States Marine. 


tian Temperance Union. 


Holiness ; (Sancta Virgo), 


U. S. M. A., United States Mil- 


Wed., Wednesday. 


Holy Virgin. 


itary Academy. 


Westm., Westminster. 


S. V. (sub voce or sub verbo), 


U. S- N., United States Navy. 


W. f., wrong font. 


under the word or title. 


U. S. N. A., United States 


W. G. C, Worthy Grand Chap- 


Sw., Sweden; Swedish. 


Naval Academy. 


lain. 



ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. 



711 



W. G. M-, Worthy GraDd Mas- 
ter. 
Will, wharf. 
W. I., West Indies. 
Wis., Wisconsin, 
wk., week. 

W. Lon., West Longitude. 
Wm., William. 
W. M., Worshipful Master. 
W. N. W-, West-northwest. 
Wp., Worship. 
W. S-, Writer to the Signet. 
W. S. W., West-southwest. 
Wt. , weight. 
W. Va., West Virginia. 
Wy., Wyo., Wyoming. 



X. 
X., Xt., Christ. 
XCp. , without coupon. 
Xd-, xdiv., without dividend. 
Xm., Xmas, Christmas. 
Xn, Xtian, Christian. 
Xnty, Xty, Christianity. 

Y. 
Y., yttrium ; year. 
y., yard. 
Yb M ytterbium. 
Y. B., Yr. B., Yearbook, 
yd., yard. 

Y. M. C A., Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association. 



Y. P. S. C E., Young People's 
Society of Christian Endea- 
vor. 

yr., your ; year. 

yrs., yours; years. 

Yt., yttrium. 

Y. W. C- A., Young Women's 
Christian Association. 

Z. 

Zach., Zachary. 
Zech , Zechariah. 
Zeph ., Zephaniah. 
Zn., zinc. 
ZOOl., zoology. 
Zr. zirconium. 



/ 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



Note. Some very common words and phrases from foreign languages will be found in the Vocabulary. 
The abbreviations used here are L. Latin ; F. French ; G. German ; It. Italian ; Sp. Spanish ; Gr. Greek. 



ab extra [L.], from without. 

ab initio [L.], from the begin- 
ning. 

ab intra [L."j, from within. 

a bon marche [F.], at a good 
bargain; cheap. 

absit invidia [L.], let there 
be no ill will. 

ab nno disc© omnes [L.], from 
one learn all. 

ab urbe condita [L.], from 
the founding of the city (of 
Rome ; reckoned as 753b. a). 

ad astra [L.], to the stars, or 
to an exalted state. 

ad astra per aspera [L.], to 
the stars through difficulties. 

ad finem [L.], to the end. 

ad hominem [L.], to the man ; 
i. e., to his interests and pas- 



ad infinitum [L.], to infinity. 

ad Interim [L.J, in the mean- 
while. 

ad libitum [L.], at pleasure. 

ad nauseam [L.], to disgust. 

ad rem [L.], to the point; to 
the purpose. 

ad unguem [L.'J, to the touch 
of the nail ; to a fine finish ; 
exactly. 

ad valorem [L.], according to 
the value. 

aequo animo [L.], with an 
equable mind ; with equanim- 
ity. 

aere perennius [L.], more en- 
during than brass. 

affaire d' amour [F.], a love 
affair. 

affaire d'honneur [F.], an af- 
fair of honor. 

affaire du cceur [F.], an affair 
of the heart. 

a fin de [F.], to the end that. 

a fortiori [L.], with stronger 
reason. 

agenda [L.] , things to be done. 

age quod agis [L.], attend to 
what you do. 

Agnus Dei [L.], Lamb of God. 

a la bonne heure [F.], in good 
time ; timely. 

a la Franchise [F.], after the 
French mode or fashion. 

a la mode [F.], in fashion. 



alls volat propriis [L.], she 
flies with her own wings ; — 
the motto of Oregon. 

allons [F.], let us go ; come. 

alma mater [L.], fostering 

mother. 

alter ego [L.], another self. 

alter idem [L.], another pre- 
cisely similar. 

amantium irae [L.], lovers' 

quarrels. 

amende honorable [F.], satis- 
factory apology; reparation. 

a mensa et thoro [L.], from 
bed and board. 

amicus usque ad aras [L.], 
a friend even to the altar. 

amor patriae [F. ], love of one's 
own country ; patriotism. 

amour propre [F.], self-love ; 
vanity. 

ancien regime [F.], ancient 
order of things. 

animis opibusque parati 

[L.], prepared in mind and 

resources ; ready to give life 

and property ; — a motto of 

South Carolina. 
anno aetatis suae [L.], in the 

year of his, or her, age. 
Anno Domini [L.], in the year 

of our Lord. 
anno mundi [L.], in the year 

of the world. 
anno urbis conditae [L.], in 

the year the city (Rome) was 

built (b. c. 753). 
ante bellum [L.], before the 

war. 
ante meridiem [L.], before 

noon. 

a outrance [F.], to the utmost. 

a pen pres [F.], nearly. 

a pied [F.], on foot. 

a plomb [*.], perpendicularly. 

a posteriori [L.], from the ef- 
fect to the cause. 

appui [F.], point of support; 
rallying point. 

a priori [L.], from the cause to 
the effect. 

a propos de rien [F.], apropos 

of nothing. 
aqua Vitae [L.], water of life ; 

brandy ; spirit ; alcohol. 
argumentum ad hominem 

[L.], an argument deriving 

its force from the situation of 



the person to whom it is ad- 
dressed. 
arriere pensee [F.], a mental 
reservation. 

ars est celare artem [L.], 

(true) art is to conceal art. 
ars longa vita brevis [L.], art 

is long and life short. 
a toute outrance [F.], to the 

utmost. 
au bon droit [F.], to the just 

right. 

au COntraire [F.], on the con- 
trary. 

au courant [F.], to the pres- 
ent time. 

au fait [F.], well instructed ; 
expert. 

au fond [F.], at the bottom ; 
in the main. 

auf wiedersehen [G.], till we 
meet again ; au revoir. 

au pis aller [F.], at the worst. 

au reste [F.], as for the rest. 

au revoir [F.], adieu until we 
meet again ; auf wiedersehen. 

aut Caesar, aut nullus [L.], 
either Caesar or nobody. 

avant-COUreur [F.], forerun- 
ner. 

avise la fin [F.], consider the 
end. 



beau monde [F.], the fashion- 
able world. 
beaux esprits [F.], gay spirits; 

men of wit. 
beaux yeux [F.], handsome 

eyes ; that is, attractive looks, 
bel esprit [F.], a brilliant 

mind ; a wit. 
bellum internecinum [L.], a 

war of extermination. 
ben trovato [it.], well found; 

a happy invention. 
bete noir [F.], a black beast; 

a bugbear, 
bienvenue [F.], welcome. 
bis dat qui cito dat [L.], he 

gives twice who gives 

promptly, 
bona fide [L.], in good faith, 
bon ami [F.], good friend. 
bon gre, mal gre [F.], willing 

or unwilling. 
bonhomie [F.], good-nature; 

simplicity. 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



713 



toon Jour [F.], good day ; good 
morning. 

tonne bouche [F.], a delicate 
morsel. 

bonne foi [F.], good faith; 
bona fides. 

toon SOir [F.], good evening. 

toouleversement [F.], over- 
turning ; subversion. 

C. 

cantatrice [It.], a female pro- 
fessional singer. 

capitulum [L.], head; section. 

carpe diem [L.], enjoy the 
present day. 

casus belli [L.], that which 
involves or justifies war. 

catalogue raisonne [F.], a 
catalogue of books arranged 
according to their subjects. 

cave canem [L.], beware of the 
dog ; — often worked in mo- 
saic at the outer entrance of 
Roman houses. 

certiorari [L.], to be certified, 
—a writ calling up the records 
of an inferior court. 

c'est-a-dire [F.], that is to 
say. 

c'est fait de lui [F.], it is all 
over with him. 

c'est une autre chose [F.], 
that is a different thing. 

ceteris paribus [L.], other 
things being equal. 

chacun a son gout [F.], every 
one to his taste. 

Champs Elysees [F.], Elysian 
Fields. 

chanson [F.], a song. 

chapeau bras [F.] a military 
cocked hat. 

chateaux en Espagne [F.], 
castles in Spain, the land of 
romance ; castles in the air. 

Chef d'CBUVre [F.], a master- 
piece. 

chemin de fer [F.], iron road ; 
i. e., railroad. 

chere amie [F.], a dear friend ; 
a mistress. 

circa, or circiter [L.]» about. 

citoyen [F.], a citizen ; a burgh- 
er. 

Coena Domini [L.], the Lord's 
Supper. 

cogito, ergo sum [L.], I think, 
therefore I exist. 

comitas inter gentes [L.], po- 
liteness between nations. 

comme il faut [F.], as it should 
be. 

commune bonum [L.], the 
common good. 

compagnon de voyage [F.] 
traveling companion. 

compos mentis [L.], of a sound 
mind. 

compte rendu [F.], account 
rendered ; report. 



con amore [it.], with love ; 

earnestly. 
COncOUTS [F.], competition. 
con dolore [It.], with grief. 
conseil d'etat [F.], council of 

state. 
contretemps [F.], an awkward 

mishap or accident. 
conversazione [it.], a meeting 

of company for conversation. 

corps diplomatique [F.], a dip- 
lomatic body. 

corpus delicti [L.], the sub- 
stance or foundation of the 
offense. 

corrigenda [L.], errors to be 
corrected. 

cor unum, via una [L.], one 
heart, one way. 

couleur de rose [F.], rose 
color ; an aspect of attractive- 
ness. 

COUP de grace [F.], a stroke of 
mercy ; finishing stroke. 

coup de main [F.], a sudden 
enterprise or effort. 

COUP de maitre [F.], a master- 
stroke. 

coup de soleil [F.], sunstroke. 

coup d'essai [F.], a first at- 
tempt. 

COUp d'etat [F.], stroke of poli- 
cy ; decisive action in public 
affairs. 

coup d'ceil [F.], glance of the 
eye. 

coute qu'il coute [F.], cost 
what it may. 

crescite, et multiplicamini 
[L.], grow, or increase, and 
multiply ; — the motto of 
Maryland. 

crescit eundo [L.], it increases 
by going ; — the territorial 
motto of New Mexico. 

CUi bono ? [L.], for whose bene- 
fit? colloquially, of what use? 

CUisine [F.], a kitchen ; cook- 
ery. 

cum grano salis [L.], with a 
grain of salt ; with some al- 
lowance. 

cur rente c alamo [L.], with a 
running, or rapid, pen. 

CUStOS morum [L.], the guard- 
ian of morals. 

CUStOS rotulorum [L.], keeper 
of the rolls. 



d' accord [F.], agreed ; in tune. 

dal segno [It.], repeat from the 

sign. 

de auctoritate mini commissa 
[L.], by the authority given to 
me. 

de facto [L.], in fact ; actually ; 
really. 

de gustibus non est disputan- 
dum [L.], there is no disput- 
ing about tastes. 



dehors [F.], without; out of; 
foreign ; irrelevant. 

Dei gratia [L.], by the grace of 
God. 

de Jure [L.], by virtue of law ; 
by right. 

delenda est Carthago [L.], 
Carthage umst be destroyed ; 
i. <?., there must be no half- 
way measures. 

de mal en pis [F.], from bad to 
worse. 

demi-jour [F.], partial light. 

de mortuis nil nisi bonum [L. ] , 
(say) nothing but good of the 
dead. 

de nihilo nihil fit [L.], from 
nothing, nothing comes. 

de novo [L.], anew. 

Deo gratias [L.], thanks to 
God. 

Deo volente [L.], God willing. 

de profundls [L.], out of the 
depths. 

dernier ressort [F.], a last re- 
source. 

de trop [F.], too much, or too 
many ; not wanted. 

deus ex machina [L.], a god 
from the machine, i. e., from 
a theatrical contrivance for 
making gods appear in the air; 
hence, an unexpected and for- 
tunate occurrence. 

Deus vobiscum. [L.], God be 
with you. 

dies irae [L.], day of wrath. 

dies non [L.], a day on which 
court is not held. 

Dieu avec nous [F.], God with 

US. 

Dieu defend le droit [F.], God 
defends the right. 

Dieu et mon droit [F.], God 
and my right. 

Dieu vous garde [F.], God pro- 
tect you. 

dii penates [L.], household 
gods. 

diner [F.], dinner. 

dirigO [L.], I direct, or guide ; 
— the motto of Maine. 

distingue" [P.], distinguished: 
eminent. 

distrait [F.], absent in thought. 

docendo discimus [L.], we 
learn by teaching. 

dolce [It.], soft ; — used in mu- 
sic. 

dolce far niente [It.], sweet do- 
ing nothing ; sweet idleness. 

double entente [F.], double 
meaning ; a play on words ; — 
often incorrectly written 
double entendre. 

douceur [F.], sweetness; a 
bribe. 

dramatis personae [L.], char- 
acters in a play. 

dulce et decorum est pro patrla 
mori [L.], it is sweet and 



714 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



honorable to die for one's 
country. 

dum spiro, spero [L.], while I 

breathe, I hope ; — a motto of 
South Carolina. 
dum vivimus, vivamus [L.], 
while we live, let us live. 

B. 
eau de Cologne [F.], cologne. 

eau de Vie [F.], aqua vitae; 
brandy. 

ecce homo [L.], behold the 
man ; — applied specifically to 
any picture representing the 
Savior given up to the people 
by Pilate, and wearing the 
crown of thorns. 

e COntiariO [L.], on the contra- 
ry. 

edition de luxe [P.], a splendid 
edition. 

egalite [F.], equality. 

eleve [F.], a pupil; a foster 
child. 

eloge [F.], a funeral oration. 

empressement [F.], ardor; 

zeal. 

en arriere [F.], in the rear. 

en attendant [F.], in the mean- 
time. 

en avant! [F.], forward ! 

en deshabille [F.], in undress. 

en famille [F.], with the fami- 
ly ; at home. 

enfant gate [F.], a spoiled child. 

enfants perdus [F.], lost chil- 
dren ; forlorn hope. 

enfant terrible [F.], terrible 
child ; one that annoys by ill- 
timed remarks. 

en fin [F.], at last ; finally. 

en grande tenue [P.], in full 
dress. 

en masse [F.], in a body. 

en passant [P.], in passing. 

en plein jour [F.],in broad day. 

en rapport [P.], in a condition 
or relation of sympathy. 

en regie [F.], in order ; accord- 
ing to rules. 

en route [F.], on the way. 

ense petit placidam sub liber- 
tate quietem [L.], with the 
sword she seeks quiet peace 
under liberty ; — the motto of 
Massachusetts. 

en suite [F.], in company. 

entente COrdiale [P.], an under- 
standing of good will and jus- 
tice towards each other, be- 
tween the chief persons of two 
states. 

entourage [F.], surroundings. 

entremets [F.], side dishes at 
table. 

entre nous [P.], between our- 
selves; confidentially. 

en v6rite* [P.], in truth ; verily. 

e pluribus unum [L.], one out 
of many ; one composed of 



many ; — the motto of the 
United States. 

eripuit caelo fulmen, scep- 
trumque tyrannis [L.], he 
snatched the thunderbolt from 
heaven, and the scepter from 
tyrants ; — said of Franklin. 

errare humanum est [L.], to 
err is human. 

espieglerie [F.], sportive tricks. 

esprit de corps [P.], animating 
spirit of a collective body. 

esse quam videri [L.], to be 
rather than to seem. 

est modus in rebus [L.], there 
is a medium in (all) things. 

esto perpetua [L.], let it be per- 
petual ; — the motto of Idaho. 

et cum spiritu tuo [L.], and 

with thy spirit. 

et id genus omne [L.], and 
everything of the sort. 

et tu, Brute ! [L.] and thou also, 
Brutus ! — implying betrayal 
by a friend. 

eureka [Gr. evpijxa], I have 
found it ; — the motto of Cal- 
ifornia. 

Ewigkeit [G.], eternity. 

ex abrupto [L.], abruptly; 
suddenly. 

ex capite [L.], from the head. 

ex cathedra [L.], from the 
official chair (originally of 
the Pope) ; hence, with high 
authority. 

excelsior [L.], higher ; more 
elevated ; — the motto of New 
York. 

exceptio probat regulam [L.], 
the exception proves the rule. 

exceptis excipiendis [L.], the 
necessary exceptions being 
made. 

excerpta [L.], extracts. 

ex curia [L.], out of court. 

ex delicto [L.], from an of- 
fense ; from a wrong not in- 
volving a breach of contract. 

exempli gratia [L.], by way of 

example. 

exeunt omnes [L.], all go out. 

exitus acta probat [L.], the 
event justifies the deed ; — 
Washington's motto. 

ex more [L.], according to cus- 
tom. 

ex nihilo nihil fit [L.], from 
nothing, nothing comes. 

ex Officio [L.], by virtue of his 
office. 

ex parte [!>•], on one side only. 

ex pede Herculem [L.], we 
recognize a Hercules by the 
foot ; that is, we judge of the 
whole from a part. 

expose [F.], an exposition. 

ex post facto [L.], after the 
deed is done. 

ex tempore [L.], without pre- 
meditation. 



ex uno disce omnes [L.], from 
one judge of all. 

ex vi termini [L.], by the 
meaning, or force, of the ex- 
pression. 



facile princeps [L.], easily 
preeminent ; the admitted 
chief. 

facilis est descensus Avernl 
[L.], easy is the descent to 
Avernus [Hades] ; i. e., it is 
easy to get into difficulty. 

faire sans dire [F.], act and 
say nothing. 

faire son devoir [P.], to do his 
duty. 

fait accompli [P.], a thing al- 
ready done. 

falsi crimen [L.], forgery. 

Fata obstant [L.], the Fates 
oppose. 

f atti maschii ; parole f emine 
[It.], lit., deeds are males ; 
words, females ; i. e., when 
deeds are needed words will 
not suffice ; — a motto of 
Maryland. 

faubourg [F.], a suburb. 

fauteuil [F.], an easy chair. 

faux pas [F.], a false step; 
mistake. 

femme COUVerte [F.], a mar- 
ried woman ; a woman hav- 
ing a husband. 

femme de chambre [P.], a 

chambermaid. 

ferae naturae [L.], of a wild 

nature. 

fermete [F.], firmness. 

festlna lente [L.], make haste 
slowly. 

fgte champetre [F.], a rural 
festival. 

feu de joie [P.], a firing of guns 
in token of joy ; a bonfire. 

feuilleton [P.], bottom part of 
a French newspaper, sepa- 
rated from the rest, and de- 
voted to light literature, crit- 
icism, etc. 

fiacre [P.], a kind of hackney 
coach. 

fiat justitla, mat caelum [L.], 
let justice be done though the 
heavens fall. 

fiat lUX [L.], let there be light. 

fidei defensor [L.], defender 
of the faith. 

fideliter[L.], faithfully. 

fides Punica [L.], Punic faith ; 
treachery. 

fidus Achates [L.], faithful 
Achates ; i. e., a true friend. 

filius nulliUS [L.], a son of no- 
body ; — a legal term for a 
bastard. 

fille de Chambre [F.], a cham- 
bermaid. 

fille de Joie [F.], a prostitute. 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



715 



fille d'honneur [F.], a maid 

of honor. 
finem respice [L.], look to the 

end. 
ilnls coronat opus [L.], the end 

crowns the work. 
flagrante hello [L.], during 

hostilities, 
flagrante delicto [L.], in the 

commission of the offense. 
fortiter In re [L.], resolute in 

deed. 
furor loquendi [L.], a rage for 

speaking. 
furor scrlbendl [L.], a rage 

for writing. 

G. 

Galilee [L.], in French, 
garpon [F.], a boy, or waiter. 
garde du corps [F.], a body 

guard. 
gardez Wen [F.], take good 

care. 
gardez la foi [F.], keep the 

faith, 
gaudeamus Igltur [L.], so let 

us be joyful. 
genius lOCi [L.], the genius of 

the place. 

gens d'armes [F.], armed 

police. 
gitano [It.], a gypsy. 
gloria in excelsis [L.], glory 

(to God) in the highest. 
Gloria Patri [L.], glory be to 

the Father. 
yvu>8i (TtavTov (gnothi seauton) 

[Gr.], know thyself. 
goutte a gOUtte [F.], drop by 

drop, 
grace a Dieu [F.], thanks be 

to God. 
grande parure [F.], full dress. 
gravamen [L.], the ground or 

essence of a complaint or 

action. 
guerre a mort [F.], war to the 

death. 

guerre a outrance [F.], war to 
the uttermost. 

H. 

haec olim meminisse juvabit 
[L.], it will be pleasant to re- 
member these things some 
day. 

hie et ubique [L.], here and 
everywhere. 

hie Jacet [L.], here lies. 

nine illae lacrymae [L.], hence 
these tears. 

hoi pollOi [Gr. oi ttoAXoi], the 
many ; the rabble. 

hominis est errare [L.], it is 

common for man to err. 
homme d'affaires [F.], a man 

of affairs ; a business man. 
homme d'esprit [F.], a man of 

talent. 
honi soit qui mal y pense [F.], 



may he be shamed who thinks 
evil of it ; — the motto of the 
Order of the Garter. 

hors de combat [F.], out of con- 
dition to fight. 

hors de la loi [F.], in the con- 
dition of an outlaw. 

hors de saison [F.], out of sea- 
son. 

hors d'eeuvre [F.], out of 
course. 

hotel de ville [F.], town hall. 

humanum est errare [L.], to 
err is human. 



ich dien [G.].I serve. 
id est [L.], that is. 

id genus omne [L.], all of that 

sort. 

lgnorantia legis neminem ex- 

CUSat [L.], ignorance of the 
law excuses no one. 

ignotum per ignotius [L.] , that 
which is unknown by some- 
thing still more unknown. 

imperium in imperio [L.], a 
government within a govern- 
ment. 

imprimatur [L.], let it be print- 
ed ; — a license to print a 
book, etc. 

in aeternum [L.], forever. 

in armis [L.], under arms. 

in artlculo mortis [L.], at the 
point of death ; in the last 
struggle. 

in caelo quies [L.], there is 
rest in heaven. 

in capite [L.], in chief; i. e., 
immediately from the king. 

in curia [L.], in the court. 

index expurgatorius [L.], a 
list of prohibited books. 

in esse [L.], in being. 

in extenso [L.], at full length. 

in extremis [L.], at the point 
of death. 

in flagrante delicto [L.], 
(taken) in the commission of 
the offense. 

in forma pauperis [L.], as a 
poor man. 

infra dignitatem [L.], below 
one's dignity. 

infuturo [L.], in future; hence- 
forth. 

in hoc signo vinces [L.], in 
this sign, or under this stan- 
dard, thou shalt conquer. 

in iOCO [L.], in the proper place 
or circumstances ; opportune- 
ly- 

in loco parentis [L.], in the 
place of a parent. 

in medias res [L.], in the 
midst of things or affairs. 

in medio tutissimus ibis [L.], 
you will go most safely in the 
middle. 

in memoriam [L.], in memory. 



in omnia paratus [L.], pre- 
pared for everything. 

in perpetuum [L.], forever. 

in petto [It.], in the breast. 

in posse [L.], in possible exist- 
ence. 

in propria persona [L. ] , in per- 
son ; himself or herself. 

in purls naturalibus [L.], 
quite naked. 

in re [L.], in the matter of. 

in rem [L.], against the thing. 

in rerum natura [L.], in the 

nature of things. 

in saecula saeculorum [L], 

for ages on ages. 

insculpsit [L.], he engraved it. 

in Situ [L.], in its original situ- 
ation. 

insouciance [F.], carelessness ; 
indifference. 

in Statu quo [L.] , in the former 
state. 

in te, Domine, speravi [L.], 
in thee, Lord, have I put my 
trust. 

inter alia [L.], among other 
things. 

inter arma silent leges [L.], in 
the midst of arms the laws are 
silent. 

inter nos [L.], between our- 
selves. 

inter SO [L.], among them- 
selves. 

in toto [L.], in the whole ; en- 
tirely. 

in transitu [L.], on the passage. 

in utramque f ortunam paratus 
[L.], prepared for either 
event. 

in utroquefidelis [L.], faithful 
in both. 

in vacuo [L.], in empty space. 

in verba magistri jurare [L.], 
to swear to, or by, the words 
of another ; to adopt opinions 
on the authority of another. 

in vino Veritas [L.], there is 
truth in wine ; i. e., a drunk- 
en person speaks the truth. 

invita Minerva [L.], without 
genius. 

ipse dixit [L.], he himself said 
it. 

ipsissima verba [L.], the very 
words. 

ipso facto [L.], in the fact it- 
self. 

ipso jure [L.], by the law itself. 



januis clausis [L.], with closed 
doors. 

Je ne sals quoi [F.], I know not 

what. 
Jen de mots [F.], a play on 
words ; a pun. 

Sen d'esprit [F.], a witticism. 
UbilateDeo [L.J, rejoice in the 
Lord. 



716 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



judicium Dei [L.], the judg- 
ment of God. 

Jupiter tonans [L.], Jupiter 
the thunderer. 

JUS Civile [LJ, civil law. 

JUS divinum [L.], divine law. 

jus et norma loquendi [L.], 
the law and rule of speech. 

JUS gentium [L.], law of na- 
tions ; international law. 

juste milieu [F.], the golden 



L. 

labor omnia vincit [L.], labor 
conquers everything. 

laissez faire [F.], let alone. 

lapsus calami [L.], a slip of 
the pen. 

lapsus linguae [L.], a slip of 
the tongue. 

lares et penates [L.], house- 
hold gods. 

latet anguis in herba [L.], a 
snake lies hid in the grass. 

laudator temporis acti [L.] a 
praiser of time past. 

laus Deo [L.], praise to God. 

lebeaumonde [F.], the fash- 
ionable world. 

legerete [F.]» lightness ; levity. 

le roi le veut [L.], the king 
wills it; — signifying the royal 
assent to a bill. 

lese majeste* [F.], high treason. 

les larmes aux yeux [F.], tears 
in one's eyes. 

les plus sages ne le sont pas 
tOUJOUTS [F.], the wisest are 
not always so. 

I'dtoiledunord [F.], the star of 
the north ; — motto of Minne- 
sota. 

lettre de cachet [F.], a sealed 

letter ; a royal warrant, 
lettre de marque [F.], a letter 

of marque or of reprisal, 
lex lOCi [L.], the law of the 

place, 
lex non SCripta [L.], the un- 
written, or common, law. 
lex scripta [L.], statute law. 
lex talionis [L.], law of retali- 

ation. 
lex terrae [L.], the law of the 

land. 
Tinconnu [F.], the unknown, 
lit de justice [F.], the king's 

throne in the parliament of 

Paris. 
litera scripta manet [L.], the 

written letter remains. 
loco Citato [L.], in the place 

cited. 
locum tenens [L.], a deputy or 

substitute ; a proxy. 
locus in quo [L.], the place in 

which, 
lucus a non lucendo [L.], a 

phrase expressing a fanciful 

derivation of the word lucus, 



a dark wood or grove, from 
the verb lucere, to shine, a 
non lucendo, from its not be- 
ing light; and hence used in 
ridicule to characterize any- 
thing as plainly illogical or 
absurd. 
lusus naturae [L.], a sport or 
freak of nature. 

M. 

ma chere [F.], my dear. 

mafoi [F.], upon my faith. 

magna est Veritas, et prevale- 
nt [L.], truth is mighty, and 
it will prevail. 

magnum opus [L.], a great 
work. 

maison de ville [F.], the town 
hall. 

maitre d'ndtel [F.], a house 

steward. 

maladie du pays [F.], home- 
sickness. 

mal a propos [F.], ill-timed. 

mal de dents [F.], toothache. 

mal de mer [F.], seasickness. 

mal de tete [F.], headache. 

mal entendre [F.], mistake; 
misunderstanding. 

malgre nous [F.], in spite of 
us. 

malum in se [L.] 5 bad or wrong 
in itself. 

malum prohibitum [L.], an 
evil prohibited ; evil because 
prohibited. 

mania a potu [L.], madness 
from drink. 

mare clausum [L.], a closed 
sea ; i. e., a sea or bay with- 
in the jurisdiction of a nation, 
and not a part of the high seas. 

mariage de convenance [F.], 
a marriage of convenience. 

mauvaise honte [F.], false 
modesty. 

mauvais gout [F.], bad taste. 

memento mori [L.], remember 
death. 

mens sana in corpore sano 
[L.], a sound mind in a sound 
body. 

meo VOtO [L.], by my desire. 

mdsallianceLF.], improper as- 
sociation ; marriage with one 
of lower station. 

meum et tuum [L.], mine and 
thine. 

mirabile dictu [L.], wonderful 
to relate. 

mirabile visu [L.], wonderful 
to see. 

mise en scene [P.]> the putting 
in preparation for the stage. 

modus operandi [L.], manner 
of operation. 

mon ami [F.], my friend. 

mon Cher [F.], my dear (fel- 
low). 

montani semper litoeri [L.], 



mountaineers are always free- 
men ; — the motto of West 
Virginia. 

monumentum aere perennius 
[L.], a monument more dur- 
able than brass. 

more majorum [L.], after the 
manner of our ancestors. 

mors omnibus communis [L.], 
death is common to all. 

multum in parvo [L.], much 
in little. 

mutatis mutandis [L.], the 
necessary changes being 
made. 

mutato nomine [L.], the name 
being changed. 

N. 
necessitas non habet legem 

[L.], necessity has no law. 
ne'e [F.], born ; as, Madame de 

Stael, nee (that is, whose 

maiden name was) Necker. 
nemine contradicente [L.], no 

one speaking in opposition. 
nemine dissentiente [L.], no 

one dissenting. 
nemo me impune lacesslt 

[L.], no one wounds me with 

impunity ; — the motto of 

Scotland. 
nemo repente fult turpissimus 

[L.], no one ever became a 

villain all at once. 
nemo solus sapit [L.], no one 

is the only wise one. 
ne plus ultra [L.], nothing 

further. 
nil admirari [L.], to wonder 

at nothing. 
nil desperandum [L.], never 

despair. 
nil sine numine [L.], nothing 

without God ; — the motto of 

Colorado. 
n'importe [F.], it matters not. 
noblesse Oblige [P.], rank im- 
poses obligation; much is 

rightly expected of one of 

high birth or station, 
nolens volens [L.], whether he 

will or not. 

noli me tangere [L.], don't 

touch me. 
nolle prosequi [L.], to be un- 
willing to proceed. 
nom de guerre [F.], a war 

name ; a traveling title ; a 

pseudonym. 
nom de plume [F.], a pen 

name ; an assumed title, 
non compos mentis [L.], not 

of sound mind. 
non est inventus [L.], he has 

not been found. 
non libet [L.], it does not 

please me. 
non liquet [L.], it is not clear. 

non obstante [L.], not with 
standing. 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



717 



non omnia possumus omnes 
[L.], we cannot, all of us, do 
all things. 

non omnls moriar [L.], I shall 
not wholly die. 

non quo, sed quomodo [L.], 
not by whom, but how. 

non sequitur [L.], it does not 
follow ; an unwarranted con- 
clusion. 

nosce te ipsum [L.], know 
thyself. 

nota bene [L.], mark well. 

noiis verrons [F.], we shall see. 

novus homo [L.], a new man. 

nuance [F.], shade ; tint. 

nudum pactum [L.], a naked 
contract ; i. e., one made 
without any consideration, 
and hence void. 

nulla dies sine linea [L.], no 
day without a line ; i.e., no 
day without something done. 

nulllUS flllus [L.], nobody's 
son ; i. e., a bastard. 

nunc aut nunquam [L.], now 
or never. 

o. 

Oblit [L.], He, or She, died. 

Obiter dictum [L.], a thing said 
[by a judge] by the way, or 
in passing, i. e., on a point not 
material to the case. 

0)11 de bOBUf [P.], a bull's eye. 

oi 71-oA.Aoi, see hoi polloi. 

omne Ignotum pro magnlfico 
[L.], whatever is unknown is 
thought to be magnificent. 

omnia vlnclt amor [L.], love 
conquers all things. 

omnia vlnclt labor [L.], labor 
overcomes all things. 

omnls amans, amens [L.], 
every lover is demented. 

On dlt [F.], they say ; hence, a 
flying rumor. 

onus probandl [L.], the burden 
of proving. 

ora pro nobis [L.], pray for 
us. 

ore rotundo [L.], with round, 
full voice. 

temporal mores! [L.], 
O the times ! O the manners ! 

Otlosa sedulitas [L.], idle in- 
dustry ; trifling laboriousness. 

otlum cum dlgnltate [L.], ease 
with dignity ; dignified lei- 
sure. 

OUbllette [F.], dungeon of a 
castle. 

OUl-dlre [F.], hearsay. 



pacta COnventa [L.], the con- 
ditions agreed upon. 

pallida mors [L.], pale death. 

palmam qui meruit ferat [L.], 
let him who has won it bear 
the palm. 



par excellence [F.], by way 
of eminence. 

pari passu [L.], with equal 
pace. 

parole d'honneur [F.], word 
of honor. 

partlceps criminis [L.], an ac- 
complice. 

pat6 de foie gras [F.], goose- 
liver pie. 

paterfamilias [L.], the father 
of a family. 

pater noster [L.], our Father ; 
the Lord's prayer. 

pater patriae [L.], father of 
his country. 

patres conscriptl [L.], con- 
script fathers ; the Roman 
senators. 

penetralia [L.], inmost parts; 
privacy ; sanctuary. 

pensee [P.], thought. 

per annum [L.], by the year. 

per aspera ad astra [L.], 
through trials to the stars, 
i. e., glory. 

per capita [L.], by the head. 

per centum [L.], by the hun- 
dred. 

per contra [L.], contrariwise. 

per curiam [L.j, by the court. 

per diem [L.], by the day. 

perdu [F.], lost. 

per S6 [L.], by itself considered. 

per Vlam [L.], by the way of. 

petitio principli [L.j, a beg- 
ging of the question. 

peu-a-peu [P.], little by little. 

pen de chose [F.], a trifle. 

piece de resistance [F.], chief 
meat dish of a dinner. 

plnxit [L.], He, or She, painted 
it. 

pis aller [P.], the last shift. 

piU [It.], more. 

pleno lure [L.], with full au- 
thority. 

poco a poco [It.], little by 
little. 

poetanascitur, non fit [L.], the 
poet is born, not made. 

point d'appui [F.], point of 
support ; prop. 

pons asinorum [L.], asses' 
bridge ; — a phrase applied : 
(a) to a certain problem in 
geometry ; (b) to a key to, or 
translation of, a Latin or 
Greek book. 

possunt quia posse videntur 
[L.], they can because they 
think they can. 

poste restante [F.], to remain 
until called for. 

post Obitum [L.], after death. 

potage au gras [F.], meat soup. 

pour acquit [F.], paid. 

pour faire visite [F.], to pay a 
visit. 

pour passer la temps [P.], to 
pass away the time. 



pour prendre conge [F.], to 

take leave. 
preux chevalier [F.], a brave 

knight, 
prima facie [L.], on the first 

view. 

primus inter pares [L.], first 
among equals. 

probatum est LL.], it is proved. 

pro bono publico [L.], for the 
public good. 

procfcs verbal [F.], a written 
statement. 

pro COnfesso [L.], as if con- 
ceded. 

procul, procul este, prof ani ! 
[L.], far, far hence, ye pro- 
fane ! 

pro et con [L.], for and against. 

profanum vulgus [L.], the un- 
holy or uninitiated rabble. 

pro forma [L.], for the sake of 
form. 

pro patria [L.] , for our country. 

pro rata [L.], in proportion. 

pro re nata [L.], for a special 
emergency. 

pro tempore [L.], for the time 
being. 

Punlca fides [L.], Punic faith; 
treachery. 

Q. 

quaere [L.], query ; inquiry, 
quantum libet [L.], as much as 

you please. 
quantum meruit [L.], as much 

as he has deserved. 
quantum mutatus ab lllo! 

[L.], how changed from what 

he was ! 
quantum sufficit [L.], as much 



quantum vis [L.], as much as 
you will. 

quelque chose [F.], a trifle; 
something; anything. 

quid faciendum? [L.], what is 
to be done ? 

quid nunc? [L.], what now? 

qui docet, discit [L.], he who 
teaches, learns. 

quid pro quo [L.], one thing for 
another ; an equivalent. 

quien sabe ? [Sp.], who knows ? 

qui facitper alium facitper se 
[L.], he who does a thing by 
the agency of another does it 
himself. 

qui pense ? [F.], who thinks ? 

qui transtulit, sustinet [L.], 
he who transplanted still sus- 
tains; — the motto of Con- 
necticut. 

qui va la? [F. ] , who goes there? 

qui vive? [F.], who goes there? 
— on the qui vive, on the 
alert. 

quoad hoc [L.], to this extent. 

quo animo? [L.], with what 
mind or intent ? 



718 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



quod avertat Dens ! [L. ], which 
may God avert ! 

quod erat demonstrandum 
[L.], which was to be demon- 
strated. 

quod erat faciendum [L.], 
which was to be done. 

quod Vide [L.], which see. 

quo Jure ? [L. ], by what right ? 

quos Deus vult perdere, prius 
dementat [l.], those whom 
God wishes to destroy, he 
first makes mad. 

quot homines, tot sententiae 
[L.], many men, many minds. 



raison d'dtat [F.], a reason of 

state. 
raison d'etre [F.], a reason for 

being. 
rara avis [L.], a rare bird, 
rechauffe' [F.], warmed over, 

as food ; hence, stale ; old ; 

insipid. 

reductio ad ahsurdum [L.], a 

reducing a position to an ab- 
surdity. 

regina [L.], queen. 

regnant populi [L.], the people 
rule ; — the motto of Arkan- 
sas (properly, regnai populus). 

renommee [F.], renown; fame. 

requiescat in pace [L.], may 
he rest in peace. 

res angusta domi [L.], narrow 
circumstances at home ; pov- 
erty. 

res gestae [L.], things done ; 
transaction ; subject matter. 

respice finem [L.], look to the 
end. 

respublica [L.], the common- 
wealth. 

resurgam [L.], I shall rise 
again. 

revenons a nos moutons [F.], 
let us return to our sheep ; let 
us return to our subject. 

robe de Chambre [F.], a dress- 
ing-gown. 

rouleau [F.], a little roll. 

mat caelum [L.], let the heav- 
ens fall. 

ruit mole sua [L.], it falls of 
its own weight. 

ruse de guerre [F.], a strata- 
gem of war. 

rus in urbe [L.], the country in 
town. 

S. 
sal Atticum [L.], Attic salt ; 

wit. 
salle [F.], a hall, 
salus populi suprema est lex 

[L.], the welfare of the people 

is the supreme law ; — motto 

of Missouri. 
salve J [L.], hail!— motto of 

Idaho when a territory. 



sanctum sanctorum [L.], holy 

of holies. 
sans ceremonie [F.], without 

ceremony. 

sanspareil [F.], without equal. 

sans peur et sans reproche 
[F.], without fear and with- 
out reproach. 

Sanssouci [F.], free from care. 

sartor resartus [L.], the tailor 
retailored. 

satis verborum [l.], enough 

of words. 

savoir f aire, or ie savoir f aire 
[F.], the knowing how to do ; 
ability. 

scire facias [L.], cause it to be 
known. 

scripsit [L.], He, or She, wrote 
it. 

SCUlpsit [L.], He, or She, 
sculptured it. 

scuto bonae voluntatis tuae co- 
ronasti nos [L.], with the 
shield of thy good will thou 
hast encompassed us ; — a 
motto of Maryland. 

secundum ordinem [L.], in or- 
der. 

semel et simul [L.], once and 
together. 

semper fidelis [L.], always 
faithful. 

semper idem [L], always the 
same. 

semper paratus [L.], always 
ready. 

senatusconsultum [L.], a de- 
cree of the Senate. 

se non e vero, ebentrovato 
[It.], if not true, it is well 
feigned. 

sesquipedalia verba[L. ], words 
a foot and a half long. 

Sic passim [L.], so everywhere. 

sic semper tvrannis [L.], ever 
so to tyrants ; — motto of Vir- 
ginia. 

sic transit gloria mmndi [L.], 
so passes away earthly glory. 

SiCUt ante [L.], as before. 

sicut patribus, sit Deus nobis 
[L.], as God was with our 
fathers, so may he be with us. 

silent leges inter arma [L.], 
the laws are silent in time of 
war. 

similia similibus curantur 
[L.], like things are cured by 
like. 

sine cura[L.], without charge 
or care. 

Sine die [L.], without a day ap- 
pointed. 

Sine qua non [L.], an indispen- 
sable condition. 

si quaeris peninsuiam amoe- 
nam, circumspice [L.], if 
thou seekest a beautiful pe- 
ninsula, look about you ; — 
the motto of Michigan. 



si vispacem, para helium [L.], 
if you wish peace, prepare for 
war. 

sponte sua [L.], of one's own 
accord. 

statu quo ante helium [L.], in 
the state which was before 
the war. 

Status quo [L,], the state in 
which. 

Stet [L.], let it stand. 

Sturm und Drang [G.], storm 
and stress. 

suaviter in modo, fortlter in re 
[L.], gentle in manners, reso- 
lute in deed. 

SUh Judice [L.], under consid- 
eration. 

SUbrosa [L.], under the rose; 
privately. 

SUb specie [L.], under the ap- 
pearance of. 

SUb voce [L.], under the voice. 

suggestio falsi [L.], suggestion 
of falsehood. 

sui generis [L.], of its own 

kind. 
SUi Juris [L.], of one's own 

right; i. e., not under the 

power of another, as are 

slaves, minors, etc. 
summum bonum [L.], the 

chief good. 
suum cuique [L.], let each have 

his own. 



tabula rasa [L.], a smooth or 

blank tablet. 

tant mieux [F.], so much the 
better. 

tant pis [F.], so much the worse. 

tapis [F.], a carpet; also, the 
cover of a council table; 
hence, to be on the tapis, to 
be under consideration. 

telmaitre, tel valet [F.], like 
master, like man. 

tempusedax rerum [L.], time 
the devourer of all things. 

tempus fugit [L.], time flies. 

terraefillus [L.], a son of the 
earth ; i. e. , a human being. 

terra firm a [L.], solid earth; 
a safe footing. 

terra incognita [L.], an un- 
known country. 

tertium quid [L.], a third some- 
thing; a nondescript. 

tiers- etat [F. ] , the third estate ; 
commons or commonalty. 

timeo Danaos et dona f erentes 
[L.], I fear the Greeks even 
when bringing gifts. 

toga Virilis [L.], the toga worn 
by men. 

totidem verbis [L.], in just so 

many words. 
toties quoties [L.], as often as. 
tour de force [F.], a feat of 

might or skill. 



FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. 



719 



tOUS frais faites [F.], all ex- 
pense defrayed. 

tout- a- fait LF], entirely. 

tOUt-a-l'heure [F.J, instantly. 

tout au contraire [F.], on the 
contrary. 

tOUt aV0US[F.], wholly yours. 

tout de meme [F.], precisely 
the same. 

tout de suite [F.], immediately. 

tout ensemble [F.], the whole 
taken together. 

tu quo que, Brute ! [L.], and 
thou too, Brutus ! — imply- 
ing betrayal by a friend. 

U. 

Ubi supra [L.], where above 
mentioned. 

ultima Tnule [L.], utmost 
limit. 

UU fait accompli [F.], an ac- 
complished fact. 

UUO animo [L.], with one mind; 
unanimously. 

usque ad aras [L.], to the 

very altars. 
usus loquendi [L.], usage of 

speech. 
Ut infra [L.], as below. 
Ut supra [L.], as above. 



▼ade in pace £L. j, go in peace. 

vade mecum [L.], go with me ; 
a constant companion. 

▼ae vlctls [L.], woe to the van- 
quished. 

vale [L.], farewell. 



Valet de chambre [F.], an at- 
tendant ; a footman. 

variae lectlones [L.], various 
readings. 

venl, vidi, vici [L.], I came, 
I saw, I conquered. 

verbatim et literatim [L.], 
word for word and letter for 
letter. 

verbum sat sapientl [L.], a 

word is enough for a wise 

man. 
Veritas praevalebit [L.], truth 

will prevail. 
verite sans peur [F.], truth 

without fear. 
vestigia nulla retrorsum [L.], 

no footsteps backward. 
vezata quaestlo [L.], a dis- 
puted question. 
via [L.], by the way of. 
via media [L.], a middle 

course. 
via trita, via tuta [L.], the 

beaten path is the safe path. 
vice [L.], in the place of. 
Vice versa [L.], the terms be- 
ing exchanged. 
videtur [L.], it appears. 
vide ut supra [L], see as 

stated above. 
Vi et armis [L.], by force and 

arms ; by main force. 
vincit amor patriae [L.], love 

of country prevails. 
vincit omnia Veritas [L.], 

truth conquers all things. 
vinculum matrimonii [L.], the 

bond of marriage. 



Vis a Vis [F.], opposite ; fa- 
cing. 
vis lnertiae [L.], the power of 

inertia ; resistance of a body 

at rest. 
Vis Viva [L.], living force ; the 

force of a moving body, 
vita brevis, ars longa [L.], 

life is short, and art long. 
Vlvat rex [L.], long live the 

king. 
Viva voce [L.], by the living 

voice ; by oral testimony. 
vive la bagatelle [F.], success 

to trifling. 

vive la republique [F.], long 

live the republic. 
Vive le roi [F.], long live the 

king. 
VOila [F.], behold; there is, or 

there are. 
volens et potens [L.], willing 

and able 
volente Deo [L.], God willing. 
vox populi, vox Dei [L.], the 

voice of the people is the 

voice of God. 
vraisemblance [F.], verisimil- 
itude. 

z. 

Zeitgeist [G.], the spirit of the 

times. 
zonam perdidit [L.], he has 

lost his purse (belt). 
zonam solvere [L.],to loose the 

[virgin] zone or girdle ; — a 

part of the Roman marriage 

ceremony. 



WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. 



WEIGHTS IN COMMON USE. 
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 



27} grains = 1 dram, dr. 

16 dr. =: 437.5 gr = 1 ounce, oz. 

16 oz. = 7000 gr =1 pound, lb. 

14 lbs = 1 stone. 

25 lbs. (U. S. A.) =1 quarter, qr. 

28 lbs. (Gt. Br.) = 1 quarter, qr. 



100 lbs. (U.S.A.) . 
112 lbs. (Gt. Br.).. 

20 cwt 

2000 lbs. (U. S. A.). 
2240 lbs. (Gt. Br.). 
175 lbs. troy 



= 1 hundredweight, cwt. 

— 1 hundredweight, cwt. 

= 1 ton. 

= 1 short ton. 

= 1 long ton. 

= 144 lbs. av. 



TROY WEIGHT. 

3.2 grains =1 carat. I 20 dwt =r 1 ounce, oz. 

24 grains, gr =1 pennyweight, dwt. \ 12 oz. =r 5760 gr =1 pound, lb. 

Gold, silver, and jewels are weighed by this weight. 

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 

20 grains =1 scruple, 9.1 8 3= 480 gr =z 1 ounce, 3 . 

3 3 = ldram, 5- | 12 3 = 5760 gr = 1 pound, ft. 



MEASURES IN COMMON USE. 



LONG MEASURE. 



72 points = 1 inch, in. 



3 barleycorns. 
12 lines . 



= 1 inch. 
= 1 inch. 
= 1 palm. 
= 1 hand. 
1 span. 



4 inches 

9 inches 

12 inches = 1 foot, ft. 

18 inches =1 cubit. 

3 ft. = 36 in = 1 yard, yd. 

6 feet = 1 fathom. 

3j£?b} = 1 rod, perch, or pole. 



4 poles ■=. 66 feet 

100 links .s 

10 chains 

8 fur 

1760 yds 

5280 ft. 

6080.27 ft 

3 miles 

60 geog. m 

694 statute m . . . . 



1 chain. 

1 chain. 

1 furlong, fur. 

1 mile, m. 

1 mile. 

1 mile. 

1 geog. or naut. mile. 

1 league, lea. 

1 degree. 

1 equatorial deg. 



CLOTH MEASURE. 



2^ in = 1 nail, na. 

4 na. = 9 inches =: 1 quarter, qr. 

4 qr. = 36 inches =1 yard, yd. 

3 qr. = 27 inches = 1 ell Flemish. 



5 qr. = 45 inches. 

6 qr. == 54 inches . 
37.2 in 



= 1 ell English. 
= 1 ell French. 
= 1 ell Scotch. 



144 sq. inches . . . rr 1 square foot. 

feet = 1 sq. yard. 

sq. yards or ) = 1 square rod, 
72i sq. ft. j pole. 

16 sq. rods = 1 sq. chain. 



"fe 



SQUARE MEASURE. 

I 40 sq. rods 

4 roods or 160 sq. rods 
perch, or I or 10 sq. chains. 

I 640 acres 



1 rood. 

1 acre (43,560 sq. 
ft.). 
: 1 sq. mile. 



CUBIC MEASURE. 



1728 cu. in = 1 cu. ft. 

27 cu. ft = 1 cu. yd. 

40 ft. of round or 50 ft. of 
hewn timber 



= 1 ton or load. 



6cu. ft , 

cord ft. or 128 cu. ft. 



= 1 cord foot. 
= 1 cord. 



LIQUID MEASURE. 

4 gills =1 pint, pt. 63 gallons = 1 hogshead, hkd. 

2 pints =1 quart, qt. 84 gallons = 1 puncheon. 

4 quarts = 1 gallon, gal. 126 gallons = 1 pipe. 

42 gallons =1 tierce. 252 gallons = 1 tun. 

The barrel is usually taken to be 31 £ gallons ; in some States, 32 gallons. The gallon (U. S.) 
contains 231 cubic inches; but the imperial gallon, 277.274 cubic inches. 



APOTHECARIES' MEASURE. 



60 minims (or drops), 
8 fluid drams , 

16 fluid ounces 

8 pints 



1 fluid dram, f 3 . 
1 fluid ounce, f 3 • 
1 pint (oelarius), O. 
1 gallon (congiw). 



WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. 721 



DRY MEASURE. 



2 pints = 1 quart, qt. 

4 quartB =1 gallon, gal. 

2 gallons = 1 peck, pk. 

4 pecks = 1 bushel, bu. 

36 bushels = 1 chaldron, ch. 



4 bushels (in England) = 1 coom. 

2 cooms (in England) = 1 quarter. 

5 quarters (in England) = 1 wey. 

2 weys (in England) = 1 last. 



A gallon, dry measure, contains 268£ cubic inches. 

1 U. S. (or Winchester) bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches. 

-..,,,, i = 2218.192 cubic inches. 

1 imperial bushel j = 1.0315157 U. S. bu. 

[=8 imperial bushels. 

1 E»gU,h,u. rt er , | = 8&8i5b&!fi2L 

[= 10.2694 cubic feet. 

The weight of a bushel of wheat, as fixed by law, is GO lbs. avdp. ; of rye, 56 lbs. ; and of Indian 
corn, 56 lbs. A bushel of oats varies in weight from 30 to 36 lbs., and of barley from 32 to 50 lbs. 
The customary legal weight of a bushel of potatoes is 60 lbs., but in Ohio it is 58 lbs., and in Wash- 
ington 50 lbs. 

SHIPPING ADMEASUREMENT. 

Rboistkb Ton. — For Register Tonnage, or for measurement of the entire internal capacity of a 
vessel : — 

100 cubic feet = 1 register ton. 

This number is arbitrarily assumed to facilitate computation. 

Shipping Ton. — For the measurement of cargo : — 

f = 1 shipping ton. 
40 cubic feet <=z 31.16 imperial bushels. 

f = 32.143 bushels. 

f = 1 British shipping ton. 
42 cubic feet ■{ = 32.719 imperial bushels. 

{ = 33.75 bushels. 
350 cubic feet = 1 keel. 

A ton of wheal occupies about 40 cubic feet, and is often taken as a standard alike for the vol- 
ume and weight of cargoes. 



4 weeks =1 month. 

"-SftiM-r or H JuUan ye "- 

12 calendar months =1 year. 



60 seconds =1 minute. 

60 minutes =: 1 hour. 

24 hours =1 day. 

7 days = 1 week. 

2 weeks rr 1 fortnight. 

The length of the astronomical year is about 365£ days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 sec- 
onds. As the common year is 365 days, it becomes necessary once in every four years to add a 
day to the year, making the leap year of 366 days. 

Every year whose number is divisible by 4 without a remainder is a leap year, excepting the full 
centuries, which to be leap years must be divisible by 400 without a remainder ; 1900, therefore, 
was not a leap year. 

January, March, May, July, August, October, and December contain 31 days. 

April, June, September, and November contain 30 days. February contains 28 days, except in 
lor )p years, when it contains 29 days. 

ANGULAR MEASURE. 

60 seconds or 60" =1 prime minute. I 30 degrees = 1 sign, s. 

60 minutes or 60 7 = 1 degree, °. | 12 signs, or 360 degrees =1 great circle. 



12 units =1 dozen. I 12 gross = 1 great gross. 

12 dozen = 1 gross. | 20 units =1 score. 



24 sheets =1 quire. I 20 quires . 

1©tt quires =1 token. | 



THE METRIC SYSTEM. 



WEIGHTS 



10 milligrams. . 
10 centigrams . 
10 decigrams . . 

10 grams 

10 decagrams . 

10 hectograms . 
10 kilograms . . . 
10 myriagrams . 

10 quintals 



1 milligram . . 
1 centigram. . 
1 decigram . . . 
1 gram 

1 decagram . . 

1 hectogram 

1 kilogram . . . 
1 myriagram . 
1 quintal 



. = 0.0154323 gr. 

. = 0.1543235 gr. 

. = 1.5432349 gr. 

. = 15.4323488 gr. 

1 = 154.323488 gr. 

| = 0.3527 oz. av. 

1 = 1543.23488 gr. 

I = 3.5274 oz. av. 

_, k ! = 15432.3488 gr. 

= 2.204621 lbs. av. 



= k .000001 
= 0^.00001 . 
= 0^.0001 .. 
= 0*.001 ... 

= Ok.01 . . . . 
= k .1 



= 10 k . 

== 100k. 



1 millier or tonneau. 



64.798950 milligrams 
453.592651 grams .... 
1016.04754 kilograms. . 
907.18530 kilograms.. 



= 1 grain troy. 

= 1 pound av. 

=z 1 long ton, or 2240 lbs. : 

= 1 short ton, or 2000 lbs. 



= 22.04621 lbs. av. 

= 220.4621 lbs. av. 

= 1.9684 cwt. of 112 lbs. 
i = 2204.621 lbs. av. 
1000^. ... 1 = 0.9842 long ton of 2240 lbs. 

f = 1.102320 short tons of 2000 lbs. 

The kilogram is designed to be the exact 
weight in a vacuum of a cubic decimeter 
of distilled water at the temperature of 
4° of the centigrade thermometer (39.2° 
Fahrenheit). 



MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



1 millimeter . 

10 millimeters = 1 centimeter 

10 centimeters rr 1 decimeter . 



10 decimeters 



1 meter , 



Orn.OOl 
Orn.Ol . 
Om.l . . 

1m.... 



10 meters r= 1 decameter = 10m . . 

10 decameters = 1 hectometer' = 100m . 



10 hectometers 



0.0393708 inch. 
0.393708 inch. 
3.93708 inches. 
39.3708 inches. 
9.8427 hands. 
3.280899 feet. 
32.80899 feet. 
328.0899 feet. 
f = 3280.899 feet. 

= > "— « = i-H = "SMfci 

[= 0.621382 mile. 

10 kilometers = 1 myriameter = 10000m. = 6.21382 miles. 

25.398 millimeters =1 inch. 

1.0159 decimeters = 1 hand (4 inches). 

3.0479 decimeters = 1 foot (3 hands). 

9.1438 decimeters =1 yard (9 hands). 

100.58 decimeters =1 half-chain (99 hands). 

20.116 meters =1 chain. 

1.6093 kilometers =1 mile (80 chains). 

The meter is designed to be the ten-millionth part of the quadrant of the Earth's meridian. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 
Ordinary Measures. — The squares of the measures of length. 



LAND MEASURES. 



100 centares 
100 ares 



1 are = 100 square meters J _ 



1076.4 square feet. 
119.60 square yards. 



= 1 hectare = 2.471 acres. 



MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

Ordinary Measures. — The cube of the measures of length. 

61025.2 cubic inches. 

1 cubic meter \ = 35.316 cubic feet. 

1.3079 cubic yards. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



'23 



1 centistere. 
1 decistere. . 



MEASURES FOR WOOD. 



.= 0.01 stere 
r= 0.1 stere . 



1 stere = 1 cubic meter . 

1 decastere = 10 steres 



.= .353 cubic feet. 
= 3.53 cubic feet. 
= 35.316 cubic feet. 
= .2759 cord. 
.= 13.07!) cubic yards. 



1 milliliter 
10 milliliters = 1 centiliter = O'.Ol 
10 centiliters =1 deciliter = O'.l. . 

10 deciliters = 1 liter = l 1 . . . 

10 liters = 1 decaliter = 10 1 . . 

10 decaliters = 1 hectoliter = 100 1 . 
10 hectoliters = 1 kiloliter =: 1000 1 



DRY AND LIQUID MEASURES. 
0!.001 



: 0.00106 quart, liq. meas. 

:0.27 fluid dram. 

: 0.01057 quart, liq. meas. 

: 0.338 fluid oz. 

: 0.10567 quart, liq. meas. 

: 0.845 gill. 

: 1 cubic decimeter. 

: 1.0567 quarts, liq. meas. 

: 0.908 quart, dry meas. 

: 2.6418 gallons. 

: 9.08 quarts, dry meas. 

2 bushels, 3.35 pecks. 

26.417 gallons. 
: 1 cubic meter. 
: 264.17 gallons. 



ALPHABETIC LIST OF 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 

OF PRINCIPAL NATIONS 

WITH AMERICAN AND METRIC EQUIVALENTS. 



Weight or Measure 


Country or Locality 


United States Unit 


Metric Equivalent 


achtel 


Austria 


0.872 pk. 


7.68681. 


acre 


U. S. & G. B. 


1. acre. 


40.4629 are 


ady 


Madras 


10.46 in. 


0.2657 m. 


ahm 


Hamburg 


38.147 gal. 


144.3988 1. 


ahnude 


Portugal 


4.369 gal. 


16.539 1. 


almude 


Spain 


0.533 pk. 


4.659 1. 


alqueire 


Brazil 


1.135 bus. 


39.996 1. 


alqueire 


Lisbon 


2.184 gal. 


8.269 1. 


alqueire 


Portugal 


1.534 pk. 


13.519 1. 


anker 


Hamburg 


9.536 gal. 


36.099 1. 


anker 


Saxony 


17.176 gal. 


65.017 1. 


anker 


U.S. 


10. gal. 


37.8523 1. 


archine 


Russia 


28. in. 


0.711 m. 


ardeb 


Egypt 


5.2 bus. 


183.2278 1. 


are 


Metric 


0.0247 acre 


1. are 


arratel 


Portugal 


1.0119 lbs. 


458.976 g. 


arroba 


Argentina 


25.3175 lbs. 


11.4413 kg. 


arroba 


Brazil 


32.3792 lbs. 


14.6874 kg. 


arroba 


Portugal 


32.379 lbs. 


14.6874 kg. 


arroba 


Spain 


25.35 lbs 


11.5023 kg. 


baril 


Mexico 


20. gal. 


75.704 1. 


barleycorn 


G. B. 


0.333 in. 


0.0008 m. 


barrel (beer) 
barrel (beer) 


U. S. 


31.5 gal. 


119.237 1. 


G. B. 


43.212 gaL 


163.572 1. 


becher 


Austria 


0.054 pk. 


0.4792 1. 


berkovitz 


Russia 


360.676 lbs. 


163.603 kg. 


biggah 


Bombay 


0.607 acre 


24.577 are 


bonkal 


B. India 


832. gr. 


53.9136 g. 


botta 


Portugal 


113.611 gal. 


430.1272 1. 


bu 


Japan 


0.1 in. 


0.0025 m. 


bushel (Winchester) 


U.S. 


1. bus. 


35.236 1. 


bushel (Winchester), 








wheat 


U.S. 


60. lbs. 


27.2156 kg. 



724 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



Weight or Measure 


Country or Locality 


United States Unit 


Metric Equivalent 


bushel (Imperial) 


G.B. 


1.0315 bus. 


36.346 1. 


butt 


G. B. 


129.665 gal. 


490.819 1. 


caban 


Philippine Islands 


133. lbs. 


60.329 kg. 


candy 


Bombay 


560. lbs. 


254.032 kg. 


candy 


Madras 


500. lbs. 


226.796 kg. 


can tar 


Central America 


4.2631 gal. 


16.1371 1. 


cantar 


Egypt 


98.19 lbs. 


44.539 kg. 


carat 


U. S. 


3.2 gr. 


20.73 g. 


earga 


Mexico 


300. lbs. 


136. kg. 


catty 


Burma 


1.111 lbs. 


503.993 g. 


centare 


Metric 


0.00025 acre 


0.01 are 


centigram 


Metric 


0.154 gr. 


0.01 g. 


centiliter 


Metric 


0.1057 qt. 


0.01 1. 


centiliter 


Metric 


0.0011 pk. 


0.01 1. 


centimeter 


Metric 


0.3937 in. 


0.01 m. 


centner 


Austria 


123.461 lbs. 


56.002 kg. 


centner (double) 


Metric 


220.46 lbs. 


100. kg. 


chaldron 


G. B. 


36. bus. 


1.3084 kl. 


chitack 


Bengal 


0.0015 pk. 


0.0132 1. 


covado 


Portugal 


25.984 in. 


0.66 m. 


covid 


Bengal 


18. in. 


0.4572 m. 


covid 


Java 


27. in. 


.6858 m. 


cuadra 


Argentina 


4.2 acre 


169.9442 are 


cuartilla 


Central America. 


1.0658 gal. 


4.0344 1. 


cuartilla 


Central America. 


1.5745 pk. 


13.8698 1. 


cubit 


England 


18. in. 


0.4572 m. 


decagram 


Metric 


154.32 gr. 


10. g. 


decaliter 


Metric 


2.6418 gal. 


10. 1. 


decaliter 


Metric 


1.1352 pk. 


10. 1. 


decameter 


Metric 


32.809 ft. 


10. m. 


decigram 


Metric 


1.5432 gr. 


0.1 g. 


deciliter 


Metric 


0.1057 qt. 


0.1 1. 


deciliter 


Metric 


0.0114 pk. 


0.1 1. 


decimeter 


Metric 


3.937 in. 


0.1 m. 


dedo 


Spain 


0.679 in. 


0.0177 m. 


derhem 


Egypt 


47.73 gr. 


3.093 g. 


dessatine 


Russia 


2.6997 acre 


119.249 are 


drachma 


Russia 


57.60 gr. 


3.7325 g. 


drachme 


Germany 


57.53 gr. 


3.7279 g. 


dram 


U. S. & G. B. 


60. gr. 


3.888 g. 


eimer 


Hamburg 


7.6295 gal. 


28.88 1. 


eimer 


Prussia 


18.1464 gal. 


68.69 1. 


ell 


England 


45. in. 


1.142 m. 


elle 


Austria 


30.6775 in. 


0.779 m. 


elle 


Hamburg 


22.54 in. 


0.5725 m. 


elle 


Russia 


26.2586 in. 


0.6669 m. 


estadio 


Portugal 


0.1598 mi. 


0.2572 km. 


fanega 


Argentina 


3.8936 bus. 


137.19 1. 


fanega 


Spain 


1.599 bus. 


56.3425 1. 


fanega 


Uruguay 


7.776 bus. 


274. 1. 


fanegada 


Spain 


1.5871 acre 


64.2188 are 


fass 


Germany 


26.418 gal. 


100. 1. 


fass 


Hamburg 


1.4941 bus. 


52.646 1. 


fass 


Hungary 


52.545 gal. 


198.9 1. 


fass 


Saxony 


100.1737 gal. 


379.187 1. 


fathom 


G.B. 


6. ft. 


1.8287 m. 


feddan 


Egypt 


1.0382 acre 


42.0084 are 


firkin 


G.B. 


10.8054 gal. 


40.0166 1. 


foot 


U. S. & G. B. 


12. in. 


0.3048 m. 


frail 


Spain 


50. lbs. 


22.68 kg. 


frasco 


Mexico 


2.5 qt. 


2.3672 1. 


fuder 


Austria 


478.479 gal. 


1811.19 1. 


fuder 


Hamburg 


228.884 gal. 


866.39 1. 


funte 


Russia 


0.9028 lb. 


409.51 g. 


furlong 


G. B. 


0.125 mi. 


0.2011 km. 





WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


. Jo 


Weight or Measure 


Country or Locality 


United States Unit 


Metric Equivalent 


fuss 


Austria 


12.4456 in. 


0.3161 m. 


fuss 


Hamburg 


11.27 in. 


0.2862 m. 


fuss 


Saxony 


11.148 in. 


0.2831 m. 


gallon (beer) 


U. S. 


1.225 gal. 


4.64 1. 


gallon (Winchester) 


u. s. 


1. gal. 


3.7853 1. 


gallon (imperial) 


G. B. 


1.2006 gal. 


4.5435 1. 


garse 


Madras 


139.508 bus. 


4.9157 kl. 


geira 


Portugal 


1.4287 acre 


57.8094 are 


gill v Winchester) 


U. S. 


0.125 qt. 


0.11841. 


gilt 


G. B. 


0.1501 qt. 


0.1421 1. 


gonghau 


Japan 


0.9547 pk. 


8.4 1. 


grain 


U. S. & G. B. 


1. gr. 


0.0648 g. 


gram 


Metric 


15.432 gr. 


1. g- 


gran 


Austria 


1.13 gr. 


0.0732 g. 


guirbeh 


Egypt 


17.6117 gal. 


66.665 1. 


guz 


Bengal 


36. in. 


0.9144 m. 


hand 


G. B. 


4. in. 


0.1016 m. 


hanth 


B. India 


18. in. 


0.4572 m. 


hectare 


Metric 


2.4714 acre 


100. are 


hectogram 


Metric 


3.527 oz. 


100. g. 


hectoliter 


Metric 


26.418 gal. 


100. 1. 


hectoliter 


Metric 


2.838 bus. 


100. 1. 


hectometer 


Metric 


328.09 ft. 


100. m. 


hogshead 


U. S. 


63. gal. 


238.474 1. 


hogshead 


G. B. 


64.8324 gal. 


245.41 1. 


hundredweight 


U. S. 


100. lbs. 


45.36 kg. 


hundredweight 


G. B. 


112. lbs. 


50.80 kg. 


inc 


Japan 


6.25 ft. 


1.9062 m. 


inch 


U. S. & G. B. 


1. in. 


0.0254 m. 


jaob 


Bengal 


0.25 in. 


0.0063 m. 


joch 


Austria 


1.4223 acre 


57.55 are 


kahoon 


Bengal 


42.44 bus. 


1495.42 1. 


kanne 


Austria 


0.7477 qt. 


0.7079 1. 


kanne 


Germany 


1.0567 qt. 


1. 1. 


kerat 


Egypt 


1.99 gr. 


0.1289 g. 


kette 


Germany 


32.809 ft. 


10. m. 


kilogram 


Metric 


2.2046 lbs. 


1000. g. 


kiloliter 


Metric 


264.18 gal. 


1000. 1. 


kiloliter 


Metric 


28.38 bus. 


1000. 1. 


kilometer 


Metric 


3280.899 ft. 


1000. m. 


kin 


Japan 


1.325 lbs. 


601.0226 g. 


klafter 


Austria 


6.2228 ft. 


1.8966 m. 


klafter 


Bremen 


5.693 ft. 


1.7351 m. 


koku 


Japan 


5.1565 bus. 


187.4181 1. 


korree 


Russia 


3.5 bus. 


127.211 1. 


lana 


Russia 


1.2037 oz. 


34.1251 g. 


last 


G. B. 


82.52 bus. 


2907.68 1. 


last 


Austria 


4938.46 lbs. 


2250.085 kg. 


last 


Hamburg 


89.6433 bus. 


3158.68 1. 


league 


G. B. 


3. mi. 


4.8279 km. 


legua 


Spain 


4.2151 mi. 


6.7834 km. 


libra 


Spain 


1.0143 lbs. 


460.90 g. 


line 


G. B. 


0.0833 in. 


0.0021 m. 


link 


G. B. 


8. in. 


0.2032 m. 


liter 


Metric 


1.0567 qt. 


1. 1. 


liter 


Metric 


1.1135 pk. 


1. 1. 


loth 


Austria 


270.06 gr. 


17.5 g. 


loth 


Hamburg 


233.6 gr. 


15.1374 g. 


loth 


Russia 


197.49 gr. 


12.7974 g. 


malter 


Prussia 


18.7164 bus. 


659.492 1. 


mark 


Aiistria 


9.8768 oz. 


280. g. 


mark 


Hamburg 


8.5431 oz. 


242.2 g. 



7^> 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 




Weight or Measure 


Country or Locality 


United States Unit 


Metric Equivalent 


mass 


Austria 


1.4954 qt. 


1.4149 1. 


maund (bazaar) 
maund (factory) 


Bengal 


82.285 lbs. 


37.324 kg. 


Bengal 


74.6667 lbs. 


33.869 kg. 


meile 


Austria 


4.7142 mi. 


7.5866 km. 


meile 


Prussia 


4.6807 mi. 


7.5327 km. 


meter 


Metric 


39.3708 in. 


1. m. 


metze 


Austria 


1.7451 bus. 


61.4994 1. 


metze 


Prussia 


0.3899 pk. 


3.4346 1. 


mile 


England 


1. mi. 


1.6093 km. 


milha 


Portugal 


1.2786 mi. 


2.0573 km. 


millier 


Metric 


2204.621 lbs. 


1000. kg. 


milligram 


Metric 


0.0154 gr. 


0.001 g. 


milliliter 


Metric 


0.001 qt. 


0.001 1. 


millimeter 


Metric 


0.0394 in. 


0.001 m. 


aomme 


Japan 


57.9 gr. 


3.75 g. 


morgeu 


Hamburg 


2.3852 acre 


96.5123 are 


myriagram 


Metric 


22.046 lbs. 


10. kg. 


nail 


G. B. 


2.25 in. 


0.0571 m. 


ioeuzoll 


Germany 


0.3937 in. 


0.01 m. 


nossel 


Saxony 


0.6362 qt. 


0.6024 1. 


ohm 


Prussia 


36.2928 gal. 


137.379 1. 


oitava 


Portugal 


55.34 gr. 


3.5857 g. 


oka 


Egypt 


2.7275 lbs. 


1237.2 g. 


onca 


Portugal 


1.0119 oz. 


28.6873 g. 


once 


Russia 


1.0532 oz. 


29.8582 g. 


onza 


Spain 


1.0143 oz. 


28.756 g. 


ounce (avoirdupois) 


U. S. & G. B. 


1. oz. 


28.3495 g. 


ounce (troy) 


U. S. & G. B. 


1.0971 oz. 


31.1035 g. 


oxhoft 


Hamburg 


57.221 gal. 


216.598 1. 


palm 


G. B. 


3. in. 


0.0762 m. 


pal mo 


Spain 


8.346 in. 


0.2120 m. 


peck (Winchester) 


U.S. 


1. pk. 


8.809 1. 


peck (imperial) 


G. B. 


1.0315 pk. 


9.0865 1. 


pennyweight 


U. S. & G. B. 


24. gr. 


1.5552 g. 


perch 


G. B. 


16.667 ft. 


5.0799 m. 


pfund 


Austria 


1.2346 lbs. 


560.012 g. 


pfund 


Germany 


1.1023 lbs. 


500. g. 


pice 


Bombay 


163.33 gr. 


10.5838 g. 


pie 


Spain 


11.128 in. 


0.2826 m. 


pint (Winchester) 


U. S. 


0.5 qt. 


0.4734 1. 


pint (imperial) 


G. B. 


0.6003 qt. 


0.5679 1. 


pipe 


U. S. 


126. gal. 


476.95 1. 


pipe 


G. B. 


129.665 gal. 


490.82 1. 


pole 


G. B. 


16.667 ft. 


5.0799 m. 


pood 


Russia 


36.114 lbs. 


16.38 kg. 


pound (avoirdupois) 


U. S. & G. B. 


1. lb. 


453.5927 g. 


pound (troy) 


U. S. & G. B. 


0.8229 lb. 


373.2419 g. 


puncheon 


U.S. 


84. gal. 


317.965 1. 


puncheon 


G. B. 


129.665 gal. 


490.82 1. 


quart (Winchester) 


U.S. 


1. qt. 


0.9469 1. 


quart (beer) 


G. B. 


1.2251 qt. 


1.16 1. 


quart (imperial) 


G. B. 


1.2006 qt. 


1.1358 1. 


quarter 


U.S. 


25. lbs. 


11.34 kg. 


quarter 


G. B. 


8.252 bus. 


290.8 1. 


quarter 


G. B. 


28. lbs. 


12.7 kg. 


quartier 


Hamburg 


0.9536 qt. 


0.9029 1. 


quartillo 


Spain 


0.5329 qt. 


0.4946 1. 


quarto 


Portugal 


0.3836 pk. 


3.3791 1. 


quentchen 


Austria 


67.51 gr. 


4.375 g. 


quentchen 


Hamburg 


58.4 gr. 


3.7843 g. 
100. kg. 


quintal 


France 


220.46 lbs. 


quintal 


Portugal 


129.518 lbs. 


58.749 kg. 


quintal 


Spain 


101.433 lbs. 


46.09 kg. 


rod 


G. B. 


16.667 ft. 


5.0799 m. 


rood 


G. B. 


0.25 acre 


10.1157 are 





WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


727 


Weight or Meauure 


Country or Locality 


United States Unit 


Metric Equivalent 


rottolo 


Egypt 


0.9819 lb. 


445.41 g. 


runlet 


U.S. 


18. gal. 


68.1341 1. 


ruthe 


Austria 


12.4455 ft. 


3.7933 m. 


ruthe 


Prussia 


12.357 ft. 


3.7663 m. 


sachine 


Russia 


7. ft. 


2.1335 m. 


scheffel 


Germany 


1.419 bus. 


50. 1. 


scheffel 


Hamburg 


2.9881 bus. 


105.289 1. 


schoppen 


Germany 


0.5284 qt. 


0.5 1. 


genua 


Brunswick 


11.235 in. 


0.2853 m. 


scruple 


U. S. & G. B. 


20. gr. 


1.296 g. 


80 


Japan 


3.6 ft. 


1.097 m. 


seer 


Bengal 


1.8667 lbs. 


846.74 g. 


seer 


Bombay 


11.2 oz. 


317.5222 g. 


seer 


Ceylon 


1.2 qt. 


1.1363 1. 


seidel 


Austria 


0.3738 qt. 


0.3539 1. 


ser 


B. India 


2.2046 lbs. 


1. kg. 


shaku 


Japan 


10. in. 


0.254 m. 


span 


G. B. 


9. in. 


0.2286 m. 


stab 


Germany 


39.3708 in. 


1. m. 


stab 


Hungary 


62.2278 in. 


1.5805 m. 


staro 


Austria 


2.344 bus. 


82.61 1. 


stone 


G. B. 


14. lbs. 


6.3503 kg. 


strich 


Germany 


0.0394 in. 


0.001 m. 


stubchen 


Hamburg 


3.8147 qt. 


3.6121 1. 


tael 


China 


1.3334 oz. 


37.8019 g. 


tchetverik 


Russia 


2.976 pk. 


26.216 1. 


tchetvert 


Russia 


7. in. 


0.1778 m. 


tchetviert 


Russia 


5.9521 bus. 


209.728 1. 


tierce 


U. S. 


42. gal. 


158.98 1. 


tierce 


G. B. 


43.2216 gal. 


163.606 1. 


to 


Japan 


2.0626 pk. 


18.7418 1. 


tola 


B. India 


180. gr. 


11.664 g. 


ton (long) 


U. S. & G. B. 


2240. lbs. 


1016.0475 kg. 


ton (short) 


U. S. & G. B. 


2000. lbs. 


907.185 kg. 


tonelada 


Portugal 


113.607 gal. 


429.998 1. 


tonelada 


Portugal 


1748.493 lbs. 


793.116 kg. 


tonelada 


Spain 


2028.66 lbs. 


921.803 kg. 


tonne 


Germany 


2204.621 lbs. 


1000. kg. 


tonne 


Hamburg. 


45.7771 gal. 


173.279 1. 


tonneau 


France 


2204.621 lbs. 


1000. kg. 


tun 


U. S. 


252. gal. 


953.895 1. 


tun 


G. B. 


259.33 gal. 


981.641 1. 


unglee 


Bengal 


0.75 in. 


0.019 m. 


unze 


Austria 


1.2346 oz. 


35. g. 


unze 


Hamburg. 


1.0679 oz. 


30.282 g. 


vara 


Portugal 


43.28 in. 


1.0993 m. 


vara 


Spain 


33.384 in. 


0.8479 m. 


vedro 


Russia 


3.249 gal. 


12.299 1. 


verschok 


Russia 


1.75 in. 


0.0444 m. 


verst 


Russia 


0.6628 mi. 


1.0666 km. 


vierling 


Austria 


4.9384 oz. 


140.006 g. 


viertel 


Austria 


1.7451 pk. 


15.3724 1. 


viertel 


Austria 


3.7381 gal. 


14.1498 1. 


viertel 


Hamburg 


1.9074 gal. 


7.2208 1. 


viertel 


Prussia 


1.5597 pk. 


13.7394 1. 


wey 


G. B. 


41.26 bus. 


1453.84 1. 


wispel 


Hamburg 


29.8811 bus. 


1052.89 1. 


yard 


U. S. & G. B. 


3. ft. 


0.9144 m. 


yugada 


Spain 


79.355 acre 


3210.941 are 


zoll 


Austria 


1.0371 in. 


0.0263 m. 


zoll. 


Hamburg 


0.9391 in. 


0.0238 m. 


zolotnik 


Russia 


65.83 gr. 


4.2658 g. 



COINS AND THEIK VALUES. 



The value given for coins of " silver standard " countries is based upon the market price of 
the pure silver they contain, and fluctuates with the price of silver. For this table the price 
of an ounce of pure silver was taken as $0.58313. For " gold standard " countries the value of 
even the silver coins is reckoned as the given proportionate part of the gold unit. 



Name of Coin. 


Country and Standard, 
g. = gold. 
e. = silver. 


Denominations Coined. 


Equivalent Value in 
Other Native Coins. 


• 5 












Gold. 


Silver. 




•3 


Alexander 


Bulgaria, g. & s.* 


1 





20 levs 


$3,859 


alphonse 


Cuba, g. 


1 




25 pesetas 


4.823 


anna 


India, g. 


— 


4; 2 


4 pice 


0.02 


argentine 


Argentina, g. 


i; * 


— 


5 pesos 


4.824 


bani 


Roumania, g.* 


— 


50 


.01 lei 


0.002 


bolivar 


Venezuela, g.* 


100; 50; 
20; 10; 5 


5; 2; 1; 
frac. 


20 centavos 


0.193 


boliviano 


Bolivia, s. 


— 


1; \\ etc. 


100 centavos 


0.422 


cash 


China, s. 


— 


— 


.001 tael 


0.007 


eent 


Canada, g. 


— 


50; 25; 10;5 


.01 dollar 


0.01 


cent 


Newfoundland, g. 


— 


50;20; 10; 5 


.01 dollar 


0.01 


cent 


United States, g. 


— 


50; 25; 10 


.01 dollar 


0.01 


centavo 


Argentina, g. 


— 


5;10;20;50 


.01 peso 


0.009 


centavo 


Bolivia, s. 


— 


5; 10; 20;50 


.01 bolivar 


0.005 


centavo 


Chile, g. 


— 


20; 10; 5 


.01 peso 


0.004 


centavo 


Mexico, s. 


— 


50;20;10;5 


.01 peso 


0.004 


centavo 


Venezuela, g.* 


— 


10; 4 


^ bolivar 


.01 


centesimo 


Italy, g. & s.* 


— 


50; 20 


.01 lira 


0.002 


centesimo 


Uruguay, g. 


— 


50; 20; 10 


.01 peso 


0.01 


centime 


L. U.,* g. & s. 


— 


50; 20 


.01 franc 


0.002 


centimo 


Costa Rica, g. 


— 


50;25;10;5 


.01 colon 


0.005 


centimo 


Cuba, g. 


— 


— 


.01 peso 


0.009 


centimo 


Spain, g.* 


— 


50; 20 


.01 peseta 


0.002 


colon 


Costa Rica, g. 


20; 10; 5; 2 


\; etc. 


100 centimos 


0.465 


condor 


Chile, g. 


i;i 


— 


10 pesos 


7.30 


condor 


Colombia, s. 


2;i 


— 


20 pesos 


9.647 


copeck 


Russia, g. 




50; 25; 20; 
15; 10; 5 


.01 ruble 


0.005 


crown 


Austiia-H., g. 


10; 20 


1;5 


100 heller 


0.203 


crown 


Denmark, g. 


20; 10; 5 


2;1; J; etc. 


100 ore 


0.268 


crown 


Germany, g. 


2;1. 


— 


10 marks 


2.38 


crown 


Great Brit., g. 


— 


i;i 


5 shillings 


1.216 


crown 


Norway, g. 


20; 10; 5 


2; 1; frac. 


100 ore 


0.268 


crown 


Portugal, g. 


l; }; 1-5; 
1-10 


— 


10 milreis 


10.805 


crown 


Sweden, g. 


20; 10; 5 


2; 1; frac. 


100 ore 


0.268 


decimo 


Colombia, s. 


— 


2;i;i 


to peso 
10 cents 


0.05 


dime 


United States, g. 


— 


l 


0.10 


dinar 


Servia, g. & s.* 


20; 10 


5; 2; 1; J 


100 paras 


0.193 


dollar 


Canada, g. 


— 


\ ; \ ; etc. 


100 cents 


1.00 


dollar 


Mexico. See Peso. 










dollar 


Newfoundland, g. 


2 


— 


100 cents 


1.014 


doUar 


United States, g. 


20 ; 10 ; 5 ; 


i; *; \ 

1-10 


100 cents 


1.00 


doubloon 


Chile, g. 


1 


— 


10 pesos 


3.65 


doubloon isabella 


Cuba, g. & s. 


1 


— 


— 


5,017 


doubloon 


See Onza. 




2 







See footnote, p. 730. 



COINS AND THEIR VALUES. 



729 







Denominations Coined. 




S >, 


Name of Coin. 


Country and Standard, 
g. = gold. 
b. = silver. 






Equivalent Value in 
Other Native Coins. 


.Sc 








aS 






Gold. 


Silver. 




?« 


drachma 


Greece, g. & s.* 


100; 50; 
20; 10; 5 


5; 2; 1 


100 lepta 


$0,193 


ducat 


Austria-H., g. 


1; 4 


— 


— 


2.287 


eagle 


United States, g. 


2; 1; i;J 


— 


10 dollars 


10.00 


escudo 


Chile, g. 




— 


5 pesos 


1.825 


florin 


Austria, g. 


— 


1; 2; i 


100 kreutzers 


0.482 


florin 


Great Brit., g. 


. 


l 


2 shillings 


0.487 


florin 


Netherlands, g. 


10 


2£;l;frac. 


100 cents 


0.402 


franc 


( Belgium, g. & 8.* 

< France 

( Switzerland 


100; 50 
20; 10; 5 


5; 2; 1 

*;i-5 


100 centimes > 


0.193 


gourde 


Hayti, tj. 


10;5;2;1 


1 ; frac- 
tions 


100 centimes 


0.965 


guilder 


Netherlands. See 
Floein. 










imperial 


Russia, g. 


i; i 


— 


15 rubles 


7.718 


kran 


Persia, s. 




— 


jV toman 


0.078 


kreutzer 


Austria, g. 


— 


20; 10 


.01 florin 


0.005 


lei 


Roumania, g.* 


20; 10 


5; 2; 1 


lOObani 


0.193 


lepton 


Greece, g. & s.* 





50; 20 


.01 drachma 


0.002 


lev 


Bulgaria, g. & s.* 


20 


5; 2; 1; J 


100 stotinki 


0.193 


liang 


Korea, s. 


— 


1 


— 


0.10 


libra 


Peru, g. & s. 


i; * 


— 


10 soles 


4.8665 


lira 


Italy, g. & s.* 


100; 50; 
20 ; 10 ; 5 


5; 2; 1; 

fractions 


100 centesimi 


0.193 


lira 


Turkey, g. 


5; 2£; 1; 

i; k 

20; 10 


— 


.01 lira 


4.396 


mark 


Finland, g.* 


2 ; 1 ; frac. 


100 penni 


0.193 


mark 


Germany, g. 


20; 10 


5; 2; 1; 
fractions 


100 pfennigs 


0.238 


milreis 


Brazil, g. 


50 ; 10 ; 5 


2; 1; | 


1000 reis 


0.546 


milreia 


Portugal, g. 


10 ; 5 ; 2 ; 1 


1 ; frac. 


1000 reis 


1.08 


onza 


Guatemala, s. 


i;i 


— 


— 


15.739 


onza 


Honduras, 8. 


i; h 


— 


— 


15.739 


onza 


Nicaragua, s. 


l\\_ 


— 


— 


15.739 


onza 


Salvador, s. 


— 


— 


15.739 


ore 


Denmark, g. 




50; 40; 
25; 10 


.01 or own 


0.003 


ore 


Norway, g. 


— 


50; 40; 
25; 10 


.01 crown 


0.003 


ore 


Sweden, g. 


— 


50; 40; 
25: 10 


.01 crown 


0.003 


para 


Servia, g. & s.* 


— 


50 


.01 dinar 


0.002 


para 


Turkey, g. 


— 


20 


^ piaster 


0.001 


penni 


Finland, g.* 


— 


50; 25 


.01 mark 


0.002 


penny 


Great Britain, g. 


— 


6; 4; 3; 

2; 1 
1 


4 farthings 


0.02 


peseta 


Ecuador, g. 





20 centavos 


0.097 


peseta 


Spain, g.* 


100; 50; 
25; 20; 
10; 5 


5; 2; 1; 

fractions 


100 centimos 


0.133 


peso 


Argentina, g. 


— 


1 ; h ; 1-10 ; 
1-20 


100 centavos 


0.965 


peao 


Chile, g. 


— 


1; 1-5; etc. 


100 centavos 


0.365 


peso 


Colombia, s. 


— 


1; 1-5; etc. 


10 decimos 


0.487 


peso 


Cuba, g. 


— 


1 


100 centimos 


0.910 


peso 


Guatemala, s. 


20; 10; 5; 

2;1 
20; 10; 5; 

2;1 
20; 10; 5; 1 


1; frac. 


100 centimos 


0.422 


peso 


Honduras, s. 


1; frac. 


100 centimos 


0.422 


peso 


Mexico, s. 


1; frac. 


100 centavos 


g0.98 












s 0.46 


peso 


Nicaragua, s. 


20;10;5;2;1 


1; frac. 


100 centimos 


0.422 


peso 


Salvador, s. 


20;10;5;2;1 


1; frac. 


100 centimos 


0.422 



See footnote, p. "30. 



730 



COINS AND THEIR VALUES. 



Name of Coin. 


Country and Standard, 
g. = gold, 
s. = silver. 


Denominations Coined. 


Equivalent Value in 
Other Native Coins. 


it 








*s 






Gold. 


Silver. 




?d 


peso 


Uruguay, g. 


1 


1; i; 1-5; 
1-10 


100 centesimos 


51.034 


peso 


Venezuela. See 
Venezolano. 










pfennig 


Germany, g. 


— 


50 


.01 mark 


0.002 


piaster 


Egypt, g. 


50 


20;10;5;2; 1 


.01 pound 


0.05 


piaster 


Turkey, g. 


50; 25 


20;10;5;2; 
frac. 


.01 lira 


0.044 


pound 


Egypt, g. 


i;i , 


100 piasters 


4.943 


pound 


Great Brit., g. 


5;2;1;£ 


— 


20 shillings 


4.8665 


real 


Ecuador, g. 


— 


1 


10 centavos 


0.05 


real 


Portugal, g. 


— 


500; 200; 
100; 50 


.001 milreis 


0.001 


rixdaler 


Netherlands, g. 





2£ florins 


1.005 


ruble 


Russia, g. 


15; 10; 7*;5 


1; frac. 


100 copecks 


0.515 


rupee 


India, g. 


— 


i; b b i 


16 annas 


0.324 


sen 


Japan, g. 


— 


50; 20; 10 


.01 yen 


0.005 


shilling 


Great Brit., g. 


— 


5;2£ 


12 pence 


0.243 


sol 


Peru, g. & s. 


— 


1; frac. 


100 centavos 


0.487 


sovereign 


Great Britain. See 
Pound. 


— 








stotinki 


Bulgaria, g. & s.* 


— 


— 


.01 lev 


0.002 


sucre 


Ecuador, g. 


10 


1; frac. 


100 centavos 


0.487 


tael (haikwan) 


China, s. 


not coined 




1000 cash 


0.703 


thaler 


Germany, g. 


— 


1 


3 marks 


0.714 


toman 


Persia, s. 


2;1 


— 


10 krans 


1.704 


venezolano 


Venezuela, g.* 


20;10;4;2;1 


— 


100 centavos 


0.965 


yen 


Japan, g. 


20; 10; 5 




100 sen 


0.498 



* The Latin Monetary Union (Belgium, France, Greece, 
standard with the ratio of gold to silver fixed at 1 to 15J, but virtual 



Italy, Switzerland) has nominally a double 

ally it has the single gold standard because 

of the limiting of the silver coinage in 1873. All of these countries have coins of the same weight and fine- 



ness, but the "franc" and "centime" are called respectively "lira" and "centesimo" in Italy and 
" drachma " and " lepton " in Greece. This monetary system has also beenadopted in whole or in part by 
Bulgaria, Finland, Roumania, Servia, Spain, Venezuela, etc. 






DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



When a word in this vocabulary is printed in small capitals, whether preceded by 
(compare) or not, it means a reference to the word bo printed. 



' See " or " Cf . 



A, &• Letter used in abbreviations : as, A/C, 
account current ; A/c, account ; @ for to or 
at, usually in connection with prices, as 12 c. 
@ 14 c. (12 to 14 cents) ; 100 lbs. @ 10 c. (100 
lbs. at 10 cents). A, alone, may signify Ac- 
cepted or Audited. 

A 1. At Lloyd's Register of Shipping = first- 
class ; A 2, second class, etc. In the U. S. the 
scale runs fractionally, — A 1, A 1 1-4, etc., 
A 2, etc. Loosely, A 1 is used in trade simply 
for " first-rate " of its kind. 

abandonment. Giving up of insured damaged 
property to insurers, with claim for total loss. 

abatement- Deduction from a bill or invoice ; 
diminution of a nuisance. 

abeyance. Suspension ; temporary suppression. 

abrasion. Loss of weight, as in coins, from 
handling. 

abstract. A summary or epitome, as of a title, 
a will. 

acceptance. Agreement to terms or conditions; 
engagement of a drawee of a bill or draft to 
pay it; reception of a thing bought as that 
agreed upon. 

acceptor. One who signs in acceptance. 

accession. Adding property through growth 
or by labor. 

accessory. A subordinate aid to another's act 
(usually in crime). 

accident insurance. Agreement to pay a speci- 
fied sum in case of injury or death by accident. 

accommodation paper. Promissory notes made 
only for borrowing, not standing for real 
transactions. 

accord and satisfaction. Discharge of a con- 
tract as performed when something else is 
given or done and accepted therefor. 

account. Registry of pecuniary transactions ; 
statement of debits and credits. 

accountant- One skilled in commercial and 
financial affairs and their accountings; pro- 
fessional keeper or examiner of books of ac- 
count. 

account current Statement of transactions 
between two parties, showing the condition of 
the account to date. 

account, profit and loss. Statement of own 
transactions for own information, showing 
expenses and losses as against gains, for a 
specified time, 
account sales. Statement of an agent or broker 
to a principal, showing dates, quantities of 
goods sold, rates, prices, expenses, and com- 
missions, with balance due principal. 
account Stated. An account rendered, and 

agreed to by both parties, 
accrue. To increase ; to come as profit. 



acknowledgment- Admission, as of payment 
made or of facts alleged ; sworn admission of 
one's own signature. 

a compte. Fr. On account ; a part payment. 

acquittance. Written release from liability. 

act. A thing done, or a formal statement of 
action taken ; as, an act of Congress. 

action. Law. Civil proceeding commenced as 
may be prescribed by rules of court. 

actionnaire. Fr. A shareholder. 

active partner. One who takes active share in 
managing a business in which he is part owner. 

act of bankruptcy. Act which renders the doer 
liable to be declared bankrupt. 

act Of God. Damage arising from natural causes, 
not to be foreseen or prevented ; — used com- 
monly in BILLS OP LADING. 

actuary. Company officer skilled in mortality 
tables, annuities, life probabilities, life insur- 
ance values, etc. 

adjustment. Settlement of losses in marine and 
fire insurance ; agreement upon disputed ac- 
counts. 

administer. To manage or conduct; Law, to 
settle, as an estate. 

administrator. See executor. 

admiralty court. One having jurisdiction in 
maritime cases. 

ad referendum. Lat. To be further considered ; 
used in some contracts leaving minor matters 
for further agreement. 

ad valorem- Lot. According to value ; as, an 
ad valorem customs duty, reckoned by a per- 
centage of value, not by weight, quantity, etc., 
dist. from specific duty. 

advance. To increase in value ; to make a pre- 
payment. — ra., the increase, or the prepay- 
ment. 

adventure. A speculative shipment of goods on 
shipper's own risk, with no liability to vessel. 

adverse possession- Occupation of real estate 
in opposition to others' claims. 

advice, letter Of. Letter informing of things 
done or to be done, as bills or drafts made, 
consignments of goods, payment of accounts, 
etc. 

affiant. One who makes an affidavit. 

affidavit. Written declaration made and signed 
under oath before an authorized officer. 

affreight To hire, as a ship, for transporta- 
tion of freight. 

after date. After the date of the bill, draft, or 
note in question. 

after sight. After presentation to and ac- 
ceptance by the drawee of a bill or draft. 

agenda- Lat. Things to be done. 

agent. One employed to act for another. 

aggravation. Law. Whatever increases crim- 
inality, or makes an injury heavier. 



732 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



agio. Premium or discount on the face value, as 
on one sort of money exchanged for another. 

agiotage. Exchange business; also specula- 
tions in values of stocks and bonds. 

agrarian. Pertaining to fields or lands. 

agreement. Concurrence in something to be 
done or omitted ; mutual contract. 

alias. Another, or an assumed, name. 

alien. One of foreign birth, or of foreign 
allegiance. 

alimony. Allowance made to a wife by a 
husband during or after a suit for separation 
or divorce. 

aliquot part. That part of a number which 
divides it without a remainder. 

aliunde. Lai. Law. From another source ; 
obtained elsewhere. 

allegation. Formal assertion or averment. 

allegiance. Duty owed to one's government, 
king, or country. 

allocate. To allot or distribute, commonly shares 
in a company. — allocation. Act of allotment. 

allocatur. Lat. Law. It is allowed ; express- 
ing the allowance of a proceeding, writ, 
order, costs, etc., by a court or judicial 
officer. 

allotment. Act of allocating or distributing, 
as company shares. 

allow. To grant, give, or yield; to make an 
abatement. 

allowance. That which is granted as sufficient 
for any purpose, as by a court or a negotiator ; 
a limited or stated quantity of anything, as 
food or drink ; rations. 

alloy. Any mixture of metals ; esp. a baser 
metal mixed with a finer, as in coinage. 

all rights reserved. A claim of copyright, 
commonly placed on the back of a book's 
title-page, to announce reservation of drama- 
tization, etc. 

amortize. Law. To convey lands to a cor- 
poration. Finance. To extinguish, as a debt, 
usually by a sinking fund. 

ancestor. Law. One from whom an estate 
has descended. 

ancient writings. Phrase denoting docu- 
ments, as deeds, 30 years old, not requiring 
proof of execution. 

annexation. The union of property with a 
freehold, so as to become a fixture. 

annuitant. Recipient of an annuity. 

annuity. Sum of money payable yearly for a 
certain period or for life. 

answer. To respond or reply ; to become 
responsible or liable for. 

antedate. To date (as a document, check, 
note) before the day of writing. 

appeal. To apply for the removal of a cause 
to a higher court. — n. The application. 

appellate. Denoting a court that takes cog- 
nizance of appeals from lower courts. 

apply. To use for a particular purpose or in 
a particular case. 

appraise. To set a value or price upon. 

appraiser. One employed to put a value upon 
property ; specif. , a customs officer who values 
dutiable imports. 

appreciate. To increase in value. 

apprentice. One bound by indenture to a 
master to learn a trade. 

apprize. Variant of appraise. 



appropriate. To set apart for a particular 
use or person ; specif., to vote money for a 
purpose, as by Congress. 

appurtenance. An adjunct or appendage to 
something else, as right of way over land. 

arbitration. Settlement of a dispute by one 
or more disinterested parties, legally ap- 
pointed or by consent of parties concerned. 

arbitration Of exchange. Calculating money 
values between two countries through inter- 
mediate places, to see whether direct or in- 
direct remittances are the more advantageous. 

archives. Important public records or docu- 
ments ; place where these are kept. 

arrears. Payable accounts standing unpaid. 

article. A particular commodity or thing ; a 
distinct part of any writing containing two or 
more divisions, as a clause in a contract ; pi. , 
set of regulations, as articles of partnership, 
of army and navy, of war. 

assault. Law. A violent attempt to beat 
another, but without touching him ; if a blow 
takes effect it is a battery. 

assay. To test an ore or an alloy for learn- 
ing its metallic contents, esp. to test for gold 
or silver. 

assess. To tax ; to value for taxation ; to 
fix the amount or share of a common ex- 
pense to be paid by each. 

assessment. Tax ; tax valuation ; specific 
sum levied or assessed. 

assets. Entire property of a person, associa- 
tion, or estate, applicable to paying indebted- 
ness ; opposed to liabilities. 

assign- To make over money, goods, or other 
property to another by deed ; esp., to vest in 
assignees for benefit of creditors. 

assignat. One of the money notes issued by 
the French revolutionary government (1790- 
1796), " secured " by confiscated property, but 
never made good. 

assignee. One to whom property is trans- 
ferred. 

assignment. Written transfer of any right or 
property, either temporarily, as in trust for 
creditors or for adjustment, or permanently, 
as by a seller to a buyer ; document of trans- 
fer. 

assignor. One who transfers property by 
written instrument to others. 

assize. Session of a court for trial of cases; 
pi., periodical sessions of English superior 
courts ; time or place of holding an assize. 

association. Union of persons, as a society 
or stock company, for some special purpose. 

assortment. Collection of classified goods of 
various sorts. 

assumpsit. Law. An undertaking for a con- 
sideration ; a suit to recover damages for 
breach of contract. 

assurance. Contract to pay a sum of money 
on occasion of a certain event, as death. Re- 
cent English usage refers assurance to life, 
and insurance to property, contingencies. 

at sight. On demand. 

attachment. Seizure of property by legal 
process ; writ by which seizure is made. 

attest. To bear witness to ; to sign as witness. 

attorn- To agree to become tenant to one for a 
tenement previously owned by another. 

attorney. A legally appointed agent ; a attor- 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



33 



ney in fact, a substitute for transaction of busi- 
ness ; b attorney at law, one legally qualified 
to act for another in legal proceedings. 

attorney, power Of. Vested authority to act 
for another in specified ways. 

auction Selling of property by competitive bid- 
ding. 

auctioneer. A licensed conductor of auctions. 

audit. Verification of accounts by examination 
of records, vouchers, etc. 

auditor. One who audits. 

authenticate. To give authority to, by legal at- 
testation. 

authority. Law. Legal sanction ; a precedent ; 
previous decision of a court. 

aver. To declare positively ; to affirm. 

average. A mean proportion; medial sum or 
quantity. 

average, general. Proportionate distribution 
of marine loss among underwriters or owners. 

average, particular. Partial loss by damage to 
ship or a part of cargo, to be borne by owner 
or insurer, not averaged upon all. 

average Of payments. Equitable adjustment 
of a single date for settling payments due at 
several times. 

averaging. Stock Exchange. Increasing specu- 
lative transactions according to price fluctua- 
tions, so as to maintain profitable margin. 

avoid. Law. To defeat or evade, as a plea; to 
become void or vacant. 

avulsion. Removal of land from one estate to 
another, as by flood. 

award. Finding or decision of an arbitration. 



back bond. Scots Law. An instrument which, 
with another making absolute disposition, 
constitutes a trust. 

backwardation. Stock Exchange. Seller's 
postponement of delivery on payment of pre- 
mium to buyer ; also, the premium. 

bail. One who becomes surety for appearance 
of another in court ; amount pledged as secur- 
ity ; act of freeing from custody by bail. Also 
to deliver, as goods in trust, upon a contract. 

bailee. One to whom goods are bailed. 

bailiff. Agent or overseer for another ; a legal 
officer (Eng.), a sheriff's deputy. 

bailment. Act of bailing a person or goods. 

bailor. One who bails money or goods to an- 
other. 

balance. Scales for weighing ; equality of two 
sides of an account; also, difference between 
the two required to make them equal. 

balance Of trade. Difference between imports 
and exports of a country for a specified time. 

balance Sheet. A paper giving a summary and 
balance of accounts. 

bale. A corded bundle of heavy goods. 

ballast. Heavy material in a vessel's hold to 
steady it ; in ballast, loaded with ballast, 
without cargo. 

banc A bench or court ; in banc, a court sit- 
ting with full judicial authority. 

banco. European term, — difference between 
bank money and depreciated currency. 

bank- Establishment for custody, loan, ex- 
change, and issue of money. 

bankable. Receivable at a bank. 

bank bill. In U. S., a bank's promissory note, 



payable on demand, used as currency ; in 
Eng., a bank's bill of exchange, payable to 
order, usually at a specified time. 

bank book. Depositor's pass book, showing the 
state of his account. 

banker. One who does a banking business. 

bank note. See bank bill. 

bank rate. Eng. Rate at which the Bank of 
England declares (weekly) it will grant loans 
or discount bills. 

bankrupt. Colloquially, one unable to meet his 
liabilities ; legally, one so adjudicated by au- 
thority. 

bar. The legal profession ; a special plea in 
court sufficiently answering plaintiff's action. 

bargain. An agreemeut, esp. for purchase and 
sale ; an advantageous purchase. 

bargain and sale. A contract to transfer real 
estate for a consideration. 

barratry. Marine Insurance. Willful wrong- 
doing by shipmaster or crew damaging vessel 
or cargo. Common Law. Encouraging or in- 
citing litigation. 

barrister. Brit. Lawyer admitted to plead at 
English and Irish bars ; in Scotland called ad- 
vocate. Dist. from solicitor. 

barter. Exchange of goods for goods. 

battery. Law. Unlawful beating or touching 
another's person or clothes. 

bazaar. In the Orient, a market place, or a 
shop ; in U. S., usually a fair. 

beacon. A signal mark or light on shore to 
guide mariners. 

beadle. A messenger or crier of a court. 

bear. Slock Exchange. One who sells what he 
does not possess, for future delivery, expecting 
a fall in price. Opposed to bull. 

bearer. One who holds and presents a check, 
note, draft, or other order for payment of 
money to bearer. 

below par. Market price of stocks, etc., when 
lower than their nominal value. 

bench warrant. Process issued by judge or 
court against one accused or indicted. 

berth. A ship's station when at anchor or 
wharf. 

bid. Offer of a price for an article on sale, as 
at auction ; offer to take a price as for work 
to be done or goods to be furnished under con- 
tract. 

bill. Law. A written declaration of wrong suf- 
fered or done. Com. Eng. A written prom- 
ise to pay a certain sum at specified time, — 
in U. S. usually termed a note ; also, a written 
statement of account, as of goods bought or 
work done, with prices. 

bill book. Book recording all bills, notes, 
drafts, etc., payable and receivable by any 
business concern. 

bill Of credit Letter requesting for a bearer 
credit for goods or money on account of the 
writer. 

bill Of entry. Account of goods for export or 
import entered at the Custom House. 

bill of exchange. Written order for payment 
of money to another on account of the writer. 

bill of lading. Written receipt for goods 
shipped. 

bill of particulars. Law. Detailed statement 
of the items of plaintiff's demands or defend- 
ant's set-off or counterclaim. 



734 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERM." 



1)111 of sale. Formal instrument for transfer of 
goods and chattels. 

bill Of Sight. Custom house entry permitting 
landing of goods for examination before ac- 
ceptance. 

Dill Of Store. Custom house license permitting 
carriage of ship's stores necessary for a voy- 
age customs free. 

bills payable. Outstanding notes or bills, to 
be paid. 

bills receivable. Outstanding notes or bills, to 
be received. 

bimetallism. Legalized use of two metals, as 
gold and silver, in a currency at a relative 
fixed value. 

blackmail. Extorting money by threats, as of 
injury to one's reputation. 

bona fide. Lat. In good faith. 

bond. A sealed writing binding signer or his 
legal representatives to pay money or perform 
contract under pecuniary penalty for failure ; 
also, an instrument made by a government or 
a corporation for borrowing money upon stated 
security. 

bonded warehouse. A building for storing im- 
ported goods liable for customs duty, not to 
be chargeable with duties until taken out for 
domestic use, and exempted from duty if re- 
exported. Such goods are said to be in bond, 
the owners having signed bonds securing the 
conditions. 

bondsman. One who becomes under bond se- 
curity for another's fidelity, honesty, or per- 
formance. 

bonus. Lat. good. Extra money paid, or stock 
given, or profits divided, beyond stated re- 
quirements. 

book accounts. Accounts entered in the books. 

bookkeeping. Act or process of recording 
business transactions : as, by single entry, 
carrying each transaction to the debit or credit 
of a single account ; or by double entry, carry- 
ing each transaction to the debit of one and 
the credit of another account, one balancing 
the other. 

book value- The worth of a concern, as a bank, 
as shown by its books, which, owing to good- 
will or prospective business, may be surpassed 
by its market value. 

bottom. A freight-carrying vessel. 

bottomry bond. A bond pledging the bottom or 
whole vessel ; as security for necessary stores. 

bought notes, and sale notes. Contract mem- 
oranda exchanged between merchants, bro- 
kers, etc., specifying commodities bought or 
sold, with prices, terms, etc. 

bounty. A premium paid by government to 
encourage production and exportation. 

bourse. Fr. An exchange ; specif., the Paris 
Stock Exchange. 

brand. Orig., a trade-mark made with a hot 
iron on a packing case for identification of 
maker or quality; colloquially, the special 
kind of a class of goods ; as, a certain brand of 
cigars. 

breach. A breaking or violation of any obliga- 
tion ; as, a breach of trust, of contract. 

breadstuff S. Grain, flour, or meal. 

breakage. Allowance made for goods broken 
in transit. 

break. Law. To separate with violence and 



felonious intent any part (of a house or its fas- 
tenings). 

break bulk. To begin unloading ; to transfer 
(freight) in detail, as from boat to cars. 

brief. A summary of a case or of points of a 
law argument ; a court writ. 

broker. An agent ; a buyer or seller for others, 
on commission, — the chief lines of their em- 
ployment are in bills (negotiable paper), 
money exchange, insurance, produce, ship- 
ping (getting ships for freight and freight for 
ships), stocks and bonds (securities of all 
kinds). 

bucket Shop. A place outside the exchanges, 
where small sums can be bet on prices of 
stocks, produce, oil, etc. Slang. 

bull. Stock Exchange. One who buys in expec- 
tation of or for producing a rise in prices. 
Opposed to BEAR. 

bullion. Gold or silver uncoined, or reckoned 
by weight. 

burden. Carrying capacity of a vessel ; as, a 
ship of 600 tons burden. 

burden Of proof. Law. Obligation of proving a 
position or assertion in court. 

burglary. Breaking and entering another's 
dwelling house by night with felonious intent. 

buy the refusal. To pay a sum for the privi- 
lege of buying at a future time at a fixed price. 

by-law. A private minor regulation made by a 
society, company, corporation, etc. 

C. 

C. Letter used in sundry abbreviations: as, 
C/A, capital account ; C/B, cashbook ; C. F. 
I., cost, freight, and insurance ; Cg., centi- 
gram ; Cr., credit or creditor ; etc. 

cable. A ship's rope or chain for anchor or 
mooring ; a metallic wire rope surrounded by 
insulating material to serve as a submarine 
telegraph line ; a message sent by submarine 
cable. 

cablegram. A telegram by submarine cable. 

calculate. To reckon by mathematical process; 
to forecast. 

call. Privilege to demand delivery of stock or 
other security at a fixed price within a fixed 
time, — see option ; also, summons to pay an 
installment due on company shares. 

call loan. A loan at fixed interest, repayable 
on demand. 

cancel. To annul, as a paid check ; to revoke, 
as an order to buy or sell. 

canon. A law or rule, esp. ecclesiastical. 

Capias. Lat. A writ commanding legal officer 
to arrest or seize. 

capital- Money, property, or stock employed 
in business ; sum invested or lent, as dist . from 
income or interest. 

Capital offense. Crime liable to the death pen- 
alty. 

capital Stock- Total amount of money or prop- 
erty in any corporation, as represented by its 
shares of stock at par value. 

capitation. Poll tax. 

caption. Law. The part of a legal instrument 
showing where, when, and by what authority 
it was taken, found, or executed. 

Carat. The unit of weight (3^ grains) by which 
precious stones are weighed ; a twenty-fourth 
part, term used in denoting the fineness 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



735 



of gold (12 carats being half gold, '24 carats 
pure gold, etc.). 

cargo. Load of a vessel ; freight. 

carriage. Conveyance; the sum charged for it. j 

carrier, common. One that undertakes for hire 
the carriage of persons or goods from place to 
place for any who choose to hire. Persons or 
corporations owning means of conveyance, as 
railroads, ships, etc., are included. 

cartage. Charge for carting goods. 

carte blanche. Fr. blank paper. Unlimited 
authority. 

case. A mercantile box and its contents. Law. j 
A suit or action, or the matters involved. 

case Of need- Sometimes indorsed on a bill of 
exchange : In case of need, apply to A. B. &\ 
Co.: designating a party who will guarantee 
payment if not made at maturity. 

cash. Ready money. 

cash book. Record of money received and paid 
out. 

cash credit. A credit granted on security or 
confidence. 

cashier. One who has charge of receipts and 
disbursements. 

cassation. Act of annulling. Court of Cassa- 
tion, the highest French court of appeal, hav- 
ing power to quash or to reverse lower de- 
cisions. 

casting vote. Vote by chairman of a meeting, 
when ayes and noes are equal. 

caveat. Law. Notice not to do a certain act 
until after a hearing in opposition. 

Caveat emptor. Lot. Let the buyer beware ; 
i. e., examiue goods and judge for himself. 

cellarage. Charge for storage in a cellar. 

certificate. A written, authorized declaration 
of some fact, as a certificate of deposit in a 
bank ; a certificate, of stock in a company. 

cent. One hundred, or one hundredth ; — used 
to designate a ratio, as ten per cent., ten in a 
hundred ; also name of sundry coins, as the 
U. S. rent, the one hundredth part of a dollar. 

certified Check. One certified as good by the 
bank on which it is drawn. 

cestui que trust. One who has the beneficial 
interest in a property the legal interest in 
which vests in a trustee. 

Chamber Of commerce. A voluntary associa- 
tion of merchants for the promotion of trade 
interests. 

charter. A State grant to a municipality or a 
corporation to transact its own affairs ; the j 
letting or hiring of a vessel by special contract. | 

Charter party. A contract letting all or part 
of a vessel. 

charts. Maps ; esp. , those showing a projection 
of water, and usually features of a coast-line, 
as rocks, shoals, lights, etc., and the depths 
of soundings within a given range. 

Chattels. Items of property, except real estate; 
as : c. personal, movable goods, money, etc. 
c. real, rights in real estate lesa than owner- 
ship ; leases, mortgages, etc. 

Cheap money. Money plentiful, for loans at 
low rates. 

Check. A written order on a bank or banker to 
pay money on account of the drawer. 

Check book. A book of printed blank checks. 

Check to bearer. One payable on demand to 
whoever presents it. 



Check to order. One payable to the order of 
the person named, his signature to be in- 
dorsed upon it before payment. 

Chose in action. Law. A right enforceable by 
legal process, as a debt, warrant, mortgage, 
note, etc. 

Cipher. A private alphabet or system of secret 
writing. 

circular notes. A form of letter of credit 
for convenience of travelers. 

Circulating medium. A current medium of 
exchange, whether coin, government notes, or 
bank notes. 

Clear. To enter a vessel at the custom house, 
fulfill ( .-< nditions, pay dues, and receive per- 
mission to sail. Of goods, for export, the 
same. Of banks, to settle mutual accounts. 

Clearance. Certificate that a vessel has cleared 
at the custom house. 

Clearing house. Establishment where banks 
settle daily mutual accounts by exchange of 
checks, bills, etc. 

Client- One who employs a legal adviser. The 
term has been extended to customers of 
bankers, brokers, and any professional agents. 

Coasting trade. That carried on betweeu sea- 
ports of the same country. 

C. D- Collect on delivery. 

Collateral. Persons descended from the same 
stock, but not from the same parents. 

Collateral security. A secondary or indirect 
security, as of stocks or bonds", for a loan, 
should the principal fail to perform contract. 

collector. One who collects or receives money 
for another ; an officer commissioned to re- 
ceive customs, duties, taxes, or toll. 

combine, or combination. A union of manu- 
facturers or merchants to protect their com- 
mon interest, regulate prices among them- 
selves, etc. Sometimes applied to trusts. 

commerce. Traffic on a large scale. 

commission. Allowance to an agent for trans- 
acting business. 

commissioner of deeds. An officer authorized 
to take affidavits, acknowledgments of deeds, 
depositions, etc., for use in the State appoint- 
ing him. 

commitment. Act of sending to custody or to 
prison. 

commodity. Any movable article bought and 
sold (except animals). 

common carrier. See cabrieb. 

common law. The unwritten law : the law 
arising from immemorial usage and universal 
reception ; dist. from statutoby law, as 
enacted by legislation. 

common Stock. Ordinary capital stock, with- 
out privileges of preferred stock. 

commute. Law. To diminish, as a penalty, as 
death to life imprisonment. Com. To sub- 
stitute a smaller payment for a greater ; or 
one form of payment for another, as a larger 
immediate sum for many smaller fares, as on 
a railroad. 

company. A business association of joint stock- 
holders ; partners in a firm but not named in 
its title. 

composition. Adjustment of liabilities by mu- 
tual agreement, as by payment of a part in- 
stead of the whole ; also, the amount of com- 
pensation agreed upon in the adjustment. 



736 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



compound interest. Interest on the principal 
and on unpaid interest. 

compromise. Adjustment of differences by 
mutual concessions. 

concession. Grant of privileges by foreign 
governments to mining companies, railroads, 
etc. 

consideration. Compensation ; value received. 

Consign. To send to a party in another place, 
as goods for sale. 

Consignee. Party to whom goods are consigned. 

Consignment. Goods sent to another party for 
sale ; the sending by a consignor. 

Consols. Securities in the consolidated debt of 
the English government (now more than half 
the national debt). In 1903 the rate of inter- 
est paid was set at 1\ per cent until 1923. 

Consul. Official commissioned to reside abroad 
to look after the commerce and seamen of his 
own country. 

Consulage. Fees paid to a consul for services. 

consular invoice. Invoice of exports made and 
declared before the foreign consul of the 
country of import. 

contingent. Denoting events that may or may 
not occur ; as, a contingent liability, as of an 
indorser of a bill of exchange. 

contraband. Prohibited by law or treaty, as 
smuggled goods. 

contraband Of war. Goods that international 
law forbids a neutral to furnish to a belliger- 
ent. 

contract. An agreement between two or more 
persons to do or not do certain things. 

contractor. One who undertakes to perform 
work or furnish commodities at a fixed price, 
— usually for corporations or municipalities. 

convertible. Easily sold or converted into 
money ; as, convertible paper currency, securi- 
ties, etc. 

conveyance. Transfer of property ; document 
or deed expressing it ; transportation of per- 
sons or goods. 

cooperation. Association of a number of per- 
sons for their common benefit, as cooperative 
societies buying for and selling to their mem- 
bers. 

copyright. Exclusive right to print and sell a 
1 iterary, musical, dramatic, or art work. 

corner. Control of the price of stocks or prod- 
uce by buying nearly all supplies. Colloq. 

corporation. An association of persons in one 
body, endowed by law with the rights and lia- 
bilities of an individual, as to transact busi- 
ness, sue and be sued, etc. 

Coupon. Interest certificate, attached to a bond 
or stock certificate, to be cut off and presented 
for payment when due. 

Credit. Trust given or received in expectation 
of future payment ; good mercantile reputa- 
tion; in Bookkeeping, record of values re- 
ceived from the party named in the account. 

creditor. One to whom money is due. 

Credit sales. Sales to be paid for in future. 

CUm. Lat. With. 

Cum dividend. With the dividend that is due 
or accruing ; in sales of stock so named the 
buyer takes the next dividend. 

cumulative preferred stock. Stock upon which 
if the guaranteed dividend cannot be paid in 
any year or years, the dividend accumulates 



till it can be paid, taking precedence of later 

dividends. 
curbstone broker. A broker not a member of 

the stock exchange. Slang. 
currency. Circulating money of a country ; 

time between the written and the due date of 

a bill or rate. 
current. Now moving, running, active ; as, a 

current account. 
custom. Law. Long-established practice con- 
sidered as unwritten law, authorized by long 

universal consent. 
customary. Holding or held by custom ; as, 

customary tenants, customary practice. 
customer. A regular purchaser. 
custom house. Establishment where customs 

or duties are levied and paid, where vessels 

are entered and cleared. 
customs. Duties or tolls on goods imported or 

exported. 
customs entry. Presentation of a ship's papers 

etc. to the custom house for clearing. 

D. 

D. Letter used in abbreviations : as, D/B, day- 
book ; d/d, day's date ; Dft., draft; Dis., 
discount; Div., dividend; dr., debtor; d/s, 
days' sight. 

damage. Injury ; pi., Law. Money reparation 
for injury sustained. 

date. Statement of time (month, day, and year) 
when a paper was executed, or is to mature. 

day book. Daily record book of transactions. 

days Of grace. Days (usually three, except 
where abolished in the U. S., as in New York) 
allowed for payment of notes or bills after ex- 
piration of written due date. 

dead. Law. Legally deprived of rights of a 
citizen. 

dead freight. Money paid by shipper who fails 
to use load-space contracted for. 

dead hand. One who cannot alienate or convey 
property, as one civilly dead. See mortmain. 

dead letter. A letter that fails to reach the 
person addressed ; a letter or a law that has 
lost its force by lapse of time. 

dead light. Iron shutter of a ship's porthole. 

dead reckoning. Determining ship's position 
by compass and log-line, showing courses and 
distances. 

dead weight. The part of a cargo paying by 
weight, not measurement. 

dear money. Money scarce, not to be borrowed 
but at high rates. 

debase. To lower in value, as adulterated 
coinage. 

debenture. Written acknowledgment of debt; 
custom house certificate entitling an exporter 
of imported goods to a drawback ; in England, 
municipal and other bonds for money loaned. 

debit. To charge with debt ; to enter on books 
as debtor ; — n., a book-charge of debt ; opp. 

of CREDIT. 

debt. That which is due. 

debtor. One who owes ; opp. of creditor. 

decimal system. That in which weights, meas- 
ures, money, etc. are reckoned by decimal 
division — oy tenths, as most coinages except 
of England, and most European weights and 
measures. 

decline. To lessen in value or price. 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



737 



deed- Written contract, signed, sealed, and de- 
livered ; usually conveying real estate. 

default. Neglect or failure to fulfill obligations, 
as to pay debts, or, specif., to account duly 
for entrusted funds or property. 

default, to suffer a. Law. To fail to answer 
an action when called. 

defendant. Law. One required to make an- 
swer m an action. 

deferred bonds. Bonds bearing increasing in- 
terest to a certain rate, and then exchanged 
for active bonds at a fixed rate. 

deferred Stock. Stock not entitled to dividends 
until prior stock shall have been satisfied. 

deficit. A falling short, esp. of income ; as a 
deficit in revenue. 

del credire. Ital. Additional premium paid 
agent who guarantees customers solvency. 

deliver. To give over ; yield possession of. 

demand. To claim. 

demand draft or note. One payable on pres- 
entation. 

demurrage. Charge for detention of a vessel 
beyond time allowed in charter-party. 

demurrer. Law. Stop or pause in an action, 
for judgment as to whether the opposing al- 
legations, if true, are sufficient to sustain ac- 
tion or defense. 

deposit. Bailed goods ; money paid in advance 
on contract ; money placed with a bank sub- 
ject to order. 

depot. A place of deposit or storage ; a military 
station ; Colloq., a railroad station. 

depreciation. A lessening of value or price. 

derelict. A vessel or goods abandoned at sea. 

deviation. Marine Ins. Divergence of a vessel 
from the specified course of the voyage. 

devise. To give real estate by will. 

devisee. One receiving real estate by will. 

dies non. Law. A day on which courts are not 
held. 

director. One of the managers of a corporation. 

discharge. To unload, as a ship ; to pay, as a 
debt ; to set free, as from arrest ; to absolve 
from liability, as a bankrupt. 

disclaimer. Law. Renunciation of rights or 
interest. 

discount. To deduct, as from a bill of charges: 
to lend money upon (a note) after deducting 
the interest. 

disembark- To unload or land, as from a ship. 

dissolution. Breaking up of a partnership. 

distrain. To seize goods as security, esp. for 
rent. 

ditto. The same ; the aforesaid ; usually in- 
dicated by do, or". 

dividend- Money to be divided, whether from 
business profits or from a bankrupt estate ; 
one person's share therein. 

dockage, dock dues. Charges for use of a dock. 

docket. A bill or label attached to goods : 
Law., abridged entry of a judgment or pro- 
ceedings ; U. S., a calendar of cases ready 
for hearing. 

document. An original or official paper. 

dollar. Silver U. S. coin ; the value of a dol- 
lar ; the gold dollar, unit of money reckoning 
in U. S., is no longer coined. See coins, etc., 
p. 728. 

domicile. One's place of residence, with in- 
tention of permanency. 



double entry. See bookkeeping. 

draft. A money order ; deduction from gross 
weight of goods ; first sketch of a writing or 
document ; depth of water needed to float a 
ship. 

draw. To make a draft, in any sense. 

drawback. Money repaid by government to 
one who exports goods on which import duties 
have been paid. 

drawee. One on whom a money draft is drawn. 

drawer. One who makes a draft. 

drayage. Charges for cartage. 

drug in tie market Unsalable commodity. 

drummer. A commercial traveler. 

dry dock. Inclosed dock, from which the 
water can be drawn, used for repairing ves- 
sels. 

dry goods. Com. Name for textile fabrics. 

due. Owed ; payable. 

due bill. Brief written acknowledgment of 
debt, not payable to order. 

dun. To urge payment. 

dunnage. Loose stuff for stowing and protect- 
ing cargo and the vessel's hold. 

duplicate. An exact copy ; an original docu- 
ment repeated and valid ; a second article like 
a first. 

duress. Constraint ; compulsion to commit an 
action. 

duties. Taxes levied by a government on im- 
portation, exportation, or consumption of 
goods. 



E- Letter used in abbreviations : as, E. E. writ- 
ten on accounts, Errors Excepted ; E. & O. E., 
Errors and Omissions Excepted ; e. g., for ex- 
ample ; Ex. d., ex dividend; Ex. cp., ex cou- 
pon ; Ex. int., ex interest. 

effects. Goods ; movables ; possessions. 

ejectment. Expulsion of a tenant ; legal action 
for recovery of real estate, damages, etc. 

embargo. Government prohibition of trading- 
ships to leave home ports. 

embark. To board a vessel ; to put on ship- 
board. 

employers' liability. Legal enactments as to 
employers' pecuniary liability for injuries to 
their workmen on duty. 

emporium. A place of trade ; esp., a city of 
large commerce. 

endorse, endorsement. See indorse, etc. 

endowment. A permanent fund ; also, Life 
Ins., a fixed sum payable a certain number of 
years in the future. 

engrosser. One who raises prices by purchas- 
ing the whole or large quantities of a com- 
modity ; a f orestaller ; also a large-hand copy- 
ist, as of legal documents. 

Entered at Stationers' Hall. English form of 
copyright notice. 

entrepot. In France, a bonded warehouse ; 
Colloq., a commercial center through which 
pass many goods. 

entry. Registry of a vessel or goods at a cus- 
tom house ; Bookkeeping, a record made ; 
Law, taking possession of real estate by en- 
tering ; putting upon record. 

equity. A system of jurisprudence supplemental 
to law properly so called, and complemental 
of it. 



738 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



equity of redemption. Law. Advantage al- 
lowed to a mortgagor to redeem property 
after legal forfeiture. 

estate. Aggregate of possessions or interests of 
any one. 

estimate. Rough calculation, as of the cost of 
a building to be erected, value of an estate, 
etc. 

estoppel. Law. A bar to one's alleging or deny- 
ing a fact contrary to his own previous action 
or statement. 

ex. Lot. Without ; by virtue of. 

exchange. Settling accounts at a distance by 
orders or bills of exchange to correspondents; 
differences in value between national cur- 
rencies ; [cap.'] a place where merchants 
meet for mutual business, as stock exchange, 
produce exchange. 

exchange, par Of. Fixed value of coin or stand- 
ard of one country expressed in that of an- 
other (as, £1 = $4.86), fluctuation of market 
value being a matter of demand and supply. 

exchequer. Eng. The government treasury; 
hence, Colloq., pecuniary possessions ; as, my 
exchequer is low. 

excise. An inland duty or impost levied upon 
the manufacture, sale, or consumption of 
commodities within the country. 

OX coupon- Without the interest coupon. 

ex dividend. Without the dividend next due. 

execute. Law. To complete, as a document, 
by signing, etc. 

executor. One appointed to administer or carry 
out the provisions of a will, executrix, fem- 
inine. 

executory. Law. To take effect in the future. 

exequatur- Recognition of a consul by the 
government to which he is accredited. 

exhibit. Law. Document or article used for 
evidence in court. 

ex Officio. By virtue of office ; officially. 

export. To send goods to foreign lands in com- 
merce. 

express. To send quickly; express company, 
a company for transmitting goods rapidly from 
place to place. 

extension. Writing in the details of an account; 
extra time allowed a debtor for settling. 

extra. Beyond what is due, usual, expected or 



P. 

F. Letter used in abbreviations : as, F. A. S., 
free alongside ship ; F. O. B., free on board 
(vessel or cars) ; f . , franc or francs. 

face. Amount for which a note, check, etc., is 
drawn. 

face value. Nominal par value on the face of 
bonds, notes, stock certificates, etc. 

facsimile. An exact copy. 

factor. Agent who buys or sells for another, 
but may do it in his own name. 

factorage. A factor's commission. 

facture. Invoice or bill of parcels. 

failure. Being insolvent ; inability to pay debts. 

fair. Of good average quality, — below excel- 
lent. 

fair trade. Eng. Admitting imports from other 
nations on the same terms they give to British 
goods. 

fall. Lowering of prices. 



false pretenses- Untrue statements made with 
intent to defraud. 

fancy goods. Fabrics of various colors, patterns, 
etc. 

fare. Price of personal conveyance. 

favor, or favour. Term used in correspondence 
denoting a letter received. 

fee. Payment for services rendered or to be 
rendered. 

fee Simple. Law. An estate of inheritance 
without condition or limits. 

fiat. Lat. Let it be done ; a command or decree. 

fiat money. Irredeemable paper currency, de- 
creed by government. 

fiduciary- Holding or held in trust ; a trustee. 

fiduciary loan. Loan without collateral se- 
curity. 

finance. Public money ; resources ; science of 
public revenue. 

finances. Available funds, public or private. 

financier. One skilled in financial affairs. 

fire insurance. Security against loss by fire. 

firm. A business partnership of two or more 
persons ; name of the same ; the partners col- 
lectively. 

first-hand. Goods from maker, importer, or 
wholesale dealer. 

fixed capital. Money invested in land, build- 
ings, machinery, etc. expected to return an 
income. 

fixtures. Permanent appendages to real estate, 
so as to constitute a part of it. 

flat. Depressed, dull ; as, a flat stock market. 

flat value. Stock Exchange. Value without ac- 
crued interest. 

floating capital. Money at command for in- 
vestments or enterprises. 

floating policy. Policy of insurance on goods 
in various places. 

flotsam. Floating goods lost by shipwreck. 

folio. A sheet of paper once folded ; Bookkeep- 
ing, a page in an account book ; Law writing, 
in England, 72 words, in U. S. , 100 words. 

footing- Sum of a column of figures. 

foreclosure. Seizure and sale of property under 
an overdue mortgage. 

forestall the market. To buy up goods with 
intent to raise prices. 

forgery. Fraudulently making or altering a 
writing or signature purporting to be made by 
another. 

forwarder. One who transmits goods. 

fractional currency. Small coin or paper note3 
in circulation, of less value than the monetary 
unit (as in U. S., less than a dollar). 

franking- Privilege of sending mail matter 
free of postage. 

fraud. Law. Intentional untruth for obtaining 
some valuable thing or promise from another. 

free goods. Goods not liable to customs duties. 

freehold estate. Real estate held in absolute 
ownership with power of transmission. 

free port. A port where no duties are exacted. 

free trade. Trade carried on without interfer- 
ence of a customs tariff. 

freight. Price paid for transportation of goods ; 
also goods transported. 

funded. Government loans not payable at fixed 
times, but consolidated into general interest- 
bearing securities. See consols. 

funds. Government debts paying interest ; gov- 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



739 



eminent stock and public securities ; avail- 
able money. 
futures. Speculation in the future values of 
merchandise, produce, stocks, etc. 

G. 

Q. Letter used in abbreviations : as 6. A. or 
g. a., general average. 

garnishee. One in whose hands property or 
money of another is attached. 

garnishment Legal warning to one holding 
another's goods or money, not to deliver to 
owner but to appear in court with informa- 
tion. 

gauge. Instrument for measuring capacity of 
a cask, barrel, etc. ; a standard measure. 

gilt-edged securities. Such as are considered 
absolutely safe. 

goods. Wares, commodities, personal property. 

good Will. Habit of customers to resort to an 
established concern, a valuable asset in busi- 
ness. 

grain. The smallest weight measure in Gr. 
Britain and the U. S. ; the edible seed of any 
cereal. 

gross. Twelve dozen ; also, full weight of goods 
without deduction for package, opp. to net. 

gronndage. Fees paid by a ship for space oc- 
cupied in port. 

ground rent. Rent paid a landlord for right to 
build upon his ground. 

guarantee. Warrant or surety for some act, as 
payment of a debt, by another person ; also, 
the one to whom the guarantee is made. 

guarantor. Person guaranteeing another. 

guaranty. Variant of guarantee. 

guinea. A former British gold coin, worth 21 
shillings. It is still usual to reckon profes- 
sional fees in guineas, although the coin has 
not been minted since 1817. 

gunny-bags. Coarse sacks used for coffee, 
nuts, etc. 



H. Letter used in abbreviations: as, Hhd., 
hogshead; H. P., horse-power; H. P. N., 
horse power nominal, etc. 

habendum. Lat. That must be had. The 
part of a deed determining extent of interest 
or property granted. 

hand. Measure equal to hand's breadth, about 
4 in., used for horses' height. 

handsel. Earnest money ; hand money, to bind 
bargain. 

harbor. Safe shelter for vessels. 

harbor dues. Fees for use of a harbor. 

harbor master. Official in charge of a harbor. 

haulage. Charges for hauling. 

haven. Same as harbor. 

high seas. The open sea, beyond the three- 
mile coast limit. 

hire. Wages for service ; price for temporary 
use. 

hold. A vessel's below-decks, for cargo. 

holder. The payee, owner, k or possessor of a 
bill of exchange, note, etc. 

home. One's own dwelling place. 

home, adj. Of or relating to one's dwelling or 
country ; as home comforts ; the home (not 
foreign) market ; home consumption, domes- 
tic use. 



hong. Chinese name for European business 

house or factory in China. 
honor. To accept and pay when due. 
hnsbandage. Commission or compensation to 

ship's husband. 
hypothecate. To pledge or mortgage as security. 



I. Letter used in abbreviations: as, lb., ibidem, 
the same, in the same place ; Id., idem, the 
same ; Inst., instant — of the present month; 
Int., interest; Inv., invoice. 

immovables. Real estate and its appurtenances. 

immunity. Freedom or exemption, as from 
duty, charge, penalty, etc. 

import. To bring foreign goods into a country. 

imports. Imported goods. 

impost. A tax ; esp., government duty on im- 
ports. 

income. Profit from labor or capital ; annual 
receipts. 

income tax. Government tax upon incomes. 

inconvertible paper currency. Paper money 
not good for cash at its face value. 

indemnification Securing against or making 
good a loss. 

indemnity. Exemption from or compensation 
for loss ; immunity from penalty. 

indenture. Mutual written agreement; pi.. 
contract binding master and apprentice. 

index. Alphabetical list of names or accounts. 

indict. To formally charge with crime on pre- 
sentment of grand jury. 

indictment, bill Of. Charge of crime passed 
on by grand jury as a true bill or not. 

indorse. To write one's name on the back of a 
bill, note, or draft, for collecting, assigning, 
or guaranteeing it ; to guarantee or certify. 

Ingot. A cast bar of gold, silver, steel, or other 
malleable metal. 

inheritance tax. A tax imposed on estates re- 
ceived by inheritance. 

injunction. Court writ enjoining one to do or 
refrain from doing a certain thing. 

inland bill. Money order drawn upon a party 
in the same jurisdiction. 

Insolvent. Law. One the aggregate of whose 
property at a fair valuation is not sufficient 
in amount to pay his debts. 

Installment- System of debt payment by parts 
at different times, usually specified. 

instant. Of the current month ; as, the sixth 
instant. 

insurable interest. A pecuniary interest. 

insurance or assurance. Contract whereby 
one party (the insurer) agrees for a stipulated 
consideration (the premium) to indemnify or 
guarantee another (the insured) against loss by 
certain specified risks (as fire, sea peril), or to 
pay a sum of money on the death of the in- 
sured or at a specified time. (See assurance, 

ENDOWMENT.) 

insurance policy. Contract for insurance ex- 
ecuted in form. 

interest. Money paid for the use of money, 
usually reckoned by percentage ; share in 
profit and responsibility. 

internal revenue. Annual yield from domestic 
taxation. 

international law. Rules regulating mutual 
intercourse of nations. 



740 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



interpleader. Law. Process by which one of 
whom the same debt or thing is claimed by 
two parties may compel them to settle it be- 
tween themselves before suing him. 

intestate. Dying without making a will ; not 
disposed of by will. 

in transitu. Lai. On the way ; during passage. 

inventory. A list or catalogue, as of goods. 

investment. Purchase of property ; money so 
used, in expectation of profit. 

invoice. Written detailed account of goods 
sent to a purchaser, with prices, etc. 

invoice book. Book for recording invoices sent 
or received. 

involved. Entangled ; embarrassed by debts. 

I. 0. U. I owe you ; a due bill, acknowledging 
debt, without promise to pay. 

J. 

Jetsam. Goods jettisoned ; often specif., when 
washed on shore. 

jettison. The throwing overboard of cargo or 
tackle to lighten a vessel in distress ; goods 
so treated. 

jobber. One who buys from importers or pro- 
ducers and sells again ; a middleman. 

Job lot. A mixed assortment, usually as sold at 
a price for the whole. 

joint account. Account of business transacted 
by two or more parties with common interest 
in gains or losses. 

joint Stock. Stock or capital held in company. 

joint Stock company. A form of partnership 
representing interest by transferable shares, 
the management limited to persons especially 
authorized. 

Joint tenancy. Tenure of estate by two or more, 
in which the survivor takes the whole. 

journal. A book of account containing condensed 
and grouped statements of daily transactions, 
with references to ledger entries. 

judgment. Law. Act of decision by a court ; 
court's decision or decree. 

Judgment debtor. Debtor against whom judg- 
ment for money may be enforced. 

judgment note. Promissory note authorizing 
holder to enter judgment and take execution 
on default : forbidden by law in some States. 

jurisdiction. Sphere and extent of authority 
of a government or a court. 

Jury. A body of men chosen and sworn to de- 
clare the truth of matter in evidence before 
them; grand J., not less than 12 nor more 
than 23, to examine accusations and present 
indictments for crime, and to act in other 
matters, as to public nuisances, etc. ; coro- 
ner's J., to make inquest into the cause of 
sudden or violent death ; petit or petty J., 12 
men to try, and finally decide upon, facts in 
civil or criminal cases before the courts. 

K. 

kiting. Borrowing money by exchanging checks 
for » day, or accommodation notes. 

L. 

L- Letter used in abbreviations : as, L. c. let- 
ter of credit ; Led., ledger ; L. S., locus sigilli, 
place for seal (often written, within a circle, 
on documents instead of placing a seal) ; Ltd., 
limited. 



lac, or lakh. Anglo-Ind. One hundred thou- 
sand ; Colloq., a great number ; specif., 100,000 
rupees. 

lading. See bill or lading. 

land. To put cargo ashore ; to disembark. 

landlord. One who leases real estate to another. 

larboard. The left side of a vessel to one fac- 
ing forward ; now usually called port. 

lascar. A native Hindu sailor. 

law. Rule of conduct prescribed by govern- 
mental authority ; the body of such rules ap- 
plying to special interests; as, commercial 
law, insurance law ; the whole body of such 
rules as generally applicable. See common 

LAW, STATUTE LAW. 

lay days. Days allowed by charter party for 
loading or unloading vessel. 

lazaretto. Public pest hospital ; house or ves- 
sel for quarantine detention and fumigation. 

leakage. Allowance for loss by leaking. 

lease. Contract conveying the use of land or 
tenement upon consideration for a fixed period 
or for life. 

ledger. Final double entry record of a concern's 
transactions, containing every debit and credit, 
summarized from all the other books of ac- 
count. 

leeward. The direction toward which the 
wind blows ; opposed to windward. 

legal tender. An offer to do or pay in perform- 
ance of a contract according to its terms 
under the law ; money which a government 
prescribes as obligatory to be offered or re- 
ceived in payment of debt. 

lessee. A tenant under a lease. 

lessor. One who leases. 

letter book. Book containing copies of letters 
sent. 

letter of advice. See advice, letter of. 

letter Of credit. A banker's money order on 
his agent or correspondent in a distant place 
(or several of them) in favor of a third party, 
— not negotiable. 

letter Of license. One by which creditors ex- 
tend a debtor's time for payment. 

letter Of marque. Governmental commission 
to a privateer vessel to prey on an enemy's 
commerce. 

letters Of administration. Authorization to 
administer the estate of an intestate or one 
having no proper executor. 

letters patent. Eng. Law. Government au- 
thorization to a person to do some act or en- 
joy some right. See patent. 

letters testamentary. Law. Authorization to 
an appointed executor to act as such. 

liabilities. Obligations under contract, includ- 
ing debts. 

license. Authorization to do acts or carry on 
business which without it would be illegal. 

lien. Legal claim or charge upon property for 
satisfaction of debt or duty. 

life. For life ; until death ; as a life annuity, a 
life estate, a life interest. 

life insurance. See assurance, insurance. 

lighterage. Charges for loading or unloading 
ships by lighters or open barges. 

limited liability. Corporation law. The liabil- 
ity of a company in which each shareholder 
is liable only to the amount of his shares, or 
to an amount fixed by guarantee. The word 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



741 



" Limited " (or Ltd.) is by law to be the last 
word in such a company's name (unless not 
organized for gain). 

line. A supply of goods ; as, a line of shirtings; 
a fleet of regular trading vessels. 

liquidation. Adjustment (of debts or damages); 
payment or settlement of debts ; winding up 
of a business. 

Lloyd's- An English marine insurance society, 
founded by Edward Lloyd, 1688, which regis- 
ters and publishes specific information as to 
all British and foreign shipping, grading each 
vessel by its qualities. See Al. Similar asso- 
ciations are the Austrian Lloyd in Trieste, and 
the North German Lloyd in Bremen. 

loan. That which is lent or borrowed to be re- 
turned, as money on interest. 

lock out. Withholding employment from one's 
employees, for compelling acceptance of 
terms. Correlative of strike. 

locum tenens- One who acts as agent or sub- 
stitute for another. 

10CUS Sigilli. See L. (abbr. L. S.). 

log book. Record of daily events on a voyage 
— courses, distances, weather, incidents, etc. , 
kept by ship's master. 

long. Exchanges. Having goods or securities 
in anticipation of rising price. 

long dozen- Thirteen for twelve. 

longshoreman. Laborer who loads and unloads 
vessels. 

lot. A separate portion, as of goods for sale. 

M. 

M. Letter used in abbreviations : as, M, 1,000; 
MS., manuscript; MSS., manuscripts; M/s, 
month's sight. 

mala fide. Lot. In bad faith. 

mandamus. Court writ, or statutory proceed- 
ing, directing the doing of some public duty. 

manliest. List of ship's passengers and cargo, 
specifying marks and contents of each pack- 
age, etc., for exhibition at custom house. 

manufactures. Things made from raw ma- 
terial by hand, machinery, or art. 

margin. Exchanges. Deposit of money or se- 
curities with broker to assure him against loss 
in speculative operation for customer. 

marine. Pertaining to the sea or to ships, as 
marine insurance. 

maritime. Connected with the sea, navigation, 
commerce, etc. ; as, maritime law. 

mark. A character, device, label, letter, etc., 
put on an article to identify maker, quality, 

etc. Cf. TRADE-MARK. 

market. A public sales place ; the course of 
commercial activity, as, a dull market. 

maturity. Being due ; end of period a note or 
other obligation has to run. 

mercantile. Commercial. 

mercantile agency. Establishment furnishing 
subscribers information as to resources and 
credit of business concerns. 

mercantile paper. Negotiable notes, etc., given 
by merchants in business. 

merchant. A trader, usually on a large scale. 

merchant service. Collective term for vessels 
engaged in freight or passenger trade. 

merger. Law. Absorption of one estate or in- 
terest in another, or of a minor offense in a 
greater. As to corporations, the vesting oi 



control of several in a single one, by issuing 
stock of the controlling one in place of a 
majority of stock of the others. 

metric system. See Tables of Weights and 
Measures. 

middleman. Intermediate buyer and seller be- 
tween producers and consumers. 

mileage. Allowance for travel expenses at a 
given rate per mile. 

minimum- Least quantity ; lowest price. 

mint. Place where money is coined. 

misfeasance. Doing of a lawful act in an un- 
lawful manner. 

mixed fabric. A textile fabric made of two or 
more kinds of fiber, as poplin. 

mixed policy. Marine Ins. Combination of a 
voyage and a time policy. 

money. Anything customarily used as a medium 
of exchange or measure of value, as wampum, 
etc., but usually gold, silver, and copper coin, 
or their paper representatives. 

money market. Combined agencies of supply 
and demand that fix the rate of interest upon 
loans ; dealings in money. 

money order. Commonly an order for money 
deposited at one post-office and payable at an- 
other ; any order to pay money. 

monometallism. Legalized use of currency 
based on one metal, as gold, or as silver ; also, 
the theory or belief in this practice. Diet. 

from BIMETALLISM. 

monopoly. Exclusive right or power of selling 
or buying a certain commodity in a given 
market, usually giving control of price. 

mortgage- Conveyance of property as security 
for debt, conditioned on release when debt is 
paid, otherwise, to stand. 

mortmain. Lat. dead hand; the holding (of 
real estate) by any corporation likely to be 
perpetual, as ecclesiastical. 

mutual life insurance company. One with no 
shareholders, whose profits are supposed to 
belong to the insured, divided by payments, 
reduction of premiums, or enlargement oi 
policies. 

movables. Personal belongings, not fixtures. 

muster. A sample or collection of samples. To 
pass muster means bulk equal to sample. 

N. 

N. Letter used in abbreviations : as, N. B., take 
notice ; N/e, no effects ; N/f , no funds ; N. G., 
not good ; No., number. 

national bank. U. S. A bank under national 
control, which, besides ordinary banking, may 
issue circulating notes to amount of U. S. 
bonds it deposits in U. S. Treasury. 

necessaries. Law. Such things, as to infants, 
lunatics, married women, or other dependents, 
as are needful for suitable support. 

negotiable paper. Bills, notes, drafts, and 
checks transferable or assignable in business, 
— bonds and some forms of stock sometimes 
included. 

negotiation. A treating with another for com- 
ing to common terms. 

net. Clear, pure, as net wine ; without deduc- 
tion, as net price; after deductions, as utt 
profit, net proceeds. 

net weight. Weight of goods without package, 
etc. 



742 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



UO funds. Sometimes indorsed on checks by 
bankers when drawer lacks money to meet 
them. See N. abbr. 

nominal. In name only ; non-existent or very 
slight ; as, nominal consideration, price, 
capital. 

non-feasance. Law. Omission of what should 
have been done. 

non-joinder. Law. Omission of some necessary 
party or cause of action. 

notary public. One authorized to take ac- 
knowledgments, affidavits, protests, etc., and 
to attest deeds or other legal documents. 

note Of hand. A promissory note for payment 
of money. 

not good- Similar to no funds. See N. (abbr. 
N/f). 

nudum pactum. Lat. A contract without 
consideration of value. 

o. 

O. Letter used in abbreviations: as, O/a, on 

account ; O/d, on demand ; %, per cent ; 

% , per mille. 
Obligation. Duty imposed by law, promise, or 

contract ; a bond with condition and penalty 

for nonfulfillment. 
octroi. Fr. Tax on goods brought into a French 

city. 
On demand. Payable on presentation. 
On sale. Placed with another to be sold. 
open account. One that is current, or not 

settled. 
open policy. Marine Ins. One insuring goods 

not yet fixed in valuation. 
Option. Choice ; Stock Exchange, privilege of 

fulfilling a contract of purchase or of sale at a 

fixed price on a fixed day. Option to buy is 

termed a call ; to sell, a put. 
order. A direction, as to buy or to sell ; the 

direction by which the payee of negotiable 

paper prescribes to whom payment shall be 

made, — as, Pay to the order of . 

ordinary. A ship out of commission is said to 

be in ordinary. 
output. Quantity of goods produced, or sales, 

within a given time. 
outstanding. Undischarged ; uncollected ; un- 
paid. 
over-capitalized. Having a nominal capital so 

large that the income does not pay interest on 

it. 
overdraw. To make drafts in excess of credit. 
overdue. Delayed (as a ship) or unpaid (as a 

note) beyond the proper time. 
evert. Public ; apparent ; manifest. 



P, p. Letter used in abbreviations : as, P/A, 
power of attorney ; P. C, price current ; P. c, 
per cent. ; P. M. or p. m., afternoon ; P. O., 
postal order; p/c, postal card; Prox., proximo; 
P. S., postscript. 

package. A parcel ; a bale, case, etc., in which 
goods are packed. 

paction. A contract. 

paid up. Paid in full, as a debt, capital stock, 
etc. 

panic Sudden public alarm in monetary af- 
fairs ; great fall in prices. 

paper. Negotiable evidences of debt. 



paper currency. Paper documents circulating 
as money. 

par. Nominal value. 

par of exchange. See exchange, par of. 

partner. One of two or more associates in busi- 
ness for joint profit. See active partner, 

SILENT PARTNER. 

partnership. Contract of two or more persons 
to join capital, labor, or skill in business for 
their joint profit. 

part owner. One of several owners in common. 

pass book. Books passing between a trader or 
bank and a customer, in which credit pur- 
chases or deposits and withdrawals are entered. 

passport. Official permission to enter, traverse, 
and leave a foreign country. 

patent. An official writing, securing to an in- 
ventor exclusive right to make, use, and sell 
his invention, for seventeen years (England, 
fourteen years). 

pawn. To deposit as security for money lent. 

pawnbroker. One who, as a business, lends 
money at interest on security of personal 
property pledged in his keeping. 

payable. That should or can be paid ; due. 

payee. One to whom a note, bill, or check is 
made payable. 

per annum. By the year. 

per cent, per centum. Lat. By the hundred. 

percentage. Rate or allowance per cent, as 
interest, discount, commission. 

per contra. Lat. On the other side ; as offset. 

per diem. Lat. By the day. 

per mille. Lat. By the thousand ; a broker's 
charge on foreign drafts, — abbr. % . 

permit. Custom house. Written permission to 
land or remove dutiable or excisable goods. 

personal property, personalty. Things tem- 
porary or movable ; chattels. 

petty cash book. Record of small expenses and 
receipts. 

plaintiff. Law. Bringer of an action for remedy 
against wrong suffered. 

plant. Real estate, machinery, apparatus, etc, 
used in a trade, manufacturing or industrial 
business. 

plea. Law. An allegation in support of a 
cause ; a defendant's answer. 

policy. Certificate of insurance. 

port. Place for arrival and departure of ships ; 
the left side of a ship (facing forward), for- 
merly called LARBOARD. 

port Of entry. Revenue Law. A place, whether 
nautical or not, where foreign goods may be 
entered for import, — as Springfield, Mass. 

post. Bookkeeping. To transfer from day-book 
or journal to ledger. 

postdate. To date after the real time, as a 
check. 

poste restante. Fr. Phrase written on letters 
to be left in post-office till called for. 

post meridian. After mid-day; afternoon. 
Written P. M., or p. m. 

post obit bond- A bond to secure a loan, pay- 
able after the death of some person, from an 
estate in reversion expected by the maker. 

power Of attorney. Written authority to act 
for another. See attorney. 

precis. Fr. An abstract ; summary. 

preferred. Having prior right, — as, preferred 
stock, which receives dividends of profits or 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



743 



final assets before common stock ; preferred 
creditor, one by law or by debtor's choice 
having advantage in payment. 

premium. Bounty ; bonus beyond interest, for 
a loan ; consideration paid for insurance. 

presentment. Law. Finding of grand jury as 
to a true bill op indictment ; statement made 
by grand jury of unlawful facts, without in- 
dictment. Com. Presentation at the proper 
time and place of a document requiring ac- 
ceptance or payment. 

price current. List of prevailing prices for 
commodities, etc., issued periodically by deal- 
ers to customers. 

prime. Of first or highest quality. 

prime COSt. Original cost. 

principal. Chief person in a concern ; em- 
ployer of an agent; money bearing interest. 

probate. Official proof of genuineness of a will, 
establishing correctness of form and testator's 
capacity, but not validity of provisions. 

proceeds. Actual sum realized, less all ex- 
penses. 

produce. Yield; product of labor ; specif., ag- 
ricultural products. 

profit. Excess of returns or income over ex- 
penditures or investment. 

profit and loss. See account, profit and loss. 

pro forma. As a matter of form. 

promissory note. Written promise to pay at a 
fixed time a certain sum of money to, or to 
the order of, a specified person or to bearer. 

promoter. One who does preliminary work in 
establishing a business enterprise, company, 
etc. 

proof in bankruptcy. Law. Evidence of the 
existence of debt or liability exacted from 
every creditor before admission of his claim. 

pro rata. Lot. In proportion; according to 
share, interest, or liability of each. 

protective tariff. Customs duties for protect- 
ing domestic producers against foreign compe- 
tition. 

protest. Attestation by a notary public of fail- 
ure to pay a note or bill of exchange, notified 
to indorsers to confirm claim upon them. 

proviso. A provision or condition in a contract. 

proximo. The next month. 

proxy. Authority to act for another ; one so 
authorized. 

put Stock Exchange. The right to sell at a 
given price, at or within a fixed time, specified 
securities or commodities. See option. 

Q. 

quarantine. The time (orig. forty days) during 
which a ship suspected of infectious disease is 
restrained from shore intercourse; the re- 
straint itself ; the place where enforced ; in 
general, forced stoppage of intercourse by 
land or sea on account of such disease. 

quarter. The fourth part of a year, three months. 

quarter day. Day on which quarterly install- 
ments of rent are due. 

quash. Law. To make void ; as, to quash an 
indictment. 

quid pro quo. Lat. Something for something ; 
one thing in place of, or compensation for, 
another; a mutual concession. 

quittance. Discharge or release from obliga- 
tion. 



quorum. The number of members of an as- 
sembly that are legally competent to transact 
business. 

quotation. Statement of the current price or 
prices of commodities, securities, etc. ; the 
prices named. 

R. 

R. Letter used in abbreviations : as, Reg., reg- 
istered ; Rev. A/c, revenue account ; R. R., 
railroad ; Ry., railway. 

rack rent. A rent of the full value of a tene- 
ment, or near it ; excessive rent. 

rate Of exchange. Amount in currency of one 
country offered for that of another on a given 
date, varying, under conditions of supply and 
demand, from the par op exchange. 

real estate. Property in house or land. 

rebate. An allowance or discount, esp. in money 
already paid. 

receipt. Written acknowledgment of goods or 
money received. A receipt is merely pre- 
sumptive evidence and may be disputed. 

receiver. Law. One appointed, usually by a 
court, to receive, hold, and administer in trust 
property in litigation or that of a bankrupt or 
concern in dissolution. 

recourse. Resort (to a person) for the meeting 
of another's obligation. 

recoup. To reimburse ; make good one's losses. 

rectify. To purify or refine (distilled liquors), 
esp. by redistillation. 

referee. Law. One (usually an attorney at 
law) appointed by a court to take evidence 
and decide on an issue referred to him, with 
or without consent of the parties concerned. 
Reference is dist. from arbitration. 

register. An official record ; customs certificate 
describing a vessel, its name, ownership, ton- 
nage, etc. 

reinsure. To insure again, by an insurer as 
against loss by orig. insurance. 

release. Discharge from obligation ; relinquish- 
ment of a right or claim. 

re-lease. To grant a new lease of. 

remittance. Transmittal of money or its repre- 
sentative to a distant person. 

renewal. Giving or accepting a new note in 
place of one unpaid when due. 

rent. Payment for holding and use of real es- 
tate. 

rente. Fr. Annual income ; specif., interest on 
government consolidated debt, — used also in 
other European countries. 

replevin. Return to or recovery by one of his 
goods wrongfully detained, on security of giv- 
ing them back if defeated in court. 

reprisal- Internal. Law. Forceful redress of 
grievances, as by seizing property, embargo or 
any retaliatory acts short of war. 

retail. To sell in small quantities. 

retainer. Law. Act of engaging the services of 
a lawyer ; fee for the same. 

returnable. Law. Required to be returned, de- 
livered, or rendered, on a certain day, as a writ 
of court. 

returns. Proceeds; results. 

revenue. Income, esp. of a state from duties 
and taxes. 

reversion. Right of succession or future pos- 
session. 



744 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



S- Letter used in abbreviations : as, $, dollars ; 
sc. or scil., scilicet; S. S., steamship ; Stg., 
sterling; Stk., stock. 

Sagging. Drooping ; as, a sagging market. 

salary. Fixed regular periodical pay for serv- 
ices, as monthly, quarterly, yearly. Cf. 

WAGES. 

sale. Transfer of ownership for a considera- 
tion. 

Salvage. Saving of ship or cargo from wreck, 
or house or goods from fire ; articles saved ; 
compensation to rescuers. 

sample. A portion taken as evidence of quality 
of the whole ; a specimen. 

sans recourse. Without recourse. 

schedule. A list or inventory. 

SGllicet. Lat. To wit; namely. 

scrip. Preliminary certificate ; esp., of stock 
after allotment and before complete payment 
and registered issue. 

sea-letter. A neutral ship's passport in time of 
war. 

search warrant. Law. Legal authorization 
to search for stolen goods, or other things 
held in violation of law, as gambling imple- 
ments, smuggled goods, etc. 

seaworthy. Fit, whether in condition or outfit, 
to take a voyage ; — said of a vessel. 

Secured creditor. One holding security cover- 
ing his claims. 

security. Something given or pledged to in- 
sure the performance of a contract, payment 
of debt, etc. PL, Evidences of debt or of 
property, as bonds, stock certificates, etc. 

seisin, or seizin. Occupation or possession of 
real estate by its owner. 

sell. To dispose of property for a consideration. 

sequestration. Law. Placing of disputed prop- 
erty in the hands of a third party until ques- 
tion is settled. Internal. Law. Seizing pri- 
vate property for the State. 

Set-off. Offset against a debt of a claim in 
favor of the debtor. 

settlement. Adjustment, as of accounts ; pay- 
ment, as of debts. 

Share. Any of the equal interests into which a 
property or the capital of a company is di- 
dded. 

Ship. Nautically, a square-rigged vessel with a 
bowsprit and three masts ; colloquially, any 
large seagoing vessel. 

Shipment. Act of dispatching goods by a ves- 
sel or other conveyance ; also, the goods 
shipped. 

shipper. One who places goods in shipment. 

Shipping. Vessels generally ; tonnage. 

Shipping articles. Articles of agreement be- 
tween shipmaster and seamen. 

Ship's husband. An agent on land, represent- 
ing the owners of a ship, who manages its 
expenses and receipts. 

Ship's papers. A ship's certificate of registry, 
manifest, muster-roll of cargo, charter-party, 
bills of lading, bill of health, and log-book. 

Ship's Stores. Necessary provisions of all kinds 
for a voyage. 

Short. Exchanges. Not owning what one has 
sold for future delivery, but hoping to buy it 
cheaper before it is due. Opposite of long. 



short hills. Bills of exchange payable in less 
than ten days. 

Short Shipment. Outgoing cargo lacking some 
articles cleared but relanded, delayed, etc. 

Sight- Demand or presentation (of a bill or 
draft payable at sight). 

Signature. One's own name written with one's 
own hand. 

Silent partner. One interested by investment 
but without power in management. Also 
called dormant or sleeping partner. If his 
name appears he is liable with the rest ; if 
not, not, except as to his investment. Cf. 

ACTIVE PARTNER. 

Simple interest. Interest paid only on the prin- 
cipal lent. Cf . compound interest. 

Sinking fund. Sums set apart and invested, 
usually at fixed intervals, for extinguishment 
of a debt by accumulation of interest. 

smuggling. Importing or exporting goods 
without paying legal duties. 

solicitor. Brit. An attorney-at-law, without 
the right to plead in court. Cf. Barrister. 

solvency. Ability to meet all obligations. 

specie. Coin, usually of gold and silver. 

specification. A written description of partic- 
ulars. 

specific duty. A certain impost on a given ar- 
ticle or quantity of a given kind of article im- 
ported, without reference to value. 

speculation. Irregular dealing for profit from 
probable fluctuations in price, as in securities, 
real estate, etc. 

Stamp duty. A tax collected by stamps re- 
quired to be bought and affixed to specified 
articles, documents, etc. 

Standard. A fixed legal measure of quantity, 
weight, extent, value or quality, esp. the orig. 
specimen sanctioned by government, — as the 
standard pound, gallon, yard, meter, etc. 

Staple. Principal production of a place, or com- 
modity of traffic in a market. 

Starboard. The right hand side of a ship, look- 
ing forward. 

Statement of account. Periodical rendering of 
general accounts, with dates and amounts of 
transactions. 

Statute law. The law as expressed in statutes; 
dist. from common law. 

Statute Of limitations. Law. Statute fixing a 
period after which a claimant may not en- 
force his claims by suit ; — in real estate, 20 
years ; in personal property, 6 years ; in tort, 
2 years. 

Sterling. Lawful British money. 

Stock. Shares in a company or corporation 
capital; unsold goods. 

Stock broker. One who deals in securities on 
commission. 

Stock exchange. Institution for the purchase 
and sale of stocks and other securities. 

Stockholder. One who owns shares of stock. 

Stock taking. Periodical inventory and valua- 
tion of goods on hand. 

Stop a Check. To notify the bank on which it 
is drawn not to pay it till further notice. 

Stoppage in transitu. Law. The arresting of 
sold goods after shipment by the seller if 
buyer i.s insolvent. 

Storage. Storing goods ; charges therefor. 

Stowage. Loading a ship ; charges therefor. 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



745 



Strike. Quitting work by a body of workmen 
to enforce demands upon tbeir employer. Cf . 

LOCKOUT. 

SUbpOMia. A writ commanding attendance in 
court, under penalty for failure. 

subpoena ad testificandum. A writ command- 
ing attendance in court as a witness. 

subpoena duces tecum. A writ commanding 
attendance in court, bringing certain specified 
documents. 

subrogation- Law. Substituting one person 
"*• -other as creditor, the second paying the 
uebt and assuming the claim. 

suit. Law. Legal application to a court for 
justice. 

sundries. Miscellaneous things. 

supercargo. One superintending the sale of 
cargo abroad, procuring other freight for re- 
turn voyage, etc. 

surety. One bonded as answerable for the 
debt or obligation of another. 

surrender value. Life Ins. The amount a 
company will pay the insured for surrender- 
ing his policy and claim. 

surveyor Of customs. Officer in superintend- 
ence at a custom house station. 

Suspense account. A temporary record of un- 
certain debits or credits pending decision of 
their proper entry. 

suspension. Stoppage of payments of debts or 
obligations. 

SUttle weight. Light ; weight after deduction 
of tare. 

sympathetic strike. A strike by a body of 
workmen, to aid another strike in which they 
are not directly interested. 

T. 

tale. Reckoning goods by number, not by 
weight. 

tale quale (ta'le kwa'le). Lat. Such as [it is]. 
Phrase used in contracts for goods "to ar- 
rive." the buyer taking the risk of their be- 
ing equal to sample. 

tally. To check off an account. 

tare. Allowance for weight of box, cask, or 
packing, tare and tret, allowance for case 
and for waste ; see tret. 

tariff. A table of fixed charges ; also, a govern- 
ment schedule of duties on goods imported. 
(Gr. Brit, and U. S. have no export duties.) 

teller. A bank officer, usually one for receiving 
deposits and one for paying money on checks. 

tenant. Law. One who holds real estate by 
any title ; commonly, one who occupies the 
real estate of another by lease. 

tender. A sufficient offer of money, service, 
etc., in pursuance of an obligation; as, the 
tender of rent due. 

tenor. Law. An exact copy of a document. 

tenement. Land or other real property held by 
one person of another ; also, a dwelling house. 

tenure. Act, right, or manner of holding real 
property. 

term. Time for which a paper or contract is 
drawn, as a note. 

testament. Written document directing dis- 
posal of one's property after death. 

testator. One who makes a will. 

testimony. Law. Declaration under oath in 
affirmation of some fact. 



time bargain. Contract to buy or sell at a cer- 
tain time, at a price to be then fixed. 

toll. A tax on privilege, as for crossing a 
bridge ; charge for service, as canal tolls. 

ton. Weight measure =20 cwts. — in Eng., 
2,240 lbs. ; in U. S. and Canada, 2,000 lbs. ; 
unit of cubical capacity for ships = 100 cubic 
feet ; unit of displacement of ships (esp. war- 
ships), 35 cubic feet of water. 

tonnage. Weight of goods carried in a ship ; 
cubical content of a ship batons (100 cu. ft.) : 
tax on vessels, or toll on canal-borne goods, 
per ton ; total shipping of a place or nation 
estimated by tons. 

tontine. Life Ins. An annuity shared among a 
number, the survivors taking benefit of rhe 
accumulations, the last taking balance. 

tort. Law. A civil wrong (not breach of con- 
tract) liable for damages. 

trade. Buying and selling; commerce; one's 
business ; a mechanical occupation, as car- 
penter's trade; those in the same business, 
as the book trade. 

trade discount. Deduction to traders in the 
same line. 

trade mark. A mark or device of identification 
which the producer has exclusive legal right 
to use on goods. 

trade name. Name used by traders for any 
article. 

trade sale. Periodical auction for dealers, as 
book trade sale. 

trade-union or trades-union. Association of 
working people in any trade to further their 
own interests. 

traffic Trade, esp. if large ; specif., that of 
transportation of passengers and goods, as of 
a railroad. 

transshipment. Transferring from one convey- 
ance to another. 

transportation. Carriage, removal, conveyance, 
esp. of goods. 

transit duty. Customs tax on goods passing 
through a country. 

traveler. One who travels taking orders, etc., 
for a commercial house. 

treasury note. Currency bill issued by the U. S. 
Treasury, receivable for taxes. 

tret. Allowance to purchaser, for waste of 4 lbs. 
in 104 lbs. of suttle weight. 

trust. Credit given ; committal of property to 
one for the benefit of another ; a combination 
of producers or dealers (if of corporations, by 
putting control of their affairs into the hands 
of trustees, hence the name) for economical 
production and lessening of competition. 

trustee. One to whom property is committed 
for another's benefit ; also, a gaknishee. 

trustee process. See garnishment. 

U. 

U. Letter used in abbreviations : as, U/a, un- 
derwriting account {Marine Ins.); Ult. orult., 
of last month; U. S., United States (or U. S. A. 
— of America) ; TJ/w, underwriter. 

ullage. Amount a cask lacks of being full : de- 
ficiency. 

Ultimatum. A final proposition. 

Ultimo. Of the last previous month. 

umpire. One called to settle disagreement be- 
i tween arbitrators. 



746 



DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS AND LAW TERMS. 



under protest. Condition of paying money de- 
manded illegally or in excess. 

underwriter. An insurer, — sometimes of loans 
or enterprises, commonly of marine risks. 

Undervaluation. Custom House. Giving in- 
voice price below the truth. 

Unseaworthy. Unfit for voyage, whether as to 
condition or outfit. 

Upset price. Lowest fixed price which seller 
will take, or allow in starting an auction. 

Usage. Long-continued practice ; custom. 

Usance. Custom ; practice ; customary time 
allowed for payment of a foreign bill of ex- 
change, — as New York upon Europe, 60 days ; 
on East Indies, 4 months, etc. 

USUfrnct. Right of using the property of an- 
other without impairing the substance. 

usury. Interest in excess of legal rate. 

V. 

V. Letter used in abbreviations: as, V. or v., 
meaning versus, against ; via, by the way of ; 
videlicet, namely. 

valid. Law. Legally sufficient ; strong ; bind- 
ing. 

valuation. Estimate or statement of worth or 
price. 

value. Proper price. 

value received. Phrase used in promissory 
notes, bills, etc. , denoting valuable considera- 
tion. 

vendee. A purchaser. 

vendor. A seller. 

vendue. An auction. 

venture. Goods shipped for trade. 

verdict. Law. Decision of a jury on facts sub- 
mitted in evidence. 

verify. To confirm the truth or authenticity of, 
as a signature. 

Via. LMt. By the way of ; as, via New York. 

Visa (ve'za), or vise" (ve-za'). Examination 
and approval, as of a passport by authority, or 
of any document requiring superior approval. 

void. Law. Of no force or effect ; null. . 

voucher. A document in proof of correctness 
of account, as a receipt, canceled check, etc. 

voyage. Journey by water to a distant place or 
country, — time of beginning and ending, as 
for insurance, depending on agreement. 

w. 

W- Letter used in abbreviations : as, W. B., 
way bill ; W. b., water ballast ; Wt., weight ; 
W/W., warehouse warrant. 



warehouse. Place for storing goods for pay. 

See BONDED WAREHOUSE. 

warehouse warrant. Receipt for goods on 
storage. 

wages. Pay for (usually mechanical or manual) 
work, commonly by the day or week ; thus 
dist. from salaky. 

Warrant. An authorization, — as, a warrant on 
a city treasurer to pay money ; a court war- 
rant for arrest. 

warranty. A guarantee of something, — as of 
performance of a contract by another, or of 
title in goods sold. 

wastage. Loss by use, decay, leakage, hand- 
ling, etc. 

waste. Rubbish ; refuse ; wastage. 

watering of Stock. Colloquial. Issuing com- 
pany stock without corresponding value re- 
ceived or representing available capital. 

waybill. Written description of goods trans- 
ported by a common carrier on land. 

wet goods. Liquids in bottles or casks. 

Wharfage. Charges for use of a wharf. 

wholesale. Trade by large quantity ; selling 
to jobbers or retail dealers. 

Wind up. To end ; to close up, as the affairs of 
a business concern. 

Windward- Direction from which the wind 
blows, — opp. of leeward. 

Without recourse. Phrase sometimes added to 
indorsement of negotiable paper, protecting 
indorser from liability to the indorsee and 
subsequent holders. See recourse. 

wreckage. Goods afloat or washed ashore 
from a wreck. 

writ. An order of court commanding the do- 
ing or not doing of a certain act, under pen- 
alty. 

X. 
X. Letter used in abbreviations : as, X. c, ex 
coupon ; X. d.,ex dfvtbend ; X. in., ex inter- 
est. 

Y. 
year's purchase. Indicating that real estate is 
worth so many times its annual rental. 



Zollvereln. Former toll or customs union of 
German states for duty collected on a com- 
mon frontier ; superseded by government of 
the Empire. 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, 

WITH 

DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, AND DIMINUTIVES OR 
NICKNAMES. 



NAMES OF MEN. 



The sounds of the letters in the pronunciation are as indicated at the foot of each page in the Dictionary. 



Aar'on (Sr'on). [Heb.] Lofty; 
inspired. Arab. Harun, or 
Haroun (ha/roon') . 

Ab'di-el (5b'di-61). [Heb.] 
The servant of God. 

An>el(a'bSl). [Heb.] Breath; 
transitoriness ; vanity. 

Abi'a-thar (a-bi'a-thar). 

[Heb.] Father of plenty. 

A-bi'el (a-bi'gl). [Heb.] Fa- 
ther of strength. 

A'W-e'zer (a'bi-e'zer). [Heb.] 
Father of help. 

A bi'jah (a-bi'ja). [Heb.] To 
whom Jehovah is a father. 

Ab'ner (Sb'ner). [Heb.] Fa- 
ther of light. 

A'bra-ham(a'bra-h5m). [Heb.] 
Arab. Ibrahim (^bra-hem'). 
—Dim. Abe (ab). 

A'bram (a^bram). [Heb.] Fa- 
ther of elevation. — Dim. Abe 
(ab). 

AVsa-lom (ab'sa-lom). [Heb.] 
Father of peace. 

Ad'am (Xd'am). [Heb.] Man; 
earth man ; red earth. Scot. 
Edie (gd'I). 

A'dl-el (a'dT-gl). [Heb.] Or- 
nament of God. 

A'dln (a'dYn), ) [Heb.] Ten- 

A di'no (a-di'no). ) der ; deli- 
cate ; soft. 

A-d0lph' (a-dSlf), ) roo n 

A-dol'phns (a-d51'fus). ) LUU J 
Noble wolf ; i. «., noble hero. 
— Dim. DSl'phus. 

Ado-ni'ram (Sd'o-ni'ram). 
[Heb.] Lord of height. 

Al'an ) (51'an). Variously ex- 
Allan plained as a hound 

Allen) [Slav.], harmony 
[Celt.], and a corruption of 
Hilary, or of JElianus. 

Al'a-ric (51'a-rYk). [OG.] All 
rich ; or, noble ruler. 

Albert (Sl'bert). [OG.] No- 
bly bright ; illustrious. 



Al'bi-on(al'bT-on). See Albion, 

in the Dictionary. 
Al'ex-an'der (ai'eks-an'der). 

[Gr.] A defender of men. — 

Dim. Al'gck, EMYck, SSn'der, 

San'dy", Saw'nTe. 
Al'fred (Sl'frgd). [OG.] Elfin 

council ; i. e. , good counselor. 

L. Al-fre'dfis, A'lu-re'dus ; F. 

Alfred (al'frad') ; It. Sp., Pg. 

Alfredo (al-f ra'do) .-Dim. Alf . 
Al'ger-non (51'jer-non). [F.] 

With whiskers. 
Al'lan (Sllan), ) The same as 
Allen (alien). J Alan. 
A I'm on (51'm5n). [Heb.] 

Hidden. 
A-lon'zo (a-lBn'zo"). [OG.] 

Same as Alphonso. 
Al'phe-US (Sl'fe-iis; prop. 51- 

fe'us). [Heb.] Exchange. 
Al-phon'SO (51-f5n'sft). [OG.] 

All ready ; willing. 
Al'vah (Sl'va) ) [Heb.] Iniq- 
Al'van (al'van). j uity. 
Al'vin (al'vin), ) [OHG.] Be- 
Al'win (51'wTn). ) loved by 

all. 
AnVa-ri'ah (am'a-ri'a). [Heb.] 

Whom Jehovah promised. 
Am'a-sa (5m'a-sa). [Heb.] 

A burden. 
Ambrose (am'broz). [Gr.] 

Immortal; divine. 
Am'mi (Sm'mi). [Heb.] My 

people. 
A'mos (a'mus). [Heb.] Strong; 

courageous ; or, burden. 
An'drew (an'dru). [Gr.] 

Strong; manly. — Dim. 

An'dy\ 
Andro-nl'cus (a'n'dro'-ni'kus). 

[Gr.] A conqueror of men. 
An'selm (an'sglm), ) [OHG.] 
An'sel (Sn'sSl). J Protec- 
tion of God. 
An'tho-ny (8n't6-njf), ) rT , 
An'to-ny (Sn'tS-ny). ) Llj J 

Priceless ; praiseworthy. — 

Dim. To'nf.—Fem. Antonia. 



A-poiaos(a-p5ia5s). [Gr.] Of 

Apollo. 
A r'C h e-1 a'n S (ar'ke-la'us). 

[Gr.] Ruler of the people. 
ArcM-bald(ar'chT-bald). [G.] 

Extremely bold; or, holy 

prince. — Dim. Archy (ar'- 

ch?). 
A'ri-el(a'rT-el). [Heb.] Lion 

of God ; valiant for God. 
Ar'is-tar'chns (aVIs-tar'kua). 

[Gr.] Good prince. 
Ar'nold (ar'nold). [OHG.] 

Strong as an eagle. 
Ar'te-mas (ar'te-mas). [Gr.] 

Gift of Artemis, or Diana. 
AT'thnr (ar'thur). [Celt.] 

High ; noble. 
A'sa (a'sa). [Heb.] Healer; 

physician. 
A'sa-hel (a'sa-hel). [Heb]. 

Made of God. 
A'saph (a'saf ). [Heb.] A col- 
lector. L. As'a-phus. 
As'a-re'lah(aVa-re'la). [Heb.] 

Upright to God. 
Ash/beKaWbgl). [Heb.] Fire 

of Bel. 
Ash'er (Ssh'er). [Heb.] 

Happy ; fortunate. 
Ash'ur(5sh'ur). [Heb.] 

Black; blackness. 
Ath'a-na'sl-ns (Sth'a-na'zhT- 

Qfl). [Gr.] Immortal. 
Ath'el-stan(ath'gl-staji). [AS.] 

Noble stone. 
An/brey (a/br?). [OHG.] 

Ruler of spirits. 
Au-gUS'tin (a-gus'tTn), ) 
An-gUS'tine (a-gns'tin), [ [L.] 
Anstin (aytln). ) 

Belonging to Augustus. 
Au-gns'tUS (a-gus'tus). [L.] 

Exalted ; imperial. — Dim. 

G&a, Gus'tus. 
Au-reOl-US (a-rell-us). [L.] 

Golden. 
Au'tin (ae'tln). See AuotrsTor. 
Al'a-ri'an (Sz'i-ri'a). [Heb.] 

Helped of the Lord. 



748 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN. 



B. 

Baldwin (bald'wln). [OG.] 
Bold, courageous friend. 

Bap'tist (bap'tist). [Gr.] A 
baptizer ; a purifier. 

Bar'dolph (bar'dSlf), ) [OG.] 

Bar'dulph. (bar'dulf). } Distin- 
guished helper. 

B a r'n a-b a S (b'ar'na-bas), ) 

Bar'na-by (bar'na-by)- ' J 
[Heb.] Son of exhortation 
or consolation. 

Bar-tnol'o-mew (bar-th5l'6- 
mu). [Heb.] Warlike son. 

— Dim. Bart, B5t. 
Bar-Zil'lai (bar-zil'la or -la-i). 

[Heb.] Iron of the Lord; 

firm ; true. 
Bas'il(bSz'il). [Gr.] Kingly; 

royal. 
Ben'e-dict (ben'e-dikt). [L.] 

Blessed. 
B e n'j am i n (bgn'ja-min). 

[Heb.] Son of the right hand. 

— Dim. BSn, Ben'njr. 
Ben-o'ni (bgn-o'ni). [Heb.] 

Son of grief or trouble. 
Ee-ri'ah (be-rl'a). [Heb.] In 

calamity. 
Ber'nard (ber'nard), ) [OG.] 
Bar'nard (bar'nard). ) Bold as 

a bear. — Dim. B'ar'ney\ 
Bei'tram (ber'tram). [OG.] 

Bright raven. — Dim. Bert. 
Be-tbU'el (be-thu'gl). [Heb.] 

Man of God. 
Be-zal'e-el (be-zSKe-gl or bgz' 

a-lel). [Heb.] In the shadow 

(protection) of God. 
Bon'i-xace (b5n'I-fas). [L.] 

Benefactor. 
Bri'an (bri'an). [Celt.] 

Strong. 
Eru'no (bru'nS). [OG.] 

Brown. 



Cad-wal'la-der (kSd-wolla- 
der). [W.] Battle arranger. 

Gse'sai (se'zar). [L.] Hairy ; 
or, blue-eyed. 

Ca'leb (ka'lgb). [Heb.] A 
dog. 

Cal'vin (kal'vln). [L.] Bald. 

Ce'Cil (se'sTl, sisll, or sgs'Tl). 
[L.] Dim-sighted. 

Ce'phas (se'fas). [Aram.] A 
stone. 

Charles (ch'arlz). [OG.] 
Strong ; manly ; noble-spir- 
ited. — Dim. Char'lTe, or 
Char'ley. 

Cnris'tian (krfs'chan). [L.] 
Belonging to Christ ; a be- 
liever in Christ. — Dim. 
-Chris'tYe. 

hi r i s't op h e r (krTs'tS-fer). 
[G r.] Bearing Christ. — 
Dim. Kes'ter, Kit, -Chris. 

Clarence (klar'ens). [L.] Il- 
lustrious. 



[L.] 



Clau'di-US (kla'dl-us). 
Claude (kiad-). 

Lame. 
Clem'ent (klem'gnt). [L.] 

Mild-tempered ; merciful. 
Con'rad (kon'rSd). [OHG.] 

Bold in counsel ; resolute. 
Constant (kon'stant). [L.] 

Firm; faithful. 
Con'Stan-tine (kon'stan-tin). 

[L.] Resolute ; firm." 
Cyp'ri-an (sip'ri-an). [Gr.] 

Of Cyprus. 
Cyr'il (sTr'Tl). [Gr.] Lordly. 
Cy'NlS (si'rus). [Per.] The 



Dan (dan). [Heb.] Judge. 
Dan'i-el (dah'T-el or dan'ygl). 

[Heb.] Divine judge. — Dim. 

DSn. 
Da-ri'us (da-ri'Qs). [Per.] 

Preserver. 
Da'Vid (da'vid). [Heb.] Be- 
loved. — Dim. Da'vy, Dave 

(dav). 
De-me'trl-US (de-me'tri-Qs). 

[Gr.] Belonging to Demeter 

or Ceres. 
Den'is(den'Ts), ) The French 
Den'nis(deu'nis). J form of 

DlONYSIUS. 

Derrick (dgr'rlk). A corrup- 
tion of Theodoric. 

Dex'ter (dgks'ter). [L.] The 
right hand ; fortunate. 

Di'o-nys'l-us (di'6-msh'T-fis). 
[Gr . ] Belonging to Dionysos, 
or Bacchus, the god of wine. 

Don'ald (d5n'ald). [Celt.] 
Proud chief. 

Dun'can (dunk'an). [Celt.] 
Brown chief. 

E. 
Eb'en (gb'gn). [Heb.] Stone. 
Eb'en-e'zor (gb'gn-e'zer). 

[Heb.] Stone of help. 
Ed'gar (gd'gar). [AS.] Javelin 

(or protector) of property. 
Ed'mund (gd'mfind). [AS.] 

Defender of property. — Dim. 

Ed, Ngd. 
Ed'ward (gd'ward). [AS.] 

Guardian of property. — Dim. 

Ed, Ed'd?, Ngd, Ngd'dv\ Tgd, 

Tgd'dy\ 
Ed'win(gd'wtn). [AS.] Gainer 

of property. — Dim. Ed, Ed'- 

dy- 
Eg'bert(gg'bert). [OG.] The 

sword's brightness ; famous 

with the sword. 
El'bert (gl'bert). The same as 

El'dred (gl'drgd). [AS.] Ter- 
rible. 

E'le-a'zer (e'le-a'zer). [Heb.] 
To whom God is a help. 

E'li (e'll). [Heb.] A foster son. 



E-li'ab (e-H'Xb). [Heb.] God 
is his father. 

E-li'a-kim (e-11'a-kim). [Heb.] 
Whom God sets up. 

E-li'as (e-ll'as). The same ae 
Elijah. 

E-li'hu (e-ll'hu). [Heb.] God 
the Lord. 

E-li'jah (e-li'ja). [Heb.] Je- 
hovah is my God. 

E-liph'a-let (e-iYfa-lgt). 
[Heb.] God of salvation. 

E-li'sha (e-ll'sha). [Heb.] God 
my salvation. 

E-li'ZUr(e-lI'zur). [Heb.] God 
is my rock. 

El'liS (gl'lTs). A variation of 
Elisha. 

El'mer (gl'iner). Probably a 
contraction of AS. Ethelmer 
or Ethelmar, "noble great- 
ness." 

El'na-than. [Heb.] God gave. 

Em'e-ry (em'e-ry), ) 

Em'me-ry (em'me-rj), [ [AS.] 

Em'o-ry (gm'o-ry). ) 
Powerful; rich. L, Al'me-ri'- 
cus; It. Amerigo (a-ma-re'go), 
whence the name America. 

E m-m a n'u-e 1 (Sm-m5n'u-gl) . 
[Gr. fr. Heb.] God with us. 

E-n e'a S (e-n e'a s). [G r.] 

E'noch (e'nok). [Heb.] Con- 
secrated. 
E'nos (e'nos). [Heb.] Man. 
E'phra-inf(e'fra-iin). [Heb.] 

Very fruitful. 
E-ras'muS (e-r5z'mus). [Gr.] 

Lovely ; lovable. 
E-ras'tUS (e-rgs'tus). [Gr.] 

Lovely; amiable. 
E'ric (e'rik). [AS.] Rich; 

brave ; powerful. 
Er'nest (er'ngst), ) ro -, 

Er-nes'tUS (er-ngs'tus). ) L ' J 

Earnest. 
E'sau (e'sa). [Heb.] Covered 

with hair. 
E'than (e'than). [Heb.] Firm- 
ness ; strength. 
Eu'gene (u'jen or u-jen'). 

[Gr.] Well-born; noble. 
Eus'tace (us'tas). [Gr.] 

Healthy ; standing firm. 
Ev'an (gv'an). [W.] Young 

warrior. 
Ev'er-ard (gv'er-ard). [OHG.] 

Strong as a wild boar. 
E-zeti-el (e-ze'kT-el or -k!l). 

[Heb.] Strength of God. 

— Dim. Zeke (zek). 
EzTa (gz'r4). [Heb.] Help. 



Fe'llX (fe'liks). [L.] Happy; 
prosperous. 

Fer'dl-nand (fer'di-n5nd). 
[OHG.] Brave ; valiant. 

Fer-nan'dO (fer-n5n'do). Span- 
ish form of Ferdinand. 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN. 



749 



Fes'tUS (fgs'tus). [L.] Joyful ; 
glad. 

Fran'cis (frau'sis). [F.] Free. 
— Dim. FrSnk. 

Frank (frank) . Same as Fran- 
cis. 

Fred'er-ic (frgd'er-Tk), ) 

F r e d'e r-i c k (f rgd'er-ik). ] 
[OHG.] Abounding in peace ; 
or, peaceful ruler. — Dim. 
Fred, FrSd'dy. 

G. 

Ga'bri-el (ga'bri-gl). [Heb.] 
Man of God. — Dim. Gabe 
(gab). 

Ga'iUS (ga'yus). [L.] Re- 
joiced. 

Ga-ma'li-el (ga-ma'lT-gl or ga- 
mal'yel). [Heb.] Recom- 
pense of God. 

Gar 'ret (gar'rgt). Another 
form of Gerald. 

Geoffrey (jgf'fry). Same as 
Godfrey. 

George (j6rj). [Gr.] Land- 
holder; husbandman. — Dim. 
Georgie (jSr'ji), Geordie 
I ,6T'dT). 

Ger'ald (jgr'ald), ) [OG.] 

Ger'ard (jgr'ard). j Strong 
with the spear. 

Ger'man (jer'man), ) rT -, 

Ger'maine (jer'man). J l^ - - 1 
German. 

Gefshom (ger'shom). [Heb.] 
Exile. 

Gid'e-on (gYd'e-on). [Heb.] 
Destroyer. 

Gilbert (giFbert). [OHG.] Yel- 
low-bright ; famous. — Dim. 
Gil (gil). 

Giles (jibs). [Gr.] A kid. 

God'dard (gSd'dard). [OG.] 
Pious ; virtuous. 

God'frey (god'fry). [OHG.] 
At peace with God. 

God'win (god'wln). [AS.] 
Good in war. 

Greg'o-ry (grgg'6-ry> [G.] 
Watchful. 

Griffith (grif fYth).|[W.] Rud- 
dy (?). 

GuS-ta'VUS (gus-ta'vus). [Sw.] 

A warrior ; hero. 
Guy (gi). [F.] A leader. 



Han'ni-bal (han'm-bal). [Pu- 
nic] Grace of Baal. 

Har'old (har'old). [AS.] A 
champion ; "general of an 
army. 

He'man (he'man). [Heb.] 
Faithful. 

Hen'ry (hgn'ry). [OHG.] The 
head or chief of a house. — 
Dim. Har'ry (by assimilation 
of consonant sound), H21, 
Hen (HawHiin, obs.). 

Herbert (her'bert). [AS.] 



Glory of the army. — Dim. 
Bert. 

Her'CU-les (her'ku-lez). [Gr.] 
Lordly fame. 

Her 'man (her 'man). [OG.] A 
warrior. 

Hez'e-ki'ah (hgz'e-kl'a). 
[Heb.] Strength of the Lord. 

Hil'a-ry (hil'a-ry). [L.] Cheer- 
ful ; merry. 

Hil'lel(hlllgl). [Heb.] Praise. 

Hfram (hi'rani). [Heb.] Most 
noble. 

Ho'mer (ho'mer). [Gr.] A 
pledge ; security. 

Hor'ace (hor'as). French form 
of Horatio. 

Ho-ra'ti-0 (ho-ra'shi-o or -sho). 
[L.] (Uncertain.) 

Ho-se'a(ho-ze'a). [Heb.] Sal- 
vation. 

How'ell(how'el). [W.] Sound; 
whole. 

Hu'bert (hu'bert). [OHG.] 
Bright in spirit ; soul-bright. 

Hugh(hu), )[D.] Mind; 

Hu'gO (hu'go). I spirit; soul. 

Humph'rey (hum'fry), ) [AS.] 

Humph'ry (hum'fr?). J Pro- 
tector of the home. — Dim. 
Humph. 

I. 
Ich'a-bod (Tk'a-bod). [Heb.] 

The glory has departed. 
Ig-na'ti-US (Ig-na'shT-us or 

-shus). [Gr.] Ardent; fiery. 

Im-man'u-el (Tm-mSn'u-gi). 
[Heb.] See Emmanuel. 

In'crease (Ingres). [E.] i. e. 
Growth [of faith]. 

In'gram (Tn'gram). [Teut.] 
Raven. 

Ll'i-gO (Tn'i-go). Spanish form 
of Ignatius. 

I'ra (I'ra). [Heb.] Watchful. 

I'saac (I'zak). [Heb.] Laugh- 
ter. — Dim. Ik (Ik), Ike (Ik). 

I-sai'ah (I-za'ya). [Heb.] Sal- 
vation of the Lord. 

IS'ra-el (Tz'ra-gl). [Heb.] A 
soldier of God. 

Ith'i-el (Tthl-gl). [Heb.] God 
is with me. 

I-van' (e-van' or e'van). Rus- 
sian form of John. 

F vo-ry (l'vo-ry> [E.] 



Ja'bez (ja'bgz). [Heb.] He 
will cause pain. 

Ja'COD(ja'kob). [Heb.] A sup- 
planter. — Dim. Jake (jak). 
See James. 

Ja'i-rus (ja'i-rus). [Heb.] He 
will enlighten. L. id. 

James (jamz). Same as Jacob. 
— Dim. Jeames (jemz), Jgm, 
Jim, Jgni'my, JTm'my. 

Ja'pheth (ja'fgth ; colloq. ja'- 
fet). [Heb.] Enlargement. 



Ja'red (ja'rgd). [Heb.] De- 
scent. 

Ja'SOn (ja'son). [Gr.] A 
healer. 

Jas'per (jas'per). [Per.] (Un- 
certain.) 

Ja'van (ja'van). [Heb.] Clay ; 
supple. 

Jed'e-di'ah (jgd'e--dl'a). [Heb.] 
Beloved of the Lord. 

Jeffrey (jgf'fry). Same as 
Godfrey, 

Jer'e-mi'ah (jgr'e-mi'a), 

Jer'e-mfas (jgr'e-mi'as, 

Jer'e-my (jgr'e-my). 

[Heb.] Exalted of the Lord. 

— Dim. Jerry. 

Jefome (jer'om in England, 
but in America usually je- 
rom'). [Gr.] Holy name. 

Jes'se (jes'se). [Heb.] Wealth, 

Jo'ab (jo'ab). [Heb.] Jeho- 
vah is his father. 

Job (job). [Heb.] Afflicted; 
presented. 

Jo'el(jo'gl). [Heb.] The Lord 
is God. 

John (j5n). [Heb.] The gra- 
cious gift of God. — Dim. 
J5hn'ny, Jack, Jock. — Fern. 
Joanna, Jane. See Joan. 

Jo'nah (jo'na), ) [Heb.] A 

Jo'nas (jo'nas). ) dove. 

Jon'a-than (jon'a-than). 
[Heb.] Gift of Jehovah. 

Jo'seph (jo'sgf). [Heb.] He 
shall add. — Dim. Joe (jo). 

J0Sh'U-a (josh'u-a). [Heb.] 
God of salvation. — Dim. 
Josh. 

Jo-Sfah (jo-si'a), ) [Heb.] 

Jo-Si'as (jo-sl'as). ) Given 
of the Lord. 

Jo'tham(jo'tham). [Heb.] The 
Lord is upright. 

Ju'dah (ju'da). [Heb.] Praised. 

Jlfli-an (ju'lT-an). [L.] Sprung 
from, or belonging to, Julius. 

— Dim. Jule (Jul). 
Ju'li-US (ju'lT-us). [Gr.] Soft- 
haired. — Dim. Jule (Jul). 

JuS'tin (jus'tin). [L.] Just. 
Jus'tUS (jus'tus). [L.] Just. 

K. 
Ken'elm (kgn'elm). [AS.] A 

defender of his kindred. 
Ken'neth (kgn'ngth). [Gael.] 

A leader ; commander. 



La'ban (la'ban). [Heb.] White. 
Lanfbert (lam'bert). [OHG.] 
Illustrious with landed pos- 
sessions. 
Lan'ce-lOt (lan'se-lot), ) [It.] A 
Laun'ce-lot (Ian'-). | little 
angel; or, a little lance or 
warrior, or, a servant. 
Lail'reuce (la/rens), ) |- L ^ 
Law'rence (la'rgns). <, L " J 



750 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN. 



Crowned with laurel. — Dim. 

LSr'rJ (LaVkYn, ota.),(Law'- 

rie, Lau'rTe, Scot., LSr'rf, 

Jr.). 
Laz'a-ms (15z'a-ruB). [Heb.] 

God will help. 
Le-an'der (le-an'der). [Gr.] 

Lion man. 
leo-be'us (leb-be'fis ; colloq. 

16b'be-fis). [Heb.] Praise. 
Lem'u-el (lgin'u-gl). [Heb.] 

Created by God. 
Leonard (lgn'ard). [G.] 

Strong or brave as a lion. 
Le-03il-das (le-5n'T-das). [Gr.] 

LionlDse. 
Le'o-pold (le'o-pold), formerly 

Igp'old). [OHG.] Bold for 
1 the people. 

Le'vi(le'vi). [Heb.] Adhesion. 
Lew'is (lob'Is). [OHG.] Bold 

warrior. — Dim. Lewie (loo'- 

T), Louie (lboT), Lew (loo), 

Lou. 
Li'UUS (H'nus). [Gr.] Flax- 

en-haiied. 
Li'O-nel(lFo-nel). [L.] Young 

lion. 
Llew-el'lyn (lu-gl'lTn). [Celt.] 

Lightning. 
Lo-am'mi (16-am'mI). [Heb.] 

Not my people. 
Lo'do-Wic (15'do-wTk). Same 

as Lewis. 
Lo-ren'20 (15-rSn'zo). Same as 

Laurence. 
Lot (lot). [Heb.] A veil; 

covering. 
Louis (lob'Ts). French form 

of Lewis. 
Lu1>in (lu'bln). [AS.] Be- 
loved friend. 
Lu'cas (lu'kas). See Luke. 
Lu'Ci-an (lu'shT-an, lu'shan). ) 
Lu'ci-US (lu'shl-Qs, lu'shtis). j 

[L.] Born at daybreak. 
Lu'do-vic (lu'do-vik). Same as 

Lewis. 
Luke(luk). [Gr.] Light. 
Luth'er (lu'ther). [G.] Illus- 
trious warrior. 
Ly-CUr'gUS (li-kfir'gGs). [Gr.] 

Wolf driver. 

M. 
Ma'dQC (ma'dok). [W.] Good ; 

beneficent. 
Mal'a-CM (mal'a-ki). [Heb.] 

Messenger of the Lord. 
Ma- Has' sell (ma-nas'se). 

[Heb.] Forgetfulnes3. 
Mar-cel'lus(mar-sgl'lus). [L.] 

Dim. of Marcus. 
Mar'cl-HS (maVshT-Qs or 

-shiis). Same as Marcus. 
Mar'CUS (mar'kus), ) [L.] A 
Mark (mark). | h a tu- 

rner ; otherwise, a male, or, 

sprung from Mars. 
Mar'raa-duke (mar'ma-duk). 

[AS.] A mighty noble. 



Mar'tin (mar'tln). [L.] Of 

Mars ; warlike. 
Matthew ) (mSth'yu). [Heb.] 
Matthias J (ma-thi'as) Gift of 

Jehovah. — Dim. Mat. 
Mau'rice (ma'ns). [L.] Moor- 
ish ; dark-colored. 
Max'i-mil'i-an (maks/T-mli'T- 

an). [L.] The greatest iEmi- 

lianus. 
Mer'e-dith (mer'e-dlth). 

[Celt.] Sea protector. 
Mi'cah (ini'ka). [Heb.] Who 

is like Jehovah ? 
Mi'cha-el (mi'ka-gl or mi'kgl). 

[Heb.] Who is like God ? — 

Dim. Mike (mik). 
Miles (milz). [L.] A soldier. 
Mor'gan (mQr'gan). [W.] A 

seaman ; a dweller on the sea. 
Mo'ses (mo'zgz). [Egypt.] 

Drawn out of the water. — 

Dim. Mose (moz). 

N. 
Na'a-man (na'a-inan). [Heb.] 

Pleasantness. 
Na'hum (na'hum). [Heb.] 

Consolation. 
Na-pole-on (na-po'le-on). [Gr.] 

Lion of the forest dell. 
Na'than (na'than). [Heb.] 

Given ; a gift. 
Na-than/a-el (na-than'a-gl), ) 
Na-than'i-el (na-th5n'T-gi). [ 

[Heb.] Gift of God. F. 

Nathaniel (na / ta 7 ne / al'). 
Neal (nel), ) [L.] Dark ; swar- 
Neil (nel). ) thy ; otherwise 

[Celt.], chief. 
N e' h e- m i' a h (ne'he-mi'a). 

[Heb.] Comfort of Jehovah. 
Nich'0-las (nTk'6-las), \ [Gr.] 
Nic'0-las (nik'S-las). ] Vic- 
tory of the people. — Dim. 

Nick. 
No'ah (no'a). [Heb.] Rest ; 

comfort. 
No'el (no'gl). [L.] Christmas; 

born on Christmas Day. 
Nor'man (nSr'man). [G.] A 

Northman ; a native of Nor- 
mandy. 



O'ba-di'ah (o'ba-di'a). [Heb.] 
Servant of the Lord. L. O'ba- 
di'as or Ob'a-di'as. 

O'befi (o'bed). [Heb.] Serv- 
ing God. 

0c-ta'vi-US(5k-ta'vT-us), ) [L.] 

0c-ta'VUS(5k-ta'viis). J The 
eighth born. 

01'i-ver (ol'I-ver). [L.] An 
olive tree. 

0-res'tes (o-rgs'tez). [Gr.] A 
mountaineer. 

Or-lan'do (6r-15n'd6). Italian 
form of Roland. 

Os'car (ob'kar). [Celt.] 
Bounding warrior. 



Os'mond (oz'niond), ) [OG.] 
Os'mund (5z'nfund). { Pro- 

tection of God. 
Os'wald (5z'wald), ) [OG.] 
Os'wold (oz'wold). | Power of 

God. 
OWen(o'gn). [Celt.] Lamb; 

or, young warrior. 

P. 

Pat'rick(p5t'rTk). [L.] Noble ; 

a patrician. — Dim. P3t, 

PSd'dy. 
Paul (pal), ) rr , 

Pau'lus (pa'lfis), Ijjt-vl 

Pau-li'nus (pa-li'nus). ) LltUe - 
Pe'leg (pe'lgg). [Heb.] Di- 
vision. 
Per'e-griue (pSr'e-grln). [L.] 

Stranger. 
Pe'ter (pe'ter). [Gr.] Rock. 

— Dim. Pete (pet), Pe'ter- 

kin. 
Phi-lan'der (fi-l5n'der). [G r .] 

Lover of men. 
Phi-le'mon (fi-le'mon). [Gr.] 

Loving ; friendly. 
Phil'ip (fil'ip). [Gr.] Lover 

of horses. — Dim. Phil, Pip. 
Phin'e-as (fln'e-as). [Heb.] 

Mouth of brass. 
Pi'US (pl'us). [L.] Pious; 

dutiful; filial. 
PoPy-carp (p51'I-karp). [Gr.] 

Much fruit. 

Q. 

Quin'tin (kwTn'tYn). [L.] Fifth. 
Scot. Qugn'tYn. 

R. 

Ralph (rSlf ; in England often 

pronounced raf). Same as 

RODOLPHUS. 

Ran'dal(rSn'dal). [AS.] House 

wolf. 
Raph'a-el (rSf'a-gl). [Heb.] 

Healing of God. 
Raymond (ra'mond), ) [OG.] 
Ray'mund (ra'mund). ) Wise 

protection. 
Reg'i-nald (rgj'Y-nald). [OG.] 

Strong ruler. 
Reu'ben (ru'bgn). [Heb.] 

Behold, a son ! 
Reu'el (rji'gl). [Heb.] Friend 

of God. ' 
Reyn'old (rgn'old). Same as 

Reginald. 
Rich'ard (rich'ard). [OHG.] 

Strong like a ruler ; powerful. 
ROD'ert (rob'ert). [OHG.] 

Bright in fame. 
Rod'er-ic (rod'er-Tk), ) [OG.] 
Rod'er-ick (rBd'er-Ik), ] Rich 

in fame. 
Ro'dolph (ro'dBlf), ) 

R o-d o l'p h u s (r6-d51'f us). ) 

[OHG.] Famous wolf, or 

hero. 
Rog'er (rSj'er). [OHG.] Fa- 
mous with the spear. 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 



751 



Ro'land (ro'land). Fr. form of 

Rowland. 
Rowland (roland). [OG.] 

Fame of the land. 
Ru'dolpb (ru/dolf), ) Va 

Ru-dol'phus (ru-d51'fus). ] Va " 

**— '{USES.. 

Rulus (ru/fus). [L.] Red; 

red-haired. 
Ru'pert (ru'pert). Same as 

Robert. 

S. 
Sal'mon (sSl'mon). [Heb.] 

Shady. 
Sam'SOn (sXm'son), \ [Heb.] 
Samp'son (sSmp'son). j Splen- 
did sun ; i. e., great joy. 
Sam'U-el (sam'u-gl). [Heb.] 

Heard of God ; asked for of 

God. —Dim. Sam, S5m'my\ 
Saul (sal). [Heb.] Asked for. 
Se / Da(se'ba). [Heb.] Eminent. 
Se-baS'tlan (se-Ms'chan). 

[Gr.] Venerable. 
Se-re'no(se-re / ii6), I [L.] 
Se-re'nus (se-re'nus). ) Calm ; 

peaceful. 
Setb(sgth). [Heb.] Appointed. 
Sba'drach (sha'drak). [Heb.] 

Rejoicing in the way. 
Sig'is-mund (sTj'Ts-mQnd). 

[OHG.] Conquering pro- j 

tection. 
Silas (silas), ) [L.] ! 

Sll-va'nus (sil-va'nus). j Liv- i 

ing in a wood. 
Sil-ves'ter (sll-vgs'ter) [L.] 

Country bred ; rustic. — Dim. 

Vga'ter, Vgst. 
Sim'e-on (sim'e-on), ) rTTo , -, 
Si'mon (sl'mon). J L±ieD - J 

Hearing with acceptance. — 

Dim. STin. 
Soi'o-mon (sol'6-mon). [Heb.] 

Peaceable. F. Salomon (sa'- 

lo'mto'). — Dim. S51. 



Ste'phen (.ste'v'n). [Gr.] A 
crown. — Dim. Steve (stev), 
Ste'vTe. 

Switbln (swlth'ln). [AS.] 
Strong friend. 

Syl'van (sli'van), )„ TT 

Syl-va'nus (sll-va'nus). / &I L " 

VANUS. 

Syl-ves'ter (sll-vgs'ter). Sil- 
vester. 



Thad'de-us (thad'de-us). 

[Syr.] The wise. 
The'o-bald(the'o-bald). [OG.] 

Bold for the people. 
The'0-dore (the'6-dor). [Gr.] 

Gift of God. — Dim. The, 

Dory, Ted, Teddy. 
The-Od'0-ric (the-5d'6--rlk). 

[AS.] Powerful among the 

people. 
The-opbl-lus (the-ofl-lfo). 

[Gr.] Lover of God. 
The' roil (the'ron). [Gr.] 

Hunter. 
Thom'as(t5m'as). [Heb.] A 

twin. — Dim. T5m, T5m'my 

(t5m'kln, obs.). 
Tim'o-tby (iim't-thf). [Gr.] 

Fearing God. — Dim. Tim. 
To-bi'ab (tS-bi'a), ) [Heb.] 
To-bi'as (to-bi'as). I D i s tin- 

guished of Jehovah. — Dim. 

To'by. 
TriS'tam (tris'tam), ) [L.] 
TriS'tram (tris'tram). j Grave; 

melancholy ; sad. 

U. 
U-lys'ses (u-lis'sez). [Gr.] A 

hater. 
UrDail (fir'ban). [L.] Of the 

town ; courteous. 
U-ri'ah(u-rl'a). [Heb.] Light 

of Jehovah. 
U'ri-an (u'ri-an). [Dan.] A 

husbandman. 



U'ri-el(u'rl-gl). L ileb.] Light 
of God. 



Val'en-tine (vui'gn-tin). [L.] 

Strong ; healthy. 

ViCtor (vlk'tor). [L.] Con- 
queror. 

Vin'cent (vln'sent). [L.] Con- 
quering. 

ViV'i-an(vIvl-an). [L.] Lively. 

W. 

Waller (waller). [OHG.] 
Ruling the host. — Dim. 
Wat. 

William (wll'yam). [OHG.] 
Resolute helmet, or, helmet 
of resolution ; protector. — 
Dim. Will, Will?, Bill, Bil'- 

iy- 
Win'fred (wTn'frgd). [AS.] 
Win-peace. 

Z. 

ZaVdi-el (z5b'dT-el). [Heb.] 
Gift of God. 

Zac-cbe'US (zSk-ke'us; colloq. 
z3k'ke-us). [Heb.] Inno- 
cent ; pure. 

Zacb'a-ri'ah (zSk'a-ri'a), \ 

Zach'a-ry (zSk'a-ry). j 
[Heb.] Remembered of Je- 
hovah. — Dim. Zach (zak). 

Za'dok (za'dok). [Heb.] Just. 

Zeb'a-di'ab (zgtya-dl'a), ) 

Zeb'e-dee (zgb'e-de). ( 
[Heb.] Gift of Jehovah. 

Z e c b/ a- r i' a b (zek'a-ri'a). 
[Heb.] Saiurf a3 Zachariah. 

Zed'e-ki'ab (zed'f-ki'a). 
[Heb.] Justice of the Lord. 

Ze-lOles (ze-lo'tez). [Gr.] 
Zealot. 

ZCnas (ze'nas). [Gr.] Gift of 
Jupiter. 

Z e p b'a- n i' a b (zgf 'a-ni'a) . 
[Heb.] Hid of Jehovah. 



NAMES OF WOMEN. 



The sounds of the letters in the pronunciation are as indicated at the foot of each page in the Dictionary. 



Abl-gail(Sbl-gal). [Heb.] My 
father's joy. — Dim. Ab'by, 
NSb'b?. 

Acb'sa (Sk'sa). [Heb.] Anklet. 

A'da (a'da). Same as Edith. 

Ad'a-line (Sd'a-lm), 

Ad'e-la (ad'eMa), 

Ad'e-laide (Sd'e-lad). 
The same as Adeline. 

Ad'e-li'na (ad'e-11'na), ) [OG.] 

Ad'e-line (5d'e--lm). J Of 



noble birth ; a princess. — 

Dim. Ad'dy. 
Ag'a-tba (Sg'a-tha). [Gr.] 

Good; kind. 
Ag'nes (Sg'ngs). [Gr.] Chaste; 

pure. 
Al-berla (21-ber'ta). Feminine 

of Albert. 
Al'e-the'a (al'e-the'a). [Gr.] 

Truth. 
Al'ex-an'dra (al'eks-an'dra), ) 
Al'ex-an-dri'na (-an-dri'na). f 

[Gr.] Fern, of Alexander. 



Alice (5118), ) The 

A-licl-a (a-li shl-a) . ( same aa 
Adeline. — Dim. Ally, or 
Al'lle, El'sle. 

Al'ma (51'ma). [L.] Nourish- 
ing ; cherishing. 

Al-ml'ra (Sl-mJ'ra). [Ar.] Lof- 
ty ; a princess. 

Al-the'a (Sl-the'a). [Gr.] A 
healer. 

Am'a-bel (Sni'a-bel). [L.] Lov- 
able. 

A-man'da (a-m5n'da). [L.] 



752 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 



Worthy to be loved. — Dim. 
Man'dy. 

A-meli-a (a-me'lY-a or a-mel'- 
ya). [OG.] Busy ; ener- 
getic. — Cf . Emeline. 

A'my" (a'my). [L.] Beloved. 

Angelica (5n-jgi'Y-ka), ) 

A H'g e-1 i'n a (Sn'je-ll'na). \ 
[Gr.] Lovely ; angelic. 

Aim (an), 1 [Heb.] Grace; 

An'na (3n'na), > — the same 

Anne (an). ) as Hannah. 
— Dim. An'nYe, Nah'ny, 
Nah'<$, Nan, Nina (ne'na). 

Annette' (Sn-ngt'). French 
form of Anna. 

A n't o in e 1 1 e' (an'toi-nSf) . 
French dim. of Antonia. — 
Dim. Net, Ngt'ty\ 

An-tCni-a (an-to'nY-a), ) [L.] 

An'tO-ni'na (an'to-ni'na). J In- 
estimable. 

Ar'a-bella (ar'a-bglla). [L.] 
A fair altar ; or an Arabian 
woman. — Dim. Bella, BS1. 

A'ri-an'a (5'rY-an'a). [Gr.] 
Corruption of Ariadne. 

An-gnsta (a-gus'ta). [L.] 
Fem. of Augustus. 

Au-reli-a (a-relY-a or a-rel'- 
ya). [L.] Fem. of Aurelius. 

An-ro'ra (a-ro'ra). [L.] Morn- 
ing redness ; freshness. 

B. 
BarDa-ra (barHba-ra). [Gr.] 

Foreign; strange. — Dim. 

Bab. 
Be'a-trice (be^a-trYs), ) [L.] 
Be'a-trlx (be'a-trYks)- J Mak- 
ing happy. 
Belinda (be-lYn'da) (Uncert.) 
Belle (bgl). [F.] Beautiful. 
Ben'e-dict'a (bgn'S-dTk'ta). 

[L.] Fem. of Benedict. 
Ber'tha (bertha). [OG.] 

Bright ; beautiful. — Dim. 

Ber'ty. 
Bessie (bgs'sY"), ) Dim. of Eliz- 
Betsey (bgt'sy). J abeth. 
Blanch (blanch), ) [Teut.] 
Blanche (blanch). ) White. 
Bridg'et (brTj'gt). [Celt.] 

Strength.— Dim. B?d'dy\ 



Ca-milla (ka-mYl'la). [L.] At- 
tendant at a sacrifice. 

Car f O-line (kar-6-lin). French 
fem. of Carolus, Latin of 
Charles. — Dim. Car'rTe, 
Cad'dYe. 

C a s-s a n'd r a (kas-sSn'dra). 
[Gr . ] She who inflames with 
love. 

Cath-a-ri'na (kath-a-ri'na). 

Cath'a-rine (kath'a-rYn), 

Catherine (kath'er-Yn). 

[Gr.] Pure.— Dim. -Ca's^, 
Kate Ck&t), Katrine (kat'rin), 

Kit, Kitty. 



C e-c i l'i-a (s$-sYl'Y-a), ) [L.] 
CeCi-ly (sgs'Y-ly). } Fem. 

of Cecil. — Dim. Sisely (sis'- 

ly), STs, CYs. 
Ce-les'tine (st-lgs'tYn). [L.] 

Heavenly. 
Celi-a (se'lY-a or sel'ya). [L.] 

Heavenly. 
Char'i-ty (char'Y-ty). [E.] 
Charlotte (sharlSt). Fem. of 

Charles. — Dim. Lottie. 
0hl0 / e (klo'e). [Gr.] Green 

herb ; blooming. 
Chris'ti an'a (krYs'tY-Sn'a), ) 
Chris-ti'na (krYs-te'na). } 

[Gr.] Fem. of Chbistian. — 

Dim. -GhrYs'sYe, Xina (ze'na). 
Cic'e-ly (sYs'e-ty). Corruption 

of Cecilia. 
Clar'a (klar'a). [L.] Bright; 

illustrious. — Dim. Clare 

(klSr). 
Clarl-hel (kl5r'Y-bgi). [L.] 

Brightly fair. 
Clarice (Marls), \ [L.] 
Cla-ris'sa (kli-rYs'sa). J De- 
rivatives of Clara. 
Clau'di-a (klaMY-a). [L.] Fem. 

of Claudius. 
Clem'en-ti'na (klgm'gn-te'na), 
Clem'en-tine (kigm'gn-ten or 

-tin). [L.] Mild ; gentle. 
Constance (kSn'stans). [L.] 

Firm ; constant. 
Cola (kyra). [Gr.] Maiden. 
Cordelia (k8r-delY-a or -del'- 

ya). [L.] Warm-hearted. 
Corinna (kS-rYn'na) \ [Gr.] 
Oorinne (ko'ren') ) Maiden. 
Cor-ne / li-a (k6r-neli-a or -nil' 

ya). [L.] Fem. of Cornelius. 

— Dim. Nellie. 
Cyn'thi-a (sYn'thY-a). [Gr.] 

Of or from Mt. Cynthus. 

D. 

Deb'O-rah (dgV6-ra). [Heb.] 
A bee. — Dim. Dgb, Dgbltf. 

Deli-a (de'lY-a or del'ya). [Gr.] 
Of Delos. 

Di-an'a (dt-an'a). [L.] God- 
dess. — Dim. Di, Die. 

Di-an'tha (dY-an'tha). [Gr.] 
Flower of Jove ; a pink. 

Di'nah(dl'na). [Heb.] Judged. 

Do'ra (do'ra). Dim. of Doro- 
thea, Eudora, Theodora. 

Dor'cas (d&Vkas). [Gr.] A 
gazelle. 

Do-rin'da (do-rYn'da). Same 
as Dorothea. 

D r'O-t h Ca (doV6--the'a), ) 

Dor'o-thy (dor'6-thy> J 
[Gr.] Gift of God.— Dim. 
D51, Dolly (I and r being al- 
lied sounds). 

B. 
E'dith (e'dYth). [AS.] Happi- 
ness ; rich gift. 
Ed'na(ed'na). [Heb.] Pleasure. 



*l 



El'e-a-nor (gl'e-a-n6r, gil- 

n6r), El'i-nbr (gll-n6r). 

Light ; — the same as Helen. 

— Dim. Ella, NS11, NSllIe, 

No'ra. 
E-lls'a-beth (S-lYz'a-bSth), 
E-liz'a-beth (e-liz'a-bgth) 
E-li'za (S-li'za). 

[Heb.] Worshiper of God; 

consecrated to God. — Dim. 

Bgss, Bes'sy\ Bgth, BSf sey\ 

Bgt'ty\ fil'sYe, LYz, Uz'zf, 

UVbf, Li'sa. 
Ella (gl'la), Ellen (Sllgn). 

Dims, of Eleanor. 
El-Vi'ra(gl-vI'ra). [L.] White. 
Em'e-line (gm'e-lin), ] [OG.] 
Em'me-line (-me-lin), ! Ener- 
Eml-ly (gm'T-iy), f getic; 
Em/ma (Sm'ma). J indus- 

trious. — Dim. Emm, Em'- 

mYe. 
Er'nes-tine (er'ngs-ten). Fem. 

and dim. of Ernest. 
Es'ther (gs'ter). [Per.] A 

star; good fortune. — Dim. 

Es'sYe. 
Eth'el (gth'gl). [AS. Cf. Adb- 

lina.] Noble. 
Eth'e-lind (Sthf-lYnd), ) 
Eth'e-lin'da (-lYn'da). ] 

[Teut.] Noble snake. 
Eu-do'ra (u-dota). [Gr.] Good 

gift. 
Eu-ge'ni-a (u-je'nY-4). Fem. of 

Eugene.— Dim. Genie (je'nY). 
Eu-ge'nle (u-je'nY). French 

form of Eugenia. 
Eu-la'li-a (u-15'lY-a). [Gr.] 

Fair speech. 
Eu'nice (u'nYs). [Gr.] Hap- 
py victory. 
Eu-phe'mi-a(u-fe'mY-a). [Gr.] 

Of good report. — Dim. Ef '- 

fYe, Phemie. 
E'va (e'va), 
Eve (ev) 
E-van'ge-line (e-v5n'je-lm or 

-lYn). [Gr.] Bringing glad 

news. 
Ev'e-li'na (gv'e-ii'na), Ev r e- 

line (gv'S-lin), Ev'e-lyn (gv- 

e-lYn). It. dim. of Eva. 

F. 
Faith (fath). [E.] 
Faus-ti'na (f as-ti'na). [L.] 

Lucky. 
Fe-licl-a (fe-lYsh'Y-a or ft- 

lYsh'a). [L.] Happiness. 
Fi-dell-a (fi-de'lY-a or fl-del'- 

ya). [L.] Faithful. 
Flo'ra (fto'ra). [L.] Flower. 
Flor'ence (fl5r'gns). [L.] 

Blooming; flourishing. 
Fran'ces (fran'sgs). Fem. of 

Francis. — Dim, Fan'nJ, 

Frank. 
Fred'er-i'ca (f r g d'e r-i'k a). 

Fem. of Fredeeic. — Dim. 

Frgd'die. 



[Heb.] Life. 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 



753 



Geor'gi-an'a (WjY-an'a), ) 

Geor-gl'na (jfcr-je'na), ) 

Fem. of George. 
Ger'al-dlne (jgr'al-dln). Fern. 

of Gerald. 
Geftrude (ger'trud). [OHG.] 

Spear maiden. — Dim. Ger'- 

tYe, Tru'dy\ 
Grace (gras), ) [L.] 

Gra'ti-a (gra'shl-a). ] Grace ; 

favor. 
Gri-ael'da(grT-sa'da). [Teut.] 

Stone heroine. — Dim. GrYs'- 

881. 

H. 
Han'nah (hSn'nA). [Heb.] 

Same as Anna. 
Har'ri-et (hSr'rl-gt), ) English 
HarTlot (hSr'rY-5t). J fem. 

dim. of Henry. — Dim. H5t'- 

Hel'en (hgl'gn), ) [Gr.] 
Hel'e-na (hgi'S-na). ] Light. 

— Dim. NSU, Ngl'ltf. 
Hen'ri-et'ta (hgn'rY-gfta). 

French fem. dim. of Henry. 

— Dim. Et'ta, Hgt'ty, Ngf- 
tle. 

Heph'zi-bah(hgf'zY-ba). [Heb.] 
My delight is in her. 

Hes'ter (hgs'ter), Hes'ther. 
Same as Esther. 

Hi-la'ri-a (hY-la'rY-a). [L.J 
Fem. of Hilary. 

Ho-no'ra (ho-no'ra), ) [L.] 

Ho-no'rl-a (ho-no'rY-a). J Hon- 
orable. Dim. No'rah, No'ra. 

Hope (hop). [E.] 

Hor-ten'si-a (h6r-tgn'shY-a or 
-aha). [L.] A lady gar- 
dener. 

Hul'dah (hul'da). [Heb.] A 
weasel. 

I. 

I'da(i'da). [OG.] Godlike. 

I'nez (i'ngz). Pg. form of 
Agnes. 

Irene' d-ren' or i-re'ne). [Gr.] 
Peaceful. 

Is'a-bel (Yz'a-bgl), ) Same as 

Is'a-bel'la (-bgl'la). \ Eliza- 
beth. — Dim. Bgl, Bgl'la, 
Belle. 

J. 

James-i'na(jamz-e'na). Femi- 
nine of James. 

Jane (jan). Fem. of John. 
Same as Joan. 

Ja-nef (ja-ngf or jSn'gt ; in 
Eng. jSn'gt). Dim. of Jane. 

Jag/ue-line (j5k'w§-IYu). 
French fem. of James. 

Jean (jen), Jeanne (jen), Jean- 
nette' (je-ngf). Fr. forms 
of Jane or Joan. 

Je-mi'ma (je-mi'ma). [Heb.] 
A dove. 



Je-TU'sha (je-ru/sha). [Heb.] 

Possessed ; married. 
Jes'sie (jgs'sY). [Scotch.] — 

Dim. Jess. 
Joan' (j*-*n'), ) [Heb.] 

Jo-an'na (jo-5n'na), > Fem. of 
Jo-han'na (-han'na). ) John. 
Jo-se'pha (jo-se'fa), ) jFem. 
Jo'seph-lne (jo'zgf-Yn). j of 

Joseph. — Dim. Jo, Jo'zjr, 

Phe'ny. 
Joyce (jois). [L.] Sportive. 
Ju'dith (ju'dYth^. [Heb.] 

Praised. — Dim. JuMy. 
Ju'li-a ( ju'IY-a or jul'ya). [L. ] 

Fem. of Julius. 
Ju'11-an'a (ju'lY-an'a). [L.] 

Fem. of Julian. 
Juliet (ju'IY-gt). Dim. of 

Julia. 
Jus-ti'na (jQs-ti'na). [L.] 

Fem. of Justin. 

K. 
Kate (kat). Dim. of Catharine. 
Kath'a-rine (kath'a-rYn), ) Thft 
Kath'er-lne (kath'er-Yn). / ine 

same as Catharine. 
Ke-tu'rah (ke-tu'ra). [Heb.] 

Incense. 
Ke-zl'ah (kS-zi'a). [Heb.] 

Cassia. 

L. 

Lau'ra (la'ra). [L.] A laurel. 
Lau-rln'da (la-rYn'da). [L.] 

Variation of Laura. 
La-vin'i-a (lS-vYn'Y-a). [L.] 

Of Latium. 
Le'na (le'na). Dim. of Helena 

or Magdalene. 
Le-o-no'ra (le-ft-no'ra). The 

same as Eleanor. 
Le-ti'ti-a (le-tYsh'Y-a or le- 

tish'a). [L.] Happiness. 
Leftice (let'tYs). A corruption 

of Letitia. 
Lil'l-an (lTl'i-an), 1 fT -, Tilv 

Lilly (miy> | [L --1 Llly - 

Lo'ls(lo'Ys). [Gr.] Good; de- 
sirable. 

Lo-rin'da (lo-rYn'da). A vari- 
ation of Laurinda. 

Lou-i'sa (l6o-e'za), ) Fem. of 

Lou-ise' (loo-ez'). J Louis. 
— Dim. Lou, Louie. 

Lu'ci-a(lu'shY-a). [L.] Italian 
form of Lucy. 

Lu-cin'da (lu-sYn'da). [L.] The 
same as Lucy. 

Lu'crece (lu'kres), i [L.] 

Lu-cre'ti-a (lu-kre'- > Gain ; 
shT-a or -sha). ) or, light. 

Lu'cy (lu'sy). Feminine of 
Lucius. 

Lyd'i-a (lYd'Y-a). [Gr.] A 
native of Lydia. 

M. 
Ma'bel(ma'bgl). [L.] Aeon- 
traction of Amabel. 



Mad'e-line (m$d'e-lln). Fr. 
form ot Magdalene. 

Mag'da-lene (magMa-len^r^. 
mSg'da-le'ne). [Heb.] Be- 
longing to Magdala. — Dim. 
Maud. 

Maf-cel'la (inar-sgl'la). [L.] 
Fem. of Marcellus. 

Mar'cl-a (miir'shY-a or -sha). 
[L.] Fem. of Marcius. 

Mar'ga-ret (mar'ga-rgt ormar'- 
grgt). [Gr.] A pearl.— 
Dim. Mar'gYe, Mar'ger-y, 
MSdge, MSg, MSg'gjf, Mgg, 
Mgg'g^, Pgg, Pgg'gy\ Me'ta, 
Grft't^. 

Ma-ri'a (ma-ri'a). Latin form 
of Mary. 

Ma / ri-anne / (ma'ri-aV). A 
compound of Mary and Anne. 

Mar'l-on (mSr'I-gn). A French 
form of Mary. 

Mar'tha (mar'tha). [Heb] 
The ruler of the house ; or, 
sorrowful; melancholy. Dii>>. 

Mat, Mat'ty. 

Ma'ry (ma'r^). [Heb.] Bit- 
ter ; or, their rebellion, or 
star of the sea. — Dim. May, 
11511, M51'l£, P51, P51'ly. 

M a- 1 h 1 1' d a (ma-til'da), | 

Ma- til' da (ma-til'da). i 
[OHG.] Mighty battle maid ; 
heroine. — Dim. M8t, Mat'ty, 
Maud, Pat't^, TTl'da. 

Maud (mad). Contr. of Matil- 
da or Magdalene. 

May (ma). The month of May, 
or a dim. of Mary. 

Me-het'a-bel (me-hgt'a-bgi), i 

Me-Wt'a-ble (me-htt'a-bi'). f 
[Heb.] Benefited of God. 

Mel'i-cent (mSll-sent). [L.] 
Sweet singer ; or [Teut.], 
work ; strength. 

Me-lis'sa (me-lls'sa). [Gr.] 
A bee. 

Mer'cy (mer's?). [EJ 

Mil'dred (mYl'drgd). [G.] Mild 
threatener. 

Mil'i-cent (mll'T-sgnt). See 
Melicent. 

Ml-ner'va (mT-ner'va) . ( Rom . 
Myth.) Goddess of wisdom. 

Mln'nie (mYn'nl). [Cf. G. 
Minna.] Remembrance ; love. 
Frequently used as a nick- 
name for Mary. 

Mi-ran'da (mY-ran'da). [L.] 
Admirable. 

Mir'i-am (mYr^Y-am). [Heb.] 
The same as Mary. 

My'ra (mi'ra). [Gr.] She who 
weeps or laments. 

N. 
Nan'cy (nan's^). A familiar 

form of Anne. —Dim. NSn, 

Nange, Nina (ne'na). 
Nel'lie (nel'lY). Dim. of Ellen, 

Helen, or Eleanor. 



754 



ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 



Wo'ra (no'ri), \ A contraction 
Wrah (no'ri). J of Honoea, 
Lbonora, and Eleanor. 



Oc-ta'Vi-a (5k-ta'vl-i). [L.] 

Fem. of Octavius. — Dim. 

Ta'vy\ Tave. 
Olive (51tv), \[L.] An 

O-liv'i-a (S-lIvT-a). f olive. 
0-lym'pl-a(6-lTm'pY-a). [Gr.] 

Heavenly. 
0-pheOi-a (S-fe'lY-a or 5-fel'yi). 

[Gr.] Serpent. 

P. 
Pa'tlence (pa'shens). [E.] 
Paula (pa'la). [L.] Fem. of 

Paulus, or Paul. 
Pau-li'na (pa-li'ni), ] [L.] 
Pan-line' (pa-len'). ) Pem. 

Of PAULINU8. 

Pe-nel'o-pe (pe-nSl'6-pe). [Gr.] 
A weaver. 

Per'sis(per'sls). [Gr.] A Per- 
sian woman. 

Phe'toe (fe'be). The same as 

PM-lip'pa (fY-lYp'pa). Femi- 
nine of Philip. 

PMl'lis (fil'lYs). The same as 
Phyllis. 

PhCB'De (fe'be). [Gr.] Shining. 

Phyl'lis (iYllYs). [Gr.] A 
green bough. 

Pol'ly (p51'ly). [E.] A dim. 
of Maby. 

Pris-cil'la (prYs-sYlli). [L.] 
Somewhat old. 

Pru'dence (pru'dens). [E.] 
Dim. Prue, Pru'dy\ 

B. 

Ka'chel (ra'chSl). [Heb.] A 
ewe. 

Re-bec'ca (re-.bek'ki), ) [Heb.] 

Re-bek'ah (re-bSk'a). ) Of en- 
chanting beauty. — Dim. 
BSck'v\ 

RhO'da (roMa). [Gr.] Arose. 

Ro'sa (ro'za). [L.] A rose. 

Ros'a-bel (r5z'a-bSl), ) [L.] A 

Ros'a bel'la (-belli). ) fair 
rose. 



Ro-sa'li-a (rfc-za'tf-i), ) [It. & 
Ros'a-lle (r5z'a-le). ] F.,fr. 

L.] Little and blooming rose. 
Ros'a-lind (r5z'a-lYnd). [L.] 

Beautiful as a rose. 
R S'a-m n d (r5z'a-mond). 

[Teut.] Horse protection, or 

famous protection. 
Rox-an'a (roks-Sn'a). [Per.] 

Dawn of day. F. Roxane 

(rSk'san'). — Dim. R5x'y\ 
Rath (ruth). [Heb.] Beauty. 



S. 



[L.] 



Sa-M'na (si-bi'na) 
Sabine woman. 

Sa-bri'na(sa-bri'na). [L.] The 
River Severn. 

Sa-lome' (sa-lom', properly sa- 
lo'me). [Heb.] Peaceful. 

Sal'va (sSl'va). [L.] Safe. L. 
id. 

Sa'ra (sa'ri), )[Heb.] A 

Sa'rah (sa'ra). J princess. — 
Dim. SSI, SSl'ly (Saw'kYn, 
obs.). 

Se-li'na (se-li'na). [Gr.] Pars- 
ley ; or, moon. 

Se-re'na (se-re'na). [L.] Fem. 
of Serenus or Sereno. 

Sih'yl (sib'Yl), ) [Gr.] A 

Si-l>yl'la (sY-bYl'la). ] prophet- 
ess. 

So-phl'a (so-fi'a). [Gr.] Wis- 
dom. — Dim. So'phy\ 

So-phro'ni-a(s6-fi-o'nT-a). [Gr.] 
Of a sound mind. 

Stella (stSlla). [L.] A star. 

Steph'a-na (stgf'a-na). [Gr.] 
Feminine of Stephen. 

Sus'an (su'zan), ] 

Sus-an'na (su-zSn'na), 

Sus-an'nah (-zXn'na). ' 
— Dim. Sue, Suke, 
Su'sle, Su'sy\ 

Syl'Vi-a(8Tl'vt-a). [L.] Femi 
nine of Sylvanus. 



[Heb.] 
A Uly. 

Su'kjf, 



T. 



[Syr.] 



TaVi-tha (tSbl-tha). 

A gazelle. 
Tem'per-ance (tSm'per-ans). 

The/0-d0'ra(the/§-do'ra). [Gr.] 



Fem. of Theodore. — Dim. 

The / 0-dO / sl-a (the'o-do'zhY-a or 

-shi). [Gr.] The gift of 

God. 
The-re'sa (thg-re'si). [Gr.] 

Carrying ears of corn. — Dim. 

TSr'ry\ Tra'cy\ 
Thom'a-sa (t5m'a-si), ) „. 
Taom'a-stne (-sen). ) Jfem - 

of Thomas. — Dim. Tam'zine 

(tSm'zen). 
Try-phe'na (tri-fe'ni). [Gr.] 

Delicate ; luxurious. 
Try-pho'sa (tri-fo'si). [Gr.] 

Luxurious; dainty. 

U. 

Ul'ri-ca(ul'rl-ki). [OG.] Rich. 
F. Ulrique (ul'rgk'). 

U-ra'nl-a (u-ra'nY-i). [Gr.] 
Heavenly ; the name of one 
of the Muses. 

Ur'SU-la(Qr'su-li). [L.] She- 
bear. 

V. 

Va-le'rl-a (va-le'rY-a). [L.] 
Feminine of Valerius. 

Vic-toTi-a (vYk-to'rY-a). [L.] 
Victory. Feminine of Victor. 

Vi'da (ve'da). [Erse.] Fem- 
inine of David. 

Vl'O-la (vi'6-la). [L.] A vio- 
let. 

ViT-gin'i-a (vir-jYn'Y-a). [L.] 
Virgin; pure. 

Viv'i-an (vYv'Y-an). [L.] 
Lively. 

w. 

Wil hel-mt'na (wYl'hSl-me'na). 
[OHG.] Feminine of Wil- 
helm, German of William. — 
Dim. WYl'mStt, WIl'm5t, 
Mi'na (me'na), MY-nSl'li. 

Wln'i-fred (w T u'l-f r S d). 
[Teut.] A lover of peace. — 
Dim. WTn'nTe. 



Ze-nCbi-a (ze-no'bY-i). [Gr.] 
Having life from Jupiter. L. 
id. ; F. Zenobie (za'nft'be'). 

ZoS(zo'e). [Gr.]' Life. 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



When a name is printed in small capitals, a reference to it will give further information. The sounds 
of Towels in the pronunciation are as indicated at the foot of each page in the main dictionary. 



Abderos (5b-de'r5s). [Gr.] Armor-bearer of 
Hercules. 

Achates (5-ka'tez). [L.] Faithful companion 
of iEneas in Vergil's JSneid ; hence, a faith- 
ful friend. 

Acheron (5k'e-r5n). [Gr.] River of Sorrow ; 
one of the five rivers of the infernal regions. 

Achilles (5-kil'lez). [Gr.] Hero of Homer's 
Iliad. He killed Hector of Troy, and was 
slain by Paris, who wounded him in his right 
heel, by which his mother had held him when 
she dipped him into the river Styx to render 
him invulnerable. 

Adonis (S-do'nTs). [Gr.] A beautiful youth 
loved by Venus. He was slain by a wild boar, 
and from his blood sprang the flower Adoni- 
um. 

iEneas (e-ne'Xs). [L.] Hero of Vergil's 
JSneid, called the Pouts (dutiful) because he 
bore his father, Anchises, king of Troy, from 
the burning city. He wandered far, settled 
in Latium, Italy, and founded the colony orig 
inating Rome. 

wSlneid (e-ne'id). [L.] Vergil's epic poem re- 
lating the adventures of iEneas. 

.ffiolus (e'o-lus). Roman god of the winds. 

.fflschylus (eVkl-lus). The greatest Greek 
tragic poet. 

JEsculapiuS (Ss'ku-la'pT-us). Greek god of 
medicine and healing. 

iEsop (e'sup). A deformed Phrygian slave, 
writer of fables. 

Agamemnon (Sg-a-m6m'n5n). King of Argos, 
and leader of the Greeks in the siege of Troy. 

Ajax (a'jgks). Son of Telamon, one of the 
Greek heroes at the siege of Troy ; valiant 
but dull, he killed himself from envy of Achil- 
les. 

Albion the Giant. The son of Neptune and 
brother of Hercules, conqueror of the island 
of Britain, which was named Albion after 
him. 

Alcestis (Xl-seVtTs). [Gr.] Wife of Admetus, 
who offered herself to be killed as substitute 
for her husband, but was rescued by Hercules. 
Heroine of Euripides' tragedy bearing her 
name. 

ambrosia (am-bro'zhS). The food of the gods, 
making them immortal. 

Am'mon. The Libyan Jupiter. 

Amphitrite(am'fe-trl'te). [Gr.] Wife of Posei- 
don, and goddess of the sea. 

Anacreon (3n-2k're-5n). A Greek poet, who 
wrote chiefly in praise of love and wine. 

Andromache (5n-dr5m'a-ke). Wife of Hector 
of Troy, in Homer's Iliad : a lovely woman. 

Andromeda (5n-dr5m'e-da). Daughter of Cas- 
siopeia, queen of Ethiopia, who, claiming ri- 
valry in beauty with the Nereids, was chained 



to a rock to be eaten by a sea-monster, but 
was rescued by Perseus. 

Antigone (Sn-tlg'o-ne). Heroine of Sophocles' 
tragedy so named, who, disobeying Creon, the 
tyrant of Thebes, buried the body of her 
brother Polynices, was immured in a vault, 
and killed herself. 

Aphrodite (ai-ro-dl'te). The Greek name for 
the goddess of love, the Venus of the Romans. 

Apollo (a-p51'lo). Son of Jupiter and Latona, 
god of music, poetry, art, eloquence, and med- 
icine. 

Arachne (a-r5k'ne). A maiden changed to a 
spider by Minerva for contending with her in 
weaving and embroidery. 

Ares (a'rez). Greek god of war ; the Roman 
Mars. 

ArgO (ar'go). The galley of Jason and the Ar- 
gonauts on the search for the Golden Fleece. 

ArgUS (ar'gus). The hundred-eyed son of 
Arestor,killed by Mercury because set by Juno 
to watch Io. Then Juno put his eyes on the 
peacock's tail. 

Ariadne (5-ri-gd'ne). [Gr.] Daughter of 
Minos, King of Crete, who, loving Theseus, 
gave him a clew of thread for guiding him out 
of the labyrinth when he should have slain 
the monster, Minotaur. He married but 
deserted her, and she became the wife of 
Bacchus. 

Arion (a-ri'Qn). A Greek musician, who, when 
robbed and thrown overboard by seamen, was 
rescued by a dolphin that had followed the 
music of his lyre. 

Aristides (S-rTs-ti'dez). A Greek statesman 
named The Just ; banished because the people 
tired of hearing him so called. 

Artemis (ar'te-mls). Greek goddess of chas- 
tity and hunting : same as Diana of the Ro- 
mans. 

Atalanta (St-a-lSn'ta). A Greek princess who 
promised to marry whoever should outrun her, 
and was defeated and married by Hippomenes. 

Ate (S'te). Goddess of vengeance and mischief. 

Athene (S-the'ne). See. Minerva, Pallas. 

Atlas (at'las). King of Mauretauia, Africa, 
fabled to support the world on his shoulders. 
Hence, an Atlas, with maps of the world, so 
first called by Mercator. 

Atropos (St'ro-pos). See Clotho. 

Augean Stables (6-je'an). Stables of Augeus, 
King of Elis, Greece, where 2000 oxen had 
been kept for 30 years. To cleanse them Her- 
cules turned two rivers through them. 

Aurora (6-ro'ra). Goddess of morning. 

Bacchus (bSk'kus). Son of Jupiter and Se- 
me'le, the Roman god of wine, identified with 
the Greek Dionysu3. 

(755) 



756 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



Bellona (bSl-lo'na). Roman goddess of war, 
sister (sometimes called wife) of Mars. 

Boreas (bo're-Qs). The North Wind, son of 
Astrseus, a Titan, and Eos or Aurora, the 
morning. 

Busiris (bu-si'rTs). A king of Egypt who used 
to slay all strangers, but was killed by Her- 
cules. 

Cadmus (kad'mus). Son of Agenor, King of 
Phenicia, reputed to have founded Thebes in 
Boeotia and to have invented letters of the 
Greek alphabet. 

Calliope (kSl-li'o-pe). [Gr.] One of the nine 
muses, — muse of epic or heroic poetry, rep- 
resented with a tablet and stylus. 

Calypso (ka-llp'so). In Homer's Odyssey, a 
sea-nymph who detained Ulysses seven years 
on her island, Ogygia (o-ge-gl'a). 

Camilla (ka-niTl'la). In Vergil's iEneid, a vir- 
gin warrior, queen of the Volsci, who fought 
./Eneas when he landed in Italy, and was 
slain. 

Cassandra (kXs-san'dra). Daughter of Priam, 
King of Troy, gifted with prophecy by Apol- 
lo, who, becoming offended with her, decreed 
that her prophecies should not be believed. 

Castor (kaVtur). Son of Jupiter and Led a. He 
and his twin brother, Pollux, were worshiped 
as divinities, especially by the Dorians and the 
Romans, who regarded them as patrons of 
games and horsemanship. They were called 
Dioscuri — sons of the god ; and, as Gemini, 
the twins, are represented in the constellation 
so-named. 

Centaurs (sen'torz). A Thessalian people of 
monsters, half man, half horse, wild hunts- 
men, savage and lustful. 

Cerberus (sQr'be-rus). Pluto's three-headed 
dog, that kept the entrance to the infernal re- 
gions. 

Ceres (se'rez). Roman name for Mother-Earth, 
protectress of agriculture and all fruits. 

Charon (k&'ron). Ferryman of spirits of the 
dead across the rivers Styx and Acheron to 
the under-world. 

Charybdis (ka"-rtb'dTs). A sea-monster changed 
by Jupiter into a fierce whirlpool in the 
Straits of Messina, Sicily, faced on the other 
side of the Strait by the dangerous rock, 
Scylla. 

Chiron (ki'r5n). The Centaur who taught 
Achilles music and hunting, and medicine to 
iEsculapius ; represented by the constellation 
Sagittarius, the Archer. 

Circe (sur'se). A sorceress, daughter of 
Helios, who turned the companions of 
Ulysses into swine. 

Clio (kli'o). One of the nine Muses, — the muse 
of History ; represented sitting and holding a 
roll of papyrus. 

ClOthO (klo'tho). One of the three Fates. She 
presided over birth, and spun the thread of 
life from her distaff ; Lachesis (ISk'e-sTs) 
spun the fate of life ; Atropos (at'ro-pos), pre- 
siding over death, cut the thread at the ap- 
pointed time. 

Clytemnestra (kli-tem-nes'tra). Unfaithful 
wife of Agamemnon, whom she and iEgisthus 
her lover murdered on his return from Troy, 
for which she was slain by her son Orestes ; 



treated in iEschylus's tragedy of "Agamem- 
non." 

Comus (ko'mus). God of revelry ; represented 
as a winged youth. 

Croesus (kre'sus). King of Lydia, a powerful 
conqueror and immensely wealthy, vanquished 
by Cyrus and the Persians. 

Cupid (ku'pid). Roman name (desire) for the 
son of Mars and Venus, god of love and lov- 
ers ; represented as a boy, with bow and ar- 
rows. The Greeks called him Eros. 

Cyclops (si'klops). A group of giants, each 
having but one eye, in the middle of the fore- 
head, who forged iron for Vulcan. 

Daedalus (ded'a-lus). Builder of the Cretan 
labyrinth, and inventor of many tools and ap- 
pliances ; said to have invented for himself 
wings, — probably the use of sails. 

Damon and Pythias (da'mon, pith'T-as). Two 
devoted friends. Pythias, condemned to death, 
was given time to see his family, Damon of- 
fering to die in his stead should he not re- 
turn. He did return, and both were pardoned. 

Dauaides (da-na'i-dez). The 50 daughters of 
Danaus, King of Argos, all but one of whom 
killed their husbands in one night, and were 
condemned in Hades to draw water in sieves 
eternally. 

Daphne (dSfne). A nymph who fled from the 
embraces of Apollo and was changed into a 
laurel or bay tree. 

Daphnis (dSf'nis). A Sicilian shepherd, inven- 
tor of pastoral poetry. 

Dejanira (de-jan-I'ra). The wife of Hercules, 
who killed herself because she had given him 
the shirt of Nessus, believing it would secure 
his undying love. To escape the agony of 
its poison he burnt himself to death on a fu- 
neral pile. 

Delphi (del'fl). A town of Phocis, famous for 
its temple and oracle of Apollo. 

Demeter (de-ine'tflr). Greek goddess, identical 
with Roman_CEEES. 

Deucalion (du-cal'yfin) and Pyrrha (plr'ra). 
The only human pair who survived the great 
deluge. Obeying the oracle, they threw stones 
behind them, which sprang up into men and 
women. 

Diana (di-an'na). See Artemis. 

Dido (di'do). Queen of Carthage, who (in Ver- 
gil's iEneid) fell in love with J£neas, storm- 
driven upon her shores. When after a while 
he pursued his voyage, she burnt herself to 
death on a funeral pile. 

Diomedes (dl-o-me'dez). King of iEtolia, one 
of the most famous of the Grecian heroes at 
the siege of Troy. 

Dionysus (di-o-ni'sus). See Bacchus. 

Dioscuri (di-os-cu're). See Castor. 

Dryad (dri'ad). A nymph who dwelt among 
and presided over woods and trees. 

Echo (ek'ko). A nymph, daughter of Tellus 

(the earth) and Aer (the air), who pined away 

through unreturned love for Narcissus, until 

only her voice remained. 

Electra (e-lek'tra). Daughter of Agamemnon 

I and Clytemnestra, who incited her brother 

I Orestes to slay their mother for murdering 

I their father. 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



75: 



Elysium (e-lTz'i-um). The Greek Paradiae or 

Happy Land of the virtuous dead ; placed by 

Homer on the western edge of the earth. 
Endymioil (en-dim'i-ou). A beautiful shepherd 

boy whom Diana (the moon) kissed as he lay 

asleep on Mount Latmos. Treated of in Keats' 

poem, " Endymion." 
Epeus (e-pe'us). A Greek artificer in Homer's 

Iliad, who invented weapons and made the 

Trojan horse. 
Erato (er'a-to). One of the nine Muses, — the 

muse of lyric and amatory poetry, represented 

with a lyre. 
Erebus (er'e-bus). Darkness, son of Chaos. In 

Homer's Odyssey, Erebus is the dark and 

cheerless abode of all the dead. 
Erinyes (g-rln'i-ez). See Furies. 
Eros (e'rSs). Greek name for Cupid. 
Euripides (u-rip'T-de'z). Greek tragic poet. 
Eurydice_(u-rid'T-se>. Wife of Orpheus. 
Euterpe (u-tgr'pe). One of the nine Muses, — 

the muse of pastoral music, represented as 

flower-crowned, holding a flute or surrounded 

by simple musical instruments. 

Fates. See Clotho. 

Faun. A god of fields and shepherds, much re- 
sembling a satyr, represented as a man above 
and a goat below the waist, merry and lascivi- 
ous. 

Flora (flo'ra). The Roman goddess of flowers 
and spring. 

Furies (fu'rez). Three relentless female divini- 
ties, punishers of wrong-doing, represented 
as fierce old women : Alecto the implacable, 
Megaera the jealous,and Tisiphone the avenger. 
The Romans adopted them from the Greeks, 
who called them Erinyes, or Eumenides. 

Ganymede (gSn'I-med). A beautiful shepherd 
boy of Phrygia, who was carried off to Olym- 
pus by an eagle, to be cup-bearer to Jupiter. 

Golden Fleece. The golden skin of the winged 
ram Chrysomallus, on which Phryxos and his 
sister Helle (hgl'le) escaped from the perse- 
cution of Ino, their stepmother, second wife 
of Ath'amas, king of Thessaly. Helle fell 
into the sea, but Phryxos was welcomed in 
Colchis, where he sacrificed his ram to Zeus, 
and the fleece was hung upon an oak-tree in 
the garden of Ares (Mars), and later won by 
Jason, the Argonaut. 

Gordian knot (gor'dT-un). Gordius was a 
Phrygian peasant, whom the Lydians made 
their king because he came riding in an ox- 
cart, as the oracle had foretold. The yoke 
and cart, kept in a temple, were united by a 
knot so intricate that whoever untied it (said 
the oracle) should be master of Asia. Alex- 
ander the Great cut it with his sword. 

Gorgons (gor'gunz). Three hideous daughters 
of Phorcys and Ceto, named Stheno, Euryale, i 
and Medusa, with scaly bodies, serpents for j 
hair, and the power of changing to stone who- 
ever looked at them. See Perseus. 

Graces (gra'siz). Three lovely sisters, — Agloea 
(Sg-le'a), Thalia (thal'T-a), and Euphrosyne 
(u-froVX-ne), daughters of Hera by Zeus ; for 
the Greeks they personified grace and beauty. 

Gyges (gi'gez). King of Lydia, who, entering 
a cavern, found a brazen horse, in whose belly 



was a brazen ring that rendered the wearer 
invisible. 

Hades (ha'dez). The place of departed spirits, 
including the Elysian Fields for the blessed 
and the realms of darkness for the wicked. 
Also sometimes Pluto, the lord of the lower 
world. 

Harpies (har'pez). [Gr.] Three loathsome 
winged monsters with the heads and breasts 
of women, bodies of vultures, and claws for 
hands, personifying whirlwinds to carry off 
evil-doers to divine retribution. 

Harpocrates (har-pok'ra-tez). Egyptian god 
of the morning sun. 

Hector (hSk'tur). Son of Priam, king of Troy, 
and his wife Hecuba, chief hero of the Tro- 
jans in Homer's Iliad, slain by Achilles, who 
dragged his body behind the chariot thrice 
around the walls of Troy. 

Hecuba (hgk'u-ba). Wife of Priam, king 01 
Troy, iu Homer's Iliad. Her calamities as 
his widow are portrayed in Euripides' tragedy 
bearing her name. 

Hekate (hgk'a-te). [Gr.] A goddess of the in- 
fernal regions who presided over all sorceries 
and witchcraft. 

Helen (hgl'gn). Wife of Menelaus the Greek, 
whose elopment with Paris of Troy brought 
on the Trojan war. 

Helenus (hgl'e-nus). A son of Priam, king of 
Troy, gifted with prophetic powers. 

Helios (he'lT-5s). [Gr.] The sun-god. 

Helle (hSlle). Daughter of Ath'amas and 
Neph'ele. She was drowned in the Pontic 
Sea, thereafter called Hellespont (Sea of 
Helle). See Golden Fleece. 

Hera (he'ra). Greek name for Juno. 

Hercules (hSr'cu-lez). A Greek divinity, adopted 
also by the Romans, personifying personal 
strength and indomitable valor. Son of Zeus 
(Jupiter) and Alcmene (alk-me'ne), he per- 
formed many mighty deeds, especially " the 
twelve labors," or achievements, winning him 
immortality. See Dejanira. 

Hermes (hgr'mez). Greek name for Mercury. 

Hermione (hgr-mi'o-ne). Daughter of Mene- 
laus, the Greek, and Helen. 

Hero (he'ro). The beautiful priestess of Aph- 
ro-di'te (Venus) at Sestos in Thrace, on the 
Hellespont. See Leander. 

Hesiod (he'sT-ud). A famous Greek poet, whose 
" Theogony" is the source of much knowledge 
concerning Greek mythology and cosmogony. 

Hesione (he-si'o-ne). See Laomedon. 

Hesperides(hes-per'i-dez). [Gr.] Fourmaideu 
daughters of Hesperus, — iEgle (e'gle), Are- 
thusa (Sr-e-thu'sa), Erytheia (gr-T-thl'a), and 
Hesperia (hgs-pe'rT-a) — who guarded the 
golden apples grown as a wedding gift to 
Hera (Juno). 

Hesperus (hgs'pe-rus). Son of Astrseus and 
Eos (dawn), the evening star. See Phosphorus. 

Horace. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, a brilliant 
lyric and satiric Roman poet (G5 b. c-8 a. d.). 

Hyacinthus (hi-a-sTn'thue). A beautiful Laco- 
nian prince, killed in jealousy by Apollo, who 
then from his blood caused the flower hya- 
cinth to spring up. 

Hydra (M'dra). A nine-headed monster killed 
by Hercules ; when he cut off one head two 



758 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



sprang up instead ; hence, hydra -headed mob, 
that grows more furious as it is resisted. 

Hygieia (hi-gi-I'a), or Hygeia (hi-ge'a). Greek 
goddess of health. 

Hylas (hl'las). A beautiful boy, beloved by 
Hercules, who was drawn into the depths by 
the Naiads when he was getting water at a 
fountain. 

Hymen (hi'mSn). Greek god of marriage, rep- 
resented as a youth, usually with a torch, 
but older than Eros (Cupid). 

Hyperboreans (hi-per-bo-re'ans). [Gr.] The 
most northern people (beyond Boreas, the 
north wind), also the most virtuous and happy, 
living a tiiousand years in a fruitful land. 

Hyperion (hi-pe'ri-on). [Gr.] A Titan, father 
of Helios, the sun-god : later identified with 
Apollo. 

Iliad (Tl'T-ad ) . The epic poem by Homer, treat- 
ing of the siege of Ilium, or Troy, by an army 
of Greeks, to avenge the carrying off of Helen, 
wife of Menelaus, by Paris, son of Priam, 
king of Troy. 

I0 (T'o). [Gr.] Beautiful daughter of Inachus, 
king of Argus, whom the jealousy of Hera 
(Juno) transformed to a white heifer, to be 
watched by Argus; when Argus was killed 
she was tormented by a gadfly sent by Hera. 
The heifer's horns represented the crescent 
moon, and Argus the many-eyed stars. 

Iphigenia (Tf-T-ge-ni'a). Daughter of Agamem- 
non and Clytemnestra, offered by her father 
as a sacrifice to Artemis, but saved by the god- 
dess and carried to Tauris as her priestess. 
Euripides' tragedy, " Iphigenia in Aulis," re- 
lates her story. 

Iris (i'ris). Maiden messenger of the gods, per- 
sonifying the rainbow. 

Ixion (Iks-I'on). King of the Lapithse, and 
father of the Centaurs, bound in Tartarus to 
an endlessly revolving wheel for aspiring to 
the love of Hera and boasting of his sup- 
posed success. 

Janus (ja'nus). [L.] Doorkeeper of heaven, 
god of doors and gates, watohman of sunrise 
and sunset, in the latter capacity having two 
faces — to east and to west. His temple at 
Rome was closed only in time of peace, and 
thus was usually open. 

Jason (ja'sun). [Gr.] Leader of the Argo- 
nautic expedition, and winner of the Golden 
pleece by the aid of Medea. 

Jove (jov). Another name for Jupiter. 

Juno (ju'no). [L.] Sister and wife of Jupiter, 
the queen of heaven, who with her beautiful 
" ox-eyes " watched over all women, the es- 
pecial protectress of marriage and childbirth ; 
identical with the Greek Hera. 

Jupiter (ju'pT-ter). [Lat. Jovis pater, Father 
Jove.] Son of Saturn and Ops, the supreme 
deity of gods and men : identical with the 
Greek Zeus. He was worshiped in many 
phases, — as the god of heaven, of light, of at- 
mospheric changes, of the vintage, of battle, 
etc., and represented as sitting, in majestic 
form, his hand armed with thunderbolts, and 
his bird, the eagle, in attendance. 

Juvenal (ju've-nal). A famous Roman satiri- 
cal poet. 



Labyrinth. A maze of passageways ; — orig. 
constructed by D^dalus for Minos, King of 
Crete, in which to keep the Minotaur mon- 
ster, slain afterwards by Theseus. 

Laocodn (la-o'ko-on). Son of Priam of Troy, a 
priest of Apollo, who having offended the 
god was with his two sons strangled by ser- 
pents. A famous ancient sculpture, in the 
Vatican at Rome, presents the dreadful strug- 
gle. 

Laomedon (15-5m'e-don). King of Troy, father 
of Priam, killed by Hercules for refusing to 
give him two magical horses promised as re- 
ward for rescuing Laomedon's daughter, He- 
sione, from a sea-monster. 

Lares (la'rez). Roman divinities, protectors of 
family and state. Domestic Lares were rep- 
resented by little images set near the en- 
trance of the home ; Public Lares were wor- 
shiped in temples, and highly honored. 

Latona (la-to'na). Mother of Apollo and 
Diana. 

Leander (le-5n'der). A youth of Aby'dos, who 
swam nightly across the Hellespont to visit 
Hero, his lady-love. One night he was 
drowned, and Hero threw herself into the 
Hellespont also. 

Leda (le'da). Wife of the Grecian Tyndarus, 
mother of Clytemnestra, and (Zeus being 
father) of Helen and of Castor and Pollux. 

Lucian (lu'shiin). A famous Greek critic, poet, 
and satirist. 

Lucifer (lu'cT-fer). [L.] The light-bring er, 
the morning star, son of Jupiter and Aurofa. 

Lupercalia (lu-per-ka'lT-a). An ancient annual 
Roman festival, perhaps in honor of the wclf 
(lupus) that suckled Romulus and Remus. 
Priests and noble youths ran around the city 
striking with leathern thongs those they met, 
and women they struck were believed to be 
redeemed from sterility. See Shakespeare's 
play of " Julius Caesar." 

Maecenas (me-se'nas). Caius Cilnius M., Ro- 
man statesman, writer, and a friend and patron 
of literary men, esp., of Horace and Vergil. 

Marsyas. A Phrygian god who with his flute 
rivaled Apollo's lyre, which so enraged Apollo 
that he flayed Marsyas alive. 

Medea (me-de'a). A celebrated sorceress, 
daughter of JSetes (e-e'tez) king of Colchis. 
Falling in love with Jason, who came to steal 
the Golden Fleece, she helped him with 
magic arts, fled with him to Greece, and pre- 
vented her pursuing father from overtaking 
them by strewing the sea with the limbs of 
her brother. 

Medusa (me-du'sa). See Gorgon. 

Meleager (mel-e-a'gSr). One of the Argonauts, 
a famous hero, who killed the savage Caly- 
donian boar, sent by Artemis to punish the 
king of that country for neglecting her sacri- 
fice. 

Melpomene (mel-pom'e-ne). One of the nine 
Muses, the muse of tragedy. 

MenelaiiS (mSn-e-la'us). King of Sparta, broth- 
er of Agamemnon and husband of Helen. 

Mentor (men'tQr). The tutor left by Ulysses, 
when lie went to the Trojan war, to guide his 
son Telemachus ; name now synonymous with 
wise and faithful counselor. 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



759 



Mercury (in8r'ku-rT). A Latiu god of com- 
merce and gain, son of Jupiter and Maia, re- 
garded as identical with the Greek god Hermes, 
messenger of the gods, conductor of spirits of 
the dead, god of eloquence, of medicine, and 
of travelers ; represented with a winged hat, 
winged feet, and bearing the Caduceus (kS- 
du'se-us), or official wand, winged at the top 
and entwined with two serpents, emblematic 
of wisdom. 

Minerva (ml-ner'va). Latin goddess of wisdom, 
having sprung full-formed and fully armed 
from the brow of her father, Jupiter or Jove. 
Identical with the Greek Athene. 

Minotaur (min'o-t6r). A monster half man, 
half bull, in the Cretan labyrinth, slain by 
Theseus. 

Mnemosyne (ne-mSsli-ne). [Gr.] Goddess of 
memory, mother of the Muses by Zeus. 

Morpneus (m5r'fe-us). [L.] The god of dreams. 

Naiad (na'Xd). One of a class of water-nymphs, 
presiding over lakes, streams, and fountains. 

Nemesis (nSm'e-sis). The goddess of retribu- 
tion or divine justice. 

nepenthe (ne-p§n'the). A drug used by the 
ancients to relieve pain and give f orgetf ulness 
of sorrow. 

Neptune (ngp'tun). Roman god of the waters, 
especially the sea, bearing a trident (three- 
pronged fish-spear) as emblem of his sovereign- 
ty. Same as Poseidon of the Greeks. 

Nestor (nSs'tSr). A wise, aged Greek warrior 
and counselor at the Trojan war, celebrated 
in Homer's Iliad. 

Niobe (ni'o-be). Daughter of Tantalus and 
wife of Amphion, who, vaunting her twelve 
children as compared with Latona's two, 
aaw them all die at the hands of Apollo and 
Diana, wept herself to death (" Like Niobe, all 
tears," Hamlet), and was turned to stone, 
from which ran water. 

Odyssey (5d'Ys-se). The poem by Homer, 
relating the adventures of Odysseus (o'dTs'- 
us), or, as he is usually called, Ulysses, during 
his absence at the Trojan war and his later 
wanderings and return. 

Orpheus (6r'f e-us) . A Thracian poet, son of the 
muse Calliope, and husband of Eurtdice, 
whom he followed to Hades when she died. 
Pluto released her, if Orpheus would not look 
back till he reached earth ; but he did, and 
she returned to the shades. Orpheus' skill 
with the lyre charmed all animate and inani- 
mate things. 

Pallas (paTlas). Pallas Athene, the Grecian 
goddess of wisdom, identified with Roman 
Minerva. 

Pan. [Gr.] God of shepherds, guardian of 
bees, and patron of fishing and hunting ; rep- 
resented as half man, half goat, holding the 
musical wind instrument called Pandean 
pipes. He personified divine wisdom govern- 
ing all things (Gr. pan, everything). 

Pandora (pan-do^ra). A beautiful woman whom 
Jupiter caused Vulcan to make from clay to 
punish mankind, because Prometheus had 
stolen fire from heaven to animate a statue he 
had made. Jupiter gave her a box containing 



all the ills of man, which flew out when, she 
opened the box, Hope only remaining. 

Paris (pXr'Is). Son of Priam, king of Troy. 
Visiting Greece, he was hospitably received 
byMENELAUS, whose wife, Helen, eloped with 
Paris to Troy, thus occasioning the Trojan war, 
recounted by Homer in his Iliad. 

Pegasus (pSg'a-sus). A winged hoi.se, noted for 
causing, with a blow of his hoof, Hippocrene 
(hip / po-kren), the inspiring fountain of the 
Muses, to spring from Mount Helicon. He is 
thuB associated with ideas of poetic inspira- 
tion. 

Penelope (pe-nel'o-pe). Wife of Ulysses 
(Greek, Oditsseus), hero of Homer's Od\s- 
sey. She was faithful to him during his 
twenty years' absence at and after the Trojan 
war, although importuned by many suitors, 
promising to choose one as soon as she finished 
weaving a certain garment, which she wove by 
day and raveled out by night. 

Perseus (peVse-iis or peVsus). [Gr.] Son of 
Jupiter and Danae, the hero who slew the 
Gorgon, Medusa. Whoever looked upon her 
face was turned to stone ; but Perseus, being 
invisible in the helmet of Hades, looked at her 
in the reflection from his polished shield, 
seized her snaky locks, and cut off her head. 
A bronze statue of this, by Benvenuto Cellini, 
stands in the Loggia facing the great square in 
Florence, Italy. 

Philomela (fil-o-me'ld). Daughter of Pandion, 
King of Athens, who, after suffering violation 
from Tereus, was changed to a nightingale, 
with her mournful song, tereu. 

Phosphorus (f5s'fur-Qs). Light-bringer ; the 
morning star. 

PlutO (plu'to). Son of Saturn and Ops, brother 
of Jupiter and Neptune, gloomy god of Hades. 

Plutus (plu'tfis). God of wealth ; represented 
with a cornucopia, and blind, since his gifts 
were poorly bestowed. 

Pomona (po-mo'nd). Latin goddess of fruits 
and fruit-trees. 

Poseidon (po-si'd5n). See Neptune. 

Priam (pri'am). King of Troy, in Homer's 
Iliad. When the Greeks had gained en- 
trance by means of the wooden horse, the city 
was burned, and the aged Priam slain by 
Pyrrhos, the Bon of Achilles, who had been 
slain by Priam's son Paris. 

Procrustes (pro-krus'tez). A famous highway- 
man of Attica, who bound his victims to an 
iron bed, either stretching them or cutting off 
their legs to make them fit it. He was slain 
by Theseus. 

Prometheus (pro-me'the-Gs). Son of Japetus, a 
Titan, who stole fire from heaven and be- 
stowed it upon mankind. Jupiter, angered, 
had him chained to a rock on Mt. Caucasus, 
where a vulture eternally preyed upon his 
liver. Hercules killed the vulture and re- 
leased him. 

Psyche (si'ke). A beautiful maiden, beloved by 
Cupid, and whom she loved without know- 
ing his identity. Her curiosity resulted in 
his leaving her, and her ill-treatment by Ve- 
nus, his mother. But at last he married her 
and she was made immortal. Psyche is re- 
garded as personifying the soul, immortalized 
by love. 



760 



CLASSICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 



Re'mus. Elder brother of Romulus, and slain 
by him for leaping scornfully over the walls 
of their new city, Rome. 

Rhad'a-man'thus. One of the three judges of 
the infernal regions, famed for his strict jus- 
tice. 

RomulUS (rom'u-lus). Son of Mars and Ilia, 
saved from drowning with his twin brother, 
Remus ; they were suckled by a she-wolf, and 
became founders, and Romulus first king, of 
Rome. 

rostrum (roVtriim). A pulpit, esp. a public 
pulpit or platform in the Roman Forum,which 
was decorated with the rostra (beaks) of war 
galleys captured in battle. 

Salve (sSl've). Latin " Hail ! " a word of wel- 
come often set in mosaic at the entrance of a 
home. 

sardonic smile. A laugh (caused, it is sup- 
posed, by a plant of Sardinia) which was not 
only painful but fatal, and the grin or contor- 
tion of the face was like a snarl of contempt ; 
so used by Homer. 

Sarpedon (sar-pe'd5n). A favorite of the gods, 
who aided the Trojans when Troy was besieged 
by the Greeks. He made great havoc in bat- 
tle, but was slain by Patroclus. 

Saturn (saViirn). Latin name for the Greek 
Kronos (Time), who devoured all his children 
but Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto. Jupiter 
means air, Neptune water, and Pluto the grave, 
which Time cannot consume. 

Sisyphus (sTs'T-fus). A crafty, greedy king of 
Corinth, who was killed by Theseus, and was 
condemned in the other world to roll a huge 
stone to the top of a hill, whence it instantly 
rolled back again, making his task endless. 

Socrates- Most original Grecian sage and philo- 
sophic teacher of conversation (469-399 B. c), 
whose ideas survive in the writings of his 
pupils, Plato and Xenophon. 

Somnus- Son of Erebus (darkness) and Nox 
(night), the god of sleep. 

Stentor (stSn'tSr). A Greek herald in the Tro- 
jan war, whose voice was as loud as those of 
fifty men combined ; hence the phrase stento- 
rian (very loud) voice. 

Sybarite (sTb'd-rft). One of the inhabitants of 
the city of Sybaris, famed for luxury and self- 
indulgence. 

TantaiUS (tan'td-lus). A Phrygian king, pun- 
ished in Hades by being placed in a lake whose 
water reached his chin but receded when he 
tried to drink, while overhead hung fruit- 
laden branches which also evaded his reach. 

Tartarus (tar'ta-rus). The part of the infernal 
regions where the wicked were punished. 

Telemachus (tSl-em'a-kus). In Homer's Odys- 
sey, the son of Ulysses and Penelope. He 
went in search of his father, found him not, 
but returned in time to help him slay the 
suitors who had been annoying his mother. 

Terpsichore (terp-sTk'o-re). One of the nine 
Muses, — the muse of dancing. 

Theseus (the'se-us). Son of iEgeus, king of 
Athens, a hero who rid Attica of the robber 
Procrustes and other evil-doers ; slew the 



Minotaur in the Cretan labyrinth; ran off 
with Ariadne, daughter of King Minos ; con- 
quered the Amazons and married their queen, 
Hippolyta, and was variously celebrated. 

Titans (tl'tanz). Gigantic sons of Coelus (heav- 
en) and Terra (earth), who, instigated by their 
mother, deposed their father and liberated 
from Tartarus the hundred-handed giants 
and the Cyclops. 

Triton (tri'ton). Son of Neptune, represented 
as a man with a fish termination, upright in 
the water, blowing a conch shell for a horn 
as Neptune's trumpeter. 

Ulysses (u-lis'sez). Latin name for Greek Odys- 
seus, King of Ithaca, a small rocky island of 
Greece. In Homer's Iliad he is repre- 
sented as the shrewdest and craftiest strate- 
gist among the Greeks besieging Troy. After 
that war he had many strange adventures, 
wandering about the world, and was absent 
from his home twenty years, returning at last 
to his faithful wife, Penelope. See Telema- 
chus, Mentor. 

Uranus (u'ra-niis). [Gr.] The sky ; son or 
husband of Gaia (the earth), and father of 
Saturn or Kronos (time) and the Titans ; 
dethroned by Saturn. 

Venus (ve'nus). The Latin goddess of love and 
beauty, identical with Aphrodite of the 
Greeks. Daughter of Jove, wife of Vulcan, 
mother of Cupid, she was one of the most 
powerful and popular of the classic gods, and 
was represented by the poets as intimately 
interested in the fortunes of men and women, 
especially as to their love affairs, while she 
had a good many of her own. 

Vergil, or Virgil. Publius Vergilius Maro, a 
world-famous epic and idyllic Roman poet (70- 
19 b. c.) 

Vesta (v6s'ta). [L.] The virgin goddess of the 
home hearth, the fire upon it, and the family 
around it ; identical with the Greek Hestia ; 
widely and fervently worshiped. 

Vulcan (vul'kan). The Roman god of fire, who 
presided over the working of metals and forged 
the weapons of the gods. 

Wooden Horse. In Homer's Iliad, the co- 
lossal hollow figure of a horse, in which hid a 
number of Greeks. The Greek army and fleet 
then withdrew as if raising the siege, and the 
Trojans brought into their city the abandoned 
horse, — the Greeks issuing at night, opening 
the gates, and admitting their destroying 
army. 

Xanthippe (zSn-thip'e). Shrewish wife of Soc- 
rates. 

Xanthos (zan'thos). Achilles' horse in the Tro- 
jan war, that foretold his master's death. 

Xenophon (zen'o-fSn). Athenian general, pu- 
pil of Socrates, and author (445?-355? B. c.) 

Zeus (zus). Gr. The chief of the Olympian 
gods, father of gods and men, ruler of the sky 
and upper world ; identical with the Roman 
Jove or Jupiter. 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



When a name is printed in small capitals, a reference to it will give further information. The 
sounds of vowels in the pronunciation are as indicated at the foot of each page of the main Dictionary. 



Aaro&- Brother of Moses, first high-priest of 
Israel. 

Abaddon. The destroyer; the depth of hell. 
Milton. 

Abdul-Hamld II. Sultan of Turkey from 1876 
to 1909, when he was deposed. 

Abelard. Famous French theologian and lover 
of Heloise (1079-1142). 

Abraham's bosom. Heavenly resting-place of 
the good. 

Academy, The. Plato's school of philosophy at 
Athens. 

Academy, French. A society of 40 members, 
called " the Immortals," founded by Richelieu i 
(1635) for improving the national language, j 
They elect a famous author to replace each 
deceased member, and " crown " literary 
works they deem worthy. 

Acadia. Early name of Nova Scotia. 

Adam's apple. Projection in the male throat, 
jocosely referred to a piece of the forbidden 
fruit. 

Admirable Grichton, The. James Crichton 
(1560-1583), a remarkably accomplished Scot- 
tish scholar and adventurer. 

Agnes, Saint. A Roman virgin and martyr, 
beheaded during Diocletian's reign. 

Aidenn. Anglicized form for Arabic name of 
Eden, Paradise. 

Alabama. Confederate privateer of English 
origin, commanded by Raphael Semmes, which 
preyed on American shipping during the Civil 
war, and was sunk by the Kearsarge, June 19, 
1864. 

Aladdin's Window. A window in Aladdin's 
magic palace ("Arabian Nights") left un- 
finished, which the Sultan's treasury could 
not complete ; any great work left incomplete 
and hard to finish by a lesser genius. 

Albany Regency. A group of Democratic 
politicians in Albany, N. T., who controlled 
the party (1820-1854). 

Albeit Memorial. Colossal bronze statue under 
stone canopy, erected in London by Queen 
Victoria in memory of the Prince Consort. 

Aldine Press. Printing office established by 
Aldus Manutius in Venice about 1490, source 
of fine editions of the classics. 

Alexandria- Famous seaport of Egypt, founded 
by Alexander, seat of Greek learning, cele- 
brated for its vast library, which was destroyed 
b. c. 47 by fire. 

Alhambra. Moorish citadel and palace (13th 
cent.) near Granada, Spain. 

Allah. Arabic. God. Allah akbar, God is 
great, a Moslem war cry. 

AMan-a-Dale. One of Robin Hood's men. 



All Saints' Day. Eccl. Nov. 1. Day kept in 
honor of all saints. 

All Souls' Day. Eccl. Nov. 2. Day of prayer 
for all souls in Purgatory. 

Almack's. A gaming-club in London, 18th cent. 

almighty dollar. Supposed object of American 
idolatry. W. Irving. 

Alph. Sacred underground river, in Coleridge's 
" Kubla Khan." 

Alsatia. Whitefriars district in London, long 
a sanctuary for insolvent debtors and law- 
breakers. 

alto-relievo (51'to-re-lya'vo). High relief; 
sculpture in which figures stand out high from 
a background. 

Amazons. A legendary race of women warriors, 
who cut off their right breast for freedom with 
spear and bow. 

amuck {Malayan, furious). A murderous frenzy 
common to the Malays, who run amuck, at- 
tacking all they meet. 

ampersand. The character &. 

Anabasis. Xenophon's account of the Greek 
expedition with Cyrus the Younger agt. the 
Persians, and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. 

Anacreontic Poems in praise of love and wine, 
like those of Anacreon, Greek poet. 

ancient regime- (Fr. ancien regime, the old 
order.) The political and social system in 
France before the Revolution. 

Angelic Doctor, The. Thomas Aquinas (1225- 
1274), great Italian theologian. 

Angelo, Saint, Castle of. A mausoleum in 
Rome, built by Emperor Hadrian, remodeled 
in the Middle Ages for a citadel. 

Angelus, The. A prayer to the Virgin, morn- 
ing, noon and night, at the sound of a bell. 

Annunciation, Feast of the. Also called Lady's 
Day. Eccl. Commemorating the angelic an- 
nouncement to the Virgin of the coming birth 
of Jesus. 

Annus Mirabilis (Wonderful Year). Poem 
by Dryden on English victories in the Dutch 
war, and the London fire, in 1666. 

anthology (flower gathering). A collection of 
poems. 

Anthony, St. An Egyptian abbot (251-356) who 
performed miracles, esp. in healing an epi- 
demic of erysipelas, called St. Anthony' 1 s fire. 

Antonines, Age Of the. Peaceful and prosper- 
ous reigns of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Au- 
relius at Rome. 

Antoninus, Wall Of. Roman bulwark across 
Britain from Frith of Forth to Frith of Clyde, 
built in time of Antoninus Pius. 

Apelles. Famous Greek painter. 

Apollo Belvide're. Beautiful Greek statue of 
Apollo in the Vatican, Rome. 

Appian Way. Paved highway from Rome to 



762 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



Brundusium, begun by Appius Claudius, 312 

B. O. 

Apples Of Sodom- Fruit beautiful without but 
dust and ashes within. 

Arabesque. Decorative designs of Arabian or 
Moorish origin. 

Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Collection 
of ancient Oriental tales. See Scheherazade. 

Arcadia. An ideal land of simple delights, as 
of shepherds and shepherdesses ; name given 
to divers poems and romances. 

Arc de Triomphe de L'Etoile (Fr., Arch of Tri- 
umph of the Star). A splendid monument at 
head of the Champs Elysees, Paris, where a 
number of avenues meet and cross. 

Areop'agUS- An Athenian court for trial of 
high crimes, on Mars' Hill. 

argot (ar'go). Thieves' slang. 

Allans. Theol. Followers of Arius (4th cent.) 
who held that the divine Son was similar to 
(not the same as) the Father, and subordinate. 

Arlington House. Former home of Custis 
family, and residence of Gen. Robert E. Lee, 
on the hills across Potomac from Washington. 

Armada, The Spanish. Great fleet sent by 
Philip II. of Spain agt. England (1588), de- 
feated and dispersed. 

Arnold von Winkelried. Swiss patriot, who at 
battle of Sempach (1386) made way for his 
charging comrades by gathering many spears 
into his own body. 

Augustan Age. Reign of Augustus, first Ro- 
man emperor after his uncle Julius Caesar, 
under whom peace ruled and Latin literature 
reached its highest point. 

Auld Reekie (Old Smoky). Edinburgh. 

AUSterlitZ, Sun Of- The sun that scattered the 
fog before Napoleon's army, the morning of 
the battle of Austerlitz. 

Avalon. The Celtic " Land of the Blessed," 
whither heroes were borne after death. 

Ayrshire Bard, The. Robert Bums. 

Azrael. Hebrew and Mohammedan angel of 
death, who awaits the departing soul. 



Baalbec. City of Baal or the Sun-god, in Syria, 
the extensive ruins of whose splendid temples 
are famous. 

Babylon, The Modern. London. 

Bacon, Delia. American authoress, who in 
1857 originated discussion of the theory that 
Lord Bacon wrote Shakespeare's plays. 

Bad Lands. Desert tracts in northwestern U. S. 

Balaklava. Crimean seaport, near which sev- 
eral engagements were fought in Crimean 
war, esp. the charge of the Heavy Brigade, 
and the charge of the Light Brigade, of cav- 
alry. See Srx Hundred. 

Balmor'al Castle. A British royal residence 
in Scotland. 

Bank Of England- Chief British bank and gov- 
ernment financial agent, in London. 

Bard of Avon. Shakespeare, born at Stratford- 
on-Avon. 

Barleycorn, John. Whiskey. 

Barmecide Feast. A pleasing illusion ; in 
" Arabian Nights" a rich Barmecide feasts a 
beggar on imaginary dishes ; drinking the 
imaginary wine, the beggar feigns drunken- 
ness, and is rewarded. 



basilisk look. Fatal gaze of a fabled lizard ; a 

look of hatred, 
basso-relievo (bas'so-re-lya'vo) or bas-relief 

(ba're-lef). Low relief. Sculpture in which 

figures stand out but slightly from a back- 
ground. 
Bastille. Famous French state prison, destroyed 

in Revolution July 14,1789. 
Battery, The. Park at the S. end of Manhattan 

Island, N. Y., orig. site of a fortification. 
Battle above the Clouds. Fight at Lookout 

Mountain, Tenn., Nov. 24, 1863. 
Battle Of Dorking. Fanciful description of a 

conquest of England, by Sir G. T. Chesney, 

1871. 
Battle Of the Books. Prose Satire by Dryden 

on comparative merits of ancient and modern 

writings. 
Beacon Street. Boston's aristocratic avenue 

along the Charles River. 
Bear Flag Battalion. Company of rangers 

raised by Fremont in the fight for California. 
Beauty and the Beast. Old fairy tale of lovely 

girl promising to marry an ugly beast to save 

her father, when beast changes to noble prince. 
Bedlam. Corrupt pron. of the (Hospital of) 

Bethlehem, Eng., for the insane. 
Beefeaters. British royal Yeomen of the 

Guard ; also, one of the warders of the Tower 

of London. 
Beefsteak Club. Title of several successive 

London clubs, for wit and dining. 
BeeTzebub. Contemptuous Hebrew nickname. 

" Lord of flies," for Canaanitish Baal, " Lord 

of the High House." 
beg the auestion, to. To take for granted what 

is to be proved. 
Belgravia. Aristocratic quarter in London. 
Belisa'rius. Great Byzantine general (505- 

565) who in old age was imprisoned, but not a 

blind beggar as has been told. 
Belle Alliance (51-lT-aNs'). A farm near Wa- 
terloo, where fiercest fight was made in that 

battle. 
Belle France, La. Beautiful France, poetic 

name. 
Belle Jardiniere. Famous painting of Virgin, 

Child, and infant St. John, by Raphael, in the 

Louvre. 
Bell-the-Cat. Archibald Douglas (d. 1514) who 

dared to act for removal of an obnoxious royal 

favorite ; — in allusion to fabled fear of mice 

to put proposed bell on the cat to tell of her 

approach. 
bell, the passing. Formerly tolled while one 

was dying. 
Beloved Disciple. St. John. 
Benedick- A confirmed bachelor about to 

marry, from a character in Shakespeare's 

" Much Ado about Nothing." 
Benicia Boy. John C. Heenan, a pugilist born 

in Benicia, Cal. 
Beranger (ba-r5N-zha'). Celebrated French 

lyric poet (1786-1857). 
Berenga'ria. Wife of Richard Coeur de Lion, 

in Scott's " Talisman." 
Bess, Good Queen. Queen Elizabeth. 
Bettina- Elizabeth von Arnim, a correspond- 
ent of Goethe. 
Billingsgate. A London fishmarket ; famed 

for the foul language of the fishwives. 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



763 



Black Bess- Famous mare of Dick Turpin, 
the highwayman. 

black death- The plague which ravaged Asia 
and Europe in 14th century. 

Blackfriars Theater. Where Shakespeare and 
his contemporary players acted. 

Black Friday. Sept. 26, 1869, day of financial 
panic in New York. 

Black Hole Of Calcutta. Indian dungeon 18 ft. 
square where 146 British prisoners were con- 
fined over night, all but 23 dead from suffoca- 
tion in the morning. 

Black Prince. Edward Prince of Wales, son 
of Edward III., — from his black armor. 

Black Republicans. Name given by Demo- 
crats to anti-slavery Republicans, before and 
during the Civil war. 

Blavatsky. Madame. Russian traveler, and 
resident in India, founder of Theosophist So- 
ciety, theosophical writer (1831-1891). 

Blarney Stone. Stone in Blarney Castle, Ire- 
land, said to give power of smooth talk to 
whoever kisses it. 

Bloody Mary. Mary, Queen of England (1553- 
58), a cruel persecutor of Protestants. 

Bluebeard- A fictitious killer of seven wives, 
for their curiosity. 

Blue Grotto. A beautiful cave in the rocky 
shore of Capri. 

Blue Laws- Early rigorous Puritanical laws 
of Connecticut. 

Blue Peter. A blue flag with white square in 
center, ship's signal for sailing. 

Blue Stocking. Nickname of a feminine liter- 
ary society in London (1750) ; a pedantic wom- 
an. 

Boadice'a. A British warrior queen (62 A. d.) 
who headed revolt against the Romans. 

Boer War. That waged by Great Britain against 
the Transvaal Republic (1899-1902) in South 
Africa, resulting in the annexation of the 
Transvaal by Great Britain. 

Bohemian. An unconventional free liver, artis- 
tic or literary. 

Bois de Boulogne (bwa d5 bu-lon'). Celebrated 
park in Paris. 

Bond Street Former fashionable promenade 
in London, now fashionable shopping-place. 

Book of Hours. Collection of prayers to be 
said at stated times. 

Book of Mormon. The sacred book or bible of 
the Mormons or " Latter Day Saints." 

Book Of the Dead- Egyptian funeral ritual and 
collection of prayers, etc., for the soul's final 
safety. 

Border States. Former northern tier of slave 
States — Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Ken- 
tucky, and Missouri. 

Boston (St. Botolph's town). An English sea- 
port, after which Boston, Mass., was named. 

Bourbon. Former French royal family, who 
clung to old-time usage ; a dull conservative. 

Bourgeois (boor'zhwa'). Fr. One of the mid- 
dle or shop-keeping class, as between gentle- 
men and peasants. 

Boulevard (bdol'var). In Paris, a broad avenue, 
orig.along the line of old ramparts or bulwarks. 

Bourse. In Paris, the Stock Exchange. 

BOW bells. Chimes of the Church of St. Mary 
le Bow, Cheapside, London, within whose 
sound all Cockneys are born. 



Bowery, The. A former shady road, now a 
street of cheap, largely foreign, shops in New 
York. 

boycott. To refuse to deal with, — from Capt. 
Boycott, an Irish land-agent, shunned by his 
neighbors. 

Breeches Bible. A version (1560) in which 
Adam and Eve "made themselves breeches " 
of fig leaves (Gen. iii. 7). 

Bride of tie Sea. Venice. 

Bridge of Sighs. High covered passageway be- 
tween Ducal Palace in Venice (where courts 
were held) and the state prisons ; similar 
bridge between criminal court building and 
city prison, New York. 

British Museum. Great library and museum 
in London. 

Broadway. New York's chief business street. 

Brobdingnag. Country in Swift's " Gulliver's 
Travels," where everything was on a gigantic 
scale. 

Brook Farm. An unsuccessful communistic ex- 
periment at West Roxbury, Mass., original of 
Hawthorne's " Blithedale Romance." 

Brother Jonathan. The United States, humor- 
ously personified. 

Buckingham Palace. The royal residence in 
London. 

buncombe, bunkum. Empty talk, for effect, — 
from a Congressman who insisted on making 
a useless speech, not for Congress but " for 
Buncombe," his North Carolina county. 

Bunker Hill Monument. A granite shaft in 
Charlestown, Mass., commemorating the fight 
bet. Americans and British, June 17, 1775. 

buskin, to wear the. To act in tragedy, as 
wearing the half-boot typical of it, worn by 
tragic actors of Greece and Rome. Cf. sock. 

buzzard dollar. Nickname for U. S. silver dol- 
lar, with an eagle on it. 



cache (cash). Fr. A hidden store of provisions, 
etc., left by explorers for their return needs. 

cachet (cash-a'), lettres de. (Fr., Sealed let- 
ters). Warrants for imprisonment, usually in 
the Bastille, bearing the royal seal of France, 
but left blank as to name of prisoner — used 
for private revenges. 

Caira (sa e-v'if) (It will go). French revolu- 
tionary song. 

Camelot Legendary site of King Arthur's 
court and his famous bound table. 

Gampagna (ki£m-p3n'ya). A plain surrounding 
Rome, once inhabited, now empty and mala- 
rious. 

Campanile (kain-pa'n-e'le). A bell-tower : a A 
beautiful one built by Giotto (1334) in Flor- 
ence, b A stately one in Venice (16th cent.), 
which collapsed in 1902, but was rebuilt. 

Carbonari. Secret Italian republican political 
societies (about 1810-1820). 

Carmagnole (kar-man-yol'). French revolu- 
tionary song and dance, rivaling Qa iba. 

Carnival- Time of merrymaking before Lent ; 
any gay festival. 

Cartoons of Raphael. Designs for tapestry, now 
in South Kensington Museum, London. 

Casa Guidi (ka-sa gwe'de). House in Florence, 
where Mrs. Browning lived when writing her 
poem " Casa Guidi Windows." 



764 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



Castle Garden- An old circular fort at the Bat- 
tery, New York, later used as an opera-house, 
then as an immigrant station, and now as an 
aquarium. 

Catacombs- Underground cemeteries, with 
passages and chapels, used for burial and for 
refuge by early Christians. 

Caudle's Curtain Lectures, Mrs- Humorous 
take-offs of lectures from wife to husband, 
after the bed-curtains are drawn, by Douglas 
Jerrold. 

Cecilia, Saint. A Roman Christian martyr, of 
great musical gifts, held as patroness of sacred 
music. 

Cenci, Beatrice (ba-a-tre'che chgn'che). Daugh- 
ter of a vile patrician of Rome whose cruelties 
and vices incited his wife and children to have 
him killed. Beatrice and others were hanged. 
Shelley's " The Cenci " treats of the tragedy. 
There is a portrait of Beatrice formerly at- 
tributed to Guido Reni. 

Central Park. Chief park in New York : length 
2J miles ; area 840 acres. 

Champ de Mars(chax de mar) (Field of Mars). 
Great plain in Paris for military maneuvers. 

Champs Elysees (chaN-za-le-za') (Elysian 
Fields). Splendid avenue in Paris from Place 
de la Concorde to the Arc de Tkiomphe. 

Charing Cross. A stone cross in London, one 
of 13 erected by Edward I. (1291) in memory 
of Queen Eleanor along the funeral route from 
where she died in Lincolnshire to Westmin- 
ster ; now in yards of S. E. Railway Co., who 
restored it. 

Charter Oak. Formerly stood in Hartford, 
Conn., said to be where the Conn, charter 
was hidden when Gov. Andros demanded it 
for recall (1688). 

Chauvinism- Vainglorious patriotism ; — from 
Chauvin, an absurd devotee of Napoleon. 

Cheapside. A famous trading street of old 
London, still a busy thoroughfare. 

Chevy Chase- Stirring old ballad, recounting 
a battle resulting from a hunting by English 
among the Scottish Cheviot Hills. 

Chiltern Hundreds. A nominal office which a 
Member of Parliament "accepts," enabling 
him, as an office-holder, to resign his seat — 
not otherwise permitted. 

Cid, The. Don Ruy Diaz de Bivar ; great Span- 
ish hero in Moorish wars (1040-1099). 

Cimmerian darkness- Gloom of a foggy region 
described by Homer. 

Cincinnati, Society Of the- Benevolent order 
of Am. Revolutionary officers (1783) who, like 
Cincinnatus of Rome, left civil for military 
life. It still survives in several branches of 
descendants. 

Citizen King, The. Louis Philippe. 

City of Brotherly Love. Philadelphia. 

City Of Churches. Brooklyn, N. Y. 

City of Magnificent Distances- Washington, 
D. C. 

Cockaigne, Land Of. Imaginary land of idle 
luxury, with houses of cake and rivers of wine. 

Cockney- One born in London City (East end, 
" within sound of Bow bells "), showing its 
habits, dialect, etc. , ignorant of all outside it. 

Colonne Venddme (von'dom')- Column erected 
by Napoleon in Place VendQme, Paris, deco- 
rated with spiral bronze military scenes, made 



from captured cannon, pulled down by the 
communists (1871) but reerected. 

ColoSSUS Of Rhodes. An image 105 ft. high, 
which stood at the entrance to the harbor of 
Rhodes (about 280 b. c). 

Commune. French Revolutionary government 
(1792-94) ; also, French insurrectionary gov- 
ernment at Paris after German war (1871). 

Copemlcan System. Theory of Copernicus 
(Prussia, 1473-1543) that the daily revolutions 
of the earth accounted for the apparent mo- 
tions of sun and stars, and that earth and 
planets circle the sun ; superseding the Ptol- 
emaic SYSTEM. 

Copperheads. Northern politicians with South- 
ern sympathies during the Civil war. 

Corn -law Rhymer. Ebenezer Elliott (1781- 
1849). 

Corn Laws. English customs duties on im- 
ported grain, making food dear for the poor. 
Repealed after violent agitation. 

Corso. Principal thoroughfare of Rome, the 
course for carnival processions and races. 

Covent Garden. A famous London locality, in 
the 13th cent, the garden of a convent, but for 
hundreds of years built around with coffee 
houses, taverns, market, theater, and other 
popular resorts. 

Coventry, To send to. To shun, refuse to 
associate with, cut socially ; origin not known. 

Crapaud (krS-po'), Johnny (Johnny Frog). 
Nickname for the French. 

crocodile tears. Hypocritical weeping, — from 
the fable of the crocodile's weeping as he eats. 

CUrfew (cover fire). In the Middle Ages, 
ringing of a bell at 8 o'clock for fires to be 
covered and people to stay in doors. 

Cynic One of the Greek philosophers who 
held self-control the essence of virtue, and 
pleasure an evil ; a misanthrope. 

D. 

Dago. Prob. corruption of Diego (d'ya'go) a 
common Spanish name, popularly applied also 
to Italians and Portuguese. 

Damocles, Sword Of. Anxiety. Dionysius I., 
king of Syracuse, envied by the courtier Dam- 
ocles, invited him to a feast, but over the 
guest's place hung a sword suspended by a 
single hair. 

Dandle Dinmont. A jolly farmer in Scott's 
41 Guy Mannering," whose two terriers, Mus- 
tard and Pepper, began the stock bearing 
their master's name. 

Darby and Joan. An old and happy married 
pair. 

Dark and Bloody Ground. Early name for 
Indian-haunted Kentucky. 

Dartmoor. A vast rocky moor in Devonshire, 
Eng., containing a military prison. 

Darwinism. Theory of the origin and perpet- 
uation of different species of plants and ani- 
mals from one or a few common ancestors, by 
natural selection and accumulation of slight 
differences — evolution instead of creation 
of species — as propounded by Charles R. 
Darwin (1859). 

Davy Jones. To go to Davy Jones's locker is 
sailor phrase for drowning. 

DeprofundiS (" Out of the depths have I cried 
unto thee "), beginning of 130th Psalm. 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



765 



Debatable Land. Border-land between England 
and Scotland, formerly claimed by both, and 
well " debated " with the sword. 

Defender of the Faith. Title conferred upon 
Henry VIII. of England (1521) by Pope Leo X. 
for a religious treatise. 

Delphin Classics. A fine edition of Latin works 
made "in usum Delphini," for the use of the 
Dauphin, or eldest son of Louis XIV. of 
France. 

Dies Ir» (Day of wrath). Beginning of a fa- 
mous Latin hymn on the Last Judgment, by 
Thomas de Celano. 

Directory, The. The five men who ruled revo- 
lutionary France (the First Republic) from 
1795 to 1799. 

Dixie's Land. Orig., the place of an indulgent 
New York slaveholder named Dixie ; later, the 
slave States, south of Mason and Dixon's 
line, — praised in negro songs, one of which 
became identified with the Confederate cause 
in the Civil war. 

Dizzy. Nickname for Benjamin Disraeli, Earl 
of Beaconsfield. 

doctrinaire. An unpractical theorist ; name 
applied by extreme French royalists and re- 
publicans to limited monarchists. 

Doe, John. Fictitious plaintiff in ejectment 
suits ; John Doe versus Richard Rok. 

Domesday, or Doomsday, Book. Record of 
English landed estates under William the 
Conqueror (1086). 

Don Juan. A legendary Spanish libertine, killed 
for his crimes. Hero of Mozart's opera " Don 
Giovanni," and of divers poems, plays, and 
romances. 

Don Quixote (d5n ke-ho'te). Romance by the 
Spanish author Cervantes, named from its 
hero, Don Quixote de la Mancha, a half- 
crazed but noble-spirited knight, who seeks 
chivalrous adventure but meets comical mis- 
adventure. 

Donnyhrook Fair. An annual Irish fair famous 
for righting and loose conduct ; abolished 1855. 

Douay Bible. English version from Latin Vul- 
gate for Roman Catholics. The New Testa- 
ment was published at Rheims, 1582, the Old, 
at Douai, France, 1609-10. 

Downing Street. A London street containing the 
government offices — treasury, foreign, colo- 
nial, etc.; hence, popularly, the Administra- 
tion. 

Drury Lane. One cf the chief London theaters, 
from 1663. 

Dulcinea del To'OOSO Milkmaid, chosen as his 
lady-love by Don Quixote ; hence, Dulcinea, 
a sweetheart. 

Dunciad. Pope's satirical poem on dunces. 

Dying Gladiator or Gaul. Fine antique marble 
statue in Capitoline Museum, Rome, 

E. 
East, The. Countries E. and S. E. of Europe, 

as Asiatic Turkey, Egypt, Persia, India ; the 

Far East, China and Japan. 
Bcce Homo. "Behold the Man," Pilate's 

words, title of painting of the thorn-crowned 

Christ. 
Ecole des Beaux Arts (bo-zar'). School of the 

Fine Arts, in Paris, — great training school 

for painters, sculptors, architects, etc. 



Ecole Polytechnique. Polytechnic or Engi- 
neering School in Paris, civil and military. 

El Dorado (The gilded). An imaginary land 
of medieval fancy, abounding in gold. 

Elevation Of the Cross. Famous painting of the 
Crucifixion by Rubens in Autwerp cathedral. 

Elgin Marbles. Fragments of Greek statuary, 
chiefly from the frieze and pediment of the 
Parthenon, Athens, brought to England by 
Lord Elgin (1801-3), now in British Museum. 

Elzevir. A family of famous Dutch printers 
who published fine editions of Latin and 
French authors (1580-1712). 

Escorial. Great Spanish structure near Madrid 
— palace, monastery, church, and royal mau- 
soleum. 

Eternal City, The. Rome. 

Ettrick Shepherd. James Hogg, Scottish poet. 

Eureka (I have found it). Triumph at a dis- 
covery ; attributed to Archimedes, when he 
learned how to test the gold in King Hiero's 
crown. 

ExcalibUT. The sword of King Arthur. 

Expounder of the Constitution. Daniel Webster. 

extreme unction. R. C. Ch. Sacrament of 
anointing with consecrated oil at point of 
death, in token of remission of sins. 



Fabian policy. That of delay, as practised by 
Quintus Fabius, Roman general, who avoided 
battles and tired his enemy out in skirmishes. 

Faerie Queene. Allegorical poem of knighthood 
by Edmund Spenser (1590-96). 

Fairmount Park. In Philadelphia, with about 
2,800 acres. Centennial Exposition of 1876 
held there. 

Faneuil Hall. A Boston market-house, with 
public assembly hall, famous for patriotic 
meetings during the Revolution. 

Farmer George. King George III. of England, 
— from his favorite pursuit. 

Farnese (far-na'sa) Bull. Great marble antique 
group, of Dirce (diir'se) being bound to a 
bull's horns by sons of An-tl'o-pe, in Nat. Mu- 
seum, Naples. 

Fata Morgana. A mirage, esp. one noticed in 
the Strait of Messina. 

Father. An originator, protector, or distin- 
guished exemplar ; as, Father of Angling, Isaak 
Walton ; of English Poetry, Chaucer ; of His- 
tory, Herodotus ; of his Country, George 
Washington ; of Lies, Satan ; of Waters, the 
Mississippi, etc. 

Fathers Of the Church. Eccl. Early Christian 
writers, accepted as authoritative sources of 
history and doctrine. 

Faubourg. Orig. a suburb, now a city district ; 
as, in Paris, Faubourg St. Antoine, the work- 
ingman's region ; Faubourg St. Germain, the 
aristocratic residence region. 

Fenian Brotherhood. Association of Irishmen 
(N. Y., 1857, but widespread) for freeing 
Ireland. 

Field of the Cloth Of Gold. A plain in France 
where Henry VIII. of England and Francis I. 
of France met, with splendid ceremonial. 

Fifth Avenue. Famous New York residential 
street, 6£ miles long, the lower half gradu- 
ally opening to fine stores. 

Fifth-Monarchy Men. Fanatical English sect, 



766 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



during the Commonwealth, who would forci- 
bly bring in the fifth monarchy, as foretold by 
prophet Daniel. 

Fighting Bob. Nickname of Adm. Robley D. 
Evans. 

Fighting Joe. Nickname of Gen. Joseph 
Hooker. 

Five Nations {The). Indian Iroquois confed- 
eracy in New York State (16th, 17th, and 18th 
centuries), — Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, 
Cayugas, and Senecas, afterwards including 
Tuscaroras. 

Five Points- A New York City locality once 
criminal and dangerous, now given to whole- 
sale trade. 

Flagellants. Fanatics of 13th and 14th centu- 
ries who scourged themselves bloodily to ap- 
pease divine wrath. 

Fleet Prison ( The). A former state prison and 
later debtors' prison in London, demolished 
1846, nearly 800 years old. 

Fleet Street. A busy London thoroughfare con- 
tinuing the Strand. 

Flora Temple. An American trotting mare 
(1845) long holding the world's record of 
2.19|. 

Flowery Kingdom (The). China, so self-named, 
as being the most civilized nation. 

Flying Dutchman. A fabled Dutch mariner or 
his specter ship, doomed to sail stormy seas 
till judgment-day. 

Fornarina (The bakeress or baker's daughter). A 
painting by Raphael, supposed to be portrait 
of his mistress. 

FortunatUS. Hero of a medieval tale, who re- 
ceives a purse never emptied and a cap of in- 
visibility. 

Forum. An ancient market-place and center of 
popular gatherings in Rome. There were four, 
the largest and most famous being the Forum 
Romanurn. 

Fourierism. Cooperative socialism, as proposed 
by Charles Fourier (1772-1837), to live in pha- 
lanxes of about 2,000, having all things in 
common, mutual personal attraction forming 
the family groups. 

Francis Of Assisi, St. A pious Italian monk, 
preacher, and founder of the Franciscan Order 
(1210). 

Francis Xavier, St- A great Spanish Jesuit 
(1506-1552) of high culture, missionary to the 
East Indies, where he died. 

Froissart (f rwa'sar), Jean. A French historian, 
who wrote the " Chronicles of France, Eng- 
land, Scotland, and Spain," from 1332 to 1400. 
He died 1410. 

Funk, Peter. One hired to bid at auctions ; a 
mock auction. 

Fusi-yama, or Fugi-san. A conical mountain 
peak, extinct volcano, 12,365 ft. high, 75 miles 
from Tokio, Japan, often pictured in Japanese 
art. 

G. 

Gabriel. Name of an archangel represented as 
ministering to man, — interpreting Daniel's 
visions, announcing to Mary the birth of Je- 
sus, dictating the Koran to Mohammed, etc. 

9-adshill. A hill near Rochester, Eng., where 
Falstaff met the " men in buckram," and 
where Charles Dickens lived and died. 



Galen. Great Greek physician and philosopher, 
abt. 130 A. d. 

Galignani's Messenger. A journal in English 
published many years in Paris. 

genre (zhiiNr') painting. Depiction of scenes 
from every-day life. 

George, St. A Roman military officer and 
Christian martyr (303 a. d.) of whose brave ex- 
ploits there were many tales, esp. of his slaying 
a fierce dragon. In the 14th century he was 
chosen as patron saint of England. 

gerrymander. To divide a region into election 
or other districts so as to profit one party and 
damage the other ; — named after Gov. Gerry 
of Mass., where the trick was first performed. 

Ghetto. Quarter of a town, esp. in Italy, where 
the Jews were segregated. 

Ghibelline. Medieval upholders of the German 
Empire in Italy. See Gdelph. 

Ginx's Baby. A notable story by Edward Jen- 
kins (1870) depicting the evil effects of pau- 
perism. 

Girondists. Moderate republicans in the French 
Revolutionary legislative assembly, 1791. 

Globe Theater. A summer open-air theater in 
London, where Shakespeare acted and for 
which (and Blackfriabs) he wrote his plays. 

Gobelin tapestry. Made at the Gobelin est. in 
Paris, founded as a dyehouse (1575) and made 
a government manufactory by Louis XIV. 
(1662). 

Godiva, Lady. Countess of Chester, whose hus- 
band offered to remove heavy tax if she would 
ride naked through Coventry, which she did, 
the people staying indoors — except " Peep- 
ing Tom," who was stricken blind for it. 

Gog and Magog. Two colossal wooden statues 
in the Guildhall, London. 

Golden Gate- Entrance to San Francisco har- 
bor, so named by John C. Fremont. 

Golden Horn- A branch of the Bosporus, di- 
viding Constantinople into its Turkish and 
European quarters, and forming the harbor. 

Golden House. Palace of Nero in ancient 
Rome. 

Gordon Riots. Anti-popery mob-rising (1780) 
in London ; Lord George Gordon was charged 
with inciting it. See Dickens' " Barnaby 
Rudge." 

Gotham. Nickname for New York. 

Gracchi, The. Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, 
whose mother Cornelia showed them when 
boys as her " jewels," and who rose to great 
political distinction. 

Grand Old Man. Popular name for Wm. E. 
Gladstone, the famous English statesman. 

Grand Prix (pre). Race for three-year-olds at 
Longchamps, France ; prize 20,000 francs. 

Grand Prix de Rome. Annual prize in the 
Ecole des Beaux Abts, giving the winner four 
years of study in Rome. 

Great Commoner (The). William Pitt, before 
he was Earl of Chatham. 

Great Eastern. Known for many years as the 
largest steamship ever built, 680 ft. long, ton- 
nage 19,000 ; launched 1858, broken up 1886. 
But the Lusitania and Mauretania (Cunard 
line) of 1906 are 790 ft. long, with tonnage 
32,500. 

Great Pyramid, The. NearGhizeh, Egypt, 
of Cheops, about 3,000 b. c, orig. 482 ft. high, 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



767 



estimated to contain 2,300,000 stone blocks 
averaging 40 cu. ft. each. It occupies about 
13 acres. See Pyramid. 

greenbacks. U. S. Treasury notes, backs 
printed in green ink. 

Green Isle, The. Ireland. 

Green Vault. A museum in the Dresden royal 
palace, orig. decorated in green. 

Greenwich. A town 5 miles S. E. St. Paul's, 
London, famed for its Royal Observatory 
(from which longitude — "E. or W. from 
Greenwich " — is measured by English-speak- 
ing countries), its Hospital, and its Naval 
School. 

Greenwood Cemetery, in Brooklyn, N. Y., 400 
acres in beautiful maintenance. 

Gregorian calendar. The one now in general 
use. as reformed by Pope Gregory XIII. (1582). 

Gretna Green. A hamlet in Scotland, near the 
English border, formerly known for runaway 
marriages, wh'ch in 1856 were made legally 
invalid unless one party was a Scottish resi- 
dent. 

Grab Street. A London street once inhabited 
by petty, needy writers. 

Guelphs. From 12th to 15th cent, the Church 
party in Italy, opposed to the rule of the Ger- 
man Emperor. See Ghibelline. 

Guildhall. The great city hall of London, 
built 1411, restored after fire of 1666. 

Gunpowder Plot, The. A plot to blow up 
King, Lords, and Commons in Parliament 
house, London, Nov. 5, 1605. Guy Fawkes 
was arrested as he was about to fire the train. 

H. 

habeas corpus (that you have the body). Any 
of several writs directing the production of 
an imprisoned person before a court, for in- 
quiry into the cause of arrest and other pur- 
poses, thus enforcing the law of personal lib- 
erty. 

Hail Columbia! An unpoetic but patriotic 
American song, written by Joseph Hopkinson, 
1798. 

Halcyon. Peaceful. The halcyon (kingfisher) 
was anciently fabled to brood its eggs in a 
floating nest at sea, and during that time to 
calm the waves. 

Hall Moon. The Dutch ship in which Henry 
Hudson crossed the Atlantic and discovered 
the Hudson river (1609). 

handicap. An artificial disadvantage imposed 
upon a superior contestant to make the con- 
test more even, — as weight on a faster horse, 
discounted score to a better billiard player, 
etc. 

Hanseatic League- A confederation of free 
German cities, called Hanse towns, reaching 
its highest power in 14th and 15th cents., and 
having affiliations in other lands, for protec- 
tion of trade and mutual defense against ag- 
gression. 

Harlequin. The clown in pantomime, who 
is depicted as dressed in parti-colored tights, 
with a sword of lath, and is active and full of 
amusing trickB. 

harvest moon. The moon near the full in 
autumn, about the equinox, when it rises only 
a few minutes later each night. 

Heathen Chinee. A shrewd Chinese, in Bret 



Harte's poem, " Plain Language from Truth- 
ful James." 

Hedda Gabler. A selfish, remorseless woman, 
whose name gives title to one of Henrik Ib- 
sen's noted plays. 

Hegi'ra. Flight of Mohammed from Meeca, 
622 a. d. ; any sudden departure. 

Helicon- A mountain supposed by tlie Greeks 
to be the abode of Apollo and the Muses. 

hell. As used in the Apostles' Creed 0' He 
[Christ] descended into hell ''), it means the 
unseen world, place of departed spirits. 

hempen collar. The hangman's rope. 

Heme the Hunter. A wild huntsman famed 
in the traditions of Windsor Forest. 

High Bridge. A viaduct and aqueduct at 175th 
St., New York, bringing Crotou water across 
Harlem river. 

Highland Mary. Name applied to two Scottish 
sweethearts of Robert Burns. 

high places. In the Old Testament, natural 
or artificial mounds on which idolatrous wor- 
ship was offered. 

hob-nob- To drink cozily together, near the hob 
(for heating) with the nob (little round table) 
between; to be friendly or confidential. 

Hobson's Choice. This or none ; from an inn- 
keeper who kept many horses for hire, but al- 
ways made a customer take the one nearest 
the stable door. 

hocus P0CUS. Mock Latin words used by con- 
jurers ; hence, trickery. 

hoi polloi. Greek words, meaning the many, 
the multitude, the common people. 

Hold the fort. Famous phrase signaled by Gen. 
Sherman to Gen. Corse from Kenesaw Moun- 
tain in 1864 ; " Hold the fort ; I am coming." 

Holy Alliance. League of 1816 between Russia, 
Prussia, and Austria. 

Holy Land, The. For Christians, Palestine : 
Mohammedans, Mecca ; Buddhists, India ; An- 
cient Greeks, Elis. 

Holy Week. The last seven days of Lent ; Pas- 
sion Week, beginning with Palm Sunday. 

Honi soit qui mal y pense (o'ne swa ke mal e 
paNs). Motto of the Order of the Garter, — 
" Shame to him who thinks shame." At a 
court ball of Edward III. the Countess of 
Salisbury's blue ribbon garter slipped off, but 
the king bound it around his own knee, with 
the above exclamation, and founded the Order 
as the highest English honor. 

honors Of war. Permission to a force surren- 
dering after a brave fight to keep their arms. 

horn-book. A child's primer, being a sheet of 
paper printed with the alphabet, the Lord's 
Prayer, and the digits, mounted on a thin board 
(about 6 X 9 in., with handle) and kept clean 
by a sheet of thin transparent horn. 

Host, The. Rom. Cath. Ch. The consecrated 
wafer of the Eucharist, — Host meaning vic- 
tim. 

hot cross buns. Orig., the round bun in an- 
cient Rome, made by the priests, stood for 
Diana the moon, and the cross, its four quar- 
ters ; in England the buns are made for Good 
Friday and the cross is the Christian symbol. 
| Hotel des Invalides (o-tgl' daz SN-v£-ied'). Re- 
| treat for infirm and disabled soldiers in Paris. 
Architecturally fine, with interesting museum,. 
' and crypt containing Napoleon's tomb. 



768 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



HStel da Ville (o-tgl' de veil. Town or city hall, 
in France and Belgium. 

iiouris- Beautiful-eyed nymphs of the Moham- 
medan paradise — 72 to each true believer. 

hue and cry. Orig., shouting in pursuit of a 
thief ; any outcry of alarm. 

Hundred Days, The. March 20, 1815, when 
Napoleon reached Paris from Elba, to June 28, 
date of his abdication. 

hunter's moon. The moon following the har- 
vest MOON. 



Ibsenism. The dramatic purpose in plays of 
the Swedish Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), who 
satirizes the hypocrisies of society. 

icon, ikon. Eastern Ch. An image, statue, or 
picture of Christ, Virgin, or saint. 

Iconoclasts. Image-breakers ; eccl. reformers 
in the 8th and 9th centuries who opposed the 
worship of icons or ikons, and in the 16th and 
17th centuries who destroyed images and pic- 
tures in the churches. 

Immaculate Conception. Rom. Cath. Ch. The 
dogma (1854) that the Virgin Mary was con- 
ceived without original sin. 

Immortals- See Academy, The French. 

Improvisators. Persons (orig. in Italy) who 
utter verses impromptu. 

Index, The. Rom. Cath. Ch. Index librorum 
prohibitorum, list of books, and index expur- 
gatorius, list of passages in books, that Cath- 
olics are forbidden to read. 

India proof. Proof impression of an engraving 
on India paper — fine, absorbent Chinese or 
Japanese paper. 

Indian file. One by one, like N. Am. Indians. 

infallibility. Of the (Rom. Cath.) Church., 
correctness of its doctrine ; of the Pope (1870), 
correctness of his decisions in faith and morals. 

Inns Of Court. Four London law societies, hav- 
ing exclusive right to admit to the bar; also 
t heir buildings, orig. for their students, now for 
law offices (the Inner Temple, the Middle Tem- 
ple, Gray's Inn, and Lincoln's Inn). 

Inquisition. R. C. Ch. A tribunal for discov- 
ering and punishing heretics, chiefly active 
(16th and 17th cents.) in Spain, Portugal, and 
parts of Italy. Official title, The Holy Office. 

Interpreter, The. Personification of the Holy 
Spirit, in Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress." 

iota. The smallest Greek letter — i; a very 
little ; the least possible. 

Iron Duke. The inflexible Duke of Wellington 
(1769-1852). 

Iron Maiden. A torture-box in Nuremberg, 
studded with iron spikes within, that clasped 
the victim. 

Iron Mask, Man in the. Unknown prisoner in 
the Bastille, who wore a black velvet mask 
(d. 1703). 

Iseult or Isolde. Legendary wife of King Mark 
of Cornwall, who loved Tristram or Tristan, 
heroine of romance and of Wagner's opera 
" Tristan und Isolde." 

Ithuriel's spear. Lance of the angel Ithuriel, 
a touch of which exposed deceit. 



Jack- Nickname for John ; also, any of vari- 
ous doers of small jobs; as: J.-at-a-pinch, a 



helper at need ; J. Ketch, the hangman ; J. 
Tar, a sailor ; J. at-all- Trades, Master- of - 
None, a general tinker ; etc. 
Jack. A small flag, in many countries the part 
of the national standard containing the can- 
ton : as, American, the blue ground and white 
stars ; British, the St. George's and St. An- 
drew's crosses of the United Kingdom. 
Jack and Jill. A lover and his lass. 
Jacobins. A society of radical democrats in 

France (1789). 
Jacobite. An adherent of James (Jacobus) II. 
of England after his abdication, or of his de- 
scendants, the Stuarts, after the revolution 
(1689). 

Jacquerie. Bloody insurrections of French 
peasants (1358) who were told they would be 
led by Jacques Bonhomme (Johnny Goodman 
— Fr. slang for no one). 

Janizaries. A body of Turkish infantry (14th 
to 19th cent.). 

Jardln des Plantes (zhar-d&N de plant). Pa- 
risian botanical and zoological gardens. 

Jekyll, Dr., and Mr. Hyde. Tale by R. L. 
Stevenson, showing the good and the evil ten- 
dencies in each person. 

Jerusalem Delivered. An epic poem of the 
Crusades, by Torquato Tasso (1544-95). 

Jessamy Bride (The). Mary Horneck, beloved 
by Oliver Goldsmith, married to W. Gwynn. 

Jew, The Wandering. Legendary servant of 
Pilate, who struck Jesus to hasten him on the 
way to Calvary, and to whom Jesus said, " I go 
quickly, but tarry thou till I come again. ' ' He 
was supposed to be rejuvenated every 100 
years, at the age of 30, and to wander wearily 
about the world. 

Jingoism. The spirit of war-brag ; originating 
in a popular song, when Beaconsfield sent a 
fleet to Turkish waters to oppose Russia ( 1878). 

Jinn, or Djin. Arabic name for a kind of de- 
mon, good and evil. 

Joan, Pope. A fictitious female pope, between 
Leo IV. and Benedict III. (about 855). 

Job. Personification of patience and poverty. 

Job's Comforter. A pretended sympathizer, 
who yet declares trouble to be the fault of the 
sufferer. 

John Bull. Nickname for England, or the typ- 
ical Englishman. 

Johnny Reb. Civil War nickname for the 
Southerners. 

Jonathan. Nickname for Americans. See 
Brother Jonathan. 

Jordan. Poetical term for death, that sepa- 
rates Christians from the " Promised Land." 

Jubilee. Hebrew. Every 50th year among the 
Jews, when land was restored to those who 
had lost it, debts were canceled, Hebrew slaves 
liberated, etc. : the 50th anniversary of any 
event ; R. C. Ch., every 25th year, when re- 
mission of penalty for sin is granted. 

Junius. Anonymous writer of a series of severe 
political Letters against the British ministry 
(1768-72). 

Jury mast. Perh. a corruption of joury = a 
mast for a day ; a temporary mast. 

K. 
Ka me, ka thee. You help me and I '11 help 
you. 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



'69 



Ka'aba, or Ca'atoa. The holiest of Mohamme- 
dan shrines, at Mecca, containing the sacred 
black stone said to have fallen from heaven . 
Kail-yard School. Cabbage- or Kitchen-gar- 
den School, a group of writers depicting low- 
ly Scottish life, with much dialect ; as, Ian 
Maclarin and J. M. Barrie. 
kamsin, or khamsin. A hot simoom from the 

Sahara. 
Kansas, Bleeding. Named from the bloody 
war between its pro-slavery and free-state 
settlers. 

Karma. Buddhistic fate, or inevitable conse- 
quence of every act. 

Kendal green. Cloth for foresters, made hi 
Kendal, England, such as Robin Hood s men 
wore. 

Kensington. A suburb of London, containing 
the famous K. Gardens, the K. Palace, and 
Holland House, once a great social center. 

Khorassan, The Veiled Prophet of. An Ara- 
bic prophet-chief, who, being deformed, veiled 
his face to shade his followers from the daz- 
zling splendor of his face ; title of poem by 
Thomas Moore. 

Kilkenny cats. Who fought till only their tails 
were left. 

King Cotton. Cotton, being chief staple of the 
South and chief manufacture of England, was 
deemed, before the Civil War, to dominate 
the situation. 

King Log. A quiet king, whom his people [the 
frogs] thought stupid ; and King Stork, a 
strenuous king, whom they found to be a ty- 
rant. 

King-maker, The . Ear 1 of Warwick ( 1420-7 1 ) 
who was chief influence in deposing Henry VI. , 
crowning Edward IV., and restoring Henry, 
again. 

King Of YvetOt (ev'to). The ruler of Yvetot, a 
small French seigniory, was called "King," 
but spent his worthless time in pleasure ; 
hence, a little man of large pretensions. 

King's evil. Scrofula, thought to be curable 
by royal touch. 

kiss the gunner's daughter. To be tied to a 
cannon aboard ship, and flogged. 

Kit-Cat Club. A famous London club of wits 
and politicans (1703-33). 

Knickerbocker, Diedrich. Imaginary author ! 
of Irving's "History of New York " in the 
Dutch regime ; hence, families descended 
from the New York Dutch. 

Kobold- German. A friendly house-spirit ; i 
same as Eng. Robin Goodfelloic, Scotch 
Brownie, etc. 

Kohinoor (Mountain of Light). A famous dia- 
mond from India, belonging to the British 
crown. 

Koran. The sacred book of Mohammed, revealed 
to him from heaven, the religious basis of all 
his followers. 

kraal (kral). A South African village. 

Kremlin. The citadel of Moscow, a fortified 
inclosure, containing palaces, cathedrals, 
churches, convents, an arsenal, the treasury, , 
and incalculable riches. 

Kyrie eleison (Gr. ; Lord have mercy upon 
us) : the first words of a brief petition used 
variously in the Eastern, Roman, and Anglican 
churches. 



Laconic. Brief and pithy, as the Laconian 

(Spartan; speech was said to be. 
Lais. A beautiful Greek courtesan. 

Lake School. A group of English poets — chief- 
ly Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey — who 
lived in the Lake district. 

Lalla Rookh. Beautiful Oriental heroine of 
Moore's poem of that name. 

Land of Beulah. In Banyan's " Pilgrim's Prog- 
ress," the land of peaceful rest, this side the 
river of death, where Christians await their 
summons to the Celestial City. 

Land Of Cakes. Scotland, with its oatmeal. 

lang syne. Scotch. Long since : in davs gone 
by- 

LaodiceanS- Certain early Christians, censured 
as lukewarm in their religion. 

Last Of the Mohicans. The young Indian chief, 
Uncas, in Cooper's novel of the above title. 

Last Judgment. Frequent theme of painters, 
esp. the frescoes of Michael Angelo (1475- 
1564) in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican, at 
Rome. 

Last Supper. Frequent theme of painters, esp. 
the fresco of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) in 
the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in 
Milan. 

Lateran, The. Ancient palace of the Popes in 
Rome, now a museum. 

Latin Quarter. Region in Paris, S. of the Seine, 
near the Sobbonne, for centuries the dwelling- 
place of students and artists. 

Laughing Philosopher. Democritusof Abdera. 
who satirized folly. 

Laureate. A poet appointed by the British 
sovereign, as superexcellent in his art, to com- 
pose odes, hymns, etc., on national occasions. 

Leaning Tower. There are several, the most 
famous is at Pisa, Italy, which leans about 14 
ft. in 178 ft. of height. 

leap year. Every year divisible by four, occur- 
ring every fourth year, in which another day 
(29th) is added to February. 

Learned Blacksmith. Elihu Burritt, an Ameri- 
can linguist (1811-79). 

Legion Of Honor. A French order of military 
and civil merit, founded by Napoleon (1802). 

Lent. Saxon name for spring, because the days 
lengthen ; Bed. the great spring fast of 40 
days preceding the joy of Easter. 

lex talionis. Law of retaliation ; tit for tat. 

LiDby Prison. An old tobacco warehouse in 
Richmond, Va., in the Civil War a military 
prison. 

Lilliput. The country of the pygmies, iu Swift's 
" Gulliver's Travels." 

Limbo. A medieval notion of a place near Hell 
where good heathens, unbaptized infants, and 
others of neutral moral condition were kept : 
a waste-basket. 

Lingua Franca. A hybrid dialect used by Latin 
nations with Greeks, Orientals, etc. 

Lion and Unicorn. Heraldic supports {lion, 
England, unicorn. Scotland) of the royal arms 
since 1003, when the kingdoms were united. 

lion's Share. Nearly all, — referring to JDsop's 
fable of the beasts' hunting party, when the 
lion claimed three quarters of the game aud 
offered to dispute the other with any. 



770 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



Iiittle Corporal, The. Affectionate soldiers' 
nickname for Bonaparte (he was about 5 ft. 
2 in.). 

little Ellglanders. Those who object to British 
imperial extension. 

Little Giant, The. Stephen A. Douglas. 

Little Peddlington. The village of cant, quack- 
ery, and egotism, — from a satire by John 
Poole. 

Little Phil. Soldiers' nickname for Gen. Philip 
H. Sheridan. 

loaves and fishes. Material gain ; political 
spoil, — from those that followed Jesus for 
what they could get. 

Lombard Street. The financial center of Lon- 
don, corresponding to Wall St., N. Y. 

Lone Star State. Texas, with one star in its 
flag. 

Long Parliament. The English Parliament 
that convened in 1640, and, with " purging " 
and changes, continued the war against the 
king and was dissolved by Cromwell in 1653. 

Lorelei- A dangerous rock on the Rhine, fabled 
to be haunted by a siren who lured sailors to 
destruction. 

Lothario. A gay libertine. 

LotUS-eaters. In Greek legend, people who 
ate the fruit of the lotus-tree and forgot home 
and country in dreamy content. 

Louvre. In Paris, an ancient castle, enlarged 
and beautified as a palace in successive centu- 
ries, now the most famous museum of art in 
the world, also containing public offices. 

loving cup. A cup of wine, passed from hand 
to hand for friendly comradeship in drinking, 

— a very ancient custom, Hebraic, Christian, 
Medieval, barbarian, ecclesiastical, modern; 
a cup fitted for such custom, with two or more 
handles, now usually presented as a token of 
regard. 

low mass. E. C. Ch. Amass without singing. 

Loyal Legion. Military Order of the L. L. of 
the United States, an order the Companions of 
which served as commissioned officers in the 
Federal armies during the Civil War ; their 
eldest sons are now also admitted. 

Lusiad. Poem by Camoens (1572) relating the 
conquests of the Lusians or Portuguese in the 
Indies and elsewhere. 

lustrum. A period of 5 years, from the period- 
ical sacrificial purification of the Romans at 
such intervals. 

lynch law. Mob-law, — various origins given. 

lynx-eyed. Having acute sight. 

M. 

Mab, Queen. The fairies' mid-wife, who de- 
livers the human fancy of its dreams, — queen 
meaning not ruler, but woman. Sometimes 
called Mistress Mab. 

macadamize. To build a road of broken stone, 

— introduced by Sir John L. Macadam. 
macaronic verse. Made by a jumble of Latin, 

mock-Latin, and a modern language. 

Maccabees, The. A family of Jewish pat-riots, 
named Asmonaeus, who led a revolt against the 
Syrians (175-164 B. c), one of whom, Judas, 
was called Maccabeus, the Hammer, and the 
name clung 'jo the family. 

Machiavellism. Diplomatic chicanery, — from 
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) a famous 



Italian statesman, whose wily political maxima 
in his treatise, " The Prince," have identified 
him with such policies. 

Madman, The. Of Macedonia, Alexander the 
Great ; of the North, Charles XII. of Sweden. 

Madonna (ltal. ; My lady). Term used in 
Italian, as in other languages, for social cour- 
tesy, but also esp. applied to the Virgin Mary, 
— in this sense, the theme of countless paint- 
ings, the most admired of which are those by 
Raphael. 

Maelstrom. A great whirlpool on the coast of 
Norway. 

Magna Charta. The Great Charter of the 
Liberties of England, extorted from King 
John (1216) at Runnymede. 

Magnificat. Hymn of the Virgin Mary (" My 
soul doth magnify the Lord," Luke i. 46). 

Magog. See Gog. 

Mahatma. Buddhist adept, who by asceticism 
has gained knowledge and powers of a higher 
order than those of other men. 

Mahdi. Arab. "The well-guided." An ex- 
pected Mohammedan prophet-leader for 
world-conquering; title sometimes assumed 
by fanatical pretenders. 

Maiden Queen. Elizabeth of England. 

Maid Marian. Robin Hood's sweetheart. 

Maid of Orleans. Joan of Arc. 

Maid Of SaragOSSa. Augustina, distinguished 
for bravery in defense of Saragossa, Spain 
(1808-09). 

Maine law. Prohibitory liquor legislation, be- 
gun in Maine. 

Malthus. An English economist (176C-1834) 
who held that, since population grows faster 
than means of subsistence, it must be checked 
by restraint or will be by poverty and suffer- 
ing. 

Mammon. Gr. Riches ; hence, the god of cu- 
pidity. 

Mammoth Cave. The largest known, near 
Green River, Ky. 

Mansard roof. One invented by Mansard, a 
French architect, which, instead of bringing 
rafters to a sharp angle, breaks them with an 
obtuse elbow, giving more height to attics. 

Man, The. Special or generic term ; as : M. in 
the street, the average person ; M. in the moon, 
fanciful human figure in full moon, said to be 
he who gathered sticks on the Sabbath {Num. 
xv : 32-36), and Dante says it is Cain ; M. of 
blood and iron, Bismarck, who gave blood and 
iron (i. e. war) as solution of problems of his 
time; 3/. of December, Louis Napoleon, whose 
presidential election, coup d'etat, and corona- 
tion all came in that month ; M. of Destiny, 
Napoleon Bonaparte, who called himself so ; 
M. of Sorrows, Jesus ; m. of straw, a make- 
believe, or deceptive appearance ; etc. 

March hare {Mad as a). March is the hare's 
rutting time, when he is wild. 

marigold. Yellow flower named for the Virgin. 

mariner's compass. The fleur-de-lis on the 
compass card was designed by Charles, King 
of Sicily, in the 14th cent. 

Marseillaise {The). A French patriotic song, 
written and composed by Capt. Rouget de 
Lisle for the army at Strasbourg, but popular- 
ized in Marseilles and sung by the Marseillaise 
volunteers who marched to Paris and helped 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



771 



storm the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792. Now the 
French national hymn. 

martinet. A strict disciplinarian, — from Col. 
the Marquis of Martinet, Mme of Louis XIV. 

Mason and Dixon's line. Boundary run by C. 
Mason and J. Dixon (1763-67) between Penn- 
sylvania on the N. and Maryland and Virginia 
on the S., dividing the then free and slave 
States. 

Mass. -R. C. Ch. The celebration or service 
of the Holy Communion, the Eucharist. Mu- 
sic for the different prayers and hymns sung 
in High Mass has been written by many emi- 
nent composers. 

Matterhorn. A magnificent Swiss Alpine peak, 
rising 3,000 ft. above a glacier line 11,000 ft. 
high. 

Mausoleum. Orig., the splendid sepulcher 
built by Artemisia to her husband Mausolus, 
King of Caria (353 b. c), one of the "seven 
wonders of the world ;" later, any great se- 
pulchral monument. See Angelo, St. 

Mayfair. A fashionable London quarter. 

Mayflower {The). The little ship (180 tons) 
bringing the 102 Pilgrims from Plymouth, 
Eng., to Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts (1620). 

meander. To wander, — from a winding river 
so named, in Phrygia. 

Medieval- Relating to the Middle Ages, be- 
ginning with the 6th and ending with the re- 
vival of letters in the 15th cent. 

meerschaum (Ger. ; sea- froth). A white, clay- 
like mineral, orig. thought to be petrified sea- 
foam, used to make tobacco pipes, etc. 

Meg Merrilies. A half-crazed gypsy woman in 
Scott's " Guy Mannering." 

Merlin. A great legendary medieval enchanter 
and prophet, who waa spellbound in a wood 
by a charm he had revealed to his mistress 
Vivian, as related in Tennyson's " Idylls of 
the King." 

mermaid- A fabled sea-nymph, woman above, 
fish below ; also, a famous tavern of Shake- 
speare's time. 

merry an drew. A clown or buffoon, — perh. 
from Andrew Borde, Henry VEII.'s eccentric 
physician. 

Merry England. So called in the early sense 
of merry — active, famous, gallant. 

Merry Monarch (The). Charles H. of England. 

mesmerism. Hypnotism, — from Dr. Anton 
Mesmer, who brought it to Paris (1778). 

Messalina- Lascivious wife of Emperor Clau- 
dius of Rome. 

mezzanine (mSt'za-nen). A low middle story 
between two high ones, esp. just above the 
ground floor. 

mezzo-relievo [meVzo-re-lya'vo]. Middle re- 
lief, sculptured figures standing out from 
background moderately — between alto-re- 
lievo and BASSO-RELIEVO. 

miching malecho. Secret mischief, a phrase in 
Shakespeare's " Hamlet," iii : 2. 

Middle Ages. See Medieval. 

Midlothian {The Heart of). The Edinburgh 
county prison, in Scott's tale of that name . 

millennium. A thousand years ; the m., the 
1 ,000 yrs. when Satan will be bound and Christ 
reign on earth. Rev. xx : 2, 4. 

Minnesingers. Ger. Love-singers and poets, 
who went about in the 12th to 14th cent. 



Miserere (mTz-e-re / re). Lot. Have mercy. 
First word of the 50th Psalm ; most famous 
musical setting, by Allegri (abt. 1635) sung in 
Holy Week in Sistine Chapel. 

Mississippi Bubble. French speculative 
scheme orig. by John Law (1671-1729) based 
on Louisiana land grants, became immensely 
popular but collapsed with widespread ruin. 
Cf . Sooth Sea Bubble. 

Missouri Compromise. Act admitting Missou- 
ri as a slave state (1820), provided that there 
should be no more slave states uorth of lat. 
36° 30/. Its repeal in Kausas-Nebraska bill 
(1854) was one inciting cause of the Civil War. 

Mistress of the Seas. England. 

Mistress of the World. Ancient Rome. 

mollycoddle. A timid man. 

Molly Maguires. A terrorizing society in Ire- 
land ; a similar criminal and murderous or- 
ganization in Pennsylvania mining districts. 
A number of the members were executed and 
the society broken up in 1877. 

Monroe Doctrine ( The) . Declaration issued by 
Sec. of State John Adams under Pres. Mon- 
roe (1823) that European aggression or exten- 
sion on either American continent would be 
regarded by the U. S. as unfriendly. 

Mont de Pi6te (Fr. ; Mount of Pity). A pawn- 
broker's shop, orig. for helping the poor, in 
Italy, later in other European countries. 

Monumental City. Baltimore, Md. 

morganatic marriage. The marriage of a wom- 
an of inferior position by a man of rank, whose 
title and place are not taken by her or her 
children. 

Mother Carey's chickens. Stormy petrels. 

Mother Goose. Orig. , a collection of fairy tales, 
published in France (1697) ; later, a book of 
" Melodies " or rimes for children, published 
by Thomas Fleet in Boston, Mass. (1719). 

Mother of Presidents. Virginia. 

Mother Shipton. A reputed English prophet- 
ess, who foretold the death of Cardinal Wol- 
sey and others. Several books of her " proph- 
ecies " have been issued. 

Mount Vernon. Washington's home on the 
Potomac, in Virginia. 

Mugwump (Algonquin; a chief). One who 
thinks and acts independent of party in poli- 
tics. U. S. slang. 

muscular Christianity. That which holds a 
sound body to be a help in sound religion. 

music Of the spheres. Ethereal harmony, held 
by Pythagoras and others to be produced by 
planetary motions. 

mystery. Orig. , secret rites known only to the 
initiated; in general, any incomprehensible 
thing, esp. in religion. 

N. 

nabob. An East Indian Mogul provincial gov- 
ernor ; as they all became vastly wealthy, 
now any man of great wealth. 

naked truth. After bathing together, False- 
hood took Truth's garments; Truth, unwilling 
to wear those of Falsehood, went without. 

Nantes, Edict of. Decree of Henri IV. of France 
(1598) securing religious freedom to Protes- 
tants ; repealed by Louis XIV. (1685). 

Nation of Shopkeepers- England, so called by 
Napoleon. 



772 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



Nativity {The). Christmas, celebrated as the 
birthday of Jesus Christ. 

Natty Bumpo. The character Leather-Stocking, 
who appears also under divers other names in 
Cooper's Indian novels — Deer-Slayer, Path- 
finder, Hawk-eye, and the Trapper. 

Natural Bridge (The). A natural stone arch 
over Cedar Creek, Va., 200 ft. high. 

Necklace, The Diamond. Sent (1785) by 
Cardinal de Rohan to Marie Antoinette 
through the Countess de Lamotte, who sold it 
and kept the money. The cardinal refused 
to pay the jewelers, who sent their bill to the 
unwitting queen, causing great scandal and a 
9-months' lawsuit. 

Newgate. An ancient gate-tower of London, 
later used as a prison, the site containing one 
now. 

NibelungS. (Ger.) A fabled race of demonic 
dwarfs, possessors of the Rhine gold and 
famous ring that brought dissension among 
the gods. Nibelungenlied (led), the old epic 
relating the tale. 

Nicene Creed. Summary of Christian doctrine 
adopted by the first Ecumenical (general) 
Council of the Church, at Nice or Nicaea in 
Asia Minor (325 A. d.). 

noblesse Oblige (o-blezh'). Noble birth is an 
obligation to high-minded conduct. 

Noctes Ambrosianse (Sm-bro-zbl-a'ne). (Lai.) 
Ambrosian nights, — a record of supposed con- 
versations between wits at Ambrose's tavern, 
by John Wilson, under the pen-name Chris- 
topher North (1822-35). 

Noel. Christmas Day. 

Nonconformist. Orig., one who did not con- 
form to the Church of England, a dissenter ; 
now, one of any other Protestant denomi- 
nation. 

Northeast Passage. A ship way from the 
Atlantic around the northern coasts of Europe 
and Asia to the Pacific, — found by Swedish 
Nordenskjold (1878-79). 

Northwest Passage. A ship way from Atlantic 
to Pacific ocean along the northern coast of 
America, — the accomplishment claimed by 
several. 

Notre Dame (notr' d5m'). Our Lady ; the 
Virgin. Name given to many churches, esp. 
the famous cathedral in Paris (early 13th 
cent.). 

Novum Organum- Lord Bacon's great philo- 
sophical work, presenting a new method of 
investigating nature. 



Oberon- King of the fairies, Titania being his 
queen. 

Odin. Chief god of the Scandinavians. 

Ogres. A fabled race of cannibal giants. 

Oil on troubled waters. Soothing words to quiet 
anger, as oil on stormy water films and de- 
presses wave formation. 

Old Abe. Affectionate nickname for Lincoln. 

Old Dominion. Virginia. 

Old Guard. Napoleon's favorite body of in- 
fantry — the Imperial Guard ; it met a glori- 
ous end at Waterloo. 

Old Hickory. Andrew Jackson. 

Old Man Eloquent- The Greek orator Iaoc- 
rates, so called by Milton. 



Old North State. North Carolina. 

Old Probabilities. The U. S. Weather Bureau. 

Old Public Functionary. James Buchanan, 
from an allusion of his own as to himself. 

Old Reliable. Gen. George H. Thomas. 

Old South. A Congregational church in Boston, 
famed for patriotic meetings during the Revo- 
lution. 

Orangeman. An Irish Protestant, esp. of those 
who in the 17th cent, supported the cause of 
King William III. (Prince of Orange). The 
Catholics were Jacobites. 

orgies. Orig., riotous feasts in honor of 
Bacchus. 

Oriilamme. The ancient French red silk ban- 
ner, of several flamelike points fluttering 
from a lance ; now, any national flag. 

original Sin. The evil nature that all sons of 
Adam are said to inherit. 

Ormazd. The Zoroastrian supreme being, prin- 
ciple of good, foe of Ahriman the principle of 
evil. 

Ostend Manifesto. Declaration (1857) by U. S. 
ministers to England, France, and Spain, that 
" Cuba must belong to the United States." 

ostracism. Greek banishment of dangerous 
men by popular vote, with ballots of potsherds 
or tiles. 

Owen Meredith. Pen-name of Robert Bui wer 
Lytton. 



paean. A triumphal song of praise, orig., to 

Apollo. 
pagan. Orig., a villager, continuing idolatry, 

while the Christian churches were all in the 

cities ; thus pagan came to mean heathen. 
palimpsest. Parchment manuscripts with the 

first writing erased and written over. 
palindrome. A word or line reading the same, 

forward or backward. 
Pall Mall (pel mel). A fine London street, 

center of club life. 
Palladium. Orig. a statue of Pallas Athena, 

on which depended the safety of Troy; hence, 

any safeguard. 
Pantheon. An ancient circular temple at Rome , 

now Church of Sta. Maria Rotonda ; also, a 

great church in Paris, where distinguished 

dead are buried. 
Paradise Lost; P. Regained. Milton's two 

great poems. 
Parthenon. Famous Doric temple to Athena 

on the Acropolis at Athens. See Elgin 

Marbles. 
Partington, Mrs. B. P. Shillaber's imaginary 

old lady, famous for comical misuse of words; 

also an old woman in Devonshire, Eng., who 

tried to keep storm waves out of her shore 

house with a mop. 
pasha- A Turkish officer of rank, dist. by one, 

two, or (the highest) three horse-tails on his 

standard. 
pasquinade. A political lampoon ; orig., one 

affixed to a ruined statue near the shop of 

Pasquino, a Roman tailor with a caustic wit. 
peeler- A policeman, orig., from Sir Robert 

Peel, who reconstructed the constabulary. 

Bobby is another nickname of the same. 
Peeping Tom. See Godiva. 
Peninsular War. The war (1808-13) by British, 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



773 



Spanish, and Portuguese against the French 
in Spain and Portugal (Iberian Peninsula). 

pen-name. A name assumed by an author, 
sometimes called nom de plume, or nom de 
guerre (false name, such as French knights 
assumed for war). 

People's William. William Ewart Gladstone. 

Pere la Chaise. The great Parisian cemetery. 

peri (pe'ri). (Persian.) A gentle, fairylike, be- 
nevolent spirit. 

Phidias. The most famous of Greek sculptors 
(about 500-430 b. c). 

philippic An invective discourse, — from De- 
mosthenes' orations agt. Philip of Macedon. 

Philistine. A material-minded, commonplace 
person. 

philosopher's Stone. Substance which alche- 
mists thought would turn baser metals to 
gold. In its search were discovered Dresden 
porcelain, gunpowder, certain powerful acids, 
properties of gases, and other valuable mat- 
ters. 

phylactery. Slip of parchment containing writ- 
ten Scripture passages, worn by Jews in 
leathern cases on wrist or forehead. 

Piccadilly. A famous London street from the 
Haymarket to Hyde Park Corner, about 1 m. 

Pied Piper. Whose music drew all living 
things. Promised reward for ridding Hamelin 
of rats and mice, and being refused the pay 
when he had done it, he drew all the children 
away into the mountain. 

Piers Plowman. Title of a famous allegorical 
English poem (1362), author not certain, sat- 
irizing religious and social evils. 

Pltti Palace. An impressive stone palace in 
Florence, Italy, now a famous art gallery. 

Plato. The greatest Greek philosopher, pupil 
and reporter of Socrates. 

Plon-plon. Nickname for Prince Napoleon Jo- 
seph Charles Bonaparte. 

Poets' Corner. In Westminster Abbey, where 
are memorials of Shakespeare, Ben Jon son, 
Chaucer, Spenser, Milton, and other English 
poets (also Longfellow), some of whom are 
there buried. 

pons asinornm. The asses' bridge. The fifth 
proposition of Book I. of Euclid's Geometry, 
difficult for the dull. 

Poor Richard. Benjamin Franklin, who for 
years published " Poor Richard's Almanac." 

Portland Vase. A beautiful antique cinerary 
urn of blue glass covered with white glass, 
cameo cut. Found near Rome (1630), it was 
long owned by the Duke of Portland ; now in 
the British Museum. 

Praxiteles. A famous Greek sculptor (end of 
5th cent. b. a). 

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. A society of 
prominent English artists and writers (Hunt, 
Millais, Rossetti, and others) for encouraging 
fidelity to nature, delicacy of finish, and other 
alleged traits of artists before Raphael. 

Ptolemaic System. Theory of Ptolemy (Alex- 
andria 130 a. d.) that the earth is the center 
about which the sun and stars revolve, super- 
seded by the Copebnican System. 

Pyramids. Enormous stone structures (chiefly 
in Egypt) with four sides, mounting to a point, 
containing passages and sepulchral chambers 
for the kings. See Gbeat Pybamid. 



Quaker City. Philadelphia, founded by the 
Quaker, William Penn. 

Quaker Poet (The). John G. Whittier. 

Quakers. A religious sect founded by George 
Fox, in England (1650), orig. called Quakers 
in derision because Fox's preaching made 
them tremble. 

Queen of the Antilles. Cuba. 

Queer Street. Business slang: to live on Q. 
St. is to be in doubtful credit. 

Quietism. Religious mysticism, quiet contem- 
plation of God, esp. as practiced by the fol- 
lowers of Molinos, a Spanish priest in Rome 
(17th cent.). 

R. 

Rabelais (Francois). Famous French monk, 
pastor, physician, and writer of humorous 
novels (1495-1553). 

Ragnarok. (Iceland.) Twilight of the gods 
(same as Ger. Gdtterdammerung, title of one 
of Wagner's mythologic music-dramas), the 
final battle between gods and demons in 
which all are destroyed, and the universe re- 
created. 

Railway King. George Hudson, wealthy Eng- 
lish speculator. 

rank and file. The private soldiers, who stand- 
ing abreast make a rank, one behind another 
a file. 

ranz des vaches (raNz'-da-vaW) (Song of the 
cows). Swiss melodies played on the alpen- 
hom to lead the cattle to and from pasture. 

Rebellion (The). In America, the secession of 
Southern States from the Union, seizure of 
government property (forts, arms, etc.) and 
the Civil War that followed (1861-65). 

red-letter day. A lucky or happy day, to be 
marked, like holidays or saints' days in calen- 
dars, with red. 

red tape. Official formality and delay, — from 
the red tape tying official documents together. 

Reign Of Terror. Period of anarchy and blood- 
shed during French Revolution, from spring 
of 1793 to July 27, 1794, when Robespierre 
fell. 

Revolution. A government overthrow and sub- 
stitution ; as, the English R., William of Or- 
ange and Mary replacing James as sovereign 
(1688-89) ; the American R., the American 
Colonies becoming the United States (1775- 
83) ; the French R., overthrowing the Bour- 
bon and setting up a republic (1789-1804) ; etc. 

Reynard the POX. Hero of the great Medieval 
beast-epic thus entitled. 

RialtO. Marble bridge over the Grand Canal , 
Venice, lined with shops, the old commercial 
exchange. 

Rights (Declaration of). Enumeration of Eng- 
lish constitutional rights (as, trial by jury, 
right of petition, free elections, taxes and ar- 
mies parliamental not royal, etc.) accepted by 
William and Mary with their sovereignty after 
the Revolution (1689). 

Rip Van Winkle. The Dutchman of Irving's 
legend so named, who slept 20 years in the 
mountains and returned unknown to his home 
on the Hudson ; character famed by Joseph 
Jefferson's dramatic portrayal. 



774 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



Robert le Diable (R. the Devil). The bold and 
cruel 1st Duke of Normandy (1028-35). 

Robin Goodfellow. A domestic fairy of kindly 
service but mischievous fun. See Kobold. 

Robin Hood. Famous English legendary out- 
law, brave and generous, subject of many bal- 
lads. 

Rob Roy. The Robin Hood of Scotland, de- 
picted in Scott's novel so named. 

rodomontade. Vainglorious talk, — from Ro- 
domont, a braggart knight of Medieval ro- 
mance. 

Roland (A) for an Oliver. Blow for blow, tit 
for tat, — from a drawn combat between R. 
and 0., two paladins of Charlemagne. 

Roland's born (The blast of). Blown at the 
dreadful fight in the pass of Roncesvalles, to 
call the king to aid his little rear guard over- 
borne by the whole Saracen army. 

Rosamond (Fair). Beloved by King Henry II. 
of England, and poisoned by his queen (1177). 

Roscius- Famous Roman actor. David Gar- 
rick was called The British R. 

Rosetta Stone. Basalt tablet found in Egypt, 
with an inscription in three languages — hier- 
oglyphic, demotic, and Greek, thus giving the 
first key to the Egyptian hieroglyphics ; now 
in Brit. Museum. 

Rosinante (-nan'te). Don Quixote's sorry nag ; 
hence, any poor horse. 

rouge et noir (ruzh a nwar). Fr. Red and 
black. Card game of chance, on a board 
marked with red and black diamonds. 

Rough and Ready. Gen. Zachary Taylor. 

Roundheads. The Puritans, who cropped their 
hair. 

roundrobin. Protest or petition, signed in a 
circle, none leading. 

Round Table (The). Circular marble table 
around which sat King Arthur and his knights ; 
also, Arthur's knights, collectively. 

Royal Martyr {The). King Charles I. of Eng- 
land. 

royal road to learning. Euclid, asked by King 
Ptolemy for a brief explanation of his mathe- 
matics, replied, " There is no r. r. to 1." 

Royal Society. An English society (inc. 1662) 
for advancement of science. 

Rubicon (To pass the). To take an irrevocable 
step, as when Caesar with his army crossed the 
R. river, advancing upon Rome. 

rubric Printed in red, as liturgical directions 
for eccl. service ; hence, an established rule. 

Rule Britannia. First words of a patriotic 
song (1740) by James Thomson, author of 
"The Seasons." 

Rump Parliament. Remnant of 60 after 160 
members of the Long Parliament had been 
cleared out by Cromwell for not condemning 
the king (1648). 



Sabbath. Rest-day. Ancient Chaldean and 
Hebraic day of rest from ordinary occupations 
and of religious service. 

Sabbath day's journey. In the Hebrew re- 
strictions upon secular activity, travel was al- 
lowed for something less than a mile. 

Sacrament. Eccl. A sacred mystery. R. C. 
Ch., seven— Baptism, Confirmation,Eucharist, 
Penance, Orders, Matrimony, Extreme Unc- 



tion ; Protestant Chs., two — Baptism, Lord's 
Supper (Eucharist), the others being dropped 
(1562) as having " not any visible sign or cere- 
mony ordained of God." 

Sagas- Scandinavian legends. 

Sailor King. William IV of England, in the 
navy, 1779-1827 ; crowned 1830. 

St. Bartholomew (Massacre of). Killing of 
French Huguenots in Paris and elsewhere on 
St. B/s Day, Aug. 24-25, 1572. 

St. Cloud (sSn klu). Famous royal palace near 
Paris, destroyed in 1870. 

St. James (Court of). Court of Gt. Britain — 
from St. j.'s Palace in London. 

St. Mark's (Cathedral). Splendid Venetian 
church. 

St. Paul's (Cathedral). In London, designed 
by Sir Christopher Wren. 

St. Peter's. Vast metropolitan church of Rome, 
designed by Bramante and Michael Angelo 
(erecting, 1506-90). 

St. Sophia. Greek metropolitan church at Con- 
stantinople, since 1453 a Mohammedan mosque. 

St. Stephen's. British Houses of Parliament, 

— the Commons formerly met in St. S.'s 
Chapel. 

Sakuntala. Hindu drama by Kalidasa. 

salamander. Fabled lizard that could live in 
fire. 

Sancho Panza. The sensible rustic page of 
Don Quixote. 

Sangreal or Holy Grail. The lost cup from 
which the Savior drank at the Last Supper, 
the quest for which was the great source of 
adventure for the Knights of the RoundTable, 

— strikingly employed in Wagner's "Parsi- 
fal." 

sans culottes (Fr.; without breeches). Satiric 
name for French revolutionists, who scorned 
aristocratic breeches and wore trousers. 

Santa Croce (kro'cha). Church of the Holy 
Cross, Florence, Italy, burial place of many 
great men. 

Satanic School. Name for Byron and his irre- 
ligious imitators. 

Saturnalia. Ancient Roman 7-days' festival to 
Saturn, a time of licensed fun and disorder. 

scallop Shell. Used by Holy Land pilgrims for 
cup, spoon, and dish, and worn in the hat as 
badge of pilgrimage. 

Scheherazade (sha-ha/ra-za'de). Sultana of the 
Indian sultan who strangled a new wife every 
morning, but this one so amused him with the 
1,001 Arabian Nights tales that he spared her. 

Schoolmen. Medieval theologians, who lectured 
in Charlemagne's cathedral schools. 

Scotland Yard. Headquarters of the London 
police. 

Scourge Of God. Attila, the Hun. 

Selah. Heb. Word of unknown meaning often 
used in the Psalms, prob. a musical direction. 

September Massacres. Slaughter of 8,000 roy- 
alist prisoners in French Revolution (Sept. 2, 
3, 4, 1792) by order of Danton. 

septuagint. Greek version of the Old Testa- 
ment made in Alexandria (270-130 b. c), so 
called either because made by 70 (really 72) 
scholars, or as authorized by the Sanhedrim of 
70 members. 

Serenade. Music performed in the serene or 
open air. 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



775 



Seven-hilled City. Rome. 

Seven Wonders of the World. Pyramids; 
PharoB (lighthouse) of Alexandria ; walls and 
hanging gardens of Babylon ; Diana's tem- 
ple at Ephesus ; statue of Zeus by Phidias; 
Mausoleum of Artemisia ; Colossus of 
Rhodes. 

Seven Years' War. Betw. Frederick the Great 
(Prussia) and Maria Theresa (Austria) for 
Silesia (1756-63). 

Shakers. A religious celibate sect, orig. in 
England (1747), coming to America (1774), 
named from their dancing worship. 

Shamrock. A three-leaved plant, national Irish 
symbol because said to have been used by St. 
Patrick to explain the Trinity. 

Shibboleth. A test-word, — from its use by the 
Gileadites to discover the fugitive Ephraim- 
ites, who called it Sibboleth (Judges xii :1-16). 

Sick Man (The). Name given by Czar Nicholas 
of Russia to Turkish Empire. 

Sir Charles Grandlson. Gentlemanly hero of 
Samuel Richardson's novel of that title (1753). 

Sir Roger de Coverley- Imaginary just, be- 
nevolent country gentleman portrayed in 
Joseph Addison's "Spectator." 

Six Hundred, Charge of the. Brave but mis- 
taken charge of 670 British Light Cavalry on 
Russians at Balaklava. 

Sleeping Beauty (The). Slept for 100 years in 
an enchanted castle and was kissed awake by 
an adventurous prince, who married her. 

Sleepy Hollow. Scene of Irving's tale of the 
Headless Horseman, legend of the Hudson. 

snood. Scotch maiden's hair ribbon ; when 
married she put on a coif. 

SOCk- Low shoe worn by actors of comedy in 
ancient Greece and Rome ; symbol of comedy. 
Sock and buskin, comedy and tragedy. Cf . 

BUSKIN. 

Sorbonne. Great university in Paris, founded 
1252. 

sortes. Choice or prophecy by lots ; as s. Ver- 
gilianse, telling fortune by random selection 
of any passage of Vergil's iEneid ; s. Biblicse, 
the same, substituting the Bible. 

South Sea Bubble. English stock-jobbing 
scheme based on monopoly of South Sea trad- 
ing, for buying up the national debt with 
guaranteed interest. £ 100 shares rose to 
£ 1000, but the bubble burst with widespread 
ruin (1710-20). Cf. Mississippi Bubble. 

spa. Medicinal springs, — from such springs at 
Spa, Belgium. 

Spanish Main. Northern coast of South America 
and Caribbean Islands. 

Sphinx. A fabled monster with lion's body and 
human head, often shown in ancient sculp- 
ture ; The S., the vast one near the Great 
Pyramid in Egypt. 

Stabat Mater (Dolorosa) (" Stood the Mother 
sorrowful"). First words of an old Latin 
hymn on the Crucifixion. 

Star Chamber. An English civil and criminal 
court, sitting without jury ; abolished by the 
Long Parliament (1641). 

Sterling. Standard of fineness of British coin: 
silver, .925 ; gold, .916. 

Strasburg Cathedral. Erecting from llth to 
15th cent., with famous open-work tower and 
spire 468 ft. high. 



Swedish Nightingale. Jenny Lind (Madame 
Goldschmidt) (1820-87). 

symposium. Orig., a drinking party or banquet, 
with conversation ; now, a discussion by sev- 
eral. 



tabard. A sleeveless jacket; the T. Inn, a Lon- 
don tavern, from which Chaucer started his 
Canterbury Pilgrims. 

taboo. Polynesian word. Forbidden (by chief 
or priest) ; Colloq. Eng. , forbidden by custom 
or social taste. 

Tammany Hall. Headquarters of the Tam- 
many Society, the New York Democratic 
party-organization ; also, the Society, founded 
1789, often used politically for pecuniary bene- 
fit of its managers. 

Te Deum. First words of a great church hymn 
— " We praise thee, O God," attributed to 
St. Ambrose, but probably much earlier. 

Temple Bar. A famous stone gateway, formerly 
marking boundary between London city and 
Westminster ; removed (1878) to Hertford- 
shire. 

tester. A sixpence, — from the head on it. 

Theosophy. Hindu philosophic doctrine of 
direct communication with divine and spirit- 
ual nature through psychic powers in man 
developed by physical processes, learned and 
practiced by adepts. 

Thirty Years' War. Between German Catholics 
and Protestants, from 1618 to 1648. 

thistle. Scottish national emblem. 

Thomas a Kempis. An Augustinian friar of 
Kempen, Germany, to whom is attributed the 
great religious classic, "The Imitation of 
Christ." 

Thor. Scandinavian god of war. 

Thoth. Egyptian god of arts, sciences, music, 
eloquence, and astronomy, similar to Hermes 
of the Greeks. 

Three Estates (of the Realm). Nobility, Clergy, 
and Commonalty. Burke called the Press " the 
fourth estate, more powerful than you all." 

Thugs. A member of Hindu religious frater- 
nity of stranglers, suppressed by the British 
between 1830 and 1840. 

Thunderer (The). The London "Times." 

Tombs, The. Former city prison, New York, 
built in style of Egyptian sepulchral monu- 
ments. 

Tommy Atkins. The British private soldier. 

Tory. English conservative political party. 

Tower of London. An ancient palace and cita- 
del on the Thames, famous in English history, 
now a national museum. 

towers Of Silence. Stone structures in Persia 
and India where the dead are laid, the vul- 
tures picking clean the bones. 

Transfiguration. The transformed appearance 
of Jesus on the Mount, — theme of Raphael's 
most famous painting, now in the Vatican. 

tricolor. Three-colored flags or ribbons used as 
national symbols ; as, France, blue, white, red 
(horizontally) ; Belgium, black, yellow, red 
(horizontally) ; Holland, red, white, blue (ver- 
tically) ; Italy, green, white, red (horizontal- 
ly) ; United States, red stripes on white 
ground, white stars on blue ground. 

Trinity. A threefold deity, such as has been 



776 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



held by almost every systematic mythology or 
theology, including the Christian. 

Trinity GhUTCh. An early Episcopalian church 
in New York, its present building (1846) being 
a notable Gothic monument on Broadway at 
the head of Wall St. 

Triple Alliance- Several successive European 
combinations, the latest being Germany, Aus- 
tria-Hungary, and Italy (1883). 

trolls. Mischievous underground dwarfs of 
Northern mythology. 

troubadours. Amatory minstrels (llth-13th 
cents.) in Southern France and Northern 
Italy. 

trouveres. Minstrels of warlike narrative (11th 
-13th cents.) in Northern France. 

Tulleries. French royal palace in Paris, con- 
nected by wings with the Louvre. Burned by 
the Commune in 1871. 

tulip mania {The). A craze for speculating in 
Holland tulip-bulbs, that spread over Europe, 
esp. in 1634-37. 

Tyburn. A brook running through London, on 
which, near the present Marble Arch, was a 
public gallows, until 1783. The region is now 
a fashionable quarter, called Tyburnia. 

U. 

Uffizi. One of the two famous art galleries of 
Florence, connected by a covered gallery with 
the other, the Pitti, across the river Arno. 

Ultramontanes. Beyond the mountains. French 
name for Catholics who were identified with 
the Italian or High-Church party; used also 
in Germany for the party opposing anti-papal 
legislation. 

Underground Railroad. Secret ways of helping 
fugitive slaves to escape from the South, before 
the Civil War. 

Undine (-den). A water nymph in German ro- 
mance, born without a soul, which she gained 



by loving a mortal. 
Unkno 



lown, The Great. Sir Walter Scott, whose 
authorship of the Waverley Novels was long 
anonymous. 

Unter den Linden. A beautiful street in Berlin, 
lined with linden or lime trees. 

upas tree. A Javanese tree yielding a poison- 
ous juice used for arrow-points, formerly fa- 
bled to destroy any living thing coming near it. 

Upper Ten Thousand, or Upper Ten. Phrase 
used of the New York fashionables by N. P. 
Willis. 

Utopia. (Gr.) Nowhere. An imaginary island 
described by Sir Thomas Moore, where all is 
perfect ; hence Utopian, visionary. 

V. 
Valentine, Saint. Patron of sweethearts and 

lovers. 
Valhalla. The Scandinavian paradise of slain 

heroes. 
Valkyries. Handmaids of Odin, choosers of 

the slain, who point out in battle the heroes to 

die. 
vampire. Superstition of a blood-sucking ghost 

who drains the veins of sleepers ; hence, an 

extortioner. 
Vanessa. Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, a loving 

friend of Dean Swift, who so called her. 
Vanity Fair. In Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Prog- 



ress," a fair in the town of Vanity, tempting 
buyers with the foolish pleasures of life. 

Vatican. The Papal palace at Rome, a gather- 
ing of buildings, with art galleries, library, 
chapels, museums, etc. Term often used for 
the Papacy. 

Vedas. The four sacred books of the Hindus. 

Venus de Medici- A beautiful undraped antique 
Greek statue, in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. 

Venus de Melos, or Milo. A splendid antique 
Greek statue in the Louvre, Paris. The arms 
are missing and the lower limbs draped ; its 
effect is majestic. 

Veronica, Saint (Handkerchief of). A relic in 
St. Peter's at Rome, said to be the kerchief 
the maiden offered to Jesus to wipe his brow, 
on the way to Calvary, now bearing the im- 
press of his features. 

Versailles. Town near Paris, with a splendid 
palace, famous in French history, now a na- 
tional museum. 

Vespers, Sicilian. A massacre of French op- 
pressors in Sicily (March 30, 1282), at the sig- 
nal of the vesper bell. 

Via Dolorosa. The Sorrowful Way. Christian 
name for road of Jesus from Mount of Olives 
to Golgotha. 

Virgin Queen (The). Elizabeth of England. 

W. 

Wacht am Rhein (Ger. ; The Watch on the 
Rhine). A song that had great popularity dur- 
ing the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71, and 
was adopted as national by the Germans. 

Wahnfried. (Ger.) Ideal peace. Richard Wag- 
ner's villa at Bayreuth. 

Wall Street. Financial center, New York; 
term used for the money market in general. 

Walpurgis Night. May-day eve, when witches 
hold revel on broomsticks and goats. 

Walton, Isaak. English author (1593-1683), 
esp. of " The Complete Angler." 

Ward, Artemus. Pen-name of Charles F. 
Browne, humorous American author (1834-67). 

War Of the Roses- A 30-year civil war in Eng- 
land (1455-85) between the royal houses of 
York (badge, a white rose) and Lancaster (red 
rose). 

wassail (Sax. Wses hseil, Be thou well). "Your 
good health"— a salutation in drinking; 
hence a carouse. 

Ways and Means (Committee of). Parliamen- 
tary and Congressional committee for revenue 
legislation. 

welsher. One who does not pay lost bets on 
races. 

werewolf. Ger. superstition of a man in wolf- 
form and nature. 

Westminster Abbey. In London, the most fa- 
mous English church, chiefly built in 13th 
cent., of esp. historical interest as the burial 
place of many great men. 

Whig. In England formerly the political party 
of progress (now called Liberal) as opp. to 
Tory ; in America, a former political party 
favoring a protective tariff (now called Re- 
publican). 

Whistle, too dear for the. Proverb, from Frank- 
lin's story of the boy who paid four times its 
worth for a whistle that he soon tired of. 

White Elephant. Something requiring much 



FAMOUS NAMES AND FAMILIAR PHRASES. 



777 



expense with little profit, a burdensome pos- 
session. 

white feather (to show the). To betray cow- 
ardice, no true game-cock having white feath- 
ers. 

Whitehall. A former palace in London, stand- 
ing to the north of Westminster Abbey, dating 
from 13th cent., scene of many historic events; 
in front of its banqueting hall (all that re- 
mains) Charles I. was beheaded. 

White House. The U. S. presidential residence 
at Washington. 

White's. A well-known gaming club in Lon- 
don, established 1698. 

wide-awake hats. Said to be so called because 
felt has no nap. 

willow pattern. A blue and white decorative 
design in Chinese table ware, brought to Eng- 
land 1775. 

windmills, to fight. To fight imaginary evils, 
as Don Quixote attacked the windmills for 
giants. 

Windsor Castle. Chief royal residence, near 
London, castle, palace, and park, of great ex- 
tent and magnificence. 

witchcraft. Supposed supernatural power 
gained by compact with the Devil ; a supersti- 
tion costing innumerable lives of innocent ac- 
cused persons, not only in the European Dark 
Ages but in the 17th cent, in American Mas 
sachusetts. 

Woolsack, The. Seat of the Lord Chancellor 
of England in the House of Lords, a square, 
red-covered cushion of wool. 

Worms, Diet Of. A famous Council at Worms, 
Germany (1521), the object of which was to 
check the Reformation, and which condemned 
Luther as a heretic. 



Xavier, Saint Francis. A great Spanish Jesuit 
missionary (1506-52) who labored and died in 
the Ea6t Indies. 

Zimenes, Francisco. Famous Spanish cardi- 
nal, statesman, and scholar (1430-1517). 



Yahoo. In Swift's " Gulliver's Travels," vi- 
cious brutes in the form of men, contrasted 
with Houyhnhnms or horses gifted with rea- 
son ; hence, a brutal rowdy. 

Yankee. Iu general, an American (Indian cor- 
ruption of English) ; specif, a New Englander. 

Yankee Doodle. A comical popular American 
song, arising during the Revolution. 

Yellow Jack. Yellow fever ; the yellow quar- 
antine flag. 

Yorkshire pudding. A batter pudding baked 
under meat. 

Yosemite Valley (yo-semf-ta). A famous cleft 
in Sierra Nevada mountains, in Mariposa Co. , 
Cal., 6 m. long, from \ m. to 2 m. wide, with 
walls 3,000 to 5,000 ft. high. 

Ysolde. See Iseult. 

Yule. Christmas; Yule log, the great log 
backing the Christmas hearth-fire. 

Z. 

Zadkiel. Pen-name of Lieut. R. J. Morrison in 
his astrological prophetic almanac (from 1830). 
He died 1874. 

Zend Avesta. Sacred writings of the Zoroas- 
trian (Persian) religion. 

Zodiac Imaginary belt in the heavens divided 
into 12 parts, each with its constellation sign, 
6 north and 6 south of the equator. 



PUNCTUATION KULES. 



Punctuation should be used as an aid to clearness, and not directly for rhetorical purposes. 
Practical rules cannot be made so specific as to meet every matter of detail, and the application 
of many rules is properly subject to variation according to personal opinion as to differences in 
the subject-matter punctuated. Most of those here given, however, are generally accepted as in- 
violable. 

COMMA. 

General Principle. A comma marks the slightest interruptions in grammatical construction 
that demand punctuation, and should not be used when no such interruption is present unless by 
its use added clearness can be secured. 

Rule I. Insert a comma after the first of two words, phrases, or short clauses when they are in 
the same construction and not connected by a conjunction. 

We are fearfully, wonderfully made. 

Rule II. Insert a comma after each except the last of two or more words, phrases, or clauses in 
the same construction but with no conjunction except before the last member of the series. 

The world, the flesh, and the devil. 

It is neither good, bad, nor indifferent. 

Rule III. A comma is needed before and after a word or a group of words which is inserted in- 
dependently, or so that the rest of the sentence would be grammatically complete without them, 
but which is not sufficiently independent to require the use of marks of parenthesis. 

Punctuation, like other matters, should be governed by common sense. 

Commas, therefore, should not be used without reason. 

Authors, not printers, should punctuate their writing. 

All printers, however, should know how to punctuate. 

The most vigorous thinkers and writers are, in fact, self-taught. 

Rule IV. A comma is needed before a conjunction introducing an antithesis, or a clause in op- 
position to one preceding, or introducing an opposite assertion. 

False delicacy is affectation, not politeness. 

Though learned and methodical, the teacher was not a pedant. 

Rule V. A word or group of words standing independently at the beginning or end of a sentence 
should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. 

Awkward in his person, James was ill qualified to command respect. 

Antonio, light my lamp. 

Referring to your note of the 10th inst., I would say, etc. 

He was a scoundrelly rascal, with all due respect to his learning. 

Rule VI. A comma precedes a relative clause that adds an explanation, but not a clause that re- 
stricts the application of an antecedent. 

Behold the emblem of thy state in flowers, which bloom and die. 

Every teacher must like a boy who is attentive and docile. 

SEMICOLON. 

Rule I. Each clause, or part of a sentence, that is itself divisible into parts marked off by com- 
mas should have a semicolon after it ; also each clause in a sentence that contains any such part 
with commas. 

Our schoolbooks used to tell us that at the period we should stop long enough to count four ; at the 
colon, three ; at the semicolon, two ; at the comma, one. 

Stones grow; vegetables grow and live; animals grow, live, and feel. 

Rule II. Two or more clauses in a series in the same construction, when the conjunction is 
omitted, should be separated by semicolons. Occasionally commas are sufficient in such cases. 
(See Comma, Rule I.) . 

Philosophers assert that Nature is unlimited in her operations; that she has inexhaustible 
treasures in reserve; that knowledge will always be progressive; and that all future generations 
will continue to make discoveries of which we have not the slightest idea. 

COLON. 

Rule. A colon should be used after a word or clause introductory to a speech, a letter, a state- 
ment of particulars, or a quotation of a long sentence or a number of sentences, and before a short 
quotation if that is made a separate paragraph. 

The colon is very little used as a mark of punctuation within the sentence, but may be so used 
as intermediate between the semicolon and the period. 

(778) 



USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS. 779 



PERIOD. 

Rule L Every sentence that is not interrogatory or exclamatory is ended with a period. 

Rule II. An abbreviation, as distinguished from a contraction or a mere short form, has a period 
after it. 

Wm. for William is an abbreviation ; dep'tfor department is a contraction ; Will for William 
is a short form. 

Rule HI. A decimal number is written with a period before it. 

INTERROGATION AND EXCLAMATION. 

Rule. A question should always end with an interrogation point, and a mere exclamation, or a 
strongly exclamatory sentence, with an exclamation mark. 

PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS. 

Rule. Parenthesis marks and brackets (often called square brackets) inclose words that are not 
necessary parts of the sentences in which they are used. Brackets are commonly restricted to the 
inclosing of corrections, notes, directions, editor's comment, etc. 

DASH. 

Rule. The dash is used to denote a sudden change in the construction, a suspension of the sense, 
an unexpected transition in the sentiment, a sudden interruption, or hesitation in speaking. 
Dashes are sometimes used instead of parentheses. 

APOSTROPHE. 

Rule I. When letters are omitted from within a word, use an apostrophe in place of them, also 
at beginning or end of a word when the omission is to be shown. 

Rule II. In the possessive case singular (as man's), and in that of irregular plurals (as men's), 
use an apostrophe and s ; in regular plural possessives (as boys'), use the apostrophe alone. 

Rule IIL The plural of a single letter or figure is formed by adding apostrophe and s (as o's, 
d's, 3's, etc.), but the apostrophe is not needed with figures (as 8s, 9s, etc.). 

QUOTATION MARKS. 

Rule. Quotations are marked by two inverted commas at the beginning and two apostrophes at 
the end. A quotation within a quotation has single marks. In British usage the use of the single 
inverted comma and single apostrophe for full quotations is more usual, with double marks em- 
ployed within. 



USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS. 

Rule I. Begin every sentence with a capital. 

Rule II. Begin every line of poetry with a capital. 

Rule HI. Begin every proper name, as of a person or a place, with a capital. 

Rule IV. Begin with a capital the name of a day, month, historical period, etc. 

Rule V. Use a capital in words made from the name of a person or a place, except in the few 
common words like china, boycott, etc., and names of substances, forces, etc., in the sciences, as 
gadolinile, galvanism, etc. 

Rule VI. Appellatives of God should always have capitals. 

Rule VH. Use a capital in every official title put before a person's name or in place of his 
name. 

Rule Vm. Begin the name of a political party, a religious sect or denomination, etc., with a 
capital. 

Rule IX. Begin with a capital the name of a point of the compass ; and adjectives derived 
from them when referring to conventionally recognized divisions or sections of the United States, 
or other countries or parts of the world ; as, the North, the South, the East, the West, Northern, 
Southern, etc. 

Rule X. Capitalize each word in the title of a book, except the articles, prepositions, and con- 
junctions. 

Rule XI. The pronoun / and the interjection are always capitals. 



RULES FOR SPELLING DERIVATIVES, PLURALS, 

ETC. 

Rule 1. (a) The final consonant of a primitive word is doubled in derivatives formed by 
adding a termination beginning with a vowel to monosyllables and words accented on the last syl- 
lable when these words end in a single consonant (except h and x) preceded by a single vowel. 
Examples : clan, clannish ; infer, inferred ; squat, squatter, squatting. Exceptions : derivatives 
of gas (except gassing, gassy) ; cabal, cabalism ; prefer, preference ; refer, reference; defer, def- 
erence, and other words in which the accent of the derivative varies from that of the primitive. 

(b) The final consonant is not doubled in derivatives formed by addition of a termination 
beginning with a vowel when the final consonant of the primitive is preceded by a diphthong, a 
vowel digraph (as in brier) or by another consonant, or if the accent of the primitive falls on any 
syllable except the last. Examples: act, acting; ebb, ebbing ; daub, daubed; need, needy ; travel, 
traveler. Exceptions : humbug, humbugged ; periwig, periwigged, where a final hard g before 
e or i is doubled to prevent its being pronounced as j. 

Variations op Usage. Some authors double the final consonant in derivatives of the following 
words, although they are not preferably so written : apparel, barrel, bevel, bias, bowel, cancel, car- 
buret and similar words ending in uret, cavil, carol, channel, chisel, counsel, cudgel, dial, dishevel, 
dowel, drivel, duel, empanel, enamel, equal, funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchel, im- 
peril, jewel, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, marshal, marvel, medal, metal, model, panel, 
parallel, parcel, pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, rowel, shovel, shrivel, 
*wivel, tassel, tinsel, trammel, travel, tunnel, unravel, vial, victual, worship. 

Aule 2. (a) Final silent "e " of primitives is generally retained in derivatives formed by 
adding a termination beginning with a consonant. Examples : pale, paleness ; hate, hateful. Ex- 
ceptions : where the final e is preceded by some vowel other than e, it is often dropped from the 
derivative : as, woe, woful (or woeful) ; due, duly ; true, truly. Also wholly, nursling, wisdom, 
abridgment, acknowledgment, lodgment, judgment. 

(b) Final Silent " e " Of primitives is omitted in derivatives formed by adding a termination 
beginning with a vowel. Examples: bride, bridal ; plume, plumage, etc. Exceptions: hoeing, 
shoeing, toeing, dyeing, singeing, springeing, swingeing, tingeing, mileage, peaceable, noticeable, 
manageable, changeable, advantageous, outrageous, mortgageor. 

Rule 3. (a) Final "y" preceded by a consonant of primitives becomes "1" in deriv- 
atives formed by adding any termination except one beginning with i. Examples : icy, iciest, 
icily; mercy, merciless ; modify, modifies; pity, pitiful. Exceptions: monosyllabic adjectives 
usually retain the y ; as, shy, shyer, shyness ; sly, slyest ; dry, dryly (but drier, driest), etc. De- 
rivatives ending in -ship, -like, and those formed from baby and lady retain the y. The y is also 
retained in the possessive case of nouns formed by adding '$. 

(b) Final "y" preceded by a vowel of primitives is retained unchanged in deriva- 
tives. Examples : gay, gayety, gayly (sometimes gaiety, gaily) ; play, player, plays ; joy, joyful, 
etc. Exceptions : daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, staid, and their compounds ; dewiness. 
Derivatives from words ending in -uy, as colloquies, are not exceptions, as the u may be regarded 
a6 a consonant. 

Rule 4. (a) Plurals of nouns are regularly formed by adding " s." For Exceptions, see 
b and Rule 5 below and the individual word in the Vocabulary. 

(b) Plurals are formed by adding "-es" where the singular form ends with such a sound 
(as that of ch in much, sh, j, s, x, or z) that the sound of s cannot unite with it in pronunci- 
ation but must form a separate syllable. If one of these letters is followed by silent e, s only 
is adde d, but the silent e with the added s forms a separate syllable. 

Rule 5. Plurals of nouns ending in " y " preceded by a consonant are formed by adding 

-es and changing y to i: as, mercy, mercies ; lady, ladies; colloquy, colloquies (u here, being pro- 
nounced as w, is considered a consonant); Mary, Maries (often Marys). S only is added if the 
singular ends in y preceded by a vowel; as, day, days; money, moneys; guy, guys. 

(780) 



1 



FORMS OF ADDRESS. 



Ambassadors or Ministers of the United 
States in Foreign Countries 

Address. His Excellency, Honorable .Am- 
bassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary [En- 
voy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary] 
at the Court of [French Capital]. 

Begin. Your Excellency ; or Sir. 
Ambassadors or Ministers from Foreign 
Countries 

Address. His Excellency, His Britannic Maj- 1 
esty's [The German Emperor's] [The French] ! 

[The Spanish] Ambassador [Minister] at ; 

or His Excellency, The Honorable , Envoy 

Extraordinary from . 

Begin. Personal title, Your Excellency; or 
Sir. 
Archbishop 

(Bng.) Address. His Grace the Lord Arch- 
bishop of . 

Begin. My Lord Archbishop. 

(TJ. S.) Address. The Most Reverend the 

Archbishop of . 

Army Officers. 

Address. The Commander in Chief, Army of 

the United States ; or Lieutenant General , 

Commanding Officer Army of the United States. 

[Colonel , U. S. A.] [Mr. , 

Lieutenant, U. S. A.] 

Begin. Sir. $ST* Use highest rank. In case 
of retired officers, omit U. S. A. 
Assistant Secretaries, i. «., Assistants to 

Cabinet Officers- See Honorable. 
Attorney General. See Cabinet Officers. 
Auditor of Treasury. See Honorable. 
Baron. 

Address. The Right Honorable Lord [_or The 
Baron] . 

Begin. My Lord. 
Baronet. 

Address. Sir John , Bart. [Lady ]. 

Begin. Sir [Madam]. 
Bishop. 

(Bng.) Address. The Right Reverend the j 
Lord Bishop of [or The Lord Bishop of ] • ! 

Begin. My Lord Bishop. 

(U. S. A.) Address. The Right Reverend 

Bishop of ; [or The Right Reverend John 

, Bishop of ]. | 

Begin. Right Reverend Sir ; or Right Rever- 
end and Dear Sir. 

(Meth.) Address. The Reverend . I 

Begin. Dear Sir. 
Cabinet Officers. 

Address. The Honorable the Secretary of ; I 

The Honorable the Postmaster General ; etc. [or 
The Honorable , Secretary of State] . 

Begin. Sir. 
Cardinal. 

Address. His Eminence Cardinal ; [or I 

His Eminence John, Cardinal H ] . 

Begin. Eminence [Most Eminent] [Most Emi- 
nent and Most Reverend Sir] . 
Clergymen. 

Address. The Reverend John [Rev. and 

Mrs. J. ]. 



Clerk of Senate or House- See Honorable. 
Commissioners Of Bureaus ; as, U. S. Com- 
missioner of Education. See Honorable. 
Common Forms. 

(Male.) Mister. Address. Mr. A C . 

Begin. Dear Sir ; My dear Mr. C ; Dear 

Mr. C ; etc., according to intimacy. 

PL Address. Messrs. A B. C , and 

D D. F . 

Begin. Dear Sirs : or Gentlemen. 

(Female.) Mistress. Address. Mrs. Albert 
B. Clark. 

Begin. Dear Madam ; My dear Mrs. Clark; 

PL Address. Mms. A B. C and D 

E. F . 

Begin. Mesdames. 

Miss. Address. Miss Clark (eldest daughter). 

Begin. Dear Madam ; My dear Miss Clark ; 
etc. 

Address. Miss Anne Clark (younger daugh- 
ter). 

Begin. Dear Madam ; My dear Miss Anne ; 

PI. The Misses Clark. 
Comptroller of Treasury. See Honorable. 
Congressman. See Honorable. 
Countess. See Earl. 
Dean. 

Address. The Very Reverend the Dean of 

Begin. Very Reverend Sir. 
Doctor of Laws, Medicine, Divinity, etc 

Address. A B , Ph. D. [LL. D.] [M. D.] 

[D. D.]; or Dr. A B ; Rev. A B . 

D. D. ; or Rev. Dr. B [Dr. and Mrs. B ]. 

Begin. Dear Sir. 
Duke. 

Address. (1.) His [or Her] Grace the Duke 
[Duchess] of . 

Begin. My Lord Duke [Madam]. 

(2.) See Prince. 
Duke's daughter. 

Address. The Right Honorable Lady [Chris- 
tian name and surname : if married use her hus- 
band's surname]. 

Begin. Madam. 
Duke'S eldest son. Use father's second title. 
Duke's or Marquis's younger sons. 

Address. The Right Honorable Lord John ; 

or The Lord John . 

Begin. My Lord. 
Duke — Wives of younger sons. 

Address. The Right Honorable Lady John ; 

or The Lady John . 

Begin. Madam. 
Earl or Countess. 

Address. The Right Honorable the Earl 
[Countess] of . 

Begin. My Lord [Madam]. 
Earl's daughter. Like Duke's daughter. 
Earl's eldest son. Use father's second title. 
Earl's younger sons, or Viscount's and Baron's 
sons. 

Address. The Honorable George H . 

Begin. Dear Sir. 

(781) 



782 



FORMS OF ADDRESS. 



Earl— Wives of sons. 

Address. The Honorable Mrs. . 

Begin. Madam. 

Earl's younger daughters. 

Address. The Honorable Mary . 

Begin. Madam. 
Governors. 

Address. (In Mass. and by courtesy in some 
other States) His Excellency, The Governor of 

; otherwise The Governor of ; or Hon. 

John , Governor of . 

Begin. Sir ; or Dear Sir. 
Governor, Lieutenant. 

Address. The Honorable , Lieutenant 

Governor of . 

Begin. Sir ; or Dear Sir. 
Honorable. Used with Christian name and 
surname of various Officials in the United 
States, Senators, Representatives, Assistants 
to Cabinet Officers, Commissioners of Bur- 
eaus, Members of State Legislatures, Heads 
of State Departments, Judges, Mayors of 
Cities, thus : — 

Address. Honorable , United States 

Commissioner of Education [Hon. and Mrs. 

Begin. Sir ; or Dear Sir. 
Junior. Added to a son's name to distinguish 
him from his father with the same name, 
, Jr. ; or , Jr., Ph. D. 

King or Queen. 

Address. The King's [or Queen's] Most Ex- 
cellent [or Gracious] Majesty. 

Begin. Sire [or Madam] ; or May it please 
your Majesty. 
Knight. 

Address. Sir John B [initials of his or- 
der, if any, as K. C. B.] [Lady B ]. 

Begin. Sir [Madam]. 
Lawyers. 

Address. , Esq. 

Lieutenant Governor. See Governor, Lieu- 
tenant. 
Marquis. 

Address. The Most Honorable [or Noble] 
The Marquis [Marchioness] of . 

Begin. My Lord Marquis [fern, simply 
Madam] . 

Marquis's children. Like Duke's children. 
Mayors. See Honorable. 
Mister. See Common Forms. 
Monsignor. 

Address. The Right Reverend Monsignor . 

Begin. Right Reverend Sir. 
Navy Officers. 

Address. The Admiral of the Navy of the 

United States ; or Admiral , Commanding 

United States Navy; Captain , U. S. N. 

Begin. Sir. (In the Navy the name, title, 
and place are at the end of the letter. ) 
Pope. 

Address. His Holiness, the Pope; or Our 
Most Holy Father, Pope . 

Begin. Most Holy Father. 
Postmaster General. See Cabinet Officers. 



President. 

Address. The President, White House ; or 
The President of the United States, White House; 
or His Excellency, The President of the United 
States. 

Begin. Mr. President ; or Sir. 
President of State Senate. 

Address. The Honorable , President 

of the Senate of . 

Begin. Sir. 
Prince or Royal Duke. 

Address. His Royal Highness Prince Charles 
[or the Duke of ]. 

Begin. Sir. 
Princess or Royal Duchess. 

Address. Her Royal Highness the Princess 
(Christian name) [or the Duchess of ]. 

Begin. Madam. 
Professor. 

Address. PrOf. [D. D., LL. D.]. 

Begin. Sir ; Dear Sir ; Dear Prof. . 

Queen. See Kino. 
Representatives. See Honorable. 
Secretary of Agriculture, State, War, etc. See 

Cabinet Officers. 
Senate, Officers of. See Honorable. 
Senate, President of. 

Address. The Honorable, The President of 
the Senate of the United States ; or The Honor- 
able , President of the Senate. 

Begin. Sir. 
Senator, Federal or State. See Honorable. 
Speaker of the House. 

Address. The Honorable, The Speaker of the 
House of Representatives. 

Begin. Sir ; or Mr. Speaker. 
Supreme Court : Chief Justice. 

Address. The Chief Justice of the United 

States; or The Honorable , Chief 

Justice of the Supreme Court of the United 
States. 

Begin. Mr. Chief Justice ; or Sir ; or May it 
Please Your Honor. 
Supreme Court : Associate Justices. 

Address. Honorable , Associate Jus- 
tice of the Supreme Court. 

Begin. Mr. Justice ; or Sir ; or Tour Honor. 
Vice President. 

Address. The Vice President ; or The Honor- 
able, The Vice President of the United States ; 

or The Hon. , Vice President of the 

United States. 

Begin. Mr. Vice President ; or Sir. 
Viceroys. 

Address. His Excellency, The Lord Lieuten- 
ant of Ireland [The Viceroy of India] [The Gov- 
ernor General of Canada]. 
Viscount. 

Address. The Right Honorable the Lord Vis- 
count ; or The Lord Viscount . 

Begin. My Lord. 
Viscountess. 

Address. The Right Honorable the Viscount- 
ess ; or The Viscountess . 

Begin. Madam. 



PARLIAMENTARY ORDER IN PUBLIC 
MEETINGS. 

Eveey assembly, whether casual and temporary or under formal organization, is gathered to 
agree upon some action. Evidently, then, to get at " the sense of the meeting," it is necessary 
that fair reason, good nature, and above all good order should prevail. The British Parliament 
first reduced the application of these principles to rules, and, although their practice has been 
freely modified to fit other conditions, the system of rules and precedents by which deliberative 
bodies govern their procedure is called parliamentary. 

A brief sketch like the present will not be looked to for detailed rules governing regular as- 
semblies, such as conventions and legislatures, which, besides the general, have also their own 
special rules ; but, for the occasional meeting, whether large or small, an order of procedure is 
as necessary as tracks for a railway, if any practical result is to be arrived at. 

Organization. In the case of regular bodies, each one decides upon its own members, accord- 
ing to the law of its creation ; but members of a public meeting are those who have responded to 
its call. The first necessity of life being organization of forces, a meeting must be opened by 
being requested to " Come to order," by some one of those who have issued the call, or one recog- 
nized as identified with the occasion. He then nominates, or asks the meeting to nominate, a 
candidate or candidates for presiding officer, and puts to vote the names in order of their naming, 
unless the first one is chosen. The presiding officer is usually called the Chairman ; in religious 
assemblies, the Moderator ; and in permanent societies, the President. 

Being chosen, the Chairman takes the chair, with brief thanks for the honor, and guides a 
similar election of a Secretary (or Clerk, or Scribe), and of a Treasurer, if needed. He then 
calls on the Secretary or some one familiar with the matter to read the call or state the object of 
the meeting, and asks, " In view of this, what is your pleasure ? " This usually results in the 
offering and seconding of a resolution or motion expressive of action desired by one or more, and 
the matter is open for discussion. 

Chairman. It is the Chairman's duty to preside and conduct the meeting ; if it is an adjourned 
or a successive meeting, first to have the Secretary read the minutes of the previous meeting for 
approval or amendment ; to keep order ; to recognize, and if practicable name, each member who 
addresses the chair [as, "Mr. Chairman," " Mr. Jones"] ; to receive, present, and keep clearly 
in mind and in view of the meeting every motion and each amendment, not allowing debate to 
wander from the question ; to decide points of order ; to accept and put to vote appeals from his 
own decisions ; while he ha* the right, not often to exercise it, of joining in debate, asking some 
member meanwhile to take the chair ; to treat every member as his own equal, and to do all with 
quiet, kindly, courteous, but firm decision. He must sign any issued expression of the assembly's 
action, and throughout, conduct himself as the chief agent in learning and formulating the will 
of the meeting. While in the chair he may not join in debate, except to give information, decide 
points of order, etc. He may vote when voting is by ballot, but the only other vote allowed him 
is in case of a tie vote, when he may by a" casting vote " give his judgment and decide the 
question. The Chair should always be spoken of in the third person, whether by himself or by 
any other person ; as, " The Chair has decided," etc., never " I (or you) have decided," etc. ; nor 
should one say, " Mr. Chairman, I move yon that," etc., but simply, " Mr. Chairman, I move 
that," etc. Any motion which concerns the Chairman personally must be put to vote by the 
Secretary. 

Secretary. It is the Secretary's duty to keep a temporary record of the meeting for current 
information ; to read aloud whatever the meeting or the Chairman requests ; to reduce to writing 
and read aloud any motion or amendment so demanded ; if committees are appointed, to notify 
the Chairman of their members, and to supply them with whatever documents the meeting has 
committed to their consideration ; to make final records of every action or vote taken by the 
meeting, and either before final adjournment or at a succeeding meeting read it aloud for approval 
or amendment ; and to keep safely all papers that have been a part of the proceedings. The 
Secretary may join in discussion or vote, but not to the detriment of his duties as Secretary. 

Business. To bring any matter before a meeting, a member must address the Chair by title : 
•• Mr. Chairman ? " and the Chairman responds with the member's name : " Mr. Jones."' Every 

(783) 



784 PARLIAMENTARY ORDER IN PUBLIC MEETINGS. 

proposition for action must be in form of a motion, as above expressed : even a resolution ; as, 
" I move the following Resolution." Every motion must be seconded by another member, before 
it can be laid before the meeting. Then the Chairman may say, " It is moved and seconded that," 
etc. : " Are there any remarks? " or, " The question is on the adoption of the resolution ; what is 
your pleasure?" etc. Thereupon "the question," as it has now become, is open for debate, 
amendment, and vote. 

Motions. Every motion, and every amendment, except the very simplest, should be written. 
Amendments to a motion before the meeting may be by striking out words, or iuserting words, 
or both ; every amendment is debatable if the original motion is ; and an amendment to an 
amendment is allowable, — but no further amendments. These connected motions must of course 
be acted on in reverse order, since each one changes the form of the one preceding. An amend- 
ment may be accepted by the mover of the motion, with consent of the meeting, but not without. 
If no objection is offered, consent may be assumed. 

There are some motions, not directly concerned with the merits of a question but with indirect 
ways of checking or defeating it, which are privileged to intervene in its discussion. In naming 
them, these letterings will signify : a, amendable ; d, debatable ; na, non-amendable ; nd, non- 
debatable. In their order of rank, they are : 1. Shall this question be considered ? na, nd ; — a 
motion which must be put, if at all, before debate, but which is rarely known in public meetings, 
since they are usually called to consider the very question at issue. 2. To lay on the table, na, 
nd ; a way of putting the question aside until called up by a majority vote. 3. To commit to a 
committee, a, d ; sometimes advisable when a meeting feels the need of more careful inquiry be- 
fore action. 4. To postpone to a specified time, d, a. 5. To postpone indefinitely, d, na ; which 
is practical defeat. 6. To demand the previous question, nd, na; an awkward expression, mean- 
ing to stop debate and call for a vote. It is serviceable when discussion has gone far enough or 
too far; but in public meetings is rarely heard in form, being practically put and voted by calls 
of " Question ! Question ! " when the debaters, seeing the feeling of many, subside, and the Chair 
puts the question — be it an amendment to an amendment, an amendment, or on original motion. 
7. To amend, d, a ; the motion most frequently offered, but which may be shut off by any of the 
foregoing. 

There are also some motions privileged before any of these, such as concern the assembly rather 
than any question. These may intervene at any time : 1. lo adjourn, nd, na ; 2. To fix the time 
to which adjournment shall be, d, a ; 3. To take a recess, d, a ; 4. Questions of privilege : (a) as 
to the meeting, (6) as to the mover ; take priority of all others (except as to adjournment) until 
acted upon. As such a question may even interrupt a member's speech, it is the Chairman's 
duty, after its statement, to decide (subject to appeal) whether the matter is one of privilege, or 
not. 

Reconsideration. A motion to reconsider a vote taken can be made only by one who voted with 
the majority in the matter ; its motive should be, either correction of error or willingness to fur- 
ther consider by reason of new light. But it is not allowable after action has been taken under 
the vote in question, as by commitment to a committee, or when involving an affirmative vote to 
adjourn, to lay on the table, or any such radical action. It is debatable when the question to be 
reconsidered was so. 

Rescinding. When it is too late for reconsideration, a motion may be made to rescind a for- 
mer action, d, a ; a motion which stands as a new proposition, even though it open up afresh the 
original matter. 

Discussion. When a motion is debatable any member may arise, address the Chair, and on be- 
ing recognized address the meeting through the Chair. If several arise at once it is the Chair- 
man's duty to recognize one, and maintain order. If any member violate the rules of courtesy, 
or if any undue procedure is in progress, any one may address the Chair : " Mr. Chairman, I arise 
to a point of order " ; and it will be the Chairman's duty to interrupt the proceedings, hear and 
decide upon the point of order, and, if his decision is appealed from, put it to vote to the meeting. 
Ordinarily, no member should speak more than twice, unless called upon or to give somedetail of 
information, and in the absence of rules the length of speeches is likely to be regulated by the 
temper of the audience. 

Voting. All questions are decided, affirmatively or negatively, by a majority vote, except the 
following, — of which, however, only the last three are likely to arise in any ordinary public meet- 
ing : To amend or suspend the rules ; to make a special order ; to take up a question out of its 
proper order ; to object to the consideration of a question ; to extend the limits of debate ; to close 
or limit debate ; the previous question. All of these require a two-thirds vote for adoption, since 
they impose limitation upon the meeting itself, which a mere majority should not be able to do. 



WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 



785 



Voting may be either by the Chairman's putting the question, as, " All in favor of this will say 
Aye ; all those opposed will say A>>," and deciding by the sound ; or, if the result be doubtful, 
any member may demand or the Chair may call for a rising vote, those rising on each side in turn 
to be counted ; or, in a regular organization, with a roll of members, the roll may be called by the 
Secretary, and the individual Ayes and Noes be thus ascertained. In either case, the Chairman 
decides (unless tellers have been appointed for counting) and announces, " The motion is carried,'' 
or "lost." 

Conclusion Finally, all concerned should bear in mind that mutual consideration and good 
sense will go far to insure harmony in ascertaining the will of an assembly. Those who have a 
point to carry can best do it by courtesy and reasonableness : the old proverb contrasting honey 
and vinegar in catching flies is nowhere more applicable than in a public debate. People can 
be led where they refuse to be driven. Light is a better guide than heat. And let those who 
love discussion remember that " brevity is the soul of wit." 



NATIONAL FLOWEES. 



England Rose 

France Fleur-de-lis 

Germany Cornflower 

India Lotus 

Italy Lily 

Ireland Shamrock 



Japan Chrysanthemum 

Mexico Cactus 

Scotland Thistle 

Spain Pomegranate 

United States Goldenrod* 

Wales Leek 



Though not formally adopted a growing sentiment exists in favor of this flower. 



BIRTH STONES. 



January Garnet 

February Amethyst 

March Bloodstone 

April Diamond 

May Emerald 

June Pearl 



July Ruby 

August Sardonyx 

September Sapphire 

October Opal 

November Topaz 

December Turquoise 



WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 



1st, paper ; 2d, straw; 3d, candy; 4th, leather; 5th, wooden; 7th, floral ; 10th, tin; 12th, 
linen; 15th, crystal; 20th, china; 25th, silver; 30th, pearl ; 35th, coral; 40th, emerald; 45th, 
ruby ; 50th, gold ; 75th, sometimes 60th, diamond. Those in italics are the ones most frequently 
celebrated. 



ANTIDOTES TO COMMON POISONS. 

Call physician at once. Give the antidote in good quantity. Except in case of corrosive acids 
or alkalies, cause vomiting by tickling throat or by an emetic. Good bmbtics are : mustard (2 to 
4 teaspoonfuls in cup of warm water) ; salt (2 or more teaspoonfuls in cup of water) ; tepid wa- 
ter freely ; zinc sulphate (20 to 30 grains in a little water), demulcents : olive oil, gelatin, glyc- 
erin, honey, starch, white of egg. 
Acids, Corrosive (as, hydrochloric or muriatic, nitric, sulphuric or oil of vitriol, etc., when 

strong). Magnesia, white of egg, soap ; demulcents ; stimulants. 
Alcohol- Heat extremities ; cool head ; artificial respiration. 
Alkalies (as ammonia, caustic potash, lye, lime, etc.). Dilute acids (lemon juice, vinegar), milk, 

oil ; stimulants. 
Antimony compounds- Tannin ; demulcents. 

Arsenic compounds (e. g., Paris green). Dialyzed iron (drug store) ; demulcents ; stimulants. 
Carbolic acid (phenol) and creosote. Epsom salts ; demulcents ; stimulants. Do not give fats 

or oils. 
Copper compounds. Artificial heat ; demulcents ; stimulants. Do not give fats Or oils. 
Corrosive sublimate. Artificial heat ; white of egg ; stimulants. Do not give salt. 
Cyanides. Same as for Prussic Acid. 

Food (fish, mushrooms, etc.). Tannin acid ; castor oil ; stimulants; artificial heat. 
Gas, Ether, Chloral, Chloroform. Fresh air ; artificial respiration ; stimulants. 
Lead compounds. Same as for Carbolic Acid. 
Opium (morphine, laudanum). Tannin; stimulants; coffee; artificial respiration ; keep patient 



Oxalic acid. Lime, magnesia ; demulcents ; stimulants. 

Phosphorus (matches). Gum arabic mucilage ; Epsom salts. Do not give fats OT Oils. 

Prussic acid, or Hydrocyanic acid. Cold douches ; ammonia inhaled ; artificial respiration ; 

stimulants. 
Rat poison usually contains arsenic or phosphorus. 
Strychnine, Nicotine, Brucine, etc. Tannin, charcoal, white of egg; watch circulation and 

respiration. 
Tin compounds. Tannin, white of egg, soap, mucilage, milk. 
Unknown poisons. Chalk and water, eggs beaten with milk, whisky. 



(786) 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 



President- 
race President. 


Born. 


Died. 


Residence. 


Adminis- 
tration. 


Party. 


l George Washington 

John Adams 


1732 


1799 


Virginia 


1789-1797 


Fed 


1735 


1826 


Massachusetts 


1789-1797 


Fed. 


2 ! John Adams 


1735 


1826 


Massachusetts 


1797-1801 


Fed 


Thomas Jefferson 


1743 


1826 


Virginia 


1797-1801 


Rep.* 


3 Thomas Jefferson 


1743 


1826 


Virginia 


1801-1809 


Rep* 


1 Aaron Burr 


175G 


1836 


New York 


1801-1805 


Rep* 


2 George Clinton 


1739 


1812 


New York 


1805-1813 


Rep* 


4 | James Madison 


1751 


1836 


Virginia 


1809-1817 


Rep* 


1 George ClintonX 


1739 


1812 


New York 


1805 


Rep* 


2 Elbridge GerryX 


1744 


1814 


Massachusetts 


1813 


Rep* 


5 James Monroe 


1758 


1831 


Virginia 


1817-1825 


Rep* 


Daniel D. Tompkins 


1774 


1825 


New York 


1817-1825 


Rep* 


6 John Q Adams 


1767 


1848 


Massachusetts 


1825-1829 


Rep* 


John C. Calhoun 


1782 


1850 


South Carolina 


1825-1833 


Rep.* 


7 ! Andrew Jackson 


1767 


1845 


Tennessee 


1829-1837 


Dem 


1 Joh?i C. Calhoun 


1782 


1850 


South Carolina 


1825-1833 


Dem. 


2 Martin Van Buren 


1782 


1862 


New York 


1833-1837 


Dem. 


8 : Martin Van Buren 


1782 


1862 


New York 


1837-1841 


Dem. 


Richard M. Johnson 


1780 


1850 


Kentucky 


1837-1841 


Dem. 


9 : William H. Harrison; 


1773 


1841 


Ohio 


1841 


Whig 


John Tyler 


1790 


1S62 


Virginia 


1841 


Whig 


10 John Tyler 
n | James E. Polk 


1790 


1862 


Virginia 


1841-1845 


Whig 


1795 


1849 


Tennessee 


1845-1849 


Dem. 


George 31. Dallas 


1792 


1864 


Pennsylvania 


1845-1849 


Den,. 


12 j Zachary Taylor* 


1784 


1850 


Louisiana 


1849-1850 


Whig 


Millard Fillmore 


1800 


1874 


New York 


1849-1850 


Whiq 


13 Millard Fillmore 


1800 


1874 


New York 


1850-1853 


Whig 


14 Franklin Pierce 


1804 


1869 


New Hampshire 


1853-1857 


Dem. 


William R. King\\ 


1786 


1853 


Alabama 


1853 


Dem . 


15 1 James Buchanan 


1791 


1868 


Pennsylvania 


1857-1861 


Dem. 


John C. Breckinridge 


1821 


1875 


Kentucky 


1857-1861 


Dem . 


16 1 Abraham Lincoln§ 


1809 


1865 


Illinois 


1861-1865 


Rep. 


1 Hannibal Hamlin 


1809 


1891 


Maine 


1861-1SG5 


Rep. 


2 Andrew Johnson 


1808 


1875 


Tennessee 


1865 


Rep ..t 


1 7 ; Andrew Johnson 


1808 


1875 


Tennessee 


1865-1869 


Rep t 


18 : Ulysses S. Grant 


1822 


1885 


Illinois 


1869-1S77 


Rep. 


1 Schuyler Colfax 


1823 


1885 


Indiana 


1869-1873 


Rep. 


2 Henry Wilsont 


1812 


1875 


Massachusetts 


1873 


Rep. 


19 Rutherford B. Hayes 


1822 


1893 


Ohio 


1877-1881 


Rep 


William A. Wheeler 


1819 


1887 


New York 


1877-1881 


Rep. 


20 ! James A. Garfield§ 


1831 


1881 


Ohio 


1881 


Rep. 


Chester A. Arthur 


1830 


1886 


Aew York 


1881 


Rep. 


21 ! Chester A. Arthur 


1830 


1886 


New York 


1881-1885 


Rep. 


22 j Grover Cleveland 


1837 


1908 


New York 


1885-1889 


Dem. 


Thomas A. Hendrickst 


1819 


1885 


Indiana 


1885 


Dem . 


23 Benjamin Harrison 


1833 


1901 


Indiana 


1889-1893 


Rep 


Levi P. Morton 


1824 


— 


New York 


1889-1893 


Rep. 


24 Grover Cleveland 


1837 


1908 


New York 


1893-1897 


Dem. 


Adlai E. Stevenson 


1835 


— 


Illinois 


1893-1897 


Dem . 


25 i William McEinley§ 


1843 


1901 


Ohio 


1897-1901 


Rep 


1 Garrett A. Hobart% 


1844 


1899 


New Jersey 


1897-1899 


Rep. 


2 Theodore Roosevelt 


1858 




New York 


1901 


Rep. 


26 | Theodore Roosevelt 


1858 




New York 


1901-1909 


Rep. 


Charles W. Fairbanks 


1852 




Indiana 


1905-1909 


Rep. 


27 j William H. Taft 


1857 




Ohio 


1909 


Rep. 


James S. Sherman 


1855 


— 


Neiv York 


1909 


Rep. 



' Previous to 1828, the term " Republican " was applied to a party which arose in opposition to the Fed- 
eralists, and which was the progenitor of the present Democratic party. 

t Although elected by the Republican party, and a strong supporter of the Union, Mr. Johnson was pri- 
marily a Democrat and was in 1868 a prominent candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination. 

t Died while in office. 

S Assassinated while in office. 

I Took oath of office at Havana, but never served as Vice President. 

(787) 



UNITED STATES POSTAL RATES AND 
REGULATIONS. 



DOMESTIC POSTAGE. 



Including Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, the Philippines, Guam, Tutuila, the Canal Zone, and 

Shanghai, China. 

WW See Notes at foot of page. 

First-class Matter. 1. First-class proper : Written matter, sealed or unsealed, 1 2 and all matter 
sealed or otherwise closed against inspection, 3 2 cents an ounce or fraction thereof . Must have 
at least 2 cents prepaid, except letters from U. S. soldiers, sailors, or marines. Weight limit, 4 
pounds unless fully prepaid. 2. Postal cards, 1 cent each. 3. Drop letters, where there is no 
free delivery, 1 cent an ounce or fraction thereof. 

Second-Class Matter. Newspapers and other periodicals, conforming to certain regulations : for 
publishers and news agents only, 1 cent a pound ; for the general public, 1 cent for 4 ounces or / 
fraction thereof. Weight limit, 4 pounds. Postage must be fully prepaid. 

Third- Class Matter. Printed matter not included in second class, wrapped to permit inspec- 
tion. 1 2 4 Includes books, circulars, music, engravings, etc., 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction 
thereof. Postage must be fully prepaid. Weight limit, except for single books, 4 pounds. 

Fourth- class Matter (merchandise). All mailable matter not included in above classes, 1 * 
wrapped to permit inspection. 3 Includes blank books, playing cards, electrotypes, flowers, gen- 
eral merchandise, etc. 1 cent an ounce or fraction thereof. Postage must be fully prepaid. 
Weight limit, 4 pounds. 

Unmailable. Poisons, explosives, inflammables, live animals (except bees), substances that are 
ill-smelling or liable to injure postal employes, immoral matter, and all matter not complying 
with above regulations as to weight, prepayment, etc., or insufficiently addressed. 

Immediate delivery (within certain hours and distances) is secured for any piece of mail mat- 
ter at any office by attaching a special 10-cent stamp or ten cents' worth of ordinary stamps, with 
the words " Special Delivery " written on the envelope in addition to regular postage. 

Registration of any letter or package costs 8 cents in addition to regular postage. 

Forwarding. First-class matter is forwarded and returned without extra charge ; on that of 
other classes postage must be paid for each journey. 

Withdrawing Mail. Matter once mailed can be withdrawn if sender can prove identity. 

Mixed Classes. Matter of different classes in the same package goes at the highest rate 
chargeable for any portion. 

Permissible Additions to Original Matter. The words " personal" or " to be called for," and 
other directions as to delivery, and requests for forwarding or return upon prepayment of new 
postage, are permissible as part of the address on second, third, or fourth-class matter. 

Books Of Postage Stamps. One and two cent postage stamps bound in book form are on sale at 
post-offices at an advance of 1 cent per book over the postage value. 

International Reply-Coupons are sold at 6 cents each, for use in sending abroad for return post- 
age. Reply-coupons issued by other countries are redeemable at United States post-offices in 
postage stamps to the value of 5 cents for each reply-coupon. 

Postal Money Orders. Money can be sent without danger of loss at low rates to all parts of the 
United States and its possessions as well as to foreign countries by means of Postal Money Orders. 

i "Writing such as name and address of sender, simple dedication in a book, etc., is allowed on third and 
fourth-class matter. 

2 MS. accompanied by printed proof may be sent third-class, but ordinary typewritten matter, and also 
that printed on a mimeograph, hektograph, etc. (unless 20 or more copies are sent), belong to first-class. 

3 Certain proprietary articles, as pills, tobacco, etc., are allowed to go sealed in fourth-class. 

* Photographs, and seeds, bulbs, roots, etc., may be sent at third-class rates, but printed material other 
than paper and pads, etc., on which blank space exceeds printed matter, must go fourth-class. 

(788) 



POSTAGE RATES FOR ALL CLASSES OF MATTER. 



•89 



FOREIGN POSTAGE. 

Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, letters for England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and New- 
foundland, and letters for Germany by steamers sailing for Germany direct. Same as do- 
mestic, except: 

1. Sealed packages evidently not letters are unmailable. 

2. Letters to Cuba not prepaid will be transmitted and deficiency collected of addressee. 

3. For Canada and Mexico, commercial papers and trade samples take Postal Union rates (see 
below). 

4. Merchandise not classed as samples may be sent to Mexico by parcel post. 
5- Seeds and plants for Canada must pay 1 cent an ounce. 

Other Countries. Postal Union rates hold, with unimportant exceptions, and even in these 
cases the mail will be transmitted and any additional charge collected. 

Postal Union Rates. 

1. Letters, 5 cents for the first ounce or fraction thereof. 3 cents for each additional ounce 
or fraction thereof. 

2. Post cards, 2 cents each. 

3. Printed matter (including periodicals), 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof. 

4- Commercial or business papers, 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof, with a mini- 
mum charge of 5 cents. 

5- Samples of merchandise, 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof, with a minimum of 
2 cents. 

Unmailable. Same as domestic, and also, to certain countries, such articles as coins, jewelry, 
tobacco, etc., about which the local postmaster should be consulted. Articles liable to duty will 
generally be transmitted and charges collected at destination. 

Registration costs 8 cents additional, as for domestic mail. 

Prepayment- Ordinary letters for any foreign country (except Canada, Mexico, or the City of 
Shanghai, China) will be forwarded even if no postage is paid. All other matter must be pre- 
paid at least partially. 

Parcel post. In operation with the principal countries of Europe, most of the Central and 
South American Republics, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and Japan. Inquire of post- 
master. Postage must he fully prepaid. Rate, 12 cents a pound or fraction thereof. 



POSTAGE RATES FOR ALL CLASSES OF 
MATTER. 



Domestic first-class, including Canada, Cuba, Mexico, 
and Panama, also letters for England, Ireland, Scotland, 
Wales, and Newfoundland, and letters for Germany by 
steamers sailing for Germany direct 

Letters for other foreign countries. See also Domestic 

FIRST-CLASS 

Domestic fourth-Class and " drop letters " not delivered 
Domestic third-Class and foreign printed matter 



Foreign merchandise samples, including Canada and 
Mexico, not Cuba 



Foreign commercial papers, including Canada and Mexico, 
not Cuba 



Domestic second-class, for general public 

Publishers' (Second-Class), not shown above. 



first ounce 
2 cents 



first ounce 
5 cents 



first ounce 
1 cent 



first 2 ounces 
1 cent 



each additional 
ounce 2 cents 



each additional 
ounce 3 cents 



each additional 
ounce 1 cent 



each additional 
2 ounces 1 cent 



first 4 ounces each additional 
2 cents 2 ounces 1 cent 

Weight limit 12 ouuces 



first 10 ounces 
5 cents 



first 4 ounces 
1 cent 



each additional 
2 ounces 1 cent 



each additional 
4 ounces 1 cent 



1 cent per pound 



HOLIDAYS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Jan. 1. New Year's Day. —All but Mass., Miss., N. H. 

Jail. 8. Anxriv. of Battle of New Orleans. — La. 

Jan. 19. Lee's Birthday. —Ala., Fla., Ga., N. C, S. C, Va. 

Mardi Gras (Shrove Tuesday). —Ala., La. (in New Orleans). 

Feb. 12. Lincoln's Birthday. —Conn., Del., 111., Minn., N. J., N. Y., N. D., Pa., Wash., Wyo. 

Feb. (3d Tuesday). State election. — Pa. 

Feb. 22. Washington's Birthday. — All but Miss., N. M. 

March 2. Anniv. of Texan Independence. — Tex. 

March 4 (or 5). Inauguration Day. — Dist. of Colum. 

Good Friday. — Ala., Del., La., Md., Pa., Tenn., Conn. 

April 19. Patriots' Day (anniv. of Battle of Lexington). — Mass. 

April 21. Anniv. of Battle of San Jacinto. —Tex. 

April 26. Confederate Memorial Day. — Ala., Fla., Ga., Miss. 

May 10. " " " — N. C, S. C. 

May (2d Friday). Confederate Day. —Tenn. 

May 20. Anniv. of Mecklenburg Dec'n of Independence. — N. C. 

May 30. Decoration, or Memorial, Day. — All but Ala., Fla., Ga., Ida., La., Miss., N. C, S. C, 

Tex. 
June (1st Mon., even years). State Election Day. — Ore. 
June 3. Jefferson Davis' Birthday. — Ala., Fla., Ga., La. . 
July 4. Independence Day. — All. 
July 24. Pioneers' Day. — Utah. 
Aug. (1st Thurs.) State Election Day. —Tenn. 
Aug. 16. Bennington Battle Day. — Vt. 
Sept. (1st Monday). Labor Day. —All but Ariz., Miss., Nev., N. D., La. It i3 observed in New 

Orleans. 
Sept. 9. Admission Day. — Calif. 
Sept. 12. Defender's Day. — Md. 
NOV. 1. All Saints' Day. —La. 
NOV. (1st Tues. after 1st Mon.). General Election Day. —All but Ala., Ark., Conn., D. C, Fla., 

Ga., HI., Me., Mass., Mich., Miss., Neb., N. C, Utah, Vt., Va. ; when election is general over 

State (in Ore., only at Presidential elections; see June). 
NOV. (usually 4th Thursday). Thanksgiving Day. — All. 
Dec. 25. Christmas Day. — All. 



STANDARD TIME. 

In 1883 the railroads of the United States and Canada adopted the present system of standard 
time. It comprises five standards : Intercolonial, or Brown ; Eastern, or Red ; Central, or Blue; 
Mountain, or Green ; and Pacific, or Yellow. These are, respectively, the mean times of the 60th, 
75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th meridians west of Greenwich, and consequently differ by intervals of 
exactly one hour. Changes from one standard to another are made at prominent stations, as at 
Detroit, Pittsburg, Wheeling, and Augusta, from eastern to central time and vice versa. Intercolo- 
nial time is used by Halifax and a few adjacent cities, but the railroads have found it more con- 
venient to extend the eastern standard to that region, leaving only four kinds of railroad time. 



RELATIVE TIME OF DIFFERENT CITIES. 

When it is noon at Washington, D. C, it is, by solar time, 12.12 p. m. at New York ; 12.24 p. m. 
at Boston ; 12.54 p. m. at Halifax ; 4.31 p. m. at Lisbon ; 5.08 p. M. at London ; 5.17 p. m. at Paris ; 
5-58 p. m. at Rome ; 6.02 p. m. at Berlin ; 7.13 p. m. at Cairo ; 10.00 p. m. at Bombay ; 11.01 p. m. at 
Calcutta; 12.41 a. m. at Canton ; 12.46 a. m. at Hongkong; 1.12 A. m. at Manila ; 2.26 A. m. at 
Yokohama ; 2.48 A. M. at Melbourne ; 6.37 A. m. at Honolulu ; 8.58 A. m. at San Francisco ; 9.40 
A. m. at Salt Lake City ; 10.08 a. m. at Denver ; 10.44 a. m. at Omaha ; 11.07 a. m. at St. Louie ; 
11.17 A. m. at Chicago ; 11.30 A. m. at Cincinnati ; 11.38 A. M. at Havana ; 11.41 A. M. at Cleveland ; 
11.50 a. m. at Panama ; 11.52 a. m. at Buffalo. 

(790) 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



1192. Aug. 3. Columbus sailed on first voyage. 

Oct. 12. Columbus landed on San Salvador. 
1493. Columbus made second voyage. 

1497. June 24. Cabots discovered Labrador. 

1498. Columbus made third voyage. 

1499. Vespucci reached American continent. 
1502. Columbus made fourth voyage. 

1506. May 20. Columbus died, Valladolid, 
Spain. 

1511. Spaniards conquered Cuba. 

1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. 
1521 Cortes took Mexico. 

1541. De Soto discovered the Mississippi. 

1565. St. Augustine, Fla., founded (first per- 
manent European settlement). 

1602. May. Gosnold landed on and named Cape 
Cod. 

1607. Jamestown, Va., founded (first perma- 
nent English settlement). 

1608. Champlain planted colony at Quebec 
(first permanent French settlement). 

1609. Henry Hudson discovered Hudson River. 

1614. Capt. John Smith explored New England 
coast. 

Dutch settled New Amsterdam (New York). 

1615. Tobacco first planted in Virginia. 

1619. July 30. First colonial assembly in 
America ; at Jamestown, Va. 

Dutch vessel brought 20 negroes to Virginia ; 
sold as slaves. 

1620. Dec. 21. Plymouth colony (Mass.) found- 
ed by English Pilgrims, coming in the May. 
flower (first English settlement in New Eng.). 

1630. First house built in Boston. 

1633. Maryland granted to Lord Baltimore. 

1633-36. Connecticut settled at Windsor, 
Hartford, and Wethersfield. 

1634- Maryland settled by English Roman 
Catholics. 

1636. Harvard College founded. 
Providence Plantation (R. I.) founded. 

1638- New Haven Colony (Conn.) founded. 
Swedes settled in Delaware. 

1643. May 29. Union of New England colo- 
nies. 

1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon, Monk, 
and others. 

Albemarle colony (N. C.) settled. 

1664. New Netherland conquered by English, 
and named New York. 

1675. King Philip's war. 

1676- Bacon's rebellion ; Jamestown, Va., 
burned. 

1680. Charleston, S. C, founded. 

1681. Pennsylvania granted to William Penn. 
1683. Philadelphia founded. 

1689. King William's war with France begun. 

1692. Salem witchcraft. 

1697- Peace of Ryswick, King William's war 

ended. 
1701. Yale College founded. 
1703. Independent legislature in Del. 

Queen Anne's war began. 



1704. April 24. Boston " News Letter" estab- 
lished (first regular journal in the U. S.). 

1710. Port Royal, N. S., captured by English ; 
named Annapolis. 
Parliament ordered Colonial post office. 

1713. April 11. Queen Anne's war ended. 

1733. Feb. 12. Savannah settled by English. 

1754. June. Colonial Congress met at Albany. 

1755. June-Nov. French expelled from Acadia. 
July 9. Braddock defeated and killed at Mo- 
nongahela. 

Sept. 8. British victory at Lake George. 

1756. May 17. England declared war against 
France. 

1759. Sept. 13. Defeat of French at Battle of 
the Plains of Abraham, above Quebec ; Mont- 
calm and Wolfe killed. 

1760. Sept. 8. Montreal surrendered to Eng- 
lish. 

1763. Feb. 10. Peace of Paris signed. 

1765. March 8. Stamp Act passed. 

Oct. 7. Colonial Congress met in New York. 

1766. March 18. Stamp Act repealed. 

1767. June 29. Tax imposed on tea, glass, pa- 
per, etc. 

1770. March 5. Boston Massacre by British 
troops. 
April 12. All duties repealed except on tea. 

1773. Dec. 16. Cargo of tea destroyed at Bos- 
ton. 

1774. Sept. 5. First " Continental Congress," 
at Philadelphia. 

1775. April 19. British repulsed at Lexington 
and Concord. 

June 17. Battle of Bunker Hill. 

July 3. Washington took command of army. 

1776. March 17. Boston evacuated by British. 
July 4. Declaration of Independence. 

Aug. 27. Battle of Long Island (British vict.). 
Sept. 15. British troops entered New York. 
Nov. -Dec. Washington retreated through 
New Jersey. 
Dec. 26. Battle of Trenton (American vict.) 

1777. Jan. 3. Battle of Princeton ( " " ) 
Aug. 16. Battle of Bennington ( " " ) 
Sept. 11. Battle of Brandywine (British vict.) 
Sept. 19. Battle (1st) of Saratoga (indecisive) 
Sept. 26. Philadelphia taken by Howe. 

Oct. 7. Battle (2d) of Saratoga (American 

vict.). 

Oct. 17. Burgoyne surrendered to Gates at 

Saratoga. 

Nov. 15. Articles of Confederation of the 

TJ. S. adopted by Congress. 

1778. Feb. 6. Independence of the U. S. recog- 
nized by France ; treaty of alliance. 

June 18. Philadelphia evacuated by British. 
June 28. Battle of Monmouth (American vict.). 
July 3. Indian massacre at Wyoming. 
July 10. France declared war on England. 

1779. Sept. 23. John Paul Jones's naval victory. 

1780. May 19. The "Dark Day" in New Eng- 
land. 

(791) 



792 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



1780. Oct. 2. Major Andre" executed. 

Oct. 7. Battle of King's Mountain (Am. vict.). 

1781. Jan. 17. Battle of the Cowpens (Am. 
vict.). 

Jan.-Feb. Greene's masterly retreat. 
Oct. 19. Cornwallis surrendered to Washing- 
ton. 

1782. Nov. 30. Preliminaries of peace signed 
at Paris. 

1783. Sept. 3. Treaty of peace signed at Paris. 
Nov. 25. British evacuated New York. 

1785. June 1. John Adams, first U. S. ambas- 
sador to England, received by George III. 

1786-87. Shays' Rebellion in Mass. 

1787. Sept. 17. Constitution of the United States 
adopted in convention. 

Congress prohibited slavery in the Northwest- 
ern Territory. 

1789. March 4. First Congress met at New 
York. 

1790. June 1. First U. S. census ; population, 
3,927,872. 

1791. Jan. 1. National debt, $75,463,476. 
1794. Whisky Insurrection in Penn. 
1796. Sept. Washington's Farewell Address. 

1800. June 1. Second U. S. census ; population, 
5,305,952. 

Sept. 30. Treaty with France. 
Capital established at Washington. 

1801. June 10. U. S. declared war on Tripoli. 

1803. April 30. Louisiana bought from France 
for $15,000,000. 

1804. Feb. 15. Lieut. Decatur destroyed frigate 
Philadelphia in Tripoli harbor. 

July 11. Hamilton killed by Burr in duel. 

1805. June 3. Treaty of peace with Tripoli. 

1806. Aaron Burr's treason. 

1807. Sept. 14. Fulton ascended the Hudson 
by steam. 

Dec. 22. Embargo on American ships. 

1809. Sept. First railroad in America in Dela- 
ware Co., Pa. 

1810. June 1. Third U. S. census ; population, 
7,239,814. 

1811. Nov. 7. Harrison defeated Tecumseh at 
Tippecanoe. 

1812. June 19. United States declared war 
against England. 

July 12. Canada invaded. 
Aug. 19. The British frigate Guerriere cap- 
tured byU. S. frigate Constitution. 

1813. June 1. U. S. frigate Chesapeake cap- 
tured by British ship Shannon. 

Sept. 10. Perry's (Am.) victory on Lake Erie. 

1814. July 25. Battle of Lundy's Lane (Am. 
vict.). 

Aug. 24. City of Washington captured and 
burned by British. 

Dec. 24. Treaty of peace between Great Bri- 
tain and the U. S. signed at Ghent. 

1815. Jan. 8. Battle of New Orleans (Am. vie). 
War with Algiers. 

1816. Jan. 1. National debt $127,334,933 (larg- 
est amount before 1862). 

1819. Feb. 22. Florida ceded to U. S. by Spain. 

1820. March 3. Missouri Compromise passed 
by Congress. 

June 1. Fourth U. S. census; population, 
9,638,131. 

In 1820. Immigration for the year, 8,385. 
1825. Oct. 6. Erie Canal completed. 



1828. July 4. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad be- 
gun. 

Noah Webster published his "American Dic- 
tionary of the English Language." 

1829. First locomotive in America imported 
from England. 

1830. June 1. Fifth U. S. census ; population, 
12,866,920. 

" Book of Mormon " published. 
1832. Black Hawk war. 

Nov. 19. Nullification in South Carolina. 
1835. Jan. 1. National debt, $37,513 (lowest 

point to which it was ever reduced). 

Dec. 16, 17. Great fire in New York, with 

loss of $20,000,000. 

Dec. 28. S. Colt patented revolving firearms. 

1837. S. F. B. Morse filed caveat for patent of 
electro-magnetic telegraph. 

1838. Great Western and Sirius cross Atlantic, 
using steam power alone. 

1840. June 1. Sixth U. S. census ; popula- 
tion, 17,063,353. 

1841. March 4. Wm. Henry Harrison inaugu- 
rated President. 

April 4. Harrison died ; John Tyler became 
President. 

1842. Aug. 9. Maine boundary settled. 

1844. May 24. Magnetic telegraph used be- 
tween Baltimore and Washington. 

Horace Wells first employed nitrous oxide 
gas in dentistry. 

June 15. Goodyear patented process for vul- 
canizing India rubber. 

1845. June 4. Mexico declared war on U. S. 

1846. May 8. Battle of Palo Alto ; Taylor de- 
feated Mexicans. 

May 11. Congress declared war against Mexi- 
co. 

Aug. 23. Santa F6 taken ; New Mexico an- 
nexed to U. S. 
Sept. 10. Howe patented sewing machine. 

1847. Feb. 22, 23. Battle of Buena Vista (Am. 
victory). 

July 24. Salt Lake City founded by Mormons. 
Sept. 14. City of Mexico taken by Scott. 

1848. Jan. Gold discovered in California. 
Feb. 2. Treaty of peace with Mexico. 

May 19. Cession of California and New Mex- 
ico ratified between Mexico and U. S. 

1849. Gold seekers rush to California. 
March 5. Zachary Taylor inaugurated Presi- 
dent. 

1850. June 1. Seventh U. S. census ; popula- 
tion, 23,191,876. 

July 9. Taylor died ; Fillmore became Presi- 
dent. 
In 1850. Immigration, 369,980. 

1851. Aug. 22. Schooner yacht America won 
£500 English prize cup in race off Isle of 
Wight, beating 18 competitors by 7 miles. 
Cup given N. Y. Yacht Club for international 
competition. 

1854. March. Commodore Perry's treaty with 
Japan. 

3fay 31. Kansas-Nebraska bill passed. 
In 1854. Immigration, 427,833 (greatest be- 
fore 1873). 

1857. Aug. 24. Great financial panic (5,123 
bankruptcies in the U. S. and Canada, liabili- 
ties $299,800,000). 

1858. Aug. 20. First message by Atlantic ca- 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



793 



ble, from Queen Victoria to President Bu 
chanan ; cable ceased to work Sept. 1. 

1859. Oct. 16. John Brown's raid on Harper's 
Ferry. 

• First oil well sunk on Oil Creek, Pa. 
Silver found in Nevada. 

1860. June 1. Eighth U. S. census; popula 
tion, 31,279,835. 

Nov. Abraham Lincoln elected President, < 

Hannibal Hamlin Vice President. 

Dec. 20. South Carolina seceded from Union. I 

1861. Jan. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, 
Georgia, and Louisiana seceded (Texas in Feb- 
ruary). 

Feb. 4. Southern Confederacy formed at 
Montgomery. 

March 4. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated Pres- 
ident. 

April 13. Ft. Sumter surrendered by Maj. 
Anderson. 

April 15. Pree. Lincoln called for 75,000 vol- 
unteers. 

June 15. Confederate States recognized as 
belligerents by Gt. Britain and France. 
July 20. Confed. Congress met at Richmond. 
July 21. Battle of Bull Run (Confed. vict.). 
Nov. 8. Mason and Slidell seized on steamer 
Trent. 

Nov. 30. Jefferson Davis elected President 
of Confederate States ; A. H. Stephens Vice 
President. 
Dec. 31. Suspension of specie payment by U. S. 

1862. March 9. Battle of Monitor and Merri- 
mac. 

April 6. Battle of Pittsburg Landing or Shiloh 
(Confed. vict.). 

April 7. Battle of Shiloh renewed (Union 
vict.). 

April 28. New Orleans captured (Union vict,). 
June 3. Gen. R. E. Lee took command of Con- 
fed. amiies. 

June 25-July 1. Sevpn Days' battles (Mechan- 
icsville, Gaines's Mill, Savage's Station, 
Frazier's Farm. Confed. advantages). 
July 1. Battle of Malvern Hill ; end of Seven 
Days' retreat (Confed. check). 
National debt, $524,170,412. 
July 29. The Alabama sailed from Liverpool. 
Aug. 29. Second battle of Bull Run (Confed. 
vict.). 

Sept. 14. Battle of South Mountain (Union 
vict.). 

Sept. 17. Battle of Antietam (Union vict.). 
Sept. 24. Habeas corpus suspended. 
Dec. 13. Battle of Fredericksburg (Confed. 
vict.). 

In 1862. Gold : lowest price, 100 ; highest, 
137. 

1863. Jan. 1. Emancipation proclaimed by 
Lincoln. 

May 2, 3. Battle of Chancellorsville (Confed. 

vict.). 

July 1. National debt, 81,119,772,138. 

July 1-3. Battle of Gettysburg (Union vict.). 

July 4. Vicksburg surrendered. (" " ). 

July 13-16. Draft riots in New York. 

Sept. 19, 20. Battle of Chickamauga (Confed. 

vict.). 

Nov. 24, 25. Battle at Lookout Mountain and 

Missionary Ridge (Union vict.). 

In 1803. Gold : lowest, 122^ ; highest, 172£. 



1864. June 19. Kearsarge sank the Alabama 
(Union vict.). 

July 1. National debt, $1,815,784,370. 
July 20, 22, 28. Battles before Atlanta (Union 
vict.). 

July 30. Chamberaburg, Pa., burned by Con- 
federates. 

Aug. 5. Farragut entered Mobile Bay (Union 
success). 

Sept. 2. Atlanta taken (Union vict.). 
Nov. 16. Sherman left Atlanta on " March 
to the Sea." 

In 1864. Gold: lowest, 151$; highest, 285 
(highest ever). 

1865. Feb. 1. Sherman marched northward 
from Savannah. 

April 3. Capture of Petersburg and Richmond. 

April 9. Lee'a army surrendered. 

April 14. President Lincoln assassinated at 

Washington. 

April 26. Johnston's army surrendered. 

May 11. Jefferson Davis captured. 

May. Proclamation of amnesty. 

July 1. National debt, $2,680,647,869. 

Dec. 18. XHIth amendment to Constitution 

(abolishing slavery) adopted. 

In 1865. Immigration, 247,453. 

In 1865. Gold : lowest. 128| ; highest, 234£. 

1866. July 1. National debt, $2,773,236,173 
(highest point reached). 

1867. March 30. Alaska bought from Russia ; 
$7,200,000. 

French withdrew from Mexico at demand of 
U. S. Maximilian executed by Mexicans. 
1868- June 24. Representatives admitted to 
Congress from Ark., Ala., Fla., Ga., La., 
N. C.andS. C. 

July 28. XlVth amendment to Constitution 
(equal civil rights) adopted. 

1869. May 7. Pacific railroad completed. 

1870. March 30. XVth amendment to Consti- 
tution (extending right of suffrage) adopted. 
June 1. Ninth U. S. census ; population, 38,- 
558,371. 

July 1. National debt, $2,480,672,427. 
In 1870. Immigration, 387,203. 
1870-1872. Overthrow of " Tweed Ring " in 
New York. 

1871. Oct. 8-10. Great fire in Chicago (loss 
$200,000,000). 

1872. Sept. 14. Alabama arbitration award 
(giving U. S. $15,500,000). 

Nov. 9, 10. Great fire in Boston (loss 
$70,000,000). 

1873. Sept. 18. Jay Cooke & Co., Phila., failed ; 
financial panic. 

In 1873. Immigration, 459,803 (greatest be- 
fore 1881). 

1876. May-Nov. Centennial Exhibition at Phil. 

1877. Telephone invented by A. Graham Bell 
and Elisha Gray. 

1878. Feb. 21. Congress remonetized silver. 
Dec. 1 7. Gold at par in New York (first time 
since January, 1862). 

1879. Jan. 1. Resumption of specie payments. 

1880. June 1. Tenth U. S. census ; population, 
50,155,783. 

July 1. National debt, $2,128,791,055. 
In 1880. Immigration, 457,257. 
1881- March 4. James A. Garfield inaugurated 
President. 



794 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



1881. July 2. Pres. Garfield assassinated. 
Sept. 19. Garfield died ; Chester A. Arthur 
became President. 

1882. March 22. Congress prohibited polyga- 
my in Utah. 

In 1882. Immigration, 788,992. 

1883. Feb. 20. First civil service commission, 
appointed by President Arthur. 

May 24. Brooklyn Bridge opened. 

Sept. 8. Northern Pacific R. R. opened for 

traffic. 

1884. June 2. Newspaper postage reduced to 
1 c. for 4 oz. 

1885. March 4. Letter postage reduced to 2 
cents per oz. 

Grover Cleveland inaugurated President. 
1886- Jan. 19. Act determining succession of 
Cabinet officers to duties of presidential office, 
on death or disability of President and Vice 
President. 

May 4. Anarchist riots in Chicago : 7 police- 
men killed, 83 persons hurt. 
Aug. 20. Seven Chicago anarchists convicted 
of murder. 

Aug. 31. Severe earthquake along Atlantic 
seaboard. 

Oct. 28. Bartholdi's statue of " Liberty En- 
lightening the World," gift of the French 
people, unveiled in N. T. harbor. 

1887. Jan. 21. Interstate commerce act (regu- 
lating railroad charges, etc.). 

1888. Sept. 7. Congress prohibited Chinese im- 
migration. 

In 1888. Immigration, 546,889 (10,271,373 
since 1855). 

1889. March 4. Benjamin Harrison inaugu- 
rated 23d President. 

May 31. A broken dam flooded Johnstown, 

Pa., and destroyed 2,295 lives. 

Oct. 2. Congress of North, Central, and South 

American states at Washington. 

Nov. North and South Dakota, Montana, and 

Washington Territories became States. 

1890. June 1. Eleventh U. S. census ; popula- 
tion, 62,622,250 (gain of 12,466,467 since 1880). 
July. Idaho and Wyoming Territories became 
States. 

Aug. 6. First execution by electricity, at 

Auburn, N. Y. 

Oct. 1. McKinley Tariff Bill approved. 

Oct. 8. New Orleans chief -of -police murdered 

by Italians. 

Dec. 1. National debt, $1,549,206,126. 

In 1890. Immigration, 455,302. Imports, 

$789,222,228. Exports, $857,824,834. 

1891. Feb. 18. International Copyright bill 
passed. 

June 30. Immigrants into the U. S., from 1820 
to 1890, numbered 15,641,688, coming chiefly 
from 

Germany 4,551.719 

Ireland 3,501,683 

England 2,460,034 

British N. America 1,029,083 

Norway and Sweden 943,330 

Austria-Hungary 464,435 

Italy 414,513 

Russia and Poland 396,353 

France 370,162 

Scotland 329,192 

China 292,578 

Switzerland ........ 174,333 

Denmark 146,237 



July 1. International Copyright law went into 
effect. 

Dec. 1. National debt, $1,546,961,695 (reduc- 
tion of $1,226,274,579 since 1866). 

1893. Feb. 1. U. S. protectorate declared over 
Hawaii : ended April 13. 

March 4. Grover Cleveland inaugurated 24th 

President. 

May 1. World's Columbian Exposition opened 

at Chicago, continued till October 30. Total 

attendance, 27,539,041. 

Aug. 24. Cyclone along Atlantic coast : 1,000 

lives lost about Charleston and Savannah. 

Oct. 7-13. American yacht Vigilant defeated 

English Valkyrie in races for America's cup. 

1894. Jan. 1. World's Fair opened at San 
Francisco, Cal. 

June 25. Boycott of Pullman Palace Car Co. 
by Am. Railway Union resulted in strike stop- 
ping traffic in much of the West, affecting 
50,000 miles of railroads. Government troops 
called out. Strike ended practically July 14, 
officially Aug. 3. 

Aug. 7. Gold reserve reached $52,189,500, low- 
est since resumption of specie payments Jan. 
1, 1879. 

Aug. 8. Hawaiian Republic officially recog- 
nized by the U. S. 

Aug. 27. Senate Tariff Bill including Income 
Tax became a law without President Cleve- 
land's signature, which he refused. 

1895. March 5. Steamship Allianca fired on 
by Spanish cruiser. Satisfaction demanded 
by the U. S. and given by Spain. 

May 20. Income Tax declared unconstitu- 
tional by U. S. Supreme Court : vote, 5 to 4. 
Sept. 7-13. Defender-Valkyrie III. yacht 
races for America's cup. Defender (Am.) 
won. 

Dec. 17. President sent Congress a message 
concerning application of Monroe Doctrine to 
Venezuela and Great Britain boundary dis- 
pute. 

1896. Jan. 1. President named commission of 
5 on Venezuelan boundary. 

Jan. 4. Utah Ter. became State. 
April 22. International Arbitration Congress 
met at Washington. 

May 6. Civil Service extended by President 
Cleveland to 30,000 additional government po- 
sitions ; places on Classified Lists 85,000. 
May 27. Cyclone wrecked part of St. Louis, 
Mo., and East St. Louis, killing 500 persons, 
and destroying $25,000,000 property. 
July 30. President issued proclamation warn- 
ing against violation of U. S. neutrality laws, 
with respect to Cuban insurrection. 
Aug. 4-15. Very hot weather in Eastern 
States. 650 persons died from sunstroke. 
Oct. 20-22. 150th anniversary of College of 
New Jersey. Name changed to Princeton 
University. 

Nov. 12. Venezuelan Boundary Treaty signed 
by U. S. and Great Britain. 

1897. Jan. 11. General Arbitration Treaty be- 
tween Great Britain and the U. S. submitted 
to Senate ; rejected May 5, 1897. 

March 4. William McKinley inaugurated 25th 

President. 

May 5. Greater New York charter signed by 

governor, to go into effect Jan. 1, 1898, incor- 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



795 



porating into one municipality population of 
3,400,000 and area of 360 square miles. 
May 20. Senate recognized Cuban belliger- 
ency. 

June 16. Treaty for annexation of Hawaii 
signed. 

July 17. Arrival at Seattle of $2,000,000 from 
Klondike gold fields made public discovery of 
rich mines. 

July 19-24. Dingley Tariff Bill passed. 
Nov. 2. First city election in Greater New 
York. Robert A. Van Wyck (Democrat) 
elected mayor over Seth Low (Citizens' Union) 
and Benjamin P. Tracy (Republican). 
1898- Feb. 15. U. S. battleship Maine blown 
up in Havana harbor ; over 250 lives lost. 
March 10. Congress empowered President to 
spend $50,000,000 for national defense. 
March 28. Court of Inquiry reported on Maine 
disaster, attributing it to submarine mine. 
April 19. Congress resolved that the U. S. in- 
tervene to enforce independence of Cuba. 
April 20. Spanish minister left Washington. 
April 21. Spanish government dismissed U. S. 
Minister Woodford. 

Adm. Sampson'sfleet sailed to blockade Cuban 
ports. 

April 23. Pres't called for 125,000 volunteers. 
May 1. Commodore Dewey, with Pacific fleet, 
destroyed Spanish fleet of ten at Manila, losing 
only a few wounded. 

May 25. Pres't called for 75,000 more volun- 
teers. Com. Schley's fleet blockaded Santiago, 
preventing exit of Adm. Cervera's fleet. 2,500 
soldiers sent from San Francisco to support 
Com. Dewey at Manila. 

June 10. Invasion of Cuba by the Americans. 
June 22. Fifth Army Corps, 16,000 men, under 
Brig. -Gen. Shatter debarked at Daiquiri and 
Siboney, near Santiago. 

July 1-2. Outer defenses of Santiago carried 
by Shafter ; loss in killed, wounded, and miss- 
ing, 1,593. 

July 3. Cervera's fleet of six, escaping from 
Santiago, was destroyed by American fleet 
under Sampson and Schley. Spanish loss, be- 
side ships, 350 men killed, 165 wounded, and 
1,700 prisoners. 

Gen. Shafter demanded surrender of Santiago. 
Island of Guam, one of the Ladrones, seized 
by American warship Charleston. 
July 7. Joint resolution for annexation of Ha- 
waii signed by President. 
July 8. Congress adjourned : total appropria- 
tion for war till Jan. 1, 1899, $361,788,095. 
July 1 7. Spanish General Toral, in command 
of Santiago, capitulated, surrendering 20,000 
troops and the eastern portion of Cuba. 
July 23. Spain inquired through M. Cambon 
French ambassador to the U. S M on what 
terms the U. S. would cease hostilities. 
July 25. Gen. Nelson A. Miles landed with an 
army at Guanica, Porto Rico. 
July 30. Pres't McKinley gave terms for 
peace. 

Aug. 12. Protocol, signed at Washington by 
the Am. Sec. of State for the U. S., and the 
French Ambassador for Spain, suspended hos- 
tilities. 

Aug. 7 9. Manila surrendered to Gen. Merritt 
and A A.n. Dewey after combined attack. 



Aug. 13. Joint High Commission on differ- 
ences between the U. S. and Canada met at 
Quebec. 

Oct. 18. U. S. flag raised over Porto Rico. 
Nov. 1. National debt $1,964,837,130, an in- 
crease of $156,059,487 within the year. 

1899. Feb. 4. Filipino army tried to capture 
Manila ; repulsed with heavy loss. 

Feb. 10. Pres't signed treaty of Paris between 
the U. S. and Spain, latter relinquishing sov- 
ereignty over Cuba, and ceding to the U. S., 
Porto Rico, Guam, and Philippine Islands, 
receiving from the U. S. $20,000,000. 
Aug. 8. Hurricane in Porto Rico ; 2,000 killed, 
$75,000,000 lost. 

Oct. 3-20. Am. Yacht Columbia defeated 
Shamrock in races for America's cup. 
In 1899. Philippine warfare against U. S. 
forces continued, largely desultory and in 
favor of the Americans. 

1900. Jan. 12. Chicago drainage canal opened. 
Jan. 16. Samoan treaty with Germany rati- 
fied, the U. S. securing Tutuila and its harbor 
Pago-Pago. 

Jan. 25. Brigham H. Roberts, representative 
from Utah, excluded from House, as polyga- 
mist. 

Feb. 5. Hague Treaty providing International 
Board of Arbitration ratified by Senate. 
March 14. Gold Standard Bill making the gold 
dollar the standard unit of value in the U. S. 
signed by President. 

June. Philippine Civil Commission reached 
Manila, to aid in establishing civil govern- 
ment. 

June 1. Twelfth U. S. census ; population, 
76,303,387 (gain of 13,681,137 since 1890). 
June 18. Troops ordered from Manila to 
China to protect U. S. citizens. 
June 30. Fire at Hoboken, N. J., destroyed 
three steamships, piers, 200 lives and $5,000- 
000 in property. 

Aug. 2. North Carolina constitutional amend- 
ment, limiting suffrage by educational quali- 
fication. 

Sept. 8. Galveston and many Gulf towns dam- 
aged by hurricane and flood. 6,000 lives, 
$30,000,000 destroyed. 

Oct. 29. Names chosen for the " Hall of Fame 
for Great Americans," N. Y. University. 
Other names to be added at intervals up to 
150 in the year 2000. 

Those chosen are Washington. Lincoln, Daniel 
Webster, Franklin, Grant, John Marshall, Jeffer- 
son, R. W. Emerson, Longfellow, Fulton, Irving, 
Edwards, Morse, Farragut, Clay, Hawthorne, Pea- 
body, R. E. Lee, Peter Cooper, Eli Whitney, Audu- 
bon, Mann, Beecher, James Kent, Story, John 
Adams, Channing, Gilbert Stuart, Asa Gray. 

Nov. 1. National debt, $2,132,373,031, increase 
of $39,687,007 within the year. 
Nov. 6. In Presidential elections, William 
McKinley as President and Theodore Roose- 
velt as Vice President chosen by very large 
majorities. 

In 1900. Condition of Cuba quiet. Sept. 15, 
delegates to Constitutional Convention elected. 
Trial by jury inaugurated Oct. 9. 
In 1900. Immigration, 448,572. Total immi- 
gration from 1820 to 1900, 19,765,155. 
1901. Jan. 16. Reapportionment bill approved, 
increasing Representatives from 357 to 386. 



796 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



1901. Feb. 25. United States Steel Corporation 
("billion dollar trust") organized; capital 
$1,100,000,000. 

March 4. 56th Congress adjourned. Appropri- 
ations, $1,440,062,545.95 ("billion dollar Con- 
gress"). 

March 4. William McKinley inaugurated for 
second term. Theodore Roosevelt, Vice Pres- 
ident. 

May 1-Nov. 2. Pan-American Exposition at 
Buffalo. Attendance, 8,350,000. 
May 9. Great panic in Wall Street over North- 
ern Pacific Railroad stock which touched 1,000. 
July 5. Jacob Rogers bequeathed $5,000,000 
to N. T. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 
July 25. Free trade with Porto Rico pro- 
claimed. 

Aug. 16. Wireless telegram rec'd at Nantucket, 
from steamship Lucania. 
Sept. 6. President McKinley shot by an anar- 
chist, at Buffalo. He died September 14 ; Theo- 
dore Roosevelt became President. 
Sept. 28,Oct. 3, Oct. 4. Am. Columbia defeated 
Shamrock II in races for Americans cup. 
Nov. 5. Seth Low, anti-Tammany, elected 
Mayor of New York ; 30,000 plurality. 
Dec. 14. Receipt at St. John's, Newfound- 
land, of wireless signals from Cornwall, Eng., 
1,700 miles. 

Dec. 16. Isthmian canal treaty with England 
providing that the U. S. shall have exclusive 
right to make and regulate the canal. 
In 1901. In Hawaii, first Territorial legisla- 
ture met February 20. 

In 1901. In Philippines, civil government es- 
tablished in many provinces, and forces re- 
duced from about 70,000 to less than 50,000. 

Special attention was paid to education, several 
hundred teachers being taken from the United 
States. Civil government established in Manila, 
May 3. July 4, W. H. Taft inaugurated civil gov- 
ernor. 

1902. Jan. 4. Carnegie Institution incorpo- 
rated with D. C. Gilman as first president ; en- 
dowment, $10,000,000 contributed by Andrew 
Carnegie. 

March 7. Permanent Census Bureau act. 
March 14. Hague Peace Conference treaty, as 
to usage in war, ratified by Senate. 
April 29. Chinese exclusion bill approved, re- 
enacting former law. 
May 12. Coal strike. See below. 
May 31. Army reduced from 77,287 to 66,497. 
June 9-11. Centennial of West Point Military 
Academy. 

June 1 7. Irrigation bill approved by the Pres't. 
It provided that in certain Western States funds 
from sale of public land in excess of money de- 
voted to education should be reserved for irriga- 
tion. 

June 28. Isthmian canal bill approved, giving 
President duty of determining route, and au- 
thorizing purchase of Panama Canal Co.'s 
works and rights for $40,000,000. 
July 1. Sealing dispute with Russia decided 
in favor of the U. S. by Dr. Asser of the Neth- 
erlands Council of State. 
In July. New treaty with Spain. 
Oct. 1. International Mercantile Marine Co., 
" the shipping combine," formed. Capital 
$120,000,000; controlled 114 steamers with 
tonnage of 840,000. 
Oct. 14. Hague Arbitration Court gave first 



decision in the case of the U. S. (for the R. C. 
Archbishop of California) against Mexico. 

Mexico to pay $1,420,682.67 back annuities and 
henceforth annually $43,059.99. 
Nov. 29. Hague tribunal awarded the U. S. 
damages for Russia's seizure of Am. sealers. 
Dec. 21. First complete wireless telegraph 
message sent from Cornwall, Eng., to Nova 
Scotia. 

In 1902. May 12. Strike of 145,000 anthra- 
cite coal miners on refusal of mining and rail- 
road companies to grant higher wages, shorter 
hours, and better conditions. 

Coal famine resulted. State troops ordered to 
Shenandoah and to Laekawanna Co. Sept. 30, coal 
sold at $25 a ton, in New York, and wood at $16 a 
cord. After conferences, on Oct. 13, a proposition 
was made by operators to refer troubles to a com- 
mission, strikers to work pending decision : ac- 
cepted by miners, Oct. 21. Coal scarcity and high 
? rices continued through the winter. 
n 1902. In Porto Rico, school children in- 
creased from 22,000 to 44,000. 
In 1902. In Philippines, aside from some 
outbreaks, the year comparatively quiet mak- 
ing civil progress. 
1903. Jan. 1. Hawaiian cable completed. 
Jan. 14. Coal duties suspended for one year. 
Jan. 20. Wireless telegrams between the Pres- 
ident and King Edward VII. 
Jan. 22. Panama canal treaty signed, but re- 
jected by Colombia, Nov. 3. 
Jan. 24. Treaty for commission on Alaskan 
boundary. 

Feb. 14. Dep't. of Commerce and Labor est'd. 
G. B. Cortelyou first Secretary. 
March 14. Anthracite Coal Commission re- 
port. 
It provided a 9-hour day to miners and 8 hours 
to engineers ; 10 % increase in wages with addi- 
tional 1 % for each 5 cents added to price of coal in 
New York ; no limit to output ; no discrimination 
because of " union " membership or reverse ; a 
permanent board of conciliation, three members to 
be appointed by mine workers, three by operators, 
to settle disputes, but no suspension of work pend- 
ing settlement ; agreement to last till March 31, 

March 19. Cuban reciprocity treaty ratified. 
March 20. Missouri Supreme Court fined 
meat-packing houses for violation of the anti- 
trust law. 

July 4. First message to Philippines over Pa- 
cific cable. Message around the world took 
12 minutes. 

Aug. 15. General Staff of the Army organized. 
Aug. 22, 25, Sept. 3. Am. Reliance defeated 
Shamrock III in races for America's cup. 
Aug. 26. Samuel J. Parks, walking delegate 
of Housesmith's Union, N. Y., convicted of 
extortion and sentenced to Sing Sing, Nov. 6, 
for two years. 

Sept. 28. 100th anniversary of founding of 
Chicago. 

Sept. 28. Depression in stocks reached low- 
est point. Quotations on 200 railroad and indus- 
trial shares show average decrease of 33% from 
1902. 

Oct. 8. Commercial treaty with China signed ; 
ratified, Dec. 18. 

Oct. 20. Tribunal on Alaskan boundary gave 
decision. Canada debarred from access to sea 
north of Portland Channel. 
Dec. 30. Fire and panic in Iroquois Theater, 
Chicago, kills nearly 600 persons. 



\ 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



797 



1903. Immigration, 857,046. Imports, $1,025,- 
719,237. Exports, $1,420,141,679. 

In 1903. Serious labor troubles occurred in 
N. T. building trades, and general cessation 
of building. Employers united in refusing ex- 
treme demands of labor unions. 
In 1903. In the Philippines, new currency 
went into circulation July 20. 

1904. Jan. 4. U. S. Supreme Court decided 
Porto Ricans not aliens. 

Jan. 9. Commercial treaty between China 
and U. S. ratified by Chinese Emperor. 
Jan. 18. U. S. Supreme Court decided ne- 
groes not debarred from grand juries in cases 
involving negro criminals. 
Feb. 7-8. Fire in Baltimore destroyed $80,- 
000,000. 

Feb. 8. The U. S. invited England, Germany, 
and France to suggest to Russia and Japan 
restriction of hostilities in their war to a small 
area, and neutralization of China. 
April 15. Andrew Carnegie created fund of 
$5,000,000, income to be used " for the dependents 
of those losing their lives in heroic efforts to save 
their fellow men, or for the heroes themselves if 
they are merely injured." 

April 30. Louisiana Purchase Exposition , 
opened at St. Louis. 

June 15. Steamer General Slocum burned in 
East River. More than 1,000 lives lost. 
July 12. 50,000 meat packing employees of [ 
Middle West struck. Sept. 8, strike ended . 
July 25. Greatest textile strike began in Fall j 
River, Mass. It involved 26,000 men and 70 
mills, causing weekly loss of $150,000. Caused ! 
by \2\ % wage reduction after previous cut of 
10%. Manufacturers refused to arbitrate, 
Dec. 30. 

Oct. 27. Part of New York rapid transit sub- 
way opened to the public. 
Nov. 8. Theodore Roosevelt elected President 
and Chaa. W. Fairbanks Vice President : a ma- 
jority in electoral college 196 ; popular plural- 
ity, 2,542,062. 

Nov. 19. Statue of Frederick the Great, pre- 
sented to U. S. by Emperor William of Ger- 
many, unveiled at Washington. 
In 1904. Serious labor troubles in Colorado 
mining districts through the year, aggravated 
by explosion of infernal machine at Cripple 
Creek, June 6, and subsequent action of au- 
thorities. 
In 1904. In the Philippines, further progress. 

1905. Jan. 18. Fall River strike ended. 

Jan. 19. Assurance received from Russia and 
Japan that they would not extend territorial 
possessions in China at end of war. 
Feb. 17. Parcels post treaty with Great Brit- 
ain. 

March 4. Messrs. Roosevelt and Fairbanks in- 
augurated President and Vice President. 
March 29. All members of Panama Canal Com- 
mission resigned. April 3, new Commission ap- 
pointed. Nov. 18, consulting engineers voted for I 
sea-level canal. Year devoted to improving health I 
conditions and ordering supplies and machinery. 

April 12. American Board of Foreign Missions 

accepted Rockefeller gift of $100,000. 

April 27. Andrew Carnegie gave $10,000,000 

as pension fund for college professors in U. S. , 

Canada, and Newfoundland. 

June 8. President Roosevelt took first step in 



bringing about Portsmouth Conference, re- 
sulting, Sept. 5, in treaty of peace between 
Russia and Japan. 

June 30. John D. Rockefeller gave $10,000,- 
000 to promote higher education in U. S. 
July 19. Elihu Root of N. Y. became Sec. of 
State, succeeding the late John Hay. 
July 22. Yellow fever in New Orleans ; lasted 
into October ; more than 3,000 cases and about 
400 deaths 

Aug. 7. $2,000,000 fire at D. L. & W. terminal, 
Hoboken, N. J. 

Oct. 9. James Russell Lowell, John Greenleaf 
Whittier, and William Tecumseh Sherman 
chosen for Hall of Fame. (See October 29, 
1900.) 

Nov'. 1. National debt, $2,293,846,382.34. 
Nov. 7. Fall elections indicating general re- 
volt against bossism. Especially noticeable in 
Ohio and Penn. In N. Y., William Travers Je- 
rome reelected district attorney, and George B. 
McClellan, mayor. 

Dec. 4. First session of 59th Congress. 
In 1905. Following the Equitable Life Assur- 
ance Co., N. Y., investigation, begun in April, 
came that of other large companies, notably 
the Mutual and New York Life. 
Evidence showed exorbitant salaries and commis- 
sions, loose financial management for the benefit of 
managers, political contributions, and vast expen- 
ditures presumably for legislative favors. Public 
opinion forced resignation of presidents and lead- 
ing directors, mostly of national prominence. 
In 1905. Marked by reaction against political 
corruption, financial dishonesty, and prevent- 
able warfare. The year was one of great na- 
tional prosperity. 

In 1905. In the Philippines the year was 
comparatively quiet. March 16, Sec. Taft de- 
clared the administration policy to be indef- 
inite retention, with independence in abey- 
ance. 

In 1905. Chinese boycott of American goods 
because of Am. exclusion of Chinese laborers. 
1906. Jan. 2. Strike of Typographical Union 
against many printers, for an 8-hour day ; con- 
tinued through the year. 
Jan. 25. House passed bill admitting Okla- 
homa and Indian Territory jointly and Ari- 
zona and New Mexico jointly to statehood. 
Feb. 19. U. S. Supreme Court decided that a 
common carrier cannot sell the commodities 
that it carries, as coal from its own mines. 
(See May 3, 1909.) 

President recommended a lock canal to be 
constructed at Panama. 

March 11. Andrew Carnegie donated $15,000 
a year to aid propaganda of simplified spelling. 
April 2. United Mine Workers of America 
ordered suspension of work by about 200,000 
men in anthracite and bituminous coal mines. 
April 16. Supreme Court decided divorce not 
valid outside State where obtained unless court 
had jurisdiction over both parties. 
April 18. Severe earthquake shocks in cen- 
tral coast region of California. 

Shocks and resulting fire destroyed three quarters 
of San Francisco, the husiness section and all pub- 
lic buildings except the Mint. 425 lives lost ; direct 
financial loss about $ 350,000,000 ; insurance, $235,- 
000,000. Towns north and south much damaged, 
esp. San Jose and Santa Rosa. Buildings of Stan- 
ford Univ. partly destroyed. Congress appro- 
priated $2,500,000 for relief. Vast sums contributed 
generally. 



798 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



1906. May 6. United Mine Worker3 came to 
agreement with anthracite operators ; 160,000 
miners returned to work, award of 1902 com- 
mission to rule until March 31, 1909. Esti- 
mated strike loss in wages, $10,000,000. 
June 21. Senate voted for lock canal at Pana- 
ma. House so voted on 27th. 

June 23-29. Railroad Rate Act, giving Inter- 
state Commerce Commission power to fix 
rates. 

June 26. Cable opened to Japan via Guam. 
June 29. Pure Food Act as to harmful adulter- 
ations and compulsory descriptive labels. 
Also, Meat inspection Act. 
July 13. Strike of bituminous coal miners 
ended ; 40,000 men resumed at former wages. 
Aug. 24. President Roosevelt accepted spelling 
of 300 words recommended by Simplified Spell- 
ing Board, and ordered their use in his official 
documents. (See Dec. 13.) 
Sept. 19. President issued order extending 8- 
hour labor law to government work. 
Oct. 17. N. Y. Central and Hudson River R. R. 
fined $100,000 for giving rebates. 
Oct. 25. Japanese Ambassador Aoki protested 
against exclusion of Japanese from San Fran- 
cisco public schools. 

Nov. 2. Lieut. Commander Robert E. Peary 
reported reaching "Farthest North "at 87° 
6', — 203 miles from the Pole. 
Nov. 6. Arizona voted against accepting state- 
hood jointly with New Mexico. 
President dismissed from the army " without 
honor " three companies of 25th (negro) regi- 
ment, some of whose members were accused 
of making a murderous night attack upon 
Brownsville, Texas, Aug. 13. 
Nov. 11. Mrs. E. S. Damon, last pensioner on 
account of Revolutionary "War, died. 
Dec. 10. Nobel peace prize of about $40,000 
awarded by Norwegian Storthing to Pres. 
Roosevelt for services in ending of Russo- 
Japanese war. President founded with it a 
permanent Industrial Peace Commission at 
Washington to deal with labor troubles. 
Dec. 13. Because of opposition in Congress, 
the President withdrew his " simplified spell- 
ing " order. 

In 1906. The year was one of unequaled gen- 
eral prosperity. A marked feature was un- 
covering many abuses by corporations New 
laws, Federal and State, passed compelling 
better methods on the part of insurance com- 
panies, railroads, meat-packers, and others. 
Many indictments secured, and some convic- 
tions against powerful companies. 
In 1906. In the Philippines mostly unevent- 
ful. Islands continued to suffer from un- 
settled conditions, but ladronism was almost 
extinguished, and school attendance increased 
greatly. 

1907. Jan. 24. Salaries of Senators and Repre- 
sentatives increased to $7,500, and of Vice 
President, Speaker of House, and members of 
Cabinet to $12,000. 

The U. S. entered suits in San Francisco to 

test right of California authorities to exclude 

Japanese from public schools. 

Feb. 7. John D. Rockefeller gave $32,000,000 

to General Education Board. 

Feb 26. Army Engineer Corps put in charge 



of Panama canal construction. Major G. W. 
Goethals, chief engineer. 
March 4. 17,400,000 acres in Northwestern 
States added to national forest reserves. 
March 12. Mrs. Russell Sage endowed " Sage 
Foundation" for investigation of distress 
among poor with $10,000,000. 
March 16. Commission appointed to examine 
plans for extending and improving internal 
commercial waterways. 

March 22. Census shows wealth of U. S. ex- 
ceeds $107,000,000,000. 

April 14. First national Arbitration and 
Peace Congress, in New York. 
April 26. Jamestown Exposition opened. 
May 22. New York Legislature established 
Public Utilities Commission to control public 
service corporations. 

June- July- Aug. Sharp conflict between Fed- 
eral and State courts and authorities in North 
Carolina arising out of State legislation on rail- 
road rates. Yielding by railroads prevented 
decision. 

Aug. 3. Judge K. M. Landis, in the U. S. Dis- 
trict Court, Chicago, fined Standard Oil Co. of 
Indiana $29,240,000 on its conviction of accept- 
ing rebates on 1,463 counts. See July 22, '08. 
Aug. 9. Strike of telegraph operators; ex- 
tended to many large cities. 
Oct. 18. Directors of Mercantile National 
Bank, New York, resigned on account of scan- 
dals connecting some of them with a copper 
brokerage company. 

Investigations of other banks and trust compa- 
nies precipitated a run on several, and a financial 
panic followed. Oct. 19 the Knickerbocker Trust 
Company and many small banks suspended. 
Prices of stocks and bonde fell low, and severe 
general money stringency followed. 
Oct. 20. End of telegraph operators' strike. 
Nov. 17. New union railroad station in Wash- 
ington, D. C, costing more than $4,000,000, 
opened to traffic. 

Dec. 16. Fleet of 16 first-class battleships, 
Rear-Adm. R. D. Evans commanding, sailed 
from Hampton Roads for Pacific coast on prac- 
tice cruise. 

In 1907. Immigration 1,285,349 ; imports 
$1,434,421,425 ; exports $1,880,851,078. 
In 1907. The year was one of general pros- 
perity for first 9 months, although securities 
declined. The October (see Oct. 18) New York 
panic was reflected throughout the country. 
The basic prosperity, however, aided in restor- 
ing confidence. Several States passed radical 
rate legislation. 

In 1907. The year in the Philippines marked 
chiefly by the first Filipino Assembly. 
1908. Jan. 4. Subway tunnel under the East 
River from Manhattan to Brooklyn opened to 
traffic. 

Jan. 15. Joint resolution, to remit to China 
about $13,000,000 of indemnity for Boxer out- 
rages. 

Feb 3. Supreme Court declared a trade-union 
boycott against a manufacturer doing an inter- 
state business to be an illegal combination in 
restraint of trade. 

Feb. 10. Arbitration treaty with France 
signed. 

Feb. 25. First tunnel under the Hudson River, 
between Hoboken and New York, opened. 



NOTABLE EVENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



799 



1908. April 11. Treaty with Great Britain 
concerning Canadian boundary and one for 
further regulation of fisheries on the Great 
Lakes signed at Washington. 
April 25. Centenary celebration of Catholic 
Church in New York began. 
June 8. National Commission appointed to in- 
quire into conservation of national resources, 
especially forests and water power. 
June 11. Bill making public betting at race 
tracks a misdemeanor passed N. Y. legislature. 
June 23. Bill making gambling at race tracks 
illegal passed Louisiana legislature. 
June 24. Grover Cleveland, ex-President of 
the United States, died at Princeton, N. J. 
July 6. Commander Robert E. Peary sailed 
from New York for the North Pole. 
July 9. Diplomatic relations with Venezuela 
broken off. 

The Lusitania crossed the Atlantic at aver- 
age speed of 25.01 knots, best day's run being 
643 miles. 

July 22. U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals at 
Chicago reversed conviction of Standard Oil 
Co. of Indiana. (See Aug. 3, '07.) 
Aug. 9. Pres*t appointed commission to inves- 
tigate social conditions of farming classes. 
Aug. 14 & 15. Race riots in Springfield, Illi- 
nois. 

Sept. 5. Forest fires in Minn., Wis., and Mich., 
throughout Sept. and Oct. did enormous dam- 
age. Several small towns destroyed. 
Sept. 7. Miss Annie S. Peck, American, 
reached summit of Mt. Huascaran, Peruvian 
Andes, height estimated about 24,000 ft. 
Sept. 10 & 12. Orville Wright broke all rec- 
ords for heavier-than-air flying machines, re- 
maining in air 1 h. 14 min. Sept. 17 the ma- 
chine fell in flight, killing Lieut. Thomas E. 
Selfridge and breaking Wright's leg. 
Oct. 1. Two-cent letter postage between the 
U. S. and Great Britain went into effect. 
Oct. 2. Battleship fleet, continuing voyage, 
arrived at Manila,& Oct.17., Yokohama, Japan ; 
official and popular reception extraordinary. 
Nov. 3. William H. Taft elected President and 
James S. Sherman Vice President, with 321 
votes in the Electoral College to 162 for Wil- 
liam J. Bryan, of Nebraska. 
Popular vote : Taft, Rep. 7,637.676 ; Bryan, Dem. 
6,393,182 ; Debs, Soc. 448.453 ; Chafin, Pro. 241,252 ; 
Hisgen, Ind. 83.183 ; Watson, Pop. £3,871 ; Gillhaus, 
Soe. Lab. 15.421. Taft's plurality over Brvan, 
1,233,494. Taft's majority, 411,314. 
Nov. 4. Resignation of Charles W. Eliot as 
President of Harvard University. 
Nov. 22. Chinese gov't expressed thanks for 
return of part of indemnity paid for Boxer 
outrages in 1900. 

Nov. 30. Mutual declaration of policies of the 
U. S. and Japan in the Far East proclaimed 
in Washington and Tokyo. 
Dec. 23. Samuel Gompers, Pres't Am. Feder- 



ation of Labor, John Mitchell, a Vice-Pres't, 
and Frank Morrison, Sec, sentenced in Su- 
preme Court, District of Columbia, to im- 
prisonment for 1 year, 9 months, and 6 months, 
respectively, for contempt in violating injunc- 
tion against boycott of a stove company. No- 
tice of appeal. 

In 1908. The year in the Philippines, one of 
steady progress. Railway building pushed. 
An Agricultural Bank founded. 
1909. Jan. 1. Two-cent letter postage between 
the U. S. and Germany went into effect upon 
letters sent by sea direct. 
Jan. 4. Congress appropriated $800,000 for 
relief of earthquake sufferers in Italy & Sicily. 
Jan. 8. House of Reps, passed resolutions lay- 
ing on the table passages in Pres. Roosevelt's 
message relating to action of Congress in lim- 
iting employment of secret service men. The 
resolutions declared statements in these pas- 
sages insulting to the Congress and without 
justification in fact. 

Jan. 13. Abbott Lawrence Lowell chosen to 
succeed Charles W. Eliot as President of 
Harvard University. 

Feb. 4. California Assembly passed bill bar- 
ring Japanese children from public schools ; 
President Roosevelt protested to Governor. 
March 4. William H. Taft inaugurated Presi- 
dent and James S. Sherman Vice President of 
the United States. 

March 10. Standard Oil Co. of Indiana ac- 
quitted in Federal Court, and fine of $29,240- 
000 imposed by Judge Landis (Aug. 3, '07) re- 
mitted. 

March 15. Congress met in extra session as 
called by Pres. Taft, chiefly to revise tariff 
law. 

March 23. Pres. Taft appointed committee of 
cabinet officers to examine estimates for Gov- 
ernment expenses in the several departments, 
to harmonize budget. 

April 9. House of Representatives passed 
Payne tariff bill. 

April 10. Senate passed bill for Census 1910. 
April 28. Pres. Taft recognized new Sultan 
of Turkey, Mehmed V., following Revolution 
of Young Turkey. 

April 29. Agreement between anthracite oper- 
ators and mine-workers continuing present 
terms for three years, to Mar. 31, 1912. 
May 3. U. S. Supreme Court decided that 
common carrier may own stock in a produc- 
ing company and transport the company's 
product. (See Feb. 19, '06.) 
May 10. James H. Boyle, for kidnaping 
Willie Whitla, Sharon, O., sentenced to peni- 
tentiary, for life ; his wife also, for 25 years. 
June. William Darrah, automobile chauffeur, 
sentenced to not less than 7 nor more than 20 
years imprisonment, for fatally running over 
a boy and then absconding. 



HISTORICAL AND POPULATION STATISTICS OF THE STATES, 



States. 



Delaware 

Pennsylvania 

New Jersey 

Georgia 

Connecticut 

Massachusetts 

Maryland 

South Carolina 

New Hampshire . . . 

Virginia 

New York 

North Carolina 

Rhode Island 

Vermont 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Louisiana 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Maine 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Michigan 

Florida 

Texas 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

California 

Minnesota 

Oregon 

Kansas 

West Virginia 

Nevada 

Nebraska 

Colorado 

|| North Dakota. . . . 

|| South Dakota 

|| Montana 

|| Washington 

|| Idaho 

II Wyoming 

IT Utah 

**Oklahoma 

District of Columbia 
Totals 



m 



1638 
1683 
1664 
1733 
1633 
1620 
1634 
1670 
1623 
1607 
1614 
1663 
1636 
1724 
1774 
1768 
1788 
1718 
1702 
1699 
1693 
1702 
1625 
1715 
1685 
1701 
1565 
1685 
1833 
1745 
1769 
1838 
1811 
1854 

1848 

1858 
1859 

1809 
1845 

1842 
1867 
1847 
1889 



By whom 
Settled. 



Swedes 
English ... 
English . . . 
English ... 
English . . . 
English ... 
English . . . 
English ... 
English ... 
English . . . 

Dutch 

English . . . 
English ... 
English . . . 
English ... 
English ... 
Americans 
French . . . 
French . . . 
French ... 
French.. .. 
French .... 
English . . . 
French .... 
French .... 

French 

Spaniards . 
Spaniards . 

French 

French .... 
Spaniards . 
Americans . 
Americans . 
Americans . 
Americans . 
Mormons . . 
Americans 
Americans. 
Americans . 
Americans . 
Americans . 
Americans. 

French 

Americans. 
Mormons . . 
Americans. 
English . . . 



Capitals. 



Dover 

Harrisburg 

Trenton 

Atlanta 

Hartford 

Boston 

Annapolis 

Columbia 

Concord 

Richmond 

Albany 

Raleigh 

Providence 

Montpelier 

Frankfort 

Nashville 

Columbus 

Baton Rouge.. 
Indianapolis — 

Jackson 

Springfield 

Montgomery. .. 

Augusta 

Jefferson City . 

Little Rock 

Lansing 

Tallahassee 

Austin , 

Des Moines 

Madison 

Sacramento 

St. Paul 

Salem 

Topeka 

Charleston 

Carson City 

Lincoln 

Denver 

Bismarck 

Pierre 

Helena 

Olympia 

Boise City 

Cheyenne 

Salt Lake City. 

Guthrie 

Washington 



■g.2 « 

« as 



1791 
1792 
1796 
1802 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1836 
1837 
1845 
1845 
1846 
1848 
1850 
1858 
1859 
1861 
1863 
1864 
1867 
1876 

II 

II 



1907 
1800 





Territories and 

Possessions. 








Organ- 
ized. 




New Mexico 

Arizona 

Alaska 

Hawaiian Islands 


1582 

1783 

1820 
1509 
1565 


Spaniards 

Spaniards 

Russians 

Americans 

Spaniards 

Spaniards 


Santa Fe" 

Phoenix 

Juneau 

Honolulu 


1850 

1863 

tt 

1900 




Philippine Islands . . . 


Manila 





Totals 

Totals in the United States 



* States admitted before 1800 ranked on census of 1790. All others, by census preceding admission, ex- 
|| Four States— N. and S. Dakota, Montana, and Washington — were admitted by Act of Congress ap- 

stated above — being in excess of the United States census of 1880 — was determined by special census or 
** Oklahoma proclaimed a State, Nov. 1(1, 1907, comprising the Territory of Oklahoma and Indian Terri- 

is that of both Territories combined. tt Alaska, purchased from Russia in 1867, is not 

tt Territorial delegates have no vote in Congress and have been counted only in the totals followed 
a The Census of 1900 enumerates also 91,219 persons in the U. S. service, stationed abroad. Including 

total population of the United States and her possessions in 1900 was 85,344,291. 

(800) 



TERRITORIES, AND 


POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Rank by 

Population 

when 

admitted.* 


° 1 


a 

o • 
Oh 




.2 <=S 


e op 
SI" 


STA.TE8. 


15 


59,098 


184,735 


l 


16,242 


347 


Delaware. 


3 


434,373 


6,302,115 


32 


1,044,101 


10,330 


Pennsylvania. 


9 


184,139 


1,883,669 


10 


438,736 


2,257 


New Jersey. 


12 


82,548 


2,216,331 


11 


378,978 


5,652 


Georgia. 


8 


237,946 


908,420 


5 


162,162 


1,024 


Connecticut. 


2 


475,327 


2,805,346 


14 


566,403 


2,119 


Massachusetts. 


6 


319,728 


1,188,044 


6 


145,654 


1,376 


Maryland. 


7 


249,073 


1,340,316 


7 


189,167 


2,818 


South Carolina. 


10 


141,885 


411,588 


2 


35,058 


1,239 


New Hampshire. 


1 


748,308 


1,854,184 


10 


198,204 


3,779 


Virginia. 


5 


340,120 


7,268,894 


37 


1,271,041 


8,121 


New York. 


4 


393,751 


1,893,810 


10 


275,863 


3,831 


North Carolina. 


14 


69,110 


428,556 


2 


83,050 


212 


Rhode Island. 


11 


85,416 


343,641 


2 


11,219 


1,012 


Vermont. 


13 


73,077 


2,147,174 


11 


288,539 


3,060 


Kentucky. 


16 


30,791 


2,020,616 


10 


253,098 


3,137 


Tennessee. 


17 


45,365 


4,157,545 


21 


485,229 


8,807 


Ohio. 


17 


76,556 


1,381,625 


7 


263,038 


2,824 


Louisiana. 


20 


147,178 


2,516,462 


13 


324,058 


6,470 


Indiana. 


19 


75,448 


1,551,270 


8 


261,670 


2,920 


Mississippi. 


22 


55,211 


4,821,550 


25 


995,199 


11,003 


Illinois. 


19t 


127,901 


1,828,697 


9 


315,680 


4,226 


Alabama. 


12 


298,335 


694,466 


4 


33,380 


1,915 


Maine. 


23 


66,586 


3,106,665 


16 


427,481 


6,875 


Missouri. 


27 


97,574 


1,311,564 


7 


183,385 


3,360 


Arkansas. 


26 


212,267 


2,420,982 


12 


327,093 


8,195 


Michigan. 


27 


87,445 


528,542 


3 


137,120 


3,299 


Florida. 


m 


212,592 


3,048,710 


16 


813,187 


9,886 


Texas. 


28 


192,214 


2,231,853 


11 


319,957 


9,185 


Iowa. 


29 


305,391 


2,069,042 


11 


382,162 


6,531 


Wisconsin. 


29 


92,597 


1,485,053 


8 


276,923 


5,751 


California. 


30 


172,793 


1,751,394 


9 


449,568 


6,943 


Minnesota. 


32 


52,566 


413,536 


2 


99,769 


1,724 


Oregon. 


33§ 


107,206 


1,470,495 


8 


43,399 


8,719 


Kansas. 


27 


376,688 


958,800 


5 


196,006 


2,228 


West Virginia. 


37 


42,491 


42,335 


1 


dec. 3,426 


909 


Nevada. 


36 


122,993 


1,066,300 


6 


7,390 


5,685 


Nebraska. 


38 


39,864 


539,700 


3 


127,502 


4,587 


Colorado. 




415,610 


319,146 


2 


136,427 


2,731 


North Dakota. 




568,477 


401,570 


2 


72,762 


2,850 


South Dakota. 




175,000 


243,329 


1 


111,170 


3,010 


Montana. 




143,669 


518,103 


3 


168,713 


2,914 


Washington. 




113,777 


161,772 


1 


77,387 


1,261 


Idaho. 




100,000 


92,531 


1 


31,826 


1,229 


Wyoming. 


40 


207,905 


276,749 


1 


68,844 


1,547 


Utah. 


29 


1,414,042 


790,391 


5 


548,375 


2,151 


Oklahoma. 


18 


14,093 


278,718 





48,326 


32 


Dist. of Columbia. 




75,676,334 


391 


13,087,115 


190,081 












Pop. when 










Territories and 




organized. 










Possessions. 




61,547 


195,310 


ltt 


41,717 


1,753 


New Mexico. 




9,658 


122,931 


U + 


63,311 


1,512 


Arizona. 




29,097 
154,001 


63,592 
154,001 




31,540 
64,011 


22 


Alaska. 




"i'tt" 


71 


Hawaiian Isls. 






[953,243 Not 
[8,000,000 Not 


included 


in Totals] 
in Totals] 




Porto Rico. 






included 




Philippine Isls. 






535,834 


3» 


200,579 


3,358 












76,212,168 a 


394 Xt 


13,287,694 


193,439 





t By census of 1820. 



+ By census of 1850. 
i ; Idaho July 4, and Wyoming July 10. 1890. The ' 



§ By census of 1870. 
population when admitted." as 



cept as noted. 

proved February 

official estimate. f Utah proclaimed a State, Jan. 4, 

tory. The " population when admitted " is that determined by a special census. The " population in 1900 " 

organized as a territory. 

by this sign. 

these, and also Porto Rico, the Philippines, Guam (pop. 8,061), Tutuila (4,000), Sulu Islands (75,000), the 



(801) 



ONE HUNDRED LARGEST CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1900.* 



3§tS 



1623 

1830 

1683 

1764 

1630 

1682 

1796 

1801 

1776 

1788 

1754 

1718 

1701 

1835 

1791 

1666 

1802 

1778 

1849 

1636 

1819 

1830 

1838 

1810 

1858 

1832 

1788 

1812 

1713 

1787 

1638 

1792 

1803 

1846 

1854 

1780 

1820 

1844 

1826t 

1614 

1630 

1845 

1845 

1833 

1796 

1737 

1779 

1852 

1635 

1748 

1732 



33,131 in 1790 

4,479 " 1840 

42,520 " 1790 

1,600 " 1810 

18,038 " 1790 

13,503 " 1790 

547 " 1810 

1,508 " 1810 

500 " 1840 

750 " 1800 

1.565 " 1800 
5,500 " 1790 

770 " 1810 
1,700 " 1840 
3,210 " 1800 
6,507 "1820 
3,072 " 1840 
200 " 1790 

13,066 "1870 
6,380 " 1790 
75 " 1820 
4,418 " 1860 
1,112 " 1850 
1,502 "1820 
4,759 " 1870 
1,222 " 1840 
1,839 
1,450 
2,095 
1,814 
4,049 
7,596 
6,738 

19,565 ' 
1,883 " 1860 
1,610 " 1850 
3,360 " 1840 
3,000 " 1853 
6,474 " 1830 
3,498 " 1790 
2,115 " 1790 
2,874 " 1860 
2,572 " 1850 
1,000 " 1840 
383 " 1810 
3,761 " 1790 

5.566 " 1830 
1,107 " 1870 
3,955 " 1810 
2,385 " 1800 
5,268 «« 1820 
1,987 " 1830 
3,003 " 1810 



1840 
1820 
1800 
1820 
1800 
1840 
1840 
1870 



■g-s 



Cities. 



New York, N. Y 

Chicago, 111 

Philadelphia, Pa 

St. Louis, Mo 

Boston, Mass 

Baltimore, Md 

Cleveland, Ohio 

Buffalo,N. Y 

San Francisco, Cal 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

Pittsburg, Pa 

New Orleans, La 

Detroit, Mich 

Milwaukee, Wis 

Washington, D. C 

Newark, N. J 

Jersey City, N. J 

Louisville, Ky 

Minneapolis, Minn 

Providence, R. I 

Indianapolis, Ind 

Kansas City, Mo 

St. Paul, Minn 

Rochester, N. Y 

Denver, Col 

Toledo, Ohio 

Alleghany, Pa 

Columbus, Ohio 

Worcester, Mass 

Syracuse, N. Y 

New Haven, Conn 

Paterson, N.J 

Fall River, Mass 

St. Joseph, Mo 

Omaha, Neb 

Los Angeles, Cal 

Memphis, Tenn 

Scranton, Pa 

Lowell, Mass 

Albany, N. Y 

Cambridge, Mass 

Portland, Ore 

Atlanta, Ga 

Grand Rapids, Mich 

Dayton, Ohio 

Richmond, Va 

Nashville, Tenn 

Seattle, Wash 

Hartford, Conn 

Reading, Pa 

Wilmington, Del 

Camden, N. J 

Trenton, N. J 



3,437,202 

1,698,575 

1,293,697 

575,238 

560,892 

508,957 

381,768 

352,387 

342,782 

325,902 

321,616 

287,104 

285,704 

285,315 

278,718 

246,070 

206,433 

204,731 

202,718 

175,597 

169,164 

163,752 

163,065 

162,608 

133,859 

131,822 

129,896 

125,560 

118,421 

108,374 

108,027 

105,171 

104,863 

102,979 

102,555 

102,479 

102,320 

102,026 

94,969 

94,151 

91,886 

90,426 

89,872 

87,565 

85,333 

85,050 

80,865 

80,671 

79,850 

78,961 

76,508 

75,935 

73,307 



* According to the preliminary returns of the 1900 Census, 
town. % Decrease. 



t Date of separation from an older city or 



LARGEST CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



803 



fa 



Cities. 



£ . 



1639 

1629 

1852 

1822 

1787* 

1846 

1636 

1842* 

1752 

16— 

1817 

1730 

1758 

1819 

1680 

1733 

1847* 

1714 

1869 

1795 

1772 

1664 

1886* 

1726 

1632 

1788 

1705 

1667 

1850* 

1794 

1800 

1836 

1815 

1825 

1843 

1847 

1718 

1867 

1874J 

1787 

1735 

1655 

1849 

1774 

1702 

1871 

1819 



110 

9,367 

1,543 

1,699 

3,947 

502 

2,767 

3,540 

3,895 

2,668 

250 

615 

2,972 

5,095 

16,359 
5,166 
8,282 
3,488 
2,943 
3,412 
2,732 
2,500 
4,093 
1,472 
2,244 

17,269 
8,478 
3,256 
3,245 
4,282 
2,759 
2,396 
745 
1,665 
1,500 
2,854 
6,663 
2,441 
1,953 

12,962 
4,000 
1,459 
3,591 
914 
1,500 
3,086 
2,167 



in 1790 
'1840 
'I860 
'I860 
' 1820 
'1850 
'1810 
'1850 
'1810 
'1850 
'1840 
'1810 
'1820 
'1850 
'1790 
'1800 
'1850 
'1850 
'1870 
'1840 
'1850 
'1840 
'1870 
'1800 
'1790 
'1875 
'1820 
'1800 
'1850 
'1850 
'I860 
'1850 
'1830 
'1840 
'1870 
'1870 
'1840 
'1870 
'1830 
'1870 
'1830 
'1830 
'I860 
'1810 
'1820 
'1880 
'1850 



Bridgeport, Conn 

Lynn, Mass 

Oakland, Cal 

Lawrence, Mass 

New Bedford, Mass. . 

Des Moines, la 

Springfield, Mass 

Somerville, Mass. — 

Troy, N. Y 

Hoboken, N. J 

Evansville, Ind 

Manchester, N. H 

Utica, N. Y 

Peoria, 111 

Charleston, S. C 

Savannah, Ga 

Salt Lake City, Utah 
San Antonio, Texas . . 

Duluth, Minn 

Erie, Pa 

Elizabeth, N. J 

Wilkesbarre, Pa 

Kansas City, Kan 

Harrisburg, Pa 

Portland, Me 

Yonkers, N. Y 

Norfolk, Va 

Waterbury, Conn 

Holyoke, Mass 

Fort Wayne, Ind 

Youngstown, Ohio... 

Houston, Texas 

Covington, Ky 

Akron, Ohio 

Dallas, Texas 

Saginaw, Mich 

Lancaster, Pa 

Lincoln, Neb 

Brockton, Mass 

Binghamton, N. Y 

Augusta, Ga 

Pawtucket, R. I 

Altoona, Pa 

"Wheeling, W. Va 

Mobile, Ala 

Birmingham, Ala 

Little Rock, Ark 



70,996 


22,130 


68,513 


12,786 


66,960 


18,278 


62,559 


17,905 


62,442 


21,709 


62,139 


12,046 


62,059 


17,880 


61,643 


21,491 


60,651 


30of 


59,364 


15,716 


59,007 


8,251 


56,987 


12,861 


56,383 


12,376 


56,100 


15,076 


55,807 


852 


54,244 


11,055 


53,531 


8,688 


53,321 


15,648 


52,969 


19,854 


52,733 


12,099 


52,130 


14,366 


51,721 


14,003 


51,418 


13,102 


50,167 


10,782 


50.145 


13,720 


47,931 


15,898 


46,624 


11,753 


45,859 


17,213 


45,712 


10,075 


45,115 


9,722 


44,885 


11,665 


44,633 


17,076 


42,938 


5,567 


42,728 


15,127 


42,638 


4,571 


42,345 


3,977t 


41,459 


9,448 


40,169 


14,285f 


40,063 


12,769 


39,647 


4,642 


39,441 


6,141 


39,231 


11,598 


38,973 


8,636 


38,878 


4,356 


38,469 


7,393 


38,415 


12,237 


38,307 


12,433 



* Date of separation from an older city or town. 
Bridgewater. 



t Decrease. J Incorporated ; former name North 



INFORMATION AS TO PATENTS. 



AS IN EFFECT JULY 1, 1909. 

I. What Is a Patent? 

A patent, like a copyright, is a document putting into legal effect this provision of the Con- 
stitution of the United States : "The Congress shall have power ... to promote the progress 
of Science and Useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclu- 
sive right to their respective Writings and Discoveries." It is a document issued by the Gov- 
ernment, granting to an inventor or discoverer for a term of years the exclusive right to make, 
use, and sell his invention in United States territory. The word is also used to denote the right 
so granted. 

II. By Whom and for What may It he Secured ? 

Any person (citizen of the United States or alien) who has invented or discovered any new and 
useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter (as of chemicals or drugs), or any 
new and useful improvement thereof, not known or used by others in this country before his 
invention or discovery thereof, and not patented or described in any printed publication in this 
or any foreign country before his invention or discovery or more than two years before his appli- 
cation for a patent, may obtain a patent therefor. This applies also to any new, original, and 
ornamental Designs for an article of manufacture (as, of watch cases) not known or used in this 
country and not patented or described in public print anywhere before the invention of it, or for 
more than two years before the application for a patent. 

But even a foreign patent does not debar a United States patent, unless the foreign application 
was filed more than twelve months — in the case of Designs, more than four months — prior to 
the filing of the application in this country. This liberal treatment of inventors, together with 
the small fees demanded, in comparison with those in other lands, have so encouraged ingenuity 
that America surpasses all other countries in advancement in the useful arts. 

m. How, and at What Cost, may it be Secured? 

Applications for letters patent must be made to the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, 
D. (J., and must be signed by the inventor, if alive ; if he is dead, by his executor ; if insane, by 
his legal administrator. The application comprises (1) A Petition: a, requesting patent ; b, giv- 
ing name, residence, and post-office address of petitioner ; c, designating the invention or discov- 
ery by a title ; d, referring to the specification for full description ; and e, applicant's signature. 
(2) "Whenever the nature of the case permits, a Drawing or drawings of the invention. Models 
need not be furnished, nor, in case of compositions of matter, Specimens of the composition and 
of its ingredients, unless upon examination the Commissioner of Patents finds them necessary, 
and requires them to be sent later. Engraved and printed copies of all drawings are made by 
the Patent Office for its records and publications, and may be had upon application, at regular 
fixed rates. (3) A Specification, giving : a, name and residence of applicant and title of inven- 
tion ; b, general statement of object and nature of invention ; c, brief description of drawings or 
model ; d, detailed description of invention, exact enough to enable any one skilled in the mat- 
ters to which it relates to make, construct, compound, and use the same, with statement of dis- 
tinction from other similar inventions ; e, claim or claims of originality ; /, signature of inven- 
tor, executor, or administrator, with two witnesses. (4) An Oath to the inventor's belief in his 
own originality as to the matter, and in its fulfilling all the prescribed conditions as to prior 
invention, use, patenting, etc. (5) The first fee, of fifteen dollars ($15). 

After receipt of the application, the Patent Office examines into its merits. If it appears not 
to conflict or interfere with former patents along the same line, it is admitted ; if it does so inter- 
fere, it is denied ; and in either case notice is sent to the applicant, with reasons if it is rejected. 
Appeals and renewed applications are allowed, under conditions to be learned from the Office. 

Every patent will bear date as of a day not later than six months from the time the application 
was passed and allowed by the Office on examination and notice thereof mailed to the applicant, 
if within that period the final fee of twenty dollars ($20) be paid to the Commissioner; otherwise, 
the patent will be withheld. 

(804) 



INFORMATION AS TO PATENTS. 805 

Every patent contains a short title of the invention or discovery, and a grant to the patentee, 
his heirs and assigns, for the term of seventeen (17) years, of the exclusive right to make, use, 
and vend the thing patented throughout the United States and the Territories thereof. The 
patents for Designs are for the term of three years and six. months (final fee, $10), or seven years 
($15), or fourteen years ($30). The patent stands, whether the invention is put into practical 
operation or not ; but it is not renewable ; the first term is the whole. 

IV. Caveats. 

A Caveat is a notice given to the Patent Office of the caveator's claim as inventor of something 
for which he desires further time to mature or complete it. The Patent Office accepts and files 
in its confidential archives such a caveat on the payment of ten dollars ($10), and it operates to 
protect the caveator against the granting of a patent to any other claimant without notice to the 
caveator for the term of one year. 1% may be renewed year by year upon written request and 
payment of the same fee each year. 

Unlike patents (which are letters open to the public) the caveat is kept in secrecy, even when 
not renewed. It need not be as precise as an application for a patent, but should be clear enough 
to enable the Office to judge whether a subsequent application by another person is likely to be 
an interference with the principle or invention claimed, in which case notice of the new applica- 
tion is sent to the caveator, who may appear in opposition. 

V. Correctness. 

Since every communication with the Patent Office must be in writing or printing with perma- 
nent ink, to secure unquestionable records for the infinite variety of matters discussed, it is evi- 
dent that all statements, definitions, drawings, models, etc., should be precisely truthful and 
exact. Intentional false statements are punished ; unintentional errors may be corrected, but 
always at the expense of money and important time. An applicant may prosecute his own case 
with the Patent Office ; but, since the value of patents depends largely upon the skillful prepa- 
ration of the specifications and claims, it is always advisable to employ an attorney who is famil- 
iar with such matters. It saves money and time. The pamphlet, " Rules of Practice in the 
United States Patent Office" may be had on application, and gives detailed instructions, models 
of forms, fees for various services, legal conditions, etc. It may be well for an applicant to 
have this ; but to act on it without skilled advice is unwise. 

VI. Miscellaneous. 

A patent is property, although not subject to taxation. It may be assigned, mortgaged, sold, 
or given away, in legal form ; and this in toto, or for limited terms of time or special territory, 
under specific license for operation, or in any other way desired ; but every such assignment, 
to be valid, and protected by the law, must be recorded at the Patent Office within three months 
from the date, or it will be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valu- 
able consideration without notice. 

Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent : neither of them alone can obtain a patent for a 
joint invention. If one man furnishes the invention and another the capital, they may obtain a 
joint patent, or the patent may issue to the capitalist, but only on the request of the inventor, 
and under his assignment in whole or in part, which shall have been recorded in the Office not 
later than the date of the payment of the final fee — or, if later, then with exact reference to the 
date, serial number, etc., of the original application. It is the design of the law to protect In- 
ventors in enjoyment of the results of their own ingenuity as to things not formerly available to 
the public. But after seventeen years the benefits of their inventions are open to the public ; 
and this serves as a stimulus to further improvements on their earlier invention, which in their 
turn are patentable. Thus private interest and public benefit work together for the common 
advancement. 



INFORMATION AS TO COPYRIGHT. 



ACT GOING INTO EFFECT JULY 1, 1909. 

I. What is Copyright? 

Copyright is the legally conferred right to copy — that is, to print, reprint, publish, copy, and 
sell — one's own literary or artistic work, exclusively of all other persons. 

It applies to (a) Books (including composite and cyclopedic works) ; (h) Periodicals and news- 
papers ; (c) Lectures, sermons, and addresses ; (d) Dramatic, or Dramatico-musical compositions ; 
(6) Maps ; (f ) Works of art, or models or designs for them ; (g) Reproductions of a work of art ; 
(h) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character; (i) Photographs ; (J) Prints 
and pictorial illustrations : and it protects also translations of such copyrighted works, dramatiza- 
tion as of a novel, novelization as of a drama, arrangements or adaptations of musical works, 
reproductions of works of art, and completion of copyrighted artistic designs. It also covers 
public delivery or performance or exhibition of any of such works, in any way, and the law pro- 
vides for specific royalties to be paid for the mechanical reproduction of musical works as manu- 
factured. Necessarily, it provides also for injunctions, assessment of legal damages in case of the 
infringement of rights given by the law, etc. 

The conditions admitting such a work to copyright are that : In case of a book or periodical, 
the same shall be printed in the United States from type set, or plates made from type set, in 
the United States, or from process-reproduction plates made in the United States ; it shall also 
be bound in this country. The same condition applies to illustrations, except as to reproductions 
of scientific or artistic originals located in a foreign country. Books for the blind, those in 
foreign languages, and those in English seeking preliminary protection under the Act, are 
excepted as to this manufacturing condition. 

n. How Long does it stand? 

The first term of the copyright is twenty-eight years. At the end of that time it expires, 
unless, within one year prior to the date limit, due application is made for its renewal, in which 
case it is renewed for twenty-eight years further, — fifty-six years, in all. 

III. Who may Secure it? 

Any citizen of the United States who is the author, or (as assignee of the author) the proprietor, 
of any such work as above noted, or, in case of a work produced for hire, the employer, may have 
it copyrighted ; also, any alien author or proprietor when domiciled within the United States at 
the time of the first publication of his work ; or any citizen or subject of a foreign government 
which grants to citizens of the United States the benefit of copyright on the same basis as to its 
own citizens, or is a party to an international copyright agreement into which the United States 
may be admitted. 

Renewal for the second term may be secured by the author if living ; or by the widow, widower, 
or children of the author if they be living ; or by his executor, or, in the absence of a will, by his 
next of kin. This privilege is also extended to the proprietor of a composite work (as a cyclope- 
dia or dictionary) who holds the original copyright. 

IV. How may it be Secured ? 

The simplest way is to write to the Register of Copyrights, Library of Congress, Washington, 
D. C. , asking for the regularly prepared blanks to be filled by the applicant. These are sent 
gratis, and need only to be followed with care. It is well to know beforehand that a printed 
copy of the title of the work, or a description of it if a work of art, a model or design, should be 
mailed to the Librarian of Congress with the form applying for copyright. Type-written matter 
will be accepted as " printed." 

V. What will it Cost? 
The fee for registration of a copyright in Washington is one dollar ($1-00) ; this includes a cer- 
tificate. The fee for photographs, not including a certificate, is 50 cents ; a certificate requires 



INFORMATION AS TO COPYRIGHT. 807 

60 cents more. There are various sums demanded for different services — as, recording and 
certifying an assignment, extension or renewal, search for recorded facts, etc. — but for such 
information it will be well to write to the Copyright Office, Washington, D. C, for a copy of the 
statute, which is very clear and explicit. 

VI. Notice of Copyright. 
Every copyrighted work shall bear a notice of the fact of copyright, consisting of the word 
" Copyright " or the abbreviation " Copr." with the name of the proprietor (if an assignee of the 
original proprietor, the assignment having been duly recorded, the assignee's name is permitted) ; 
and if it be a printed literary, musical, or dramatic work, the notice shall include also the year in 
which the copyright was secured. In the case of classes (e) to (J) (as above) the notice may con- 
sist of the letter C enclosed in a circle, C C \ with the initials, monogram, mark, or symbol of the 

proprietor, provided that his name shall appear on some part of the work. Without such notice, 
protection is not secured. If a printed publication, notice must be on the title-page or on the 
page immediately following ; one notice of copyright in each volume of a work or in each number 
of a periodical or newspaper will suffice. In the case of publications already under copyright be- 
fore July 1, 1909, the forms of notice previously authorized and in use may be retained. 

VII. Completion of Copyright 

After copyright has been secured by publication of the work with due notice thereof, as above, 
there must be deposited in the Copyright Office, or in the mail addressed to the Register of Copy- 
rights, Washington, D. C. , two complete copies of the best edition then published ; or, if the work 
is not published for sale, one copy, print, or other identifying reproduction. Without this, copy- 
right is not complete, and no action for infringement can be maintained. 

No limit is set for time of publication after obtaining copyright; but "date of publication" 
means the earliest date when copies of the first authorized edition were placed on sale, sold, or 
publicly distributed by the proprietor. 

VIII. Ad interim Protection. 
A book in English, published abroad, may be protected under an ad interim copyright for 
thirty days, after being deposited in the Copyright Office (within thirty days of its publication 
abroad) with a request for reservation of copyright and statement of the name and nationality of 
author, of proprietor, and of date of original publication. Any authorized republication of it in 
the United States within the ad interim thirty days may be regularly copyrighted in due form. 

IX. False Statements. 

False notices of copyright, or false statements or affidavits as to United States manufacture or 
other conditions demanded by the law, are punishable with fines. 

X. Miscellaneous. 

A copyright is property, and may be sold, assigned, mortgaged, or bequeathed by will. As- 
signments made in foreign countries must be acknowledged before a United States consular offi- 
cer or secretary of legation authorized by law for notarial acts. 

The above statements cover all ordinary cases. For special conditions, infringements, impor- 
tations, etc., knowledge should be sought in the law itself. 

. The copyright law does not apply to patents, trade-marks, names of associations or companies, 
labels or illustrations for manufactures, or to anything other than the classes named under sec- 
tion I., above. For such other matters information should be sought of the Commissioners of 
Patents, Washington, D. C. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

Thursday, July 4, 1776. 

The various Colonies having established separate State organizations, and being represented in 
the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, on June 7, 1776, a Resolution was moved in Congress 
by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia " that these united Colonies are and of right ought to be free 
and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that 
all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally 
dissolved." Seconded by John Adams of Massachusetts, the Resolution was passed July 2, and 
a committee, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman 
and Robt. R. Livingston, was appointed to draw up a Declaration embodying the same. The draft 
was made by Jefferson, and, with few changes, was passed on July 4. It was afterwards engrossed 
on parchment and signed by 56 delegates, headed by John Hancock, President of the Congress. 
The original document is preserved in Washington. Its text follows. 

THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



When, in the course of human events, it be- 
comes necessary for one people to dissolve the 
political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of 
the earth, the separate and equal station to 
which the laws of nature and of nature's God 
entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of 
mankind requires that they should declare the 
causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that 
all men are created equal ; that they are en- 
dowed by their Creator with certain inalienable 
rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these 
rights, governments are instituted among men, 
deriving their just powers from the consent of 
the governed : that whenever any form of gov- 
ernment becomes destructive of these ends, it is 
the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, 
and to institute a new government, laying its 
foundation on such principles, and organizing 
its powers in such form, as to them shall seem 
most likely to effect their safety and happiness. 
Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments 
long established should not be changed for light 
and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all ex- 
perience hath shown, that mankind are more 
disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, 
than to right themselves by abolishing the 
forms to which they are accustomed. But when 
a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing 
invariably the same object, evinces a design to 
reduce them under absolute despotism, it is thnir 
right, it is their duty, to throw off such govern- 
ment, and to provide new guards for their fu- 
ture security. Such has been the patient suf- 
ferance of these Colonies, and such is now the 
necessity which constrains them to alter their 
former systems of government. The history of 
the present King of Great Britain is a history of 
repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in 
direct object, the establishment of an absolute 



tyranny over these States. To prove this, let 
facts be submitted to a candid world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most 
wholesome and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws 
of immediate and pressing importance, unless 
suspended in their operation till his assent 
should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, 
he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the ac- 
commodation of large districts of people, unless 
those people would relinquish the right of rep- 
resentation in the Legislature ; a right inesti- 
mable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at 
places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from 
the depository of their public records, for the 
sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
with his measures. 

He has dissolved Representative Houses re- 
peatedly for opposing with manly firmness his 
invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dis- 
solutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby 
the legislative powers, incapable of annihila- 
tion, have returned to the people at large for 
their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean 
time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from 
without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population 
of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the 
laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migration hither, 
and raising the conditions of new appropriations 
of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of jus- 
tice by refusing his assent to laws for establish- 
ing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will 
alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the 
amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and 

(808) 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



809 



sent hither swarms of officers to harass our 
people and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, 
standing armies, without the consent of our 
legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military inde- 
pendent of, and superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us 
to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and 
unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent 
to their acts of pretended legislation. 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops 
among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from 
punishment, for any murders which they should 
commit on the inhabitants of these States : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the 
world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the bene- 
fits of trial by jury . 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for 
pretended offenses : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws 
in a neighboring province, establishing therein 
an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
boundaries, so as to render it at once an example 
and fit instrument for introducing the same ab- 
solute rule into these Colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our 
most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, 
the powers of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and de- 
claring themselves invested with power to legis- 
late for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declar- 
ing us out of his protection, and waging war 
against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, 
burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our 
people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies 
of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of | 
death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, . 
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy : 
scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, j 
and totally unworthy the head of a civilized ! 
nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken ! 
captive on the high seas, to bear arms against j 
their country, to become the executioners of | 
their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves 
by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst 
us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabit- 
ants of our frontiers the mercUess Indian sav- 
ages, whose known rule of warfare is an undis- 
tinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and j 
conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have 
petitioned for redress in the most humble terms ; j 
our repeated petitions have been answered only ; 
by repeated injury. A prince whose character j 
is thus marked by every act which may define a 
tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. , 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our 
British brethren. We have warned them from 
time to time of attempts made by their legisla- 
ture to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction 



over us. We have reminded them of the cir- 
cumstances of our emigration and settlement 
here. We have appealed to their native justice 
and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, 
by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow 
these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- 
rupt our connection and correspondence. They, 
too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and 
consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce 
in the necessity which denounces our separation, 
and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, 
enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the 
United States of America, in General Congress 
assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of 
the World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, 
in the name, and by the authority of the good 
people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and 
declare, That these United Colonies are, and of 
right ought to be, free and independent States ; 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to the 
British crown, and that all political connection 
between them and the State of Great Britain, 
is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, 
as free and independent Stales, they have full 
power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alli- 
ances, establish commerce, and to do all other 
acts and things which independent States may of 
right do. And, for the support of this Declara- 
tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of 
Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred 
honor. 

The Signers were as follows : — 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

Connecticut — Roger Sherman, Samuel Hun- 
tington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 

Delaware — Cesar Rodney, George Read, 
Thomas M'Eean. 

Georgia — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 

Maryland — Samuel Chase, William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carroll- 
ton. 

Massachusetts Bay — Samuel Adams, John 
Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 

New Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, William 
Whipple, Matthew Thornton. 

New Jersey — Richard Stockton, John 
Witherspoon, Francis Hopktnson, John Hart, 
Abraham Clare. 

New York — William Floyd, Philip Living- 
ston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. 

North Carolina — William Hooper, Joseph 
Hewes, John Penn. 

Pennsylvania — Robert Morris, Benjamin 
Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, 
George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor^ 
James Wilson, George Ross. 

Rhode Island — Stephen Hopkins, Wdlliam 
Ellery. 

South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thomas 
Heyward, Jun., Thomas Lynch, Jun., Arthur 
Middleton. 

Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry 
Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The original Articles of Confederation which united the thirteen States from 1779 to 1789 were 
found to be too loose and too indefinite, giving the central Government — the Congress — very 
little power to act for the interests common to all. Therefore a Convention was assembled in 
Philadelphia to formulate a Federal Government to which should be granted specific powers and 
duties in the common interest, all powers not granted to remain with the several States ; yet all 
State legislation was to conform to the general Constitution, which should be the supreme law of 
the Union. 

The Convention met May 14, 1787, with George Washington as its President, and adjourned 
Sept. 17, 1789, having harmonized the conflicting State interests, and completed the Constitution. 
Within two years all the States had ratified it. With its several amendments passed later, it 
stands as the most wonderful and successful document of government ever yet framed. 



THE CONSTITUTION. 

We, the people op the United States, in order 
to form a more perfect union, establish jus- 
tice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for 
the common defense, promote the goneral 
welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to 
ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and es- 
tablish this Constitution for the United States 
of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

Sec. 1. All Legislative powers herein granted 
shall be vested in a Congress of the United 
States, which shall consist of a Senate and a 
House of Representatives. 

Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall 
be composed of members chosen every second 
year by the people of the several States, and the 
electors in each State shall have the qualifica- 
tions requisite for electors of the most numer- 
ous branch of the State legislature. 

No person shall be a Representative who 
shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five 
years, and been seven years a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall 
be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- 
portioned among the several States which may 
be included within this Union according to their 
numbers, which shall be determined by adding 
to the whole number of free persons, including 
those bound to service for a term of years, and 
excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all 
other persons.* The actual enumeration shall 
be made within three years after the first meet- 
ing of the Congress of the United States, and 
within every subsequent term of ten years, in 
such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of Representatives shall not exceed one 
for every thirty thousand, but each State shall 
have at least one Representative ; and until such 
enumeration shall be made, the State of New 
Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Mas- 
sachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence 
* See XlVth amendment, Sec. 2. 



Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, 
New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware 
one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina 
five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation 
from any State, the executive authority thereof 
shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall choose 
their Speaker and other officers ; and shall have 
the sole power of impeachment. 

Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall 
be composed of two Senators from each State, 
chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; 
and each Senator shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election, they shall be 
divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. 
The seats of the Senators of the first-class shall 
be vacated at the expiration of the second year, 
of the second-class, at the expiration of the 
fourth year, and of the third-class, at the expira- 
tion of the sixth year, so that one-third may be 
chosen every second year ; and if vacancies hap- 
pen by resignation, or otherwise, during the re- 
cess of the legislature of any State, the execu- 
tive thereof may make temporary appointments 
until the next meeting of the legislature, which 
shall then fill such vacancies. 

No person shall be a Senator who shall not 
have attained to the age of thirty years, and 
been nine years a citizen of the United States, 
and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabit- 
ant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice President of the United States shall 
also be President of the Senate, but shall have 
no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, 
and also a President pro tempore, in the absence 
of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise 
the office of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all 
impeachments ; when sitting for that purpose, 
they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
President of the United States is tried, the Chief- 
Justice shall preside ; and no person shall be 
convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds 
of the members present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not 
extend further than to removal from office, and 
disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
(810) 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



811 



honor, trust or profit, under the United States ; 
but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be 
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment 
and punishment, according to law. 

Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of 
holding elections for Senators and Representa- 
tives, shall be prescribed in each State by the 
legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at 
any time, by law, make or alter such regula- 
tions, except as to the places of choosing Sena- 
tors. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year, and such meeting shall be on the 
first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
law appoint a different day. 

Sec. 5. Each House shall be the judge of the 
elections, returns and qualifications of its own 
members, and a majority of each shall constitute 
a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number 
may adjourn from day to day, and may be au- 
thorized to compel the attendance of absent 
members, in such manner, and under such pen- 
alties, as each House may provide. 

Each House may determine the rules of its 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly 
behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- 
thirds, expel a member. 

Each House shall keep a journal of its pro- 
ceedings and from time to time publish the 
same, excepting such parts as may in their judg- 
ment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of 
the members of either House, on any question, 
shall, at the decire of one-fifth of those present, 
be entered on the journal. 

Neither House, during the session of Congress, 
shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn 
for more than three days, nor to any other place 
than that in which the two Houses shall be sit- 
ting. 

Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives 
shall receive a compensation for their services, 
to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
Treasury of the United States. They shall, in 
all cases except treason, felony and breach of 
the peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
attendance at the session of their respective 
Houses, and in going to and returning from the 
same ; and for any speech or debate in either 
House they shall not be questioned in any other 
place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during the 
time for which he was elected, be appointed to 
any civil office under the authority of the United 
States, which shall have been created, or the 
emoluments whereof shall have been increased, 
during such time ; and no person, holding any 
office under the United States, shall be a member 
of either House during his continuance in office. 

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall orig- 
inate in the House of Representatives ; but the 
Senate may propose or concur with amendments 
as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of 
Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it 
becomes a law, be presented to the President of 
the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign 
it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objec- 
tions, to that House in which it shall have orig- 
inated, who shall enter the objections at large on 
their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, 
after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the 



House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, 
together with the objections, to the other House, 
by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and 
if approved by two-thirds of that House it shall 
become a law. But in all such cases the votes of 
both Houses shall be determined by yeas and 
nays, and the names of the persons voting for 
and against the bill shall be entered on the jour- 
nal of each House, respectively. If any bill shall 
not be returned by the President within ten days 
(Sunday excepted) after it shall have been pre- 
sented to him, the same shall be a law in like 
manner as if he had signed it, unless the Con- 
gress by their adjournment prevent its return, 
in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution or vote to which the 
concurrence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives may be necessary (except on a ques- 
tion of adjournment) shall be presented to the 
President of the United States ; and before the 
same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, 
or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed 
by two-thirds of the Senate and House oi Repre- 
sentatives, according to the rules and limitations 
prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Sec 8. The Congress shall have power : 
To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and 
excises, to pay the debts and provide for the 
common defense and general welfare of the 
United States ; but all duties, imposts and ex- 
cises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States; to borrow money on the credit of the 
United States ; to regulate commerce with for- 
eign nations and among the several States and 
with the Indian tribes ; to establish an uniform 
rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United 
States ; to coin money, regulate the value there- 
of, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of 
weights and measures ; to provide for the pun- 
ishment of counterfeiting the securities and cur- 
rent coin of the United States ; to establish post- 
offices and post-roads ; to promote the progress 
of science and useful arts, by securing for limited 
times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive 
right to their respective writings and discoveries; 
to constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 
Court ; to define and punish piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas, and offenses against 
the law of nations ; to declare war, grant letters 
of marque and reprisal, and make rules concern- 
ing captures on laud and water ; to raise and 
support armies ; but no appropriation of money 
to that use shall be for a longer term than two 
years ; to provide and maintain a navy ; to make 
rules for the government and regulation of the 
land and naval forces; to provide for calling 
forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections and repel inva- 
sions ; to provide for organizing, arming and dis- 
ciplining the militia and for governing such part 
of them as may be employed in the service of the 
United States, reserving to the States respec- 
tively the appointment of the officers, and the 
authority of training the militia, according to the 
discipline prescribed by Congress; to exercise 
exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over 
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) at 
may, by cession of particular States, and the ac- 
ceptance of Congress, become the seat of govern- 
ment of the United States, and to exercise lika 



812 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



authority over all places purchased by the con- 
sent of the Legislature of the State in which the 
same shall be, for the erection of forts, maga- 
zines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful 
buildings ; and to make all laws which shall be 
necessary and proper for carrying into execution 
the foregoing powers, and all other powers 
vested by this Constitution in the government of 
the United States, or in any department or offi- 
cer thereof. 

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such 
persons as any of the States now existing shall 
think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by 
the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight 
hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty may be 
imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten 
dollars for each person. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall 
not be suspended unless when, in cases of rebel- 
lion or invasion, the public safety may require 
it. 

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be 
passed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, 
unless in proportion to the census or enumera- 
tion hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- 
ported from any State. No preference shall be 
given by any regulation of commerce or revenue 
to the ports of one State over those of another, 
nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be 
obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. 

No money shall be drawn from the treasury but 
in consequence of appropriations made by law, 
and a regular statement and account of the 
receipts and expenditures of all public money 
shall be published from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
United States ; and no person holding any office 
of profit or trust under them, shall without the 
consent of the Congress, accept of any present, 
emolument, office or title, of any kind whatever, 
from any king, prince or foreign state. 

Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, 
alliance or confederation; grant letters of marque 
and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; 
make anything but gold and silver coin a tender 
in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, 
ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation 
of contract or grant any title of nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of the Con- 
gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or ex- 
ports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing its inspection laws ; and the net 
produce of all duties and imposts laid by any 
State on imports or exports shall be for the use 
of the treasury of the United States ; and all 
such laws shall be subject to the revision and 
control of the C ongress. No State shall , without 
the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, 
keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, 
enter into any agreement or compact with an- 
other State, or with a foreign power, or engage 
in war, unless actually invaded, or in such im- 
minent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Sec 1. The executive power shall be vested 
in a President of the United States of America. 
He shall hold his office during the term of four 



years, and together with the Vice-President, 
chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as 
the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of 
Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Representatives to which the State may be 
entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or 
Representative, or person holding an office of 
trust or profit under the United States, shall be 
appointed an Elector.* 

The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they 
shall give their votes; which day shall be the 
same throughout the United States. 

No person, except a natural born citizen or a 
citizen of the United States at the time of the 
adoption of the Constitution, shall be eligible to 
the office of President ; neither shall any person 
be eligible to that office who shall not have at- 
tained to the age of thirty-five years, and been 
fourteen years a resident within the United 



In case of the removal of the President from 
office,, or of his death, resignation, or inability to 
discharge the powers and duties of the said of- 
fice, the same shall devolve on the Vice Presi- 
dent, and the Congress may by law provide for 
the case of removal, death, resignation or inabil- 
ity, both of the President and Vice President, 
declaring what officer shall then act as President, 
and such officer shall act accordingly, until the 
disability be removed, or a President shall be 
elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive 
for his services a compensation, which shall 
neither be increased nor diminished during the 
period for which he shall have been elected, and 
he shall not receive within that period any other 
emolument from the United States, or any of 
them. 

Before he enter on the execution of his office, 
he shall take the following oath or affirmation : 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will 
faithfully execute the office of President of the 
United States, and will, to the best of my abil- 
ity, preserve, protect and defend the Constitu- 
tion of the United States." 

Sec. 2. The President shall be commander-in- 
chief of the army and navy of the United States, 
and of the militia of the several States when 
called into the actual service of the United 
States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, 
of the principal officer in each of the executive 
departments, upon any subject relating to the 
duties of their respective offices, and he shall 
have power to grant reprieves and pardons for 
offenses against the United States, except in 
cases of impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the ad- 
vice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, 
provided two-thirds of the Senators present con- 
cur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate, shall ap- 
point ambassadors, other public ministers and 
consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all 
other officers of the United States whose ap- 
pointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and which shall be established by law ; but 

* Here followed a prescription of how the electors 
should choose President and Vice President ; but in 
1804 it was superseded by the XHth Amendment. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



813 



the Congress may by law vest the appointment 
of such inferior officers as they think proper in 
the President alone, in the courts of law, or in 
the heads of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all 
vacancies that may happen during the recess of 
the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall 
expire at the end of their next session. 

Sec. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to 
the Congress information of the state of the 
Union, and recommend to their consideration 
such measures as he shall judge necessary and 
expedient ; he may on extraordinary occasions 
convene both Houses, or either of them, and 
in cases of disagreement between them, with 
respect to the time of adjournment, he may ad- 
journ them to such time as he shall think 
proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other 
public ministers ; he shall take care that the 
laws be faithfully executed, and shall commis- 
sion all the officers of the United States. 

Sec. 4. The President, Vice President and all 
civil officers of the United States shall be re- 
moved from office on impeachment for, and con- 
viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes 
and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE IH. 

Sec. 1. The judicial power of the United States 
shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in 
such inferior courts as the Congress may from 
time to time ordain and establish. The judges, 
both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall 
hold their offices during good behavior, and 
shall, at stated times, receive for their services 
a compensation, which shall not be diminished 
during their continuance in office. 

Sec 2. The judicial power shall extend to all 
cases, in law and equity, arising under this Con- 
stitution, the laws of the United States, and 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under 
their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassa- 
dors, other public ministers and consuls ; to all 
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; 
to controversies to which the United States 
shall be a party ; to controversies between two 
or more States, between a State and citizens of 
another State, between citizens of different 
States, between citizens of the same State claim- 
ing lands under grants of different States, and 
between a State, or the citizens thereof, and for- 
eign States, citizens or subjects. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 
lic ministers and consuls, and those in which a 
State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall 
have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases 
before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have 
appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, 
with such exceptions and under such regula- 
tions as the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- 
peachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial 
shall be held in the State where the said crimes 
shall have been committed ; but when not com- 
mitted within any State, the trial shall be at 
such place or places as the Congress may by law 
have directed. 

Sec 3. Treason against the United States 
shall consist only in levying war against them, 
or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 



aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted 
of treason, unless on the testimony of two wit- 
nesses to the same overt act, or on confession 
in open court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the 
punishment of treason, but no attainder of 
treason shall work corruption of blood, or for- 
feiture except during the life of the person at- 
tainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Sec 1. Full faith and credit shall be given 
in each State to the public acts, records and ju- 
dicial proceedings of every other State. And the 
Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the 
manner in which such acts, records and pro- 
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Sec 2. The citizens of each State shall be en- 
titled to all privileges and immunities of citizens 
in the several States. 

A person charged in any State with treason, 
felony or other crime, who shall flee from jus- 
tice, and be found in another State, shall, on 
demand of the Executive authority of the State 
from which he fled, be delivered up, to be re- 
moved to the State having jurisdiction of the 
crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one State, 
under the laws thereof, escaping into another, 
shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
therein, be discharged from such service or 
labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the 
party to whom such service or labor may be 
due. 

Sec 3. New States may be admitted by the 
Congress into this Union ; but no new State 
shall be formed or erected within the jurisdic- 
tion of any other State ; nor any State be formed 
by the junction of two or more States, or parts 
of States, without the consent of the legisla- 
tures of the States concerned as well as of the 
Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of 
and make all needful rules and regulations re- 
specting the territory or other property belong- 
ing to the United States ; and nothing in this 
Constitution shall be so construed as to preju- 
dice any claims of the United States, or of any 
particular State. 

Sec 4. The United States shall guarantee to 
every State in this Union a republican form of 
government, and shall protect each of them 
against invasion ; and on application of the leg- 
islature, or of the Executive (when the legis- 
lature cannot be convened), against domestic 
violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both 
Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose 
Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
application of the legislatures of two-thirds of 
the several States, shall call a convention for 
proposing amendments, which, in either case, 
shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part 
of this Constitution, when ratified by the legis- 
latures of three-fourths of the several States, or 
by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the 
one or the other mode of ratification may be 
proposed by the Congress ; Provided, that no 
amendment which may be made prior to the 



814 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall 
in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses 
in the ninth section of the first article ; and 
that no State, without its consent, shall be de- 
prived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

All debts contracted and engagements entered 
into before the adoption of this Constitution 
shall be as valid against the United States under 
this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance there- 
of, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, 
under the authority of the United States, shall 
be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges 
in every State shall be bound thereby, anything 
i in the constitution or laws of any State to the 
contrary notwithstanding. 

The Senators and Representatives before men- 
tioned, and the members of the several State 
legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- 
cers, both of the United States and of the sev- 
eral States, shall be bound by oath or affirma- 
tion to support this Constitution ; but no reli- 
gious test shall ever be required as a qualification 
to any office or public trust under the United 
States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the Conventions of nine 
States shall be sufficient for the establishment 
of this Constitution between the States so rati- 
fying the same. 

Done in Convention, by the unanimous con- 
sent of the States present, the seventeenth day 
of September in the year of our Lord one thou- 
sand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the 
independence of the United States of America 
the twelfth. 



AMENDMENTS. 

Articles in addition to and amendment of the 
Constitution of the United States of America, 
proposed by Congress, and ratified by the legis- 
latures of the several States pursuant to the fifth 
article of the original Constitution. 

ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an es- 
tablishment of religion, or prohibiting the free 
exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of 
speech or of the press ; or the right of the peo- 
ple peaceably to assemble and to petition the 
Government for redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 

A well regulated militia being necessary to 
the security of a free State, the right of the 
people to keep and bear arms shall not be in- 
fringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- 
tered in any house without the consent of the 
owner ; nor in time of war but in a manner to 
be prescribed by law. 



ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their 
persons, houses, papers and effects, against un- 
reasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon 
probable cause, supported by oath or affirma- 
tion, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the personB or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capi- 
tal or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a 
presentment or indictment of a grand jury, ex- 
cept in cases arising in the land or naval forces, 
or in the militia when in actual service in time 
of war or public danger ; nor shall any person 
be subject for the same offense to be twice put 
in jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be com- 
pelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
against himself ; nor be deprived of life, liberty 
or property, without due process of law ; nor 
shall private property be taken for public use 
without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused 
shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public 
trial, by an impartial jury of the State and dis- 
trict wherein the crime shall have been commit- 
ted, which district shall have been previously 
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the 
nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- 
fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have 
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in 
his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel 
for his defense. 

ARTICLE VII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in 
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the 
right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no 
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-ex- 
amined in any Court of the United States than 
according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex- 
cessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual 
punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of cer- 
tain rights shall not be construed to deny or 
disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United 
States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by 
it to the States, are reserved to the States re- 
spectively, or to the people. [Amendments I 
to X were ratified by December 15, 1791.] 

ARTICLE XL 

The judicial power of the United States shall 
not be construed to extend to any suit in law or 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



815 



equity commenced or prosecuted against one of 
the United States by citizens of another State, 
or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 
[Ratified January 8, 1798.] 

ARTICLE XII. 

The Electors Bhall meet in their respective 
States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice 
President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an 
inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; 
they shall name in their ballots the person voted 
for as President, and in distinct ballots the per- 
son voted for as Vice President, and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
President, and of all persons voted for as Vice 
President, and of the number of votes for each, 
which lists they shall sign and certify, and trans- 
mit sealed to the seat of the government of the 
United States, directed to the President of the 
Senate. The President of the Senate 6hall, in 
the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, open all the certificates, and the 
votes shall then be counted ; the person having 
the greatest number of votes for President shall 
be President, if such number be a majority of 
the whole number of Electors appointed; and 
if no person have such majority, then from the 
persons having the highest numbers, not ex- 
ceeding three, on the list of those voted for as 
President, the House of Representatives shall 
choose immediately, by ballot, the President. 
But in choosing the President the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation from each 
State having one vote ; a quorum for this pur- 
pose shall consist of a member or members from 
two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all 
the States shall be necessary to a choice. And 
if the House of Representatives shall not choose 
a President, whenever the right of choice shall 
devolve upon them, before the fourth day of 
March next following, then the Vice President 
shall act as President, as in the case of the 
death or other constitutional disability of the 
President. The person having the greatest 
number of votes as Vice President shall be the 
Vice President, if such number be a majority of 
the whole number of Electors appointed, and if 
no person have a majority, then from the two 
highest numbers on the list the Senate shall 
choose the Vice President ; a quorum for the 
purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole 
number of Senators, and a majority of the whole 
number shall be necessary to a choice. But no 
person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 
President shall be eligible to that of Vice Presi- 
dent of the United States. [Ratified September 
25, 1804.] 

ARTICLE Xin. 

Sec. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary ser- 
vitude, except as a punishment for crime, where- 
of the party shall have been duly convicted, 
shall exist within the United States, or any 
place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce 
this article by appropriate legislation. [Rati- 
fied December 18, 1865.] 



ARTICLE XIV. 

Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in 
the United States, and subject to the jurisdic- 
tion thereof, are citizens of the United States, 
and of the State wherein they reside. No State 
shall make or enforce any law which shall 
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens 
of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive 
any person of life, liberty or property, without 
due process of law, nor deny to any person 
within its jurisdiction the equal protection of 
the laws. 

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned 
among the several States according to their re- 
spective numbers, counting the whole number of 
persons in each State, excluding Lidians not 
taxed. But when the right to vote at any elec- 
tion for the choice of Electors for President and 
Vice President of the United States, Representa- 
tives in Congress, the executive and judicial 
officers of a State, or the members of the Legis- 
lature thereof, is denied to any of the male in- 
habitants of such State, being twenty-one years 
of age, and citizens of the United States, or in 
any way abridged, except for participation in re- 
bellion or other crime, the basis of the represen- 
tation therein shall be reduced in the proportion 
which the number of such male citizens shall 
bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age in such State. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator, or Rep- 
resentative in Congress, or Elector of President 
and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or 
military, under the United States, or under any 
State, who, having previously taken an oath as 
a member of Congress, or as an officer of th=: 
United States, or as a member of any State legis- 
lature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any 
State, to support the Constitution of the United 
States, shall have engaged in insurrection or re- 
bellion against the same, or given aid or com- 
fort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, 
by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove 
such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the 
United States, authorized by law, including 
debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection 
or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither 
the United States, nor any State shall assume or 
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of 
insurrection or rebellion against the United 
States, or any claim for the loss or emancipa- 
tion of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations 
and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Sec 5. The Congress shall have power to en- 
force, by appropriate legislation, the provi- 
sions of this article. [July 28, 18G8.] 

ARTICLE XV. 

Sec. 1. The right of citizens of the United 
States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by 
the United States, or by any State, on account 
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to en- 
force this article by appropriate legislation. 
[Ratified March 30, 1870.] 



SIMPLIFIED SPELLING. 

Principles of amended spelling, based on Noah Webster's original work, have gradually simpli- 
fied much of the orthography of certain English words, — as by the dropping of « from such 
words as honour, labowr, etc., by using final -er instead of -re in such words as centre, theatre, etc. 
For more than twenty-five years past the Philological Societies of England and America have been 
active in advancing the movement, recommending further changes enlarging its scope, yet stop- 
ping short of so " simplifying " a word as to destroy its identity and the indications of its origin. 

The Simplified Spelling Board, an association in New York, financed by Mr. Andrew Carnegie, 
has recently gone further, aiming to reduce the spelling of English more nearly to a phonetic 
basis. It has issued sundry circulars, giving rules for simplification, and several lists of words 
simplified accordingly. The first list, known as " The Three Hundred Words," was published 
March 21, 1906, and others have followed to the number (up to March 6, 1909) of about 3,300, — 
that is, in round numbers, 1,100 separate words simplified in the root, and 2,200 inflected forms 
(as preterites, etc., ending in -ed simplified to -d or 4). On Aug. 24, 1906, President Roosevelt 
ordered that the simplified spelling of " The Three Hundred Words " be used by the Government 
Printing Office in his official documents ; but on the following Dec. 13, owing to public and Con- 
gressional opposition, he withdrew the order. 

It seems unnecessary to give these extended " alfabetic lists," but below are given the Board's 
condensed form of the " rules under which the simplifications are groupt " — the word rule here 
meaning the Board's " recommendation that applies to a number of words having the same irregu- 
larity of spelling." The word " RULE " is printed in capitals when the recommendation applies 
to all words containing the letters named. " Ex." precedes examples, making clear the appli- 
cation. 

Several hundred of the simplifications recommended have long been in common use, especially 
in America under Webster's influence ; some others seem to be growing in popular favor ; others 
seem to be considered objectionable or unfeasible, either from their unfamiliar look or because 
they obscure the etymology of the words. 



RULES FOR SIMPLIFICATION. 

1- ae, ae or e, not final. RULE : Choose e. Ex. : Anesthetic, chimera, era, esthetic, ether, 
medieval, paleontology, etc. 

2. -bt, with b silent. RULE : Omit b. Ex. : Bet, deitor, dout, indetted, redout, redouted, redout- 
able. 

3. ea pronounced as short e. RULE : Drop a. Ex. : Hed, spred, sted, ired, thret, helth, welth, 
dreml, meni, plesant, etc. 

4. ea pronounced as S, before r. RULE : Drop e. Harken, hart, harth. 

5. -ed or 'd pronounced -d. RULE : Use simple d in all cases (reducing a double consonant). 
Ex. : Airnd, armd, burnd, deemd, dimd, feld, fild, hangd, raind, slird, veild, etc. 

6. -ed or -t, the preceding single consonant being doubled before -ed {-pped, -ssed) and left 
single before -t {-pt, -st). RULE : Choose -t in all cases. Ex. : Dipt, dript, dropt, stept, slopt, 
blest, prest, mist, blusht, washt, wisht, lockt, packt, etc. 

7. -ence or -ense (Latin -ensa). Rule: Choose -ense. Ex. : Defense, offense, pretense. Also li- 
cense (Latin -entia). 

8. -ette or -et. RULE : Choose -et. Ex. : Coquet, epaulet, etiquet, omelet, quartet, quintet, 
septet, sextet, etc. 

9. gh or f. Rule : Choose f . Ex. : Draft, not draught. 

10. -gh silent : (1) -ougb or -0W (pronounced au). Rule : Choose -0W. Ex. : Plow. (2) -ough 
or -0 (pronounced 5 or o). Rule : Choose -0. Ex. : Altho,iho, thoro, boro,-boro (in place-names) 
furlo. (3) ough or -o (pronounced fi) : Through, thro\ thro. Rule : Choose thro, but advance it now 
to thru. 

11. -ice unstrest, pronounced -is. RULE : Spell -is. Ex. : Artifis, coppis, cornis, crevis, edi- 
Jis,jtistis, notis, servis, etc. 

12. -ile unstrest, pronounced -il. RULE : Omit e. Ex. : Agil, futil, servil, etc. Retain -ile 
when the i is not pronounced short. 

13. -Sue unstrest, pronounced -in. RULE : Omit e. Ex. : Determin, doclrin, engin, ex- 
amin, genuin, imagin, pristin, etc. Retain -ine when the i is not pronounced short. 

(816) 



SIMPLIFIED SPELLING 817 



14. -is© unstrest, pronounced -Is. RULE: Omit e. Ex.: Anis, mortis, practis, premis, promts, 
treatis. 

15. -lse or -ize (from Greek), suffix of verbs. RULE : Choose -izt. Ex. : Civilize, criticize, 
exorcize, legalize, organize, etc. 

16. -lte unstrest, pronounced -it. RULE : Omit e. Ex. : Apposit, definit, infinit, opposit, 
preterit, requisit, etc. Retain -ite when the i is not pronounced short. 

17. -ive unstrest, pronounced -iv. RULE : Omit e. Ex. : Acliv, adjectiv, detectiv, executiv, 
motiv, naiiv, progressiv, etc. 

18. -11 or -1 (-ill or -il). RULE : Choose -1. Ex. : Distil, fulfil, instil ; like until, compel, 
impel, etc. 

19. -11- or -1- (-ill- or -11-, -till- or -ill-) before -ful or -ness. RULE : Choose -1. Ex. : Skilful, 
wilful, dulness, fulness. 

20. -mb with b silent. Rule : Omit b. Ex. : Crum, dum, lam, Urn, num, thum. 

21. -Bin with n silent. Rule : Omit n. Ex. : Autum, colum, solem. 

22. 06, (B, or e, not final. RULE: Choose e. Ex.: Ecumenical, esophagus, phenix, subpena, 
etc. ; like economy, solecism, etc. 

23. -om or -or. RULE : Choose -or. Ex. : Ardor, candor, clamor, color, favor, flavor, 
honor, humor, labor, rumor, tumor, valor, vigor, etc. ; also, arbor, harbor, neighbor, etc. 

24. ph or f . Rule: Choose i. Ex.: Fantasm, fantasy, fantom, sulfate, sulfur; like fancy, 
frantic, frenzy, coffer, coffin, etc., which originally had ph. 

25. ph pronounced f. Rule: Use 1. Ex.: Camfor, cifer ; alfabet, diafram, pamflet ; autograf, 
bibliografy, biografy, fonograf, fotograf, paragraf, telegraf, telefone. 

26. -IT or -r. RULE : Choose r. Ex. : Bur, pur ; like cur, fur, blur, slur, spur, car, far, fir, 
ttir, etc. 

27. -re or -9T- RULE : Choose -er. Ex. : Accouter, center, fiber, meter, miter, niter, salt- 
peter, scepter, sepulcher, somber, specter, theater, etc. ; like diameter, number, etc. 

28. s or z (in the root). Rule : Choose z. Ex. : Apprize, assize, comprize, enterprize, raze, 
surprize, teazel. (See also Rule 15.) 

29. s medial, silent. Rule : Drop s. Ex. : Aile, He, ilet, Hand. 

30. -ne silent, after -g. Rule : Omit -ne. Ex.: Catalog, decalog, demagog, pedagog, prolog, 
colleag, leag, harang, tung. 

31. -ve after 1 or r. RULE : Omit -e. Ex. : Delv, shelv, twelv, selvs, carv, curv, nerv, serv, 
deserv, reserv, starv, etc. 



OCT 12 1909 



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